Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1646 975975 948842 2026-11-04T22:09:26Z Maryam jafar abubakar 49472 975975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nigeria w1 locator.svg|thumb|'''''Nigeria w1 locator''''']] [[Fayil:Flag of Nigeria.svg|thumb|tutar najeriya]] [[Fayil:Nigeria w1 locator.svg|thumb|manuniyar najeriya]] [[Fayil:The City Gate of Abuja.jpg|thumb|babban birnin najeriya]] [[Fayil:20200408 Nigeria Crisis.pdf|thumb|crisis a najeriya]] [[Fayil:Nigerian Public Domain 143.jpg|thumb|Sojan Nigeria ]] ''''[[Najeriya]];'''' (/nadʒɪəriyə/) ko '''Nijeriya''' (/niˈdʒɪəriyə/) da ([[turanci]]: ''Nigeria''): A Gwamnatance '''Tarayyar [[Najeriya]]''' ƙasa ce da take a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Afirka]] [[Afirka ta Yammah|ta]] yamma.<ref>The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research Center. April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>Nigeria Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</ref><ref>Nigeria: The African giant". The Round Table. 50 (197): 55–63. 1959. doi:10.1080/00358535908452221. ISSN 0035-8533.</ref> Tana da iyaka da ƙasar [[Nijar]] daga [[Arewa]], da [[Cadi|Chadi]] daga Arewa maso gabas da [[Kamaru]] daga gabas da Kuma kasar [[Benin]] daga yammah, daga kudanci kuma tana a gaɓar T[[Tekun Atalanta|ekun Atlantika]].<ref>Online Etymological Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2014</ref><ref>Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) – The Nuclear Threat Initiative". Archived from the original on 19 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</ref><ref>Kperogi, Farooq A. "Natasha H. Akpoti's Wildly Inaccurate History of Nigeria". Notes From Atlanta. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.</ref> Jamhuriyar Tarayyar [[Najeriya]] ta ƙunshi Jihohi guda (36) tare da ''Babban Birnin'' Tarayya [[Abuja]] inda fadar [[Shugaban kasa|shugaban ƙasar]] wato "villa" take.<ref name=":0">http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/unep-ogoniland-oil-assessment-reveals-extent-environmental-contamination-and</ref><ref>https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis,%20https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/shell%E2%80%99s-nigeria-ecocide-creating-refugee-crisis{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141205124719/http://www.punchng.com/news/us-sends-medical-experts-to-study-how-nigeria-contained-ebola/</ref> [[Lagos (birni)|Abuja]] tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan bira ne a [[duniya]].<ref>[[Muhammadu Buhari]]</ref><ref>Tylecote 1975 (see below)</ref><ref>Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 51–59.</ref>[[File:Shopping District - Lagos Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Shopping District]] [[Fayil:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shugaban Kasar Nijeriya]] Najeriya ta kasance gida da dama ga ƴan asalin [[turawa]] masu mulkin mallaka, jihohin da suka mallaka tunda (BC)<ref>Holl, Augustin F. C. (June 2020). "The Origins of African Metallurgies". Oxford Research Encyclopedias. 22 (4): 12–13. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.63. <nowiki>ISBN 9780190854584</nowiki>. OCLC 7869925414.</ref><ref>Eggert, Manfred (2014). "Early iron in West and Central Africa". In Breunig, P (ed.). Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53–54. <nowiki>ISBN 9783937248462</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.</ref> tare da [[Al'adar Nok|Nok Wayewa]] ta kasance ita ce karo na farko da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka fara mallakewa a [[Yammacin Africa]] a cikin ƙarni na sha biyar (15).<ref>Nicole Rupp, Peter Breunig & Stefanie Kahlheber, "Exploring the Nok Enigma Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine", Antiquity 82.316, June 2008.</ref><ref>Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja". Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</ref><ref>Hrbek, Ivan {1992}. Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref> A zamani jihar an samo asali da [[Birtaniya]] a cikin karni na sha tara (19) yana ɗaukar yanayin na yanzu tare da haɗe yankin [[Kudanci|Kudancin]] [[Najeriya]] da kuma kare [[Arewacin Najeriya]] a cikin shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da goma sha huɗu (1914)<ref>Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). Worship as Body Language. Liturgical Press. p. 93. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8146-6151-2</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024</ref><ref>The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria" (PDF). 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2021.</ref><ref>MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; Shillington, Kevin; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). Peoples of Africa, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7158-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Laitin, David D. (1986). Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba. University of Chicago Press. p. 111. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-226-46790-0</nowiki>.</ref> ta [[Frederick Lugard|Lord Lugard]]. Ingilishi ya kafa tsarin gudanarwa da na doka yayin aiwatar da mulkin kai tsaye ta hanyar shugabannin gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Achebe, Nwando, 1970-|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/707092916|title=The female king of colonial Nigeria : Ahebi Ugbabe|isbn=978-0-253-00507-6|location=Bloomington|oclc=707092916}}</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Genova, Ann (2009). Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. Scarecrow Press. p. 328. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8108-6316-3</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Paddock, Adam (2012). Environment and Economics in Nigeria. Routledge. p. 78. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-136-66247-8</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref> Najeriya, ta zama ƙasar tarayyar da ke da ƴanci kai tsaye a ranar ta (1)ga watan [[Oktoba]], shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sittin (1960).<ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109</ref><ref>Peterson, Derek R., ed., Abolitionism and imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic (Ohio University Press, 2010).</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref> Ta fuskanci yaƙin basasa daga shekara ta dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da sittin da bakwai (1967) zuwa shekarar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da saba'in da bakwai (1977).<ref>Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." Journal of Modern Education Review 4.6 (2014): 457–465. online Archived 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine</ref><ref>"Nigeria – CIA World Factbook 2019" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref><ref>Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020.</ref> Sannan a biyo bayan zaɓaɓɓun gwamnatocin farar hula da mulkin kama-karya na soja, har sai an sami tabbatacciyar [[dimokuraɗiyya]] a shekara ta alif dari tara da chasa'in da tara (1999) zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta (2015)dubu biyu da sha biyar shi ne karo na farko da shugaban [[Shugaban Nijeriya|ƙasa]] mai ci ya faɗi zaɓensa. <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/may/29/outlawing-fgm-nigeria-hugely-important-precedent-say-campaigners</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-03-31|title=Buhari wins historic election landslide|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-election-idUSKBN0MR0VN20150331|access-date=2020-05-25}}</ref><ref>Udofia, O.E. (1981). "Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the Political System, 1920–1966". Journal of Black Studies. 11 (4): 435–447. doi:10.1177/002193478101100404. JSTOR 2784073. S2CID 143073983.</ref> Najeriya; tafi Ko wace ƙasa yawan al'ummah acikin nahiyar Afrika, ƙasa ce Kuma mai yawan al’umma da ke zaune sama da ƙabilu guda ɗari biyu da sittin 260.<ref>Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 597. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Eze–Uzomaka, Pamela. "Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja". Academia.edu. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. Archived from the original on 6 December 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</ref> waɗanda ke magana [[Harsunan najeriya|da yarurruka daban daban guda ɗari biyar (500) dukkansu suna ɗauke da al'adu iri daban daban. Manyan ƙabilun guda uku su ne; [[Hausa–Fulani|Hausa – Fulani]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|Arewa]], [[Yarbawa]] a [[Kasar Yarbawa|Yamma]], da kuma [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] a gabas, waɗanda suka hada da kashi sittin (60%) na yawan mutanen. Yaren [[harshen gwamnati|hukuma]] shi ne [[English cricket team in the West Indies in 2008–09|Ingilishi]],<ref>Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). Worship as Body Language. Liturgical Press. p. 93. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8146-6151-2</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024</ref><ref>Laitin, David D. (1986). Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba. University of Chicago Press. p. 111. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-226-46790-0</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. (2008). A History of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-521-68157-5</nowiki>.</ref> wanda aka zaɓa don sauƙaƙe haɗin harshe a matakin ƙasa. Tsarin mulkin nijeriya ya tabbatar da ƴancin yin addini kuma ƙasa ce dake ɗauke da al’ummar musulmai da kirista, a lokaci guda. [[Najeriya]] ta kasu kashi biyu tsakanin [[Musulmi|musulmai]], waɗanda yawanci ke zaune a arewacin ƙasar, da kuma [[Kirista|kiristoci]],<ref>MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; Shillington, Kevin; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). Peoples of Africa, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7158-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref><ref>Falola, Toyin, and Matthew M. Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008), pp. 85–109.</ref> waɗanda yawanci ke zaune a kudancin ƙasar, tare da ƴan tsirarun da ke yin addinin asali, kamar waɗanda ke cikin ƙabilar Igbo da kuma yarbawa.<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/520849-number-of-poor-people-in-nigeria-to-reach-95-million-in-2022-world-bank.html</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/09/16/official-us-poverty-rate-is-based-hopelessly-out-of-date-metric/</ref><ref>Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 597. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref> [[File:Bola Tinubu portrait.jpg|thumb|Bola Ahmed Tinubu shugaban ƙasar na yanzu]] Najeriya ,ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan mutane a [[Afirka]] kuma ƙasa ta bakwai mafi yawan mutane a duniya,<ref>Hrbek, Ivan (1992). Africa from the seventh to the eleventh Century. James Currey Publishers. p. 254. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Gordon, April A. (2003). Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. pp. 44–54. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-57607-682-8</nowiki>. Retrieved 29 March 2015.</ref><ref>Adam, Abba Idris, "Re-inventing Islamic Civilization in the Sudanic Belt: The Role of Sheikh Usman Dan Fodio." Journal of Modern Education Review 4.6 (2014): 457–465. online Archived 15 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine</ref> tare da kimanin mutane miliyan ɗari biyu da shida (2,00,000,006). Tattalin arzikinta shine mafi girma a [[Afirka]], kuma shi ne na ashirin da shida (26)<ref>Slow death slavery course abolition northern Nigeria 18971936 | Regional history after 1500". Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2020.</ref><ref>"The end of slavery". The Story of Africa. BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref><ref>Udofia, O.E. (1981). "Nigerian Political Parties: Their Role in Modernizing the Political System, 1920–1966". Journal of Black Studies. 11 (4): 435–447. doi:10.1177/002193478101100404. JSTOR 2784073. S2CID 143073983.</ref> mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar GDP maras faɗi, kuma na ashirin da biyar (25), mafi girma daga PPP. Najeriya galibi ana ƙiranta da "Giant of Africa", ma'ana ƙarfin [[Afirka|Afrika]] saboda yawan jama'a da tattalin arziƙinta, [[Bankin Duniya|kuma bankin duniya]] yana dauƙarta a matsayin [[Kasuwa masu tasowa|kasuwa]] mai tasowa. Karamar yanki ce a cikin Afirka, matsakaiciyar ƙarfi a cikin al'amuran ƙasa da ƙasa, sannan kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi yawan [[Gingara karfi|al’umma a duniya]].<ref>Mann, Charles C. (1990). "Choosing an Indigenous Official Language for Nigeria" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2020.</ref><ref>The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria" (PDF). 1963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 August 2021.</ref><ref>Irede, Akin (17 March 2022). "Aguiyi-Ironsi: The murder that birthed Nigeria's northern hegemony". The Africa Report. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</ref> Koyaya ƙasar tana ƙasa sosai a cikin jerin ƙasashen duniya, kuma har yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu rashawa a duniya. Najeriya memba ce ta kafuwar tarayyar [[Afirka]], kuma memba ce a ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]], ƙungiyar ƙasashen Yammacin Africa ([[ECOWAS|ECOWAS)]] ƙungiyar ƙasashe masu arziƙin man fetur, ([[OPEC]]) kuma memba ce na yau da kullum a gamayyar ( [[MINT (tattalin arziki)|MINT]]), kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe goma sha ɗaya masu tashen ƙaruwan tattalin arziƙi wato "[[Sha dayan gaba "Next Eleven"|Next Eleven]]".<ref>https://www.fao.org/nigeria/fao-in-nigeria/nigeria-at-a-glance/en/</ref><ref>Falola and Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008) pp 158–59</ref><ref>Murray, Senan (30 May 2007). "Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref> Najeriya qasa che mechike da al'ummah qabilu maban bantah chikin zaman lafiya da hadin kaii . == Kirkira: == Sunan ''[[wiktionary:Nigeria|Nijeriya]]'' an dauke shi daga Kogin [[Neja (kogi)|Neja]] wanda ya ratsa kasar.<ref>"Nigerian Constitution". Nigeria Law. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015.</ref><ref>Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (7 August 2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108887748. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-108-88774-8</nowiki>. S2CID 225266768.</ref><ref>Background Paper on Nigeria and Biafra, Declassified Documents Reference System.</ref> Wannan sunan ya samo asali ne a ranar ta takwas (8), ga watan Janairun shekara ta (1897) dan jaridar Ingila [[Flora Shaw, Lady Lugard|Flora Shaw]], wanda daga baya ya auri [[Frederick Lugard|Lord Lugard]], mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya.<ref>David Williams, President and power in Nigeria: The life of Shehu Shagari (Routledge, 2018).</ref><ref>Nigeria, Military Faces Daunting Challenges", AP Press International, 3 March 1984. Retrieved 22 February 2007</ref><ref>Siollun, Max (25 October 2018), Levan, Carl; Ukata, Patrick (eds.), "Civil Military Affairs and Military Culture in Post-Transition Nigeria", The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics, Oxford University Press, pp. 272–287, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804307.013.13, ISBN 978-0-19-880430-7</ref> [[Nijar]] da ke makwabtaka da ita sun samo sunan daga wannan kogin.<ref>Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (7 August 2020). A History of the Republic of Biafra. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108887748. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-108-88774-8</nowiki>. S2CID 225266768.</ref><ref>Murray, Senan (30 May 2007). "Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref><ref>Metz, Helen Chapin (1991). "Nigeria: A Country Study – Civil War". Library of Congress Country Studies. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</ref> Asalin sunan ''Nijar'', wanda asali ana amfani da shi ne kawai zuwa tsakiyar Kogin Neja, ba tabbas. Watakila kalmar ta canza sunan [[Buzaye|Tuareg]] ''egerew <u>n-iger</u> ewen'' da mazauna ke amfani da shi a tsakiyar kogin da ke kusa da [[Timbuktu]] kafin mulkin mallaka na Turai na karni na (19). <ref>The Arabic name ''nahr al-anhur'' is a direct translation of the Tuareg.</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=bs5rTH7GClgC&pg=PA48</ref><ref>The Biafra War and the Age of Pestilence". Litencyc.com. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 28 July 2014.</ref> [[File:Abuja gate.jpg|alt=Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya fadar Gwamnatin Shugaban kasar|thumb|Babban Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya Fadar Shugaban Kasa|165x165px]] == Tarihi: == [[File:Central bank nigeria.jpg|thumb|Babban Bankin Nigeria.|159x159px]] [[Fayil:Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Tinubu (5980497975) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Shugaban kasan najeriya(bola ahmad tinubu)]] Tarihi, ya nuna cewar [[Najeriya a 1960|Nijeriya]] dadaddar kasa ce, kuma tarihi yanuna kasar na nan tun a shekara ta ('''500),'''<ref>McDonald, Gordon C., Area Handbook for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo Kinshasa) (1971), p. 263</ref><ref>Michael I. Draper, Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970.</ref><ref>Stearns, Jason K. Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa (2011), p. 115</ref> kafin haihuwar Yesu Almasihu wato Annabi Isah (A.S) a wannan lokaci suka samata suna [[Kasar Hausa]].<ref>Wrong, Michela. In the Footsteps of Mr Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo (2000), p. 266</ref><ref>Watts, Michael (1987) State, Oil and Agriculture in Nigeria, Institute of International Studies, University of California, <nowiki>ISBN 0-87725-166-5</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 42–43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> Addinin musulunci ya shiga Kasar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ne tun a karni na goma sha uku (13) miladiya.<ref>Derfler 2011, p. 82.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 44.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 43; Derfler 2011, p. 81.</ref> a karshen karni na goma sha daya (11) zuwa tsakiyar karni na goma sha hudu (14) miladiya. Kanem Barno suka mamaye Kasar Hausa, kuma Fulani sun mamaye Kasar [[Hausa]] a farkon karni na goma sha tara (19) miladiya har zuwan Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka mamaye [[Lagos]] a shekara ta [[1881|(1881]]) miladiyya, ana cikin [[Yakin duniya I|Yakin duniya]] na farko sai Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka karo sojojin ruwa saboda suna tsoran Jamusawa da ke Kamaru kada sumamaye Najeriya, amma mulkin Najeriya na farko a hannun Turawan [[Portugal]].<ref>Iliffe 2011, pp. 48–49; Derfler 2011, p. 85.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 50; Derfler 2011, p. 85</ref><ref>African Concord (1990). The New Helmsmen. Concord Press, Ikeja, Lagos. 13 August 1990</ref> A shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da tamanin da biyar [[1885|(1885)]] sai Turawan [[Birtaniya]] suka mamaye duk fadin Nijeria har zuwa Daya (1) ga watan oktoba, 1960. Nijeriya ta samu 'yancin kanta daga Turawan Biritaniya.<ref>Pereltsvaig, Asya (16 June 2011). "Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World". Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2019.</ref><ref>Iliffe 2011, p. 48</ref><ref>Bilski, Andrew, "Broken Promises", Maclean, 6 September 1993</ref> == Addinai: == * [[File:The Abuja National Mosque.jpg|alt=Babban Masallacin Kasa dake Abuja|thumb|Babban Masallacin Kasa dake Abuja|146x146px]]Addinin [[Musulunci]] 50%. * [[File:National Church of Nigeria in Abuja 22.jpg|alt=Babbar Mujama,ar Kasa dake Abuja|thumb|Babbar Mujama,ar Kasa dake Abuja|216x216px]]Addinin [[Kristanci]] 45%. * Sauran kashin 5% basuda kowanne irin Addini. == Tsarin Mulki: == [[File:Muhammadu Buhari, President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (cropped).jpg|alt=Muhammadu Buhari Shugaban kasar Najeriya|thumb|Muhammadu Buhari Tsohon Shugaban Najeriya.|169x169px]] A shekara ta [[1966|(1966]]) zuwa shekara ta [[1979|(1979]]) sojoji ne ke da ikon a kan kasar, a shekara ta [[1979|(1979)]] a ka yi tsari wanda ya bawa talakawa ikon zaben gwamna. A shekara ta al [[1983|(1983]]) sojoji suka rushe wannan tsarin da juyin mulki har zuwa shekara ta [[1998|(1998]]) bayan rasuwar Sani Abacha, sai aka dawo da tsarin mulki na dimokaradiya aka bawa talakawa ikon zaben shugaban da suke so, a shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da dari tara da casa'in da[[1999|(1999]]) aka yi zabe a kasa.<ref>Diamond, Larry; Kirk-Greene, Anthony; Oyeleye Oyediran (1997) Transition without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society Under Babangida, Vantage Publishers, <nowiki>ISBN 978-2458-54-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Bilski, Andrew, "Broken Promises", Maclean, 6 September 1993.</ref><ref>"The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations". Pew Research Center. April 2019. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</ref>[[Olusegun Obasanjo|Obasanjo]] ya lashe zabe ya zama shugaban kasa na farko wanda talaka suka zaba, ya hau karo na biyu har zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai ([[2007]])a wannan shekara aka yi zabe, [[Umaru Yar'Adua|Umaru Yar'Aduwa]] ya lashe shi ne shugaban kasa a shekarar ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011). Dukkansu sun fito daga jam'iyya daya ne, wato (jam'iyyar [[PDP]]).<ref>Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al". Center for Constitutional Rights. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</ref><ref>Nigerian Lawyer: Abacha accounts apparently in Switzerland, Luxembourg, France, and Germany", AP press, 10 January 2000.</ref><ref>Abdusalam Abubakar" Archived 4 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, accessed 26 October 2012.</ref> Umaru musa yar'aduwa ya rasu a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara (2009) matemakin sa Jonathan Goodluck ebele , ya cigaba da Mulki zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da sha daya (2011).<ref>Falola and Heaton, A History of Nigeria (2008) pp. 211–34.</ref><ref>NASS confirms Sambo as vice president". The Nigerian Voice. 18 May 2010. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2011.</ref><ref>Final Report" (PDF). EU Election Observation Mission Nigeria 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</ref> A yayin da a kayi zabe yalashe yacigaba da Mulki harzuwa she Kara ta dubu biyu da sha biyar (2015) yayin da a kayi zabe ta dubu biyu da sha biyar (2015) shugaban kasa wato General Muhammad Buhari yalashe zabe.<ref>"Nigeria Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</ref><ref>Nossiter, Adam (16 April 2011). "Nigerians Vote in Presidential Election". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2011.</ref><ref>Akinlade, Muruf (18 May 2010). "National Assembly confirms Sambo as Vice President". MyOndoState.Com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011</ref> Bayan shekara Tara wato yadda dimokiradiya ta tanadar ya sauka daga gadan Mulki she Kara ta dubu biyu da (2023), yabaiwa dan jam'iyarasa wato Bola Ahmad Tunubu Wanda yanzu shiyake rike da mulkin kasar Najeriya.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Udo, Bassey (14 May 2015). "Missing $20 bn: Sanusi faults Alison-Madueke, says audit report proves at least $18.5bn lost". Premium Times Nigeria. Archived from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.</ref><ref>Nigeria election: Muhammadu Buhari wins". BBC.</ref> === Jihohi: === {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |+ !Jeri !Sunan Jiha !Babban Birnin Jiha !Gwamna |- |1 | | | |- |2 | | | |- |3 | | | |- |4 | | | |- |5 | | | |- |6 | | | |- |7 | | | |- |8 | | | |- |9 | | | |- |10 | | | |- | | | | |} #.[[Abia]]. . #[[Adamawa]]. #Anambra. #[[Akwa Ibom]]. #[[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] . #[[Bayelsa]] . #[[Benue (jiha)|Benue]] . #Borno. #[[Cross River]]. #[[Delta]]. #[[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu]]. #Edo. #Ebonyi. #[[Ekiti]]. #[[Filato]] . #[[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]]. #[[Imo]]. #[[Jigawa]]. #[[Kano (jiha)|Kano]]. #[[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]]. #[[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]]. #[[Kebbi]]. #[[Kogi]]. #[[Kwara (Jiha)|Kwara]]. #Lagos. #Neja. #[[Nasarawa]]. #[[Ogun]] . #[[Osun]] . #[[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]]. #[[Ondo (jiha)|Ondo]] #Rivers. #[[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]]. #[[Taraba]]. #[[Yobe]]. #[[Zamfara]] . [[File:Locator Map Abuja-Nigeria.png|alt=Hoton Taswirar Jihohin Najeriya 36 har da Babban Birnin Tarayyar Abuja|thumb|Hoton Taswirar Jihohin Najeriya 36 har da Babban Birnin Tarayyar Abuja|138x138px]] ''Babban birnin tarayya'' [[Abuja]]. == Yarika: == Manyan yarika a Najeriya sune guda uku kamar haka: Harshen Hausa da Yarbanci da Inyamuranci, yaren Fulatanci ma yana daya daga cikin manyan yaruka a Najeriya.<ref>APC praises Jonathan for conceding defeat". The Nation. Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.</ref> === [[Hausa]]: === <gallery> File:Hausa royal dressing 03.jpg| Hausawa. File:Hausa royal dressing 05.jpg|Shiga irin ta al'adar Hausawa. File:Hausa emirate dress code 02.jpg|Bahaushe. </gallery> === [[Igbo|Ibo:]] === <gallery> File:IGBO CULTURAL ATTIRE.jpg| Matsahin dan kabilar Ibo (Inyamuri) da daddare. File:A typical Igbo dressing (Akwa George and beads) worn by a young Igbo woman to a cultural event like traditional marriage or new yam festival.jpg|Mace da shiga iri ta matan Ibo. File:Cultural display of the Igbos from the Eastern part of Nigeria.jpg|Matan kabilar Ibo suna gudanar da biki a al'adarsu. </gallery> === [[Yoruba]]: === Yarabawa ;Sun kasance na biyu a wayanda suka fi kowa yawa a cikin kasar Najeriya,<ref>Obama praises Nigeria's president for conceding defeat". Vanguard. 1 April 2015. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2015</ref> suna zaune a garuruwa irin su, [[Legas]] da, [[Ondo (jiha)|Ondo]] da [[Oyo (jiha)|Oyo]], da [[Osun]] da [[Kwara]] da kuma [[Kogi]]. <gallery> File:High Chiefs.jpg|Taron yarabawa a wani yanki a kasar yoruba , sun sanya irin na kayan su na yarbawa. </gallery>'''Sauran yaruka:''' Sun hada da; Fulani da Ibibio da [[Kakuri|Kanuri]] da [[Tiv]] da [[Bura]] da [[Shuwa Arab]] da[[Marghi]] da [[Kare-Kare|Kare-kare]] da [[Ɓachama]] da [[Mandara]] da [[Higgi]] da [[Kilba]] da [[Kibaku]] da [[Mafa]] da [[Glavda]] da [[Jukun]] da [[Waha]] da [[Gamargu]] da [[Igala]] da [[Nufe]] da [[Idoma]] da [[Ibibio]] da [[Efik]] da [[Anang]] da [[Ekoi]] da [[Awak]] da [[Waja]] da Waka. == Arzikin : == Nigeria akwai arzikin noma da na man fetur dakumaadanu DA wassanni aladun gargajiya hakuma kasace maiasiri akuma tsafetsafe kuma mafiyawancin munen Nigeria sun yarda DA chamfi kuma suna hukuta mutane tahanyar aladun- dawasannin gargajiya ataikace Mustapha Isah gwaram jigawa state == Wasanni; == <gallery> 9ja_women_U20.JPG|Yan wasan kwallon mata na Najeriya. Algeria_vs_Nigeria_-_1978_All-Africa_Games_final.jpg|Yan wasan Najeriya a 1978. Football_through.jpg|Yan Najeriya na wasan kwallon kafa. Women_have_fun_with_football.jpg|Mata na wasan kwallon kafa. Okossi_girls_football_team_2.jpg|team na wasannin mata. John_Obi_Mikel-Nigeria.jpg|John Mikel Obi </gallery> == Fannin tsaro. == == Kimiya da Fasaha. == == Sifiri. == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama. === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa. === == Al'adu. == === Mutane. === [[File:IMG-20210214-WA0020.jpg|thumb|Matasa sanye da kayan Fulani a lokacin biki a Arewacin Najeriya.]] === Yaruka. === === Abinci. === === Tufafi. === == Ilimi. == == Addinai. == === Musulunci. === === Kiristanci. === == Hotuna. == ==Manazarta.== {{Reflist}} {{Afirka}} [[Category:Najeriya| ]] [[Category:Kasashen Afrika]] [[Category:Kasashen yammacin Afirka]] tslvp6dd0sx3a7gy37ct2kxknmoxdmv 0 4060 976130 719438 2026-11-05T11:36:26Z Zahrah0 14848 976130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} 2021 Asididdigar Malta ta 422 ta <ref> MOL-tə</ref> <ref> "Interim Territorial Cohesion Report",</ref>: Asalin asalin na launin fata bisa ga mafi yawan 'yan kwanannan. A halin yanzu 77.8% na yawan jama'a su ne masarautu ko 'yan ƙasa.<ref>Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta [rɛˈpʊbːlɪkɐ </ref> ,<ref>Archived</ref> ^ Hakanan .eu, raba tare da sauran jihohin Tarayyar Turai<ref>Bonanno, Anthony, ed. (2008). Malta and Sicily: Miscellaneous research projects (PDF). Officina di Studi Medievali. ISBN 978-88-88615-83-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2017.</ref> <ref>"Career guidance in Malta: A Mediterranean microstate in transition"</ref> <ref>"The Microstate Environmental World Cup: Malta vs. San Marino"</ref> Malta,<ref>Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta [rɛˈpʊbːlɪkɐ </ref> bisa hukuma Jamhuriyar Malta,<ref> Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta [rɛˈpʊbːlɪkɐ </ref> kasa ce a Kudancin Turai wanda ke cikin Bahar Rum, tsakanin Africal da Arewacin Afirka. Ya ƙunshi wani tsibirin Archipelago 80 km (50 mi) kudu na [[Italiya]], 284 km) gabashin gabas na Tunisiya, [137 mi) gabas na Tunisia, [137 mi) Gabashin Thia, [137 mi) arewa (20] <ref> 10.1016/j.cities.2004.07.001</ref> harauna biyu na hukuma suna baletes da Ingilishi. Babban birnin kasar nan ba shi ne Valletta, wanda shine mafi karancin babban birni a Tarayyar Turai (EU) ta yankin da yawan jama'a. <Ref>Zammit, Andre (1986). "Valletta and the system of human settlements in the Maltese Islands". Ekistics. 53 (316/317): 89–95. JSTOR 43620704</ref> <ref>"World Urbanization Prospects"</ref> Tare da yawan jama'a kusan 542,000 <ref>Ashby, Thomas (1915). "Roman Malta". Journal of Roman Studies. 5: 23–80. doi:10.2307/296290. JSTOR 296290. S2CID 250349579. Archived from the original on 27 March 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2019</ref> Sama da yanki na 316 km2 (122 sq mi), ƙasa mai zuwa ta goma a yankin [4] da na tara da aka mamaye su. Various sources consider the country to consist of a single urban region,[<ref>"World Urbanization Prospects"</ref> <ref>"Interim Territorial Cohesion Report",</ref> ] for which it is often described as a city-state.<ref>Doing Business with Malta</ref> <ref> Draft National Strategy for the Cultural and Creative Industries – Creative Malta</ref>] Malta ya kasance zaune tun akalla 6500 BC, a lokacin Mesolithic<ref>Scerri, Eleanor M. L.; Blinkhorn, James; Groucutt, Huw S.; Stewart, Mathew; Candy, Ian; Allué, Ethel; Burguet-Coca, Aitor; Currás, Andrés; Carleton, W. Christopher; Lindauer, Susanne; Spengler, Robert; Boxleitner, Kseniia; Asciak, Gillian; Colucci, Margherita; Gauci, Ritienne (May 2025). "Hunter-gatherer sea voyages extended to remotest Mediterranean islands". Nature. 641 (8061): 137–143. Bibcode:2025Natur.641..137S. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08780-y. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 12043505. PMID 40205035.</ref> Matsayinta a tsakiyar Bahar Rum ta ba shi mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci, tare da jere ikon da ya yanke wa tsibirin da al'adunta. <Ref> "Malta | History, Language, Map, People, & Points of Interest | Britannica"</ref> wanan sun haɗa da masu gidan yanar gizo, Carbagagin, Heleks, da Romawa a cikin tsufa; Larabawa, masani, da Aragonese a cikin tsararraki; da kuma na asibiti na asibiti, Faransanci, da Ingila a cikin zamanin zamani. <Ref> Historical Dictionary of Malta</ref> <ref>"Ritual Escalation in Malta"</ref> <ref> "George Cross Award Commemoration"</ref> ya zo karkashin mulkin Ingila a farkon karni na 19 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin hedkwata ga rundunar jiragen ruwan Burtaniya. Powersarfin Axis an kewaye shi lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II kuma ya kasance babban gado na Arewacin Afirka da Rumererranean. <ReF> "Christmas Broadcast 1967"</REF> MALTA ta cimma matsastanci a shekarar 1964, <ref>"Should the George Cross still be on Malta's flag?"</ref> kuma kafa wani dan al'ummomin al'ummomi a cikin shekarar 1974. Ya kasance memba ne na memberi na kabilanci na jama'a; Ya shiga Tarayyar Turai a shekara ta 2004 da kuma Uwaronin Kula da Eurozone a 2008. <Ref>"Malta – EU country profile | European Union"</ref> Tarihin mulkin Malta da kuma kusancinta ga kasashen Turai da arewacin Afirka sun rinjayi zane-zane, kiɗan, abinci, da gine-gine. Malta tana da cikakkiyar dangantakar tarihi da al'adu zuwa Italiya kuma musamman silily; tsakanin 62 zuwa 66 cikin 100 na mutanen da Maltes suna magana ko kuma sanannen harshe na Italiyanci, wanda ke da matsayin hukuma daga shekarar 1530 zuwa shekara ta 19344. <Ref> Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages</ref> Malta wani wuri ne na jihar Kiristanci, kodayake kundin tsarin mulkin kasar yana tabbatar da 'yancin yin rashin gaskiya da bautar addini. <Ref> "Malta Skills Survey 2022 - Preliminary Report"</ref> [<ref>the original</ref> <Ref>"Hal Saflieni Hypogeum"</ref> Malta wata ƙasa ce mai ci gaba da ci gaba, tattalin arziƙi. Yana da aminci sosai ga yawon shakatawa, yana jan hankalin matafiya da kuma manyan gidajen shakatawa, da manyan gidajen nishaɗi, da kuma manyan abubuwa na yau da kullun.<ref>"Megalithic Temples of Malta"</ref> <Ref>"City of Valletta"</ref> ==Suna== Sunan Turanci Malta ya samo asali daga Ilatu da Malteseal Arabic Māli māli Māliṭā (مالطا), daga Doric Fellas (ماίτη) na tushen da gane. Sunan Melítē-Alget-ya raba shi da Tsibirin Croatian a cikin tsufa-a zahiri yana nufin "Wuri mai kyau na Méli ,<ref>,μέλι</ref> da wannan abu mai dadi) [-BY). Tsoffin Helenawa na iya ba da tsibirin wannan suna bayan bayan wahalar malta na ƙudan zuma. <Ref>The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta,</ref> A <ref> The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta</ref>madadain, wasu malamai suna jayayya don haifar da sunan Helenanci daga cikin PHOENICE na asali da kuma ambaliyar "ambaliyar" na farko a cikin karni na 10 BC. <Ref>"Greek Words in Maltese Harbour Toponymy"</ref>Daga nan sai aka nemi sunan Malta ta hanyar Helenawa da tsohuwar babban birninta a MDina ta hannun Romawa. <Ref>"Greek Words in Maltese Harbour Toponymy"</ref> ,<Ref>"The Corps Disease: Brucellosis and Its Historical Association with the Royal Army Medical Corps"</ref> <ref>Perseus Project</ref> Malta da Maltesem Maltese an tabbatar da su cikin Ingilishi daga karni na 16 zuwa karni na 16. <Ref>Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "Malta, n.", and "Maltese</ref>Littafi Mai Tsarki fassarar Turanci gami da Sarki James na 1611 ya yi amfani da tsarin Latin na Latin mai rauni, kodayake Littafi Mai-Tsarki ta yi amfani da fassarar Melite maimakon. Ana amfani da Malta sosai a cikin sigogin kwanan nan. <Ref>Smith, William</ref> ==Tarihi== Babban Labari: Tarihin Malta Prehistory Duba kuma: Gidan ibadan Megalithic na Malta, Gilar Saflien Hispoum An zauna Malta daga aƙalla Circa 6500 BC, tare da isowar mafarauta-gathoharfurrers ya samo asali daga silily. Gano a Cave Archae Schoeor Schoga ya hada da ragowar Hearths, kayan aikin dutse da kuma bambancin ƙasusuwa daban-daban. Waɗannan sun haɗa da jan gwal masu ja da yanzu sun ƙare, kifi da dabbobi masu shayarwa, har ma da yawan ƙwayar cuta. Don isa kan Malta, waɗannan masu farauta sun haye kusan kilomita 100 na bude ruwa, suna yin dadewa mafi tsawo a cikin sanannun teku a cikin Rederranean. <Ref> Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages</ref> Hukuncin Hippos na Dwarf, giant Swans da Hwarf giwalen da aka danganta da tarihin 'yan Adam a kan Malta. [<Ref> "Palaeolithic Man in the Maltese Islands"</ref> duk da haka wannan ba a tsammani tun da haka kwanan nan aikin ya nuna wadannan dabbobin sun lalata dubban shekaru kafin su zo da farko mutane da sanannen mafarauci-masu yawa. <Ref>Eleanor M. L.; Blinkhorn, James; Groucutt, Huw S.; Stewart, Mathew; Candy, Ian; Allué, Ethel; Burguet-Coca, Aitor; Currás, Andrés; Carleton, W. Christopher; Lindauer, Susanne; Spengler, Robert; Boxleitner, Kseniia; Asciak, Gillian; Colucci, Margherita; Gauci, Ritienne (May 2025). "Hunter-gatherer sea voyages extended to remotest Mediterranean islands". Nature. 641 (8061): 137–143. Bibcode:2025Natur.641..137S. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08780-y. ISSN 1476-</ref> An yi da'awar don zama a cikin wani yanki na tsibirin ta hanyar Neanderthals an yi watsi da su sosai. <Ref>"Hunter-gatherer sea voyages extended to remotest Mediterranean islands"</ref> Manyan manoma na Muslithic, shima sun samo asali daga Sicily, ana tunanin su isa tsibiran da kusan 5400 BC. <Ref>"Hunter-gatherer sea voyages extended to remotest Mediterranean islands"</ref> Prehistoric Northing Dating zuwa farkon Neolithic sun hada da gera dam na Dalamin Dalar Dalam site a saman yadudduka da ke hade da dabbobi masu gida.<ref>10.1002/9781444323986</ref> Yawan Neolithic akan hatsi na Malta ya yi10.1002/9781444323986 da aka gabatar, kuma, tare da sauran tsoffin al'adun Rum, <ref>Archived</ref> <ref>"Old Temples Study Foundation"</ref> Al'adar Megalithic magudanan gine-ginen sannan ko dai ya kawo ko tashi daga wannan farkon lokacin. Kimanin 3500 BC, waɗannan mutanen sun gina wasu tsofaffin tsarin data kasance masu kyauta a duniya a cikin duniya sun haɗa da waɗanda suke a ħaġar Qim da MnAjdra. <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</ref> haikalin suna da keɓaɓɓen gine-gine, yawanci tsayayyen ƙafar Trefoil ƙirar, kuma ana amfani da su daga 4000 zuwa 2500 BC. Bayanan alfarma sun nuna cewa hadayun dabbobi an sanya su ne ga allahntility, wanda ya zama yanzu a cikin gidan kayan aikin ɗan fim din Carlletta. [<Ref> "Archaeology and prehistory"</ref> Wani fasalin archaeological na Tsibirin Maltese sau da yawa ya danganta ga waɗannan maganganun tsoffin abubuwa masu kyau "ko kuma manyan abubuwan da suka samu a Misera Il-Kbir (" clafam Junction "). Waɗannan na iya lalacewa ta hanyar katako na katako na katako mai laushi. [<Ref>"Ancient mystery solved by geographers"</ref> <ref> Mottershead, Derek; Pearson, Alastair; Schaefer, Martin (2008). "The cart ruts of Malta: an applied geomorphology approach". Antiquity. 82 (318): 1065–1079. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00097787. S2CID 162827926.</ref> a fili ta bace daga tsibiran da ke kusa da 2500 BC, wataƙila saboda yunwar ko cuta. Bayan da yawa na shekaru 2500 BC, da yawa daga shekarun da suka gabata har sai da yawan baƙi na tobal, al'adun da suka lalata tsarinta Megalithic da aka kira dolds.<ref>], Daniel. "Malta Before Common Era". The Megalithic Temples of Malta. Archived</ref> Ana da'awar kasancewa cikin yawan jama'a ne ya bambanta da abin da ya gina gidajen megalithic na baya. Ana tsammanin yawan jama'a sun isa daga silily saboda irin wannan matsi na Maltes zuwa wasu ƙananan gine-gine da aka samo a can. <Ref>Piccolo, Salvatore; Darvill, Timothy (2013). Ancient Stones, The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily. Brazen</ref> ==Carmaniya da Romawa== Duba kuma: Magana, Clippi na Melqart, Tsohon Roma, Sicilia (lardin Roman), da Byzantine Malta Al'umman da suka shafi Malta-zamanin daular ta Byzantine (daular a cikin 555 a karkashin Justinan Masarautar tun faɗuwar Masarautar Yammacin Roman (Verassals a cikin ruwan hoda). <Ref>"Notable dates in Malta's history"</ref> Masu mulkin mallaka tsibiri a ƙarƙashin sunan Ann (𐤀𐤍𐤍, ') <ref> Culican (1992)</ref> Wani lokaci bayan 1000 BC <ref> "Greek Words in Maltese Harbour Toponymy"</ref> Wani lokaci ne bayan BC <ref> Filigheddu (2006)</ref> lokaci bayan 1000 BC <ref> "Greek Words in Maltese Harbour Toponymy"</ref> ( lokaci ne bayan Rum 1000) An bayyana kujerunsu a Mdina, wanda ya raba sunan tsibirin; [<ref> Doing Business with Malta</ref>to [<ref>"Greek Words in Maltese Harbour Toponymy"</ref> Tashar tashar jirgin ruwa ta kasance a Cospicua a kan MDPICUa a kan MDPICUa, wanda ake kira Maleth. <Ref> "Greek Words in Maltese Harbour Toponymy"</ref> faɗuwar penicia a cikin 332 BC, yankin ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon carthage. <Ref> 10.2307/296290</ref> <ref>Marat (2005). Doing Business with Malta. GMB Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-905050-63-5.</ref> A wannan lokacin, mutane kan Mata musamman sun [[shuka]] zaituni da carob da kuma haifar da matani. <ref>Marat (2005). Doing Business with Malta. GMB Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-905050-63-5.</ref> ==Roman Mosaic daga Domvs Romana== A yayin yakin farko na farko, tsibiri ya ci tsibiri bayan Marcus Atilius Regulus. [<Ref> "Malta"</ref> baan gazawar balaguransa, tsibirin ya karu a hannun Carthage, kawai don sake cin nasara a lokacin yakin kwalliya na biyu a cikin Sempronius Longus. <Ref>"Malta"</ref> Malta ya zama Foedera Presitas, ƙirar da ke nufin ta ware daga biyan haraji ko hukuncin dokar Roman, kuma ta fadi a cikin ikon lardin Sicialy. <Ref> The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta</ref> birninta a MDina aka sake masa masa Melita bayan sunan Girkanci da Roman ga tsibirin. Duk da haka, duk da haka, ya kasance mai himma a kan tsibiran tare da sanannen Cippi na Melqart, Pivotal a cikin fahimtar harshen Punic, wanda aka sadaukar da shi a karni na biyu BC. <Ref>The Art Journal: The Illustrated Catalogue of the Industry of All Nations</ref> <ref> "Volume 16, Issue 1"</ref> ciyarwa Roman Roman, wacce ta daina a ƙarni na farko ta BC, <ref>"218 BC – 395 AD Roman Coinage"</ref> Yana nuna tsabar kudi na tsibirin na Girka da Punic Motsifs a zamanin Hellenanci da Punic da al'adun gargajiya. <Ref>Cassar 2000</ref> A ƙarni na biyu, Emperor Hadrian (r. 117-38) Matsayin Marin Malta zuwa Marina Dicauki, yayin da Harkokin Larabawa ne ke wakiltar MDina wakiltar Sicily. [<Ref>"Malta"</ref> A AD 58, Bulus manzo da Luka mai wa'azin bishara an yi jigilar tsibirin. <Ref>"Malta"</ref> Bulus ya kasance tsawon watanni uku, yana wa'azin bangaskiyar Kirista. ,<Ref> "Malta"</ref> An ambaci tsibirin a ayyukan manzannin kamar Melitene (tsohuwar Helenanci: μελιήνη).<ref>"Acts, chapter 28, verse 1"</ref> A shekara ta 395, lokacin da aka rarraba Mulkin Rome a karo na ƙarshe a mutuwar Theodosius I, Malta, bin silily daular Yammacin Roman. <Ref> ABrown, Thomas S. (1991). "Malta". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University</ref> a lokacin ƙaura lokacin daular Rome Roman ya ragu, aka mallaki Malta ko ya mallaki da yawa.<ref> Cassar 2000</ref> 454 zuwa 464 Tsibirin sun mallaki tsibirin sun mallaki tsibiran, kuma bayan 464 ta hanyar ustrologi. <Ref>Cassar 2000</ref> A 533, BeliSarius, kan hanyarsa ta cin nasara ga mulkin Vander a Arewacin Afirka, ya sake haduwa tsibirin a karkashin mulkin sarki <ref> Cassar 2000</ref> kadan da aka sani game da mulkin Byzantine a Malta: tsibirin sun dogara da taken Sicily kuma yana da gwamnonin Girka kuma suna da Girka, da ƙananan Gren Trelengon. <Ref>Cassar 2000</ref> Yayin da aka ci gaba da yawan jama'a da tsofaffin, mazaunin Latinized, a wannan lokacin ne kudancin OSCillated tsakanin Paparoma da kuma sarki na Konstantinoful. [<Ref> Cassar 2000</ref> Kalmar Byzantine ta gabatar da iyalan Girka zuwa Maltese na gama-gari. <Ref>The Cambridge Ancient History</ref> Malta ya kasance a ƙarƙashin daular Byzantine har zuwa 870, lokacin da Larabawa suka rinjaye shi. <Ref>"Malta"</ref> ==Lokacin larabawa da Tsakiyar Tsakiya== Duba kuma: Yaƙe-yaƙe na Arab-Byzantine a Musulunci a Malta Malta ya shiga cikin yaƙin Arab-Byzantine, da kuma cin nasarar Malta ya danganta da cewa a cikin Sippantes Eupurehins, neman cewa Aghlabeds ya mamaye tsibirin. <Ref> "Brief history of Sicily"</ref>-Horrapher al-heanata ta bata da cewa a cikin 870, sakamakon gwagwarmayar da Hadima suka kare, daga baya suka lalata yadda larabawa suka yi ta karba daga safiya 1048-1049. ,<ref>Travel Malta. MobileReference. The Arab period and the Middle Ages. ISBN 978-1-61198-279-4.</ref> Babu tabbas ko wannan sabon nassi ya haifar da fadada jama'a a cikin silily, mafi girma matsayin da ya barke a cikin sarakunan Arab. <Ref> Travel Malta. MobileReference. The Arab period and the Middle Ages. ISBN 978-1-61198-</ref> juya halin na aikin gona na larabawa sun gabatar da sabon ban ruwa, auduga, da wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa. An dauki harshe na Siculo-larabci a tsibirin daga silily; Daga baya ya samo asali cikin yaren baltese. <Ref>Corpus Linguistics Around the World</ref> ==Norman mamayershi== Babban Labari: Marrassar mamayar Malta Roger i na sicily ya dawo malta zuwa mulkin kirista. A likitocin sun kai hari kan Malta a 1091, a zaman sauran nasarorin da suke yi na silily. <Ref> The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta,</ref> jagiran Norman, Roger i na silily, an maraba da Kirista farilwaci, <ref> The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta</ref> A cikin tutar Reder da Fadakarwa Malta. <Ref> The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta</ref> <ref>, B. (1987) The Story of Malta. Third Edition. </Ref> Malta ya kasance wani bangare na Sicily, wanda kuma ya rufe tsibirin Sicily da Kudancin Italiyanci na Kudancin Italiyanci. <Ref> The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta</ref> Katolika da aka sake komawa a matsayin addinin jihar, tare da Malta a karkashin ganin [[Palermo]], kuma wasu norman gine-gine spango a kusa da Malta, musamman a cikin babban birnin MDina. <Ref> ]The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta</ref>Sarki Tangcred ya ba da izinin Mulkin ya kuma sanya ƙididdigar Malta a cikin 1192. Kamar yadda aka yi wa tsibiran da Malta suka yi nasara da yunƙurin cin nasara; Kashi na farko sun kware jinin Generoesers. <Ref>The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta</ref> Mulkin ya wuce zuwa daular daul din Hohenstauffen daga 1194 har zuwa 1266. Kamar yadda Emperor Frederick II ya fara aiwatar da mulkinsa na almara. <Ref>et, B. (1987) The Story of Malta. Third Edition. Malta: Progress Press, p.37-38</ref>An ayyana Malta County da Marquisate, amma kasuwancin ya lalace. <Ref>History of the colonies of the British Empire</ref> A taroararren taro na Larabawa ya faru ne a cikin 1224, da kuma gaba daya na yawan Krista maza na Abrzo a cikin Abrzo a cikin Abraizo a cikin Malta a cikin wannan shekarar. <Ref> The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta</ref> A cikin 1249 Frederick II, Sarkin Roman, hukunci cewa za a kore dukkan sauran musulmai daga Malta [<ref> "Time-Line"</ref> ko tilasta wa tuba. <Ref>Malta, Mediterranean bridge</ref> A takaice dai, Mulkin da ya wuce gidan Inudian gidan Anjou, <ref> Malta under the Angevins</ref> Amma mazan suka sanya radakin yakin Genoa da aka kori Jamhuriyar Anjo Roa a 1275. <Ref>The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta</ref> Kambi na Aragon da Knights na Malta Duba kuma: Mulkin Aragon, Cragon ==Tutar Aragonese masarautar Sicial== Gidan Artona ya mallaki Malagon, daga 1282 zuwa 1409 An yi wa sarakunan Aragon da na sarakunan Aragon Da wuri ne a cikin Serangenese ta azabar, 'ya'yan sakin sun karɓi ƙimar taken Malta. A wannan lokacin da yawa daga cikin rafin na gida aka kirkira. Ya zuwa 1397, duk da haka, da ke da taken taken da aka sake komawa zuwa wani mai hadi, da iyalai biyu suna yaƙi da rarrabuwa. Wannan Sarki Martin Na Rage Taken. A muhawara kan batun ya dawo lokacin da taken ya sake haduwa da fewan shekaru daga baya kuma Maltese, ya jagoranci lissafin Gonsalvo Monalvo. [<Ref> "Superintendance of Cultural Heritage"</ref> duk da cewa sun yi hamayya da ƙidasawa, Maltes ta nuna wajabta su ga kambi na Sicilian, wanda ya burge Sar, Alfonso v cewa bai hukunta mutane saboda tawayensu ba. Maimakon haka, ya yi alkawarin ba ya ba da taken zuwa ɓangare na uku kuma haɗa shi cikin kambi. An bai wa MDina na MDina Of Certà ba.<ref>The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta</ref> A cikin Satumba 1429, Hafsid mahimminarnes ya yi kokarin kama Malta amma Maltese ta amince da Maltese. Masu mamayewa sun mamaye karkara dubu 3 a matsayin bayi. <Ref>"575th anniversary of the 1429 Siege of Malta"</ref> St. Paul's Cathedral, mdina ta gina a cikin saloque style A ranar 23 ga Maris 1530, <ref> Denaro, Victor F. (1963). Yet More Houses in Valletta Archived 2 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. </Ref> A ranar 23 ga Maris 1530, <ref> de Vertot, Abbe (1728) The History of the Knights of Malta vol. II (facsimile reprint Midsea Books, Malta, 1989).</ref> v, Sarkin Roman, ya ba tsibirin Addinin Attley a karkashin jagorancin Maltese guda. <Ref>"Malta History 1000 AD–present"</ref> [<ref> "La cesión de Malta a los Caballeros de San Juan a través de la cédula del 4 de marzo de 1530",</ref> <ref>"LA SOBERANA ORDEN DE MALTA A TRAVÉS DE DIEZ SIGLOS DE HISTORIA Y SU RELACIÓN CON LA ACCIÓN HUMANITARIA"</ref> <ref>El halcón maltés regresará a España dos siglos después</ref> <ref>"La verdadera historia del halcón maltés"</ref> <ref> "El halcón y el mar"</ref> [<ref> "El Rey volverá a tener otro halcón maltés en primavera"</ref> wadanan knan, an san umarnin addini na soja da aka sani da tsari na Stoh kuma daga baya a matsayin daular Ottoman a cikin 1522. <Ref>"Hospitallers – religious order"</ref> The Knights Atiti Maitler Rushe Malta da Gozo tsakanin 1530 da 1798. <ref> Devrim., Atauz, Ayse (2008). Eight thousand years of Maltese maritime history: trade, piracy, and naval warfare in the central Mediterranean. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-3179-8.</ref> wannan lokacin, mahimmancin mahimmancin tsibiri ta girma sosai kamar ƙaramar ginin da ke kan iyakar tekun na Ottoman a kusa da Rum. <Ref>Atauz, Ayse (2008). Eight thousand years of Maltese maritime history: trade, piracy, and naval warfare in the central Mediterranean. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-</ref> A cikin 1551, yawan tsibirin Gozo (kusan mutane 5,000) aka bautar da su ta hanyar Bafarin Pires na Barratal kuma an kai shi Barbary Coast a Arewacin Afirka. <Ref>seafaring in mediaeval and post-mediaeval times". Mediterranean Historical Review. 18 (1): 32–58. doi:10.1080/09518960412331302203. ISSN 0951-8967. S2CID 153559318.</ref> An kai hari kan wasannin Ottoman a shafin Castilian Knights a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta 1565 Jean, Jean By Parisot de Vetto, ya tsallake babban kewaye da Malta ta Ottomans a 1565. <Ref>Old World Empires: Cultures of Power and Governance in Eurasia,</ref> The Knights, tare da taimakon Fotigal, Spanish da Maltese Sojojin, sun jingina da harin.<ref> The Maltese Cross: A Strategic History of Malta</ref> <ref>Braudel, Fernand (1995) The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, vol. II. University of California Press: Berkeley</ref> ==Manazarta rjn8gowpzfcggi7t2l4ltc0k8u7m0mp 0 6547 976124 920005 2026-11-05T11:31:33Z Zahrah0 14848 976124 wikitext text/x-wiki Mallam '''Aminu Kano''' Listen ⓘ GCON (An haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta Shekara ta alif 1920 &#x2014; 17 ga Afrilu 1983) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, malami, mawaƙi, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ɗan ƙungiyar kwadago daga [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] . Daya daga cikin fitattun mutane a cikin [[Najeriya|gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai ta Najeriya]] da kuma tarihin siyasar bayan samun 'yancin kai, an san shi da adawa da mulkin mallaka, rinjayen sarakunan gargajiya, da kuma rashin daidaito a zamantakewa a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] . Ya kasance mutum na farko da ya kafa [[Northern Elements Progressive Union]] (NEPU) daga baya kuma ya jagoranci People's Redemption Party (PRP), dukkansu jam'iyyun gurguzu ne waɗanda suka yi fafutukar 'yantar da ''talakawa'' a Najeriya. Aminu ya fara aikinsa na malami kuma ya fito a matsayin mai sukar [[Mallakar Najeriya|gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya]], kuma ya kalubalanci sarakunan gargajiya a bainar jama'a, yana mai sukar tsarin mulkin mallaka na [[Tsarin mulki na kai tsaye|mulkin kai tsaye]] a matsayin mai zalunci da cin zarafin ''talakawa'' . A shekarar 1948, ya kafa ƙungiyar malamai ta Arewa, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta farko a Arewacin Najeriya, kuma ya zama memba na kafa [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa|ƙungiyar jama'ar Arewa]] (NPC), wadda daga baya ya bar ta saboda ra'ayin mazan jiya. A matsayinsa na shugaban NEPU daga 1953, ya yi fafutukar gurguzu ta dimokuradiyya, haƙƙin mata, da kuma ƙarfafa ''talakawa'', yana ƙoƙarin daidaita ƙa'idodin Musulunci da adalci na zamantakewa. Ya yi aiki a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya]] daga 1959 kuma ya yi nadin ministoci a lokacin [[Mulkin Soja a Najeriya|mulkin soja na Najeriya]], ciki har da Kwamishinan Tarayya a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [[Yakubu Gowon]] . A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa kuma wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Aminu Kano ya goyi bayan [[Ƴantar da Afirka daga Mulkin Mallaka|ƙungiyoyin 'yantar da jama'a a Afirka]] kuma ya haɓaka manufar ƙasashen waje mara haɗin kai . Daga baya ya koma harkokin siyasa na jam'iyya a [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu|Jamhuriya ta Biyu]] a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar PRP. Ana yi wa Aminu Kano kallon mai hangen nesa mai hangen nesa, wanda ya bar tarihi mai ɗorewa a cikin tunanin siyasar Najeriya. Cibiyoyin da aka ambata a matsayin girmamawa sun haɗa da [[Filin jirgin sama na Mallam Aminu Kano|Filin Jirgin Sama na Duniya na Mallam Aminu Kano]], [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Aminu Kano]], da kuma kwalejoji da cibiyoyin bincike da dama. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin da suka kafa Najeriya ta zamani kuma har yanzu alama ce ta adalci a zamantakewa da fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a . {{Databox}} == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Aminu Kano a gundumar Sudawa ta [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1920 ga Rakaiya da Malam Yusufu na Gyanawa, wata ƙabilar [[Fulani]] da aka san ta da ƙwarewa a fannin [[Fiƙihu|shari'ar Musulunci]] . : 274 Daga cikin haihuwar mahaifiyarsa shida, shi kaɗai ne ya kai shekara 15. Iyayensa biyu sun yi karatu sosai a addinin Musulunci, kuma daga baya mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban ''Alkali'' na [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] . An bai wa kakarsa lakabin Fulani na ''Modibbo'', wanda aka fi sani da shi ga malaman Musulunci masu daraja. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book}}</ref> : 330 A bisa ga al'adar mutanen yankin, [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]], wanda ya kafa [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]], da kansa ya naɗa wani dangi na Aminu a matsayin babban Alkali na [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] . Tun daga lokacin, ana neman Gyanawa don su riƙe muƙamai na shari'a kamar alkalis, walis da muftis . : 27  : 329  : 100 <ref name=":14" /> : 274  [[Fayil:ETH-BIB-Kano-Tschadseeflug_1930-31-LBS_MH02-08-0084.tif|left|thumb|225x225px| Kallon Kano ta sama a farkon shekarun 1930.]] Zuri'ar Aminu ta mahaifi ma tana da maza da mata da yawa da suka yi karatu tun ƙarni da yawa. Su ne Fulbe waɗanda suka yi hijira daga [[Kukawa]] a [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|daular Bornu]] zuwa Kano. : 274  : 1:15 Daga cikinsu akwai wani malami wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba [[Jerin Sarakunan Kano|Sarkin Kano na]] wancan lokacin, [[Sulaimanu|Sulimanu]] shawara. Wannan malami ya dogara da kansa ta hanyar kiwon tattabaru da sayar da su, wanda hakan ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da Mallam Mai Tattabari ('mallam mai kiwon tattabaru'). Wannan laƙabin ya zama lakabi na hukuma a [[Gidan Rumfa|fadar Kano]] kuma an ba shi ga magadansa, suna aiki a matsayin limaman sarakuna da masu ba da shawara kan shari'ar Musulunci. : 27  Tun yana jariri, Aminu ya fara karatunsa da malamansa na farko su ne mahaifiyarsa da kakarsa, waɗanda suka koya masa [[Larabci|harshen Larabci]] da kuma yadda ake karanta [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] . : 100 <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Jack |first=Homer A. |date=1959 |title=Malam Aminu Kano: A Profile |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4184021 |journal=Africa Today |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=6–10 |issn=0001-9887 |jstor=4184021}}</ref> Bayan mahaifiyarsa ta mutu a shekarar 1926, ya koma gidan kawunsa don ya zauna a ƙarƙashin kulawar kakarsa ta uwa, wadda ke zaune a can. Saboda haka, Halilu, kawunsa wanda daga baya aka naɗa shi 'Mallam Mai Tattabari', ya zama mai kula da iliminsa na Alƙur'ani. : 41–43  : 243 An ƙara shigar da Aminu makarantar firamare ta Shehuci, wata makarantar yamma, inda aka koya masa karatu da rubutu cikin Turanci. : 276 <ref name=":2" /> : 243 Ya ɗauki sunan garin haihuwarsa, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], a matsayin sunan mahaifinsa, al'ada ce da aka saba yi tsakanin masu ilimin yammacin Najeriya a lokacin. : 604  A shekarar 1933, Aminu ya fara zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Kano (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna [[Kwalejin Rumfa Kano|Rumfa College, Kano]] ), makarantar kwana. A can, a shekarar 1935, ya jagoranci ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko da suka fara yajin aiki a Najeriya kan ƙarancin sabulu, rashin abinci mai kyau, "takamaiman ƙuntatawa da yawa, da kuma tsauraran ƙa'idojin ɗabi'a". : 48–49 Daga nan ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Kaduna (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna [[Kwalejin Barewa]] ) inda ya sami takardar shaidar difloma a fannin ilimi a shekarar 1942. : 276  : 243  == Aikin koyarwa == [[Fayil:Young_Aminu_Kano.png|left|thumb|199x199px| Matashin Aminu Kano]] Bayan kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Kaduna a shekarar 1940, Aminu ya zaɓi aikin [[Doka|lauya]] maimakon bin tafarkin abokan karatunsa waɗanda galibi suka zaɓi koyarwa. Wannan zaɓin ba sabon abu ba ne domin kotunan Shari'a, waɗanda suka fi shahara fiye da [[Kotun Majistare|kotunan majistare]] a Kano a tsakanin Musulmai, ba su yarda da lauyoyi ba. Bugu da ƙari, sha'awarsa ta karatun likitanci a [[Ingila]] ta samu cikas sakamakon buƙatar halartar [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's]] da [[Kwalejin Yaba]], duka a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a Kudancin Najeriya, na tsawon shekaru. Duk da haka, saboda rikicin ɗalibai da ke ci gaba da faruwa, shugaban Kwalejin King's ya yi jinkirin amincewa da Aminu, wanda aka san shi da jagorantar zanga-zangar ɗalibai. Aminu ya kuma yi yunkurin shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojoji]] da kuma [[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|rundunar 'yan sanda]] amma aka ƙi shi saboda ya kai ƙafa biyar da huɗu, inci ɗaya ya fi ƙasa da matakin da ake buƙata. A Kwalejin Kaduna, mutane da yawa sun ci gaba da ba shi shawara ya nemi aikin koyarwa amma malamin kimiyya, Dakta RE Miller, ne ya shawo kansa ya ɗauki aikin koyarwa a matsayin sana'a. : 60  <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tate |first=Carolyn |date=1983 |title=Review of Old Gods and Young Heroes: The Pearlman Collection of Maya Ceramics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3335865 |journal=African Arts |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=86–88 |doi=10.2307/3335865 |issn=0001-9933 |jstor=3335865 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> : 100 Hujjar Miller ita ce<blockquote>Duba, zan ba ku shawara ku shiga ajin koyarwa. Ganin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yadda yaƙin]] ke ci gaba, kuma Jamusawa ke ci gaba a kowane fanni, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] zai iya kwace Najeriya na ɗan lokaci. A irin wannan yanayi, za ka buƙaci wurin ɓuya na ƙwararru, kuma wane wuri ne ya fi koyarwa kyau? Bugu da ƙari, zan ɗauke ka a matsayin malami ɗaya tilo a fannin horo a fannin kimiyya—ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da kake so, ko ba haka ba? : 61  : 100 </blockquote>A lokacin horon malamansa, an tura Aminu zuwa garuruwa daban-daban don ayyukan koyarwa. A shekararsa ta biyu, ya shafe watanni biyar kowanne a [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]] da [[Tarihin Zariya|Zariya]] sannan ya yi ƙarin watanni biyu yana "ziyarar makarantu a kudu". A shekararsa ta ƙarshe ta horo a shekarar 1942 ne ra'ayoyinsa na siyasa masu tsauri suka bayyana. Ya fara rubutu ga jaridu da mujallu kaɗan da ake da su a lokacin, kamar [[Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo]] da West African Pilot, kuma ya fara sha'awar siyasa sosai. A wannan shekarar ne kuma ya rubuta ƙasidarsa mai suna 'Kano Under the Hammer of Native Autocracy,' wadda ta yi suka ga Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa. : 277  : 69–70  A ƙarshen lokacinsa a Kwalejin Kaduna, ya haɗu da [[Sa'adu Zungur]], wanda zai "yi tasiri sosai ga tunanin Aminu". : 72  : 329 Zungur, wanda ya girmi Aminu kuma tsohon mai goyon bayan siyasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Makarantar Magunguna da ke Zariya. Aminu yakan yi dogayen tattaunawa da Zungur, yana yawan ziyartar gidansa bayan an kammala karatu. Sanin su ya samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1935 lokacin da Zungur ya ziyarci Kano, wanda hakan ya bar wa Aminu wani ra'ayi mai cike da rudani da ci gaba. Aminu ya ci gaba da yin wasiƙu lokaci-lokaci da Zungur har zuwa lokacin da suka haɗu a Zariya. <ref name=":1" /> : 72  === Bauchi === A lokacin horon malamansa, an tura Aminu zuwa garuruwa daban-daban don ayyukan koyarwa. A shekararsa ta biyu, ya shafe watanni biyar kowanne a [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]] da [[Tarihin Zariya|Zariya]] sannan ya yi ƙarin watanni biyu yana "ziyarar makarantu a kudu". A shekararsa ta ƙarshe ta horo a shekarar 1942 ne ra'ayoyinsa na siyasa masu tsauri suka bayyana. Ya fara rubutu ga jaridu da mujallu kaɗan da ake da su a lokacin, kamar [[Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo]] da West African Pilot, kuma ya fara sha'awar siyasa sosai. A wannan shekarar ne kuma ya rubuta ƙasidarsa mai suna 'Kano Under the Hammer of Native Autocracy,' wadda ta yi suka ga Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa. : 277  : 69–70  Aminu yana da mutunci sosai a tsakanin ɗaliban makarantar. Sau da yawa suna taruwa a gidansa bayan lokacin makaranta don tattaunawa da sauran ayyukan da ba na makaranta ba. A wasu lokutan yana shirya wasannin kwaikwayo da nunin faifai ga ɗalibai, wani lokacin yana amfani da ayyukan [[Abubakar Imam]] . Domin ƙara wa ɗalibansa darasi, ya rubuta waƙoƙi da waƙoƙi ga ɗalibansa. Ya kuma kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai daban-daban, ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo, muhawara, da kimiyya. : 85–86  [[Fayil:Your_Tin_Makes_Engine_Parts_For_Army_Lorries_-_Thank_You_Nigeria!_Art.IWMPST8268.jpg|thumb| Wani faifan farfaganda na shekarun 1940 da Birtaniya ta yi don ƙarfafa 'yan Najeriya masu sa kai su taimaka wajen yaƙinta]] Kusa da yake da ɗaliban da kuma ra'ayoyinsa masu tsauri sun sa ya zama wanda ba ya son gudanarwar makarantar da sauran malamai. A wani lokaci, dukkan ɗaliban makarantar sun yi zanga-zanga kan batutuwa kamar rashin kayan makaranta da barguna, rashin kuɗin aljihu, da kuma rashin ingancin abinci. Ɗalibi ɗaya da ya rage, babban ɗalibi wanda ƙanin Balewa ne, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawunsu. Manyan ɗaliban, cikinsu akwai [[Katagum|Sule Katagum]], sun jagoranci sauran ɗaliban zuwa [[Maiduguri]] . [[Masarautar Bauchi|Sarkin Bauchi]] da malamai da dama sun ci karo da su, suna ƙoƙarin yin sulhu, amma ɗaliban sun dage sai sun yi magana da Aminu kawai. Daga baya, Aminu ya iso tare da Yahya Gusau, kuma ya "tabbatar musu da cewa za a watsa koke-koken su yadda ya kamata" sannan ya shawo kansu su koma ɗakunan kwanansu. Bayan an gudanar da bincike kan korafe-korafen, an tabbatar da su, wanda ya haifar da maye gurbin shugaban makarantar da Balewa, "wanda ya gyara kurakuran da suka gabata". : 86  ==== Ƙungiyar Inganta Rayuwa ta Gabaɗaya ta Bauchi ==== A shekarar 1943, Aminu, tare da Zungur, Balewa da Gusau, sun kafa Ƙungiyar Inganta Rayuwa ta Gabaɗaya ta Bauchi (BGIU), inda suka yi tattaunawa kan manufofin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da kuma Hukumar 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. : 100  Wataƙila wannan ƙungiyar ta sami tasiri daga wata ƙungiya makamanciyar wadda Zungur ta kafa a lokacin da take Zariya, ƙungiyar inganta lardunan arewa (NPGIU). <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Al-Sadique |first=Abubakar Sufyan |last2=Ahmed |first2=Abubakar |date=2021-09-25 |title=Bauchi Discussion Circle: The Circle of Northern Nigerian Politics and Nigeria's Independence {{!}} Wikkitimes |url=https://wikkitimes.com/bauchi-discussion-circle-the-circle-of-northern-nigerian-politics-and-nigerias-independence/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> Aminu da Zungur sun rubuta wasiku da labarai suna sukar manufar 'ma'aikatan da ke jagorantar Burtaniya', wadda suka gani a matsayin wani nau'in aikin soja na ɓoye. Ganin cewa Birtaniya na buƙatar abinci, tin, da sojoji masu yawa a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, jami'an mulkin mallaka sun matsa wa Hukumomin 'Yan Asalin ƙasar lamba su 'bayar da umarni' ga takamaiman adadin abinci da ma'aikata. Birtaniya ta yi amfani da tilasta wa sojoji shiga soja ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a Arewacin Najeriya don tallafawa ƙoƙarinta na yaƙi bayan rashin nasarar soja a Gabas Mai Nisa a 1942. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ekoko |first=A. E. |date=1982 |title=Conscript Labour and Tin Mining in Nigeria During the Second World War |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857118 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=11 |issue=3/4 |pages=66–85 |issn=0018-2540 |jstor=41857118}}</ref> Babban Jami'in Gundumar, AJ Knott, ya karanta ɗaya daga cikin labaran Aminu da ba a sanya hannu ba a cikin littafin West African Pilot, wanda ya samo asali daga BGIU. Wannan gano ya haifar da wargajewar ƙungiyar tare da maye gurbinta da ƙungiyar tattaunawa ta Bauchi (BDC) ko kuma ''Majalisar Tadi ta Bauchi'', wacce hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ɗauki nauyinta. An tsara BDC a matsayin dandamali mai izini don muhawara a bayyane wanda ya ƙunshi 'kowane ra'ayi'. : 89 <ref name=":6" /> : 89 <ref name=":7" /> : 423  ==== Da'irar Tattaunawar Bauchi ==== BDC tana gudanar da tattaunawa na mako-mako, inda ta jawo hankalin mahalarta daban-daban kamar shugabannin sassa, masu gudanarwa, 'yan kasuwa da malamai. Adadin mahalarta taron ya zarce na ƙungiyar inganta harkokin jama'a ta Bauchi (BGIU) da ta gabata, inda ta jawo hankalin masu matsakaicin ra'ayi waɗanda suka ji daɗin zaman lafiya idan aka yi la'akari da takunkumin da gwamnati ta sanya musu. Aminu, a matsayinsa na sakatare, shi ne ke da alhakin aika gayyata da kuma zaɓar batutuwan da za a tattauna. Waɗannan batutuwan da aka tattauna sun haɗa da ci gaban tattalin arziki, dimokuraɗiyya, magani, yaƙi da addini. Lokacin da batun ya shafi 'yancin 'yan jarida, Aminu da Zungur sun nuna sabanin da ke cikin manufofin Birtaniya, suna jayayya cewa a gefe guda sun danne kuma sun yi Allah wadai da muryoyin da ba su da alaƙa da sarakuna, a gefe guda kuma, sun ƙarfafa tunani da himma a bainar jama'a. {{Rp|page=89}} A cikin wani tattaunawa kan mulki na kai tsaye, ya yi jayayya cewa "ya wuce manufar da aka yi niyya da ita a farko" kuma cewa ita ce "tsarin mulkin mallaka mafi cin zarafi da duniya ta taɓa sani". : 90  : 100 Ya kuma nuna cewa a lokacin da Turawan Ingila suka kwace iko, [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]] da [[Halifancin Masarautun Daular Sokoto|masarautunta]] sun rikide zuwa tsarin da [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman dan Fodio]], wanda ya kafa shi, bai yi niyya ba. Aminu ya yi jayayya cewa an yi nufin [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|maye gurbin halifofi ne]] bisa cancanta maimakon haihuwa, kuma tsarin mulki na kama-karya ya saba wa koyarwar Annabi Muhammadu da Shehu. Balewa, kasancewarsa mai matsakaicin ra'ayi fiye da Aminu, ya kare tsarin mulki na kai tsaye, yana mai jayayya cewa kiyaye doka da oda yana da mahimmanci wajen tabbatar da harsashin da za a iya aiwatar da gyare-gyaren da ake so. Zungur, wanda ke kwance a gadon asibiti a lokacin zaman, a martanin Balewa, ya rubuta nasa hujjojin a cikin wata wasiƙa da Aminu ya aika wa da'irar tattaunawa a zaman da ke tafe. A cikin wannan wasiƙar, ya ƙarfafa hujjojin Aminu yayin da ya ƙara wasu daga cikin nasa. <ref name=":1" /> : 90 Ya bukaci Balewa da ya sake tunani game da kare mulkinsa na kai tsaye da ba a yi masa adalci ba, sannan ya kara da cewa:<blockquote>Zaɓen manyan jami'an gwamnatin ƙasar ba a yi shi bisa ga hankali ko ƙwarewa ba, sai dai kawai ta hanyar musanta ra'ayin ɗan ƙasa nagari. 'Yan tsirarun da ke mulki a shirye suke su yi caca, ba tare da wani abin da za su rasa ba sai dai komai da za su samu. : 90 </blockquote>A wani taro kuma, Aminu ya yi wa Officer Knott tambaya: 'Me ke ƙayyade albashin sarki?' ' Knott ya amsa cewa ya dogara ne da girman ayyukansa da kuma nauyin nauyin da ke kansa. Daga nan sai Aminu ya nuna cewa duk da cewa yana da ƙarancin wakilai da nauyin da ke kansa idan aka kwatanta da Sarkin Bauchi, [[Masarautar Adamawa|Lamidon Adamawa]] ya sami ƙarin albashi. Bayan wannan musayar ra'ayi, taron ya ƙare ba zato ba tsammani. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Knott ya sanar da dakatar da BDC, yana mai cewa tattaunawar 'tana kan hanya madaidaiciya'. : 91  : 423  ==== Cibiyar Al'umma ta Bauchi ==== Domin maye gurbin BDC, Aminu da Zungur sun kafa wata ƙungiyar siyasa, wato Cibiyar Al'umma ta Bauchi. Farawa da kimanin membobi 20, taronsu na farko ya gudana ne a ɗakin karatu na 'yan asalin ƙasar, kusa da fadar sarkin. A lokacin wannan taron, tare da rakiyar wani ɗan sanda, Balewa ya tunkare su bisa buƙatar sarkin, yana roƙonsu da su wargaje domin "an haramta dukkan ƙungiyoyin kwadago". Zungur ya gaya masa ya gaya wa sarkin cewa ba za su wargaje ba. Bayan tafiyar Balewa, sun yanke shawarar isar da wasiƙa ga babban jami'in siyasa yana gaya masa abin da ya faru, suna zargin sarkin yana keta haƙƙinsu. : 91–92  Bayan kwana uku, an gayyaci membobin ƙungiyar su gana da sarkin. Sarkin ya musanta umarnin a wargaza su, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya hana su amfani da "na'urorin rubutu da kayan aikin Laburaren Hukuma na 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa". Duk da cewa Balewa ya yi korafin cewa ya isar da saƙon da aka ba shi daidai kuma Zungur a shirye yake ya yi amfani da wannan sabanin ra'ayi, ba a ci gaba da bin diddigin lamarin ba, kuma ƙungiyar ta amince da shawarar sarkin. Ba da daɗewa ba, wani dattijo mai suna Malam Waziri ya ba su damar amfani da zaurensa mara rufin gida don yin taro, muddin suka yi rufin da kansu. Sun tattara kuɗinsu suka yi rufin gida. : 93 Ba da daɗewa ba, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bai wa Aminu ɗaya daga cikin guraben karatu bakwai don yin karatu a [[Ingila]] tun daga Satumba 1946, wanda ya karɓa. : 276 <ref name=":1" /> : 97 <ref name=":9" /> : 154  === Landan === A Cibiyar Ilimi da ke [[Landan]], Aminu ya yi bincike kan ayyukan mutane kamar Harold Laski, George Bernard Shaw, da Karl Mannheim, waɗanda koyarwarsu ita ce "tushen yawancin ra'ayoyin Aminu game da al'ummar ɗan adam mai kyau". Ya kafa dangantaka da wasu manyan mutane da ƙungiyoyi na hagu a Landan, ciki har da Jam'iyyar Labour ta Socialist, Ƙungiyar Students Socialist Society, da kuma Matasan Socialist, kuma ya haɗu kuma ya yi abota da wasu 'Yan Majalisa masu ra'ayin hagu da "manyan shugabannin" ƙungiyoyin [[Kwaminisanci|gurguzu]] . : 99  : 538 Manyan 'yan siyasar Labour na lokacin, kamar Aneurin Bevan da Fenner Brockway, sun yi masa tasiri. <ref name=":9" /> : 241  Bayan da aka fallasa shi ga waɗannan ra'ayoyi da tasirinsu, Aminu ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗa falsafar siyasa ta farkon masu juyin juya hali na Faransa da Amurka da gurguzu na Shavian Fabian da koyarwar [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]], duk yayin da har yanzu yake ƙarƙashin tasirin ra'ayoyin [[Sa'adu Zungur]] masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ya kuma shaida jajibirin samun 'yancin kai na Indiya da Pakistan ta hanyar ɗaliban ƙasashen biyu. Aminu, tare da ɗalibai daga yankunan mulkin mallaka daban-daban na Birtaniya, sun tarbi [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Ali Jinnah]] da Jawaharlal Nehru, manyan mutane a fafutukar 'yancin kai na Pakistan da Indiya, a lokacin ziyararsu ta Landan a shekarar 1947. Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru wataƙila sun taimaka masa wajen sha'awarsa ga tsarin juriya na Gandhi . : 100  : 241  A lokacin kwas ɗinsa, Aminu ya koyar a makarantun firamare na yankin kuma ya shafe makonni a yankunan karkara [[Wales|na Wales]] a matsayin baƙo na Ƙungiyar Matasan Manoma . Domin ya samar da kuɗin rangadin da zai yi a yankunan karkara na Birtaniya, ya ɗauki aikin fassara [[harshen Hausa]] na ɗan lokaci tare da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya (BBC). Ba zato ba tsammani, an gayyace shi a matsayin wakili zuwa Jamboree na Yaran Makamai na Duniya da ke Rosny, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar yin rangadin [[Turai]] a farashi mai rahusa. Kafin tafiyarsa zuwa Faransa, dukkan tawagar samarin da ke neman 'yan wasa sun ziyarci Fadar Buckingham . Aminu ya yi mamakin ganin sarki da sarauniya suna hira cikin kwanciyar hankali da yaran, wanda hakan ya bambanta da yadda hukumomin Birtaniya suka yi aiki a Najeriya. Wannan sabani ya bar shi da kyakkyawan fata, yana fassara shi a matsayin wata alama ta rugujewar daular mulkin mallaka. : 102–103 <ref name=":9" /> ==== Ƙungiyar Malaman Arewa ==== A watan Maris na shekarar 1948, <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2019 |title=Mallam Aminu Kano, Voice of The Voiceless |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-guardian-nigeria/20190901/281887299982618 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |via=}}</ref> yayin da yake karatunsa a Landan, Aminu ya kafa Ƙungiyar Jin Daɗin Malaman Arewa (wanda daga baya ya zama Ƙungiyar Malaman Arewa), ƙungiya ta farko da ƙungiyar ma'aikata a faɗin yankin a Arewacin Najeriya, : 276 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fejoh |first=J. |date=2016 |title=Bio-Social Variables as Predictors of Teacher Union Leaders' Adherence to Democratic Principles in Ogun State, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Education and Practice |pages=202 |s2cid=5022696}}</ref> : 41 tare da sauran malamai daga yankin, kamar Salihu Fulani, ZY Dimka, Yahaya Gusau, Shettima Shehu Ajiram, Shehu Shagari, da [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] . : 169 <ref name=":30">{{Cite book|last3=Shehu Shagari}}</ref> : 66 Ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwa kamar haƙƙoƙi da walwalar malamai, ingantaccen manhaja, bambance-bambancen albashi tsakanin Arewa da Kudu da kuma cancantar malamai a [[Makarantar mishan|Makarantun Mishan na Kirista]] don zama memba. : 101–102  : 91  : 258  Ƙungiyar ta bunƙasa cikin sauri, tana da mambobi kusan 200 a cikin watan farko <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaskiya ta fi Kwabo, Issue 233, 31 Mar 1948 |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP485-1-1-201 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Endangered Archives Programme |page=1 |language=ha}}</ref> da kuma rassanta 25 a cikin shekarar farko, kuma daga baya ta yi tasiri ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na yankin da suka biyo baya. : 41  : 356 Ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙungiyar malamai mafi rinjaye a Arewacin Najeriya har sai da aka haɗa ta da [[Kungiyar Malamai ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Malaman Najeriya]], ƙungiyar malamai mafi rinjaye a kudancin Najeriya, a shekarar 1972. : 260  === Komawa Bauchi === Da kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1948, Aminu ya koma Bauchi don ci gaba da aikinsa na koyarwa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Bauchi. Bayan watanni kaɗan aka mayar da shi Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Bauchi. : 110  A wannan lokacin, Sir John MacPherson, sabon [[Jerin Gwamnoni da Gwamnonin-Janar na Najeriya|gwamnan Najeriya]] da aka naɗa, yana shirin yin rangadin yankin. Zai yi rangadin manyan biranen Arewa, amma bai cire Bauchi ba. Aminu da Zungur sun yi zargin cewa wannan rashin yin hakan wani mataki ne da Gwamna da masu ba shi shawara suka ɗauka da gangan don guje wa fuskantar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na birnin da jerin buƙatu da korafe-korafensu. Su biyun sun tuntubi Sarkin Bauchi suka sanar da shi shirin gwamnati na guje wa yankinsa, suna masu ikirarin cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda rashin kyawun tsarin makarantu, hanyoyi, da tattalin arziki na Bauchi. Sun yi nasarar shawo kansa ya ba su izinin shirya taron jama'a don nuna rashin amincewarsu da rashin amincewar Gwamnan. Wannan taron jama'a, wanda shi ne karo na farko da aka gudanar a Arewacin Najeriya, ya tara mutane kusan dubu. : 110–111  An gayyaci Aminu, wanda a lokacin har yanzu malami ne na ƙarami, zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don ganawa da AJ Knott ( jami'in gundumar da ya shirya BDC a 1943), wanda yanzu shine Babban Sakataren Gwamnati, da Sir MacPherson. A lokacin wannan taron, gwamnan, yayin da yake yi wa Aminu jawabi, an ruwaito cewa ya ce:<blockquote>Kun nuna cewa kuna tunanin da gangan muke ci gaba da mayar da Arewa baya, kuma Arewa da Kudu suka rabu—kuna son mu tafi domin ƙasarku ta sami 'yancin kai. Kai mutum ne daga wani muhimmin iyali a Kano, matashi kuma cike da ruhi, amma dole ne ka fahimci cewa ba ma hana sauye-sauye da gangan ba kuma ba ma hana ƙasar ci gaba. : 115 </blockquote>Knott ya ci gaba da sanar da Aminu cewa sun daɗe suna mai da hankali kan sukar da yake yi wa gwamnati, yana mai cewa, "Muna son mutane irinku, waɗanda suka fi 'yan ƙasarku." Sun ba shi mukami wanda zai ba shi damar sa ido da shiga cikin "sashen kuɗi na gwamnati" ko ma a matsayin editan ''Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo'' na gaba. Bayan komawa Bauchi, Aminu, bayan ya yi la'akari da waɗannan tayi kuma ya tattauna da Zungur da wasu, ya yanke shawarar cewa waɗannan tayi wani yunƙuri ne da gwamnati ke yi na kawo cikas ga ayyukansu na fafutuka. Saboda haka, Aminu ya ƙi tayin, inda ya sanar da Knott da MacPherson cewa ya fi son ci gaba da zama malami. : 101 Daga baya ya ƙi aikin malamar harshen [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . : 115–119  Duk da haka, bayan wasu watanni, a ci gaba da ƙoƙarinsu na wargaza masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Bauchi, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta mayar da Aminu zuwa Maru da ke [[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]], inda ta naɗa shi shugaban wata sabuwar kwalejin horar da malamai. : 116  : 72  === Sakkwato === [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]] ta yi aiki a matsayin babban birnin [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]] na ƙarni na 19, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar [[Jihadin Danfodio|jihadin Usman ɗan Fodio]] . Mulkin Khalifanci ya mamaye mafi yawan Arewacin Najeriya kuma [[Halifancin Masarautun Daular Sokoto|yawancin sarakunan]] suna bin [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sarkin Musulmi]] . Bayan [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|mulkin mallaka da Turawan Ingila suka yi wa jihar]] a farkon karni na 20, Sakkwato ta zama lardi kuma aka rage matsayin Sarkin Musulmi; sauran sarakunan sun amsa kai tsaye ga gwamnatin Burtaniya, ba ga Sarkin Musulmi ba. Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da riƙe da muhimmancinta a matsayin cibiyar ikon gargajiya da na addini a yankin. Saboda haka, an ɗauke shi a matsayin ɓangaren da ya fi ra'ayin mazan jiya a Arewa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. : 118 Maru (wanda yanzu haka yake a [[Maru (Nijeriya)|Maru]], [[Zamfara|jihar Zamfara]] ), wani ƙauye a lardin, yana da yawan jama'a 8,256 a shekarar 1964. A bayyane yake cewa canja wurin Aminu zuwa Maru ba wai kawai an yi shi ne don nisantar da shi daga Zungur ba, har ma don a killace shi da kuma kawo cikas ga ayyukansa. Da isowarsa, ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa da'irar tattaunawa amma mutane ƙalilan ne suka kewaye shi, kuma babban gari mafi kusa da Maru yana da nisan mil 35, "a kan hanyoyi masu ban tsoro da ba a iya wucewa ba". Sarkin Musulmi, [[Siddiq Abubakar III|Siddiq Abubakar na Uku]], shi ma yana sa ido a kansa, kamar yadda Aminu ya gano daga baya. Ya fahimci cewa wani dattijo da yake ba wa sadaka a kai a kai ɗan leƙen asiri ne ga Sarkin Musulmi makonni da dama bayan zamansa a Maru. <ref name=":1" /> : 118–120  A tsawon lokacin da yake zaune a Maru, Aminu ya sami kansa a cikin takaddamar da ke yawan sa shi cikin rashin jituwa da Sarkin Musulmi. Ya fara ne lokacin da Aminu ya kori ''<nowiki/>'Yan Labari na Sarkin Musulmi, ko kuma 'yan leƙen asiri,'' bayan isowarsa. Daga baya, ya aika wa hukumomin Birtaniya wasiƙar ƙorafi, yana zargin cewa kuɗaɗen da aka yi wa manoma, waɗanda aka yi amfani da filayensu don makarantar, ba su isa gare su ba. : 101 Wata takaddama ta taso ne lokacin da Aminu da [[Abubakar Gumi]], abokin aikin Aminu kuma daga baya Grand Khadi na Arewacin Najeriya, suka kusan haifar da rikicin [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyya]] da [[Tijaniyyah|Tijaniyya]] a lardin lokacin da suka hana ɗalibansu halartar hidimar Juma'a saboda wata matsala da alwalar [[Liman|limamin]] . A cewar su biyun, limamin Maru yana yin ''[[tayammum]]'', wani aiki da aka tanada lokacin da ruwan da ya dace da alwala yake da ƙaranci, duk da cewa babu ƙarancin ruwa a Maru. Kwamitin bincike da Sultan ya kafa ya wanke Gumi daga zargin kuma ya bukaci Sarkin Musulmi da ya shiga tsakani da kansa a Maru don dakatar da yin tayammum. Duk da shawarar da kwamitin ya bayar, Sarkin Musulmi ya ƙi bin umarnin kuma ya ƙi korar Imam. : 120–127  alaƙa da [[Ahmadu Bello]], [[Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi, Sokoto|Sardaunan Sakkwato]], wanda ke da hamayya da Sarkin Musulmi. Lokacin da kotun Sultan ta yanke wa Bello hukunci kan karkatar da harajin ''jangali'' ('harajin shanu') a shekarar 1943, Aminu ya ba da gudummawar wani kaso mai yawa na albashinsa na koyarwa a Bauchi ga asusun tsaro na Bello. Ganin cewa Aminu yana Maru yanzu, Bello ya gan shi a matsayin wanda zai iya zama abokin gaba da Sarkin Musulmi. Bello ya kan ziyarci Aminu a Maru sau da yawa, kuma a lokacin ziyarar da Aminu ya kai Sokoto don taron kundin tsarin mulki na lardin, ya sauka a gidan Bello. A wannan lokacin, Sarkin Musulmi ya yi wa Aminu gayyatar sirri, wataƙila yana neman sulhu. Ya nemi a yi taron sirri da ƙarfe 2 na safe, amma da ya ji cewa Aminu ya gaya wa Bello game da wannan gayyatar, Sarkin Musulmi ya fusata ya soke taron. : 124–125  ==== Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa ==== Saboda nasarorin da ƙungiyar malamai ta Aminu ta samu, wasu fitattun masana a yankin sun tunkare shi game da kafa irin wannan ƙungiya. A karshen shekarar 1948, kungiyoyi daban-daban na Zariya, Kaduna da Bauchi suka hade suka kafa Jam’iyyar [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa|Mutanen Arewa]] ko kuma NPC. A watan Yunin 1949, an gudanar da taron farko na ƙungiyar a Otal ɗin Green da ke Kaduna, inda kimanin mutane 500 suka halarta. The founding members include Dr. [[R. A. B. Dikko|RAB Dikko]], [[Yahaya Gusau]], [[Abubakar Imam]] ( editan ''[[Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo]]'' ), [[Yusuf Maitama Sule]], [[Aliyu Mai-Bornu|Aliyu Mai Bornu]], Aminu Kano, [[Isa Wali]] (dan uwan Aminu) da [[Sa'adu Zungur]], wanda shi ne babban sakatare na [[Majalisar Najeriya da Kamaru|Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamaru]] (NCNC) a lokacin. : 111  : 358  : 75  A taron farko da aka yi a watan Disamba na shekarar 1949, shugabannin majalisar, Dikko da Gusau, sun bayyana cewa majalisar ba ta da niyyar rusa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da ta masu mulki, kuma cewa:<blockquote>''Jam'iyyar'' ba ta da niyyar kwace ikon sarakunanmu na halitta; akasin haka, burinmu ne mu ƙara haɓaka irin wannan iko a duk lokacin da kuma duk inda zai yiwu. Muna son taimaka wa sarakunanmu na halitta wajen gudanar da ayyukansu yadda ya kamata... Muna son taimaka musu wajen wayar da kan ''Talakawa'' [talakawa]. : 358  : 75 </blockquote>Wani jami'in gundumar, wanda ke wakiltar mazaunin Kano, ya gargaɗi mahalarta taron cewa za su iya kawo sauye-sauyen da suke so ne kawai idan suka yi tafiya "a hankali da taka tsantsan" kuma "dole ne mutum ya koyi tafiya kafin ya iya gudu". Aminu ya mayar da martani ta hanyar roƙonsa da ya ba da rahoto ga manyansa cewa:<blockquote>Idan muka yi tafiya da ƙafa, ba za mu yi tafiya ba, za mu yi gudu. Kuma idan muka faɗi, za mu ɗaga kanmu mu sake guduwa. Amma ka yi la'akari da kai, ba za mu tafi da ƙafa ba. Za ka iya gaya mana mu tafi da raƙumi, ko doki, amma har ma za mu tsallake motar mu tafi da jirgin sama. Kuma Birtaniya ba za ta hana mu zaɓin hanyoyin sufuri ba, komai saurin da za mu yi. : 121–122  : 93 </blockquote>Sarakunan Arewa da dama, kamar Sultan, [[Abdullahi Bayero|Sarkin Kano]] da [[Tarihin Zariya|Sarkin Zariya]], sun amince da wannan ra'ayi na 'mara illa' da kuma 'rashin girmamawa' na majalisar. Duk da haka, ƙananan mambobi kamar Maitama, Aminu, da Zungur sun yi imanin cewa majalisar ba ta sukar sarakuna da hukumomin Birtaniya ba, suna mai jaddada buƙatar yin garambawul a siyasance a Arewa. A ƙarshe a watan Agusta na shekarar 1950, wasu 'yan jam'iyyar NPC masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Kano suka kafa [[Northern Elements Progressive Union|ƙungiyar Northern Elements Progressive Union]] ( ''Jamiyar Neman Sawaba'' ), jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko da aka ayyana a Arewacin Najeriya. : 94 Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Arewa ta Zungur ta yi tasiri ga jam'iyyar NEPU. : 359 Sun sami goyon bayan Aminu, wanda bai sami damar shiga jam'iyyar a lokacin ba domin har yanzu gwamnati tana aiki da shi kuma ba zai iya shiga jam'iyyar siyasa a fili ba. : 123 <ref name=":6" /> : 94  ==== Murabus ==== Aminu ya mika takardar murabus dinsa a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1950 sannan ya bar Maru har abada a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. Sheikh Usman Bida, wanda abokin karatun Aminu ne a Kwalejin Kaduna, da kuma Sule Katagum, Wazirin Katagum, dukkansu sun yi imanin cewa an tilasta masa yin murabus. Aminu da kansa ya yi tunanin wannan matakin tun farkon watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar. Lokacin da mataimakin daraktan ilimi na Arewa ya yi masa gargaɗi cewa ba za a sake naɗa shi ba idan ya ci gaba da harkokin siyasa, Aminu ya rubuta a cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarsa, "To, matsalarsa kenan. Nawa shine in yi murabus nan da shekara mai zuwa." : 129  An buga wani labari da Aminu ya rubuta wanda ya bayyana dalilansa na yin murabus a jaridar ''Daily Comet'' a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1950: ☁<blockquote>Na yi murabus ne saboda na ƙi yarda cewa wannan ƙasar ta zama fursunan sarakunan Anglo-Fulani - na yi murabus ne saboda ina da ra'ayin cewa Hukumomin 'Yan Asalin... Ba mu da bege wajen magance matsalolinmu na gaggawa na ilimi, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa ko ma addini—Zama na a Ingila... ya taurare raina wajen ɗaukaka gaskiya, 'yanci da kuma mafi girman haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda duniya ta yi yaƙi da mulkin kama-karya—an yi mini barazana sau biyu da ƙusoshin da ba su da tausayi... yayin da ko'ina ke cike da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin shugabanci, yaudarar siyasa, bauta a ƙarƙashin wata riga, nuna wariya tsirara, zalunci, talauci... riƙe ƙwayoyin cuta marasa amfani, cin amanar tattalin arziki mara kunya da kuma tsirara... Ba zan iya jure wa waɗannan abubuwa ba saboda mummunan warinsu... Ina shirye a kira ni da kowace suna. Kira ni mai mafarki ko kira ni mai juyin juya hali; kira ni mai yakin neman zabe ko duk abin da wannan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta so. Na ga haske a sararin sama mai nisa </blockquote> == Aikin siyasa == === Kafin 'Yancin Kai (1950—1959) === Bayan murabus dinsa, Aminu ya koma [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] ya kuma shiga jam'iyyar [[Northern Elements Progressive Union]] (NEPU). : 101 [[Sanarwar Sawaba|Manufofin jam'iyyar da aka bayyana]] sun haɗa da "'Yantar da talakawa" ta hanyar "gyara cibiyoyin siyasa na yanzu masu kama-karya". A lokacin babban taron shekara-shekara na biyu na [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa|Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Arewa]] (NPC) a watan Disamba na 1950, wani kuduri da NEPU ta tsara, wanda Aminu ya tsara, ya yi kira da a ayyana NPC a matsayin "jam'iyyar siyasa ta ƙasa baki ɗaya". <ref name=":6" /> : 95 Ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar jam'iyyar siyasa ga Arewa, domin ci gaba da ci gaba da dimokuraɗiyya a ƙasar. : 359–360 Duk da haka, sarakuna masu ƙarfi da "wasu jami'an gudanarwa" sun ɗauki NPC a matsayin ƙungiya mai ra'ayoyi masu haɗari. An samu damuwa daga 'yan majalisa masu matsakaicin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, inda ake fargabar cewa idan aka yi la'akari da jam'iyyar NPC a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, za ta sha wahala wajen zama jam'iyya mai rinjaye a Arewa. Wasu daga cikin membobin NPC sun yi barazanar ficewa daga ƙungiyar idan ba a kori membobin NEPU ba. <ref name=":6" /> : 95–96  [[Shehu Shagari]], a matsayinsa na shugaban reshen ƙungiyar matasa ta Sokoto Social Circle na NPC, an ba shi umarni ya ƙi duk wani tayin da Aminu da Zungur suka yi na neman mukamai na shugabanci a taron jam'iyyar NPC na Jos na 1950. Shagari, a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa taron, ya haɗu da Aminu da Zungur a cikin jirgin ƙasa ya kuma sanar da su wannan umarni. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Aminu, bayan jin wannan, ya ƙarfafa shi ya "yi aiki da umarnin da aka ba ni" kuma ya tabbatar masa da ci gaba da abota da girmamawarsu. <ref name=":30" /> : 68–69  : 25 Saboda haka, NEPU ta fice daga NPC, ta kafa jam'iyyar siyasa mai zaman kanta. : 140–141 <ref name=":28" /> : 25–33  [[Fayil:Aminu_Kano_and_Bello_Ijumu_(1956).jpg|thumb|276x276px| Aminu da [[Bello Ijumu]] na [[United Middle Belt Congress|Majalisar United Middle Belt]] kafin [[Babban zaben Najeriya na 1954|babban zaɓen 1956]] .]] [[Fayil:Aminu_Kano_and_Edward_W._Brice_at_the_second_annual_conference_of_AMSAC_(June_1959).png|left|thumb|252x252px| Aminu (hagu) a taron shekara-shekara na biyu na Ƙungiyar Al'adun Afirka ta Amurka a shekarar 1959. A taron, ya gabatar da lacca kan "Matsalar Ilimi a Afirka". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Culture |first=American Society of African |date=1959 |title=Summary report second annual conference |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/al.sff.document.low139_31_01 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.jstor.org |publisher=[[American Society of African Culture]] |language=en}}</ref>]] Saboda girman matsayinsa a cikin jam'iyya, Aminu ya sami kariya daga cin zarafin da sauran 'yan NEPU suka sha. : 137 Duk da haka, Aminu ya fuskanci kama mutane da dama daga Hukumar 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. Abin lura shi ne, a lokacin yakin neman zaben tarayya na 1954, an yanke masa hukunci sau biyu. Na farko, saboda ya ɗaga tutar NEPU a kan motarsa a birnin Kano—wani aiki da aka saba yi wa Sarkin Kano da mazaunin Birtaniya. Na biyu, saboda wallafa labarai da ake zargin 'nufin tayar da zaune tsaye', wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kwanaki uku ga wanda ya gabata da kuma tarar fam 50 ga wanda ya gabata. : 364  : 91 A wani lamari kuma, wata ƙungiyar ''malamai'' karkashin jagorancin [[Nasiru Kabara]] ta zarge shi da yin bidi'a . Zargin ya ta'allaka ne akan imanin cewa sanya maɓallan ''Sawaba'' da 'yan NEPU suka yi ba daidai ba ne da Musulunci, kuma ana zargin NEPU da haɗin gwiwa da Kiristoci a kan shugabannin addinai na Arewa. Aminu tare da masu ba shi shawara Danladi da [[Lawan Dambazau]], ya bayyana a gaban [[Majalisar Masarautar Kano|majalisar sarki ta Kano]] domin magance wadannan zarge-zargen. Ganin girman zargin, shi da masu ba da shawara da aka ambata a sama "sun yi wankan wani mutum da ke fuskantar mutuwa (bikin ƙarshe)". A taron, Aminu ya nuna cewa majalisar sarki ba ta da wata ƙungiya ta muhawara, kuma ya kamata a yi tattaunawa daban-daban sannan daga baya a ba da rahoto ga sarkin. An amince da hakan kuma aka shirya yin taro na biyu. A wannan taro na biyu, Aminu ya ce kawancen NEPU da [[Majalisar Najeriya da Kamaru|Majalisar Kasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru]] (NCNC) bai saba wa koyarwar Musulunci ba, domin har ma Muhammadu ya taɓa yin kawancen tsaro da Yahudawa a kusa da [[Madinah|Madina]] . Ya kuma ce Sarkin Kano da kansa ya nemi shawarar injiniyoyin Kirista 'yan [[Inyamurai|kabilar Igbo]] kwanan nan don yin aiki a [[Babban Masallacin Kano]] a shekarun 1950. Dangane da batun maɓallan Sawaba, Aminu ya yi tambaya ko an ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda ba Musulunci ba ne lokacin da wasu sarakuna suka sanya lambar yabo ta Order of St. George na Burtaniya . Daga ƙarshe aka cimma matsaya kuma an ba wa membobin NEPU damar sanya tambarin jam'iyya kawai a taron jama'a. : 149–151  An zabi Aminu a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar NEPU a babban taron jam'iyyar na uku a shekarar 1953, inda ya gaji Abba Maikwaru. Shekara guda bayan haka, jam'iyyar ta ƙulla ƙawance da [[Majalisar Najeriya da Kamaru|Majalisar Ƙasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru]] (NCNC) ta [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] . : 322  : 146–147 Ya tsaya takara [[Babban zaben Najeriya na 1954|a zaɓen Tarayya na Kano ta Gabas a shekarar 1954]] amma ya sha kaye a hannun [[Yusuf Maitama Sule|Maitama Sule]] . A lokacin [[Zaben yanki na Najeriya na 1956-57|zaɓen yankuna na 1956]], Aminu ya tsaya takarar zaɓen mazabar Kano ta Gabas. Ya sha kaye a zaɓen [[Ahmadu Dantata]], ɗaya daga cikin attajiran 'yan Najeriya kuma magajin [[Alhassan Dantata|daular kasuwanci ta Dantata]] . : 333 Zaɓen, wanda aka gudanar bisa ga zaɓen maza masu biyan haraji, ya ƙare da Dantata ya sami ƙuri'u 2,119 yayin da Aminu ya samu ƙuri'u 1,776. <ref name=":6" /> : 328–329  Zaɓen gama gari na Najeriya na shekarar 1959 ya nuna wani muhimmin ci gaba a matsayin zaɓen farko da ya ƙunshi kaɗa ƙuri'a kai tsaye a kowace mazaɓa. Aminu, wanda ya tsaya takara a karkashin kawancen NEPU da NCNC, ya sake tsayawa takarar kujerar mazabar Kano ta Gabas kuma ya sami kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ya samu kujera a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya]] . : 374  : 370 A Majalisar Wakilai, an naɗa shi Mataimakin Babban Mai tsawatarwa na Gwamnati, kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Haɗin Gwiwa kan Harkokin Waje, kuma an ruwaito cewa ya ƙi naɗin minista saboda ya ga ya zama "abin da ba shi da kyau" a karɓi muƙami "mai girma ba tare da iko ba" tare da kusan mabiyan jam'iyyarsa 2,000 a gidan yari. : 187 <ref name=":6" /> : 374  : 630  === Jamhuriya ta Farko (1960—1966) === A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa, Aminu ya mayar da hankalinsa ga batutuwan ƙasa da na ƙasa da ƙasa da suka shafi sabuwar Najeriya mai 'yancin kai, yayin da yake ci gaba da riƙe babban burinsa na 'yantar da ''talakawa'' . A Majalisar, ya gabatar da shawarwari da dama don tallafawa da kuma hanzarta kokarin kawar da mulkin mallaka na kasar. Dangane da manufofin ƙasashen waje na Najeriya, Aminu ya kasance mai goyon bayan [[Pan-Africanism|ra'ayin Afirka ta Kudu]], yana mai jayayya cewa ya kamata Najeriya ta zama "tushen gwagwarmaya da mulkin mallaka na fararen fata". Ya ci gaba da matsa lamba ga Najeriya da ta ƙara goyon bayanta ga [[Internal resistance to apartheid|ƙoƙarin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu]], sannan ya ƙarfafa gwiwar Najeriya ta ci gaba da shiga cikin dawo da "zaman lafiya da mutunci a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]] ". : 188 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Federation of Nigeria |date=1960 |title=House of Representatives Debates Official Report Vol. II (Session 1960-61), 19th -23rd, 25th - 29th April, 2nd May 1960 |url=https://ir.nilds.gov.ng/handle/123456789/885 |journal=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates |language=en |publisher=[[National Institute for Legislative Studies|National Institute for Legislative and Democratic Studies]]}}</ref> <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Federation of Nigeria |date=1961 |title=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates First Parliament Second Session 1961-1962, Vol. I |url=https://ir.nilds.gov.ng/handle/123456789/895 |journal=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates |language=en |publisher=[[National Institute for Legislative Studies|National Institute for Legislative and Democratic Studies]]}}</ref> <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Federation of Nigeria |date=1962 |title=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates First Parliament Third Session 1962-1963, Vol. II |url=https://ir.nilds.gov.ng/handle/123456789/913 |journal=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates |language=en |publisher=[[National Institute for Legislative Studies|National Institute for Legislative and Democratic Studies]]}}</ref> An naɗa Aminu a matsayin [[Firayim Minista na Najeriya|wakilin]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDD) wanda tsohon abokin aikinsa daga Bauchi, [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], ya naɗa, kuma ba shi da tsattsauran ra'ayi idan aka kwatanta da ayyukansa na gida. A lokacin da yake aiki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, musamman kan harkokin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya daidaita kansa da "ci gaba da kuma rashin tsauraran ra'ayi." A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'ar Afirka, ya yi kira da a bai wa Najeriya matsayi mara haɗin kai, yana mai imani da manufar ' diflomasiyya ba ta haɗin gwiwa ba '. <ref name=":1" /> : 189–191  : 29–31  [[Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_NSAG_-_Crebolder_1_-_076_-_Political_parties_"N.C.N.C.",_"N.E.P.U."_and_"Sawaba"_-_Lagos,_Nigeria_-_February_13-14,_1962_(cropped).tif|thumb| Ofishin NCNC-NEPU (1962)]] A lokacin da Aminu ke aiki a Majalisar Dokoki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], gudanar da NEPU ya zama abin ƙalubale. A farkon shekarar 1961, [[Joseph Tarka]], shugaban jam'iyyar [[United Middle Belt Congress]] (UMBC), ya gabatar da shawarar kawance tsakanin NEPU da jam'iyyarsa don kafa wata babbar kawance don kalubalantar NPC a Arewa. Duk da haka, sharaɗin shine NEPU za ta goyi bayan burin UMBC na ƙirƙirar wata jiha [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|ta Tsakiya]] . Duk da cewa Aminu ya ga fa'idodi masu yawa a cikin kawancen, amma ya ƙi saboda alaƙar UMBC da Action Group (AG). Ya fassara shawarar a matsayin wani yunƙuri na kai tsaye da AG ta yi na yanke alaƙar NCNC da NEPU, babbar ƙungiyar adawa a kudu. Duk da adawar da wasu 'yan NEPU suka nuna, shawarar UMBC ta samu karbuwa, kuma kin amincewa da Aminu ya fuskanci suka. Rashin aikin NEPU a [[Zaben majalisa na Yankin Arewa na 1961|zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta Arewa na 1961]], inda suka sami kujera ɗaya kacal, ya ƙara wa jam'iyyar rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikinta. : 196  : 421  : 183 A shekarar 1963, gwamnatin yankin Arewa ta sauke [[Muhammadu Sanusi I|Muhammadu Sanusi]] daga kan karagar mulki a matsayin Sarkin Kano. Aminu ya yi zargin [[Ahmadu Bello]], [[Firimiya na Arewacin Najeriya|Firimiyan Arewacin Najeriya]] kuma shugaban jam'iyyar NPC, da hannu a tsige shi. Ya rarraba fosta da farfaganda da ke kama da hamayyar tarihi tsakanin [[Daular Sokoto|Sokoto]] da [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] . An maye gurbin Sanusi da tsohon [[Muhammad Inuwa]], wanda ke da kyakkyawar alaƙa da Aminu. Magoya bayan Sanusi sun kafa jam'iyyar [[Kano People's Party]] (KPP), da nufin dawowarsa ko kuma ɗansa Ado Sanusi ya hau mulki. Jam'iyyar KPP ta yi kawance da NEPU, duk da cewa ba ta da niyyar dawo da Sanusi. A wani yunƙuri na ceto goyon baya a Kano, NPC ta yi kira ga magoya bayanta da su tarbi sabon Sarkin. Bayan an ci zarafin magoya bayan NEPU a taron, sun shirya wani babban taro washegari inda mutane 35,000 suka halarta, inda Sarkin ya karɓe su da kyau. Inuwa ya mutu washegari bayan wannan taro, kuma Bello, a yunƙurin gujewa ƙarin tashin hankali, ya naɗa [[Ado Bayero]], ɗan'uwan Sanusi kuma jakadan Najeriya a [[Senegal]], a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Tsige Sanusi ya yi tasiri sosai kan goyon bayan NEPU a Kano da kuma tada jijiyoyin wuya a tsakanin Kano da Sokoto, musamman a tsakanin [[Sufiyya|mabiya darikar Sufaye]] [[Tijaniyyah|na Tijjaniyya]] da [[Qadiriya|Qadriyya]] . Duk da cewa Aminu bai da alaƙa da kowace irin 'yan'uwantaka ta Sufi, ya fahimci muhimmancinsu a Arewacin Najeriya kuma ya yi amfani da hamayya don ciyar da muradun NEPU gaba. A lokacin yakin neman zaben tarayya na 1964, Aminu ya ziyarci Sheikh [[Ibrahim Niass]], shugaban Tijanni mai tasiri, a Kaolack wanda ya haifar da hotunan Aminu yana karɓar albarka daga Sheikh da ke yawo a Arewacin Najeriya. : 182 <ref name=":1" /> : 200–206 <ref name=":26" /> : 290  : 170–183  [[Fayil:Premier_of_Nigeria_Sir_Ahmadu_Bello_far_right_leaving_the_Atomic_Museum_Oak_Ridge_(7196110822).jpg|thumb| Sarkin Kano Muhammad Sanusi I (M) da Sir Ahmadu Bello (R) suna barin Gidan Tarihi na Atomic da ke Oak Ridge, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (1960)]] Bayan UMBC ta kawo ƙarshen kawancenta da ƙungiyar Action Group, NEPU da UMBC sun kafa [[Arewa Progressive Front|ƙungiyar Northern Progressive Front]] (NPF), da nufin "rushe yankin Arewa mai rinjaye, don ba da isasshen murya ga manyan ƙungiyoyin tsiraru". Jam'iyyar KPP da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sun shiga NPF, tare da fatan kafa jihar Kano mai cin gashin kanta daban. Yayin da ƙasar ke gab da zaɓe, dukkan yankuna uku sun fuskanci tashin hankali da kuma zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa. A Kano, Aminu, a matsayinsa na shugaban NEPU, ya gana da [[Ibrahim Musa Gashash|Ibrahim Gashash]], shugaban jam'iyyar NPC, domin rage tashin hankali ta hanyar amincewa kan yadda za a gudanar da zabe. Gashash ya amince ya shawo kan shugabannin jam'iyyarsa su guji rikice-rikicen da ke zubar da jini "amma duk sun yi nasara". A ranar 28 ga Disamba, kwana biyu kacal kafin zaɓen, Shugaba [[Nnamdi Azikiwe|Azikiwe]] ya bukaci Firayim Minista Balewa da ya dage zaɓen na tsawon watanni shida saboda ƙaruwar tashin hankali, sannan ya nemi Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sa ido a kansa. Balewa ya ƙi amincewa da buƙatar, yana mai cewa hakan ya fi ƙarfinsa. Shugaban [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya]], ba tare da tuntubar sauran membobi ba, shi ma ya yi watsi da shi. Wanda hakan ya sa uku daga cikin shida daga cikin membobin kwamitin suka yi murabus. Rashin adalci da ake gani da kuma zargin cin hanci da rashawa sun sa 'yan takara da jam'iyyu da dama suka kauracewa zaben, wanda hakan ya haifar da "matsala". Aminu ya sha kaye a mazabarsa ta Kano ta Gabas a hannun dan takarar NPC, [[Mahmud Dantata]], dan [[Alhassan Dantata]] kuma tsohon dan NEPU, inda Dantata ya samu kuri'u 1,700 yayin da Aminu ya samu kuri'u 690 cikin 40,000 da suka cancanci kada kuri'a. : 312  : 207–211  Bayan zaɓen, Aminu da kwamitin aiki na tsakiya na NEPU sun shirya wani taro don sake tsara dabarunsu. An rubuta "Fararen Takarda Kan Matsalolin Siyasa Da Nijeriya Ke Fuskanta" don gabatarwa, wanda ya kimanta rawar da NEPU ke takawa da kuma shawarwarin gyare-gyaren ƙungiyoyi. Wannan babban taron ya kasance mafi girma a tarihin jam'iyyar, inda wakilai daga ɗaruruwan rassanta a faɗin Arewa suka halarta. Daga cikin batutuwan da aka tattauna sun haɗa da yiwuwar haɗa dukkan jam'iyyun siyasa na adawa a Arewa, kafa "jam'iyyar ƙasa mai cikakken iko", ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi, da kuma kafa tallafin karatu. Taron ya kuma haifar da kafa ƙungiyar Movement of [[Kano People's Party|Kano State Movement]] (KSM), wadda ta ƙunshi NEPU, KPP, da wasu membobin NPC masu adawa da juna. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1965, an gudanar da wani taro na jama'a don ƙaddamar da KSM, wanda ya jawo hankalin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a tarihin siyasar Arewacin Najeriya. Ahmadu Trader, abokin Aminu na dogon lokaci, an naɗa shi shugaban farko, Aminu kuma mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin siyasa. : 213–215 Babban burin KSM shine kafa jihar Kano daban. : 271  [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta o7lpgkiusks9nym4fiu3kvfn7eff4fp 976125 976124 2026-11-05T11:32:22Z Zahrah0 14848 976125 wikitext text/x-wiki Mallam '''Aminu Kano''' Listen ⓘ GCON (An haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta Shekara ta alif 1920 zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif 1983). ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, malami, mawaƙi, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ɗan ƙungiyar kwadago daga [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] . Daya daga cikin fitattun mutane a cikin [[Najeriya|gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai ta Najeriya]] da kuma tarihin siyasar bayan samun 'yancin kai, an san shi da adawa da mulkin mallaka, rinjayen sarakunan gargajiya, da kuma rashin daidaito a zamantakewa a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] . Ya kasance mutum na farko da ya kafa [[Northern Elements Progressive Union]] (NEPU) daga baya kuma ya jagoranci People's Redemption Party (PRP), dukkansu jam'iyyun gurguzu ne waɗanda suka yi fafutukar 'yantar da ''talakawa'' a Najeriya. Aminu ya fara aikinsa na malami kuma ya fito a matsayin mai sukar [[Mallakar Najeriya|gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya]], kuma ya kalubalanci sarakunan gargajiya a bainar jama'a, yana mai sukar tsarin mulkin mallaka na [[Tsarin mulki na kai tsaye|mulkin kai tsaye]] a matsayin mai zalunci da cin zarafin ''talakawa'' . A shekarar 1948, ya kafa ƙungiyar malamai ta Arewa, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta farko a Arewacin Najeriya, kuma ya zama memba na kafa [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa|ƙungiyar jama'ar Arewa]] (NPC), wadda daga baya ya bar ta saboda ra'ayin mazan jiya. A matsayinsa na shugaban NEPU daga 1953, ya yi fafutukar gurguzu ta dimokuradiyya, haƙƙin mata, da kuma ƙarfafa ''talakawa'', yana ƙoƙarin daidaita ƙa'idodin Musulunci da adalci na zamantakewa. Ya yi aiki a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya]] daga 1959 kuma ya yi nadin ministoci a lokacin [[Mulkin Soja a Najeriya|mulkin soja na Najeriya]], ciki har da Kwamishinan Tarayya a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [[Yakubu Gowon]] . A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa kuma wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Aminu Kano ya goyi bayan [[Ƴantar da Afirka daga Mulkin Mallaka|ƙungiyoyin 'yantar da jama'a a Afirka]] kuma ya haɓaka manufar ƙasashen waje mara haɗin kai . Daga baya ya koma harkokin siyasa na jam'iyya a [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu|Jamhuriya ta Biyu]] a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar PRP. Ana yi wa Aminu Kano kallon mai hangen nesa mai hangen nesa, wanda ya bar tarihi mai ɗorewa a cikin tunanin siyasar Najeriya. Cibiyoyin da aka ambata a matsayin girmamawa sun haɗa da [[Filin jirgin sama na Mallam Aminu Kano|Filin Jirgin Sama na Duniya na Mallam Aminu Kano]], [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Aminu Kano]], da kuma kwalejoji da cibiyoyin bincike da dama. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin da suka kafa Najeriya ta zamani kuma har yanzu alama ce ta adalci a zamantakewa da fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a . {{Databox}} == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Aminu Kano a gundumar Sudawa ta [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1920 ga Rakaiya da Malam Yusufu na Gyanawa, wata ƙabilar [[Fulani]] da aka san ta da ƙwarewa a fannin [[Fiƙihu|shari'ar Musulunci]] . : 274 Daga cikin haihuwar mahaifiyarsa shida, shi kaɗai ne ya kai shekara 15. Iyayensa biyu sun yi karatu sosai a addinin Musulunci, kuma daga baya mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban ''Alkali'' na [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] . An bai wa kakarsa lakabin Fulani na ''Modibbo'', wanda aka fi sani da shi ga malaman Musulunci masu daraja. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book}}</ref> : 330 A bisa ga al'adar mutanen yankin, [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]], wanda ya kafa [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]], da kansa ya naɗa wani dangi na Aminu a matsayin babban Alkali na [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] . Tun daga lokacin, ana neman Gyanawa don su riƙe muƙamai na shari'a kamar alkalis, walis da muftis . : 27  : 329  : 100 <ref name=":14" /> : 274  [[Fayil:ETH-BIB-Kano-Tschadseeflug_1930-31-LBS_MH02-08-0084.tif|left|thumb|225x225px| Kallon Kano ta sama a farkon shekarun 1930.]] Zuri'ar Aminu ta mahaifi ma tana da maza da mata da yawa da suka yi karatu tun ƙarni da yawa. Su ne Fulbe waɗanda suka yi hijira daga [[Kukawa]] a [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|daular Bornu]] zuwa Kano. : 274  : 1:15 Daga cikinsu akwai wani malami wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba [[Jerin Sarakunan Kano|Sarkin Kano na]] wancan lokacin, [[Sulaimanu|Sulimanu]] shawara. Wannan malami ya dogara da kansa ta hanyar kiwon tattabaru da sayar da su, wanda hakan ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da Mallam Mai Tattabari ('mallam mai kiwon tattabaru'). Wannan laƙabin ya zama lakabi na hukuma a [[Gidan Rumfa|fadar Kano]] kuma an ba shi ga magadansa, suna aiki a matsayin limaman sarakuna da masu ba da shawara kan shari'ar Musulunci. : 27  Tun yana jariri, Aminu ya fara karatunsa da malamansa na farko su ne mahaifiyarsa da kakarsa, waɗanda suka koya masa [[Larabci|harshen Larabci]] da kuma yadda ake karanta [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] . : 100 <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Jack |first=Homer A. |date=1959 |title=Malam Aminu Kano: A Profile |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4184021 |journal=Africa Today |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=6–10 |issn=0001-9887 |jstor=4184021}}</ref> Bayan mahaifiyarsa ta mutu a shekarar 1926, ya koma gidan kawunsa don ya zauna a ƙarƙashin kulawar kakarsa ta uwa, wadda ke zaune a can. Saboda haka, Halilu, kawunsa wanda daga baya aka naɗa shi 'Mallam Mai Tattabari', ya zama mai kula da iliminsa na Alƙur'ani. : 41–43  : 243 An ƙara shigar da Aminu makarantar firamare ta Shehuci, wata makarantar yamma, inda aka koya masa karatu da rubutu cikin Turanci. : 276 <ref name=":2" /> : 243 Ya ɗauki sunan garin haihuwarsa, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], a matsayin sunan mahaifinsa, al'ada ce da aka saba yi tsakanin masu ilimin yammacin Najeriya a lokacin. : 604  A shekarar 1933, Aminu ya fara zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Kano (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna [[Kwalejin Rumfa Kano|Rumfa College, Kano]] ), makarantar kwana. A can, a shekarar 1935, ya jagoranci ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko da suka fara yajin aiki a Najeriya kan ƙarancin sabulu, rashin abinci mai kyau, "takamaiman ƙuntatawa da yawa, da kuma tsauraran ƙa'idojin ɗabi'a". : 48–49 Daga nan ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Kaduna (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna [[Kwalejin Barewa]] ) inda ya sami takardar shaidar difloma a fannin ilimi a shekarar 1942. : 276  : 243  == Aikin koyarwa == [[Fayil:Young_Aminu_Kano.png|left|thumb|199x199px| Matashin Aminu Kano]] Bayan kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Kaduna a shekarar 1940, Aminu ya zaɓi aikin [[Doka|lauya]] maimakon bin tafarkin abokan karatunsa waɗanda galibi suka zaɓi koyarwa. Wannan zaɓin ba sabon abu ba ne domin kotunan Shari'a, waɗanda suka fi shahara fiye da [[Kotun Majistare|kotunan majistare]] a Kano a tsakanin Musulmai, ba su yarda da lauyoyi ba. Bugu da ƙari, sha'awarsa ta karatun likitanci a [[Ingila]] ta samu cikas sakamakon buƙatar halartar [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's]] da [[Kwalejin Yaba]], duka a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a Kudancin Najeriya, na tsawon shekaru. Duk da haka, saboda rikicin ɗalibai da ke ci gaba da faruwa, shugaban Kwalejin King's ya yi jinkirin amincewa da Aminu, wanda aka san shi da jagorantar zanga-zangar ɗalibai. Aminu ya kuma yi yunkurin shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojoji]] da kuma [[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|rundunar 'yan sanda]] amma aka ƙi shi saboda ya kai ƙafa biyar da huɗu, inci ɗaya ya fi ƙasa da matakin da ake buƙata. A Kwalejin Kaduna, mutane da yawa sun ci gaba da ba shi shawara ya nemi aikin koyarwa amma malamin kimiyya, Dakta RE Miller, ne ya shawo kansa ya ɗauki aikin koyarwa a matsayin sana'a. : 60  <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tate |first=Carolyn |date=1983 |title=Review of Old Gods and Young Heroes: The Pearlman Collection of Maya Ceramics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3335865 |journal=African Arts |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=86–88 |doi=10.2307/3335865 |issn=0001-9933 |jstor=3335865 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> : 100 Hujjar Miller ita ce<blockquote>Duba, zan ba ku shawara ku shiga ajin koyarwa. Ganin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yadda yaƙin]] ke ci gaba, kuma Jamusawa ke ci gaba a kowane fanni, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] zai iya kwace Najeriya na ɗan lokaci. A irin wannan yanayi, za ka buƙaci wurin ɓuya na ƙwararru, kuma wane wuri ne ya fi koyarwa kyau? Bugu da ƙari, zan ɗauke ka a matsayin malami ɗaya tilo a fannin horo a fannin kimiyya—ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da kake so, ko ba haka ba? : 61  : 100 </blockquote>A lokacin horon malamansa, an tura Aminu zuwa garuruwa daban-daban don ayyukan koyarwa. A shekararsa ta biyu, ya shafe watanni biyar kowanne a [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]] da [[Tarihin Zariya|Zariya]] sannan ya yi ƙarin watanni biyu yana "ziyarar makarantu a kudu". A shekararsa ta ƙarshe ta horo a shekarar 1942 ne ra'ayoyinsa na siyasa masu tsauri suka bayyana. Ya fara rubutu ga jaridu da mujallu kaɗan da ake da su a lokacin, kamar [[Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo]] da West African Pilot, kuma ya fara sha'awar siyasa sosai. A wannan shekarar ne kuma ya rubuta ƙasidarsa mai suna 'Kano Under the Hammer of Native Autocracy,' wadda ta yi suka ga Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa. : 277  : 69–70  A ƙarshen lokacinsa a Kwalejin Kaduna, ya haɗu da [[Sa'adu Zungur]], wanda zai "yi tasiri sosai ga tunanin Aminu". : 72  : 329 Zungur, wanda ya girmi Aminu kuma tsohon mai goyon bayan siyasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Makarantar Magunguna da ke Zariya. Aminu yakan yi dogayen tattaunawa da Zungur, yana yawan ziyartar gidansa bayan an kammala karatu. Sanin su ya samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1935 lokacin da Zungur ya ziyarci Kano, wanda hakan ya bar wa Aminu wani ra'ayi mai cike da rudani da ci gaba. Aminu ya ci gaba da yin wasiƙu lokaci-lokaci da Zungur har zuwa lokacin da suka haɗu a Zariya. <ref name=":1" /> : 72  === Bauchi === A lokacin horon malamansa, an tura Aminu zuwa garuruwa daban-daban don ayyukan koyarwa. A shekararsa ta biyu, ya shafe watanni biyar kowanne a [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]] da [[Tarihin Zariya|Zariya]] sannan ya yi ƙarin watanni biyu yana "ziyarar makarantu a kudu". A shekararsa ta ƙarshe ta horo a shekarar 1942 ne ra'ayoyinsa na siyasa masu tsauri suka bayyana. Ya fara rubutu ga jaridu da mujallu kaɗan da ake da su a lokacin, kamar [[Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo]] da West African Pilot, kuma ya fara sha'awar siyasa sosai. A wannan shekarar ne kuma ya rubuta ƙasidarsa mai suna 'Kano Under the Hammer of Native Autocracy,' wadda ta yi suka ga Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa. : 277  : 69–70  Aminu yana da mutunci sosai a tsakanin ɗaliban makarantar. Sau da yawa suna taruwa a gidansa bayan lokacin makaranta don tattaunawa da sauran ayyukan da ba na makaranta ba. A wasu lokutan yana shirya wasannin kwaikwayo da nunin faifai ga ɗalibai, wani lokacin yana amfani da ayyukan [[Abubakar Imam]] . Domin ƙara wa ɗalibansa darasi, ya rubuta waƙoƙi da waƙoƙi ga ɗalibansa. Ya kuma kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai daban-daban, ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo, muhawara, da kimiyya. : 85–86  [[Fayil:Your_Tin_Makes_Engine_Parts_For_Army_Lorries_-_Thank_You_Nigeria!_Art.IWMPST8268.jpg|thumb| Wani faifan farfaganda na shekarun 1940 da Birtaniya ta yi don ƙarfafa 'yan Najeriya masu sa kai su taimaka wajen yaƙinta]] Kusa da yake da ɗaliban da kuma ra'ayoyinsa masu tsauri sun sa ya zama wanda ba ya son gudanarwar makarantar da sauran malamai. A wani lokaci, dukkan ɗaliban makarantar sun yi zanga-zanga kan batutuwa kamar rashin kayan makaranta da barguna, rashin kuɗin aljihu, da kuma rashin ingancin abinci. Ɗalibi ɗaya da ya rage, babban ɗalibi wanda ƙanin Balewa ne, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawunsu. Manyan ɗaliban, cikinsu akwai [[Katagum|Sule Katagum]], sun jagoranci sauran ɗaliban zuwa [[Maiduguri]] . [[Masarautar Bauchi|Sarkin Bauchi]] da malamai da dama sun ci karo da su, suna ƙoƙarin yin sulhu, amma ɗaliban sun dage sai sun yi magana da Aminu kawai. Daga baya, Aminu ya iso tare da Yahya Gusau, kuma ya "tabbatar musu da cewa za a watsa koke-koken su yadda ya kamata" sannan ya shawo kansu su koma ɗakunan kwanansu. Bayan an gudanar da bincike kan korafe-korafen, an tabbatar da su, wanda ya haifar da maye gurbin shugaban makarantar da Balewa, "wanda ya gyara kurakuran da suka gabata". : 86  ==== Ƙungiyar Inganta Rayuwa ta Gabaɗaya ta Bauchi ==== A shekarar 1943, Aminu, tare da Zungur, Balewa da Gusau, sun kafa Ƙungiyar Inganta Rayuwa ta Gabaɗaya ta Bauchi (BGIU), inda suka yi tattaunawa kan manufofin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da kuma Hukumar 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. : 100  Wataƙila wannan ƙungiyar ta sami tasiri daga wata ƙungiya makamanciyar wadda Zungur ta kafa a lokacin da take Zariya, ƙungiyar inganta lardunan arewa (NPGIU). <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Al-Sadique |first=Abubakar Sufyan |last2=Ahmed |first2=Abubakar |date=2021-09-25 |title=Bauchi Discussion Circle: The Circle of Northern Nigerian Politics and Nigeria's Independence {{!}} Wikkitimes |url=https://wikkitimes.com/bauchi-discussion-circle-the-circle-of-northern-nigerian-politics-and-nigerias-independence/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> Aminu da Zungur sun rubuta wasiku da labarai suna sukar manufar 'ma'aikatan da ke jagorantar Burtaniya', wadda suka gani a matsayin wani nau'in aikin soja na ɓoye. Ganin cewa Birtaniya na buƙatar abinci, tin, da sojoji masu yawa a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, jami'an mulkin mallaka sun matsa wa Hukumomin 'Yan Asalin ƙasar lamba su 'bayar da umarni' ga takamaiman adadin abinci da ma'aikata. Birtaniya ta yi amfani da tilasta wa sojoji shiga soja ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a Arewacin Najeriya don tallafawa ƙoƙarinta na yaƙi bayan rashin nasarar soja a Gabas Mai Nisa a 1942. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ekoko |first=A. E. |date=1982 |title=Conscript Labour and Tin Mining in Nigeria During the Second World War |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857118 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=11 |issue=3/4 |pages=66–85 |issn=0018-2540 |jstor=41857118}}</ref> Babban Jami'in Gundumar, AJ Knott, ya karanta ɗaya daga cikin labaran Aminu da ba a sanya hannu ba a cikin littafin West African Pilot, wanda ya samo asali daga BGIU. Wannan gano ya haifar da wargajewar ƙungiyar tare da maye gurbinta da ƙungiyar tattaunawa ta Bauchi (BDC) ko kuma ''Majalisar Tadi ta Bauchi'', wacce hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ɗauki nauyinta. An tsara BDC a matsayin dandamali mai izini don muhawara a bayyane wanda ya ƙunshi 'kowane ra'ayi'. : 89 <ref name=":6" /> : 89 <ref name=":7" /> : 423  ==== Da'irar Tattaunawar Bauchi ==== BDC tana gudanar da tattaunawa na mako-mako, inda ta jawo hankalin mahalarta daban-daban kamar shugabannin sassa, masu gudanarwa, 'yan kasuwa da malamai. Adadin mahalarta taron ya zarce na ƙungiyar inganta harkokin jama'a ta Bauchi (BGIU) da ta gabata, inda ta jawo hankalin masu matsakaicin ra'ayi waɗanda suka ji daɗin zaman lafiya idan aka yi la'akari da takunkumin da gwamnati ta sanya musu. Aminu, a matsayinsa na sakatare, shi ne ke da alhakin aika gayyata da kuma zaɓar batutuwan da za a tattauna. Waɗannan batutuwan da aka tattauna sun haɗa da ci gaban tattalin arziki, dimokuraɗiyya, magani, yaƙi da addini. Lokacin da batun ya shafi 'yancin 'yan jarida, Aminu da Zungur sun nuna sabanin da ke cikin manufofin Birtaniya, suna jayayya cewa a gefe guda sun danne kuma sun yi Allah wadai da muryoyin da ba su da alaƙa da sarakuna, a gefe guda kuma, sun ƙarfafa tunani da himma a bainar jama'a. {{Rp|page=89}} A cikin wani tattaunawa kan mulki na kai tsaye, ya yi jayayya cewa "ya wuce manufar da aka yi niyya da ita a farko" kuma cewa ita ce "tsarin mulkin mallaka mafi cin zarafi da duniya ta taɓa sani". : 90  : 100 Ya kuma nuna cewa a lokacin da Turawan Ingila suka kwace iko, [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]] da [[Halifancin Masarautun Daular Sokoto|masarautunta]] sun rikide zuwa tsarin da [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman dan Fodio]], wanda ya kafa shi, bai yi niyya ba. Aminu ya yi jayayya cewa an yi nufin [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|maye gurbin halifofi ne]] bisa cancanta maimakon haihuwa, kuma tsarin mulki na kama-karya ya saba wa koyarwar Annabi Muhammadu da Shehu. Balewa, kasancewarsa mai matsakaicin ra'ayi fiye da Aminu, ya kare tsarin mulki na kai tsaye, yana mai jayayya cewa kiyaye doka da oda yana da mahimmanci wajen tabbatar da harsashin da za a iya aiwatar da gyare-gyaren da ake so. Zungur, wanda ke kwance a gadon asibiti a lokacin zaman, a martanin Balewa, ya rubuta nasa hujjojin a cikin wata wasiƙa da Aminu ya aika wa da'irar tattaunawa a zaman da ke tafe. A cikin wannan wasiƙar, ya ƙarfafa hujjojin Aminu yayin da ya ƙara wasu daga cikin nasa. <ref name=":1" /> : 90 Ya bukaci Balewa da ya sake tunani game da kare mulkinsa na kai tsaye da ba a yi masa adalci ba, sannan ya kara da cewa:<blockquote>Zaɓen manyan jami'an gwamnatin ƙasar ba a yi shi bisa ga hankali ko ƙwarewa ba, sai dai kawai ta hanyar musanta ra'ayin ɗan ƙasa nagari. 'Yan tsirarun da ke mulki a shirye suke su yi caca, ba tare da wani abin da za su rasa ba sai dai komai da za su samu. : 90 </blockquote>A wani taro kuma, Aminu ya yi wa Officer Knott tambaya: 'Me ke ƙayyade albashin sarki?' ' Knott ya amsa cewa ya dogara ne da girman ayyukansa da kuma nauyin nauyin da ke kansa. Daga nan sai Aminu ya nuna cewa duk da cewa yana da ƙarancin wakilai da nauyin da ke kansa idan aka kwatanta da Sarkin Bauchi, [[Masarautar Adamawa|Lamidon Adamawa]] ya sami ƙarin albashi. Bayan wannan musayar ra'ayi, taron ya ƙare ba zato ba tsammani. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Knott ya sanar da dakatar da BDC, yana mai cewa tattaunawar 'tana kan hanya madaidaiciya'. : 91  : 423  ==== Cibiyar Al'umma ta Bauchi ==== Domin maye gurbin BDC, Aminu da Zungur sun kafa wata ƙungiyar siyasa, wato Cibiyar Al'umma ta Bauchi. Farawa da kimanin membobi 20, taronsu na farko ya gudana ne a ɗakin karatu na 'yan asalin ƙasar, kusa da fadar sarkin. A lokacin wannan taron, tare da rakiyar wani ɗan sanda, Balewa ya tunkare su bisa buƙatar sarkin, yana roƙonsu da su wargaje domin "an haramta dukkan ƙungiyoyin kwadago". Zungur ya gaya masa ya gaya wa sarkin cewa ba za su wargaje ba. Bayan tafiyar Balewa, sun yanke shawarar isar da wasiƙa ga babban jami'in siyasa yana gaya masa abin da ya faru, suna zargin sarkin yana keta haƙƙinsu. : 91–92  Bayan kwana uku, an gayyaci membobin ƙungiyar su gana da sarkin. Sarkin ya musanta umarnin a wargaza su, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya hana su amfani da "na'urorin rubutu da kayan aikin Laburaren Hukuma na 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa". Duk da cewa Balewa ya yi korafin cewa ya isar da saƙon da aka ba shi daidai kuma Zungur a shirye yake ya yi amfani da wannan sabanin ra'ayi, ba a ci gaba da bin diddigin lamarin ba, kuma ƙungiyar ta amince da shawarar sarkin. Ba da daɗewa ba, wani dattijo mai suna Malam Waziri ya ba su damar amfani da zaurensa mara rufin gida don yin taro, muddin suka yi rufin da kansu. Sun tattara kuɗinsu suka yi rufin gida. : 93 Ba da daɗewa ba, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bai wa Aminu ɗaya daga cikin guraben karatu bakwai don yin karatu a [[Ingila]] tun daga Satumba 1946, wanda ya karɓa. : 276 <ref name=":1" /> : 97 <ref name=":9" /> : 154  === Landan === A Cibiyar Ilimi da ke [[Landan]], Aminu ya yi bincike kan ayyukan mutane kamar Harold Laski, George Bernard Shaw, da Karl Mannheim, waɗanda koyarwarsu ita ce "tushen yawancin ra'ayoyin Aminu game da al'ummar ɗan adam mai kyau". Ya kafa dangantaka da wasu manyan mutane da ƙungiyoyi na hagu a Landan, ciki har da Jam'iyyar Labour ta Socialist, Ƙungiyar Students Socialist Society, da kuma Matasan Socialist, kuma ya haɗu kuma ya yi abota da wasu 'Yan Majalisa masu ra'ayin hagu da "manyan shugabannin" ƙungiyoyin [[Kwaminisanci|gurguzu]] . : 99  : 538 Manyan 'yan siyasar Labour na lokacin, kamar Aneurin Bevan da Fenner Brockway, sun yi masa tasiri. <ref name=":9" /> : 241  Bayan da aka fallasa shi ga waɗannan ra'ayoyi da tasirinsu, Aminu ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗa falsafar siyasa ta farkon masu juyin juya hali na Faransa da Amurka da gurguzu na Shavian Fabian da koyarwar [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]], duk yayin da har yanzu yake ƙarƙashin tasirin ra'ayoyin [[Sa'adu Zungur]] masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ya kuma shaida jajibirin samun 'yancin kai na Indiya da Pakistan ta hanyar ɗaliban ƙasashen biyu. Aminu, tare da ɗalibai daga yankunan mulkin mallaka daban-daban na Birtaniya, sun tarbi [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Ali Jinnah]] da Jawaharlal Nehru, manyan mutane a fafutukar 'yancin kai na Pakistan da Indiya, a lokacin ziyararsu ta Landan a shekarar 1947. Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru wataƙila sun taimaka masa wajen sha'awarsa ga tsarin juriya na Gandhi . : 100  : 241  A lokacin kwas ɗinsa, Aminu ya koyar a makarantun firamare na yankin kuma ya shafe makonni a yankunan karkara [[Wales|na Wales]] a matsayin baƙo na Ƙungiyar Matasan Manoma . Domin ya samar da kuɗin rangadin da zai yi a yankunan karkara na Birtaniya, ya ɗauki aikin fassara [[harshen Hausa]] na ɗan lokaci tare da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya (BBC). Ba zato ba tsammani, an gayyace shi a matsayin wakili zuwa Jamboree na Yaran Makamai na Duniya da ke Rosny, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar yin rangadin [[Turai]] a farashi mai rahusa. Kafin tafiyarsa zuwa Faransa, dukkan tawagar samarin da ke neman 'yan wasa sun ziyarci Fadar Buckingham . Aminu ya yi mamakin ganin sarki da sarauniya suna hira cikin kwanciyar hankali da yaran, wanda hakan ya bambanta da yadda hukumomin Birtaniya suka yi aiki a Najeriya. Wannan sabani ya bar shi da kyakkyawan fata, yana fassara shi a matsayin wata alama ta rugujewar daular mulkin mallaka. : 102–103 <ref name=":9" /> ==== Ƙungiyar Malaman Arewa ==== A watan Maris na shekarar 1948, <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2019 |title=Mallam Aminu Kano, Voice of The Voiceless |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-guardian-nigeria/20190901/281887299982618 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |via=}}</ref> yayin da yake karatunsa a Landan, Aminu ya kafa Ƙungiyar Jin Daɗin Malaman Arewa (wanda daga baya ya zama Ƙungiyar Malaman Arewa), ƙungiya ta farko da ƙungiyar ma'aikata a faɗin yankin a Arewacin Najeriya, : 276 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fejoh |first=J. |date=2016 |title=Bio-Social Variables as Predictors of Teacher Union Leaders' Adherence to Democratic Principles in Ogun State, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Education and Practice |pages=202 |s2cid=5022696}}</ref> : 41 tare da sauran malamai daga yankin, kamar Salihu Fulani, ZY Dimka, Yahaya Gusau, Shettima Shehu Ajiram, Shehu Shagari, da [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] . : 169 <ref name=":30">{{Cite book|last3=Shehu Shagari}}</ref> : 66 Ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwa kamar haƙƙoƙi da walwalar malamai, ingantaccen manhaja, bambance-bambancen albashi tsakanin Arewa da Kudu da kuma cancantar malamai a [[Makarantar mishan|Makarantun Mishan na Kirista]] don zama memba. : 101–102  : 91  : 258  Ƙungiyar ta bunƙasa cikin sauri, tana da mambobi kusan 200 a cikin watan farko <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaskiya ta fi Kwabo, Issue 233, 31 Mar 1948 |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP485-1-1-201 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Endangered Archives Programme |page=1 |language=ha}}</ref> da kuma rassanta 25 a cikin shekarar farko, kuma daga baya ta yi tasiri ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na yankin da suka biyo baya. : 41  : 356 Ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙungiyar malamai mafi rinjaye a Arewacin Najeriya har sai da aka haɗa ta da [[Kungiyar Malamai ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Malaman Najeriya]], ƙungiyar malamai mafi rinjaye a kudancin Najeriya, a shekarar 1972. : 260  === Komawa Bauchi === Da kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1948, Aminu ya koma Bauchi don ci gaba da aikinsa na koyarwa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Bauchi. Bayan watanni kaɗan aka mayar da shi Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Bauchi. : 110  A wannan lokacin, Sir John MacPherson, sabon [[Jerin Gwamnoni da Gwamnonin-Janar na Najeriya|gwamnan Najeriya]] da aka naɗa, yana shirin yin rangadin yankin. Zai yi rangadin manyan biranen Arewa, amma bai cire Bauchi ba. Aminu da Zungur sun yi zargin cewa wannan rashin yin hakan wani mataki ne da Gwamna da masu ba shi shawara suka ɗauka da gangan don guje wa fuskantar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na birnin da jerin buƙatu da korafe-korafensu. Su biyun sun tuntubi Sarkin Bauchi suka sanar da shi shirin gwamnati na guje wa yankinsa, suna masu ikirarin cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda rashin kyawun tsarin makarantu, hanyoyi, da tattalin arziki na Bauchi. Sun yi nasarar shawo kansa ya ba su izinin shirya taron jama'a don nuna rashin amincewarsu da rashin amincewar Gwamnan. Wannan taron jama'a, wanda shi ne karo na farko da aka gudanar a Arewacin Najeriya, ya tara mutane kusan dubu. : 110–111  An gayyaci Aminu, wanda a lokacin har yanzu malami ne na ƙarami, zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don ganawa da AJ Knott ( jami'in gundumar da ya shirya BDC a 1943), wanda yanzu shine Babban Sakataren Gwamnati, da Sir MacPherson. A lokacin wannan taron, gwamnan, yayin da yake yi wa Aminu jawabi, an ruwaito cewa ya ce:<blockquote>Kun nuna cewa kuna tunanin da gangan muke ci gaba da mayar da Arewa baya, kuma Arewa da Kudu suka rabu—kuna son mu tafi domin ƙasarku ta sami 'yancin kai. Kai mutum ne daga wani muhimmin iyali a Kano, matashi kuma cike da ruhi, amma dole ne ka fahimci cewa ba ma hana sauye-sauye da gangan ba kuma ba ma hana ƙasar ci gaba. : 115 </blockquote>Knott ya ci gaba da sanar da Aminu cewa sun daɗe suna mai da hankali kan sukar da yake yi wa gwamnati, yana mai cewa, "Muna son mutane irinku, waɗanda suka fi 'yan ƙasarku." Sun ba shi mukami wanda zai ba shi damar sa ido da shiga cikin "sashen kuɗi na gwamnati" ko ma a matsayin editan ''Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo'' na gaba. Bayan komawa Bauchi, Aminu, bayan ya yi la'akari da waɗannan tayi kuma ya tattauna da Zungur da wasu, ya yanke shawarar cewa waɗannan tayi wani yunƙuri ne da gwamnati ke yi na kawo cikas ga ayyukansu na fafutuka. Saboda haka, Aminu ya ƙi tayin, inda ya sanar da Knott da MacPherson cewa ya fi son ci gaba da zama malami. : 101 Daga baya ya ƙi aikin malamar harshen [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . : 115–119  Duk da haka, bayan wasu watanni, a ci gaba da ƙoƙarinsu na wargaza masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Bauchi, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta mayar da Aminu zuwa Maru da ke [[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]], inda ta naɗa shi shugaban wata sabuwar kwalejin horar da malamai. : 116  : 72  === Sakkwato === [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]] ta yi aiki a matsayin babban birnin [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]] na ƙarni na 19, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar [[Jihadin Danfodio|jihadin Usman ɗan Fodio]] . Mulkin Khalifanci ya mamaye mafi yawan Arewacin Najeriya kuma [[Halifancin Masarautun Daular Sokoto|yawancin sarakunan]] suna bin [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sarkin Musulmi]] . Bayan [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|mulkin mallaka da Turawan Ingila suka yi wa jihar]] a farkon karni na 20, Sakkwato ta zama lardi kuma aka rage matsayin Sarkin Musulmi; sauran sarakunan sun amsa kai tsaye ga gwamnatin Burtaniya, ba ga Sarkin Musulmi ba. Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da riƙe da muhimmancinta a matsayin cibiyar ikon gargajiya da na addini a yankin. Saboda haka, an ɗauke shi a matsayin ɓangaren da ya fi ra'ayin mazan jiya a Arewa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. : 118 Maru (wanda yanzu haka yake a [[Maru (Nijeriya)|Maru]], [[Zamfara|jihar Zamfara]] ), wani ƙauye a lardin, yana da yawan jama'a 8,256 a shekarar 1964. A bayyane yake cewa canja wurin Aminu zuwa Maru ba wai kawai an yi shi ne don nisantar da shi daga Zungur ba, har ma don a killace shi da kuma kawo cikas ga ayyukansa. Da isowarsa, ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa da'irar tattaunawa amma mutane ƙalilan ne suka kewaye shi, kuma babban gari mafi kusa da Maru yana da nisan mil 35, "a kan hanyoyi masu ban tsoro da ba a iya wucewa ba". Sarkin Musulmi, [[Siddiq Abubakar III|Siddiq Abubakar na Uku]], shi ma yana sa ido a kansa, kamar yadda Aminu ya gano daga baya. Ya fahimci cewa wani dattijo da yake ba wa sadaka a kai a kai ɗan leƙen asiri ne ga Sarkin Musulmi makonni da dama bayan zamansa a Maru. <ref name=":1" /> : 118–120  A tsawon lokacin da yake zaune a Maru, Aminu ya sami kansa a cikin takaddamar da ke yawan sa shi cikin rashin jituwa da Sarkin Musulmi. Ya fara ne lokacin da Aminu ya kori ''<nowiki/>'Yan Labari na Sarkin Musulmi, ko kuma 'yan leƙen asiri,'' bayan isowarsa. Daga baya, ya aika wa hukumomin Birtaniya wasiƙar ƙorafi, yana zargin cewa kuɗaɗen da aka yi wa manoma, waɗanda aka yi amfani da filayensu don makarantar, ba su isa gare su ba. : 101 Wata takaddama ta taso ne lokacin da Aminu da [[Abubakar Gumi]], abokin aikin Aminu kuma daga baya Grand Khadi na Arewacin Najeriya, suka kusan haifar da rikicin [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyya]] da [[Tijaniyyah|Tijaniyya]] a lardin lokacin da suka hana ɗalibansu halartar hidimar Juma'a saboda wata matsala da alwalar [[Liman|limamin]] . A cewar su biyun, limamin Maru yana yin ''[[tayammum]]'', wani aiki da aka tanada lokacin da ruwan da ya dace da alwala yake da ƙaranci, duk da cewa babu ƙarancin ruwa a Maru. Kwamitin bincike da Sultan ya kafa ya wanke Gumi daga zargin kuma ya bukaci Sarkin Musulmi da ya shiga tsakani da kansa a Maru don dakatar da yin tayammum. Duk da shawarar da kwamitin ya bayar, Sarkin Musulmi ya ƙi bin umarnin kuma ya ƙi korar Imam. : 120–127  alaƙa da [[Ahmadu Bello]], [[Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi, Sokoto|Sardaunan Sakkwato]], wanda ke da hamayya da Sarkin Musulmi. Lokacin da kotun Sultan ta yanke wa Bello hukunci kan karkatar da harajin ''jangali'' ('harajin shanu') a shekarar 1943, Aminu ya ba da gudummawar wani kaso mai yawa na albashinsa na koyarwa a Bauchi ga asusun tsaro na Bello. Ganin cewa Aminu yana Maru yanzu, Bello ya gan shi a matsayin wanda zai iya zama abokin gaba da Sarkin Musulmi. Bello ya kan ziyarci Aminu a Maru sau da yawa, kuma a lokacin ziyarar da Aminu ya kai Sokoto don taron kundin tsarin mulki na lardin, ya sauka a gidan Bello. A wannan lokacin, Sarkin Musulmi ya yi wa Aminu gayyatar sirri, wataƙila yana neman sulhu. Ya nemi a yi taron sirri da ƙarfe 2 na safe, amma da ya ji cewa Aminu ya gaya wa Bello game da wannan gayyatar, Sarkin Musulmi ya fusata ya soke taron. : 124–125  ==== Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa ==== Saboda nasarorin da ƙungiyar malamai ta Aminu ta samu, wasu fitattun masana a yankin sun tunkare shi game da kafa irin wannan ƙungiya. A karshen shekarar 1948, kungiyoyi daban-daban na Zariya, Kaduna da Bauchi suka hade suka kafa Jam’iyyar [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa|Mutanen Arewa]] ko kuma NPC. A watan Yunin 1949, an gudanar da taron farko na ƙungiyar a Otal ɗin Green da ke Kaduna, inda kimanin mutane 500 suka halarta. The founding members include Dr. [[R. A. B. Dikko|RAB Dikko]], [[Yahaya Gusau]], [[Abubakar Imam]] ( editan ''[[Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo]]'' ), [[Yusuf Maitama Sule]], [[Aliyu Mai-Bornu|Aliyu Mai Bornu]], Aminu Kano, [[Isa Wali]] (dan uwan Aminu) da [[Sa'adu Zungur]], wanda shi ne babban sakatare na [[Majalisar Najeriya da Kamaru|Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamaru]] (NCNC) a lokacin. : 111  : 358  : 75  A taron farko da aka yi a watan Disamba na shekarar 1949, shugabannin majalisar, Dikko da Gusau, sun bayyana cewa majalisar ba ta da niyyar rusa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da ta masu mulki, kuma cewa:<blockquote>''Jam'iyyar'' ba ta da niyyar kwace ikon sarakunanmu na halitta; akasin haka, burinmu ne mu ƙara haɓaka irin wannan iko a duk lokacin da kuma duk inda zai yiwu. Muna son taimaka wa sarakunanmu na halitta wajen gudanar da ayyukansu yadda ya kamata... Muna son taimaka musu wajen wayar da kan ''Talakawa'' [talakawa]. : 358  : 75 </blockquote>Wani jami'in gundumar, wanda ke wakiltar mazaunin Kano, ya gargaɗi mahalarta taron cewa za su iya kawo sauye-sauyen da suke so ne kawai idan suka yi tafiya "a hankali da taka tsantsan" kuma "dole ne mutum ya koyi tafiya kafin ya iya gudu". Aminu ya mayar da martani ta hanyar roƙonsa da ya ba da rahoto ga manyansa cewa:<blockquote>Idan muka yi tafiya da ƙafa, ba za mu yi tafiya ba, za mu yi gudu. Kuma idan muka faɗi, za mu ɗaga kanmu mu sake guduwa. Amma ka yi la'akari da kai, ba za mu tafi da ƙafa ba. Za ka iya gaya mana mu tafi da raƙumi, ko doki, amma har ma za mu tsallake motar mu tafi da jirgin sama. Kuma Birtaniya ba za ta hana mu zaɓin hanyoyin sufuri ba, komai saurin da za mu yi. : 121–122  : 93 </blockquote>Sarakunan Arewa da dama, kamar Sultan, [[Abdullahi Bayero|Sarkin Kano]] da [[Tarihin Zariya|Sarkin Zariya]], sun amince da wannan ra'ayi na 'mara illa' da kuma 'rashin girmamawa' na majalisar. Duk da haka, ƙananan mambobi kamar Maitama, Aminu, da Zungur sun yi imanin cewa majalisar ba ta sukar sarakuna da hukumomin Birtaniya ba, suna mai jaddada buƙatar yin garambawul a siyasance a Arewa. A ƙarshe a watan Agusta na shekarar 1950, wasu 'yan jam'iyyar NPC masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Kano suka kafa [[Northern Elements Progressive Union|ƙungiyar Northern Elements Progressive Union]] ( ''Jamiyar Neman Sawaba'' ), jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko da aka ayyana a Arewacin Najeriya. : 94 Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Arewa ta Zungur ta yi tasiri ga jam'iyyar NEPU. : 359 Sun sami goyon bayan Aminu, wanda bai sami damar shiga jam'iyyar a lokacin ba domin har yanzu gwamnati tana aiki da shi kuma ba zai iya shiga jam'iyyar siyasa a fili ba. : 123 <ref name=":6" /> : 94  ==== Murabus ==== Aminu ya mika takardar murabus dinsa a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1950 sannan ya bar Maru har abada a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. Sheikh Usman Bida, wanda abokin karatun Aminu ne a Kwalejin Kaduna, da kuma Sule Katagum, Wazirin Katagum, dukkansu sun yi imanin cewa an tilasta masa yin murabus. Aminu da kansa ya yi tunanin wannan matakin tun farkon watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar. Lokacin da mataimakin daraktan ilimi na Arewa ya yi masa gargaɗi cewa ba za a sake naɗa shi ba idan ya ci gaba da harkokin siyasa, Aminu ya rubuta a cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarsa, "To, matsalarsa kenan. Nawa shine in yi murabus nan da shekara mai zuwa." : 129  An buga wani labari da Aminu ya rubuta wanda ya bayyana dalilansa na yin murabus a jaridar ''Daily Comet'' a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1950: ☁<blockquote>Na yi murabus ne saboda na ƙi yarda cewa wannan ƙasar ta zama fursunan sarakunan Anglo-Fulani - na yi murabus ne saboda ina da ra'ayin cewa Hukumomin 'Yan Asalin... Ba mu da bege wajen magance matsalolinmu na gaggawa na ilimi, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa ko ma addini—Zama na a Ingila... ya taurare raina wajen ɗaukaka gaskiya, 'yanci da kuma mafi girman haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda duniya ta yi yaƙi da mulkin kama-karya—an yi mini barazana sau biyu da ƙusoshin da ba su da tausayi... yayin da ko'ina ke cike da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin shugabanci, yaudarar siyasa, bauta a ƙarƙashin wata riga, nuna wariya tsirara, zalunci, talauci... riƙe ƙwayoyin cuta marasa amfani, cin amanar tattalin arziki mara kunya da kuma tsirara... Ba zan iya jure wa waɗannan abubuwa ba saboda mummunan warinsu... Ina shirye a kira ni da kowace suna. Kira ni mai mafarki ko kira ni mai juyin juya hali; kira ni mai yakin neman zabe ko duk abin da wannan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta so. Na ga haske a sararin sama mai nisa </blockquote> == Aikin siyasa == === Kafin 'Yancin Kai (1950—1959) === Bayan murabus dinsa, Aminu ya koma [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] ya kuma shiga jam'iyyar [[Northern Elements Progressive Union]] (NEPU). : 101 [[Sanarwar Sawaba|Manufofin jam'iyyar da aka bayyana]] sun haɗa da "'Yantar da talakawa" ta hanyar "gyara cibiyoyin siyasa na yanzu masu kama-karya". A lokacin babban taron shekara-shekara na biyu na [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa|Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Arewa]] (NPC) a watan Disamba na 1950, wani kuduri da NEPU ta tsara, wanda Aminu ya tsara, ya yi kira da a ayyana NPC a matsayin "jam'iyyar siyasa ta ƙasa baki ɗaya". <ref name=":6" /> : 95 Ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar jam'iyyar siyasa ga Arewa, domin ci gaba da ci gaba da dimokuraɗiyya a ƙasar. : 359–360 Duk da haka, sarakuna masu ƙarfi da "wasu jami'an gudanarwa" sun ɗauki NPC a matsayin ƙungiya mai ra'ayoyi masu haɗari. An samu damuwa daga 'yan majalisa masu matsakaicin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, inda ake fargabar cewa idan aka yi la'akari da jam'iyyar NPC a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, za ta sha wahala wajen zama jam'iyya mai rinjaye a Arewa. Wasu daga cikin membobin NPC sun yi barazanar ficewa daga ƙungiyar idan ba a kori membobin NEPU ba. <ref name=":6" /> : 95–96  [[Shehu Shagari]], a matsayinsa na shugaban reshen ƙungiyar matasa ta Sokoto Social Circle na NPC, an ba shi umarni ya ƙi duk wani tayin da Aminu da Zungur suka yi na neman mukamai na shugabanci a taron jam'iyyar NPC na Jos na 1950. Shagari, a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa taron, ya haɗu da Aminu da Zungur a cikin jirgin ƙasa ya kuma sanar da su wannan umarni. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Aminu, bayan jin wannan, ya ƙarfafa shi ya "yi aiki da umarnin da aka ba ni" kuma ya tabbatar masa da ci gaba da abota da girmamawarsu. <ref name=":30" /> : 68–69  : 25 Saboda haka, NEPU ta fice daga NPC, ta kafa jam'iyyar siyasa mai zaman kanta. : 140–141 <ref name=":28" /> : 25–33  [[Fayil:Aminu_Kano_and_Bello_Ijumu_(1956).jpg|thumb|276x276px| Aminu da [[Bello Ijumu]] na [[United Middle Belt Congress|Majalisar United Middle Belt]] kafin [[Babban zaben Najeriya na 1954|babban zaɓen 1956]] .]] [[Fayil:Aminu_Kano_and_Edward_W._Brice_at_the_second_annual_conference_of_AMSAC_(June_1959).png|left|thumb|252x252px| Aminu (hagu) a taron shekara-shekara na biyu na Ƙungiyar Al'adun Afirka ta Amurka a shekarar 1959. A taron, ya gabatar da lacca kan "Matsalar Ilimi a Afirka". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Culture |first=American Society of African |date=1959 |title=Summary report second annual conference |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/al.sff.document.low139_31_01 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.jstor.org |publisher=[[American Society of African Culture]] |language=en}}</ref>]] Saboda girman matsayinsa a cikin jam'iyya, Aminu ya sami kariya daga cin zarafin da sauran 'yan NEPU suka sha. : 137 Duk da haka, Aminu ya fuskanci kama mutane da dama daga Hukumar 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. Abin lura shi ne, a lokacin yakin neman zaben tarayya na 1954, an yanke masa hukunci sau biyu. Na farko, saboda ya ɗaga tutar NEPU a kan motarsa a birnin Kano—wani aiki da aka saba yi wa Sarkin Kano da mazaunin Birtaniya. Na biyu, saboda wallafa labarai da ake zargin 'nufin tayar da zaune tsaye', wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kwanaki uku ga wanda ya gabata da kuma tarar fam 50 ga wanda ya gabata. : 364  : 91 A wani lamari kuma, wata ƙungiyar ''malamai'' karkashin jagorancin [[Nasiru Kabara]] ta zarge shi da yin bidi'a . Zargin ya ta'allaka ne akan imanin cewa sanya maɓallan ''Sawaba'' da 'yan NEPU suka yi ba daidai ba ne da Musulunci, kuma ana zargin NEPU da haɗin gwiwa da Kiristoci a kan shugabannin addinai na Arewa. Aminu tare da masu ba shi shawara Danladi da [[Lawan Dambazau]], ya bayyana a gaban [[Majalisar Masarautar Kano|majalisar sarki ta Kano]] domin magance wadannan zarge-zargen. Ganin girman zargin, shi da masu ba da shawara da aka ambata a sama "sun yi wankan wani mutum da ke fuskantar mutuwa (bikin ƙarshe)". A taron, Aminu ya nuna cewa majalisar sarki ba ta da wata ƙungiya ta muhawara, kuma ya kamata a yi tattaunawa daban-daban sannan daga baya a ba da rahoto ga sarkin. An amince da hakan kuma aka shirya yin taro na biyu. A wannan taro na biyu, Aminu ya ce kawancen NEPU da [[Majalisar Najeriya da Kamaru|Majalisar Kasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru]] (NCNC) bai saba wa koyarwar Musulunci ba, domin har ma Muhammadu ya taɓa yin kawancen tsaro da Yahudawa a kusa da [[Madinah|Madina]] . Ya kuma ce Sarkin Kano da kansa ya nemi shawarar injiniyoyin Kirista 'yan [[Inyamurai|kabilar Igbo]] kwanan nan don yin aiki a [[Babban Masallacin Kano]] a shekarun 1950. Dangane da batun maɓallan Sawaba, Aminu ya yi tambaya ko an ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda ba Musulunci ba ne lokacin da wasu sarakuna suka sanya lambar yabo ta Order of St. George na Burtaniya . Daga ƙarshe aka cimma matsaya kuma an ba wa membobin NEPU damar sanya tambarin jam'iyya kawai a taron jama'a. : 149–151  An zabi Aminu a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar NEPU a babban taron jam'iyyar na uku a shekarar 1953, inda ya gaji Abba Maikwaru. Shekara guda bayan haka, jam'iyyar ta ƙulla ƙawance da [[Majalisar Najeriya da Kamaru|Majalisar Ƙasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru]] (NCNC) ta [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] . : 322  : 146–147 Ya tsaya takara [[Babban zaben Najeriya na 1954|a zaɓen Tarayya na Kano ta Gabas a shekarar 1954]] amma ya sha kaye a hannun [[Yusuf Maitama Sule|Maitama Sule]] . A lokacin [[Zaben yanki na Najeriya na 1956-57|zaɓen yankuna na 1956]], Aminu ya tsaya takarar zaɓen mazabar Kano ta Gabas. Ya sha kaye a zaɓen [[Ahmadu Dantata]], ɗaya daga cikin attajiran 'yan Najeriya kuma magajin [[Alhassan Dantata|daular kasuwanci ta Dantata]] . : 333 Zaɓen, wanda aka gudanar bisa ga zaɓen maza masu biyan haraji, ya ƙare da Dantata ya sami ƙuri'u 2,119 yayin da Aminu ya samu ƙuri'u 1,776. <ref name=":6" /> : 328–329  Zaɓen gama gari na Najeriya na shekarar 1959 ya nuna wani muhimmin ci gaba a matsayin zaɓen farko da ya ƙunshi kaɗa ƙuri'a kai tsaye a kowace mazaɓa. Aminu, wanda ya tsaya takara a karkashin kawancen NEPU da NCNC, ya sake tsayawa takarar kujerar mazabar Kano ta Gabas kuma ya sami kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ya samu kujera a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya]] . : 374  : 370 A Majalisar Wakilai, an naɗa shi Mataimakin Babban Mai tsawatarwa na Gwamnati, kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Haɗin Gwiwa kan Harkokin Waje, kuma an ruwaito cewa ya ƙi naɗin minista saboda ya ga ya zama "abin da ba shi da kyau" a karɓi muƙami "mai girma ba tare da iko ba" tare da kusan mabiyan jam'iyyarsa 2,000 a gidan yari. : 187 <ref name=":6" /> : 374  : 630  === Jamhuriya ta Farko (1960—1966) === A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa, Aminu ya mayar da hankalinsa ga batutuwan ƙasa da na ƙasa da ƙasa da suka shafi sabuwar Najeriya mai 'yancin kai, yayin da yake ci gaba da riƙe babban burinsa na 'yantar da ''talakawa'' . A Majalisar, ya gabatar da shawarwari da dama don tallafawa da kuma hanzarta kokarin kawar da mulkin mallaka na kasar. Dangane da manufofin ƙasashen waje na Najeriya, Aminu ya kasance mai goyon bayan [[Pan-Africanism|ra'ayin Afirka ta Kudu]], yana mai jayayya cewa ya kamata Najeriya ta zama "tushen gwagwarmaya da mulkin mallaka na fararen fata". Ya ci gaba da matsa lamba ga Najeriya da ta ƙara goyon bayanta ga [[Internal resistance to apartheid|ƙoƙarin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu]], sannan ya ƙarfafa gwiwar Najeriya ta ci gaba da shiga cikin dawo da "zaman lafiya da mutunci a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]] ". : 188 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Federation of Nigeria |date=1960 |title=House of Representatives Debates Official Report Vol. II (Session 1960-61), 19th -23rd, 25th - 29th April, 2nd May 1960 |url=https://ir.nilds.gov.ng/handle/123456789/885 |journal=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates |language=en |publisher=[[National Institute for Legislative Studies|National Institute for Legislative and Democratic Studies]]}}</ref> <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Federation of Nigeria |date=1961 |title=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates First Parliament Second Session 1961-1962, Vol. I |url=https://ir.nilds.gov.ng/handle/123456789/895 |journal=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates |language=en |publisher=[[National Institute for Legislative Studies|National Institute for Legislative and Democratic Studies]]}}</ref> <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Federation of Nigeria |date=1962 |title=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates First Parliament Third Session 1962-1963, Vol. II |url=https://ir.nilds.gov.ng/handle/123456789/913 |journal=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates |language=en |publisher=[[National Institute for Legislative Studies|National Institute for Legislative and Democratic Studies]]}}</ref> An naɗa Aminu a matsayin [[Firayim Minista na Najeriya|wakilin]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDD) wanda tsohon abokin aikinsa daga Bauchi, [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], ya naɗa, kuma ba shi da tsattsauran ra'ayi idan aka kwatanta da ayyukansa na gida. A lokacin da yake aiki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, musamman kan harkokin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya daidaita kansa da "ci gaba da kuma rashin tsauraran ra'ayi." A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'ar Afirka, ya yi kira da a bai wa Najeriya matsayi mara haɗin kai, yana mai imani da manufar ' diflomasiyya ba ta haɗin gwiwa ba '. <ref name=":1" /> : 189–191  : 29–31  [[Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_NSAG_-_Crebolder_1_-_076_-_Political_parties_"N.C.N.C.",_"N.E.P.U."_and_"Sawaba"_-_Lagos,_Nigeria_-_February_13-14,_1962_(cropped).tif|thumb| Ofishin NCNC-NEPU (1962)]] A lokacin da Aminu ke aiki a Majalisar Dokoki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], gudanar da NEPU ya zama abin ƙalubale. A farkon shekarar 1961, [[Joseph Tarka]], shugaban jam'iyyar [[United Middle Belt Congress]] (UMBC), ya gabatar da shawarar kawance tsakanin NEPU da jam'iyyarsa don kafa wata babbar kawance don kalubalantar NPC a Arewa. Duk da haka, sharaɗin shine NEPU za ta goyi bayan burin UMBC na ƙirƙirar wata jiha [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|ta Tsakiya]] . Duk da cewa Aminu ya ga fa'idodi masu yawa a cikin kawancen, amma ya ƙi saboda alaƙar UMBC da Action Group (AG). Ya fassara shawarar a matsayin wani yunƙuri na kai tsaye da AG ta yi na yanke alaƙar NCNC da NEPU, babbar ƙungiyar adawa a kudu. Duk da adawar da wasu 'yan NEPU suka nuna, shawarar UMBC ta samu karbuwa, kuma kin amincewa da Aminu ya fuskanci suka. Rashin aikin NEPU a [[Zaben majalisa na Yankin Arewa na 1961|zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta Arewa na 1961]], inda suka sami kujera ɗaya kacal, ya ƙara wa jam'iyyar rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikinta. : 196  : 421  : 183 A shekarar 1963, gwamnatin yankin Arewa ta sauke [[Muhammadu Sanusi I|Muhammadu Sanusi]] daga kan karagar mulki a matsayin Sarkin Kano. Aminu ya yi zargin [[Ahmadu Bello]], [[Firimiya na Arewacin Najeriya|Firimiyan Arewacin Najeriya]] kuma shugaban jam'iyyar NPC, da hannu a tsige shi. Ya rarraba fosta da farfaganda da ke kama da hamayyar tarihi tsakanin [[Daular Sokoto|Sokoto]] da [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] . An maye gurbin Sanusi da tsohon [[Muhammad Inuwa]], wanda ke da kyakkyawar alaƙa da Aminu. Magoya bayan Sanusi sun kafa jam'iyyar [[Kano People's Party]] (KPP), da nufin dawowarsa ko kuma ɗansa Ado Sanusi ya hau mulki. Jam'iyyar KPP ta yi kawance da NEPU, duk da cewa ba ta da niyyar dawo da Sanusi. A wani yunƙuri na ceto goyon baya a Kano, NPC ta yi kira ga magoya bayanta da su tarbi sabon Sarkin. Bayan an ci zarafin magoya bayan NEPU a taron, sun shirya wani babban taro washegari inda mutane 35,000 suka halarta, inda Sarkin ya karɓe su da kyau. Inuwa ya mutu washegari bayan wannan taro, kuma Bello, a yunƙurin gujewa ƙarin tashin hankali, ya naɗa [[Ado Bayero]], ɗan'uwan Sanusi kuma jakadan Najeriya a [[Senegal]], a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Tsige Sanusi ya yi tasiri sosai kan goyon bayan NEPU a Kano da kuma tada jijiyoyin wuya a tsakanin Kano da Sokoto, musamman a tsakanin [[Sufiyya|mabiya darikar Sufaye]] [[Tijaniyyah|na Tijjaniyya]] da [[Qadiriya|Qadriyya]] . Duk da cewa Aminu bai da alaƙa da kowace irin 'yan'uwantaka ta Sufi, ya fahimci muhimmancinsu a Arewacin Najeriya kuma ya yi amfani da hamayya don ciyar da muradun NEPU gaba. A lokacin yakin neman zaben tarayya na 1964, Aminu ya ziyarci Sheikh [[Ibrahim Niass]], shugaban Tijanni mai tasiri, a Kaolack wanda ya haifar da hotunan Aminu yana karɓar albarka daga Sheikh da ke yawo a Arewacin Najeriya. : 182 <ref name=":1" /> : 200–206 <ref name=":26" /> : 290  : 170–183  [[Fayil:Premier_of_Nigeria_Sir_Ahmadu_Bello_far_right_leaving_the_Atomic_Museum_Oak_Ridge_(7196110822).jpg|thumb| Sarkin Kano Muhammad Sanusi I (M) da Sir Ahmadu Bello (R) suna barin Gidan Tarihi na Atomic da ke Oak Ridge, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (1960)]] Bayan UMBC ta kawo ƙarshen kawancenta da ƙungiyar Action Group, NEPU da UMBC sun kafa [[Arewa Progressive Front|ƙungiyar Northern Progressive Front]] (NPF), da nufin "rushe yankin Arewa mai rinjaye, don ba da isasshen murya ga manyan ƙungiyoyin tsiraru". Jam'iyyar KPP da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sun shiga NPF, tare da fatan kafa jihar Kano mai cin gashin kanta daban. Yayin da ƙasar ke gab da zaɓe, dukkan yankuna uku sun fuskanci tashin hankali da kuma zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa. A Kano, Aminu, a matsayinsa na shugaban NEPU, ya gana da [[Ibrahim Musa Gashash|Ibrahim Gashash]], shugaban jam'iyyar NPC, domin rage tashin hankali ta hanyar amincewa kan yadda za a gudanar da zabe. Gashash ya amince ya shawo kan shugabannin jam'iyyarsa su guji rikice-rikicen da ke zubar da jini "amma duk sun yi nasara". A ranar 28 ga Disamba, kwana biyu kacal kafin zaɓen, Shugaba [[Nnamdi Azikiwe|Azikiwe]] ya bukaci Firayim Minista Balewa da ya dage zaɓen na tsawon watanni shida saboda ƙaruwar tashin hankali, sannan ya nemi Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sa ido a kansa. Balewa ya ƙi amincewa da buƙatar, yana mai cewa hakan ya fi ƙarfinsa. Shugaban [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya]], ba tare da tuntubar sauran membobi ba, shi ma ya yi watsi da shi. Wanda hakan ya sa uku daga cikin shida daga cikin membobin kwamitin suka yi murabus. Rashin adalci da ake gani da kuma zargin cin hanci da rashawa sun sa 'yan takara da jam'iyyu da dama suka kauracewa zaben, wanda hakan ya haifar da "matsala". Aminu ya sha kaye a mazabarsa ta Kano ta Gabas a hannun dan takarar NPC, [[Mahmud Dantata]], dan [[Alhassan Dantata]] kuma tsohon dan NEPU, inda Dantata ya samu kuri'u 1,700 yayin da Aminu ya samu kuri'u 690 cikin 40,000 da suka cancanci kada kuri'a. : 312  : 207–211  Bayan zaɓen, Aminu da kwamitin aiki na tsakiya na NEPU sun shirya wani taro don sake tsara dabarunsu. An rubuta "Fararen Takarda Kan Matsalolin Siyasa Da Nijeriya Ke Fuskanta" don gabatarwa, wanda ya kimanta rawar da NEPU ke takawa da kuma shawarwarin gyare-gyaren ƙungiyoyi. Wannan babban taron ya kasance mafi girma a tarihin jam'iyyar, inda wakilai daga ɗaruruwan rassanta a faɗin Arewa suka halarta. Daga cikin batutuwan da aka tattauna sun haɗa da yiwuwar haɗa dukkan jam'iyyun siyasa na adawa a Arewa, kafa "jam'iyyar ƙasa mai cikakken iko", ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi, da kuma kafa tallafin karatu. Taron ya kuma haifar da kafa ƙungiyar Movement of [[Kano People's Party|Kano State Movement]] (KSM), wadda ta ƙunshi NEPU, KPP, da wasu membobin NPC masu adawa da juna. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1965, an gudanar da wani taro na jama'a don ƙaddamar da KSM, wanda ya jawo hankalin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a tarihin siyasar Arewacin Najeriya. Ahmadu Trader, abokin Aminu na dogon lokaci, an naɗa shi shugaban farko, Aminu kuma mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin siyasa. : 213–215 Babban burin KSM shine kafa jihar Kano daban. : 271  [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta ezlo8cvqedycytr0a2ub3qnl6u7whqu 976126 976125 2026-11-05T11:33:30Z Zahrah0 14848 976126 wikitext text/x-wiki Mallam '''Aminu Kano''' Listen ⓘ GCON (An haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta Shekara ta alif 1920 zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif 1983). ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, malami, mawaƙi, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ɗan ƙungiyar kwadago daga [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] . Daya daga cikin fitattun mutane a cikin [[Najeriya|gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai ta Najeriya]] da kuma tarihin siyasar bayan samun 'yancin kai, an san shi da adawa da mulkin mallaka, rinjayen sarakunan gargajiya, da kuma rashin daidaito a zamantakewa a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] . Ya kasance mutum na farko da ya kafa [[Northern Elements Progressive Union]] (NEPU) daga baya kuma ya jagoranci People's Redemption Party (PRP), dukkansu jam'iyyun gurguzu ne waɗanda suka yi fafutukar 'yantar da ''talakawa'' a Najeriya. Aminu ya fara aikinsa na malami kuma ya fito a matsayin mai sukar [[Mallakar Najeriya|gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya]], kuma ya kalubalanci sarakunan gargajiya a bainar jama'a, yana mai sukar tsarin mulkin mallaka na [[Tsarin mulki na kai tsaye|mulkin kai tsaye]] a matsayin mai zalunci da cin zarafin ''talakawa'' . A shekarar alif 1948, ya kafa ƙungiyar malamai ta Arewa, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta farko a Arewacin Najeriya, kuma ya zama memba na kafa [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa|ƙungiyar jama'ar Arewa]] (NPC), wadda daga baya ya bar ta saboda ra'ayin mazan jiya. A matsayinsa na shugaban NEPU daga 1953, ya yi fafutukar gurguzu ta dimokuradiyya, haƙƙin mata, da kuma ƙarfafa ''talakawa'', yana ƙoƙarin daidaita ƙa'idodin Musulunci da adalci na zamantakewa. Ya yi aiki a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya]] daga 1959 kuma ya yi nadin ministoci a lokacin [[Mulkin Soja a Najeriya|mulkin soja na Najeriya]], ciki har da Kwamishinan Tarayya a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [[Yakubu Gowon]] . A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa kuma wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Aminu Kano ya goyi bayan [[Ƴantar da Afirka daga Mulkin Mallaka|ƙungiyoyin 'yantar da jama'a a Afirka]] kuma ya haɓaka manufar ƙasashen waje mara haɗin kai . Daga baya ya koma harkokin siyasa na jam'iyya a [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu|Jamhuriya ta Biyu]] a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar PRP. Ana yi wa Aminu Kano kallon mai hangen nesa mai hangen nesa, wanda ya bar tarihi mai ɗorewa a cikin tunanin siyasar Najeriya. Cibiyoyin da aka ambata a matsayin girmamawa sun haɗa da [[Filin jirgin sama na Mallam Aminu Kano|Filin Jirgin Sama na Duniya na Mallam Aminu Kano]], [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Aminu Kano]], da kuma kwalejoji da cibiyoyin bincike da dama. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin da suka kafa Najeriya ta zamani kuma har yanzu alama ce ta adalci a zamantakewa da fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a . {{Databox}} == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Aminu Kano a gundumar Sudawa ta [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1920 ga Rakaiya da Malam Yusufu na Gyanawa, wata ƙabilar [[Fulani]] da aka san ta da ƙwarewa a fannin [[Fiƙihu|shari'ar Musulunci]] . : 274 Daga cikin haihuwar mahaifiyarsa shida, shi kaɗai ne ya kai shekara 15. Iyayensa biyu sun yi karatu sosai a addinin Musulunci, kuma daga baya mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban ''Alkali'' na [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] . An bai wa kakarsa lakabin Fulani na ''Modibbo'', wanda aka fi sani da shi ga malaman Musulunci masu daraja. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book}}</ref> : 330 A bisa ga al'adar mutanen yankin, [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]], wanda ya kafa [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]], da kansa ya naɗa wani dangi na Aminu a matsayin babban Alkali na [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] . Tun daga lokacin, ana neman Gyanawa don su riƙe muƙamai na shari'a kamar alkalis, walis da muftis . : 27  : 329  : 100 <ref name=":14" /> : 274  [[Fayil:ETH-BIB-Kano-Tschadseeflug_1930-31-LBS_MH02-08-0084.tif|left|thumb|225x225px| Kallon Kano ta sama a farkon shekarun 1930.]] Zuri'ar Aminu ta mahaifi ma tana da maza da mata da yawa da suka yi karatu tun ƙarni da yawa. Su ne Fulbe waɗanda suka yi hijira daga [[Kukawa]] a [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|daular Bornu]] zuwa Kano. : 274  : 1:15 Daga cikinsu akwai wani malami wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba [[Jerin Sarakunan Kano|Sarkin Kano na]] wancan lokacin, [[Sulaimanu|Sulimanu]] shawara. Wannan malami ya dogara da kansa ta hanyar kiwon tattabaru da sayar da su, wanda hakan ya sa aka yi masa lakabi da Mallam Mai Tattabari ('mallam mai kiwon tattabaru'). Wannan laƙabin ya zama lakabi na hukuma a [[Gidan Rumfa|fadar Kano]] kuma an ba shi ga magadansa, suna aiki a matsayin limaman sarakuna da masu ba da shawara kan shari'ar Musulunci. : 27  Tun yana jariri, Aminu ya fara karatunsa da malamansa na farko su ne mahaifiyarsa da kakarsa, waɗanda suka koya masa [[Larabci|harshen Larabci]] da kuma yadda ake karanta [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] . : 100 <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Jack |first=Homer A. |date=1959 |title=Malam Aminu Kano: A Profile |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4184021 |journal=Africa Today |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=6–10 |issn=0001-9887 |jstor=4184021}}</ref> Bayan mahaifiyarsa ta mutu a shekarar 1926, ya koma gidan kawunsa don ya zauna a ƙarƙashin kulawar kakarsa ta uwa, wadda ke zaune a can. Saboda haka, Halilu, kawunsa wanda daga baya aka naɗa shi 'Mallam Mai Tattabari', ya zama mai kula da iliminsa na Alƙur'ani. : 41–43  : 243 An ƙara shigar da Aminu makarantar firamare ta Shehuci, wata makarantar yamma, inda aka koya masa karatu da rubutu cikin Turanci. : 276 <ref name=":2" /> : 243 Ya ɗauki sunan garin haihuwarsa, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], a matsayin sunan mahaifinsa, al'ada ce da aka saba yi tsakanin masu ilimin yammacin Najeriya a lokacin. : 604  A shekarar 1933, Aminu ya fara zuwa makarantar sakandare ta Kano (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna [[Kwalejin Rumfa Kano|Rumfa College, Kano]] ), makarantar kwana. A can, a shekarar 1935, ya jagoranci ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko da suka fara yajin aiki a Najeriya kan ƙarancin sabulu, rashin abinci mai kyau, "takamaiman ƙuntatawa da yawa, da kuma tsauraran ƙa'idojin ɗabi'a". : 48–49 Daga nan ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Kaduna (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna [[Kwalejin Barewa]] ) inda ya sami takardar shaidar difloma a fannin ilimi a shekarar 1942. : 276  : 243  == Aikin koyarwa == [[Fayil:Young_Aminu_Kano.png|left|thumb|199x199px| Matashin Aminu Kano]] Bayan kammala karatunsa a Kwalejin Kaduna a shekarar 1940, Aminu ya zaɓi aikin [[Doka|lauya]] maimakon bin tafarkin abokan karatunsa waɗanda galibi suka zaɓi koyarwa. Wannan zaɓin ba sabon abu ba ne domin kotunan Shari'a, waɗanda suka fi shahara fiye da [[Kotun Majistare|kotunan majistare]] a Kano a tsakanin Musulmai, ba su yarda da lauyoyi ba. Bugu da ƙari, sha'awarsa ta karatun likitanci a [[Ingila]] ta samu cikas sakamakon buƙatar halartar [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin King's]] da [[Kwalejin Yaba]], duka a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a Kudancin Najeriya, na tsawon shekaru. Duk da haka, saboda rikicin ɗalibai da ke ci gaba da faruwa, shugaban Kwalejin King's ya yi jinkirin amincewa da Aminu, wanda aka san shi da jagorantar zanga-zangar ɗalibai. Aminu ya kuma yi yunkurin shiga [[Sojojin Ƙasa na Najeriya|rundunar sojoji]] da kuma [[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|rundunar 'yan sanda]] amma aka ƙi shi saboda ya kai ƙafa biyar da huɗu, inci ɗaya ya fi ƙasa da matakin da ake buƙata. A Kwalejin Kaduna, mutane da yawa sun ci gaba da ba shi shawara ya nemi aikin koyarwa amma malamin kimiyya, Dakta RE Miller, ne ya shawo kansa ya ɗauki aikin koyarwa a matsayin sana'a. : 60  <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tate |first=Carolyn |date=1983 |title=Review of Old Gods and Young Heroes: The Pearlman Collection of Maya Ceramics |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3335865 |journal=African Arts |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=86–88 |doi=10.2307/3335865 |issn=0001-9933 |jstor=3335865 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> : 100 Hujjar Miller ita ce<blockquote>Duba, zan ba ku shawara ku shiga ajin koyarwa. Ganin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yadda yaƙin]] ke ci gaba, kuma Jamusawa ke ci gaba a kowane fanni, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] zai iya kwace Najeriya na ɗan lokaci. A irin wannan yanayi, za ka buƙaci wurin ɓuya na ƙwararru, kuma wane wuri ne ya fi koyarwa kyau? Bugu da ƙari, zan ɗauke ka a matsayin malami ɗaya tilo a fannin horo a fannin kimiyya—ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da kake so, ko ba haka ba? : 61  : 100 </blockquote>A lokacin horon malamansa, an tura Aminu zuwa garuruwa daban-daban don ayyukan koyarwa. A shekararsa ta biyu, ya shafe watanni biyar kowanne a [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]] da [[Tarihin Zariya|Zariya]] sannan ya yi ƙarin watanni biyu yana "ziyarar makarantu a kudu". A shekararsa ta ƙarshe ta horo a shekarar 1942 ne ra'ayoyinsa na siyasa masu tsauri suka bayyana. Ya fara rubutu ga jaridu da mujallu kaɗan da ake da su a lokacin, kamar [[Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo]] da West African Pilot, kuma ya fara sha'awar siyasa sosai. A wannan shekarar ne kuma ya rubuta ƙasidarsa mai suna 'Kano Under the Hammer of Native Autocracy,' wadda ta yi suka ga Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa. : 277  : 69–70  A ƙarshen lokacinsa a Kwalejin Kaduna, ya haɗu da [[Sa'adu Zungur]], wanda zai "yi tasiri sosai ga tunanin Aminu". : 72  : 329 Zungur, wanda ya girmi Aminu kuma tsohon mai goyon bayan siyasa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Makarantar Magunguna da ke Zariya. Aminu yakan yi dogayen tattaunawa da Zungur, yana yawan ziyartar gidansa bayan an kammala karatu. Sanin su ya samo asali ne tun daga shekarar 1935 lokacin da Zungur ya ziyarci Kano, wanda hakan ya bar wa Aminu wani ra'ayi mai cike da rudani da ci gaba. Aminu ya ci gaba da yin wasiƙu lokaci-lokaci da Zungur har zuwa lokacin da suka haɗu a Zariya. <ref name=":1" /> : 72  === Bauchi === A lokacin horon malamansa, an tura Aminu zuwa garuruwa daban-daban don ayyukan koyarwa. A shekararsa ta biyu, ya shafe watanni biyar kowanne a [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]] da [[Tarihin Zariya|Zariya]] sannan ya yi ƙarin watanni biyu yana "ziyarar makarantu a kudu". A shekararsa ta ƙarshe ta horo a shekarar 1942 ne ra'ayoyinsa na siyasa masu tsauri suka bayyana. Ya fara rubutu ga jaridu da mujallu kaɗan da ake da su a lokacin, kamar [[Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo]] da West African Pilot, kuma ya fara sha'awar siyasa sosai. A wannan shekarar ne kuma ya rubuta ƙasidarsa mai suna 'Kano Under the Hammer of Native Autocracy,' wadda ta yi suka ga Hukumar 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa. : 277  : 69–70  Aminu yana da mutunci sosai a tsakanin ɗaliban makarantar. Sau da yawa suna taruwa a gidansa bayan lokacin makaranta don tattaunawa da sauran ayyukan da ba na makaranta ba. A wasu lokutan yana shirya wasannin kwaikwayo da nunin faifai ga ɗalibai, wani lokacin yana amfani da ayyukan [[Abubakar Imam]] . Domin ƙara wa ɗalibansa darasi, ya rubuta waƙoƙi da waƙoƙi ga ɗalibansa. Ya kuma kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai daban-daban, ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo, muhawara, da kimiyya. : 85–86  [[Fayil:Your_Tin_Makes_Engine_Parts_For_Army_Lorries_-_Thank_You_Nigeria!_Art.IWMPST8268.jpg|thumb| Wani faifan farfaganda na shekarun 1940 da Birtaniya ta yi don ƙarfafa 'yan Najeriya masu sa kai su taimaka wajen yaƙinta]] Kusa da yake da ɗaliban da kuma ra'ayoyinsa masu tsauri sun sa ya zama wanda ba ya son gudanarwar makarantar da sauran malamai. A wani lokaci, dukkan ɗaliban makarantar sun yi zanga-zanga kan batutuwa kamar rashin kayan makaranta da barguna, rashin kuɗin aljihu, da kuma rashin ingancin abinci. Ɗalibi ɗaya da ya rage, babban ɗalibi wanda ƙanin Balewa ne, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawunsu. Manyan ɗaliban, cikinsu akwai [[Katagum|Sule Katagum]], sun jagoranci sauran ɗaliban zuwa [[Maiduguri]] . [[Masarautar Bauchi|Sarkin Bauchi]] da malamai da dama sun ci karo da su, suna ƙoƙarin yin sulhu, amma ɗaliban sun dage sai sun yi magana da Aminu kawai. Daga baya, Aminu ya iso tare da Yahya Gusau, kuma ya "tabbatar musu da cewa za a watsa koke-koken su yadda ya kamata" sannan ya shawo kansu su koma ɗakunan kwanansu. Bayan an gudanar da bincike kan korafe-korafen, an tabbatar da su, wanda ya haifar da maye gurbin shugaban makarantar da Balewa, "wanda ya gyara kurakuran da suka gabata". : 86  ==== Ƙungiyar Inganta Rayuwa ta Gabaɗaya ta Bauchi ==== A shekarar 1943, Aminu, tare da Zungur, Balewa da Gusau, sun kafa Ƙungiyar Inganta Rayuwa ta Gabaɗaya ta Bauchi (BGIU), inda suka yi tattaunawa kan manufofin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da kuma Hukumar 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. : 100  Wataƙila wannan ƙungiyar ta sami tasiri daga wata ƙungiya makamanciyar wadda Zungur ta kafa a lokacin da take Zariya, ƙungiyar inganta lardunan arewa (NPGIU). <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Al-Sadique |first=Abubakar Sufyan |last2=Ahmed |first2=Abubakar |date=2021-09-25 |title=Bauchi Discussion Circle: The Circle of Northern Nigerian Politics and Nigeria's Independence {{!}} Wikkitimes |url=https://wikkitimes.com/bauchi-discussion-circle-the-circle-of-northern-nigerian-politics-and-nigerias-independence/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> Aminu da Zungur sun rubuta wasiku da labarai suna sukar manufar 'ma'aikatan da ke jagorantar Burtaniya', wadda suka gani a matsayin wani nau'in aikin soja na ɓoye. Ganin cewa Birtaniya na buƙatar abinci, tin, da sojoji masu yawa a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, jami'an mulkin mallaka sun matsa wa Hukumomin 'Yan Asalin ƙasar lamba su 'bayar da umarni' ga takamaiman adadin abinci da ma'aikata. Birtaniya ta yi amfani da tilasta wa sojoji shiga soja ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a Arewacin Najeriya don tallafawa ƙoƙarinta na yaƙi bayan rashin nasarar soja a Gabas Mai Nisa a 1942. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ekoko |first=A. E. |date=1982 |title=Conscript Labour and Tin Mining in Nigeria During the Second World War |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857118 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=11 |issue=3/4 |pages=66–85 |issn=0018-2540 |jstor=41857118}}</ref> Babban Jami'in Gundumar, AJ Knott, ya karanta ɗaya daga cikin labaran Aminu da ba a sanya hannu ba a cikin littafin West African Pilot, wanda ya samo asali daga BGIU. Wannan gano ya haifar da wargajewar ƙungiyar tare da maye gurbinta da ƙungiyar tattaunawa ta Bauchi (BDC) ko kuma ''Majalisar Tadi ta Bauchi'', wacce hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka ɗauki nauyinta. An tsara BDC a matsayin dandamali mai izini don muhawara a bayyane wanda ya ƙunshi 'kowane ra'ayi'. : 89 <ref name=":6" /> : 89 <ref name=":7" /> : 423  ==== Da'irar Tattaunawar Bauchi ==== BDC tana gudanar da tattaunawa na mako-mako, inda ta jawo hankalin mahalarta daban-daban kamar shugabannin sassa, masu gudanarwa, 'yan kasuwa da malamai. Adadin mahalarta taron ya zarce na ƙungiyar inganta harkokin jama'a ta Bauchi (BGIU) da ta gabata, inda ta jawo hankalin masu matsakaicin ra'ayi waɗanda suka ji daɗin zaman lafiya idan aka yi la'akari da takunkumin da gwamnati ta sanya musu. Aminu, a matsayinsa na sakatare, shi ne ke da alhakin aika gayyata da kuma zaɓar batutuwan da za a tattauna. Waɗannan batutuwan da aka tattauna sun haɗa da ci gaban tattalin arziki, dimokuraɗiyya, magani, yaƙi da addini. Lokacin da batun ya shafi 'yancin 'yan jarida, Aminu da Zungur sun nuna sabanin da ke cikin manufofin Birtaniya, suna jayayya cewa a gefe guda sun danne kuma sun yi Allah wadai da muryoyin da ba su da alaƙa da sarakuna, a gefe guda kuma, sun ƙarfafa tunani da himma a bainar jama'a. {{Rp|page=89}} A cikin wani tattaunawa kan mulki na kai tsaye, ya yi jayayya cewa "ya wuce manufar da aka yi niyya da ita a farko" kuma cewa ita ce "tsarin mulkin mallaka mafi cin zarafi da duniya ta taɓa sani". : 90  : 100 Ya kuma nuna cewa a lokacin da Turawan Ingila suka kwace iko, [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]] da [[Halifancin Masarautun Daular Sokoto|masarautunta]] sun rikide zuwa tsarin da [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Shehu Usman dan Fodio]], wanda ya kafa shi, bai yi niyya ba. Aminu ya yi jayayya cewa an yi nufin [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|maye gurbin halifofi ne]] bisa cancanta maimakon haihuwa, kuma tsarin mulki na kama-karya ya saba wa koyarwar Annabi Muhammadu da Shehu. Balewa, kasancewarsa mai matsakaicin ra'ayi fiye da Aminu, ya kare tsarin mulki na kai tsaye, yana mai jayayya cewa kiyaye doka da oda yana da mahimmanci wajen tabbatar da harsashin da za a iya aiwatar da gyare-gyaren da ake so. Zungur, wanda ke kwance a gadon asibiti a lokacin zaman, a martanin Balewa, ya rubuta nasa hujjojin a cikin wata wasiƙa da Aminu ya aika wa da'irar tattaunawa a zaman da ke tafe. A cikin wannan wasiƙar, ya ƙarfafa hujjojin Aminu yayin da ya ƙara wasu daga cikin nasa. <ref name=":1" /> : 90 Ya bukaci Balewa da ya sake tunani game da kare mulkinsa na kai tsaye da ba a yi masa adalci ba, sannan ya kara da cewa:<blockquote>Zaɓen manyan jami'an gwamnatin ƙasar ba a yi shi bisa ga hankali ko ƙwarewa ba, sai dai kawai ta hanyar musanta ra'ayin ɗan ƙasa nagari. 'Yan tsirarun da ke mulki a shirye suke su yi caca, ba tare da wani abin da za su rasa ba sai dai komai da za su samu. : 90 </blockquote>A wani taro kuma, Aminu ya yi wa Officer Knott tambaya: 'Me ke ƙayyade albashin sarki?' ' Knott ya amsa cewa ya dogara ne da girman ayyukansa da kuma nauyin nauyin da ke kansa. Daga nan sai Aminu ya nuna cewa duk da cewa yana da ƙarancin wakilai da nauyin da ke kansa idan aka kwatanta da Sarkin Bauchi, [[Masarautar Adamawa|Lamidon Adamawa]] ya sami ƙarin albashi. Bayan wannan musayar ra'ayi, taron ya ƙare ba zato ba tsammani. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, Knott ya sanar da dakatar da BDC, yana mai cewa tattaunawar 'tana kan hanya madaidaiciya'. : 91  : 423  ==== Cibiyar Al'umma ta Bauchi ==== Domin maye gurbin BDC, Aminu da Zungur sun kafa wata ƙungiyar siyasa, wato Cibiyar Al'umma ta Bauchi. Farawa da kimanin membobi 20, taronsu na farko ya gudana ne a ɗakin karatu na 'yan asalin ƙasar, kusa da fadar sarkin. A lokacin wannan taron, tare da rakiyar wani ɗan sanda, Balewa ya tunkare su bisa buƙatar sarkin, yana roƙonsu da su wargaje domin "an haramta dukkan ƙungiyoyin kwadago". Zungur ya gaya masa ya gaya wa sarkin cewa ba za su wargaje ba. Bayan tafiyar Balewa, sun yanke shawarar isar da wasiƙa ga babban jami'in siyasa yana gaya masa abin da ya faru, suna zargin sarkin yana keta haƙƙinsu. : 91–92  Bayan kwana uku, an gayyaci membobin ƙungiyar su gana da sarkin. Sarkin ya musanta umarnin a wargaza su, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya hana su amfani da "na'urorin rubutu da kayan aikin Laburaren Hukuma na 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa". Duk da cewa Balewa ya yi korafin cewa ya isar da saƙon da aka ba shi daidai kuma Zungur a shirye yake ya yi amfani da wannan sabanin ra'ayi, ba a ci gaba da bin diddigin lamarin ba, kuma ƙungiyar ta amince da shawarar sarkin. Ba da daɗewa ba, wani dattijo mai suna Malam Waziri ya ba su damar amfani da zaurensa mara rufin gida don yin taro, muddin suka yi rufin da kansu. Sun tattara kuɗinsu suka yi rufin gida. : 93 Ba da daɗewa ba, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bai wa Aminu ɗaya daga cikin guraben karatu bakwai don yin karatu a [[Ingila]] tun daga Satumba 1946, wanda ya karɓa. : 276 <ref name=":1" /> : 97 <ref name=":9" /> : 154  === Landan === A Cibiyar Ilimi da ke [[Landan]], Aminu ya yi bincike kan ayyukan mutane kamar Harold Laski, George Bernard Shaw, da Karl Mannheim, waɗanda koyarwarsu ita ce "tushen yawancin ra'ayoyin Aminu game da al'ummar ɗan adam mai kyau". Ya kafa dangantaka da wasu manyan mutane da ƙungiyoyi na hagu a Landan, ciki har da Jam'iyyar Labour ta Socialist, Ƙungiyar Students Socialist Society, da kuma Matasan Socialist, kuma ya haɗu kuma ya yi abota da wasu 'Yan Majalisa masu ra'ayin hagu da "manyan shugabannin" ƙungiyoyin [[Kwaminisanci|gurguzu]] . : 99  : 538 Manyan 'yan siyasar Labour na lokacin, kamar Aneurin Bevan da Fenner Brockway, sun yi masa tasiri. <ref name=":9" /> : 241  Bayan da aka fallasa shi ga waɗannan ra'ayoyi da tasirinsu, Aminu ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗa falsafar siyasa ta farkon masu juyin juya hali na Faransa da Amurka da gurguzu na Shavian Fabian da koyarwar [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]], duk yayin da har yanzu yake ƙarƙashin tasirin ra'ayoyin [[Sa'adu Zungur]] masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ya kuma shaida jajibirin samun 'yancin kai na Indiya da Pakistan ta hanyar ɗaliban ƙasashen biyu. Aminu, tare da ɗalibai daga yankunan mulkin mallaka daban-daban na Birtaniya, sun tarbi [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Ali Jinnah]] da Jawaharlal Nehru, manyan mutane a fafutukar 'yancin kai na Pakistan da Indiya, a lokacin ziyararsu ta Landan a shekarar 1947. Waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru wataƙila sun taimaka masa wajen sha'awarsa ga tsarin juriya na Gandhi . : 100  : 241  A lokacin kwas ɗinsa, Aminu ya koyar a makarantun firamare na yankin kuma ya shafe makonni a yankunan karkara [[Wales|na Wales]] a matsayin baƙo na Ƙungiyar Matasan Manoma . Domin ya samar da kuɗin rangadin da zai yi a yankunan karkara na Birtaniya, ya ɗauki aikin fassara [[harshen Hausa]] na ɗan lokaci tare da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya (BBC). Ba zato ba tsammani, an gayyace shi a matsayin wakili zuwa Jamboree na Yaran Makamai na Duniya da ke Rosny, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar yin rangadin [[Turai]] a farashi mai rahusa. Kafin tafiyarsa zuwa Faransa, dukkan tawagar samarin da ke neman 'yan wasa sun ziyarci Fadar Buckingham . Aminu ya yi mamakin ganin sarki da sarauniya suna hira cikin kwanciyar hankali da yaran, wanda hakan ya bambanta da yadda hukumomin Birtaniya suka yi aiki a Najeriya. Wannan sabani ya bar shi da kyakkyawan fata, yana fassara shi a matsayin wata alama ta rugujewar daular mulkin mallaka. : 102–103 <ref name=":9" /> ==== Ƙungiyar Malaman Arewa ==== A watan Maris na shekarar 1948, <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2019 |title=Mallam Aminu Kano, Voice of The Voiceless |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-guardian-nigeria/20190901/281887299982618 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |via=}}</ref> yayin da yake karatunsa a Landan, Aminu ya kafa Ƙungiyar Jin Daɗin Malaman Arewa (wanda daga baya ya zama Ƙungiyar Malaman Arewa), ƙungiya ta farko da ƙungiyar ma'aikata a faɗin yankin a Arewacin Najeriya, : 276 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fejoh |first=J. |date=2016 |title=Bio-Social Variables as Predictors of Teacher Union Leaders' Adherence to Democratic Principles in Ogun State, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Education and Practice |pages=202 |s2cid=5022696}}</ref> : 41 tare da sauran malamai daga yankin, kamar Salihu Fulani, ZY Dimka, Yahaya Gusau, Shettima Shehu Ajiram, Shehu Shagari, da [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] . : 169 <ref name=":30">{{Cite book|last3=Shehu Shagari}}</ref> : 66 Ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwa kamar haƙƙoƙi da walwalar malamai, ingantaccen manhaja, bambance-bambancen albashi tsakanin Arewa da Kudu da kuma cancantar malamai a [[Makarantar mishan|Makarantun Mishan na Kirista]] don zama memba. : 101–102  : 91  : 258  Ƙungiyar ta bunƙasa cikin sauri, tana da mambobi kusan 200 a cikin watan farko <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaskiya ta fi Kwabo, Issue 233, 31 Mar 1948 |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP485-1-1-201 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Endangered Archives Programme |page=1 |language=ha}}</ref> da kuma rassanta 25 a cikin shekarar farko, kuma daga baya ta yi tasiri ga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na yankin da suka biyo baya. : 41  : 356 Ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa ƙungiyar malamai mafi rinjaye a Arewacin Najeriya har sai da aka haɗa ta da [[Kungiyar Malamai ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Malaman Najeriya]], ƙungiyar malamai mafi rinjaye a kudancin Najeriya, a shekarar 1972. : 260  === Komawa Bauchi === Da kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1948, Aminu ya koma Bauchi don ci gaba da aikinsa na koyarwa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Bauchi. Bayan watanni kaɗan aka mayar da shi Kwalejin Horar da Malamai ta Bauchi. : 110  A wannan lokacin, Sir John MacPherson, sabon [[Jerin Gwamnoni da Gwamnonin-Janar na Najeriya|gwamnan Najeriya]] da aka naɗa, yana shirin yin rangadin yankin. Zai yi rangadin manyan biranen Arewa, amma bai cire Bauchi ba. Aminu da Zungur sun yi zargin cewa wannan rashin yin hakan wani mataki ne da Gwamna da masu ba shi shawara suka ɗauka da gangan don guje wa fuskantar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na birnin da jerin buƙatu da korafe-korafensu. Su biyun sun tuntubi Sarkin Bauchi suka sanar da shi shirin gwamnati na guje wa yankinsa, suna masu ikirarin cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda rashin kyawun tsarin makarantu, hanyoyi, da tattalin arziki na Bauchi. Sun yi nasarar shawo kansa ya ba su izinin shirya taron jama'a don nuna rashin amincewarsu da rashin amincewar Gwamnan. Wannan taron jama'a, wanda shi ne karo na farko da aka gudanar a Arewacin Najeriya, ya tara mutane kusan dubu. : 110–111  An gayyaci Aminu, wanda a lokacin har yanzu malami ne na ƙarami, zuwa [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] don ganawa da AJ Knott ( jami'in gundumar da ya shirya BDC a 1943), wanda yanzu shine Babban Sakataren Gwamnati, da Sir MacPherson. A lokacin wannan taron, gwamnan, yayin da yake yi wa Aminu jawabi, an ruwaito cewa ya ce:<blockquote>Kun nuna cewa kuna tunanin da gangan muke ci gaba da mayar da Arewa baya, kuma Arewa da Kudu suka rabu—kuna son mu tafi domin ƙasarku ta sami 'yancin kai. Kai mutum ne daga wani muhimmin iyali a Kano, matashi kuma cike da ruhi, amma dole ne ka fahimci cewa ba ma hana sauye-sauye da gangan ba kuma ba ma hana ƙasar ci gaba. : 115 </blockquote>Knott ya ci gaba da sanar da Aminu cewa sun daɗe suna mai da hankali kan sukar da yake yi wa gwamnati, yana mai cewa, "Muna son mutane irinku, waɗanda suka fi 'yan ƙasarku." Sun ba shi mukami wanda zai ba shi damar sa ido da shiga cikin "sashen kuɗi na gwamnati" ko ma a matsayin editan ''Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo'' na gaba. Bayan komawa Bauchi, Aminu, bayan ya yi la'akari da waɗannan tayi kuma ya tattauna da Zungur da wasu, ya yanke shawarar cewa waɗannan tayi wani yunƙuri ne da gwamnati ke yi na kawo cikas ga ayyukansu na fafutuka. Saboda haka, Aminu ya ƙi tayin, inda ya sanar da Knott da MacPherson cewa ya fi son ci gaba da zama malami. : 101 Daga baya ya ƙi aikin malamar harshen [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . : 115–119  Duk da haka, bayan wasu watanni, a ci gaba da ƙoƙarinsu na wargaza masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Bauchi, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta mayar da Aminu zuwa Maru da ke [[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]], inda ta naɗa shi shugaban wata sabuwar kwalejin horar da malamai. : 116  : 72  === Sakkwato === [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]] ta yi aiki a matsayin babban birnin [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]] na ƙarni na 19, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar [[Jihadin Danfodio|jihadin Usman ɗan Fodio]] . Mulkin Khalifanci ya mamaye mafi yawan Arewacin Najeriya kuma [[Halifancin Masarautun Daular Sokoto|yawancin sarakunan]] suna bin [[Jerin Sarakunan Musulmin Najeriya|Sarkin Musulmi]] . Bayan [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|mulkin mallaka da Turawan Ingila suka yi wa jihar]] a farkon karni na 20, Sakkwato ta zama lardi kuma aka rage matsayin Sarkin Musulmi; sauran sarakunan sun amsa kai tsaye ga gwamnatin Burtaniya, ba ga Sarkin Musulmi ba. Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da riƙe da muhimmancinta a matsayin cibiyar ikon gargajiya da na addini a yankin. Saboda haka, an ɗauke shi a matsayin ɓangaren da ya fi ra'ayin mazan jiya a Arewa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. : 118 Maru (wanda yanzu haka yake a [[Maru (Nijeriya)|Maru]], [[Zamfara|jihar Zamfara]] ), wani ƙauye a lardin, yana da yawan jama'a 8,256 a shekarar 1964. A bayyane yake cewa canja wurin Aminu zuwa Maru ba wai kawai an yi shi ne don nisantar da shi daga Zungur ba, har ma don a killace shi da kuma kawo cikas ga ayyukansa. Da isowarsa, ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa da'irar tattaunawa amma mutane ƙalilan ne suka kewaye shi, kuma babban gari mafi kusa da Maru yana da nisan mil 35, "a kan hanyoyi masu ban tsoro da ba a iya wucewa ba". Sarkin Musulmi, [[Siddiq Abubakar III|Siddiq Abubakar na Uku]], shi ma yana sa ido a kansa, kamar yadda Aminu ya gano daga baya. Ya fahimci cewa wani dattijo da yake ba wa sadaka a kai a kai ɗan leƙen asiri ne ga Sarkin Musulmi makonni da dama bayan zamansa a Maru. <ref name=":1" /> : 118–120  A tsawon lokacin da yake zaune a Maru, Aminu ya sami kansa a cikin takaddamar da ke yawan sa shi cikin rashin jituwa da Sarkin Musulmi. Ya fara ne lokacin da Aminu ya kori ''<nowiki/>'Yan Labari na Sarkin Musulmi, ko kuma 'yan leƙen asiri,'' bayan isowarsa. Daga baya, ya aika wa hukumomin Birtaniya wasiƙar ƙorafi, yana zargin cewa kuɗaɗen da aka yi wa manoma, waɗanda aka yi amfani da filayensu don makarantar, ba su isa gare su ba. : 101 Wata takaddama ta taso ne lokacin da Aminu da [[Abubakar Gumi]], abokin aikin Aminu kuma daga baya Grand Khadi na Arewacin Najeriya, suka kusan haifar da rikicin [[Qadiriya|Qadiriyya]] da [[Tijaniyyah|Tijaniyya]] a lardin lokacin da suka hana ɗalibansu halartar hidimar Juma'a saboda wata matsala da alwalar [[Liman|limamin]] . A cewar su biyun, limamin Maru yana yin ''[[tayammum]]'', wani aiki da aka tanada lokacin da ruwan da ya dace da alwala yake da ƙaranci, duk da cewa babu ƙarancin ruwa a Maru. Kwamitin bincike da Sultan ya kafa ya wanke Gumi daga zargin kuma ya bukaci Sarkin Musulmi da ya shiga tsakani da kansa a Maru don dakatar da yin tayammum. Duk da shawarar da kwamitin ya bayar, Sarkin Musulmi ya ƙi bin umarnin kuma ya ƙi korar Imam. : 120–127  alaƙa da [[Ahmadu Bello]], [[Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi, Sokoto|Sardaunan Sakkwato]], wanda ke da hamayya da Sarkin Musulmi. Lokacin da kotun Sultan ta yanke wa Bello hukunci kan karkatar da harajin ''jangali'' ('harajin shanu') a shekarar 1943, Aminu ya ba da gudummawar wani kaso mai yawa na albashinsa na koyarwa a Bauchi ga asusun tsaro na Bello. Ganin cewa Aminu yana Maru yanzu, Bello ya gan shi a matsayin wanda zai iya zama abokin gaba da Sarkin Musulmi. Bello ya kan ziyarci Aminu a Maru sau da yawa, kuma a lokacin ziyarar da Aminu ya kai Sokoto don taron kundin tsarin mulki na lardin, ya sauka a gidan Bello. A wannan lokacin, Sarkin Musulmi ya yi wa Aminu gayyatar sirri, wataƙila yana neman sulhu. Ya nemi a yi taron sirri da ƙarfe 2 na safe, amma da ya ji cewa Aminu ya gaya wa Bello game da wannan gayyatar, Sarkin Musulmi ya fusata ya soke taron. : 124–125  ==== Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa ==== Saboda nasarorin da ƙungiyar malamai ta Aminu ta samu, wasu fitattun masana a yankin sun tunkare shi game da kafa irin wannan ƙungiya. A karshen shekarar 1948, kungiyoyi daban-daban na Zariya, Kaduna da Bauchi suka hade suka kafa Jam’iyyar [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa|Mutanen Arewa]] ko kuma NPC. A watan Yunin 1949, an gudanar da taron farko na ƙungiyar a Otal ɗin Green da ke Kaduna, inda kimanin mutane 500 suka halarta. The founding members include Dr. [[R. A. B. Dikko|RAB Dikko]], [[Yahaya Gusau]], [[Abubakar Imam]] ( editan ''[[Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo]]'' ), [[Yusuf Maitama Sule]], [[Aliyu Mai-Bornu|Aliyu Mai Bornu]], Aminu Kano, [[Isa Wali]] (dan uwan Aminu) da [[Sa'adu Zungur]], wanda shi ne babban sakatare na [[Majalisar Najeriya da Kamaru|Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamaru]] (NCNC) a lokacin. : 111  : 358  : 75  A taron farko da aka yi a watan Disamba na shekarar 1949, shugabannin majalisar, Dikko da Gusau, sun bayyana cewa majalisar ba ta da niyyar rusa gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da ta masu mulki, kuma cewa:<blockquote>''Jam'iyyar'' ba ta da niyyar kwace ikon sarakunanmu na halitta; akasin haka, burinmu ne mu ƙara haɓaka irin wannan iko a duk lokacin da kuma duk inda zai yiwu. Muna son taimaka wa sarakunanmu na halitta wajen gudanar da ayyukansu yadda ya kamata... Muna son taimaka musu wajen wayar da kan ''Talakawa'' [talakawa]. : 358  : 75 </blockquote>Wani jami'in gundumar, wanda ke wakiltar mazaunin Kano, ya gargaɗi mahalarta taron cewa za su iya kawo sauye-sauyen da suke so ne kawai idan suka yi tafiya "a hankali da taka tsantsan" kuma "dole ne mutum ya koyi tafiya kafin ya iya gudu". Aminu ya mayar da martani ta hanyar roƙonsa da ya ba da rahoto ga manyansa cewa:<blockquote>Idan muka yi tafiya da ƙafa, ba za mu yi tafiya ba, za mu yi gudu. Kuma idan muka faɗi, za mu ɗaga kanmu mu sake guduwa. Amma ka yi la'akari da kai, ba za mu tafi da ƙafa ba. Za ka iya gaya mana mu tafi da raƙumi, ko doki, amma har ma za mu tsallake motar mu tafi da jirgin sama. Kuma Birtaniya ba za ta hana mu zaɓin hanyoyin sufuri ba, komai saurin da za mu yi. : 121–122  : 93 </blockquote>Sarakunan Arewa da dama, kamar Sultan, [[Abdullahi Bayero|Sarkin Kano]] da [[Tarihin Zariya|Sarkin Zariya]], sun amince da wannan ra'ayi na 'mara illa' da kuma 'rashin girmamawa' na majalisar. Duk da haka, ƙananan mambobi kamar Maitama, Aminu, da Zungur sun yi imanin cewa majalisar ba ta sukar sarakuna da hukumomin Birtaniya ba, suna mai jaddada buƙatar yin garambawul a siyasance a Arewa. A ƙarshe a watan Agusta na shekarar 1950, wasu 'yan jam'iyyar NPC masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a Kano suka kafa [[Northern Elements Progressive Union|ƙungiyar Northern Elements Progressive Union]] ( ''Jamiyar Neman Sawaba'' ), jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko da aka ayyana a Arewacin Najeriya. : 94 Ƙungiyar Ci Gaban Arewa ta Zungur ta yi tasiri ga jam'iyyar NEPU. : 359 Sun sami goyon bayan Aminu, wanda bai sami damar shiga jam'iyyar a lokacin ba domin har yanzu gwamnati tana aiki da shi kuma ba zai iya shiga jam'iyyar siyasa a fili ba. : 123 <ref name=":6" /> : 94  ==== Murabus ==== Aminu ya mika takardar murabus dinsa a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1950 sannan ya bar Maru har abada a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba na wannan shekarar. Sheikh Usman Bida, wanda abokin karatun Aminu ne a Kwalejin Kaduna, da kuma Sule Katagum, Wazirin Katagum, dukkansu sun yi imanin cewa an tilasta masa yin murabus. Aminu da kansa ya yi tunanin wannan matakin tun farkon watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar. Lokacin da mataimakin daraktan ilimi na Arewa ya yi masa gargaɗi cewa ba za a sake naɗa shi ba idan ya ci gaba da harkokin siyasa, Aminu ya rubuta a cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarsa, "To, matsalarsa kenan. Nawa shine in yi murabus nan da shekara mai zuwa." : 129  An buga wani labari da Aminu ya rubuta wanda ya bayyana dalilansa na yin murabus a jaridar ''Daily Comet'' a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1950: ☁<blockquote>Na yi murabus ne saboda na ƙi yarda cewa wannan ƙasar ta zama fursunan sarakunan Anglo-Fulani - na yi murabus ne saboda ina da ra'ayin cewa Hukumomin 'Yan Asalin... Ba mu da bege wajen magance matsalolinmu na gaggawa na ilimi, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, siyasa ko ma addini—Zama na a Ingila... ya taurare raina wajen ɗaukaka gaskiya, 'yanci da kuma mafi girman haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda duniya ta yi yaƙi da mulkin kama-karya—an yi mini barazana sau biyu da ƙusoshin da ba su da tausayi... yayin da ko'ina ke cike da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin shugabanci, yaudarar siyasa, bauta a ƙarƙashin wata riga, nuna wariya tsirara, zalunci, talauci... riƙe ƙwayoyin cuta marasa amfani, cin amanar tattalin arziki mara kunya da kuma tsirara... Ba zan iya jure wa waɗannan abubuwa ba saboda mummunan warinsu... Ina shirye a kira ni da kowace suna. Kira ni mai mafarki ko kira ni mai juyin juya hali; kira ni mai yakin neman zabe ko duk abin da wannan gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta so. Na ga haske a sararin sama mai nisa </blockquote> == Aikin siyasa == === Kafin 'Yancin Kai (1950—1959) === Bayan murabus dinsa, Aminu ya koma [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] ya kuma shiga jam'iyyar [[Northern Elements Progressive Union]] (NEPU). : 101 [[Sanarwar Sawaba|Manufofin jam'iyyar da aka bayyana]] sun haɗa da "'Yantar da talakawa" ta hanyar "gyara cibiyoyin siyasa na yanzu masu kama-karya". A lokacin babban taron shekara-shekara na biyu na [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa|Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Arewa]] (NPC) a watan Disamba na 1950, wani kuduri da NEPU ta tsara, wanda Aminu ya tsara, ya yi kira da a ayyana NPC a matsayin "jam'iyyar siyasa ta ƙasa baki ɗaya". <ref name=":6" /> : 95 Ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar jam'iyyar siyasa ga Arewa, domin ci gaba da ci gaba da dimokuraɗiyya a ƙasar. : 359–360 Duk da haka, sarakuna masu ƙarfi da "wasu jami'an gudanarwa" sun ɗauki NPC a matsayin ƙungiya mai ra'ayoyi masu haɗari. An samu damuwa daga 'yan majalisa masu matsakaicin ra'ayi da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, inda ake fargabar cewa idan aka yi la'akari da jam'iyyar NPC a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, za ta sha wahala wajen zama jam'iyya mai rinjaye a Arewa. Wasu daga cikin membobin NPC sun yi barazanar ficewa daga ƙungiyar idan ba a kori membobin NEPU ba. <ref name=":6" /> : 95–96  [[Shehu Shagari]], a matsayinsa na shugaban reshen ƙungiyar matasa ta Sokoto Social Circle na NPC, an ba shi umarni ya ƙi duk wani tayin da Aminu da Zungur suka yi na neman mukamai na shugabanci a taron jam'iyyar NPC na Jos na 1950. Shagari, a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa taron, ya haɗu da Aminu da Zungur a cikin jirgin ƙasa ya kuma sanar da su wannan umarni. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa Aminu, bayan jin wannan, ya ƙarfafa shi ya "yi aiki da umarnin da aka ba ni" kuma ya tabbatar masa da ci gaba da abota da girmamawarsu. <ref name=":30" /> : 68–69  : 25 Saboda haka, NEPU ta fice daga NPC, ta kafa jam'iyyar siyasa mai zaman kanta. : 140–141 <ref name=":28" /> : 25–33  [[Fayil:Aminu_Kano_and_Bello_Ijumu_(1956).jpg|thumb|276x276px| Aminu da [[Bello Ijumu]] na [[United Middle Belt Congress|Majalisar United Middle Belt]] kafin [[Babban zaben Najeriya na 1954|babban zaɓen 1956]] .]] [[Fayil:Aminu_Kano_and_Edward_W._Brice_at_the_second_annual_conference_of_AMSAC_(June_1959).png|left|thumb|252x252px| Aminu (hagu) a taron shekara-shekara na biyu na Ƙungiyar Al'adun Afirka ta Amurka a shekarar 1959. A taron, ya gabatar da lacca kan "Matsalar Ilimi a Afirka". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Culture |first=American Society of African |date=1959 |title=Summary report second annual conference |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/al.sff.document.low139_31_01 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=www.jstor.org |publisher=[[American Society of African Culture]] |language=en}}</ref>]] Saboda girman matsayinsa a cikin jam'iyya, Aminu ya sami kariya daga cin zarafin da sauran 'yan NEPU suka sha. : 137 Duk da haka, Aminu ya fuskanci kama mutane da dama daga Hukumar 'Yan Asalin ƙasar. Abin lura shi ne, a lokacin yakin neman zaben tarayya na 1954, an yanke masa hukunci sau biyu. Na farko, saboda ya ɗaga tutar NEPU a kan motarsa a birnin Kano—wani aiki da aka saba yi wa Sarkin Kano da mazaunin Birtaniya. Na biyu, saboda wallafa labarai da ake zargin 'nufin tayar da zaune tsaye', wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin kwanaki uku ga wanda ya gabata da kuma tarar fam 50 ga wanda ya gabata. : 364  : 91 A wani lamari kuma, wata ƙungiyar ''malamai'' karkashin jagorancin [[Nasiru Kabara]] ta zarge shi da yin bidi'a . Zargin ya ta'allaka ne akan imanin cewa sanya maɓallan ''Sawaba'' da 'yan NEPU suka yi ba daidai ba ne da Musulunci, kuma ana zargin NEPU da haɗin gwiwa da Kiristoci a kan shugabannin addinai na Arewa. Aminu tare da masu ba shi shawara Danladi da [[Lawan Dambazau]], ya bayyana a gaban [[Majalisar Masarautar Kano|majalisar sarki ta Kano]] domin magance wadannan zarge-zargen. Ganin girman zargin, shi da masu ba da shawara da aka ambata a sama "sun yi wankan wani mutum da ke fuskantar mutuwa (bikin ƙarshe)". A taron, Aminu ya nuna cewa majalisar sarki ba ta da wata ƙungiya ta muhawara, kuma ya kamata a yi tattaunawa daban-daban sannan daga baya a ba da rahoto ga sarkin. An amince da hakan kuma aka shirya yin taro na biyu. A wannan taro na biyu, Aminu ya ce kawancen NEPU da [[Majalisar Najeriya da Kamaru|Majalisar Kasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru]] (NCNC) bai saba wa koyarwar Musulunci ba, domin har ma Muhammadu ya taɓa yin kawancen tsaro da Yahudawa a kusa da [[Madinah|Madina]] . Ya kuma ce Sarkin Kano da kansa ya nemi shawarar injiniyoyin Kirista 'yan [[Inyamurai|kabilar Igbo]] kwanan nan don yin aiki a [[Babban Masallacin Kano]] a shekarun 1950. Dangane da batun maɓallan Sawaba, Aminu ya yi tambaya ko an ɗauke shi a matsayin wanda ba Musulunci ba ne lokacin da wasu sarakuna suka sanya lambar yabo ta Order of St. George na Burtaniya . Daga ƙarshe aka cimma matsaya kuma an ba wa membobin NEPU damar sanya tambarin jam'iyya kawai a taron jama'a. : 149–151  An zabi Aminu a matsayin Shugaban Jam'iyyar NEPU a babban taron jam'iyyar na uku a shekarar 1953, inda ya gaji Abba Maikwaru. Shekara guda bayan haka, jam'iyyar ta ƙulla ƙawance da [[Majalisar Najeriya da Kamaru|Majalisar Ƙasa ta Najeriya da Kamaru]] (NCNC) ta [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] . : 322  : 146–147 Ya tsaya takara [[Babban zaben Najeriya na 1954|a zaɓen Tarayya na Kano ta Gabas a shekarar 1954]] amma ya sha kaye a hannun [[Yusuf Maitama Sule|Maitama Sule]] . A lokacin [[Zaben yanki na Najeriya na 1956-57|zaɓen yankuna na 1956]], Aminu ya tsaya takarar zaɓen mazabar Kano ta Gabas. Ya sha kaye a zaɓen [[Ahmadu Dantata]], ɗaya daga cikin attajiran 'yan Najeriya kuma magajin [[Alhassan Dantata|daular kasuwanci ta Dantata]] . : 333 Zaɓen, wanda aka gudanar bisa ga zaɓen maza masu biyan haraji, ya ƙare da Dantata ya sami ƙuri'u 2,119 yayin da Aminu ya samu ƙuri'u 1,776. <ref name=":6" /> : 328–329  Zaɓen gama gari na Najeriya na shekarar 1959 ya nuna wani muhimmin ci gaba a matsayin zaɓen farko da ya ƙunshi kaɗa ƙuri'a kai tsaye a kowace mazaɓa. Aminu, wanda ya tsaya takara a karkashin kawancen NEPU da NCNC, ya sake tsayawa takarar kujerar mazabar Kano ta Gabas kuma ya sami kashi 60.4% na kuri'un da aka kada, inda ya samu kujera a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya]] . : 374  : 370 A Majalisar Wakilai, an naɗa shi Mataimakin Babban Mai tsawatarwa na Gwamnati, kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Haɗin Gwiwa kan Harkokin Waje, kuma an ruwaito cewa ya ƙi naɗin minista saboda ya ga ya zama "abin da ba shi da kyau" a karɓi muƙami "mai girma ba tare da iko ba" tare da kusan mabiyan jam'iyyarsa 2,000 a gidan yari. : 187 <ref name=":6" /> : 374  : 630  === Jamhuriya ta Farko (1960—1966) === A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa, Aminu ya mayar da hankalinsa ga batutuwan ƙasa da na ƙasa da ƙasa da suka shafi sabuwar Najeriya mai 'yancin kai, yayin da yake ci gaba da riƙe babban burinsa na 'yantar da ''talakawa'' . A Majalisar, ya gabatar da shawarwari da dama don tallafawa da kuma hanzarta kokarin kawar da mulkin mallaka na kasar. Dangane da manufofin ƙasashen waje na Najeriya, Aminu ya kasance mai goyon bayan [[Pan-Africanism|ra'ayin Afirka ta Kudu]], yana mai jayayya cewa ya kamata Najeriya ta zama "tushen gwagwarmaya da mulkin mallaka na fararen fata". Ya ci gaba da matsa lamba ga Najeriya da ta ƙara goyon bayanta ga [[Internal resistance to apartheid|ƙoƙarin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu]], sannan ya ƙarfafa gwiwar Najeriya ta ci gaba da shiga cikin dawo da "zaman lafiya da mutunci a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]] ". : 188 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Federation of Nigeria |date=1960 |title=House of Representatives Debates Official Report Vol. II (Session 1960-61), 19th -23rd, 25th - 29th April, 2nd May 1960 |url=https://ir.nilds.gov.ng/handle/123456789/885 |journal=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates |language=en |publisher=[[National Institute for Legislative Studies|National Institute for Legislative and Democratic Studies]]}}</ref> <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Federation of Nigeria |date=1961 |title=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates First Parliament Second Session 1961-1962, Vol. I |url=https://ir.nilds.gov.ng/handle/123456789/895 |journal=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates |language=en |publisher=[[National Institute for Legislative Studies|National Institute for Legislative and Democratic Studies]]}}</ref> <ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Federation of Nigeria |date=1962 |title=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates First Parliament Third Session 1962-1963, Vol. II |url=https://ir.nilds.gov.ng/handle/123456789/913 |journal=House of Representative Parliamentary Debates |language=en |publisher=[[National Institute for Legislative Studies|National Institute for Legislative and Democratic Studies]]}}</ref> An naɗa Aminu a matsayin [[Firayim Minista na Najeriya|wakilin]] [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (MDD) wanda tsohon abokin aikinsa daga Bauchi, [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], ya naɗa, kuma ba shi da tsattsauran ra'ayi idan aka kwatanta da ayyukansa na gida. A lokacin da yake aiki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, musamman kan harkokin ƙasa da ƙasa, ya daidaita kansa da "ci gaba da kuma rashin tsauraran ra'ayi." A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'ar Afirka, ya yi kira da a bai wa Najeriya matsayi mara haɗin kai, yana mai imani da manufar ' diflomasiyya ba ta haɗin gwiwa ba '. <ref name=":1" /> : 189–191  : 29–31  [[Fayil:ASC_Leiden_-_NSAG_-_Crebolder_1_-_076_-_Political_parties_"N.C.N.C.",_"N.E.P.U."_and_"Sawaba"_-_Lagos,_Nigeria_-_February_13-14,_1962_(cropped).tif|thumb| Ofishin NCNC-NEPU (1962)]] A lokacin da Aminu ke aiki a Majalisar Dokoki a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], gudanar da NEPU ya zama abin ƙalubale. A farkon shekarar 1961, [[Joseph Tarka]], shugaban jam'iyyar [[United Middle Belt Congress]] (UMBC), ya gabatar da shawarar kawance tsakanin NEPU da jam'iyyarsa don kafa wata babbar kawance don kalubalantar NPC a Arewa. Duk da haka, sharaɗin shine NEPU za ta goyi bayan burin UMBC na ƙirƙirar wata jiha [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|ta Tsakiya]] . Duk da cewa Aminu ya ga fa'idodi masu yawa a cikin kawancen, amma ya ƙi saboda alaƙar UMBC da Action Group (AG). Ya fassara shawarar a matsayin wani yunƙuri na kai tsaye da AG ta yi na yanke alaƙar NCNC da NEPU, babbar ƙungiyar adawa a kudu. Duk da adawar da wasu 'yan NEPU suka nuna, shawarar UMBC ta samu karbuwa, kuma kin amincewa da Aminu ya fuskanci suka. Rashin aikin NEPU a [[Zaben majalisa na Yankin Arewa na 1961|zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta Arewa na 1961]], inda suka sami kujera ɗaya kacal, ya ƙara wa jam'iyyar rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikinta. : 196  : 421  : 183 A shekarar 1963, gwamnatin yankin Arewa ta sauke [[Muhammadu Sanusi I|Muhammadu Sanusi]] daga kan karagar mulki a matsayin Sarkin Kano. Aminu ya yi zargin [[Ahmadu Bello]], [[Firimiya na Arewacin Najeriya|Firimiyan Arewacin Najeriya]] kuma shugaban jam'iyyar NPC, da hannu a tsige shi. Ya rarraba fosta da farfaganda da ke kama da hamayyar tarihi tsakanin [[Daular Sokoto|Sokoto]] da [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] . An maye gurbin Sanusi da tsohon [[Muhammad Inuwa]], wanda ke da kyakkyawar alaƙa da Aminu. Magoya bayan Sanusi sun kafa jam'iyyar [[Kano People's Party]] (KPP), da nufin dawowarsa ko kuma ɗansa Ado Sanusi ya hau mulki. Jam'iyyar KPP ta yi kawance da NEPU, duk da cewa ba ta da niyyar dawo da Sanusi. A wani yunƙuri na ceto goyon baya a Kano, NPC ta yi kira ga magoya bayanta da su tarbi sabon Sarkin. Bayan an ci zarafin magoya bayan NEPU a taron, sun shirya wani babban taro washegari inda mutane 35,000 suka halarta, inda Sarkin ya karɓe su da kyau. Inuwa ya mutu washegari bayan wannan taro, kuma Bello, a yunƙurin gujewa ƙarin tashin hankali, ya naɗa [[Ado Bayero]], ɗan'uwan Sanusi kuma jakadan Najeriya a [[Senegal]], a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. Tsige Sanusi ya yi tasiri sosai kan goyon bayan NEPU a Kano da kuma tada jijiyoyin wuya a tsakanin Kano da Sokoto, musamman a tsakanin [[Sufiyya|mabiya darikar Sufaye]] [[Tijaniyyah|na Tijjaniyya]] da [[Qadiriya|Qadriyya]] . Duk da cewa Aminu bai da alaƙa da kowace irin 'yan'uwantaka ta Sufi, ya fahimci muhimmancinsu a Arewacin Najeriya kuma ya yi amfani da hamayya don ciyar da muradun NEPU gaba. A lokacin yakin neman zaben tarayya na 1964, Aminu ya ziyarci Sheikh [[Ibrahim Niass]], shugaban Tijanni mai tasiri, a Kaolack wanda ya haifar da hotunan Aminu yana karɓar albarka daga Sheikh da ke yawo a Arewacin Najeriya. : 182 <ref name=":1" /> : 200–206 <ref name=":26" /> : 290  : 170–183  [[Fayil:Premier_of_Nigeria_Sir_Ahmadu_Bello_far_right_leaving_the_Atomic_Museum_Oak_Ridge_(7196110822).jpg|thumb| Sarkin Kano Muhammad Sanusi I (M) da Sir Ahmadu Bello (R) suna barin Gidan Tarihi na Atomic da ke Oak Ridge, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (1960)]] Bayan UMBC ta kawo ƙarshen kawancenta da ƙungiyar Action Group, NEPU da UMBC sun kafa [[Arewa Progressive Front|ƙungiyar Northern Progressive Front]] (NPF), da nufin "rushe yankin Arewa mai rinjaye, don ba da isasshen murya ga manyan ƙungiyoyin tsiraru". Jam'iyyar KPP da sauran ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sun shiga NPF, tare da fatan kafa jihar Kano mai cin gashin kanta daban. Yayin da ƙasar ke gab da zaɓe, dukkan yankuna uku sun fuskanci tashin hankali da kuma zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa. A Kano, Aminu, a matsayinsa na shugaban NEPU, ya gana da [[Ibrahim Musa Gashash|Ibrahim Gashash]], shugaban jam'iyyar NPC, domin rage tashin hankali ta hanyar amincewa kan yadda za a gudanar da zabe. Gashash ya amince ya shawo kan shugabannin jam'iyyarsa su guji rikice-rikicen da ke zubar da jini "amma duk sun yi nasara". A ranar 28 ga Disamba, kwana biyu kacal kafin zaɓen, Shugaba [[Nnamdi Azikiwe|Azikiwe]] ya bukaci Firayim Minista Balewa da ya dage zaɓen na tsawon watanni shida saboda ƙaruwar tashin hankali, sannan ya nemi Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sa ido a kansa. Balewa ya ƙi amincewa da buƙatar, yana mai cewa hakan ya fi ƙarfinsa. Shugaban [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya]], ba tare da tuntubar sauran membobi ba, shi ma ya yi watsi da shi. Wanda hakan ya sa uku daga cikin shida daga cikin membobin kwamitin suka yi murabus. Rashin adalci da ake gani da kuma zargin cin hanci da rashawa sun sa 'yan takara da jam'iyyu da dama suka kauracewa zaben, wanda hakan ya haifar da "matsala". Aminu ya sha kaye a mazabarsa ta Kano ta Gabas a hannun dan takarar NPC, [[Mahmud Dantata]], dan [[Alhassan Dantata]] kuma tsohon dan NEPU, inda Dantata ya samu kuri'u 1,700 yayin da Aminu ya samu kuri'u 690 cikin 40,000 da suka cancanci kada kuri'a. : 312  : 207–211  Bayan zaɓen, Aminu da kwamitin aiki na tsakiya na NEPU sun shirya wani taro don sake tsara dabarunsu. An rubuta "Fararen Takarda Kan Matsalolin Siyasa Da Nijeriya Ke Fuskanta" don gabatarwa, wanda ya kimanta rawar da NEPU ke takawa da kuma shawarwarin gyare-gyaren ƙungiyoyi. Wannan babban taron ya kasance mafi girma a tarihin jam'iyyar, inda wakilai daga ɗaruruwan rassanta a faɗin Arewa suka halarta. Daga cikin batutuwan da aka tattauna sun haɗa da yiwuwar haɗa dukkan jam'iyyun siyasa na adawa a Arewa, kafa "jam'iyyar ƙasa mai cikakken iko", ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi, da kuma kafa tallafin karatu. Taron ya kuma haifar da kafa ƙungiyar Movement of [[Kano People's Party|Kano State Movement]] (KSM), wadda ta ƙunshi NEPU, KPP, da wasu membobin NPC masu adawa da juna. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 1965, an gudanar da wani taro na jama'a don ƙaddamar da KSM, wanda ya jawo hankalin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a tarihin siyasar Arewacin Najeriya. Ahmadu Trader, abokin Aminu na dogon lokaci, an naɗa shi shugaban farko, Aminu kuma mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin siyasa. : 213–215 Babban burin KSM shine kafa jihar Kano daban. : 271  [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta 0tc86qxujfrtlwjbyp0jxao0rwrwegy 0 10760 975867 967945 2026-11-04T17:51:28Z M Bash Ne 12403 975867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Agwam Fantswam II with KD Dep. Gov.jpg|thumb|sabuwa bakarabe]] [[Fayil:Agwam Fantswam II with KD Dep. Gov (cropped).jpg|thumb|Agwam fantswaem]] '''Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe''' [[Dan Nijeriya|Yar'Najeriya]] ce, kuma yar'siyasa, wanda aka zaba tazama mataimakiyar gwamnan [[Jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]]. An kuma zaɓe ta tareda da tsohon gwamna wato malam Nasiru Ahmad El rufa'i a shekarar 2019, ƙarƙashin jam'iyar [[All Progressive Congress|APC]].<ref>[https://www.blueprint.ng/2019-which-way-southern-kaduna "2019, Which way Southern Kaduna?"] ''[[Blueprint]]'' Retrieved 28 February, 2019.</ref><ref>Aza MSUE. [https://www.leadership.ng/2019/03/12/deputy-governor-elect-hadiza-balarabe-chairs-kaduna-transition-commitee "Duputy Governor-elect Hadiza Balarabe Chairs Transition Committee 2019"]{{Dead link|date=October 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} ''[[Leadership_(newspaper)]]'' Kaduna State. Retrieved 12 March 2019</ref><ref>https://ng.opera.news/tags/aGFkaXphLXNhYnV3YS1iYWxhcmFiZS1oYWRpemE={{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/politics/8af9b04b39cc9349e72837ad0d937d03{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2019, a matsayinta na mataimakiya gwamna, ta gabatar da kasafin kudin sabuwar shekara ta 2020 na gwamnatin jihar Kaduna a gaban [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kaduna|majalisar dokokin jihar]] [[Kaduna (jiha)|Kaduna]], inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta taba yin hakan a [[Arewacin Najeriya]].<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/features-and-interviews/357818-for-the-record-full-speech-by-kaduna-acting-governor-on-presentation-of-2020-budget.html</ref><ref>https://dailypost.ng/2020/04/23/kaduna-deputy-governor-hadiza-balarabe-warns-public-against-internet-scammers/</ref> A shekarar 2022, ta yi burin tsayawa takarar gwamna a zaɓen shekara ta 2023 amma ta janye, aka zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar ɗan takarar jam’iyyar APC, Sanata [[Uba Sani]].<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/kaduna-guber-uba-sani-announces-hadiza-balarabe-deputy-governor-as-running-mate</ref><ref>https://www.blueprint.ng/the-making-of-nigerias-first-female-governor/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/04/07/top-5-influential-female-politicians-in-nigeria-you-may-not-know/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221211851/https://newswirengr.com/2022/04/07/top-5-influential-female-politicians-in-nigeria-you-may-not-know/ |archive-date=2023-02-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2023, an sake zabar ta a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamna. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Hadiza haifaffiyar gidan Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe ne a karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] ta jihar [[Kaduna]]. Ta Yi karatu a makarantar ‘yan mata ta Dake Soba, sannan ta samu admission a babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Jami’ar Maiduguri]] inda ta yi karatun likitanci sannan ta kammala MBBS a 1986.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ daga asali https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/</ref> == Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi == An haifi Hadiza Balarabe a cikin iyalin Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe da ke yankin karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Duniyar, Kagoro, Jihar Kaduna a 1977 inda ta sami takardar shaidar barin makaranta ta farko. Ta ci gaba da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Gwamnati a Soba, yanzu da aka sani da Makarantar Kimiyya ta 'yan Mata ta Gwamnati ta Soba don karatun sakandare kuma ta sami Babban Takardar shaidar Ilimi (GCE) a 1982, <ref name=":0"/> Daga nan sai ta shiga cikin babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] don karatun likita kuma ta kammala karatun MBBS a 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Governor – Kaduna State Government |url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita [[Musulmi]] ce. Ta ci gaba da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Gwamnati a Soba, yanzu da aka sani da Makarantar Kimiyya ta 'yan Mata ta Gwamnati ta Soba don karatun sakandare kuma ta sami Babban Takardar shaidar Ilimi (GCE) a shekarar alif 1982, <ref name=":0" /> Daga nan sai ta shiga cikin babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] don karatun likita kuma ta kammala karatun MBBS a shekarar alif 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Governor – Kaduna State Government |url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> An haifi Hadiza Balarabe a cikin iyalin Alhaji Abubakar Balarabe da ke yankin karamar hukumar [[Sanga]] na [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Duniyar, Kagoro,A Jihar Kaduna a shekarar alif 1977 inda ta sami takardar shaidar barin makaranta ta farko. Ta ci gaba da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Gwamnati a Soba, yanzu da aka sani da Makarantar Kimiyya ta 'yan Mata ta Gwamnati ta Soba don karatun sakandare kuma ta sami Babban Takardar shaidar Ilimi (GCE) a shekarar alif 1982, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-07 |title=Ngozi Odu, Hadiza Balarabe, Patricia Obila and oda women wey be Deputy govnors for Nigeria |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c519336n1wdo |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga nan sai ta shiga cikin babbar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] don karatun likita kuma ta kammala karatun MBBS a shekarar alif 1986. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Governor – Kaduna State Government |url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110014236/https://kdsg.gov.ng/deputy-governor/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita [[Musulmi]] ce. == Political Career == A ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2019, a matsayin mukaddashin gwamna,ta gabatar da kasafin kudin Sabuntawa na Gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna na shekarar 2020 ga Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Kadun, don haka ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi hakan a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]]. A cikin shekarar 2022, tayi farin ciki da yin takara a matsayin gwamna a lokacin [[Zaben Najeriya na 2023|Babban zaben 2023]] amma ta janye kuma an zaba ta a matsayin abokin takara ga All Progressives Congress, dan takarar yarjejeniyar APC, Sanata [[Uba Sani]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Top 5 influential female politicians in Nigeria you may not know |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/04/07/top-5-influential-female-politicians-in-nigeria-you-may-not-know/ |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221211851/https://newswirengr.com/2022/04/07/top-5-influential-female-politicians-in-nigeria-you-may-not-know/ |archive-date=2023-02-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> .A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, an sake zabar ta mataimakiyar gwamna. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}}{{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Balarabe, Hadiza Sabuwa}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] qqnrw2wozzwa0njcox3zjdsxtu33u5a 0 11137 976122 906666 2026-11-05T11:29:25Z Zahrah0 14848 976122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Halimatu Ayinde''' (an haife ta ne a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, shekarar alif 1995) ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce daga [[Najeriya]] wadda take taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. LTa yi fice wajen taka leda tare da ƙungiyar mata ta ƙasar Najeriya, wato ''Super Falcons'', inda ta wakilci ƙasar a manyan gasanni na duniya da nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/teams/nigeria/squad](https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/teams/nigeria/squad) |title=FIFA Women's World Cup 2023 – Nigeria Squad |publisher=FIFA |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Halimatu Ayinde a jihar Kaduna da ke arewacin Najeriya. Tun tana ƙarama take nuna sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ta fara taka leda a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kafin daga baya ta samu damar shiga manyan kungiyoyin mata a Najeriya. Hazakarta da ƙwarewarta wajen sarrafa ƙwallo da kare tsakiyar fili sun taimaka mata wajen zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan mata na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.cafonline.com/](https://www.cafonline.com/) |title=CAF Player Profile – Halimatu Ayinde |publisher=Confederation of African Football |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙungiya == Ayinde ta fara taka leda a matakin ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar ''Delta Queens'' ta Najeriya. A lokacin da take can, ta taimaka wajen bunƙasa ƙungiyar tare da nuna ƙwarewa sosai a tsakiyar fili. Bayan nasarorin da ta samu a gida Najeriya, ta samu damar zuwa ƙasashen waje domin ci gaba da taka leda a matakin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.flashscore.com/player/ayinde-halimatu/](https://www.flashscore.com/player/ayinde-halimatu/) |title=Halimatu Ayinde Player Stats |publisher=Flashscore |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2015, Ayinde ta koma ƙungiyar ''Western New York Flash'' a Amurka inda ta taka leda a gasar mata ta National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). Duk da cewa zamanta bai daɗe sosai ba, hakan ya ba ta damar samun gogewa a ɗaya daga cikin manyan gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.nwslsoccer.com/](https://www.nwslsoccer.com/) |title=NWSL Player Information – Halimatu Ayinde |publisher=NWSL |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daga baya ta koma ƙasar Sweden inda ta shiga ƙungiyar ''Eskilstuna United''. A can ne Ayinde ta fara nuna bajintarta sosai a nahiyar Turai, inda ta zama muhimmin ɓangare na ƙungiyar wajen kare baya da kuma haɗa kai tsakanin 'yan wasan tsakiya. Ta shafe shekaru masu yawa tana taka rawar gani a kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://escunited.com/](https://escunited.com/) |title=Eskilstuna United Squad Profile |publisher=Eskilstuna United |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2021 ta koma ƙungiyar ''BK Häcken'' ta Sweden, inda ta ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a gasar Damallsvenskan. Kwarewarta wajen kwace ƙwallo da taka rawar jagoranci sun sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan tsakiyar fili a gasar mata ta Sweden.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://bkhacken.se/](https://bkhacken.se/) |title=BK Häcken Women's Team |publisher=BK Häcken |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙasa da ƙasa == Ayinde ta fara wakiltar Najeriya a matakin manya tun daga shekarar 2015. Ta kasance cikin tawagar ''Super Falcons'' da ta halarci gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA da kuma gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta mata (WAFCON).<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.fifa.com/](https://www.fifa.com/) |title=Halimatu Ayinde – FIFA Profile |publisher=FIFA |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa Najeriya lashe gasar ''Women's Africa Cup of Nations'' a shekarun 2016 da 2018. Salon wasanta na ƙarfi da kuma iya katse hare-haren abokan hamayya sun sa masu horarwa suka riƙa dogaro da ita sosai a manyan wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.bbc.com/sport/football](https://www.bbc.com/sport/football) |title=Super Falcons and WAFCON Coverage |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ayinde ta kuma wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar 2019 da kuma ta 2023. A gasar 2023, ta taimaka wa Najeriya kaiwa zagayen ‘yan 16 bayan nuna ƙwazo a wasannin rukuni.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023](https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023) |title=FIFA Women's World Cup Australia & New Zealand 2023 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == An fi sanin Halimatu Ayinde da ƙwarewarta wajen kare tsakiyar fili, kwace ƙwallaye, da kuma hana abokan hamayya samun damar kai hari. Tana da ƙarfin jiki da kuma iya rarraba ƙwallo cikin natsuwa. Wannan ya sa take da muhimmanci ga ƙungiyarta da kuma tawagar ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.goal.com/](https://www.goal.com/) |title=Analysis of Halimatu Ayinde's Playing Style |publisher=Goal.com |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Najeriya === * '''Women's Africa Cup of Nations''' Zakara: 2016, 2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://www.cafonline.com/womens-africa-cup-of-nations/](https://www.cafonline.com/womens-africa-cup-of-nations/) |title=WAFCON Winners History |publisher=CAF |access-date=7 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Kungiyoyi === * '''BK Häcken''' Svenska Cupen Women: 2022–23<ref>{{Cite web |url=[https://bkhacken.se/](https://bkhacken.se/) |title=BK Häcken Honours |publisher=BK Häcken |access-date=7 Mayu 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == f7euh5lvpl76jwoydpwvs0fal6oc3jn 0 13451 975891 902171 2026-11-04T18:51:09Z Zahrah0 14848 975891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Firdausi Qadri''' (an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekara ta alif 1951) masaniyar kimiyya ce yar Bangladesh ce wanda ta ƙware a fannin ilimin rigakafi da kuma binciken cututtukan masu kamuwa da mutane. Ta yi aiki a tsawon shekaru 25 kan ci gaban rigakafin rigakafin cutar kwalara kuma tana da ƙwarewa kan sauran cututtukan da ke kama da cutar kamar ETEC, Typhoid, ''Helicobacter pylori'', rotavirus, da dai sauransu. A halin yanzu, tana aiki a matsayin darekta na Cibiyar Kula da Magungunan Cutar Kwayar cuta ta Duniya na Cututtuka da Bincike, Bangladesh (icddr, b). Har ila yau, tana shugabar} ungiyar Cibiyar inganta dabarun Kimiyya da Lafiya. Nasarar da ta samu a kimiyyance ta ta'allaka ne da cututtukan shiga ciki da alluran rigakafin ciki har da Vibrio cholerae da enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli —major sanadin kamuwa da cutar [[gudawa]] . Ta ya kuma mayar da hankali kan karatu da na rigakafi da martani a H.pylori kamu mutane a Bangladesh da martani a marasa [[lafiya]] tare da typhoid zazzabi, kazalika da vaccinees. == Ilimi da cancantar ƙwararru == Qadri ta sami digirin digirinta na B.Sc da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin kimiya da kwayoyin halitta daga Jami'ar Dhaka, Bangladesh a 1975 da 1977 bi da bi. A 1980, ta sami digirinsa na Ph.D. digiri a cikin ilimin ilimin halittu / immunology daga Jami'ar Liverpool, United Kingdom. Bayan da ta kammala karatun ta na zamani a cikin tsarin rigakafi daga icddr, b, sai ta shiga a matsayin mataimakiyar masanin kimiyya a 1988 a cikin wannan makarantar. A yanzu haka, ita babbar jami'ar kimiya ce kuma darekta a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Alurar, icddr, b. == Gudummawar bincike == Qadri ta mayar da hankali kan bincikerta game da cututtukan kwayoyin cuta, musamman a bangarorin rigakafi, kwayoyin, fasaha na kariya da kuma bincike, da haɓaka maganin alurar rigakafi. Ta yi ƙoƙari ta gabatar da sabon rigakafin cutar amai da gudawa a cikin Bangladesh don maye gurbin Dukoral, wanda ke da tsada ga talakawa kuma marasa tsada kamar kayan aiki na lafiyar jama'a. Ta nuna inganci na maganin Shanchol a cikin yawan jama'a a wurare masu rauni a Dhaka, sannan ta yi aiki don ganin an karɓe ta azaman matakin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a Bangladesh, ciki har da 'yan gudun hijirar Rohingya. == Girmama da lambobin yabo == A cikin 2012, an bata Qadri lambar girmamawa ta Fondation Christophe et Rodolphe Mérieux 'Grand Prize' wacce ake kira "Babban lambar yabo" ta Christophe Mérieux ", saboda binciken da ta yi kan cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.institut-de-france.fr/sites/institut-de-france.fr/files/prix_merieux_2013_appel_candidatures_ang.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-04-04 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040213/http://www.institut-de-france.fr/sites/institut-de-france.fr/files/prix_merieux_2013_appel_candidatures_ang.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan lambar yabo ta sami damar kirkirar Cibiyar Raya Kwarewar Kimiyya da Kiwon Lafiya (ideSHi) a cikin 2014. A shekarar 2014, an ba ta suna a matsayin memba a cikin wani babban kwamiti wanda zai ba da shawara ga babban magatakardar MDD game da tsari da aiki na bankin Fasaha da Kimiyya da Fasaha da kere-kere da ke tallafawa kere-keren kasashe masu ci gaba. == Memba kungiy0yi == Qadri wanda ta kirkiro kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kungiyar Masana binciken halittu na Bangladesh . Ita ce jakadan kasa da kasa na kungiyar American American for Microbiology Bangladesh kuma abokiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Bangladesh tun daga 2008. == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Gwal ta Zinare daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Bangladesh a 2005 * Christophe Mérieux lambar yabo a 2012 * Anannya Top Ten Awards a 2013 * Kyautar CNR Rao a shekarar 2013, daya daga cikin lambobin yabo TWAS, wanda cibiyar ilimin kimiyyar duniya ce ta ci gaban kimiyya a kasashe masu tasowa. * L'Oréal-UNESCO Ga Mata a Awards na Kimiyya a 2020 == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1951]] 0wq4gv71x4b5b2okd0pdhjgty33llsf 0 13865 976157 703282 2026-11-05T11:58:06Z Zahrah0 14848 976157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * [[Fayil:Regina Daniels close.png|thumb|'''Regina Daniels''']]'''Regina Daniels''' An haife ta ne a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, a shekaran 2000 ta kasan ce yar wasan fim ce na [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]],kuma mai shirya fina-finai a kamfanin fim na [[Nollywood]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stargist.com/nigerian_celebrity/about-regina-daniels-regina-daniels-biography-regina-daniels-profile-regina-daniels-wikipedia/|title=10 Things You Need To Know About 21-Year-Old Nollywood Actress, Regina Daniels|date=2016-12-29|newspaper=Nigerian Celebrity News + Latest Entertainment News|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-30|archive-date=2017-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618032211/http://stargist.com/nigerian_celebrity/about-regina-daniels-regina-daniels-biography-regina-daniels-profile-regina-daniels-wikipedia|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.naija.ng/1100121-regina-daniels-nigerian-actress-biography.html#1100121|title=Top 5 facts from ☀ Regina Daniels' biography you should know|last=Ibenegbu|first=George|date=2018-02-22|work=Naija.ng – Nigeria news.|access-date=2018-09-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite news|url=https://www.naija.ng/1100121-regina-daniels-nigerian-actress-biography.html#1100121|title=Top 5 facts from ☀ Regina Daniels' biography you should know|last=Ibenegbu|first=George|date=2018-02-22|work=Naija.ng – Nigeria news.|access-date=2018-09-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.informationng.com/2016/07/regina-daniels-as-a-14-year-old-actress-i-earned-n500000-for-a-role.html|title=Regina Daniels: As A 14 Year-Old Actress, I Earned N500,000 For A Role|last=Deolu|date=2016-07-23|website=INFORMATION NIGERIA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2019/02/24/teen-actress-regina-daniels-flaunts-hot-body-on-election-day-after-being-disqualified-by-age/|title=Teen Actress, Regina Daniels flaunts hot body on election day after being disqualified by age|date=2019-02-24|website=Within Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.naija.ng/1100121-regina-daniels-nigerian-actress-biography.html#1100121|title=Top 5 facts from ☀ Regina Daniels' biography you should know|last=Ibenegbu|first=George|date=2018-02-22|work=Naija.ng – Nigeria news.|access-date=2018-09-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/teen-actress-regina-daniels-bags-igbinedion-university-award/|title=Teen Actress Regina Daniels Bags Igbinedion University Award|website=Eagle Online|access-date=2018-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2017/11/08/regina-daniels-igbinedion-university/|title=Regina Daniels Attends Igbinedion University, Shocking Revelations About Her Education Life|access-date=2018-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.36ng.ng/2017/11/08/regina-daniels-igbinedion-university/|title=Regina Daniels Attends Igbinedion University, Shocking Revelations About Her Education Life {{!}} 36NG|last=Oladimeji|date=2017-11-08|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.informationng.com/2017/09/nurtured-daughter-become-nollywood-superstar-actress-rita-daniels-photos.html|title=How I nurtured my daughter to become a Nollywood superstar – Actress Rita Daniels (Photos)|last=OGA|date=2017-09-14|website=INFORMATION NIGERIA|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/mum-suffered-to-ensure-i-became-movie-star-regina-daniels/|title=Mum suffered to ensure I became movie star –Regina Daniels|date=2018-02-03|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghafla.com/ng/regina-daniels-nollywoods-teen-star/|title=Regina Daniels, Nollywood's Teen Star|last=Omaku|first=Josephine|date=2017-09-08|website=Ghafla! Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07|archive-date=2020-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106152219/http://www.ghafla.com/ng/regina-daniels-nollywoods-teen-star/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/01/21/2019-presidency-regina-daniels-gets-appointment-atiku/|title=2019 presidency: Regina Daniels gets appointment from Atiku|last=Imenger|first=Senater|date=2019-01-21|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/307038-election-atiku-gives-actress-regina-daniels-appointment.html|title=Election: Atiku gives actress Regina Daniels appointment|last=Augoye|first=Jayne|date=2019-01-21|website=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/regina-daniels-atiku-campaign/|title=Regina Daniels, Nollywood starlet, appointed Atiku campaign youth coordinator|date=2019-01-21|website=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/nigeria/regina-daniels-and-59-year-old-husband-love-up-as-she-holds-star-studded-magazine-launch/ar-BB10jJCv?li=BBKhQr3|title=Regina Daniels and 59-year-old husband love up as she holds star-studded magazine launch|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghafla.com/ng/regina-daniels-allegedly-reported-pimp/|title=Regina Daniels allegedly reported to be a pimp|last=Mohammed|first=Abisola|date=2017-11-22|website=Ghafla! Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07|archive-date=2019-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507205253/http://www.ghafla.com/ng/regina-daniels-allegedly-reported-pimp/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amore.ng/regina-daniels-accused-cyber-crime-blogger/|title=Regina Daniels accused of cyber crime by blogger|date=2017-11-21|website=Amoré|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07|archive-date=2019-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507205253/https://www.amore.ng/regina-daniels-accused-cyber-crime-blogger/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/33214/actress-regina-daniel-speaks-about-alleged-fraud-case.html|title=Actress, Regina Daniel Speaks about Alleged Fraud Case|last=|first=|date=2017-11-24|website=Modern Ghana|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gistreel.com/sex-for-movie-role-regina-daniels-arrests-guy-impersonating-her-video/|title=Sex for movie role: Regina Daniels arrests guy impersonating her (video)|last=Olajide|first=Ola|date=2017-11-23|website=GistReel|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07|archive-date=2019-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507205251/https://www.gistreel.com/sex-for-movie-role-regina-daniels-arrests-guy-impersonating-her-video/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wuzupnigeria.com/regina-daniels-finally-arrests-fake-movie/|title=Regina Daniels finally arrests fake movie producer and his crew impersonating her – WuzupNigeria Entertainment|last=wuzupnaija|date=2017-11-23|website=WuzupNigeria|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-07|archive-date=2019-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507205252/https://wuzupnigeria.com/regina-daniels-finally-arrests-fake-movie/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-nigeriang.com/ned-nwoko-the-man-behind-regina-daniels-cars-house/|title=Ned Nwoko, the man behind Regina Daniels' cars, house – e-NIGERIA!|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07|archive-date=2020-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824155951/https://e-nigeriang.com/ned-nwoko-the-man-behind-regina-daniels-cars-house/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite.web|url=https://www.yabaleftonline.ng/ned-nwoko-allegedly-behind-regina-daniels-cars-house-e-nigeria-reveals/|title=Ned Nwoko Is Allegedly Behind Regina Daniels’ Cars, House – e-NIGERIA! Reveals|last=A|first=Lawrence|date=2019-04-01|website=YabaLeftOnline|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1230879-ex-house-reps-member-allegedly-regina-daniels-wealth.html|title=Ex-House of Reps member alleged to be behind Regina Daniels' wealth|last=Ayoola|first=Simbiat|date=2019-04-02|website=Legit.ng – Nigeria news.|language=en|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kemifilani.com/2019/04/meet-the-billionaire-who-is-responsible-for-actress-regina-daniels-extravagant-lifestyle.html|title=Meet the Billionaire who is responsible for Actress Regina Daniels’ extravagant Lifestyle|date=2019-04-02|website=Kemi Filani News|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.concisenews.global/2019/04/09/its-an-honour-to-be-6th-wife-than-sidechick-etinosa-defends-regina-daniels-video/|title=It's An Honour To Be 6th Wife Than Sidechick, Etinosa Defends Regina Daniels (Video)|last=Alabi|first=Gabriel|date=2019-04-09|website=Concise News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07|archive-date=2019-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507214627/https://www.concisenews.global/2019/04/09/its-an-honour-to-be-6th-wife-than-sidechick-etinosa-defends-regina-daniels-video/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1232417-actress-etinosa-ned-nwoko-honoured-regina-daniels-by-marrying-making-a-side-chic.html|title=Actress Etinosa reacts to Regina Daniel's marriage to Ned Nwoko as sixth wife|last=Yaakugh|first=Caroline|date=2019-04-09|website=Legit.ng – Nigeria news.|language=en|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lailasnews.com/regina-daniels-6th-wife-sidechick-etinosa/|title=Etinosa: Regina Daniels better as 6th wife than a side chick|date=2019-04-09|website=Nigeria News {{!}} Laila's Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07|archive-date=2019-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508041512/https://lailasnews.com/regina-daniels-6th-wife-sidechick-etinosa/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == [[File:Regina Daniels.png|thumb|Regina Daniels]] Regina Daniels ta halarci Makarantar Hollywood ta Duniya kuma a cikin shekarar 2018, Daniels ta ci gaba da karatun Mass Communication a Jami'ar Igbinedion .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/is-regina-daniels-married-to-ned-nwoko/|title=Is Regina Daniels married to Ned Nwoko?|date=2019-04-28|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2019/05/01/regina-daniels-meets-co-wifes-children-photos/|title=Regina Daniels meets co-wife's children (photos)|date=2019-05-01|website=Within Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/05/04/regina-daniels-relishing-romance-with-ned-nwoko/|title=Regina Daniels Relishing Romance with Ned Nwoko|last=editor|date=2019-05-04|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref>. == Fim == [[File:Regina daniels.png|thumb|Regina Daniels]] Ta fara aiki tun tana shekara bakwai; mahaifiyarta Rita Daniels yar wasan kwaikwayo ce. Ta samu tallafi daga mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta. Fim dinta na farko shine ''Aure na baqin ciki'' wanda ya samu kyautar Naira dubu goma 10,000 na Najeriya. Ta fito a wani [[ Nollywood|fim]] din [[ Nollywood|Nollywood]] mai taken " ''Miracle Child'' " a cikin shekarar 2010.A watan Janairun shekarar 2019 ne aka nada Daniels a matsayin Shugaban Kungiyar 'Yan Gudanar da Matasa na [[Alh. Atiku Abubakar]] . A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2020, ta kirkiri wata mujalla mai suna bayanta a wani otal a Abuja. == Fina finai == * ''[[:en:Dumebi_(film)|Dumebi in School]]'' * ''Python Girl'' * ''The Bat-Man'' * ''The Jericho'' * ''Plantain Girl'' * ''Jaja the Great'' * ''The Jericho'' (as producer) * ''Twins Apart'' (as producer) * ''Tears of Ojiugo'' * ''Wipe your Sorrows'' * ''Royal Covenant'' * ''Traditional War (Part 1)'' * ''Stronger Than the Gods'' * ''The King and The Python'' * ''Hanging Coffin'' * ''Evil messenger'' 1 and 2 * ''Queen Rebeca'' == Matsaloli == A ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2017 Regina Daniels an zargi ta da hannu don samun cikakkiyar hotunan wata yar wasan kwaikwayo. A wata sanarwa da aka wallafa a shafin sada zumunta na Facebook Amanda Chisom, wadda aka azabtar ta ce ta aika hotuna masu matukar karfi ga Regina Daniels kuma Daniels ta nemi ta haɗu da wani mai shirya fina - finai wanda zai horar da ita kan kasancewarta mai wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau. Bayan taron Regina Daniels da aka ce sun yi fushi da wanda aka azabtar ya zuga cewa mai son yin fim ɗin ya kamata ta ba da kanta ga mai samarwa. A 22 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar alif 2017 Regina Daniels ta musanta dukkan zarge-zargen inda ta ce wata budurwa ce ke amfani da sunanta don nuna masu wasan kwaikwayo. A ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2017,'yan sanda sun kama mai gabatar da makircin kuma an yi wa Regina Daniels alfarma. == Aure da Ned Nwoko == Ranar 1 ga watan Afrilu,shekarar 2019 e-Nigeria! Shafin yanar gizo ya ba da wani littafin da ke nuna cewa Ned Nwoko shi ne mai tallafawa Regina Daniels.Wannan littafin ya yi amfani da kwayar cuta ta yanar gizo kuma an ruwaito shi ta hanyar yanar gizo masu yawa a Najeriya.[[ Etinosa Idemudia|Etinosa Idemudia]] dangane da masu sukar kafofin watsa labarai ta mayar da martani game da yadda take amfani da kafofin watsa labarun ta cewa wannan abin alfahari ne cewa Regina Daniels ta kasance matar ta 6 ta shugaban majalisar dattijai a maimakon ta "side chic". A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilun shekarar alif 2019, Ned Nwoko ya samu takardar shaidar digiri na girmamawa daga Jami’ar Tarayya ta Albarkatun Albarkatun Effurun inda Harrysong ya kasance matattarar abin da ya faru yayin da aka ga Regina Daniels da Ned Nwoko suna. Magoya bayan 'yan Najeriya sun yi ta suka game da batun auren da ta auri mai shekaru 59 da haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1237112-fan-trolls-regina-daniels-mother-different-yahoo-boys.html|title=Fan drags Regina Daniels and mother, says they are no different from Yahoo Boys|last=Oluwafunmilayo|first=Akinpelu|date=2019-05-07|website=Legit.ng – Nigeria news.|language=en|access-date=2019-05-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sundiatapost.com/2019/05/07/regina-daniels-and-her-mother-are-no-different-from-yahoo-boys-says-fan/|title=Regina Daniels And Her Mother Are No Different From Yahoo Boys- Says Fan|last=UD|date=2019-05-07|website=SundiataPost|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-07|archive-date=2019-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508155829/https://sundiatapost.com/2019/05/07/regina-daniels-and-her-mother-are-no-different-from-yahoo-boys-says-fan/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Duba == [[ Jerin 'yan fim din Najeriya|Jerin 'yan fim din Najeriya]]. == Manazarta == 7k5ct5t06angv937p05ep0u4es9m66m 0 15069 975899 642934 2026-11-04T19:13:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Prof_Kate_Omenugha.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Kate Azuka Omenugha]] '''Kate Azuka Omenugha''' (an haife ta ne a ranar talatin 30 ga watan Janairun shekarar alif dari tara da sittin da biyar 1965) ita ce Kwamishinan Ilimin ta Farko a [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]], Nijeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra Basic Education Commissioner Omenugha Seeks Collaborations To Elevate Education To Enviable Heights|url=https://www.absradiotv.com/2020/03/21/anambra-basic-education-commissioner-omenugha-seeks-collaborations-to-elevate-education-to-enviable-heights/|website=Heartbeat Of The East|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=2021-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504211844/https://www.absradiotv.com/2020/03/21/anambra-basic-education-commissioner-omenugha-seeks-collaborations-to-elevate-education-to-enviable-heights/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kuruciya da ilimi == Kate Azuka Omenugha (nee Nwagwu), ta fito ne daga Ubaha Nnobi, wani gari ne a cikin [[Idemili ta Kudu|ƙaramar hukumar Idemmili ta Kudu]], jihar Anambara Najeriya. Mahaifinta Cif EB Nwagwu malami ne kuma tayi makarantu da dama a yayin da ake sauya wa mahaifinta wurin aiki, saboda haka ta yi karatun firamare a makarantar St. Mary's Primary School, Neni (1971-1972, Girls Practition School, Adazi Nnukwu ( 1972-1974) da kuma Primary school, Adazi Ani (1975). Ta fara karatun sakandare a Ojiakor Memorial Secondary School, Adazi Ani (1975-1976) sannan ta kammala karatun a Maria Regina Comprehensive Secondary School, [[Nnewi]] (1976-1980). Ta yi karatunta a matsayin mataimakiyar malama a Makarantar Sakandare ta Metuh Onitsha (1980-1981) kafin ta samu shiga Kwalejin Ilimi, Nsugbe ( wacce yanzu take Kwalejin Ilimi ta Nwafor-Orizu). A shekarar 1983, ta samu takardar shedar kammala karatu a fannin ilimi a kwalejin ilimi ta Nwafor Orizu, Nsugbe, jihar Anambra ta Najeriya, sannan ta yi karatun digiri a fannin ilimi / Turanci daga jami'ar Najeriya a 1987 sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin sadarwa a 1998 daga jami'ar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Prof. Kate Azuka Omenugha appointed Commissioner for Education in Anambra|url=https://students.com.ng/prof-kate-azuka-omenugha-appointed-commissioner-for-education-in-anambra/|last=Students|date=2014-04-24|website=Students Nigeria|language=en-CA|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=2014-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426141623/http://www.students.com.ng/prof-kate-azuka-omenugha-appointed-commissioner-for-education-in-anambra/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Har ila yau, tana da PhD a Gender, Media da Cultural Studies (2005) daga Jami'ar Gloucestershire, United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof Kate Omenugha (Sponsor, Arm Our Youths Campaign, Anambra)|url=https://ocifoundation.org/prof-kate-omenugha/|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Omenugha ta kasance malama a makarantar sakandare a Queen of Rosary College, [[Onitsha]] na dan lokaci a shekarar 1988 kafin ta koma makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata, Awka Etiti inda ta shafe shekaru goma 10 kuma ta zama Mataimakiyar Shugaban makarantar, kafin daga bisani ta shiga tsarin Jami'a a matsayin malama a 1998. Ita ce Shugabar, Sashin Sadarwa a Jami’ar Nnamdi Azikiwe (2006-2012). Haka kuma ta kasance Darakta, UNIZIK 94.1 FM, wani gidan Rediyon al'umma da Jami'ar ta ke kula da shi<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Prof. Kate Azuka Omenugha appointed Commissioner for Education in Anambra|url=https://students.com.ng/prof-kate-azuka-omenugha-appointed-commissioner-for-education-in-anambra/|last=Students|date=2014-04-24|website=Students Nigeria|language=en-CA|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=2014-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426141623/http://www.students.com.ng/prof-kate-azuka-omenugha-appointed-commissioner-for-education-in-anambra/|url-status=dead}}</ref>An yi mata Kwamishina, a Ma’aikatar Ilimi (2014-2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Don appointed Anambra Commissioner for Education|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/04/don-appointed-anambra-commissioner-education/|date=2014-04-23|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref>Jihar Anambra kuma ta zama Kwamishinar Ilimin Firamare daga 2014 zuwa yau a wannan Jiha. Ita ce Mataimakin Shugaban (Kudu maso Gabas), Associationungiyar Masana Sadarwa da Communicwararru, Nijeriya (ACSPN).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Kate Omenugha, Vice President - South East|url=https://www.acspn.com.ng/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Prof.-Kate-Omenugha-Vice-President-South-East-.jpg|website=ACSPN|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> A karkashin kulawar ta a matsayin kwamishina a Ma’aikatar Ilimi a jihar, dalibai da malamai sun sami nasarori da yawa wanda duka sun danganta da jagorancin ta. Wadannan sun hada da; * Daliban makarantan Regina Pacies Secondary School Onitsha, wanda suka wakilci Najeriya da Afirka a Gasar Fasahar Zamani ta Duniya (World Technovation Challenge in the Silicon Valley) wanda akayi a birnin San Francisco, kuma sun lashe kyautar Zinare a gasar (Agusta 2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra girls hit gold at World Technovation challenge|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/anambra-girls-hit-gold-at-world-technovation-challenge/|date=2018-08-11|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=2020-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726001054/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/anambra-girls-hit-gold-at-world-technovation-challenge/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Gasar Students Advancement Global Entrepreneurship (SAGE)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra State Government - Light Of The Nation|url=http://anambrastate.gov.ng/news?r=anambra-students-win-awards-in-sage-competition&hs=9bef8d3d51c0e1cffb845a318f144ce4|website=anambrastate.gov.ng|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=2020-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725234649/http://anambrastate.gov.ng/news?r=anambra-students-win-awards-in-sage-competition&hs=9bef8d3d51c0e1cffb845a318f144ce4|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Lambobin yabo na Malamai da Makarantu na Shugaban Kasa na shekara ta 2019 don Kwarewa a Fannin Ilimi wanda Gwamnatin Tarayya ta shirya ta hanyar Ma’aikatar Ilimi na Tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra wins 4 national awards in education|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/anambra-wins-4-national-awards-in-education/|date=2019-10-07|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> * [[Fayil:Prof Kate Omenugha.jpg|thumb|Kate Omenugha]]kyautar tagulla a kasar Tunisia a gasar Kimiyya da Fasaha na Afirka (IFES)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra wins 4 national awards in education|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/anambra-wins-4-national-awards-in-education/|date=2019-10-07|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra pupils win global prizes wave in technical education|url=https://www.nationallightngr.com/2019/04/04/anambra-pupils-win-global-prizes-wave-in-technical-education/|date=2019-04-04|website=National Light|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-date=2021-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504211933/https://www.nationallightngr.com/2019/04/04/anambra-pupils-win-global-prizes-wave-in-technical-education/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Matsayi na 1, na 2, na 3 da na 4 a gasar rubutun insha'i na Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anambra Students Wins 1st, 2nd, 3rd & 4th Positions In a National Essay Competition|url=https://myschool.ng/news/anambra-students-wins-1st-2nd-3rd-4th-positions-in-a-national-essay-competition-3974|website=myschool.ng|language=en|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> * Gasar Kungiyar Malaman Kimiyya na Najeriya (STAN)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two Anambra students win STAN exhibition|url=http://www.absradiotv.com/2015/10/11/two-anambra-students-win-stan-exhibition/|website=Heartbeat Of The East|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Iyali == Omenugha ta auri Dakta Michael Omenugha, wani likita ne mai zaman kansa daga Umuru Ebenesi, Nnobi. Tare suna da 'ya'ay shida.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Kate Azuka Omenugha – The Hon Commissioner for Education, Anambra State|url=https://nextzon.com/prof-kate-azuka-omenugha-the-hon-commissioner-for-education-anambra-state|date=2018-03-08|website=Nextzon Business Services Limited|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> == Wallafe-wallafe == * Farfesa Kate Omenugha tana da wallafe-wallafe sama da sittin (60) aka buga a cikin gida da kuma na duniya kamar surorin littattafai, labaran jarida, takardun taro, takardu da aka nema, rahotannin fasaha, littattafai da rubutattun labarai wadanda suka hada da; * Kate Azuka Omenugha - [https://ijose.unn.edu.ng/education-for-sustainable-development-education-for-employment-e4e-chief-willie-obiano-value-based-education-anambra-state-by-prof-kate-azuka-omenugha/ Ilimi don ci gaba mai dorewa, Ilimi don Aiki (E4E), Cif Willie Obiano, Ilimin ilimi mai ƙima, Jihar Anambra] * Omenugha, Kate & Uzuegbunam, Chikezie & Omenugha, Nelson. (2014). [https://globalmedia.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/133 Kyakkyawan Shugabanci da Mallakar Yan Jarida A Najeriya: Ayyuka Masu Saukar Hanya, Kalubalen Stoic] . Global Media Journal African Edition. 7. 10.5789 / 7-2-133. * Ngugi, Muiru & Fayoyin, & Azuka, Omenugha. (2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324783786_New_Media_and_African_Society Sabuwar Media da Africanungiyar Afirka.] * Omenugha, Kate & Uzuegbunam, Chikezie & Ndolo, Ike. (2016). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02560046.2016.1187791 Al'adun shahararru, kafofin watsa labarai da matasan Najeriya: tattaunawa game da al'adun gargajiya a cikin duniya ta duniya.] [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02560046.2016.1187791 Arts mai mahimmanci] . 30. 200-216. 10.1080 / 02560046.2016.1187791. * Omenugha, Kate., Omenugha Nelson, Obinna & Duru Henry Chigozie (2019) Hankalin Masu Sauraro game da Halin N [https://iafor.org/journal/iafor-journal-of-cultural-studies/volume-4-issue-2/article-3/ fina-finan Nollywood 'Wakilin Kudu-Maso Gabashin Najeriya.] * Omenugha, Kate & Uzuegbunam, Chikezie. (2012). [https://www.academia.edu/41973657/Media-government_relationship_in_Nigeria_archfoes_or_potential_allies Kafofin watsa labarai, Gwamnati da Ingantaccen shugabanci a Najeriya: abokan gaba ko abokan hamayya] ? * Pratt, Cornelius & Omenugha, Kate. (2014). " [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1553118X.2014.882338?journalCode=hstc20 Allahna ba Allahnku bane": Aiwatar da Ka'idar Gudanar da Dangantaka don Gudanar da rikice-rikicen kabilanci a Yankin Saharar Afirka.] [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1553118X.2014.882338?journalCode=hstc20 Jaridar Duniya ta Sadarwar Dabaru] . 8. 100-125. 10.1080 / 1553118X.2014.882338. * Omenugha, Kate & Uzuegbunam, Chikezie. (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221019182011/https://www.academia.edu/23351627/Exploring_the_ethical_challenge_of_media_ownership_Is_Nigerian_media_s_role_in_good_governance_possible Binciken ƙalubalen da'a na mallakin kafofin watsa labarai: Shin rawar da kafofin watsa labaran Najeriya za su taka a shugabanci na gari yana yiwuwa?] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221019182011/https://www.academia.edu/23351627/Exploring_the_ethical_challenge_of_media_ownership_Is_Nigerian_media_s_role_in_good_governance_possible Jaridar Aiwatar da Aikin Jarida & Nazarin Media. 4. 397-415. 10.1386 / ajms.4.3.397_1] . * Kate Azuka Omenugha, Chikezie Emmanuel Uzuegbunam & Ike S. Ndolo (2016) [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02560046.2016.1187791 Al’adun shahararru, kafofin watsa labarai da kuma samarin Nijeriya: tattauna batutuwan al’adu a cikin duniya ta duniya], Critical Arts, 30: 2, 200-216, DOI: 10.1080 / 02560046.2016.1187791 * Kate Azuka Omenugha; Mafi rinjaye Oji (2008). [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dfa2/d63778104ad885827b1951fe6899c8492819.pdf Tallace-tallace na labarai, da'a da kuma haƙiƙa a aikin jarida a Najeriya: baƙin gado?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226021959/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dfa2/d63778104ad885827b1951fe6899c8492819.pdf |date=2020-02-26 }} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Omenugha, Kate}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Mata a Najeriya]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar Anambra]] 3v68map5ldohvrahys7towb73xam66u 0 15977 976156 541499 2026-11-05T11:57:37Z Zahrah0 14848 976156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ini-Edo-1.jpg|thumb|hton INI edo]] [[Fayil:Ini-Edo-1.jpg|thumb|Ini Edo]] '''Ini Edo''' An haife ta 23 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif 1982 ’yar fim ce ta Nijeriya. Ta fara harkar fim ne a shekara ta 2000,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web}}</ref> kuma ta fito a fina-finai sama da 100 tun bayan fitowarta. A cikin shekarar 2013, ta kasance alkalin Miss Black Africa UK Pageant.<ref>Victor Enengedi [http://thenet.ng/2013/08/ini-edo-announced-as-judge-for-miss-black-africa-uk-pageant/ "INI EDO ANNOUNCED AS JUDGE FOR THE MISS BLACK AFRICA UK PAGEANT"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043606/http://thenet.ng/2013/08/ini-edo-announced-as-judge-for-miss-black-africa-uk-pageant/|date=2016-03-05}}, ''[[Nishadin Najeriya A Yau|NET]]'', August 19, 2013. Retrieved on 8 May 2014.</ref>A shekarar 2014, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalissar Dinkin Duniya]] ta naɗa Malama Edo a matsayin Wakiliyar Matasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201104150068.html "Nollywood meet Bollywood As UN-Habitat Appoints Youth Envoys."], ''[[AllAfrica.com]]'', 14 April 2011. Retrieved on 8 May 2014.</ref>. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[File:Genevieve Nnaji in Weekend Getaway.png|thumb|Ini Edo]] Ini Edo Ibibio ne daga [[Akwa Ibom|jihar Akwa Ibom]] a yankin kudu maso kudu na Najeriya, ba da nisa da Calabar ba. Mahaifiyarta malami ce, mahaifinta kuma dattijo ne a coci. Tana da kyakkyawar tarbiyya, na biyu cikin yara huɗu, mata uku, namiji daya. Ta halarci Kwalejin Cornelius Connely da ke [[Uyo]] . Ta kammala karatun ta ne a Jami’ar Uyo inda ta samu difloma a fannin wasan kwaikwayo. Ta kuma kammala karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Calabar inda ta karanta Turanci. A shekarar 2014 ta samu [[National Open University of Nigeria|gurbin]] karatu a jami'ar [[National Open University of Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://naijagists.com/ini-edo-gets-university-scholarship-admission-to-study-law-at-noun/|title=Ini Edo Gets University Scholarship & Admission To Study Law At NOUN|date=2014-05-15|work=NaijaGistsBlog Nigeria, Nollywood, Celebrity ,News, Entertainment, Gist, Gossip, Inspiration, Africa|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Babukung 1.jpg|thumb|A cikin mutane Ini Edo]] Aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo ya fara ne a shekarar 2003.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://naijagists.com/ini-edo-biography-wedding-video-and-pictures/|title=Ini Edo Biography, Life History, Wedding Video, Latest News & Pictures|date=2011-10-27|work=NaijaGistsBlog Nigeria, Nollywood, Celebrity ,News, Entertainment, Gist, Gossip, Inspiration, Africa|access-date=2018-05-24|language=en-US}}</ref> tare da fitowarsa a fim din ''Thick Madam.'' Wani furodusa ne ya gano ta a yayin binciken da ta halarta. Gwaninta ya zo a cikin shekarata 2004 lokacin da ta yi aiki a ''Duniya Baya'' . Ta fito a fina-finai sama da 100; tana ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan fim mata da suka yi nasara a Najeriya. Ta samu kyautar "Fitacciyar Jarumar Jaruma" a bikin ba da lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Fim ta [[Afirka]] karo na 11 saboda rawar da ta taka a fim din "Yayin da kuke bacci"<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/life/ini-edo-reflects-on-how-passion-has-brought-her-this-far/|title=Ini Edo Reflects On Her Career Growth|date=2019-05-20|work=Guardian Nigeria|access-date=2020-05-06|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == A shekarar 2008, Ini Edo ta auri wani dan kasuwa mazaunin Amurka mai suna Philip Ehiagwina. Auren ya ƙare a watan Satumba na 2014 bayan shekaru shida.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gistflare.com.ng/entertainers-turn-up-for-ini-edos-birthday-celebration/|title=Entertainers turn up for Ini Edo’s birthday celebration|date=2020-02-26|work=Gist Flare|access-date=2020-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/02/26/ini-edo-finds-love-again/|title=Ini Edo finds love again|date=2020-02-26|work=PM News Nigeria|access-date=2020-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref>. == Amincewa == * Ta kasance jakadar kamfanin GLO na tsawon shekaru goma tun daga 2006 zuwa 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lailasblog.com/2016/10/ini-edo-thanks-glo-as-she-steps-aside.html?m=1|title=Ini Edo thanks Glo as she steps aside as their ambassador - Nigerian: Breaking News In Nigeria {{!}} Laila's Blog|date=2016-10-29|work=Nigerian: Breaking News In Nigeria {{!}} Laila's Blog|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102080411/http://www.lailasblog.com/2016/10/ini-edo-thanks-glo-as-she-steps-aside.html?m=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> * A cikin 2010 an ambaci ta ta zama jakadiyar jakada ta Noble Hair.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://olorisupergal.com/noble-hair-range-unveil-ini-edo-as-the-brand-ambassador/|title=Noble Hair Range Unveil Ini Edo as the Brand Ambassador - Olori Supergal|date=2011-10-14|work=Olori Supergal|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101234217/http://olorisupergal.com/noble-hair-range-unveil-ini-edo-as-the-brand-ambassador/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ini Edo shine babban jakadan Slim Tea Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>. * A shekarar 2019 an sanya mata hannu a matsayin jakada don alamar @MrTaxi_NG.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/10/superstar-actress-ini-edo-reveals-her-best-picture-of-the-year/|title=Superstar actress, Ini Edo, reveals her best picture of the year|date=2019-10-20|work=Vangaurd Newspaper|access-date=2020-05-06|language=en-US}}</ref>. == Nadin siyasa == Ini Edo an naɗa ta a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga gwamnan jihar Akwa Ibom kan al’adu da yawon buɗe ido daga [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel]] a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.today.ng/culture/75690/ini-edo-appointed-special-assistant-on-tourism-to-aibom-governor|title=Ini Edo appointed Special Assistant on Tourism to A’Ibom Governor {{!}} TODAY.ng|date=2016-02-05|newspaper=TODAY|access-date=2016-12-14}}</ref> == Kyauta da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Taron ! Kyauta ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamakon |- | 2009 | 2009 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood | Fitacciyar Jarumar Jagoranci (Yarbawa) | |{{won}} |- | 2011 | Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka | 'Yar Asali Mafi Kyawu | Edika Nigeria |{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" | 2012 | rowspan="3" | 2012 Golden Icons Academy Awards Kyautar | Fitacciyar Jaruma A Matsayi Jagoranci | A cikin kabad |{{nom}} |- | Mace Masu Kallon Mata | rowspan="3" | Kanta |{{nom}} |- | Kyautar Girmama Honorarium |{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" | 2013 | Gwarzon Kwalejin Kwalejin Kwalejin Kwalejin Kwallon Kwallon Zinare ta 2013 | Mace Masu Kallon Mata |{{won}} |- | Kyautar fim din Kuros Riba | Mafi kyawun Mata (Ingilishi) | Bayan Waƙar |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web |author=Post author By WetinHappen Magazine |url=http://www.wetinhappen.com.ng/crossriver-movie-awards-2013-full-list-of-winners/ |title=CROSSRIVER MOVIE AWARDS 2013 – FULL LIST OF WINNERS – |publisher=Wetinhappen.com.ng |date=2015-02-02 |accessdate=2020-05-30 |archive-date=2021-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031060525/http://www.wetinhappen.com.ng/crossriver-movie-awards-2013-full-list-of-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | Nafca | Mafi kyawun 'yar wasa | Karshen mako |{{won}} |- | rowspan="3" | 2014 | rowspan="3" | Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Kwalejin Zinare ta 2014 | Fitacciyar Jarumar Jagoranci | rowspan="3" | Nkasi Dan Kauye |{{nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Comedic |{{nom}} |- | Mafi Zaɓin ressan Wasan-ersan wasa |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="4" | 2015 | rowspan="2" | Gwarzon Kwalejin Kwalejin Kwalejin Kwalejin Zinare na 2015 | Fitacciyar Jaruma | rowspan="4" | alhali kuna bacci |{{nom}} |- | Mace Masu Kallon Mata |{{nom}} |- | Gwarzon fim din Ghana na 2015 | Fitacciyar Jaruma - Hadin gwiwar Afirka |{{won}} |- | 11th Afirka Awards Academy Awards | Fitacciyar Jarumar Jagoranci |{{nom}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2016 | Kyautar Gwarzon Masu Kallon Afirka na 2016 | Fitacciyar Jaruma a cikin shirin barkwanci | rowspan="2" | Yaran matan gida |{{nom}} |- | Lambar Nishadi ta Najeriya ta 2016 | Mafi kyawun ressan wasa- TV Series |{{nom}} |- | 2018 | 2018 ZAFAA Kyautar Duniya | Kyautar 'Yar Wasa | |{{won}} |} == Filmography == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Fim ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula |- | 2003 | Madara mai kauri | | |- | rowspan="3" |2004 | Ban da Duniya | Ulinma | Tare da Kenneth Okonkwo, [[Liz Benson]] da Hilda Dokubo |- | Idon Alloli | | Tare da Olu Jacobs, [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Linus]], Muna Obiekwe |- | Kyawawan Fuska | | Tare da [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Linus]] |- | rowspan="6" | 2005 | Matsalar imatearshe | | Tare da Rita Dominic da Olu Jacobs |- | Haihuwar | | Tare da Rita Dominic |- | Kauna kawai | | Tare da Rita Dominic da Olu Jacobs |- | Wasan Karshe | | Tare da Rita Dominic |- | Matar Billion | | Tare da Rita Dominic da Kanayo O. Kanayo |- | Zuciyar Kadaici | | Tare da [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Linus]] |- | rowspan="5" | 2006 | 'Yan Matan Cot | | Tare da Genevieve Nnaji, Rita Dominic, [[Uche Jombo]] |- | Asirin Fantasy | | Tare da [[Uche Jombo]] |- | Farashin Suna | | Tare da [[Uche Jombo]] da Mike Ezuruonye |- | Aurenta zuwa ga Makiya | | tare da [[Mercy Johnson]], Desmond Elliot |- | Wasannin Maza | | tare da Chioma Chukwukwa, Jimy Ike, Kate Henshaw-Nuttal, Dakore Akande, Kalu Ikeagwu, Chinedu Ikedze |- | rowspan="2" | 2007 | Siririn Mata | | Tare da Rita Dominic |- | Mafi So Bachelor | | Tare da [[Uche Jombo]] da Mike Ezuruonye |- | rowspan="3" | 2009 | Wasannin Soyayya | | Tare da [[Uche Jombo]] da Jackie Appiah |- | An sake sanya shi (fim din 2009) | Tayo | Tare da Ramsey Nouah, [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Linus]], Rita Dominic Nse Ike Eptim da Desmond Elliot |- | Rayuwa Don Tunawa | | Tare da [[Mercy Johnson]] |- | 2014 | Caro The Iron Bender | Caro | |- | |Kyautar Sarauta ' | | |- | | Makaho Mulkin ' | | |- | | Dan Asalin | | |- | | Sarauniyar Ghetto | | Tare da [[Funke Akindele]] |- | | Ofarfin Kyau | | |- | | Ikon Siyasa | | |- | | Ass a Wuta | | |- | | Numfashi Sake | | |- |2017 | Mai haƙuri | M | Wanda ke dauke da Seun Akindele kuma Sobe Charles Umeh ne ya bada umarni |- | 2019 | Cif Daddy | Ekanem | Richard Mofe Damijo wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya bada umarni |} {{Div col|colwidth=30em}} *''Fatal Seduction'' *''The Greatest Sacrifice'' *''My Heart Your Home'' *''No Where to Run'' *''Stolen Tomorrow'' *''Sacrifice for Love'' *''Silence of the Gods'' *''Supremacy'' *''Too Late to Claim'' *''Total Control'' *''Traumatised'' *''War Game'' *''11:45... Too Late'' *''The Bank Manager'' *''The Bet'' *''Cold War'' *''Crying Angel'' *''Desperate Need'' *''Emotional Blackmail'' *''I Want My Money'' *''Last Picnic'' *''Living in Tears'' *''Living Without You'' *''Men Do Cry'' *''My Precious Son'' *''One God One Nation'' *''Weekend getaway'' *''Pretty Angels'' *''Red Light'' *''Royal Package'' *''Security Risk'' *''Songs of Sorrow'' *''Stronghold'' *''Tears for Nancy'' *''Unforeseen'' *''Eyes of Love'' *''Faces of Beauty'' *''Indecent Girl'' *''Indulgence'' *''I Swear'' *''Legacy'' *''Love Crime'' *''Love & Marriage'' *''Negative Influence'' *''Not Yours!'' *''The One I Trust'' *''Sisters On Fire'' *''Royalty Apart'' *''Never Let Go'' *''End of Do or Die Affair'' *''Darkness of Sorrows'' *''Final Sorrow'' *''Behind The Melody'' *''Memories of The Heart'' *''Royal Gift'' *''Dangerous'' *''Save The Last Dance'' *''Battle For Bride'' *''Caged Lovers'' *''In The Cupboard'' *''Hunted Love'' *''Anointed Queen'' *''A Dance For The Prince'' *''Bride's War'' *''Tears In The Palace'' *''Slip of Fate'' *''At All Cost'' *''Mad Sex'' *''The Princess of My Life'' *''[[Inale]]'' (2010) *''[[I'll Take My Chances]]'' (2011) *''Nkasi The Village Fighter'' *''Nkasi The Sprot Girl'' *''The Return of Nkasi'' * ''Soul of a Maiden'' * "Blood is Money" *''[[Citation (film)]]''(2020) {{Div col end}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * Ini Edo on IMDb [[Category:Edo]] [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] [[Category:Yan Nigeria]] [[Category:Yan fina-finai]] hi9z4q1xn5xiwq0ddapc7dvigjxpfpx 0 17796 975873 177432 2026-11-04T18:22:16Z M Bash Ne 12403 975873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadiza Moussa Gros''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1960), wanda aka fi sani da '''Lady Gros''', [[Nijar (ƙasa)|'yar siyasar Nijar ce]] wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Babbar Kotun Shari'a tun a watan Disambar shekara ta 2011. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Moussa Gros an haife ta a [[Niamey|Yamai]] a ranar 25 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 1960. Ta karanci harkokin kasuwanci a wata makaranta mai zaman kanta a [[Lyon]]. == Ayyuka == An zabi Moussa Gros a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa don National Movement for the Development of Society . An kore ta daga jam'iyyar a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2009 tare da wasu mataimakan mata huɗu da suka goyi bayan [[Hama Amadou]] . An sake zabar Moussa Gros a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya mai wakiltar Jamhuriyar Dimokiradiyyar Nijar don Tarayyar Afirka a watan Janairun shekara ta 2011. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki da Tsare-tsare. A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2011, Moussa Gros an nada shi Shugaban Babban Kotun Shari'a, mace ta farko da ta fara riƙe muƙamin. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Category:Mutane daga yamai]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kwwq3hf57suu7fh27a93axlsegssxdm 975874 975873 2026-11-04T18:26:58Z M Bash Ne 12403 975874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hadiza Moussa Gros''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1960), wanda aka fi sani da '''Lady Gros''', [[Nijar (ƙasa)|'yar siyasar Nijar ce]] wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Babbar Kotun Shari'a tun a watan Disambar shekara ta 2011. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Moussa Gros an haife ta a [[Niamey|Yamai]] a ranar 25 ga watan Disambar shekara ta 1960. Ta karanci harkokin kasuwanci a wata makaranta mai zaman kanta a [[Lyon]]. == Ayyuka == An zabi Moussa Gros a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa don National Movement for the Development of Society . An kore ta daga jam'iyyar a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2009 tare da wasu mataimakan mata huɗu da suka goyi bayan [[Hama Amadou]] . An sake zabar Moussa Gros a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya mai wakiltar Jamhuriyar Dimokiradiyyar Nijar don Tarayyar Afirka a watan Janairun shekara ta 2011. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki da Tsare-tsare. A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2011, Moussa Gros an nada shi Shugaban Babban Kotun Shari'a, mace ta farko da ta fara riƙe muƙamin.<ref>{{cite web|language=French|url=http://liberation-niger.com/index.asp?affiche=News_Display.asp&ArticleID=2457|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713203317/http://www.liberation-niger.com/index.asp?affiche=News_Display.asp&ArticleID=2457|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 13, 2011|title=Au MNSD Nassara : exclusion de huit grosses pointures|work=Liberation-Niger|date=26 April 2009|accessdate=22 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|page=59|title= Regional Parliamentarian Dialogue on Enhancing Competitiveness through Increased Investments in Agricultural Value Chains in Africa|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301339486|publisher=Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa|year=2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://planeteafrique.com/niger/index.asp?affiche=News_Display.asp&ArticleID=6795|language=French|date=7 December 2011|accessdate=22 February 2017|title=Prestation de serment des juges de la Haute Cour de Justice : Hama Amadou bientôt devant la haute cour de justice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamtaminfo.com/haute-cour-de-justice-les-juges-de-linstitution-de-hadiza-gros-en-formation/|language=French|title=Haute cour de justice Les juges de l'Institution de Hadiza Gros en formation|date=21 April 2012|accessdate=22 February 2017|work=Le Niger dans le web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222200239/http://www.tamtaminfo.com/haute-cour-de-justice-les-juges-de-linstitution-de-hadiza-gros-en-formation/|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.au&sl=fr&sp=nmt4&u=http://nigerdiaspora.net/les-nouvelles-du-pays/environnement-niger/item/58168-haute-cour-de-justice--en-attendant-de-joindre-l%25E2%2580%2599acte-%25C3%25A0-la-parole.html&usg=ALkJrhiWl-OehzLbkvwJdIV3w9Ggewrw5Q|title=High court of justice: waiting to join the act to the word! |date=29 December 2011|accessdate=22 February 2017|work=Niger Diaspora|first=Boubacar|last=Guede}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Category:Mutane daga yamai]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 62kicq6i5pyp5789grrooupsxlccph3 0 18358 975895 306280 2026-11-04T18:57:19Z Zahrah0 14848 975895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Emir-480x405.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Mai girma Sarkin Daura]] Alhaji '''Faruk Umar Faruk'''{{Audio|Ha-Faruk Umar Faruk.ogg|Faruk Umar Faruk}}, ko Umar Faruk Umar, (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dari tara da talatin da daya 1931) miladiyya. sarki ne na 60, a [[masarautar Daura]] wadda yake a garin [[Daura|Daura]] da ke cikin [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]], a arewacin [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]]. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Umar Faruq dan Umar a shekarar alif 1931. Ya zama Sarkin Daura, ko Sarkin Daura, a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2007. bayan rasuwar Sarkin Muhammadu Bashar dan Umaru. Bayan 'yan watanni sai ya ba da kansa don tsayar da tsaro ga tsohon gwamnan [[Jigawa|jihar Jigawa]], Saminu Turaki, wanda aka tsare bisa zargin rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa bayan ya bar mulki a watan Mayu, shekara ta 2007. Sai dai wanda ya gaji Turaki a matsayin gwamna, [[Sule Lamido]], ya lallashe shi ya sauya shawara. A shekara ta 2007. Faruk ya gana da Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua|Umaru Yar'Adua]] tare da Ooni na Ife Okunade Sijuade, da [[Masarautar Kano|Sarkin Kano]] [[Ado Bayero]] da Sarkin Zazzau [[Shehu Idris]] . Yar'adua ya tabbatar masu da cewa za a samu rawar tsarin mulki ga shugabannin gargajiya a Najeriya. A watan Janairun, shekara ta 2009. ne Faruk ya wakilci dangin Shugaban kasa, inda ya tsaya wa amarya yayin bikin auren ‘yar Shugaba Yar’adua wacce ke auren Gwamnan [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]] [[Isa Yuguda|Alhaji Isa Yuguda]] . A cikin watan Disamba, shekara ta 2007. an ba shi lambar girmamawa ta Kwamandan Umarnin Nijar (CON). A watan Yulin, shekara ta 2009 ne Tarayyar Turai-Amurka Jami’ar Dominica ta ba Faruk lambar girmamawa ta girmamawa saboda rawar da ya taka wajen gina kasa. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2008 ya nada Mista Ndudi Elumelu, Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Wuta da Karafa, a matsayin Hasken Daura (Hasken Daura). A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009 ya nada Shugaban Kotun Daukaka Kara, Mai Shari'a Umaru Abdullahi a matsayin Walin Hausa. A yadda aka saba lokacin idin Musulmai na [[Sallar Idi Babba|Id-El-Kabir]] ya hada da [[Durbar|durbar da ake]] gudanarwa lokaci guda a yankunan Daura da Katsina. A watan Disambar shekara ta 2008 an soke durbar Daura tun lokacin da Sarkin ke gudanar da ayyukan ibada a [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] . A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009 Faruk ya shiga tsakani don dawo da kwanciyar hankali bayan rikicin wasu mutane da suka barke a Kongolam da ke kan iyaka da Kasar [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] inda mutane bakwai suka mutu. Daga baya ya tabbatar da cewa masu fasa-kwaurin da suka haifar da lamarin sun kasance daga waje, ba mazauna yankin iyakar ba ne. A lokacin bazarar shekara ta 2009 manoman jihar Katsina sun [[Jan baki|afkawa tsuntsayen quelea]], wadanda suka yi barazanar lalata amfanin gonarsu. Faruk ya shawarce su da su kwantar da hankulansu kuma su dauki lamarin a matsayin wani abin bautawa Allah, yana mai ba su tabbacin za a ba su taimako. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010, Sarkin ya yi alkawarin Naira miliyan talatin daga cikin kuɗaɗensa don sake gina tsofaffin ƙofofin garin uku da kuma abin tunawa da "rijiyar Kusugu" a masarautar. A cikin shekara ta 2010 ya kasance Darakta na Kamfanin Fetir da Gas Limited. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Sarakunan Hausawa]] [[Category:Sarakuna]] [[Category:Sarakunan Daura]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1931]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k7d0ygcyngsqsf59laqwnvflaiydyuv 0 20318 975916 447031 2026-11-04T20:28:51Z Beehra 15944 975916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdul Bokar Kan''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1891) ya kasance babban mai mulkin sashin Imamancin Futa Toro a ƙarshen karni na sha tara (19). Wannan ya haɗa da wasu sassa na yanzu a [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Senegal]] tare da bankunan biyu na [[Kogin Senegal]]. Bayan mutuwarsa, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka mamaye yankin gaba daya. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[category:Mutuwan 1981]] ny0t9a5kontq5wdck1zskqgwkp9nmnu 975917 975916 2026-11-04T20:29:45Z Beehra 15944 975917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdul Bokar Kan''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1891) ya kasance babban mai mulkin sashin Imamancin Futa Toro a ƙarshen karni na sha tara (19). Wannan ya haɗa da wasu sassa na yanzu a [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Senegal]] tare da bankunan biyu na [[Kogin Senegal]]. Bayan mutuwarsa, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka mamaye yankin gaba daya. Abdul Bokar Kan shi ne shugaban ƙabilar Booseya ta yankin Futa Toro. Ya ƙulla ƙawance da Muhammad wul Hayba, wanda shi ne shugaban ƙabilar Awlād A'li ta yankin Gorgol. A lokacin, almami (shugaban addini da siyasa) na Futa Toro shi ne Abdul Boubakar, amma ikonsa ba shi da ƙarfi sosai. A watan Yunin 1864, al'ummar Moors da Fulani na Booseya sun haɗa kai wajen wawushe jiragen kasuwanci da suka makale a kusa da Saldé. Wannan lamari ya jawo mummunan farmakin ramuwar gayya daga sojojin Faransa kan ƙungiyoyin biyu. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[category:Mutuwan 1981]] 7dh323n5tfu9vrcrzyfvdf4wxgsmlol 975918 975917 2026-11-04T20:30:54Z Beehra 15944 975918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdul Bokar Kan''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1891) ya kasance babban mai mulkin sashin Imamancin Futa Toro a ƙarshen karni na sha tara (19). Wannan ya haɗa da wasu sassa na yanzu a [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Senegal]] tare da bankunan biyu na [[Kogin Senegal]]. Bayan mutuwarsa, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka mamaye yankin gaba daya. Abdul Bokar Kan shi ne shugaban ƙabilar Booseya ta yankin Futa Toro. Ya ƙulla ƙawance da Muhammad wul Hayba, wanda shi ne shugaban ƙabilar Awlād A'li ta yankin Gorgol. A lokacin, almami (shugaban addini da siyasa) na Futa Toro shi ne Abdul Boubakar, amma ikonsa ba shi da ƙarfi sosai. A watan Yunin 1864, al'ummar Moors da Fulani na Booseya sun haɗa kai wajen wawushe jiragen kasuwanci da suka makale a kusa da Saldé. Wannan lamari ya jawo mummunan farmakin ramuwar gayya daga sojojin Faransa kan ƙungiyoyin biyu. Bayan rasuwar Amadu Toro, yankin ƙasan Futa Toro ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali ta yadda jiragen ruwan Faransa masu zirga-zirga a kogin za su iya wucewa cikin aminci. Abdul Bokar Kan shi ne ainihin mai mulkin yankin Futa na sama. A shekarar 1869, ya kawar da ɗaya daga cikin abokan hamayyarsa mai suna Tierno Brahin. Iyalin Wan, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ibra Almami, sun kasance masu hamayya da ikonsa a yankin ƙasan Futa Toro, amma a yankin na sama ya sami cikakken iko. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[category:Mutuwan 1981]] 1tn07b9hscj6bpff8stwj7qea42wjmz 975919 975918 2026-11-04T20:31:40Z Beehra 15944 975919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdul Bokar Kan''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1891) ya kasance babban mai mulkin sashin Imamancin Futa Toro a ƙarshen karni na sha tara (19). Wannan ya haɗa da wasu sassa na yanzu a [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Senegal]] tare da bankunan biyu na [[Kogin Senegal]]. Bayan mutuwarsa, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka mamaye yankin gaba daya. Abdul Bokar Kan shi ne shugaban ƙabilar Booseya ta yankin Futa Toro. Ya ƙulla ƙawance da Muhammad wul Hayba, wanda shi ne shugaban ƙabilar Awlād A'li ta yankin Gorgol. A lokacin, almami (shugaban addini da siyasa) na Futa Toro shi ne Abdul Boubakar, amma ikonsa ba shi da ƙarfi sosai. A watan Yunin 1864, al'ummar Moors da Fulani na Booseya sun haɗa kai wajen wawushe jiragen kasuwanci da suka makale a kusa da Saldé. Wannan lamari ya jawo mummunan farmakin ramuwar gayya daga sojojin Faransa kan ƙungiyoyin biyu. Bayan rasuwar Amadu Toro, yankin ƙasan Futa Toro ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali ta yadda jiragen ruwan Faransa masu zirga-zirga a kogin za su iya wucewa cikin aminci. Abdul Bokar Kan shi ne ainihin mai mulkin yankin Futa na sama. A shekarar 1869, ya kawar da ɗaya daga cikin abokan hamayyarsa mai suna Tierno Brahin. Iyalin Wan, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ibra Almami, sun kasance masu hamayya da ikonsa a yankin ƙasan Futa Toro, amma a yankin na sama ya sami cikakken iko. Gabaɗaya, Faransawa suna ƙarfafa Abdul Bokar Kan da sauran manyan masu ƙarfin iko na Futa Toro a lokacin da suke kai hare-hare kan ayarin motocin kasuwanci a yankin. Dalilinsu shi ne suna fatan hakan zai hana mutane yin hijira daga yankin zuwa Kaarta.[ ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[category:Mutuwan 1981]] 2k5iukuhddbx33e9cpv6homfjc2gbuq 975920 975919 2026-11-04T20:33:14Z Beehra 15944 975920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdul Bokar Kan''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1891) ya kasance babban mai mulkin sashin Imamancin Futa Toro a ƙarshen karni na sha tara (19). Wannan ya haɗa da wasu sassa na yanzu a [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Senegal]] tare da bankunan biyu na [[Kogin Senegal]]. Bayan mutuwarsa, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka mamaye yankin gaba daya. Abdul Bokar Kan shi ne shugaban ƙabilar Booseya ta yankin Futa Toro. Ya ƙulla ƙawance da Muhammad wul Hayba, wanda shi ne shugaban ƙabilar Awlād A'li ta yankin Gorgol. A lokacin, almami (shugaban addini da siyasa) na Futa Toro shi ne Abdul Boubakar, amma ikonsa ba shi da ƙarfi sosai. A watan Yunin 1864, al'ummar Moors da Fulani na Booseya sun haɗa kai wajen wawushe jiragen kasuwanci da suka makale a kusa da Saldé. Wannan lamari ya jawo mummunan farmakin ramuwar gayya daga sojojin Faransa kan ƙungiyoyin biyu. Bayan rasuwar Amadu Toro, yankin ƙasan Futa Toro ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali ta yadda jiragen ruwan Faransa masu zirga-zirga a kogin za su iya wucewa cikin aminci. Abdul Bokar Kan shi ne ainihin mai mulkin yankin Futa na sama. A shekarar 1869, ya kawar da ɗaya daga cikin abokan hamayyarsa mai suna Tierno Brahin. Iyalin Wan, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ibra Almami, sun kasance masu hamayya da ikonsa a yankin ƙasan Futa Toro, amma a yankin na sama ya sami cikakken iko. Gabaɗaya, Faransawa suna ƙarfafa Abdul Bokar Kan da sauran manyan masu ƙarfin iko na Futa Toro a lokacin da suke kai hare-hare kan ayarin motocin kasuwanci a yankin. Dalilinsu shi ne suna fatan hakan zai hana mutane yin hijira daga yankin zuwa Kaarta. Yayin da matsin lambar mulkin mallakar Faransa a yankin Senegambia ke ƙaruwa, Abdul Bokar Kan ya yi duk abin da zai iya ta hanyar diflomasiyya domin kare ƙasarsa, kuɗaɗen shigarsa da ikonsa a Futa Toro. A shekarar 1877, an tilasta wa Bubakar amincewa da kafa tsarin kariyar Faransa (French Protectorate) a kan lardinsa. Duk da wannan amincewa, ya ƙulla ƙawance da Fulani da maƙwabtansa ’yan ƙabilar Wolof domin ci gaba da yaƙar Faransawa har zuwa shekarun 1890. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[category:Mutuwan 1981]] m0n5qqomwh3xqvjidvwsr146wggm8ot 975921 975920 2026-11-04T20:34:10Z Beehra 15944 975921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdul Bokar Kan''' (ya mutu a shekara ta 1891) ya kasance babban mai mulkin sashin Imamancin Futa Toro a ƙarshen karni na sha tara (19). Wannan ya haɗa da wasu sassa na yanzu a [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Senegal]] tare da bankunan biyu na [[Kogin Senegal]]. Bayan mutuwarsa, Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa suka mamaye yankin gaba daya. Abdul Bokar Kan shi ne shugaban ƙabilar Booseya ta yankin Futa Toro. Ya ƙulla ƙawance da Muhammad wul Hayba, wanda shi ne shugaban ƙabilar Awlād A'li ta yankin Gorgol. A lokacin, almami (shugaban addini da siyasa) na Futa Toro shi ne Abdul Boubakar, amma ikonsa ba shi da ƙarfi sosai. A watan Yunin 1864, al'ummar Moors da Fulani na Booseya sun haɗa kai wajen wawushe jiragen kasuwanci da suka makale a kusa da Saldé. Wannan lamari ya jawo mummunan farmakin ramuwar gayya daga sojojin Faransa kan ƙungiyoyin biyu. Bayan rasuwar Amadu Toro, yankin ƙasan Futa Toro ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali ta yadda jiragen ruwan Faransa masu zirga-zirga a kogin za su iya wucewa cikin aminci. Abdul Bokar Kan shi ne ainihin mai mulkin yankin Futa na sama. A shekarar 1869, ya kawar da ɗaya daga cikin abokan hamayyarsa mai suna Tierno Brahin. Iyalin Wan, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ibra Almami, sun kasance masu hamayya da ikonsa a yankin ƙasan Futa Toro, amma a yankin na sama ya sami cikakken iko. Gabaɗaya, Faransawa suna ƙarfafa Abdul Bokar Kan da sauran manyan masu ƙarfin iko na Futa Toro a lokacin da suke kai hare-hare kan ayarin motocin kasuwanci a yankin. Dalilinsu shi ne suna fatan hakan zai hana mutane yin hijira daga yankin zuwa Kaarta. Yayin da matsin lambar mulkin mallakar Faransa a yankin Senegambia ke ƙaruwa, Abdul Bokar Kan ya yi duk abin da zai iya ta hanyar diflomasiyya domin kare ƙasarsa, kuɗaɗen shigarsa da ikonsa a Futa Toro. A shekarar 1877, an tilasta wa Bubakar amincewa da kafa tsarin kariyar Faransa (French Protectorate) a kan lardinsa. Duk da wannan amincewa, ya ƙulla ƙawance da Fulani da maƙwabtansa ’yan ƙabilar Wolof domin ci gaba da yaƙar Faransawa har zuwa shekarun 1890. A shekarar 1890, sojojin Faransa suka fara wani yaƙin neman kawar da sauran ƙasashen da har yanzu suke cin gashin kansu. Abdul Bokar ya gudu, amma daga baya Moors suka kashe shi. Abdul Bokar ya rasu a ƙasar Mauritaniya a watan Agustan 1891. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[category:Mutuwan 1981]] nfmz8x0hp68oiswaytpw4jnh2r3fpe3 0 20432 976026 705509 2026-11-05T05:51:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ramat Polytechnic''' babbar jami'a ce ta koyo a [[Maiduguri]] [[Borno|jihar Borno]], Najeriya. Gwamnatin tsohuwar jihar Arewa maso Gabas ce ta kafa ta a watan Janairu, 1973<ref>{{Cite web|title=Federal Polytechnics|url=https://education.gov.ng/government-polytechnics/|access-date=2021-05-17|publisher=Federal Ministry of Education|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153740/https://education.gov.ng/government-polytechnics/|archive-date=2021-05-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> a matsayin Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://federalpolyoko.edu.ng/about/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=federalpolyoko.edu.ng|title=About }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oko Poly Archives|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/tag/oko-poly/|access-date=2021-05-22|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayan Fage == Gwamnatin jihar Borno ta sauya mata suna zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ramat a watan Afrilun shekara alif dari da chasa a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da takwas 1978 domin girmama Shugaban kasa na lokacin, marigayi Janar [[Murtala Mohammed|Murtala Ramat Muhammad]]. Kwalejin Ramat ta sami matsayinta na kwalejin kimiyya a watan Agustan shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da tara 1979 daidai da shirin Gwamnatin Tarayya na sake sunan dukkan Kwalejojin Fasaha a kasar zuwa Polytechnic. Ramat Polytechnic wata babbar jami’a ce da gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da ita kuma Hukumar Kula da Ilimin Fasaha (NBTE) da Hukumar Kula da Kwalejojin Ilimi (NCCE) sun amince da ita. == Darussan == Kwalejin tana da Ƙungiyoyin Ilimi 30 waɗanda aka tsara a ƙarƙashin makarantun ilimi 5, waɗanda sune: * Makarantar Aikin Noma da Aiyuka * Makarantar Injiniya da Fasahar Muhalli * Makarantar Nazarin Muhalli * Makarantar Nazarin Gudanarwa * Makarantar Koyar da Sana'a da Fasaha. == Duba Har ila yau == Jerin Kimiyyar Kimiyya da Fasaha a Najeriya == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://ramatpoly.edu.ng/ Gidan yanar gizon Ramat Polytechnic] [[Category: Kwalejoji a Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Makarantun Fasaha na Tarayya a Nijeriya]] kfr2sox5ttvw3t9824f2akbujaaxsg5 0 21122 975894 484279 2026-11-04T18:55:34Z Zahrah0 14848 975894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hassan Jamal El Mohamad''' ( {{Lang-ar|حسن جمال المحمد}} ; an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta shekarar ta alif 1988, tsohon dan [[Kwallan Kwando|wasan]] Labanon ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba. == Rayuwar farko == [[Fayil:2019-20 Safa vs Akhaa Ahli Aley 21.jpg|thumb|Hassan El Mohamad]] An haifi El Mohamad ne a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 1988 a garin [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Nijeriya, ga iyaye 'yan asalin kasar Lebanon.<ref name=":0">"المحمد لـ«الجمهورية»: لنادي النجمة الفضل في احترافي". ''الجمهورية'' (in Arabic). Retrieved 2 July 2020.</ref> Mahaifinsa ya buga wasan kwallon kafa a Najeriya a matsayin dan wasan gaba. El Mohamad tare da danginsa sun yi kaura zuwa Lebanon, inda kuma suka sauka a garinsu na Jwaya da ke Kudancin Yankin . El Mohamad ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa kwallo, wanda hakan ya jawo hankalin 'yan wasa daban-daban.<ref name=":0" /> == Taka leda a Klub == A shekara ta 2005, El Mohamad yana dan shekara 17, ya sanya hannu kan kungiyar Rayyan ta Premier ta Labanon, ba tare da, ya buga kowane wasa a farkon kakar ba. Lokaci mai zuwa, a cikin shekarar 2006 zuwa 2007, El Mohamad ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar tamaula a cikin babban jirgin saman Lebanon; an bashi kyautar gwarzon matashin dan Labanan daga shekara ta 2006 zuwa shekara ta 2007. Bayan saukar Rayyan zuwa Rukuni na Biyu, El Mohamad ya koma Ahli Saida a kakar shekarar 2007 zuwa 2008.<ref name=":0" /> Bayan hutun shekaru biyu daga kwallon kafa,<ref>"حسن المحمد يوقع على كشوف النجمة - نسخة للطباعة | جريدة السفير". ''assafir.com''. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</ref><ref>"مقابلة خاصة | حسن محمد : مُستمر مع النجمة وجاهز للمنتخب اللبناني في أي وقت | Goal.com". ''www.goal.com''. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</ref> El Mohamad ya koma Irshad a shekarar 2010. Shekarar mai zuwa, a cikin shekarar 2011, El Mohamad ya koma Nejmeh a ƙarƙashin kocin Moussa Hojeij. A shekarar 2014 El Mohamad ya koma bangaren Sarawak na Malaysia; duk da haka, bayan raunin da ya ji a idon sawu, El Mohamad ya koma Lebanon don karɓar magani.<ref>"حسن المحمد: النجمة في قلبي وحسرة المنتخب ستعوض باذن الله". ''Elsport News'' (in Arabic). Retrieved 2 July2020.</ref> A wannan shekarar, ya sake shiga Nejmeh.<ref>"المهاجم حسن المحمد ينضم مجدداً الى النجمة". ''Elsport News'' (in Arabic). Retrieved 2 July 2020</ref><ref>"نادي النجمة". ''An-Nahar''. 30 August 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</ref> [[Fayil:2021-22 Tripoli vs Nejmeh 01.jpg|thumb|Hassan El Mohamad]] A cikin shekarar 2019, bayan shekaru tara a Nejmeh, El Mohamad ya koma Akhaa Ahli Aley.<ref>Mahfoud, Maroun (6 September 2020). "Safa SC signs three new players". ''FA Lebanon''. Retrieved 1 October 2020.</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2020, El Mohamad ya shiga Safa . A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, shekara ta 2020, El Mohamad ya sanar da yin ritaya daga kwallon kafa yana ɗan shekara 32.<ref>Mahfoud, Maroun (17 November 2020). "Another player retires". ''FA Lebanon''. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == El Mohamad dan wasan da yafi so a duniya shi ne [[Messi|Lionel Messi]], yayin da dan wasan na Lebanon ya fi so shi ne Hassan Maatouk . Kulob din da ya fi so shi ne kulob din [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United na Ingila]] . [[Fayil:Hassan El Mohamad, 2019.jpg|thumb|Hassan El Mohamad]] A ranar 28 ga watan Satumba 2020, El Mohamad ya gwada tabbatacce ga [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a cikin annobarta a Lebanon . Ya warke sarai a ranar 11 ga Oktoba. == Daraja == '''Nejmeh''' * Premier ta Labanon : 2013–14 * Kofin FA na Labanon : 2015–16 '''Kowane mutum''' * Youngan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Lebanon daga shekara : 2006-07 * Kungiyar Firimiya Lig na Lig na kakar : 2012–13 == Duba kuma == * Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Lebanon da aka haifa a wajen Lebanon == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * Hassan El Mohamad at FA Lebanon * {{NFT player|47877}} * Hassan El Mohamad at FootballDatabase.eu * Hassan El Mohamad at WorldFootball.net * Hassan El Mohamad at Goalzz.com (available in Arabic at Kooora.com) * Hassan El Mohamad at Lebanon Football Guide == Manazarta == j873y39r6pzv4igl14tzsny8zaqgcaj 0 21337 976004 783823 2026-11-05T03:47:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Man Fetur da Gas ta Ƙasa''' (NUPENG) ƙungiyar ƙwadago ce da ke wakiltar ma'aikata a masana'antar haƙo mai a ƙasar Nijeriya. == Tarihi == An kafa ƙungiyar kwadagon ne a watan Nuwamba na shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da saba'in da bakwai 1977, lokacin da gwamnatin ƙasar Najeriya ta sake fasalin ƙungiyoyin kwadago bisa tsarin masana'antu. Kuma Ƙungiyoyi bakwai sun haɗe zuwa NUPENG: * Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan BP * Hadaddiyar Ma'aikatan Man Fetur na Najeriya * kungiyar Ma'aikatan Esso * Ƙungiyar Direbobin Tankokin Man Fetur * kungiyar Ma'aikatan Shell D'Arcy * Ƙungiyar Africa kungiyar Ma'aikatan Afirka * kungiyar Ayyuka na Shell. Ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da [[Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya|Laborungiyar kwadagon Najeriya]] (NLC) a kafuwarta, a shekara ta 1978. Zuwa shekarar 1988, tana da mambobi guda 13,750. A cikin shekarar 1994, ita da Ƙungiyar Manyan Ma’aikatan Man Fetur da Gas na Najeriya sun gudanar da yajin aiki na bai ɗaya ga mulkin soja. Wannan ya haifar da kame shugabanta, WK Agamene, amma gwamnatin soja ta fadi ba da daɗewa ba. Zuwa shekara ta 2005, membobin ƙungiyar sun Kuma faɗo zuwa mutum guda 8,000. A shekara ta 2016, ƙungiyar kwadagon ta bar ƙungiyar ta NLC ta zama wacce ta kafa kungiyar kwadago ta kasa (ULC), kuma an amince da ita a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin kwadagon da ke ciki. Koyaya, a cikin shekara ta 2020, gabaɗaya ULC sun sake komawa NLC. <ref name="history">{{cite web |title=History |url=https://nupeng.org/profile/ |website=Nigeria Union of Petroleum and Natural Gas Workers |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126084852/https://nupeng.org/profile/ |archive-date=26 January 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="history" /><ref name="oup">{{cite book |last1=LeVan |first1=A. Carl |last2=Ukata |first2=Patrick |title=The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0192526324}}</ref><ref name="oup" /><ref name="ripples">{{cite news |last1=Ahiuma-Young |first1=Victor |title=Emergence of United Labour Congress causes ripples |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/emergence-united-labour-congress-causes-ripples/ |access-date=3 January 2021 |work=Vanguard |date=21 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Adedigba |first1=Azeezat |title=NLC, ULC resolve rift, merge |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/403292-just-in-nlc-tuc-resolve-rift-merge.html |access-date=3 January 2021 |work=Premium Times |date=16 July 2020}}</ref> == Shugabanci == === Shugabanni === : 1977: John Dubre : 1984: SA Dada : 1989: UM Okoro : 1992: Wariebe Kojo Agamene : 1998: Brisibe B. Awe : 2001: Peter Akpatason : 2009: Igwe Achese : 2018: Igwe Achese === Janar Sakatarori === : 1977: SA Otu : 1982: Ovie Kokori : 2000: JI Akinlaja : 2004: Elijah Okougbo : 2012: Ishaku Aberare : 2015: Joseph Ogbebor : 2018: Wakar Adamu == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{Official website|https://nupeng.org/}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Kungiyoyi]] [[Category:Kungiyoyi a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kungiyoyin Kasuwanci]] [[Category:Kungiyoyin taimako a Najeriya]] [[Category:Tattalin Arzikin Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] auzmouikjj7uzjofky1fylpfc7qly5j 4 21908 975956 975698 2026-11-04T21:27:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 975956 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Ommu Affan|Ommu Affan]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ommu Affan|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 30 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Teo.raff|Teo.raff]] |[[Special:Contributions/Teo.raff|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 30 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Footieedit10|Footieedit10]] |[[Special:Contributions/Footieedit10|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 30 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Wappo13|Wappo13]] |[[Special:Contributions/Wappo13|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Taitrung2000|Taitrung2000]] |[[Special:Contributions/Taitrung2000|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |6 |[[User:LogoSubcheck|LogoSubcheck]] |[[Special:Contributions/LogoSubcheck|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Mirandola~dewiki|Mirandola~dewiki]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mirandola~dewiki|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |8 |[[User:MER VIJAY ASHOKBHAI|MER VIJAY ASHOKBHAI]] |[[Special:Contributions/MER VIJAY ASHOKBHAI|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |9 |[[User:Ric Gillespie|Ric Gillespie]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ric Gillespie|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |10 |[[User:Potenza 1806|Potenza 1806]] |[[Special:Contributions/Potenza 1806|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Abu mahadi|Abu mahadi]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abu mahadi|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Bskwedl|Bskwedl]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bskwedl|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Bilshann|Bilshann]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bilshann|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |14 |[[User:Muenaxe|Muenaxe]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muenaxe|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |15 |[[User:Madpaak|Madpaak]] |[[Special:Contributions/Madpaak|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |16 |[[User:Арсі-Арслан|Арсі-Арслан]] |[[Special:Contributions/Арсі-Арслан|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |17 |[[User:Jw Danielle|Jw Danielle]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jw Danielle|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |18 |[[User:VeganAfrica|VeganAfrica]] |[[Special:Contributions/VeganAfrica|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |19 |[[User:ياسين الصغير 11|ياسين الصغير 11]] |[[Special:Contributions/ياسين الصغير 11|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |20 |[[User:Xenoore4|Xenoore4]] |[[Special:Contributions/Xenoore4|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 31 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |21 |[[User:Xima12|Xima12]] |[[Special:Contributions/Xima12|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |22 |[[User:Yahaya Aliyu Mayaki|Yahaya Aliyu Mayaki]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yahaya Aliyu Mayaki|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |23 |[[User:میهوئیل|میهوئیل]] |[[Special:Contributions/میهوئیل|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |24 |[[User:Mohamed Al-Saleha|Mohamed Al-Saleha]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mohamed Al-Saleha|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |25 |[[User:Alugwo|Alugwo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Alugwo|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |26 |[[User:Anassyn|Anassyn]] |[[Special:Contributions/Anassyn|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |27 |[[User:Turitsa|Turitsa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Turitsa|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |28 |[[User:Hussaini kuka|Hussaini kuka]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hussaini kuka|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |29 |[[User:Lovkal|Lovkal]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lovkal|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |30 |[[User:Mama mai mqciji|Mama mai mqciji]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mama mai mqciji|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |31 |[[User:Taty2007|Taty2007]] |[[Special:Contributions/Taty2007|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |32 |[[User:Tttpboff|Tttpboff]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tttpboff|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 1 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |33 |[[User:Marion Moseby|Marion Moseby]] |[[Special:Contributions/Marion Moseby|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |34 |[[User:Ayinde0023|Ayinde0023]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ayinde0023|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |35 |[[User:Markerpen1102|Markerpen1102]] |[[Special:Contributions/Markerpen1102|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |36 |[[User:Mediagirl9ja|Mediagirl9ja]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mediagirl9ja|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |37 |[[User:Yrmyen|Yrmyen]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yrmyen|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |38 |[[User:Hnorr|Hnorr]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hnorr|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |39 |[[User:Jamila mohh|Jamila mohh]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jamila mohh|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |40 |[[User:Omar Hammad 85|Omar Hammad 85]] |[[Special:Contributions/Omar Hammad 85|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |41 |[[User:142857|142857]] |[[Special:Contributions/142857|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |42 |[[User:Matsuhata|Matsuhata]] |[[Special:Contributions/Matsuhata|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |43 |[[User:Bobmcgee1993|Bobmcgee1993]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bobmcgee1993|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |44 |[[User:Dinitrify|Dinitrify]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dinitrify|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |45 |[[User:Kamara653|Kamara653]] |[[Special:Contributions/Kamara653|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |46 |[[User:Abdussalam Sha Ambato|Abdussalam Sha Ambato]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdussalam Sha Ambato|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |47 |[[User:TitanFella3004|TitanFella3004]] |[[Special:Contributions/TitanFella3004|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |48 |[[User:Freedom4U|Freedom4U]] |[[Special:Contributions/Freedom4U|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |49 |[[User:Gingercat93|Gingercat93]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gingercat93|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |50 |[[User:Michelle21112013|Michelle21112013]] |[[Special:Contributions/Michelle21112013|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |51 |[[User:Ahfirma|Ahfirma]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ahfirma|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |52 |[[User:Habibu Garba Chula|Habibu Garba Chula]] |[[Special:Contributions/Habibu Garba Chula|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |53 |[[User:Pokire|Pokire]] |[[Special:Contributions/Pokire|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |54 |[[User:Liamgabby4319|Liamgabby4319]] |[[Special:Contributions/Liamgabby4319|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |55 |[[User:Ceriy|Ceriy]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ceriy|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 2 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |56 |[[User:Stinky6500|Stinky6500]] |[[Special:Contributions/Stinky6500|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |57 |[[User:Musaibra111|Musaibra111]] |[[Special:Contributions/Musaibra111|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |58 |[[User:Ashish5615|Ashish5615]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ashish5615|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |59 |[[User:ビェールクト|ビェールクト]] |[[Special:Contributions/ビェールクト|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |60 |[[User:RishabhSub|RishabhSub]] |[[Special:Contributions/RishabhSub|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |61 |[[User:Andru KP|Andru KP]] |[[Special:Contributions/Andru KP|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |62 |[[User:Mustafa Barrin|Mustafa Barrin]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mustafa Barrin|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |63 |[[User:Sunolili|Sunolili]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sunolili|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |64 |[[User:NoaLilac|NoaLilac]] |[[Special:Contributions/NoaLilac|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |65 |[[User:Sverdlyuk|Sverdlyuk]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sverdlyuk|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |66 |[[User:Shuaibusamaila|Shuaibusamaila]] |[[Special:Contributions/Shuaibusamaila|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |67 |[[User:SALMAI COMMERCIAL VENTURES|SALMAI COMMERCIAL VENTURES]] |[[Special:Contributions/SALMAI COMMERCIAL VENTURES|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |68 |[[User:Sporophyt|Sporophyt]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sporophyt|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |69 |[[User:Iacobus ap Rhys|Iacobus ap Rhys]] |[[Special:Contributions/Iacobus ap Rhys|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |70 |[[User:Ibrahim lawal tsefe|Ibrahim lawal tsefe]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ibrahim lawal tsefe|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |71 |[[User:Yousef Kemet|Yousef Kemet]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yousef Kemet|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |72 |[[User:Qcomp|Qcomp]] |[[Special:Contributions/Qcomp|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |73 |[[User:Iinmontauk|Iinmontauk]] |[[Special:Contributions/Iinmontauk|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |74 |[[User:Abdullahaksmart1|Abdullahaksmart1]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdullahaksmart1|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |75 |[[User:Abdullah AKsmart|Abdullah AKsmart]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdullah AKsmart|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |76 |[[User:Abddullah AKsmart|Abddullah AKsmart]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abddullah AKsmart|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |77 |[[User:Naawaown|Naawaown]] |[[Special:Contributions/Naawaown|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |78 |[[User:Ahmed A Issa|Ahmed A Issa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ahmed A Issa|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |79 |[[User:Klaevonogia|Klaevonogia]] |[[Special:Contributions/Klaevonogia|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |80 |[[User:Mumini902|Mumini902]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mumini902|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |81 |[[User:SophieWMCA|SophieWMCA]] |[[Special:Contributions/SophieWMCA|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |82 |[[User:Tycho.brodersen|Tycho.brodersen]] |[[Special:Contributions/Tycho.brodersen|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |83 |[[User:MannyEc3|MannyEc3]] |[[Special:Contributions/MannyEc3|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 3 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |84 |[[User:Koba98|Koba98]] |[[Special:Contributions/Koba98|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |85 |[[User:K7yz3|K7yz3]] |[[Special:Contributions/K7yz3|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |86 |[[User:GYSZ|GYSZ]] |[[Special:Contributions/GYSZ|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |87 |[[User:Omnigrade|Omnigrade]] |[[Special:Contributions/Omnigrade|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |88 |[[User:Jeshahnawazmanzoor|Jeshahnawazmanzoor]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jeshahnawazmanzoor|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |89 |[[User:Abubusu|Abubusu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abubusu|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |90 |[[User:Muiraquitã da Sorte|Muiraquitã da Sorte]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muiraquitã da Sorte|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |91 |[[User:NAGWANDU|NAGWANDU]] |[[Special:Contributions/NAGWANDU|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |92 |[[User:Jafar Mustapha|Jafar Mustapha]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jafar Mustapha|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |93 |[[User:Muhammad Salim Ahmad|Muhammad Salim Ahmad]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muhammad Salim Ahmad|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |94 |[[User:Delbatros|Delbatros]] |[[Special:Contributions/Delbatros|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |95 |[[User:Jim1002011ABC|Jim1002011ABC]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jim1002011ABC|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |96 |[[User:Anittasluch|Anittasluch]] |[[Special:Contributions/Anittasluch|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |97 |[[User:PDM270262|PDM270262]] |[[Special:Contributions/PDM270262|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |98 |[[User:Ytterbyz|Ytterbyz]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ytterbyz|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |99 |[[User:Madou Adji|Madou Adji]] |[[Special:Contributions/Madou Adji|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |100 |[[User:Shuaib Audu|Shuaib Audu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Shuaib Audu|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |101 |[[User:Badaouiqq|Badaouiqq]] |[[Special:Contributions/Badaouiqq|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |102 |[[User:Abdishakur Gande|Abdishakur Gande]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abdishakur Gande|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |103 |[[User:Haddabi alhaji|Haddabi alhaji]] |[[Special:Contributions/Haddabi alhaji|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |104 |[[User:Koskac|Koskac]] |[[Special:Contributions/Koskac|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |105 |[[User:Scrub2|Scrub2]] |[[Special:Contributions/Scrub2|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |106 |[[User:Lordofwar97|Lordofwar97]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lordofwar97|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |107 |[[User:Obbe h. norbruis|Obbe h. norbruis]] |[[Special:Contributions/Obbe h. norbruis|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |108 |[[User:Awodiligent|Awodiligent]] |[[Special:Contributions/Awodiligent|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |109 |[[User:Marceline, The Vampire Queen|Marceline, The Vampire Queen]] |[[Special:Contributions/Marceline, The Vampire Queen|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 4 ga Nuwamba 2026 |- |} mklh4mlkuu0whvti0xnsdvkttptid7b 0 21982 975993 955948 2026-11-05T00:44:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Okavango Delta''' ko '''Okavango Grassland''' wani babban [[Delta|yanki ne na cikin ƙasa]] a [[Botswana]] wanda aka samar inda [[Kogin Okavango]] ya kai wani magudanar ruwa mai tsayin {{Cvt|930|–|1000|m}} <ref name="ramsar1996">{{Cite web |date=1996 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> a tsakiyar yankin [[Endorheic Basin|kwarin endorheic]] na [[Hamadar Kalahari]] . [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Wurin Tarihi na Duniya]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] ne a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan tsarin delta na ciki waɗanda ba sa kwarara zuwa teku ko teku, tare da tsarin dausayi wanda yake da cikakken tsari. <ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> Madadin haka, ruwan ambaliyar ruwa ya bazu a kan filayen ambaliyar ruwa da tsibirai masu yashi, kuma babban rabo yana gangarowa zuwa cikin ƙaramin ruwan alluvial da ke ƙasa, kafin tsire-tsire su ɗauke shi. Kusan duk ruwan da ya isa delta a ƙarshe ya ƙafe kuma ya shuɗe . Kowace shekara, kimanin {{Cvt|11|km3}} na ruwa da ya bazu a kan {{Cvt|6000-15000|km2}} yanki. Wasu ambaliyar ruwa suna malalowa zuwa [[Tafkin Ngami]] . Yankin ya kasance wani ɓangare na [[Tafkin Makgadikgadi]], wani tafki mai daɗaɗɗen da ya bushe galibi lokacin da [[Holocene]] na farko ya fara bushewa. Wurin Ajiye Namun Daji na Moremi yana gefen gabashin delta. An sanya wa delta suna ɗaya daga cikin Abubuwan Al'ajabi Bakwai na Afirka, waɗanda aka ayyana a hukumance a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2013 a [[Arusha]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders |url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=22 March 2013 |website=sevennaturalwonders.org}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2014, Okavango Delta ta zama wuri na 1000 da aka sanya a hukumance a cikin Jerin Gado na Duniya na UNESCO. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> <ref name="unesco"/> == Suna == Sunan ''Okavango'' ya samo asali ne daga [[Kogin Okavango]], wanda shi ma sunansa ya fito ne daga ''Kavango,'' wanda ke nufin mutanen Kavango na arewacin Namibia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Water |first=John Misachi September 2 2021 in Bodies of |date=2021-09-02 |title=Okavango River |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/rivers/okavango-river.html |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref> Tsoffin kalmomin Ingilishi sun haɗa da ''Okovango'', yayin da wasu malaman Namibia suka fi son ''Kavango'' idan ana maganar kogin Namibia da yankin. Masanin tarihi Andreas Eckl ya lura cewa rahotannin mulkin mallaka na Jamus sun yi amfani da ''Okavango'', amma ''O-'' na farko ba abu ne da aka saba gani ba a harsunan Kavango na gida, kuma maimakon haka an danganta shi da tasirin [[Harshen Herero|Herero]] . <ref name="eckl-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == === Ambaliyar Ruwa === Ruwan Okavango yana faruwa ne sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa ta yanayi. Kogin Okavango yana ɗaukar ruwa daga lokacin rani (Janairu-Fabrairu) daga tsaunukan [[Angola]] kuma ruwan sama yana kwarara {{Cvt|1200|km}} cikin kimanin wata guda. Ruwan ya bazu a kan mutane {{Cvt|37500|km2}} yankin delta a cikin watanni huɗu masu zuwa (Maris-Yuni). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Zafin da ke cikin delta yana taimakawa wajen fitar da ruwa cikin sauri da kuma fitar da iska, wanda hakan ke haifar da zagaye uku na hauhawar ruwa da raguwar ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |last=C. N. Kurugundla |last2=N. M. Moleele |last3=K.Dikgola |title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management |url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=17 January 2021 |publisher=[[University of Botswana]] |pages=8–9}}</ref> wanda ba a fahimci sosai ba har zuwa farkon karni na 20. Matakan ambaliyar ruwa sun fi yawa tsakanin watan Yuni da Agusta, a lokacin hunturu mai bushewa na [[Botswana]], lokacin da delta ya yi girma har sau uku, yana jawo hankalin dabbobi daga kilomita kewaye da shi kuma ya samar da daya daga cikin manyan tarin namun daji na Afirka. Delta ɗin yana da faɗi sosai, tare da bambancin tsayin ƙasa da {{Cvt|2|m}} a fadin {{Cvt|15000|km2}} , yayin da ruwan ke faɗuwa kusan {{Cvt|60|m}} daga Mohembo zuwa Maun. <ref name="ramsar1996"/> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wehberg |first=J. |date=31 December 2013 |title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting |journal=Biodiversity & Ecology |volume=5 |pages=11 |doi=10.7809/b-e.00236 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gumbricht |first=T. |date=2001 |title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=104 |issue=3 |pages=243–264 |bibcode=2001SAJG..104..243G |doi=10.2113/1040243}}</ref> === Gudun ruwa === === Tafkuna === [[Fayil:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, an gani daga sama]] Idan matakin ruwan ya ragu a hankali, ruwa zai ci gaba da kasancewa a manyan magudanan ruwa da kuma gaɓar koguna, a cikin ramukan ruwa da kuma a cikin wasu manyan tafkuna, waɗanda daga nan za su jawo hankalin dabbobi da yawa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Tsibiran Gishiri === Tarin gishirin da ke kewaye da tushen shuke-shuke yana haifar da fararen wurare marasa tsabta a tsakiyar dubban tsibiran, waɗanda suka zama gishiri da yawa don tallafawa shuke-shuke, sai dai itacen dabino mai jure gishiri a wasu lokutan. Bishiyoyi da ciyawa suna girma a cikin yashi a gefen tsibiran waɗanda ba su yi gishiri sosai ba tukuna. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balasubramaniam |first=T. |last2=Shen |first2=G. |last3=Esmaeili |first3=N. |last4=Zhang |first4=H. |date=2023 |title=Plants' Response Mechanisms to Salinity Stress |journal=Plants (Basel, Switzerland) |volume=12 |issue=12 |pages=2253 |bibcode=2023Plnts..12.2253B |doi=10.3390/plants12122253 |pmc=10300796 |pmid=37375879 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 70% na tsibiran sun fara ne a matsayin tudun tururuwa (sau da yawa ''Macrotermes'' spp.), inda itace ke samun tushe a kan tudun ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunford |first=C. |title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August |url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref> == Yanayi == [[Fayil:Okavango_Delta.jpg|right|thumb|Kallon sama na delta yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ke raguwa, Agusta 2012]] Ba a samu sauyin yanayi a yankin Delta mai yawan shuke-shuke ba, a'a, wani wuri ne mai cike da ruwa a cikin ƙasa mai bushewa. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine {{Cvt|450|mm}} (kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na [[Yankin da aka kama shi|yankin da ke kewaye da ruwan]] Angola) kuma mafi yawansa yana faɗuwa tsakanin Disamba da Maris a cikin nau'in guguwar ruwa mai ƙarfi da rana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Okavango Delta {{!}} Botswana |url=https://www.namibweb.com/okavangodelta.htm |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.namibweb.com}}</ref> Disamba zuwa Fabrairu watanni ne masu zafi da danshi tare da yanayin rana har zuwa {{Cvt|40|C|}}, ɗumi da daddare, da kuma yanayin zafi da ke tsakanin 50 zuwa 80%. Daga Maris zuwa Mayu, yanayin zafi yana raguwa, tare da matsakaicin {{Cvt|30|C|}} da rana da dare mai laushi zuwa sanyi. Ruwan sama yana bushewa da sauri yana kaiwa ga watanni masu bushewa da sanyi na hunturu daga Yuni zuwa Agusta. Yanayin zafin rana a wannan lokacin na shekara yana da laushi zuwa dumi, amma zafin yana raguwa sosai bayan faɗuwar rana. Dare na iya yin sanyi a yankin delta, tare da yanayin zafi da ɗan wuce daskarewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2020-05-15 |website=Climatestotravel.com}}</ref> Wani lokaci ana ganin sanyi a lokacin hunturu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Year in the Okavango Delta |url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |website=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com |access-date=2026-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619000848/https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta |archive-date=2026-06-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsawon watan Satumba zuwa Nuwamba zafi da matsin lamba na yanayi suna ƙaruwa, yayin da lokacin rani ke shiga cikin lokacin damina. Oktoba shine watan da ya fi ƙalubale ga masu ziyara: yanayin zafin rana yakan wuce {{Cvt|40|C|}} kuma bushewar lokaci-lokaci tana lalacewa ne kawai ta hanyar fashewar gajimare kwatsam. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=UNEP-WCMC |date=2017-05-22 |title=OKAVANGO DELTA |url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=World Heritage Datasheet |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta ==   [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8fhzgzla5y9t0igy3ryzlwjhs97ulxd 0 22380 976005 733115 2026-11-05T04:02:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''UN Watch''' ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta a Geneva wanda aikinta ya bayyana shi ne "sa ido kan ayyukan [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta hanyar ma'aunin Yarjejeniyarta ". Ƙungiya ce mai izini a cikin Matsayin Tattaunawa ta Musamman ga Majalisar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma NGOan NGO da ke Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatar Watsa Labaru ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi rawar gani wajen yaki [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|da take Haƙƙin]] bil adama a [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] da Darfur, kuma ta yi kakkausar suka kan cin zarafin gwamnatoci irin su China, Cuba, Rasha da Venezuela, za a iya cewa galibi kan yi amfani da lokacin da aka ba ta a UNHRC don ba da dama ga masu adawa da [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|masu rajin kare Haƙƙin dan adam]] su yi magana. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Watch ne akai-akai m na abin da shi yake aukan kamar yadda anti-Isra'ila da kuma antisemitic jin zuciya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya-ta ɗauki nauyin events. [[File:2015-07-06 World Heritage Committee Bonn by Olaf Kosinsky-182.jpg|thumb|majalissar dinkin duniya]] Ƙungiyar ta sami yabo daga tsohon Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya [[Kofi Annan]], kuma Darakta Janar na Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva Sergei Ordzhonikidze ya amince da "aikin mai muhimmanci na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya don tallafa wa aiwatar da adalci na ɗabi'u da ka'idoji na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma tallafa wa 'yancin dan adam ga kowa. " Kamfanin dillancin labaran Faransa ya bayyana UN Watch duka a matsayin "ƙungiyar zaure wacce ke da kyakkyawar alaƙa da Isra'ila" sannan kuma a matsayin kungiyar da ke "kare Haƙƙin dan adam a duk duniya". == Kafa == [[File:H.E. Volkan Bozkir, President of the General Assembly, appointed H.E. Egriselda López, H.E. Michal Mlynár, as co-chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Revitalization of the Work of the General Assembly.jpg|thumb|majalissar dinkin duniya]] An kafa UN Watch a cikin shekarata 1993 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Morris B. Abram. Abram ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Asusun Kwalejin Kwalejin United Negro kuma Shugaban Jami'ar Brandeis. Abram ya kasance ma'aikaci a cikin al'amuran al'umma a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Yahudawa na Amurka a shekarun (1963-1968); Shugaban Kungiyar Hadin Kan Ƙasa da Taimaka wa Yahudawan Soviet (1983–1988); da Shugaban taron Shugabannin Manyan Kungiyoyin Yahuda wa na Amurkawa (1986–1989). Abram ya goyi bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin hukuma. A shekarar 1999, Abram ya gabatar da jawabi a gaban Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kan batun yadda Isra'ila ta yi wa Isra'ila aiki inda ya ce "UN Watch ta nuna goyon bayanta ga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a matsayin cibiya mai matukar muhimmanci saboda yadda suka yi bincike. Ya kamata Amurka ta biya duk haƙƙinta na baya ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin abin girmamawa na ƙasa da girmama muhimmancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Duk da kura-kuran Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ba za a taba tunanin cewa Amurka ta hana tallafi daga ƙungiyar daya tilo ta duniya ba a irin wannan duniyar da ke dogaro da juna. ” <ref>United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. 1999. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xAauJ84AalAC&pg=PA63 The treatment of Israel by the United Nations] [microform] : hearing before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, 14 July 1999 U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, Washington : 1999</ref> Bayan da Abram ya mutu a shekara ta 2000, David A. Harris, Babban Darakta na Kwamitin Yahudawa na Amurka, an zabe shi Shugaban UN Watch. A cikin shekara ta 2001, Harris ya ba da sanarwar cewa UN Watch ta zama cikakken reshe na Kwamitin Yahudawa na Amurka. A cewar wata sanarwa da aka Raba wa manema labarai a lokacin, “an kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne tare da karimcin Edgar Bronfman, Shugaban Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya. Watanni goma sha takwas da suka gabata, Kwamitin Yahudawa na Amurka da Majalisar Yahudawa ta Duniya sun cimma wata yarjejeniya, wadda kwamitin kasa da kasa na UN Watch ya amince da ita, don mika cikakken ikon ƙungiyar ga AJC, yarjejeniyar da ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2001. ” Tun a shekara ta 2013, UN Watch ta bayar da sanarwar cewa ba ta tare da Ƙungiyar AJC ta kuma ayyana kanta a matsayin Ƙungiyar mai zaman kanta. == Tsarin da matsayi == Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta shiga cikin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a matsayin mai zaman kanta wacce aka yarda da ita a Matsayin Tattaunawa ta Musamman ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tattalin Arziƙi da Tattalin Arziki (ECOSOC) da kuma matsayin NGOan NGO mai haɗin gwiwa ga Sashen Kula da Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (DPI). Tana da alaƙa da Kwamitin Bayahude na Amurka, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a 1906, wacce ta kasance mai ba da shawara na farko game da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta haɗa da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa, da kuma ƙirƙirar matsayin Babban Kwamishina na 'Yancin Dan Adam. . Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta shiga cikin ayyukan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya masu zuwa: Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam, Tattaunawa kan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Gabas ta Tsakiya, Tattaunawar Kwamiti kan Shawarwari don Sake Gyara Kwamitin Kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, karamin kwamiti don Ingantawa da Kariya na 'Yancin Dan-Adam, Kwamitin Kawar da Nuna Bambancin launin fata, da Rukunin Aiki kan' Yan tsiraru. Taron karawa juna sani na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva ya nuna zagayen Palais des Nations, da ziyarar Red Cross ta Duniya da Gidan Tarihi na Red Crescent, da kuma halartar taron kwamitin da ke yaki da azabtarwa (CAT) inda mataimakin shugaban ya yi bayani. A watan Oktoba na shekarata 2008, UNHCR ta lissafa kungiyar a matsayin mai dauke da mutane shida. UN Watch tana da membobi 110 a 2007, an rarraba su a ƙasa kamar haka: 56% daga Turai, 38% daga Arewacin Amurka, da 4% daga Oceania. Labarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan al'amuran Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yanzu ya kai kusan masu biyan 5,000 a duk duniya. Sharhi wasucikin kungiyar ya bayyana a cikin BBC, Al Jazeera, Reuters, ''Washington Post'', Agence France-Presse, Muryar Amurka, ''The Jerusalem Post'', <ref>[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Y18reT5YMFoJ:www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite%3Fcid%3D1257770042395%26pagename%3DJPArticle%252FShowFull+http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite%3Fcid%3D1257770042395%26pagename%3DJPArticle%252FShowFull&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk Gold vs Goldstone] ''Jerusalem Post'':</ref> Fox News, JTA, da sauransu. == Board da kudade == Membobin kwamitin na yanzu su ne: * Diego Arria, tsohon Wakilin din-din-din na kasar Venezuela a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro * Jean-Claude Buhrer * Irwin Cotler, mai rajin kare hakkin dan adam, tsohon dan majalisar dokokin Canada, tsohon Ministan Shari’a kuma Babban Lauyan Kanada, wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaban Raoul Wallenberg Center for Human Rights . * Yang Jianli, dan China mai adawa da izinin zama Amurka da mai rajin kare hakkin dan Adam * Garry Kasparov ɗan adawa na Rasha kuma tsohon zakaran duniya dara * Mark P. Lagon masanin kimiyyar siyasa kuma mai aikatawa, Babban Jami'in Manufofi a Abokan Kawancen Yaki da Cutar Kanjamau, tarin fuka, da zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma Babban Mashahurin Babban Malami a Makarantar Harkokin Waje ta Jami'ar Georgetown . * Katrina Lantos Swett Shugabar Gidauniyar Lantos, tsohuwar Shugabar Hukumar Amurka kan ‘Yancin Addini ta Duniya * David Trimble, tsohon Ministan Farko na Farko na Arewacin Ireland daga 1998 zuwa 2002 kuma shugaban Jam’iyyar Ulster Unionist Party * Gert Weisskirchen, ɗan siyasan Jamus kuma tsohon memba na majalisar dokoki ta Bundestag Tsoffin mambobin kwamitin sun hada da: * Per Ahlmark, former Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden * Max Jakobson, former [[Finland|Finnish]] Ambassador to the United Nations * David A. Harris, Executive Director of the American Jewish Committee * [[File:2016 UN Women 13.jpg|thumb|Taron Majalisar dinkin duniya kan yancin Mata da mutane]]Ruth Wedgwood, Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, Johns Hopkins University * Alfred H. Moses, Attorney, former United States Ambassador to Romania and Presidential Emissary for the Cyprus Conflict, Special Counsel to President Jimmy Carter. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana bana tallafi da gudummawar ga mutane masu zaman kansu da kuma sadaka. == Matsayi da ayyuka == === Yankuna === ==== Kwango ==== A shekarar 2008, gidan na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman rubuta rahoto ga [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|Congo]] da aka shafe ta da United Nations Human Rights Council. Kawancen an yi shi ne tare da goyon bayan kasashen [[Misra|Masar]], Algeria, [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]], Russia da sauran kasashe, biyo bayan bukatar da gwamnatin Kwango ta Shugaba Joseph Kabila ta gabatar . A cewar wani rahoto na gaba wanda ofishin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon ya shirya, duka sojojin gwamnati da na 'yan tawaye sun ci gaba da aiwatar da kashe-kashe da yawa, fyade da azabtarwa. A watan Nuwamba na waccan shekarar, UN Watch ta yi kira ga UNHRC da ta nemi gafarar soke mukamin, sannan ta bayyana cewa ya kamata a ce UNHRC tana so ayi mata bayani akan yadda abin yake, ganin irin ta'asar da mutane ke yi a can. Babban Daraktan Daraktan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Hillel Neuer ya fada a cikin wata sanarwa cewa, "A dabi'ance, wadannan kasashen (a cikin Majalisar) wadanda ke bayan kawar da dokar sanya ido a watan Maris ya kamata yanzu su nemi gafarar wadanda abin ya shafa a Congo. . . Ba za mu taba sanin ko mutane nawa ne za a iya ceto ba idan da Majalisar, ta koma ga gwamnatin Kwango, ba ta haifar da wannan gibin kariya ba wanda ba zai yiwu ba wanda ya rage wata hanyar gargadi da wuri lokacin da wadanda abin ya shafa suka fi bukata. " Sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi kira da a sake kafa mukamin. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160118074050/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLQ538635._CH_.2400 Rights group calls for U.N. apology over Congo post], Reuters 26 November 2008</ref> A ranar 1 ga Disambar na shekarata 2009, biyo bayan ta'asar da aka yi a gabashin lardin Congo na Arewacin Kivu, UNHRC ta la'anci cin zarafin fararen hula a Congo. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ce tana fatan ganin an sauya wani masanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hakkoki a yankin, kuma ta ce cin zarafin "mai da gabashin Congo wani jahannama" na bukatar a gudanar da bincike yadda ya kamata. <ref>[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L1524457.htm U.N. Human Rights Council condemns abuses in Congo] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Reuters 1 December 2009</ref> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ce jimillar kungiyoyi 50 ne suka sanya hannu kan wannan roko ga Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ban Ki-moon da shugabar kare hakkin dan adam Navi Pillay, suna neman a maido da mukamin mai kula da hakkin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a can. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120511070926/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE5BM0BC20091223 Groups call for UN rights monitor for Congo], Reuters, 23 December 2009</ref> ==== Darfur ==== UN Watch ta jagoranci Taron Kungiyoyi masu rajin gwagwarmaya na Darfur a 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Globe For Darfur: Reports & Briefs |url=http://www.globefordarfur.org/index.php?content=news&include=yes&subsection=reports |access-date=2021-07-12 |archive-date=2009-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019002850/http://www.globefordarfur.org/index.php?content=news&include=yes&subsection=reports |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2008, UN Watch ta shiga cikin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam a duk duniya don kaddamar da yakin "Adalci ga Darfur ". Kungiyoyin da ke bayan kamfen din sun hada da [[Amnesty International]], [[Farkon Ƴancin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights First]] da Human Rights Watch . Gangamin ya yi kira ga Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kungiyoyin yanki da gwamnatocin kasashe da su matsa wa [[Sudan|Sudan lamba ta ba]] da hadin kai ga [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa]], tare da cafke wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifukan yaki Ali Kushayb da Ahmad Harun . Gwamnatin Sudan ta ki mika ko daya daga cikin wadanda ake zargin ga Kotu, kuma a zahiri ta daga Harun zuwa karamin Ministan kula da ayyukan jin kai. <ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/quotjustice-darfurquot-campaign-launched-20080425 "Justice for Darfur" Campaign Launched] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930030040/http://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/quotjustice-darfurquot-campaign-launched-20080425 |date=2012-09-30 }}, [[Amnesty International]] 25 April 2008</ref> ==== Iran ==== Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yaba wa Amurka, Faransa da sauran kasashen dake akan turbar domokaradiya kan “kakkausar suka da suka yi” game da batun kare hakkin dan Adam na Iran a wani zaman da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi a kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHRC) a watan Fabrairu 2010. A lokaci guda, babban darektan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Hillel Neuer ya yi gargadin cewa sakamakon zaman majalisar zai iya takaita ga rahoton "mara hakori" da za a karba. <ref name="Iran under fire at UNHRC">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713122209/http://new.jpost.com/IranianThreat/News/Article.aspx?id=168843 Iran under fire at UNHRC], ''Jerusalem Post''. 16 February 2010</ref> ==== Haiti ==== Bayan faruwar girgizar kasar ta Haiti a watan Janairun 2010, mambobin kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya su 47 baki daya suka zartar da wani kuduri wanda ya nuna damuwa game da take hakki a yayin girgizar kuma sun bukaci gwamnati da kungiyoyin agaji da su kare yara daga tashin hankali da cin zarafi. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta soki taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na kwanaki biyu na musamman kan Haiti a matsayin "barnatar da cutarwa na lokacin kungiyar, albarkatunta, da kuma halin kirki na kungiyar," ta kara da cewa majalisar "ba ta da kasafin kudi, hukuma ko kwarewa kan ayyukan agaji" da "yayi watsi da matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam". ==== Switzerland ==== Bayan zaben [[Switzerland]] a shekarar 2009 don hana minarets, UN Watch ta bayyana cewa ta ji kunya musamman da gaskiyar kuma za ta yi aiki don sake ta. Daraktan kungiyar ta NGO Hillel Neuer ya ce haramtawa tsarin musulmai da wata gwamnati take nunawa ba daidai bane. <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/19/opinion/l19minaret.html?_r=1 A Swiss Ban on Minarets], ''New York Times'', 18 December 2009</ref> === Zaɓen UNHRC === Tare da Freedom House, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi adawa da takarar gwamnatocin jihohin da ba su da cikakkun bayanai game da 'yancin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta' Yancin Dan Adam. Kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2006 da ya kafa kwamitin ya bukaci cewa, yayin zabar kasashe a kwamitin, mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya "za su yi la'akari da irin gudummawar da 'yan takara ke bayarwa wajen daukakawa da kuma kare hakkin dan adam." <ref name="bahrain">[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN2033741220080521 States vie for seats on disputed UN rights body], Reuters 21 May 2008</ref> ==== 2007 ==== A watan Mayu na 2007, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma Freedom House sun gabatar da rahoto na hadin gwiwa game da zabe ga Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yana mai cewa 'yan takarar [[Angola]], Belarus, [[Misra|Masar]] da [[Qatar|Qatar ba]] su cancanci zama a kan hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ba, saboda su kansu sun keta hakkokin. Rahoton ya ce kasashen hudu "gwamnatocin kama-karya ne wadanda ke da rejistar kada kuri'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (kan batun 'yancinsu) kuma ba su cancanci zama mambobin Majalisar ba". Rahoton ya kara bayyana ‘yan takarar kasashen [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]], Denmark, Italia da [[Holand|Netherlands]] a matsayin“ wadanda suka cancanta sosai ”don Majalisar, ta kuma kira‘ yan takarar Bolivia, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, [[Nicaragua]], [[Filipin|Philippines]] da Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin “abin tambaya”. <ref name="angola">[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN07349513 Groups call 4 countries unfit for UN rights body], Reuters 7 May 2007</ref> ==== 2009 ==== A watan Mayun 2009, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma Freedom House sun sake gabatar da rahoto na hadin gwiwa game da zaben UNHRC. Rahoton ya bayyana 'yan takarar [[Sin|China]], Cuba da [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] a matsayin "mafi munin cikin munanan" ta fuskar' yancin dan adam. Rahoton ya kuma bayyana 'yan takarar [[Azerbaijan]], Kamaru, [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]] da [[Rasha]] a matsayin "wadanda ba su cancanta ba", sannan [[Bangladesh]], Jordan, [[Kenya]], Kyrgyzstan, [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] da [[Senegal]] a matsayin "masu tambaya". UN Watch da Freedom House sun bayyana tarihin majalisar a cikin shekaru ukun farko a matsayin mara kyau. Sun bayyana cewa kasashen musulmin da ke samun goyon bayan Cuba sun sake rubuta dokoki don sanya ido kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta yadda zai iyakance magana, kuma "kawancen gwamnatocin da ke kan gaba' 'sun yi nasarar dakatar da Majalisar ta soke masu binciken hakkin bil'adama na wuraren matsaloli kamar Belarus, Cuba [[Laberiya]], [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] da Darfur . Sun ce, sabanin haka, kawancen ya sa majalisar ta nada wani mai bincike wanda ke da hannu a kafa wata kyauta ta kare hakkin dan adam don girmama [[Muammar Gaddafi|Muammar al-Gaddafi]] da kuma wani wanda ke ganin cewa harin na 9/11 aiki ne na cikin gida. Hillel Neuer ya ce, "Tunanin ya kasance cewa majalisar za ta kasance muryar wadanda abin ya shafa, amma yanzu tana cikin wani hali." ==== 2010 ==== Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana karara game da wani rahoto da ke nuna cewa kasashen Asiya na iya saukaka [[Iran|zaben Iran]] a watan Mayun 2010 ga mambobi 47 na UNHRC. <ref name="Iran under fire at UNHRC"/> ==== 2011 ==== An yaba wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da jagorantar kamfen din kin amincewa da bukatar [[Siriya|Syria]] na samun kujera. <ref name="Horn">Jordana Horn, [http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=219981 "Syria may drop bid for Human Rights Council seat"], ''Jerusalem Post'', 10 May 2011.</ref> ==== 2014 ==== UN Watch ta yi kakkausar suka game da zaben shekarar 2014 na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]], [[Sin|China]], [[Cuba]], da [[Rasha]] ga kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam. A wata hira da France 24, babban darekta Hillel Neuer ya kira wannan a matsayin "ranar bakar rana ta 'yancin ɗan adam." Yakin neman cire wadannan kasashe daga jiki, "HRC-ba mai mulkin kama-karya" yana gudana tare da koke a shafin yanar gizon kungiyar. === Other UN activities === ==== Rahoton Goldstone ==== Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gabatar da takaddar doka mai shafi 29 ga Ofishin Binciken Gaskiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan rikicin na Gaza inda ta nemi a kori memba Christine Chinkin saboda tana daya daga cikin malamai 31 da lauyoyi wadanda suka sanya hannu kan wata wasika da aka buga a jaridar ''Sunday Times'' kafin ta kasance wanda aka zaba don aikin da ya zargi Isra’ila da kin bin dokokin kasa da kasa na kare hakkin dan adam. Wasikar ta bayyana harin sojan da Isra’ila ta yi a Gaza a matsayin “cin zali ne”, inda ta ce “mamayewa da jefa bam a Gaza daidai yake da hukuncin da aka yanke wa mazauna Gaza miliyan 1.5 wanda ya saba wa dokar kasa da kasa da ta‘ yancin dan adam ”, sannan ta kara da cewa“ toshewar taimakon jin kai, lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa na farar hula, da hana shigo da kayan masarufi kamar abinci da mai, manyan laifuka ne na yaki ". <ref name="Israel’s bombardment of Gaza is not self-defence – it’s a war crime">[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/letters/article5488380.ece Israel’s bombardment of Gaza is not self-defence – it’s a war crime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319105413/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/letters/article5488380.ece |date=2009-03-19 }}, ''The Sunday Times'', 11 January 2009.</ref> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa, tunda Chinkin ya riga ya kafa kuma ya bayyana hukunci kan ainihin batutuwan da Ofishin Jakadancin ke son gudanar da bincike, ba za ta iya cika bukatar nuna son kai ba game da binciken gaskiya. Takardar karar ta ambaci hukumomi na dokokin kasa da kasa, gami da na shekarar 2004 game da kotun kasa da kasa ta Saliyo, inda mai shari’a Geoffrey Robertson ya samu damar daga takwarorinsa na alkalai kan nuna son kai. <ref name="NGO: Academic should quit Cast Lead inquiry">[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1249418678785&pagename=JPArticle/ShowFull NGO: Academic should quit Cast Lead inquiry]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Jerusalem Post''. 23 August 2009</ref> Wakilin Deutsche Presse Agentur da jaridar ''Khaleej Times'' da kuma Agence France Presse ne suka gabatar da bukatar ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. UN Watch ta kara lura da cewa a wata ganawa da ta yi da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Geneva a watan Mayun 2009, Chinkin ta musanta cewa ba a nuna wariyarta ba, tana mai cewa bayanin nata kawai ya yi magana ne kan jus ad bellum, kuma ba jus a bello ba ; duk da haka, a cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, bayanin ba wai kawai ya kaddara cewa "ayyukan Isra'ila sun kai ga zalunci, ba kare kai ba," amma kuma an zarge su da cewa "sun saba wa dokokin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya da na 'yancin dan adam," kuma ya kasance "manyan laifukan yaki . " Wakilan binciken sun ki amincewa da karar kuma suka ce tawagar ta binciki ko Isra’ila, Hamas ko Hukumar Falasdinu sun yi sanadiyar mutuwa ko rauni ga fararen hula marasa laifi ta wasu ayyukan takamaiman makamai wadanda suka keta dokar jin kai ta kasa da kasa da dokar kare hakkin dan Adam ta duniya tana mai cewa “A kan wadannan batutuwan wasikar da farfesa Chinkin ya sanya hannu tare ba ta bayyana ra'ayi ba sam. " <ref name="Dispute over 'biased' Gaza inquiry professor">[http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/dispute-over-biased-gaza-inquiry-professor Dispute over 'biased' Gaza inquiry professor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091031114610/http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/dispute-over-biased-gaza-inquiry-professor |date=2009-10-31 }}, TheJC.com, 27 August 2009.</ref> Membobin sun kara rubutawa a cikin amsar da suka bayar cewa ba za a iya daukar kwamitin binciken na gaskiya a matsayin bangaren shari'a ba ko ma na shari'ar adalci. <ref name="U.N. Goldstone inquiry rejects ’so-called petition of UN Watch’; denies mission is quasi-judicial">[http://blog.unwatch.org/?p=451 U.N. Goldstone inquiry rejects ’so-called petition of UN Watch’; denies mission is quasi-judicial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723044630/http://blog.unwatch.org/?p=451 |date=2011-07-23 }}, UN Watch, 30 August 2009</ref> Hillel Neuer, darektan UN Watch, ya ce hujjojin da tawagar ta gabatar sun yi biris da kyakkyawan tsarin da aka kafa na ayyukan binciken kasa da kasa. <ref name="Gold vs Goldstone">[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Y18reT5YMFoJ:www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite%3Fcid%3D1257770042395%26pagename%3DJPArticle%252FShowFull+http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite%3Fcid%3D1257770042395%26pagename%3DJPArticle%252FShowFull&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk Gold vs Goldstone], ''Jerusalem Post''. 11 November 2009</ref> Goldstone ya ce wasikar da Chinkin ya sanya wa hannu na iya zama dalilin rashin cancanta, in da manufa ta kasance binciken shari'a. <ref name="Goldstone walks a fine line in an ancient war zone">[http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=77618 Goldstone walks a fine line in an ancient war zone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812060439/http://www.businessday.co.za/articles/Content.aspx?id=77618 |date=2009-08-12 }}, BusinessDay, 4 August 2009.</ref> ==== Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nuna adawa da Isra'ila da nuna wariyar akida ==== UN Watch tana aiki a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wajen yaki da kin jinin Isra’ila da kin jinin yahudawa, da kuma abin da ke nuna irin zabin da siyasa ta yi wa Isra’ilawa da yawancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Kungiyar ta goyi bayan [[Kofi Annan|burin tsohon Sakatare Janar Kofi Annan da aka]] gabatar na kawo karshen rashin daidaito da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke nuna wa Isra’ila kuma ta yi kakkausar suka ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan ‘Yancin Dan Adam . Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Yahudawa ya bayyana UN Watch a matsayin kungiyar da ke goyon bayan Isra'ila. ===== Maris 2007 jawabin UNHRC ===== A ranar 23 ga Maris 2007, Hillel Neuer na UN Watch ya gabatar da wani kakkausar suka ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam (UNHRC), yana mai cewa Majalisar ta ci amanar mafarkin wadanda suka kafa ta kuma ta zama "mummunan mafarki". Neuer ya zargi Majalisar da yin biris da take hakkin bil adama a duniya, inda ta zabi kafa "kuduri daya bayan daya da ke la'antar kasa daya: Isra'ila". Ya ci gaba da cewa matsalar da Majalisar ta nuna game da hakkin Falasdinawa na yaudara ce, kuma ya ba da misalai inda ta yi biris da cin zarafin Falasdinawa "saboda ba za a zargi Isra'ila ba. Desp Yan adawa wadanda ke gudanar da wannan Majalisar ba su damu da damuwa da Falasdinawa ba, ko kuma wani hakki na dan adam ba. Suna neman su bata demokradiyyar Isra’ila, su ba da izinin haramtacciyar kasar Isra’ila, don bata wa yahudawa rai. ” Jawabin Neuer ya sami yabo a cikin adadin edita da op-eds. ''Jaridar Wall Street Journal'' tayi nuni da cewa rashin gaskiya na Neuer ya dagula "obfuscation" na majalisar da "zamba". <ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB117522153592554150.html Your U.N. at Work], ''Wall Street Journal'' 30 March 2007</ref> Wani marubuci ne wanda aka wallafa a ''jaridar The Post ta kasa ya'' bayyana cewa jawabin ya zama "babban abin da aka gani a YouTube" <ref>[https://archive.today/20120527092632/http://www.nationalpost.com/scripts/story.html?id=fd791fde-3d3a-4cf5-a74a-3b25b0fd882e&k=27205 Degeneration in all but reputation], ''National Post'' 23 May 2009</ref> A cikin edita, ''jaridar New York Sun ta'' kira ta wani "lokacin diflomasiyya da za a tuna", kuma ta buga cikakken bayanin nasa. Alan Gold, dan rajin kare hakkin bil adama dan kasar Ostiraliya, ya ce jawabin Neuer "kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke nuna rashin da'a da nuna kyama ga wata babbar hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya." <ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/alan-gold-new-name-but-the-shame-is-still-the-same/story-0-1111113353237 "New name, but the shame is still the same"] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''The Australian'',</ref> Ian Williams, yana rubutawa ga The Guardian, ya yarda da maganganun Neuer game da munafunci biyu a cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Isra’ila da kasashe da yawa: Isra’ila ita ce abin la’anta, yayin da suka wuce gona da iri a kan kasashe masu yawa. Duk da haka munafuncin, ya kammala, ya faɗaɗa zuwa UN Watch kanta, wanda amincin sa yake, a ra'ayin sa, ya gurɓata gazawar ƙungiyar ta ba da hujja cewa ta taɓa la'antar 'bayyanannar laifuffukan Isra'ila na' yancin ɗan adam na Falasɗinawa. ' <ref>Ian Williams, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/apr/04/itwasamakemydayevent 'Casting the first stone,'] [[The Guardian]] 4 April 2007</ref> === Sauran === ==== Sexual exploitation ==== UN Watch, World YWCA, da Worldungiyar YMCAs sun buga wata sanarwa game da lalata da lalata yara da batsa. "A yau da yawa yara da yawa ana cin zarafinsu ta hanyar lalata da lalata su suna haifar da lalacewar rayuwa. Fiye da miliyan biyu da yara suna maida su ba kome a cikin multibillion-dollar jima'i masana'antu a kowace shekara, kuma miliyan 1.2 yara suna safararsu a shekara ", a cewar sanarwar. <ref name="YMCA">[https://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/policyandpublicaffairs/europe/briefings/statement_on_repealing_council_framework_decision_on_sexual_exploitation_wdf69668.pdf NGO Statement on the Revision of the Council Framework Decision on combating the sexual abuse, sexual exploitation of children and child-pornography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626072755/http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/policyandpublicaffairs/europe/briefings/statement_on_repealing_council_framework_decision_on_sexual_exploitation_wdf69668.pdf |date=2013-06-26 }}, repealing Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA</ref> == Tarihin karba == Former UN Secretary General [[Kofi Annan]] has said "I deeply appreciate the valuable work performed by UN Watch. I believe that informed and independent evaluation of the United Nations' activities will prove a vital source as we seek to adapt the Organization to the needs of a changing world." At the 2006 Centennial Anniversary of the American Jewish Committee, the Director-General of the UN Office in Geneva, Sergei Ordzhonikidze, praised the work of UN Watch by saying "allow me to also pay tribute to the valuable work of UN Watch in support of the just application of values and principles of the United Nations Charter and support for human rights for all." Ian Williams, tsohon shugaban kungiyar 'yan Jaridu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma marubucin ''The UN For Beginners'', ya rubuta a cikin wani ra'ayi a cikin ''The Guardian'' a 2007 cewa babbar manufar UN Watch "ita ce a kai hari ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Janar, da kuma majalisar kare haƙƙin bil'adama musamman, saboda zargin nuna son kai ga Isra'ila ". Williams ya goyi bayan Allah wadai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi wa Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar a matsayin kungiyar munafunci, amma kuma ya zargi ita kanta UN Watch da munafunci saboda ta yi Allah wadai da abin da ya kira "bayyanannun laifuffukan Isra'ila kan 'yancin dan adam na Falasdinawa." <ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/apr/04/itwasamakemydayevent Casting the first stone] ''The Guardian'', 4 April 2007.</ref> ''The New Republic''{{'}}s Martin Peretz, in a 2007 blog piece, described the organization as "a truth-telling organization." Claudia Rosett, a journalist-in-residence with the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, praised UN Watch as "stalwart and invaluable". The American journalist and political activist Phyllis Bennis described UN Watch as a "small Geneva-based right-wing organisation" that is "hardly known outside of UN headquarters". She stressed that "undermining and delegitimising" Richard Falk through "scurrilous accusations" has been an "obsession of UN Watch" when he became Special Rapporteur. ''Kamfanin dillancin labaran Faransa'' ya bayyana UN Watch duka a matsayin "kungiya ce ta zare da ke da kyakkyawar alaka da Isra'ila" da kuma kungiyar da ke "kare hakkin dan adam a duniya". <ref name="AFP2">6 May 2008, [http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hQys9g2BgfcCRuQJoyEjphZGZbpA NGOs say five nations unfit to serve on UN rights body], AFP 6 May 2008</ref> ''Masanin tattalin arziki'' ya bayyana Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin "mai sa ido ga Isra'ila". == Bayani ==   == Kara karantawa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506114731/http://podcast.shirenetworknews.net/:entry:tuatara-2007-04-01-0000/ Hillel Neuer na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wanda aka yi hira da shi a Labaran Sadarwar Sadarwa] * [http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=253&PID=0&IID=581&TTL=The_Struggle_against_Anti-Israel_Bias_at_the_UN_Commission_on_Human_Rights Gwagwarmaya da kin jinin Isra'ila a Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam - Hillel C. Neuer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608075633/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=253&PID=0&IID=581&TTL=The_Struggle_against_Anti-Israel_Bias_at_the_UN_Commission_on_Human_Rights |date=2011-06-08 }} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.unwatch.org/ Tashar yanar gizo] * [http://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/UN_Watch UN Watch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023000659/https://rightweb.irc-online.org/profile/un_watch/ |date=2019-10-23 }}, Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin - ''Yanar gizo na Dama'', Kokarin bin sahun masu fafutuka don tasiri kan manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka. ==Manazarta== fdh27roq70gfimtkh4dwmlnyvp8ue6b 0 23142 976150 931748 2026-11-05T11:54:40Z Zahrah0 14848 976150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yul Chibuike Daniel Edochie''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 1982), wanda aka fi sani da '''Yul Edochie'''// i, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan siyasan Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Biography |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/read-yul-edochie-biography-nollywood-nigerian-actor_562.html |access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Having A 'Flat Stomach' Is Very Childish —Nollywood Star Yul Edochie |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/202202/459951.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218101914/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/202202/459951.php |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=Peacefmonline.com – Ghana news}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Edochie a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1982. Ya fito ne daga [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma ɗan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne [[Pete Edochie]], ƙarami cikin yara shida. Ya girma ne a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] . An sanya masa suna ne bayan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha Yul Brynner . Ya halarci [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin zane-zane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yul Edochie, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Yul-Edochie-4189 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129095044/https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Yul-Edochie-4189 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Edochie ya fara bugawa [[Nollywood]] a shekara ta 2005 tare da fim din The Exquires, tare da [[Justus Esiri]] da [[Enebeli Elebuwa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Online |last2=Webby |date=2020-02-29 |title=My experience when I joined Nollywood in 2005 – Yul Edochie |url=https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/69143-my-experience-when-i-joined-nollywood-in-2005-yul-edochie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125164926/https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/69143-my-experience-when-i-joined-nollywood-in-2005-yul-edochie.html |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=OnlineNigeria.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara ta 2007 bayan ya fito tare da [[Genevieve Nnaji]] da [[Desmond Elliot]] a fim din Wind Of Glory . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yul Edochie |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1748293/ |access-date=14 September 2015 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Edochie ta kafa makarantar fina-finai a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . A watan Fabrairun 2026, Yul Edochie ya sami girmamawa daga Daraktoci Guild of Nigeria (DGN) tare da kyautar Mafi kyawun Actor na Shekara ta 2025, yana fahimtar gudummawar da ya bayar da kuma tasirinsa a masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. === Siyasa === A cikin 2017, Edochie ya tsaya takarar gwamna na Jihar Anambra kuma ya kasance dan takarar gwaminista na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Democratic Peoples Congress . [[Willie Obiano]], wanda ke neman sake zaben, ya lashe wa'adi na biyu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Edochie ta auri May Aligwe tana da shekaru 21. Ta kasance shekara guda ƙarami da shi, tana da shekaru 20. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza uku da mace tare, amma sun rabu a 2022 bayan ya sanar da cewa ya dauki matarsa ta biyu. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2022, ya bayyana cewa ya auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Judy Austin, tare da wanda yake da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma ya yi maraba da 'yar a watan Yunin 2025. Ɗansa na fari ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Maris 2023 bayan ya kamu da fashewa.<ref name=":0" /> May Aligwe ta shigar da karar saki a 2023 kuma kodayake a halin yanzu sun rabu, ba a kammala saki ba tukuna. A halin yanzu yana zaune a Abuja tare da Judy Austin da 'ya'yansu 3. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- |2007 |''Mata masu laushi'' | |[[Daniella Okeke]], [[Ini Edo]], [[Rita Dominic]] ne suka fito |- |2007 |''Iska mai ɗaukaka''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yul Edochie |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1748293/ |access-date=24 September 2015 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> |Emeka |Mai gabatar da [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Genevieve Nnaji]] |- |2008 |''Ka Ba da shi'' | |Mai gabatar da [[Mike Ezuruonye]], [[Ini Edo]] |- |2008 |''Kiss My Pain'' |Johnson |Mai gabatar da [[Mike Ezuruonye]], Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2009 |''Hawaye na Bege'' | |Masu fitowa [[Ngozi Ezeonu]], Olu Jacobs, Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2009 |''Zuciyata Mai Ƙauna'' | |[[Stella Damasus|Stella Damasus-Aboderin]] ce ta fito |- |2010 |''Ba za a iya dakatar da shi ba'' |Chris | |- |2011 |''Sarafina'' |Owen |[[Rita Dominic]], [[Halima Abubakar]] ce mai ba da labari |- |2011 |''Jinƙai da Laifi'' |Johnson | |- |2012 |''Yankin 9'' | |[[Nkem Owoh]], [[Annie Macaulay-Idibia]] ce ta fito |- |2012 |''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Chika Ike]], [[Chacha Eke]] |- |2012 |''[[The End Is Near (fim)|Ƙarshen Ya Kusan]]'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Chika Ike]], [[Chacha Eke]] |- |2012 |''A kan Dokar'' |Anthony |Mai gabatar da Olu Jacobs, [[Van Vicker]] |- |2013 |''Ido na Eagle'' | | |- |2013 |''Takardar shaidar Mutuwa'' | |[[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] ce mai ba da labari |- |2013 |''Jezebels'' | |Tonto Dikeh ne ya fito da shi[[Tonto Dikeh|Rashin hankali Dikeh]] |- |2013 |''Zaɓin Makafi'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Oge Okoye]] |- |2013 |''Mulkin Kudi'' | |[[Clem Ohameze]] [[Pete Edochie]] ne ya fito |- |2013 |''Waɗarin Gimbiya'' | |Mai gabatar da [[Chioma Chukwuka]] |- |2013 |''Rashin Halitta'' | |Wanda ya fito da shi [[Chika Ike]] |- |2014 |''Mirror'' | |[[Darakta|Daraktan]] Fim [[Teco Benson]] Mai ba da labari [[Kate Henshaw]] |- |2014 |''Chioma Sarauniya Mai Kuka'' |Yarima Chukwuemeka | |- |2014 |''Manzanni na Lucifer'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Ini Edo]] |- |2014 |''Sarauniyar Python'' |Yarima Oma |Mai ba da labari [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Nuella Njubigbo]] |- |2015 |''Dooshima'' |Daraktan |Mai ba da labari [[Mike Ezuruonye]] |- |2015 |''Ojuju Calabar'' | |[[Belinda Effah]], [[Ebube Nwagbo]] ne suka fito |- |2015 |''Yarinyar Sarauta'' |Yarima Izozo |Mai ba da labari [[Eucharia Anunobi]] |- |2015 |''Wawaye Masu Ƙungiya'' | |Fitowa [[Funke Akindele]] |- |2015 |''Mutumin da ya ba da kyauta'' |Uche |[[Monalisa Chinda]], Iyabo Ojo ne suka fito[[Iyabo Ojo|Iyabo Idon]] |- |2016 |''Poka Almasihu'' |Hades |Ernest Obi ne ya shirya shi |- |2017 |''Matar da ke da ƙauna'' | |[[Queen Nwokoye|Sarauniya Nwokoye]] ce mai ba da labari |- |2017 |''Sha'awar Yarima'' | |Mai ba da labari Chiwetalu Agu[[Chiwetalu Agu|Chiwet Agualu]] |- |2017 |''Iyali Mai Ban mamaki'' | | |- |2017 |''Injin ATM'' |Nikodimu |Masu fitowa da wannan suna: [[Nkechi Nweje]], Destiny Etiko, [[Jerry Williams (actor)|Jerry Williams]] |- |???? |''Zaɓin Sarauta'' | |Joyce Kalu ce mai ba da labari |- |2018 |''Biliyoyin'' |Eze Kwe Eche |[[Osita Iheme]] ne ya fito |- |2018 |''[[Moms at War|Iyaye a Yaƙi]]'' |Chidi Ubosi |Shirin [[Omoni Oboli]], [[Funke Akindele]] |- |2018 |''Yarinya 'yar asalin ƙasar'' |Uchenna |Judy Austin, Ifeanyi Azodo, Chigozie Atuanya |- |2018 |''Alkawari mara laifi'' |Dubem |Hayez Achu, Sese Ayanwu |- |2019 |''Bayyanawa''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clairvoyance {{!}} ROK Studios |url=https://rokstudios.ng/content/clairvoyance/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> | |Tare da wannan albarka, wanda aka yi amfani da shi, Sapphire Ekeng |- |2019 |''Talakawa Biliyanari'' |Chima |Cynthia Ashimba, Babban Emmanuel Chika ne suka fito |- |2021 |''Game da Lokaci'' |Larry |Mai ba da labari mai suna Patience Attang, Khing Bassey |- |2022 |''Ikemba'' | |Mai suna Chiwetalu Agu, Pete Edochie, |- |2022 |''Ƙididdigar Ƙarshe'' |Afamefuna | |- |} === Talabijin === * ''Fadar''<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2015 |title=Liz Benson stars alongside Chinwetalu AGU, Yul Edochie in new series &#91;Photos&#93; |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/the-palace-liz-benson-stars-alongside-chinwetalu-agu-yul-edochie-in-new-series-photos-id3919815.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085129/http://pulse.ng/movies/the-palace-liz-benson-stars-alongside-chinwetalu-agu-yul-edochie-in-new-series-photos-id3919815.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> * ''Gidan sarauta'' * ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Bayani !Ref |- |2009 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]] |Mafi kyawun Sabon Actor na Shekara (Turanci) | {{Won}} | | |- |2012 |[[2012 Nollywood Movies Awards]] |Mafi kyawun Actor A Matsayin Tallafawa| {{Nom}} | | |- |2013 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]] |Mafi kyawun Actor na Shekara (Turanci) | {{Won}} | | |- |2013 |Kyautar Pamsaa |Mafi kyawun Actor| {{Won}} | | |- |2014 |Kyautar Fim din Nollywood ta 2014 |Mafi Kyawun Maza| {{Nom}} | | |- |2015 |Kyautar Afrifimo |Mafi kyawun Actor| {{Nom}} |An ba da lambar yabo ta musamman ta Afrifimo ta 2015 | |- |2021 |[[Net Honours|Darajar Intanet]] |Mafi yawan Actor da ake nema|{{Nom}} | | |- |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fbgz4alyb87mdbdod9fy1a64rdu1b0i 976151 976150 2026-11-05T11:55:15Z Zahrah0 14848 976151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yul Chibuike Daniel Edochie''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1982), wanda aka fi sani da '''Yul Edochie'''// i, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan siyasan Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Biography |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/read-yul-edochie-biography-nollywood-nigerian-actor_562.html |access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Having A 'Flat Stomach' Is Very Childish —Nollywood Star Yul Edochie |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/202202/459951.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218101914/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/202202/459951.php |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=Peacefmonline.com – Ghana news}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Edochie a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1982. Ya fito ne daga [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma ɗan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne [[Pete Edochie]], ƙarami cikin yara shida. Ya girma ne a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] . An sanya masa suna ne bayan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha Yul Brynner . Ya halarci [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin zane-zane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yul Edochie, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Yul-Edochie-4189 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129095044/https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Yul-Edochie-4189 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Edochie ya fara bugawa [[Nollywood]] a shekara ta 2005 tare da fim din The Exquires, tare da [[Justus Esiri]] da [[Enebeli Elebuwa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Online |last2=Webby |date=2020-02-29 |title=My experience when I joined Nollywood in 2005 – Yul Edochie |url=https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/69143-my-experience-when-i-joined-nollywood-in-2005-yul-edochie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125164926/https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/69143-my-experience-when-i-joined-nollywood-in-2005-yul-edochie.html |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=OnlineNigeria.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara ta 2007 bayan ya fito tare da [[Genevieve Nnaji]] da [[Desmond Elliot]] a fim din Wind Of Glory . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yul Edochie |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1748293/ |access-date=14 September 2015 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Edochie ta kafa makarantar fina-finai a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . A watan Fabrairun 2026, Yul Edochie ya sami girmamawa daga Daraktoci Guild of Nigeria (DGN) tare da kyautar Mafi kyawun Actor na Shekara ta 2025, yana fahimtar gudummawar da ya bayar da kuma tasirinsa a masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. === Siyasa === A cikin 2017, Edochie ya tsaya takarar gwamna na Jihar Anambra kuma ya kasance dan takarar gwaminista na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Democratic Peoples Congress . [[Willie Obiano]], wanda ke neman sake zaben, ya lashe wa'adi na biyu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Edochie ta auri May Aligwe tana da shekaru 21. Ta kasance shekara guda ƙarami da shi, tana da shekaru 20. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza uku da mace tare, amma sun rabu a 2022 bayan ya sanar da cewa ya dauki matarsa ta biyu. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2022, ya bayyana cewa ya auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Judy Austin, tare da wanda yake da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma ya yi maraba da 'yar a watan Yunin 2025. Ɗansa na fari ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Maris 2023 bayan ya kamu da fashewa.<ref name=":0" /> May Aligwe ta shigar da karar saki a 2023 kuma kodayake a halin yanzu sun rabu, ba a kammala saki ba tukuna. A halin yanzu yana zaune a Abuja tare da Judy Austin da 'ya'yansu 3. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- |2007 |''Mata masu laushi'' | |[[Daniella Okeke]], [[Ini Edo]], [[Rita Dominic]] ne suka fito |- |2007 |''Iska mai ɗaukaka''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yul Edochie |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1748293/ |access-date=24 September 2015 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> |Emeka |Mai gabatar da [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Genevieve Nnaji]] |- |2008 |''Ka Ba da shi'' | |Mai gabatar da [[Mike Ezuruonye]], [[Ini Edo]] |- |2008 |''Kiss My Pain'' |Johnson |Mai gabatar da [[Mike Ezuruonye]], Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2009 |''Hawaye na Bege'' | |Masu fitowa [[Ngozi Ezeonu]], Olu Jacobs, Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2009 |''Zuciyata Mai Ƙauna'' | |[[Stella Damasus|Stella Damasus-Aboderin]] ce ta fito |- |2010 |''Ba za a iya dakatar da shi ba'' |Chris | |- |2011 |''Sarafina'' |Owen |[[Rita Dominic]], [[Halima Abubakar]] ce mai ba da labari |- |2011 |''Jinƙai da Laifi'' |Johnson | |- |2012 |''Yankin 9'' | |[[Nkem Owoh]], [[Annie Macaulay-Idibia]] ce ta fito |- |2012 |''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Chika Ike]], [[Chacha Eke]] |- |2012 |''[[The End Is Near (fim)|Ƙarshen Ya Kusan]]'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Chika Ike]], [[Chacha Eke]] |- |2012 |''A kan Dokar'' |Anthony |Mai gabatar da Olu Jacobs, [[Van Vicker]] |- |2013 |''Ido na Eagle'' | | |- |2013 |''Takardar shaidar Mutuwa'' | |[[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] ce mai ba da labari |- |2013 |''Jezebels'' | |Tonto Dikeh ne ya fito da shi[[Tonto Dikeh|Rashin hankali Dikeh]] |- |2013 |''Zaɓin Makafi'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Oge Okoye]] |- |2013 |''Mulkin Kudi'' | |[[Clem Ohameze]] [[Pete Edochie]] ne ya fito |- |2013 |''Waɗarin Gimbiya'' | |Mai gabatar da [[Chioma Chukwuka]] |- |2013 |''Rashin Halitta'' | |Wanda ya fito da shi [[Chika Ike]] |- |2014 |''Mirror'' | |[[Darakta|Daraktan]] Fim [[Teco Benson]] Mai ba da labari [[Kate Henshaw]] |- |2014 |''Chioma Sarauniya Mai Kuka'' |Yarima Chukwuemeka | |- |2014 |''Manzanni na Lucifer'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Ini Edo]] |- |2014 |''Sarauniyar Python'' |Yarima Oma |Mai ba da labari [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Nuella Njubigbo]] |- |2015 |''Dooshima'' |Daraktan |Mai ba da labari [[Mike Ezuruonye]] |- |2015 |''Ojuju Calabar'' | |[[Belinda Effah]], [[Ebube Nwagbo]] ne suka fito |- |2015 |''Yarinyar Sarauta'' |Yarima Izozo |Mai ba da labari [[Eucharia Anunobi]] |- |2015 |''Wawaye Masu Ƙungiya'' | |Fitowa [[Funke Akindele]] |- |2015 |''Mutumin da ya ba da kyauta'' |Uche |[[Monalisa Chinda]], Iyabo Ojo ne suka fito[[Iyabo Ojo|Iyabo Idon]] |- |2016 |''Poka Almasihu'' |Hades |Ernest Obi ne ya shirya shi |- |2017 |''Matar da ke da ƙauna'' | |[[Queen Nwokoye|Sarauniya Nwokoye]] ce mai ba da labari |- |2017 |''Sha'awar Yarima'' | |Mai ba da labari Chiwetalu Agu[[Chiwetalu Agu|Chiwet Agualu]] |- |2017 |''Iyali Mai Ban mamaki'' | | |- |2017 |''Injin ATM'' |Nikodimu |Masu fitowa da wannan suna: [[Nkechi Nweje]], Destiny Etiko, [[Jerry Williams (actor)|Jerry Williams]] |- |???? |''Zaɓin Sarauta'' | |Joyce Kalu ce mai ba da labari |- |2018 |''Biliyoyin'' |Eze Kwe Eche |[[Osita Iheme]] ne ya fito |- |2018 |''[[Moms at War|Iyaye a Yaƙi]]'' |Chidi Ubosi |Shirin [[Omoni Oboli]], [[Funke Akindele]] |- |2018 |''Yarinya 'yar asalin ƙasar'' |Uchenna |Judy Austin, Ifeanyi Azodo, Chigozie Atuanya |- |2018 |''Alkawari mara laifi'' |Dubem |Hayez Achu, Sese Ayanwu |- |2019 |''Bayyanawa''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clairvoyance {{!}} ROK Studios |url=https://rokstudios.ng/content/clairvoyance/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> | |Tare da wannan albarka, wanda aka yi amfani da shi, Sapphire Ekeng |- |2019 |''Talakawa Biliyanari'' |Chima |Cynthia Ashimba, Babban Emmanuel Chika ne suka fito |- |2021 |''Game da Lokaci'' |Larry |Mai ba da labari mai suna Patience Attang, Khing Bassey |- |2022 |''Ikemba'' | |Mai suna Chiwetalu Agu, Pete Edochie, |- |2022 |''Ƙididdigar Ƙarshe'' |Afamefuna | |- |} === Talabijin === * ''Fadar''<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2015 |title=Liz Benson stars alongside Chinwetalu AGU, Yul Edochie in new series &#91;Photos&#93; |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/the-palace-liz-benson-stars-alongside-chinwetalu-agu-yul-edochie-in-new-series-photos-id3919815.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085129/http://pulse.ng/movies/the-palace-liz-benson-stars-alongside-chinwetalu-agu-yul-edochie-in-new-series-photos-id3919815.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> * ''Gidan sarauta'' * ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Bayani !Ref |- |2009 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]] |Mafi kyawun Sabon Actor na Shekara (Turanci) | {{Won}} | | |- |2012 |[[2012 Nollywood Movies Awards]] |Mafi kyawun Actor A Matsayin Tallafawa| {{Nom}} | | |- |2013 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]] |Mafi kyawun Actor na Shekara (Turanci) | {{Won}} | | |- |2013 |Kyautar Pamsaa |Mafi kyawun Actor| {{Won}} | | |- |2014 |Kyautar Fim din Nollywood ta 2014 |Mafi Kyawun Maza| {{Nom}} | | |- |2015 |Kyautar Afrifimo |Mafi kyawun Actor| {{Nom}} |An ba da lambar yabo ta musamman ta Afrifimo ta 2015 | |- |2021 |[[Net Honours|Darajar Intanet]] |Mafi yawan Actor da ake nema|{{Nom}} | | |- |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3fl4qbey5kb4f1smob3bvqam1uoows6 976153 976151 2026-11-05T11:56:23Z Zahrah0 14848 976153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yul Chibuike Daniel Edochie''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1982), wanda aka fi sanin sa da '''Yul Edochie'''// i, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan siyasan Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Biography |url=http://www.nigeriamovienetwork.com/articles/read-yul-edochie-biography-nollywood-nigerian-actor_562.html |access-date=12 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Peace FM |title=Having A 'Flat Stomach' Is Very Childish —Nollywood Star Yul Edochie |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/202202/459951.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218101914/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/202202/459951.php |archive-date=18 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=Peacefmonline.com – Ghana news}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Edochie a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu shekarar 1982. Ya fito ne daga [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] kuma ɗan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne [[Pete Edochie]], ƙarami cikin yara shida. Ya girma ne a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] . An sanya masa suna ne bayan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha Yul Brynner . Ya halarci [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin zane-zane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yul Edochie, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Yul-Edochie-4189 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129095044/https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Yul-Edochie-4189 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Edochie ya fara bugawa [[Nollywood]] a shekara ta 2005 tare da fim din The Exquires, tare da [[Justus Esiri]] da [[Enebeli Elebuwa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Online |last2=Webby |date=2020-02-29 |title=My experience when I joined Nollywood in 2005 – Yul Edochie |url=https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/69143-my-experience-when-i-joined-nollywood-in-2005-yul-edochie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125164926/https://onlinenigeria.com/stories/69143-my-experience-when-i-joined-nollywood-in-2005-yul-edochie.html |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=OnlineNigeria.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara ta 2007 bayan ya fito tare da [[Genevieve Nnaji]] da [[Desmond Elliot]] a fim din Wind Of Glory . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yul Edochie |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1748293/ |access-date=14 September 2015 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> A cikin 2015, Edochie ta kafa makarantar fina-finai a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . A watan Fabrairun 2026, Yul Edochie ya sami girmamawa daga Daraktoci Guild of Nigeria (DGN) tare da kyautar Mafi kyawun Actor na Shekara ta 2025, yana fahimtar gudummawar da ya bayar da kuma tasirinsa a masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. === Siyasa === A cikin 2017, Edochie ya tsaya takarar gwamna na Jihar Anambra kuma ya kasance dan takarar gwaminista na jam'iyyar siyasa ta Democratic Peoples Congress . [[Willie Obiano]], wanda ke neman sake zaben, ya lashe wa'adi na biyu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Edochie ta auri May Aligwe tana da shekaru 21. Ta kasance shekara guda ƙarami da shi, tana da shekaru 20. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza uku da mace tare, amma sun rabu a 2022 bayan ya sanar da cewa ya dauki matarsa ta biyu. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2022, ya bayyana cewa ya auri ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Judy Austin, tare da wanda yake da 'ya'ya maza biyu kuma ya yi maraba da 'yar a watan Yunin 2025. Ɗansa na fari ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Maris 2023 bayan ya kamu da fashewa.<ref name=":0" /> May Aligwe ta shigar da karar saki a 2023 kuma kodayake a halin yanzu sun rabu, ba a kammala saki ba tukuna. A halin yanzu yana zaune a Abuja tare da Judy Austin da 'ya'yansu 3. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Matsayi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Bayani |- |2007 |''Mata masu laushi'' | |[[Daniella Okeke]], [[Ini Edo]], [[Rita Dominic]] ne suka fito |- |2007 |''Iska mai ɗaukaka''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yul Edochie |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1748293/ |access-date=24 September 2015 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> |Emeka |Mai gabatar da [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Genevieve Nnaji]] |- |2008 |''Ka Ba da shi'' | |Mai gabatar da [[Mike Ezuruonye]], [[Ini Edo]] |- |2008 |''Kiss My Pain'' |Johnson |Mai gabatar da [[Mike Ezuruonye]], Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2009 |''Hawaye na Bege'' | |Masu fitowa [[Ngozi Ezeonu]], Olu Jacobs, Mercy Johnson[[Mercy Johnson|Rahama Johnson]] |- |2009 |''Zuciyata Mai Ƙauna'' | |[[Stella Damasus|Stella Damasus-Aboderin]] ce ta fito |- |2010 |''Ba za a iya dakatar da shi ba'' |Chris | |- |2011 |''Sarafina'' |Owen |[[Rita Dominic]], [[Halima Abubakar]] ce mai ba da labari |- |2011 |''Jinƙai da Laifi'' |Johnson | |- |2012 |''Yankin 9'' | |[[Nkem Owoh]], [[Annie Macaulay-Idibia]] ce ta fito |- |2012 |''Ginin Yarjejeniya'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Chika Ike]], [[Chacha Eke]] |- |2012 |''[[The End Is Near (fim)|Ƙarshen Ya Kusan]]'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Chika Ike]], [[Chacha Eke]] |- |2012 |''A kan Dokar'' |Anthony |Mai gabatar da Olu Jacobs, [[Van Vicker]] |- |2013 |''Ido na Eagle'' | | |- |2013 |''Takardar shaidar Mutuwa'' | |[[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] ce mai ba da labari |- |2013 |''Jezebels'' | |Tonto Dikeh ne ya fito da shi[[Tonto Dikeh|Rashin hankali Dikeh]] |- |2013 |''Zaɓin Makafi'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Oge Okoye]] |- |2013 |''Mulkin Kudi'' | |[[Clem Ohameze]] [[Pete Edochie]] ne ya fito |- |2013 |''Waɗarin Gimbiya'' | |Mai gabatar da [[Chioma Chukwuka]] |- |2013 |''Rashin Halitta'' | |Wanda ya fito da shi [[Chika Ike]] |- |2014 |''Mirror'' | |[[Darakta|Daraktan]] Fim [[Teco Benson]] Mai ba da labari [[Kate Henshaw]] |- |2014 |''Chioma Sarauniya Mai Kuka'' |Yarima Chukwuemeka | |- |2014 |''Manzanni na Lucifer'' | |Mai ba da labari [[Ini Edo]] |- |2014 |''Sarauniyar Python'' |Yarima Oma |Mai ba da labari [[Patience Ozokwor]], [[Nuella Njubigbo]] |- |2015 |''Dooshima'' |Daraktan |Mai ba da labari [[Mike Ezuruonye]] |- |2015 |''Ojuju Calabar'' | |[[Belinda Effah]], [[Ebube Nwagbo]] ne suka fito |- |2015 |''Yarinyar Sarauta'' |Yarima Izozo |Mai ba da labari [[Eucharia Anunobi]] |- |2015 |''Wawaye Masu Ƙungiya'' | |Fitowa [[Funke Akindele]] |- |2015 |''Mutumin da ya ba da kyauta'' |Uche |[[Monalisa Chinda]], Iyabo Ojo ne suka fito[[Iyabo Ojo|Iyabo Idon]] |- |2016 |''Poka Almasihu'' |Hades |Ernest Obi ne ya shirya shi |- |2017 |''Matar da ke da ƙauna'' | |[[Queen Nwokoye|Sarauniya Nwokoye]] ce mai ba da labari |- |2017 |''Sha'awar Yarima'' | |Mai ba da labari Chiwetalu Agu[[Chiwetalu Agu|Chiwet Agualu]] |- |2017 |''Iyali Mai Ban mamaki'' | | |- |2017 |''Injin ATM'' |Nikodimu |Masu fitowa da wannan suna: [[Nkechi Nweje]], Destiny Etiko, [[Jerry Williams (actor)|Jerry Williams]] |- |???? |''Zaɓin Sarauta'' | |Joyce Kalu ce mai ba da labari |- |2018 |''Biliyoyin'' |Eze Kwe Eche |[[Osita Iheme]] ne ya fito |- |2018 |''[[Moms at War|Iyaye a Yaƙi]]'' |Chidi Ubosi |Shirin [[Omoni Oboli]], [[Funke Akindele]] |- |2018 |''Yarinya 'yar asalin ƙasar'' |Uchenna |Judy Austin, Ifeanyi Azodo, Chigozie Atuanya |- |2018 |''Alkawari mara laifi'' |Dubem |Hayez Achu, Sese Ayanwu |- |2019 |''Bayyanawa''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clairvoyance {{!}} ROK Studios |url=https://rokstudios.ng/content/clairvoyance/ |access-date=2025-03-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> | |Tare da wannan albarka, wanda aka yi amfani da shi, Sapphire Ekeng |- |2019 |''Talakawa Biliyanari'' |Chima |Cynthia Ashimba, Babban Emmanuel Chika ne suka fito |- |2021 |''Game da Lokaci'' |Larry |Mai ba da labari mai suna Patience Attang, Khing Bassey |- |2022 |''Ikemba'' | |Mai suna Chiwetalu Agu, Pete Edochie, |- |2022 |''Ƙididdigar Ƙarshe'' |Afamefuna | |- |} === Talabijin === * ''Fadar''<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2015 |title=Liz Benson stars alongside Chinwetalu AGU, Yul Edochie in new series &#91;Photos&#93; |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/the-palace-liz-benson-stars-alongside-chinwetalu-agu-yul-edochie-in-new-series-photos-id3919815.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085129/http://pulse.ng/movies/the-palace-liz-benson-stars-alongside-chinwetalu-agu-yul-edochie-in-new-series-photos-id3919815.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> * ''Gidan sarauta'' * ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'' == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Bayani !Ref |- |2009 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]] |Mafi kyawun Sabon Actor na Shekara (Turanci) | {{Won}} | | |- |2012 |[[2012 Nollywood Movies Awards]] |Mafi kyawun Actor A Matsayin Tallafawa| {{Nom}} | | |- |2013 |[[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Jama'a]] |Mafi kyawun Actor na Shekara (Turanci) | {{Won}} | | |- |2013 |Kyautar Pamsaa |Mafi kyawun Actor| {{Won}} | | |- |2014 |Kyautar Fim din Nollywood ta 2014 |Mafi Kyawun Maza| {{Nom}} | | |- |2015 |Kyautar Afrifimo |Mafi kyawun Actor| {{Nom}} |An ba da lambar yabo ta musamman ta Afrifimo ta 2015 | |- |2021 |[[Net Honours|Darajar Intanet]] |Mafi yawan Actor da ake nema|{{Nom}} | | |- |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 63vm2klp8tead4ns9rqbbu9hkpezbmn 0 23527 976154 509728 2026-11-05T11:56:48Z Zahrah0 14848 976154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rita Edochie''' tsohuwar yar wasan kwaikwayo ce a Najeriya wacce ta fara wasan kwaikwayo tun kafin a kafa Nollywood da aka tsara yanzu.<ref>https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/08/02/rita-edochie-bags-peace-ambassador-award/</ref> A cikin shekarar 2016, ''Ƙungiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba ta'' ''kyautar Ambasada Don Zaman'' Lafiya.<ref>https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/rita-edochie-cancels-birthday-celebration-over-covid-19/</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Edochie an haife ta ne a [[Anambra|jihar Anambra]], wanda shi ne yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya wanda galibin 'yan [[Inyamurai|kabilar Ibo]] ta Najeriya ne. Edochie tana da yara hudu kuma babbar uwa ce. Ita ce surukin Pete Edochie kuma mahaifiyar Yul Edochie da Muna Obiekwe .<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/05/sexually-abused-says-rita-edochie/</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Edochie ta auri Tony Edochie wanda kanin Pete Edochie ne . Mahaifiya ce mai 'ya'ya hudu sannan kuma kaka ce. An yi wa Edochie fyaɗe tun yana ƙarami wanda hakan ya haifar da ɗaukan ciki da wuri. == Lauyan Trump == [[Fayil:PatienceOzokwor.jpg|thumb|Rita Edochie]] Edochie ya goyi bayan [[Donald Trump]] yayin zaben shugaban Amurka na 2020. Taimakon ta ga Trump ya sa ba ta da farin jini a tsakanin ‘yan Najeriya da suka taba girmama ta. == Rigima == A shekarar 2020, ana zargin Edochie tare da wani fasto dan Najeriya mai suna Odumeje, inda Edochie ya tursasa ko ya biya wasu mutane don su nuna rashin lafiya kuma faston yayi musu addu’a kuma sun sami waraka yayin da a zahiri basu taba rashin lafiya ba. == Manazarta ==   [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 3blgggcq1uyvf5ji474ep2i11yb8z4l 0 23791 975992 824001 2026-11-04T23:50:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kofi Abrefa Busia''' (11 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1913 - 28 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1978)<ref>{{Cite web|title=August 28, 1978: Prime Minister of 2nd Republic Dr. Kofi Abrefa Busia Dies in London|url=https://www.eaumf.org/ejm-blog/2017/8/28/august-28-1978-prime-minister-of-2nd-republic-dr-kofi-abrefa-busia-dies-in-london|access-date=2020-08-13|website=Edward A. Ulzen Memorial Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> ya kasance jagoran siyasar ƙasar [[Ghana]] kuma masanin ilimi wanda ya kasance Firayim Minista na Ghana daga shekarar 1969 zuwa shekarar 1972. A matsayinsa na shugaba mai kishin ƙasa da firaminista, ya taimaka wajen dawo da gwamnatin farar hula zuwa ƙasar bayan mulkin soja.<ref name="Martin">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqYEhtONIBgC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611034655/https://books.google.com/books?id=rqYEhtONIBgC|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2020|title=African Political Thought|last=Martin|first=G.|date=23 December 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137062055|language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Busia a matsayin basaraken Bono a masarautar gargajiya ta Wenchi, a Yankin Brong Ahafo, ɗaya daga cikin Yankunan Gold Coast guda huɗu, sannan a ƙarƙashin mulkin Biritaniya kuma yanzu ake kira kasar [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=122|title=Dr Kofi Abrefa Busia, Ex-Prime Minister: 1969 – 1972|publisher=ghanaweb.com|access-date=4 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006020000/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=122|archive-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Methodist, Wenchi, Makarantar Mfantsipim, Cape Coast, sannan a Kwalejin Wesley, Kumasi, daga shekarar 1931 zuwa 1932. Ya yi koyarwa a Kwalejin Wesley kuma ya bar karatu da koyarwa a Kwalejin Achimota. Ya sami digirinsa na farko tare da Daraja a Medieval da Tarihin zamani daga Jami'ar London, ta hanyar wasiƙa a wannan lokacin. Daga nan ya cigaba da karatu a Kwalejin Jami'ar, Oxford, inda ya kasance ɗalibin ɗan Afirka na farko na kwaleji. Ya koma Gold Coast a shekarar 1942.<ref name="Heads of States and Governments Since 1945">{{cite book|last=Lentz|first=Harris M.|date=4 February 2014|title=Heads of States and Governments Since 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6HKAgAAQBAJ&q=Kofi+Abrefa+Busia+born&pg=PA320|publisher=Routledge|page=320|isbn=978-1-134-26490-2}}</ref> Ya ɗauki BA (Hons) a Falsafa, Siyasa, da Tattalin Arziki (1941, MA 1946) da DPhil a Social Anthropology a shekarar 1947 a Kwalejin Nuffield, Oxford, tare da rubutun taken "Matsayin babba a cikin tsarin siyasa na zamani. Ashanti: nazarin tasirin sauye -sauyen zamantakewa na zamani akan cibiyoyin siyasa na Ashanti." Shi masanin Fulbright ne a shekarar 1954.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fulbright Notable Alumni: Heads of State/Government|url=https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/fulbright-alumni/notable-fulbrighters/heads-stategovernment|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721184026/https://eca.state.gov/fulbright/fulbright-alumni/notable-fulbrighters/heads-stategovernment|archive-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> == Aiki == Ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan gunduma daga shekarata 1942 zuwa shekarar 1949, kuma an nada shi malami na farko a Nazarin [[Afirka]]. Ya kuma zama ɗan Afirka na farko da ya hau kujera a Kwalejin Jami'ar Gold Coast (yanzu Jami'ar Ghana). A cikin shekarar 1951 Ashanti Confederacy ya zabe shi zuwa Majalisar Dokoki. A shekarar 1952, shi ne Jagoran Jam'iyyar Congress na Ghana,<ref name="encyclopaedia">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Ghana-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html|title=Ghana:Political Parties|access-date=15 April 2007|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedias of the Nations|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310061855/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Ghana-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html|archive-date=10 March 2007}}</ref> wanda daga baya ya haɗu da sauran jam'iyyun adawa don kafa United Party (UP). A matsayinsa na jagoran masu adawa da Kwame Nkrumah, ya tsere daga kasar bisa dalilin cewa rayuwarsa na cikin barazana. A cikin 1959 Busia ta zama Farfesa na Ilimin zamantakewa da Al'adun Afirka a Jami'ar Leiden kusa da Hague, Netherlands. Daga shekarar 1962 zuwa 1969, ya kasance Abokin Kwalejin St Antony, Oxford. Ya dawo Ghana a watan Maris din shekarar 1966 bayan sojoji sun kifar da gwamnatin Nkrumah don aiki a Majalisar 'Yancin Kasa ta Janar Joseph Ankrah, shugaban sojoji;<ref name="Martin" /> kuma an nada shi a matsayin Shugaban kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa na NLC. A shekarar 1967/68, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Cibiyar Ilimin Jama'a. Ya yi amfani da wannan damar wajen tallata kansa a matsayin Jagora na gaba. Ya kuma kasance memba na kwamitin duba tsarin mulki. Lokacin da NLC ta dage haramcin siyasa, Busia, tare da abokai a cikin rugujewar UP sun kafa Jam'iyyar Progress (PP).<ref name="encyclopaedia" /> A shekarar 1969, PP ta lashe zaben majalisar dokoki da kujeru 105 daga cikin 140. Wannan ya ba shi damar zama Firayim Minista na gaba. Busia ya ci gaba da matsayin NLC na nuna adawa da Nkrumaist kuma ya karɓi tsarin tattalin arziƙi. An tasa keyar 'yan [[Najeriya]] rabin miliyan daga [[Ghana]], da kuma raguwar kashi 44 cikin 100 na cedi a shekarar 1971, wanda ya gamu da tirjiya daga jama'a. A lokacin da yake kasar Birtaniya domin duba lafiyarsa, sojojin karkashin Kanar [[Ignatius Kutu Acheampong]] sun kifar da gwamnatinsa a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 1972. Busia ya ci gaba da zaman gudun hijira a Ingila sannan ya koma [[Jami'ar Oxford]], inda ya rasu sakamakon bugun zuciya a watan Agustan shekarar 1978.<ref name="Heads of States and Governments Since 1945" /> Tare da JB Danquah da SD Dombo, sunan Busia yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin siyasa na Ghana. New Patriotic Party ta yi ikirarin rigar Danquah-Busia-Dombo a Jamhuriya ta Hudu. == Littafin tarihin == * ''The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti''. London, 1951 (Orig. Dissertation Oxford) * ''The Sociology and Culture of Africa''. Leiden, 1960<ref>[[hdl:1887/33398|Leiden 1960 inaugural lecture open access online]]{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=Kandymotownie|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> * ''The Challenge of Africa''. New York, 1962 * ''Purposeful Education for Africa''. The Hague, 1964 * ''Urban Churches in Britain''. London, 1966 * ''Africa in Search of Democracy''. London, 1967 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[category:Mutuwan 1978]] j7s0svr06c35iqh30s8arjazrx3pk5j 0 24279 975909 872698 2026-11-04T20:05:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sapotaceae tree in Nothern Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rukunin Bishiyoyin Kaɗanya a Jihar Katsina Arewacin Najeriya]] '''Kade''' ko kuma '''Kadanya''' sunan [[Bishiya]] ce daga cikin bishiyoyi masu ƴaƴa waɗanda ake amfani da su ta [[ Tahanya]]r sha da kuma sarrafa su fanni daban-daban. A taƙaice kaɗe bishiya ce mai tarin albarka da amfani don ana shan ƴaƴan sa wato '''taɓo''' ana kuma cire mai ta cikin ƙwarar kaɗe ([[Man kaɗe]]) ana shan man kaɗe musamman ƙauyuka ana kuma [[magani]] dashi da dai sauransu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1129997-man-kadanya-gwamnatin-tarayya-ta-sanya-hannu-kan-yarjejeniyar-dala-biliyan-3.html|date=12 October 2017|accessdate=25 August 2021|publisher=legit hausa|last=Mubarak Bala|first=Muḥammad|title=Man Kadanya: Gwamnatin Tarayya ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dala biliyan 3 da wani kamfani daga Malaysia}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Honfo|first1=Fernande|last2=H. N.|first2=Akissoe|last3=Linnemann|first3= Anita|last4=Soumanou Mohamed|last5=Boekel|first5=Martinus|year=2014|title=Nutritional Composition of Shea Products and Chemical Properties of Shea Butter: A Review|journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=54|issue=5|pages=673–686|doi=10.1080/10408398.2011.604142|s2cid=6345738}}</ref> [[File:Vitellaria paradoxa MS 6563.JPG|thumb|bishiyar kaɗanya kwantsam da ƴaƴa]] [[File:Parc national de la Pendjari-Vitellaria paradoxa (3).jpg|thumb|bishiyar kaɗe ta yi kakkaɓa ta kuma fantsama fure]] ==Bayani akan Kaɗanya == Bishiyar kaɗe bishiya ce wadda take yin girma sosai don har [[katako]] ake yi da ita tanada ganye masu ɗan girma-girma sai kuma tana ƴa'ƴa, ƴa'ƴanta kore ne shar ko yana ɗanye ko nunanne Mai tsaki ɗaya, abu ɗaya kesa a gane ɗanye da nunanne idan anji ƙamshin sa ko an taɓa da [[hannu]]. Saboda shi kaɗe koda ya nuna baya canja kala kamar yadda muka faɗa a baya ana shan kaɗe idan ya nuna [[mutane]] da [[dabbobi]] [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] [[Ɓera]] da sauransu duk suna amfanuwa da ƴa'ƴan bishiyar kaɗe. Haka masana sun bayyana cewa a cikin ƙwarar kaɗe akwai wani sinadari wanda yake rage ƙiba a turance ana cewa dashi (thin) kaɗe yanada zaƙi, sai dai ba ko wace bishiyar kaɗe keda zaƙi ba. Ƴaƴan kaɗe kafin su nuna sunada bauri idan aka ɗanɗana su (test). Haka kaɗe yana daga cikin bishiyoyi masu kakkaɓa a duk shekara musamman a [[lokaci]]n rani abinda ake nufi da kakkaɓa anan shine, [[ganye]]n bishiya zai zube baki ɗaya sai wani sabo ya tsiro. Shi kaɗai yana daga cikin bishiyoyi waɗanda suna fara fure ne a lokacin da suka fara sabon [[Fure-fure|fure]] don yin ƴaƴa kaɗe yana fara fure da rani da ƴaƴan duka cikin [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|Bazara]] yake yinsu sai kuma yana nuna a lokacin [[ruwan sama]] duk da cewa baya kaiwa ƙarshen ruwan sama ɗin. Bishiyar kaɗe tsawon ta yakai kusan (82 ft). Bishiyar kaɗe ana samunta ne a ƙasashen [[Afirka]] ne kuma a daji ake samun bishiyar kaɗe ko kuma irin cikin [[gona]]ki amma kaɗe yafi fitowa a busasshiyar sabana dry Savannah. [[File:Shea nuts on tree in Sudan.jpg|thumb|Kaɗe ya kwantsama ƴaƴa]] [[File:Vitellaria paradoxa MS 3765.jpg|thumb|ƴaƴan kaɗanya (taɓa)]] ==Ƴaƴan Kaɗe ko Kaɗanya == Bishiyar kaɗe tana fara ƴaƴa ne daga shekara ta goma zuwa sha biyar (10-15years) sai kuma ƴaƴanta suna yawaita a lokacin da kaɗe ya kai shekaru ishirin zuwa talatin (20-30) kaɗe tana rayuwa har tsawon shekaru ɗari biyu (200years) kuma tana ƴaƴa. Girman ƴaƴan kaɗe suna kai daga santimita 4-8 haka ƴaƴan kaɗe suna wata huɗu zuwa shida kafin su nuna/ƙosa yana yin ƴaƴa da yawa. [[File:Vitellaria paradoxa MS4195.JPG|thumb|dafaffiyar ƙwara kafin a kwalɗeta]] [[File:Drying shae butter nut.jpg|thumb|an busar da ƙankararriyar ƙwara don yin [[Man kaɗe]] ]] == Man kaɗe == Man kaɗe mai ne da ake cirewa daga jikin ƙwarar kaɗe bayan an gama shan taɓo ana amfani dashi sosai musamman Afirka man kaɗe yana ƙunshe da waɗansu sinadarai irin su ''palmatic'', ''stearic'', ''oleic'', ''linoleic'' da kuma ''arachidic''. Akwai sinadaran dake sanya ƙiba sosai a mankaɗe.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-55083841|date=29 November 2020|accessdate=25 August 2021|publisher=bbc hausa|title=Yadda za ku kula da jikinku a lokacin sanyi}}</ref> ==Ƙasashen da ake samun Kaɗe== Ana samun kaɗe ne a ƙasashe goma sha tara (19) a [[Afrika]] ga wasu daga ciki; [[Najeriya]], [[Ghana]], [[Nijar]], [[Benin]], [[Burkina faso]], [[Kamaru]] da dai sauransu.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36357630|date=24 May 2016|accessdate=25 August 2021|publisher=bbc news.com|title=Shea butter in Ghana: Hard labour for smooth skin|last=Sarpong|first=Akwasi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.southsouth-galaxy.org/solution/benin-and-burkina-faso-how-to-improve-shea-butter-production-and-combat-land-degradation/|date=17 March 2019|accessdate=25 August 2021|publisher=Southsouth Galaxy|title=Benin and Burkina Faso: How to Improve Shea Butter Production and Combat Land Degradation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825195416/https://www.southsouth-galaxy.org/solution/benin-and-burkina-faso-how-to-improve-shea-butter-production-and-combat-land-degradation/|archive-date=25 August 2021|url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ainihin kalmomin kaɗe== A [[Najeriya]] kamar yadda ya gabata [[Hausawa]] suna kiran kaɗe da sunaye uku (3) Kaɗe, kaɗanya da kuma taɓo duka sunan kaɗe ne, duk da cewa taɓo yana nufin nunannen kaɗe. Sai kuma da yaren Wolof a ƙasar [[Senagal]] suna kiransa da "ghariti" sai ana kiran kaɗe da "bambara" da yaren mutanen ƙasar [[Mali]]. Ana kuma kiransa da ''Okwùmá'' da [[yare]]n [[Igbo]] sai da [[Yoruba]] ana kiranshi da ''Òrí''. ==Duba kuma== * [[Man kaɗe]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaɗe, Man}} 4fhc0lc2pr75hnbmlpj8d6vx2tqo7b3 0 24673 976025 717704 2026-11-05T05:51:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha, Namoda''' na garin [[Kaura-Namoda]], [[Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]], [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nigeria|first=Media|date=2018-02-06|title=Polytechnics In Nigeria With State & Location|url=https://www.medianigeria.com/polytechnics-in-nigeria-with-state-location/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Media Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603044354/https://www.medianigeria.com/polytechnics-in-nigeria-with-state-location/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An kafa ta ne a watan Yunin 1983 ta Shugaba [[Shehu Shagari]], kuma tana da ɗalibai sama da 5,000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-01-12|title=List of Courses Offered at Federal Polytechnic, Kaura Namoda|url=https://nigerianscholars.com/school-news/list-of-courses-offered-at-federal-polytechnic-kaura-namoda/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=Nigerian Scholars|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519112500/https://nigerianscholars.com/school-news/list-of-courses-offered-at-federal-polytechnic-kaura-namoda/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwalejin Fasaha ta sami karbuwa daga Hukumar Kula da Fasaha ta Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=EDU|title=Federal Polytechnics|url=https://education.gov.ng/government-polytechnics/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517153740/https://education.gov.ng/government-polytechnics/|archive-date=2021-05-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Current List Of (NUC) Approved Polytechnics in Nigeria|url=https://alluniversity.com.ng/polytechnics-in-nigeria/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Latest JAMB News {{!}} All Nigerian Universities News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214325/https://alluniversity.com.ng/polytechnics-in-nigeria/|url-status=dead}}</ref> tana ba da darussan cikakken lokaci da na lokaci-lokaci a Fasaha, Kimiyyar Aiki, Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa, wanda ke haifar da Diplomas na ƙasa da Babban Diplomas na ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://fedpolykauran.com/index.htm |title = Welcome |publisher = Federal Polytechnic, Kaura Namoda |accessdate = 2010-03-21 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Polytechnic ita ce kawai babbar makarantar ilimi a cikin garin 300,000.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/living/2010/mar/07/Great-cities-07-03-2010.htm |title = Kaura Namoda: Two mystery trees and magical river |author = MIKE JIMOH |date = March 7, 2010 |work = Daily Sun |accessdate = 2010-03-21 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100307221709/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/living/2010/mar/07/Great-cities-07-03-2010.htm |archivedate = March 7, 2010 }}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2009, Gidauniyar Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya ta Afirka ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna don bayar da tallafin kuɗi don haɓaka kayan aikin.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.afyidef.org/pres.htm |title = AFYIDEF’S 2009 ANNUAL REPORT |publisher = Africa Youths International Development Foundation |accessdate = 2010-03-21 }}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Mafarkin Kwalejin== Kwalejin na da burin zama Ƙungiya da ta himmatu wajen samar da ingantaccen ɗan adam don dogaro da kai da ci gaban ƙasa baki ɗaya.<ref name=":0" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kwalejojin kimiyya a Najeriya * Ilimi a Najeriya == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Makarantun Fasaha na Tarayya a Nijeriya]] == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.fedpolykaura.edu.ng/ Shafin yanar gizo na makarantar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526191446/https://www.fedpolykaura.edu.ng/ |date=2020-05-26 }} [[Category:Kwalejin Fasaha a Najeriya]] [[Category:Ilimi a Najeriya]] [[Category:Jami'o'i da Kwalejoji a Nijeriya]] [[Category:Jahar Zamfara]] [[Category:1983 Gine-gine a Najeriya]] c83emvdk2yzc9pxnw0va93x54wqfga6 0 25691 976024 600011 2026-11-05T05:36:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Wide view of Federal college of education logo statue.jpg|thumb|logo na kwalejin ilimi na tarayya dake jihar Abeokuta]] '''Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya''' [[Abeokuta]] (FCEA), (wacce aka fi sani da '''Kwalejin Malamai ta Tarayya''' ) wata hukuma ce da aka ba da izini tare da ba da Takaddun Shaida na Ilimi (NCE) ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun su na digiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NCCE Online|url=http://www.ncceonline.edu.ng/colleges.php|access-date=2021-05-30|website=ncceonline.edu.ng|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213105/http://www.ncceonline.edu.ng/colleges.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=EDU|title=Federal College of Education|url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-college-of-education/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION|language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-04|title=List of Accredited Colleges of Education in Nigeria|url=https://www.myschoolgist.com/ng/colleges-of-education-in-nigeria/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=myschoolgist.com|language=en}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An kafa ta ne a shekara ta 1976 a Osiele, [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]], kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Mai gabatar da kara na yanzu shine Dakta Rafiu Adekola Soyele. Kwalejin tana gudanar da shirye -shirye guda uku: NCE, digiri a alaƙa da Jami'ar Ibadan da [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]], da PGDE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/general/college-closed-in-ogun-over-students-election-crisis/109102.html|title=college closed in ogun over students election crisis|author=Keyinde Adeyemi|work=Daily Trust|accessdate=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fceabeokutaportal.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715044201/http://fceabeokutaportal.org/ |archive-date=15 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwalejin ita ce babbar jami'ar farko a [[jihar Ogun]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us {{!}} Federal College of Education Abeokuta|url=https://fce-cedep.com/about-us/|access-date=2021-05-30|language=en-US}}</ref> Makarantar ta fara aiki a shekarar 1976,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Federal College of Education, Abeokuta fceabeokuta{{!}} School Fees, Courses & Admission info|url=https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/colleges/Federal-College-of-Education-Abeokuta.php|access-date=2021-05-30|website=universitycompass.com}}</ref> a wani wurin da aka raba tare da Makarantar Grammar Abeokuta, kafin ta koma matsuguni a 1978 a Osiele. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2020, an rufe cibiyar tsawon makwanni biyu lokacin da ma’aikaci ya mutu sakamakon bullowar cutar rikice-rikicen COVID-19 sannan wasu biyu sun gwada ingancin kwayar cutar. ==Kwasa-kwasai== Cibiyar tana ba da darussa da yawa a ƙarƙashin Makarantu masu zuwa; * Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyyar Zamantakewa * Makarantar Ilimi * Makarantar Harsuna * Makarantar Kimiyya * Makarantar Nazarin Sana'o'i ==Wani tsarin== Cibiyar kuma tana ba ɗalibai damar samun gogewa a fannonin karatun su daban-daban ta hanyar shirin SIWES. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [http://www.fce-abeokuta.edu.ng/ Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya, Gidan Yanar Gizo na Abeokuta] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170522092054/http://fceabeokutaportal.org/ Shafin yanar gizo] nclnn5xagrf6j0cy9rkagr5ir9aggnc 0 27766 976155 473344 2026-11-05T11:57:16Z Zahrah0 14848 976155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Pete_Edochie_and_Lookalike_son_Kingsley_Abasili.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Pete Edochie da Lookalike dan Kingsley Abasili.]] [[File:Kingsley_Abasili_and_Pete_Edochie_(Unroyal).jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Kingsley Abasili and Pete Edochie (Unroyal)]] Chief '''Pete Edochie''', [[Umarnin Nijar|MON]] (an haife shi 7 ga watan shekara ta alif 1947) [[Najeriya|ɗan wasan]] kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya. Edochie ya kasance daya daga cikin jarumai da suka fi kwarewa a harkan fim a Afurka, wanda aka karrama da kyautuka kamar haka girmama AMVCA Industry Merit Award|Industry Merit Award daga Africa Magic da kuma Africa Movie Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement daga Afirka Film Academy Ko da yake a seasoned gudanarwa da kuma watsa shiri, ya zo a cikin martabar a shekarar 1980s lokacin da ya taka rawar gani a matsayin Okonkwo a cikin wani NTA adaptation na [[Chinua Achebe]] ’s all-time best sales novel, ''Things Fall Apart'' . Edochie ya fito ne daga [[Inyamurai|kabilar Igbo]] a [[Najeriya]] kuma dan Katolika ne. A shekarar 2003, shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya karrama shi a matsayin [[Umarnin Nijar|memba na tsarin mulkin Nijar]]. == Rayuwa == An haifi Pete Edochie a Enugu ranar 7 ga watan Maris shekarar 1947. Pete ya yi bikin cika shekaru 70 da haihuwa 2017, kuma ya ce har yanzu yana jin karfi duk da ya shafe shekaru "maki 3 da goma". "Yin rayuwa cikin sauƙi da tsara manufa ga komai yana sa rayuwa ta cancanci rayuwa tare da tsufa cikin ladabi," in ji shi. == Sana'a == [[File:Wikipedia_-_Things_come_together.webm|thumbtime=0:46|thumb|350x350px|Edochie appearing in a commercial for Wikipedia]] Edochie ya fara watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a shekarar 1967, lokacin yana dan shekara 20 <ref>Jamiu, Adeyinka, [http://www.yeyepikin.com/2015/09/pete-edochie-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-him/ "Peter Edochie: Facts You Probably Didn't know about him"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331010228/http://www.yeyepikin.com/2015/09/pete-edochie-facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-him/ |date=2022-03-31 }}, ''YeYePikin Movie Blog'', 9 September 2015.</ref> a matsayin mataimaki na kananan shirye-shirye bayan haka ya kai matsayin Darakta. Ya kasance darektan shirye-shirye, amma sau biyu ya zama Mataimakin Manajan Darakta kuma wani lokaci yana aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta. Ya bar ABS ne saboda gwamnati ta yanke shawarar siyasantar da al’amuran gidan rediyon su na FM, wanda hakan ya sa aka bukaci daukacin ma’aikatan da su tashi daga aiki har da shi. Shi ne zai zama magajin MD nan take amma sai ya tafi ya shiga harkar fim. Kafin haka, ya fito a cikin ''Things Fall Apart'' kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa. BBC ta garzaya Najeriya don yi masa tambayoyi kan rawar da ya taka a cikin ''abubuwan da suka faru a baya'' . An yaba masa fiye da fina-finai 18 zuwa sunansa. A watan Satumban shekarar 2017, Edochie ya amince da harkar Wikimedia a Najeriya ta hanyar fitowa a cikin wani faifan bidiyo don kara wayar da kan jama'a da amfani da Wikipedia a tsakanin tsofaffin mutane acikin al'umma. == Shahararriyar G8 == A shekarar 2005 kungiyar ‘yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya ta sanya Pete Edochie da wasu ‘yan wasan kwaikwayo da dama da suka hada da [[Genevieve Nnaji]], [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde]], [[Nkem Owoh]], Ramsey Noah, [[Stella Damasus|Stella Damasus Aboderin]], da [[Richard Mofe-Damijo|Richard Mofe Damijo]] kan dakatar da yin fim na tsawon shekara daya bayan an ce. sun kasance suna karɓar manyan kudade daga furodusoshi saboda matsayinsu na A-list. Ana kallon haramcin da aka yi wa wadannan jaruman a matsayin halaka a harkar fim a Najeriya, amma a halin yanzu, jaruman sun dawo yin fim. === An sace === A shekarar 2009 an dauke Edochie kuma anyi garkuwa dashi wanda daga bisani kuma masu garkuwa da shi suka sake shi ba tare da wani lahani ba. === Kama Pete Edochie === A shekarar 2019, kingsley Abasili ya ja hankalin kafafen yada labarai saboda kamanta shi da fitaccen dan wasan kwaikwayo Pete Edochie. Kingsley wanda yayi kama da ƙaramin sigar pete Edochie, an yi masa alamar kamannin Pete Edochie. ==== Mutuwar girman kai ==== A cikin shekara ta 2020, Pete Edochie ya taka rawar gani a fim mai suna "Mummunan girman kai" wanda ya haifar da cece-kuce. Harkar Musulunci na Najeriya, IMN, wacce aka fi sani da Shi'a, ta kai wa fitaccen jarumin fina-finan Nollywood hari, saboda rawar da ya taka a wani sabon fim, inda ta dage cewa fim din yana kokarin nuna kungiyar a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci. [[Fayil:Film making.jpg|thumb|Pete Edochie]] Jarumin ya dage cewa ba shi da alhakin duk wani lamari da fim din zai haifar yana mai nuna cewa alhakin yana kan masu shirya fim == Fina-finai == {{Div col|colwidth=25em}} * ''Heavy Battle'' (2008) as Chief * ''Test Your Heart'' (2008) * ''Greatest Harvest'' (2007) as Asika * ''Secret Pain'' (2007) as Douglas * ''Fair Game'' (2006) as Tamuno Jacobs * ''Holy Cross'' (2006) * ''Lacrima'' (2006) * ''Living with Death'' (2006) as Mr. Harrison * ''Passage of Kings'' (2006) as Akatakpo * ''Simple Baby'' (2006) as Nze Jacob * ''Zoza'' (2006) as King * ''Azima'' (2005) * ''Baby Girl'' (2005) * ''End of Money'' (2005) as Okagbue * ''Living in Tears'' (2005) * ''Never End'' (2005) as Igwe Omekaokwulu * ''No More War'' (2005) * ''Ola... the Morning Sun'' (2005) * ''Price of Ignorance'' (2005) * ''The Price of Love: Life Is Beautiful'' (2005) * ''Sacred Tradition'' (2005) as Igwe Ebube * ''The Tyrant'' (2005) * ''Across the Niger'' (2004) * ''Coronation'' (2004) * ''Dogs Meeting'' (2004) as Anacho * ''Dons in Abuja'' (2004) * ''The Heart of Man'' (2004) * ''King of the Jungle'' (2004) * ''Love from Above'' (2004) * ''My Desire'' (2004) * ''Negative Influence'' (2004) * ''The Staff of Odo'' (2004) * ''St. Michael'' (2004) * ''Above Death: In God We Trust'' (2003) * ''Arrows'' (2003) * ''[[Billionaires Club]]'' (1999) as Billion * ''[[Egg of Life]]'' (2003) as Igwe * ''Honey'' (2003) * ''Love & Politics'' (2003) * ''Miserable Wealth'' (2003) * ''The Omega'' (2003) * ''Onunaeyi: Seeds of Bondage'' (2003) * ''Rejected Son'' (2003) * ''Selfish Desire'' (2003) * ''Super Love'' (2003) as Okagbue * ''Tears in the Sun'' (2003) * ''Tunnel of Love'' (2003) * ''When God Says Yes'' (2003) * ''Battle Line'' (2002) * ''My Love'' (2002) * ''Tears & Sorrows'' (2002) as Chief Okoye * ''Greedy Genius'' (2001) * ''Holy Ghost Fire'' (2001) * ''Terrible Sin'' (2001) * ''Oduduwa'' (2000) * ''Set-Up'' (2000) * ''Chain Reaction'' (1999) * ''Lost Kingdom'' (1999) * ''Narrow Escape'' (1999) * ''Living in Darkness'' (1999) * ''Rituals'' (1997) * ''Things Fall Apart'' (1987), TV series * ''Last Ofalla'' (2002) * ''Lion throne'' * ''Lion of Africa''<ref>{{cite web |title=Lion of Africa |url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/celebrities/1548606-lion-africa-yul-hails-father-pete-edochie-drama-marriage-judy/ |website=[[LegitNG]] |access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref> * ''Igodo'' * ''Evil men'' * ''Monkey chop banana'' * ''Idemili'' (2014) as Igwe * ''50 days with Christ '' * ''The Egg'' *''[[Unroyal]]'' (2020) as King Okrika *''[[Lionheart (2018 film)|Lionheart]]'' (2018) as Chief Ernest Obiagu * ''Mummy Why'' (2016){{Div col end}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Pete Edochie * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070101060154/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/showtime/2005/April/15/showtime-15-04-2005-001.htm Hira da Pete Edochie a SunNewsOnline.com] * [http://www.peteedochie.com Pete Edochie gidan yanar gizon hukuma] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Memba ba Order of the Niger]] [[Category:Wanda ya lashe kyautar Africa Movie Academy Award]] [[Category:Jarumai maza yan Najeriya]] [[Category:Jaruman shirye-shiryen gidan telebijin na Najeriya]] [[Category:Jarumai maza a karni na 2]] [[Rukuni:Jaruman fim maza na karni na 20\]] [[Category:Jarumai maza daga jihar Enugu]] [[Category:Mabiya addinin Kirista na Roman Catholi]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1947]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Jarumai maza inyamurai]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hm3xtlfme6t7hxjdtu0tigoeg98amcx 0 28000 976152 548025 2026-11-05T11:55:51Z Zahrah0 14848 976152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Ekenedilichukwu Ugochukwu Eric Nwenweh''', (an haife shi a watan Fabrairu 28 shekarata alif 1985) wanda aka fi sani da '''Ken Erics Ugo''' ko kuma a sauƙaƙe '''Ken Erics''' ɗan kwaikwayo ne ne na Najeriya kuma ɗan wasan talabijin, marubuci, furodusa kuma mawaƙin lokaci-lokaci. An san shi da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Ugo a cikin fim din 'The Iliterate' tare da [[Tonto Dikeh]] da Yul Edochie.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/19723/16/tontoh-dike-ken-erics-edochie-stars-the-illiterate.html |title=TONTOH DIKE, KEN ERICS, EDOCHIE STARS, THE ILLITERATE |last=Favour |first=Ugochukwu |date=18 January 2013 |work=Nigeria Films |accessdate=7 June 2016 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331141727/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/19723/16/tontoh-dike-ken-erics-edochie-stars-the-illiterate.html |archivedate=31 March 2016 }}</ref> Ya fito daga [[Anambra|jihar Anambra]]. == Rayuwar farko == [[Fayil:President Barack Obama with full cabinet 09-10-09.jpg|thumb|Ken Erics]] An haifi Ken Erics a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], Arewa maso Yammacin Najeriya a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun 1985<ref>{{cite news|url=http://naijagists.com/nollywood-celebrities-birthday-ken-erics-teco-benson-lilian-bach-a-year-older-today/|title=Nollywood Celebrities Birthday |last=Ola|first=Erinfolami|date=28 February 2014|work=Naijagists|accessdate=7 June 2016|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> kuma shi ne na shida a cikin ’ya’ya bakwai na Eric Chukwuemeka Nwenweh da Grace Ifeyinwa Nwenweh dukkansu na Enugwu-Ukwu a Jihar Anambra, Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. Shi dan [[Inyamurai|kabilar Ibo]] ne. Erics ya yi firamare a Binta Mustapha Science Nursery and Primary School, Kano, sannan ya yi sakandare a Dennis Memorial Grammar School (DMGS) Onitsha, Jihar Anambra. Yayin da yake karami, Erics ya nuna sha’awar fasahar kere-kere,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/my-childhood-interesting-entertaining-ken-erics/|title=My childhood interesting, entertaining —Ken Erics|last=Emedolibe|first=Ngozi|date=9 March 2016|work=National Mirror Newspaper|accessdate=7 June 2016|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314143834/http://nationalmirroronline.net/new/my-childhood-interesting-entertaining-ken-erics/|url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma hakan ya kai ga shigarsa Jami’ar Nnamdi Azikiwe Awka, Jihar Anambra, inda ya kammala digiri a fannin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kuma yi digirinsa na biyu a fannin wasan kwaikwayo da na fina-finai. == Sana'a == A cikin shekara ta 2001, a matsayinsa na ɗalibi na farko a Jami'a, Erics ya sami rawar fim ɗinsa na farko, a cikin fim ɗin Chris Ubani ya ba da umarnin fim ɗin 'Holy Prostitute'<ref>{{cite web|first=Chidumga|last=Izuzu|date=29 February 2016|url=http://pulse.ng/movies/ken-erics-5-things-you-probably-dont-know-about-actor-id4744602.html|title=Ken Erics: 5 things you probably don't know about actor|work=The Pulse Ng|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013141057/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/ken-erics-5-things-you-probably-dont-know-about-actor/1jcdxzh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> kai tsaye zuwa dvd, inda ya taka ƙaramin rawa a matsayin likita., tare da fage guda uku kawai. Ya ci gaba da kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar kuma ya fara halartar wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya ba da wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finai na gida. Duk da haka, hotonsa na "Ugo" a cikin 2012 a cikin fim ɗin ''The illiterates'' ya sa masu sauraro su so shi<ref>{{cite web|first=Sean|last=Sean|date=24 November 2014|url=http://dailymail.com.ng/interview-with-nollywood-ken-eric-one-of-nigerias-movie-industry-emerging-faces/2/|title=Interview With Nollywood Ken Eric, One of Nigeria's Movie Industry Emerging Faces|work=Daily Mail Nigeria|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040733/http://dailymail.com.ng/interview-with-nollywood-ken-eric-one-of-nigerias-movie-industry-emerging-faces/2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma ya buɗe masa ƙarin dama a cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. A matsayinsa na marubuci, Erics ya fara buga aikin ''Cell 2''<ref>{{cite web|first=Chidumga|last=Izuzu|date=29 February 2016|url=https://amymuses.wordpress.com/2015/02/21/cell-2/|title=Cell 2|work=Amymuses's Blog|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> ya sami jawo hankalin kuma an yi amfani dashi a yawancin manyan makarantun Najeriya don samar da matakai da dalilai na ilimi. A matsayinsa na mawaƙi na lokaci-lokaci wanda ke buga guitar da madannai, Erics,<ref>{{cite web|first=Ernesta|last=Izuronye|date=28 February 2016|url=http://nollywoodcommunity.com/nollywood-actor-ken-erics-has-passion-for-music-photos/|title=Nollywood Actor Ken Erics Has A Passion for Music (Photos)|work=Nollywood Community|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> wanda a baya ya gudanar da ƙungiyar kiɗan nasa, ya shiga cikin samar da adadin sauti na fim na asali. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da manyan jaruman fina-finai kamar su; [[Ngozi Ezeonu]], Yul Edochie, [[Desmond Elliot]], Chiwetalu Agu, [[Regina Daniels]] da sauransu. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Erics ya sami lambar yabo don Mafi kyawun Jarumin Tallafi a Kyautar ''Nishaɗi na City People'' da kuma Mafi kyawun Jarumin Jagora a Kyautar Afrifimo a Amurka. A cikin 2015, ya ci gaba da lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun Jagora a Kyautar ''Nishaɗi na City People.''<ref>{{cite web|first=Mohammed|last=Lere|date=18 August 2015|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/nollywood-nigeria/188608-nollywood-list-of-celebrities-who-win-at-the-2015-city-people-award.html|title=Nollywood: List of celebrities who win at the 2015 city People Award|work=Premium Times|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2017, Erics ya lashe lambar yabo ta ''City People Entertainment'' Awards 2017 don Mafi kyawun Jarumin Jarumi na Shekara kuma an zaɓi shi don ''Kyautar Fim na Zinare'' a cikin 2018 don Mafi kyawun Jarumin tallafawa. A cikin Disamban 2018, Ken Erics ya saki waƙarsa ta farko ''Inozikwa Omee.'' Ya samu magoya bayan sa sun yaba da wakar sa na farko. Waƙar ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa tare da sauti mai ban sha'awa alama ce ta Ken Erics ba zai je ko'ina ba nan da nan.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ekpo|last=Nathan Nathaniel|date=14 December 2018|url=http://www.modernghana.com/amp/nollywood/35107/actor-ken-erics-releases-new-single-inozikwa-omee.html|title=Actor, Ken Erics Releases New Single INOZIKWA OMEE|work=Modern Ghana|location=Ghana}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2019, Ken Erics ya sanar da cewa ba zai cigaba da aure da matarsa, Onyi Adada ba. A cewar Jarumin ya zama mahimmanci ya bar aurensa bayan da abubuwa suka juya ba za su iya jurewa ba. Sai dai ya nuna farin cikinsa da kawo karshen kungiyar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justnaijabase.com/2020/07/biography-of-ken-erics-net-worth-and-all-nollywood-movies.html//|title=Reason Ken Erics divorced his wife Onyi Adada|author=JustNaijaBase|date=2020-08-30|publisher=NaijaBase|accessdate=2020-08-30|archive-date=2020-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013141142/https://www.justnaijabase.com/2020/07/biography-of-ken-erics-net-worth-and-all-nollywood-movies.html///|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kyautuka == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lamarin ! Kyauta ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamako |- | 2014 | City People Entertainment Awards | Mafi kyawun Jarumin Taimakawa | Ken Erics |{{Won}} |- | 2014 | Kyautar Afrifimo (Amurka) | Mafi kyawun Jarumin Jagora | Ken Erics |{{Won}} |- | rowspan="4" | 2015 | Golden Icons Movie Awards (GIAMA) 2015 Awards | Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora | Ken Erics |{{Nom}} |- | Golden Icons Movie Awards (GIAMA) 2015 Awards | Mafi kyawun 'duo a kan allo' | Ken Erics da [[Kiki Omeili]] |{{Nom}} |- | City People Entertainment Awards | Mafi kyawun Jarumin | Ken Erics |{{Won}} |- | Kyautar Afrifimo (Amurka) | Mafi kyawun 'duo a kan allo' | Ken Erics |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | City People Entertainment Awards | Mafi kyawun Jarumin | Ken Erics |{{Won}} |- | Nollywood Ambassadors Awards | Mafi kyawun Jarumin Shekara | Ken Erics |{{Won}} |- | 2018 | Golden Movie Awards (GMA) 2018 | Mafi kyawun Jarumin Taimakawa | Ken Erics |{{Nom}} |- | 2019 | Kyautar South South Achievers (SSA) 2019 | Namijin Jarumin Shekara | Ken Erics |{{Won}} |- |} == Fina-finai == '''Matsayinsa a Fina-finai''' {| class="wikitable" !Year !Title !Role !Director !Notes |- |2002 |Holy Prostitute |Doctor |Chris Ubani |Cameo Role |- |2006 |Silence of the gods |Onyegbula |Teco Benson |Home Video |- |2007 |Eran and Erak |Oliver |Theodore Anyanji |Feature Film |- |2010 |Evil intention |Santos |Ugezu j Ugezu |Feature Film |- |2011 |Gold not Silver |Nwokolo |Tchidi Chikere |Feature Film |- |2011 |A Better Tomorrow |Izu |Michael JaJa |Feature Film |- |2011 |Days of Gloom |Izu |Michael JaJa |Feature Film featuring John Dumelo, [[Olu Jacobs]] and Chioma Chukwuka |- |2012 |The Illiterate |Ugo |Silvester Madu |Feature Film |- |2013 |Release me oh Lord |Osita |Ifeanyi Ogbonna |Feature Film |- |2014 |Father Muonso |Father Elijah |Vincent De Anointed |Feature Film |- |2014 |Burning Bridges |Louis |[[Okechukwu Oku]] |Feature Film |- |2014 |Sugarcane |Azuka |Obinna Ukeze |Feature Film |- |2015 |Trials of Igho |Igho |Chris Eneaji |Lead/Feature Film |- |2015 |Echoes of Love |Prince |Ugezu J. Ugezu |Feature Film |- |2015 |Omalicham |Jeremiah |Ugezu J. Ugezu |Feature Film |- |2016 |Almost Perfect |Nonso |Desmond Elliot |Feature Film |- |2016 |Within these walls |Francis |[[Uche Jombo]] |Feature Film |- |2016 |Valerie |Joe |Taiwo Shittu |Feature Film |- |2016 |The Vengeance |Jeff |Goodnews Erico Isika |Feature Film |- |2016 |''Okafor's Law'' |Chuks A.k.A Fox |Omoni Oboli |Feature Film featuring Blossom a Chukwujekwu, Richard Mofe Damijo , Omoni Oboli |- |2017 |Crossed Path |Jesse |Frank Rajah Arase |Feature Film featuring [[Okawa Shaznay]], Frank Artus & Emem Inwang |- |2017 |What Lies Within |Brian |Vanessa Nzediegwu |Feature Film with [[Michelle Dede]], [[Tope Tedela]], [[Kiki Omeili]] |- |2017 |Omugwo |Raymond |Kunle Afolayan |Feature Film featuring Patience Ozokwo, Ayo Adesanya, Omowunmi Dada |- |2017 |Body Language |Lancelot |Moses Inwang |Feature Film featuring Ramsey Nouah, Tana Adelana |- |2017 |The Bridge |Augustine |Kunle Afolayan |Feature Film featuring Chidinma Ekile, Demola, Adedoyin, Zach Orji |- |2017 |Fate of Amanda | |- |2018 |You Are My Light |Samson |Vincent D Anointed |Feature Film produced by Ken Erics and featuring Yvonne Jegede, Ebele Okaro |- |2019 |Love Melody |Obiora |Ability Tagbo |Feature Film produced by Ken Erics and featuring [[Rachael Okonkwo]] |- |2019 |''Ordinary Fellows'' |Ekene |Lorenzo Menakaya and Ikenna Aniekwe |Feature Film featuring Wale Ojo, Chiwetalu Agu and Somadina Adinma |- |} '''Matsayin wasannin Talabijan''' {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Darakta ! Bayanan kula |- | 2005 | Yanar Gizo | | Livinus Otteh | Jerin talabijan |- | 2015 | Girma Tsohuwa | Chidi | Chris Inaji | Jerin talabijan |- |} '''Wasannin kwaikwayo''' {| class="wikitable" !Take ! Matsayi ! Marubuci |- | Fatan Rayayyun Matattu | Hacourt Whyte | Ola Rotimi |- | Gwajin Oba Ovoramnwen | Ofishin Jakadancin | Ola Rotimi |- | Hangmen kuma sun mutu | RIP | Daga Irobi |- | Childe International | Shugaba | Wole Soyinka |- | Kowane mutum | Kowane mutum | Obotunde Ijimere |- | Riko Am | Ise | Ola Rotimi |- | Zinariya, Turare da Mur | Prof Ogun | Daga Irobi |- |} == Wakoki == === Zaɓaɓɓu daga ciki === * ''Inozikwa Omee'' (2018) * ''Godiya Baba'' (2019) * ''Mama'' (2019) * ''Asiri da yawa'' (2019) * ''Yarinyar Rake'' (2019) * ''Kariya'' (2019) * ''Anom Gi N'aka'' (2019) * ''Love is Life'' (2019)    == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|5156941}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Category:Jarumai maza inyamurai]] [[Category:Mawaka maza na Najeriya]] [[Category:Jarumai maza na Najeiya]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] avwb1prdyget6aj7ko82l68w53045s0 0 30474 976070 957419 2026-11-05T10:01:17Z A Salisu 14655 976070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam''' “ [[Haƙƙoƙi|hakkoki]] ne da [[Ƴancin siyasa|‘yancin]] da kowane ɗan Adam ke da hakki”. Magoya bayan wannan ra'ayi yawanci suna cewa kowa yana da wasu haƙƙoƙin kawai saboda kasancewarsa [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]] . '''[[Ghana]]''' ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] . Ƙasar Ingila ce ta yi wa [[Mulkin mallaka na Afirka|mulkin mallaka]] har zuwa ranar 6, ga Maris na shekara ta 1957, lokacin da ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta samu 'yancin kai daga [[Kudanci|kudancin]] [[Sahara]]<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/tag/hakkin-dan-adam/</ref>. == Haƙƙin LGBT == Ana kuma danne haƙƙoƙin LGBT a kasar Ghana sosai. <ref name="history" /> Ana yawan kai hare-hare ta zahiri da ta tashin hankali kan masu [[Jima'in jinsi|luwadi]], wanda kafafen yada labarai da shugabannin addini da na [[siyasa]] ke karfafa gwiwa. <ref name="history" /> Haka nan kuma rahotannin korar samarin mazaje daga gidajensu ya zama ruwan dare. <ref name="history" /> Duk da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, faɗin albarkacin baki, da taro ga ƴan ƙasar Ghana, waɗannan haƙƙoƙi na yau da kullun ana hana su ga mutanen LGBT, musamman ga masu [[Jima'in jinsi|luwadi]] . <ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Violations Against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People in Ghana: A Shadow Report |url=http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/GHA/INT_CCPR_ICO_GHA_21415_E.pdf |access-date=2022-03-20 |archive-date=2017-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118192906/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/GHA/INT_CCPR_ICO_GHA_21415_E.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == 'Yancin addini ==   == 'Yancin aikin jarida == Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulki da doka sun tanadi [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] da 'yan jarida, wani lokacin gwamnati na tauye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. 'Yan sanda suna kamawa tare da tsare 'yan jarida ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wasu 'yan jarida suna yin katsalandan da kansu . Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta yin katsalandan ba gaira ba dalili kan sirri, iyali, gida, ko wasiku, kuma gwamnati na mutunta wadannan haramcin a aikace. <ref name="USDOS-CRHRP-Ghana-2012">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204126 "Ghana"], ''Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 25 March 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.</ref> A shekara ta 2002, gwamnatin kasar Ghana ta yi watsi da labaran da kafafen yada labarai na Intanet suka yi kan rikicin kabilanci a Arewacin kasar Ghana. == Yanayin gidan yari == [[File:GH057.JPG|thumb|300x300px| Kusan shekaru 400 [[Sansanin James, Ghana|na gidan yarin James Fort]] da ke Accra ana amfani da shi azaman kurkuku har zuwa 2008. Tun da farko an gina shi don bayi 200, amma yana da fursunoni maza da mata sama da 740. ]] Matsalolin rashin abinci, rashin abinci, da cunkoso a gidajen yarin Ghana an kira su da "zalunci, wulakanci da wulakanci," ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2013. An yi kiyasin yawan cunkoson gidajen yari ya zarce adadin da gwamnati ta fitar. <ref name="Overcrowding" /> Hukumomin gidan yari na amfani da tsarin da fursunonin da aka fi sani da "bakar tufafi" suna bulala wasu fursunonin da ba su da dabi'a da sanduna. <ref name="Overcrowding" /> == Halin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Ghana tun a Shekaran 1972, a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 shine "mafi kyauta" kuma 7, shine "ƙananan kyauta". <ref name='FH1972'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 | access-date = 2012-08-22 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | date = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref>1 {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |Political Rights | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |[[Shugaban kasar Ghana|President]]{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Kofi Abrefa Busia]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Ignatius Kutu Acheampong]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ignatius Kutu Acheampong |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ignatius Kutu Acheampong |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ignatius Kutu Acheampong |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Partly&nbsp;Free&nbsp; | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Ignatius&nbsp;Kutu&nbsp;Acheampong&nbsp; |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ignatius Kutu Acheampong |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Fred Akuffo]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |[[Hilla Limann]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Hilla Limann |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Jerry Rawlings]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |[[John Kufuor]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Kufuor |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Kufuor |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Kufuor |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Kufuor |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Kufuor |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Kufuor |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Kufuor |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |[[John Atta Mills]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Atta Mills |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Atta Mills |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |[[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin kasar Ghana kan yarjejeniyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil adama na ƙasa da kasa sune kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |Treaty |Organization |Introduced |Signed |Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide | style="background:#9f9;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#9f9;" |1948 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1958 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1968 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1978 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1980 | style="background:#9f9;" |1986 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1999 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2011 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |2014 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2006 | style="background:#9f9;" |2007 | style="background:#9f9;" |2012 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2006 | style="background:#9f9;" |2007 | style="background:#9f9;" |2012 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure <ref name='UN 1'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref><ref name='UN 2'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2011 }}</ref><ref name='UN 3'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=17 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name='UN 4'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=1 September 2010 }}</ref><ref name='UN 5'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2019-03-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190324125027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name='UN 6'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2018-11-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181116072232/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name='UN 7'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref><ref name='UN 8'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=23 August 2012 }}</ref><ref name='UN 9'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=8 November 2010 }}</ref><ref name='UN 11'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2014 }}</ref><ref name='UN 12'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref><ref name='UN 13'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref><ref name='UN 8b'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2011-05-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040105/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="UN 11b">{{cite web|author=United Nations|first=|author-link=United Nations|date=|title=UN Treaty Body Database: Ratification Status for Ghana|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=67&Lang=EN|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=1 Feb 2021|website=}}</ref><ref name='UN 11c'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2013-12-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213004558/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name='UN 15'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=19 August 2012 }}</ref><ref name='UN 15a'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113202037/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=13 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name='UN 16'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2019-07-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190717085558/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name='UN 3a'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2012-07-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120718111116/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations Treaty Collection|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en|access-date=2021-02-01|website=treaties.un.org|language=EN|archive-date=2012-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name='UN 11d'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" | - |} == Duba kuma == * [[Sadarwa a Ghana|Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Ghana]] * [[Mata a Ghana]] == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008, ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a Shekaran 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga ranar 1, ga Janairu. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na Shekaran 1982, ya shafi shekara ta 1981, da rabin farko na Shekaran 1982, kuma rahoton na Shekaran 1984, mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na Shekaran 1982, da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/ghana/report-2012 Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212230913/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/ghana/report-2012 |date=2015-02-12 }}, ta [[Amnesty International]] * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/ghana 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601215146/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/ghana |date=2017-06-01 }}, ta Freedom House [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] [[Category:Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] kvtr0c4lm4w6ofj9h7ns61l32trlts4 976071 976070 2026-11-05T10:01:45Z A Salisu 14655 976071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam''' “ [[Haƙƙoƙi|hakkoki]] ne da [[Ƴancin siyasa|‘yancin]] da kowane ɗan Adam ke da hakki”. Magoya bayan wannan ra'ayi yawanci suna cewa kowa yana da wasu haƙƙoƙin kawai saboda kasancewarsa [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]] . '''[[Ghana]]''' ƙasa ce mai cin gashin kanta a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] . Ƙasar Ingila ce ta yi wa [[Mulkin mallaka na Afirka|mulkin mallaka]] har zuwa ranar 6, ga Maris na shekara ta 1957, lokacin da ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta samu 'yancin kai daga [[Kudanci|kudancin]] [[Sahara]]<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/tag/hakkin-dan-adam/</ref>. == Haƙƙin LGBT == Ana kuma danne haƙƙoƙin LGBT a kasar Ghana sosai. <ref name="history" /> Ana yawan kai hare-hare ta zahiri da ta tashin hankali kan masu [[Jima'in jinsi|luwadi]], wanda kafafen yada labarai da shugabannin addini da na [[siyasa]] ke karfafa gwiwa. <ref name="history" /> Haka nan kuma rahotannin korar samarin mazaje daga gidajensu ya zama ruwan dare. <ref name="history" /> Duk da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, faɗin albarkacin baki, da taro ga ƴan ƙasar Ghana, waɗannan haƙƙoƙi na yau da kullun ana hana su ga mutanen LGBT, musamman ga masu [[Jima'in jinsi|luwadi]] . <ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Violations Against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People in Ghana: A Shadow Report |url=http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/GHA/INT_CCPR_ICO_GHA_21415_E.pdf |access-date=2022-03-20 |archive-date=2017-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118192906/http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CCPR/Shared%20Documents/GHA/INT_CCPR_ICO_GHA_21415_E.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƴancin addini ==   == Ƴancin aikin jarida == Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulki da doka sun tanadi [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] da 'yan jarida, wani lokacin gwamnati na tauye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. 'Yan sanda suna kamawa tare da tsare 'yan jarida ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wasu 'yan jarida suna yin katsalandan da kansu . Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta yin katsalandan ba gaira ba dalili kan sirri, iyali, gida, ko wasiku, kuma gwamnati na mutunta wadannan haramcin a aikace. <ref name="USDOS-CRHRP-Ghana-2012">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204126 "Ghana"], ''Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 25 March 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.</ref> A shekara ta 2002, gwamnatin kasar Ghana ta yi watsi da labaran da kafafen yada labarai na Intanet suka yi kan rikicin kabilanci a Arewacin kasar Ghana. == Yanayin gidan yari == [[File:GH057.JPG|thumb|300x300px| Kusan shekaru 400 [[Sansanin James, Ghana|na gidan yarin James Fort]] da ke Accra ana amfani da shi azaman kurkuku har zuwa 2008. Tun da farko an gina shi don bayi 200, amma yana da fursunoni maza da mata sama da 740. ]] Matsalolin rashin abinci, rashin abinci, da cunkoso a gidajen yarin Ghana an kira su da "zalunci, wulakanci da wulakanci," ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a shekara ta 2013. An yi kiyasin yawan cunkoson gidajen yari ya zarce adadin da gwamnati ta fitar. <ref name="Overcrowding" /> Hukumomin gidan yari na amfani da tsarin da fursunonin da aka fi sani da "bakar tufafi" suna bulala wasu fursunonin da ba su da dabi'a da sanduna. <ref name="Overcrowding" /> == Halin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Ghana tun a Shekaran 1972, a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 shine "mafi kyauta" kuma 7, shine "ƙananan kyauta". <ref name='FH1972'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 | access-date = 2012-08-22 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | date = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref>1 {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |Political Rights | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |[[Shugaban kasar Ghana|President]]{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Kofi Abrefa Busia]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Ignatius Kutu Acheampong]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ignatius Kutu Acheampong |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ignatius Kutu Acheampong |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ignatius Kutu Acheampong |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Partly&nbsp;Free&nbsp; | style="background:#ff9;" |&nbsp;Ignatius&nbsp;Kutu&nbsp;Acheampong&nbsp; |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ignatius Kutu Acheampong |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Fred Akuffo]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |[[Hilla Limann]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Hilla Limann |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |[[Jerry Rawlings]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Jerry Rawlings |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |[[John Kufuor]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Kufuor |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Kufuor |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Kufuor |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Kufuor |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Kufuor |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Kufuor |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Kufuor |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |[[John Atta Mills]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Atta Mills |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |John Atta Mills |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |[[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin kasar Ghana kan yarjejeniyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil adama na ƙasa da kasa sune kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |Treaty |Organization |Introduced |Signed |Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide | style="background:#9f9;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#9f9;" |1948 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1958 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1968 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1978 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1980 | style="background:#9f9;" |1986 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1999 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2011 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |2014 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2006 | style="background:#9f9;" |2007 | style="background:#9f9;" |2012 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2006 | style="background:#9f9;" |2007 | style="background:#9f9;" |2012 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure <ref name='UN 1'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref><ref name='UN 2'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2011 }}</ref><ref name='UN 3'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=17 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name='UN 4'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=1 September 2010 }}</ref><ref name='UN 5'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2019-03-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190324125027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name='UN 6'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2018-11-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181116072232/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name='UN 7'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref><ref name='UN 8'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=23 August 2012 }}</ref><ref name='UN 9'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=8 November 2010 }}</ref><ref name='UN 11'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2014 }}</ref><ref name='UN 12'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref><ref name='UN 13'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref><ref name='UN 8b'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2011-05-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040105/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="UN 11b">{{cite web|author=United Nations|first=|author-link=United Nations|date=|title=UN Treaty Body Database: Ratification Status for Ghana|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=67&Lang=EN|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=1 Feb 2021|website=}}</ref><ref name='UN 11c'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2013-12-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213004558/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name='UN 15'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=19 August 2012 }}</ref><ref name='UN 15a'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113202037/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=13 January 2016 }}</ref><ref name='UN 16'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2019-07-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190717085558/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name='UN 3a'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2012-07-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120718111116/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations Treaty Collection|url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en|access-date=2021-02-01|website=treaties.un.org|language=EN|archive-date=2012-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name='UN 11d'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" | - |} == Duba kuma == * [[Sadarwa a Ghana|Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Ghana]] * [[Mata a Ghana]] == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008, ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a Shekaran 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga ranar 1, ga Janairu. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na Shekaran 1982, ya shafi shekara ta 1981, da rabin farko na Shekaran 1982, kuma rahoton na Shekaran 1984, mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na Shekaran 1982, da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/ghana/report-2012 Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212230913/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/ghana/report-2012 |date=2015-02-12 }}, ta [[Amnesty International]] * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/ghana 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601215146/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/ghana |date=2017-06-01 }}, ta Freedom House [[Category:Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙi]] [[Category:Haƙƙoƙin Mata]] [[Category:Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki]] [[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]] [[Category:Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] m9o7hj40aognszfgnl05qhsblqni5bt 0 30713 976096 876534 2026-11-05T10:12:47Z A Salisu 14655 976096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An yi la'akari da yanayin [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|'yancin ɗan adam]] a [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]] a matsayin gabaɗaya sama da matsakaici ga Afirka kudu da hamadar [[Afirka|Sahara]] . Wani rahoton [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka na]] a shekarar 2012 ya yaba wa Benin "don ci gaba da mika mulki ga dimokuradiyya" kuma ya yaba "ayyukan majalisa na 'yan shekarun nan don zartar da aiwatar da dokoki game da cin zarafin mata a cikin gida, cin hanci da rashawa a hukumance, azabtarwa, da sauran laifuffuka", da kuma "kafa." na cibiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da suka hada da mai kula da kare hakkin bil'adama da majalisar kasa don inganta daidaito da daidaito tsakanin jinsi". Rahoton ya ci gaba da nuna damuwa, duk da haka, "game da ci gaba da rahotanni na yawan tashe-tashen hankula da cin zarafi daga jami'an tsaro, ciki har da 'yan sanda, da kuma mummunan yanayin gidan yari da kuma tsawon lokacin da ake tsare da su kafin a yi shari'a", da kuma "ta hanyar rahotanni masu tsanani. takunkumi kan 'yancin yajin aiki a ma'aikatun jama'a da kuma maganganun da hukumomi ke yi akai-akai na nuna adawa da kungiyar, yana kara rura wutar zaman jama'a da ayyukan zanga-zanga". Bugu da kari, rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa "hankalin ci gaban da gwamnati ke samu wajen magance munanan nau'ikan aikin yara ". == Tarihin tarihi == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-left: 1em" |+Historical ratings ! scope="col" style="text-align:left;" |Year ! scope="col" |Political<nowiki><br id="mwGw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>rights ! scope="col" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil<br /><br />liberties]] ! scope="col" |Status ! scope="col" |President{{ref|b|2}} |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1972 |7 |5 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1973 |7 |5 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1974 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1975 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1976 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1977 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1978 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1979 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1980 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1981 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1982{{ref|c|3}} |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1983 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1984 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1985 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1986 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1987 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1988 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1989 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background:#ff9;" ! scope="row" |1990 |6 |4 |Partly Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1991 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1992 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1993 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1994 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1995 |2 |2 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1996 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1997 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1998 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1999 |2 |3 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2000 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2001 |3 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2002 |3 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2003 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2004 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2005 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2006 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2007 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2008 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2009 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2010 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2011 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2012 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2013 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2014 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |} Kasar Benin dai ta kasance [[Faransa|kasar Faransa]] da aka fi sani da Dahomey, wadda ta samu ‘yancin kai a shekara ta 1960. Daga 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1990 kasar Marxist–Leninist ce wacce mai mulkin kama karya Mathieu Kérékou ya mulki, wanda ya karbi mulki a juyin mulki. A karkashin Kérékou, ƙasar ba ta da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ko na 'yan jarida kuma ba ta da yancin ɗan adam. Ya canza suna zuwa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Benin a 1975. A cikin 1990 an cire kalmar "People's" daga sunan kasar, kuma a cikin Disamba 1991 aka amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da nufin kafa wata kasa wadda a cikinta "dokar doka, 'yancin kai, 'yancin jama'a, mutuncin dan Adam. kuma an tabbatar da adalci, kariya da kuma inganta shi a matsayin abin da ake bukata don ci gaban da ya dace ga kowane dan kasar Benin." A karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, an maido da mulkin dimokradiyya a kasar Benin a shekarar 1991. A zaben da aka gudanar a waccan shekarar, Kérékou ya sha kaye a hannun Nicéphore Soglo kuma ya amince da sakamakon zaben. An mayar da shi mulki a zaɓen shekara ta 1996 aka sake zabe a 2001; zaɓen 2006, wanda Kérékou bai tsaya takara ba, an dauke shi cikin 'yanci da adalci. Tun daga 1991, ana ɗaukar Benin a matsayin mafi girman matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam fiye da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. An rubuta cewa kasar Benin ta bayyana cewa tana daya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke kan gaba a tsarin dimokuradiyya a Afirka, amma yawancin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare Haƙƙin bil adama a ƙasar, wadanda suka samo asali tun lokacin rikon kwarya, "ba sa hada kai a tsakaninsu", ta yadda "ta ya zama al'ada ga ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki a yanki ɗaya ba su san juna ba", wanda ke haifar da "kwafi na ƙoƙarin". A zaman taro na 47 na hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Afrika a shekarar 2010, babban mai shigar da kara na kasar Benin, Victor Topanou ya bayyana cewa, "a yau akwai bayyananniyar manufar siyasa don tabbatar da nasarar al'adun 'yancin dan Adam", yana mai nuni da kokarin da aka yi a baya-bayan nan. don rage radadin talauci ta hanyar tsare-tsaren kananan bashi, da inganta samun adalci ta hanyar gina sabbin kotunan shari'a da gidajen yari, da kara yawan abinci da kula da lafiya a gidajen yari. Jamhuriyar Benin ta rattaba hannu kan yarjeniyoyi na kasa da kasa kamar haka: Yarjejeniya ta Afirka ([[Banjul]]) kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a; Yarjejeniya kan azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutuntaka, ko wulakanci magani ko azabtarwa; Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata; Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara; Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata; Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa Tattalin Arziki, Haƙƙin Jama'a da Al'adu; da Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa. Wannan ginshiƙi ne na ƙimar Benin tun 1972 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance | author = [[Freedom House]] | date = 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2014 | author = [[Freedom House]] | date = 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2015 | author = [[Freedom House]] | date = 2015 }}</ref><ref name="www1.umn.edu">{{cite web|title=The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa Benin|url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/benin.htm|publisher=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Human Rights Violations in Benin|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statement by the Attorney General of the Republic of Benin, Minister of Justice, Legislation and Human Rights, and Government Spokesperson, Hon Mr. Victor Topanou|url=http://www.achpr.org/sessions/47th/speeches/victor-topanou/|publisher=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|access-date=January 11, 2013|archive-date=January 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119034237/http://www.achpr.org/sessions/47th/speeches/victor-topanou/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Human Rights|url=http://www.policyproject.com/matrix/matrix2.cfm?country=Benin|publisher=Matrix|access-date=January 11, 2013|archive-date=July 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710005546/http://www.policyproject.com/matrix/matrix2.cfm?country=Benin|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name='FH1972'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 | access-date = 2012-08-22 | author = [[Freedom House]] | year = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin na asali == Kundin tsarin mulki da dokoki sun haramta wariya dangane da launin fata, jinsi, nakasa, harshe, da matsayin zamantakewa; duk da haka, mata da nakasassu suna ci gaba da fuskantar wariya, kuma gwamnati ba ta yi komai ba don yaƙar ta. Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin da dokokinsa sun tabbatar da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma ‘yan jarida, amma a wasu lokuta ana hana wadannan hakkokin. Ofishin gidan Rediyo da Talabijin na gwamnati (ORTB) ya takaita yada shirye-shiryen da ke sukar gwamnati; gwamnatin kasar ta toshe siginar wani gidan rediyon kasar Faransa da ya bayar da rahoto a shekarar 2010 kan kokarin da 'yan majalisar dokokin kasar suka yi na tsige shugaba Yayi; sannan an yi sayayya da yawa, wanda ake zargin jami’an gwamnati ne, na kwafin jaridun da suka ba da rahoto kan wata almundahana. Yawancin 'yan jarida sun shiga aikin tantance kansu, kuma an gurfanar da wasu da dama daga cikinsu kan zargin cin zarafi, ko da yake alkalai sukan zaɓi ba za su tuhume su ba. "Zagi" na 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki yana da hukuncin dauri ta hanyar aiki tukuru. Har yanzu, akwai kafafen yada labarai masu fafutuka da galibi ke sukar gwamnati, duk da cewa isarsu ba ta da yawa, wani bangare saboda jahilci. Kafafen yada labarai mafi tasiri mallakar gwamnati ne. Wasu kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu suna samun tallafin gwamnati. Akwai haƙƙin shiga [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] mara iyaka, amma babu shi a yawancin wurare. Gwamnati ba ta tsoma baki cikin harkokin ilimi ko al'adu, kuma gabaɗaya tana mutunta ' [[Yanci taro|yancin yin taro]], kodayake a wasu lokuta takan ƙi ba da izinin taron ƙungiyoyin adawa da sauran su. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnati ta haramta tarukan jama'a da dama, ciki har da zanga-zangar 'yan kungiyar da ke nuna damuwa kan cin hanci da rashawa da sauran batutuwa. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin da dokokin ƙasar sun tabbatar da ‘yancin yin tafiya cikin walwala a cikin kasar, fita ƙasashen waje, yin hijira da komawa gida, kuma ana girmama wadannan hakkokin, duk da cewa akwai shingayen binciken ababen hawa a faɗin ƙasar da ke hana zirga-zirga da ‘yan sanda da jami’an tsaro ke amfani da su wajen neman cin hanci. Kodayake yara ƙanana suna buƙatar takaddun shaida lokacin tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje don guje wa fataucin, rashin aiwatar da wannan buƙatun yana haifar da ci gaba da fataucin. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin" /> Kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin ya tanada, ƙasa ce da ba ruwanta da addini, wanda a cikinta ne aka ba wa kowa ‘yancin addini kuma a cikinta ba a ba wa makarantun gwamnati damar ba da koyarwar addini (ko da yake an halatta makarantun addini masu zaman kansu). A kasar Benin, inda a ƙidayar 2002 yawan jama'a ya kasance kashi 27 cikin dari na Roman Katolika, kashi 24 cikin dari Musulmai, kashi 17 na Voudon (Vodoo), kashi 6 cikin dari na sauran addinai na asali, da kashi 5 cikin ɗari na Kiristanci na Celestial, kuma inda bukukuwan kasa sun hada da Kirista da Musulmai masu tsarki. Kwanaki, "mutunta bambance-bambancen addini ya yadu a kowane mataki na al'umma da kuma a dukkan yankuna", a cewar rahoton gwamnatin Amurka na 2011, kodayake akwai " rikici lokaci-lokaci tsakanin masu aikin Voodoo da Kirista game da ayyukan ƙaddamar da Voodoo, yana buƙatar sa hannun 'yan sanda".<ref name="Annual Report: Benin 2010">{{cite web|title=Annual Report: Benin 2010|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-benin-2010|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin"/><ref>{{cite web|title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2011|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper|publisher=U.S. Department of State|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin mata ==   Halin ‘yancin mata a kasar Benin ya samu ci gaba sosai tun bayan dawo da tsarin dimokuradiyya da tabbatar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da kuma zartar da dokar ta sirri da ta iyali a shekara ta 2004, wadanda dukkansu suka yi watsi da al’adun gargajiya daban-daban da suka saba wa mata. Har yanzu, rashin daidaito da wariya na ci gaba da wanzuwa. Auren mace fiye da daya da auren dole haramun ne amma har yanzu suna faruwa. Aiwatar da dokar hana fyaɗe, hukuncin da zai iya kai shekaru biyar a gidan yari, na fuskantar cikas ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ingantaccen aikin 'yan sanda, da fargabar kyama ga al'umma. Rashin iya aikin 'yan sanda yana haifar da yawancin laifukan jima'i da aka mayar da su zuwa ga kuskure. Rikicin cikin gida ya zama ruwan dare, inda ake yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 3 a gidan yari, amma mata ba sa son kai rahoton lamarin, sannan hukumomi ba sa son sa baki a cikin abin da ake dauka na sirri ne. An bayyana kaciyar mata a matsayin "mafi girman cin zarafin bil'adama a kasar Benin". Kimanin kashi 13 cikin 100 na mata da 'yan mata an yi musu fyade (sama da kashi 70 cikin 100 a wasu yankuna da kabilu), amma ba kasafai ake aiwatar da dokar da ta hana ba. Karuwanci, musamman karuwancin yara, shi ma ya zama ruwan dare, inda abokan cinikin suka kasance masu yawon bude ido. Haka nan ana yawan cin zarafi, inda dalibai mata da dama ke cin zarafin malamansu. Duk da cewa laifin aikata laifi ne wanda zai iya yanke hukuncin zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru biyu, aiwatar da shi ya yi kasala. Al’adun gargajiya da ba su dace da mata ba a yanzu ba su da karfin doka a kasar Benin, inda mata ke samun ‘yancin kai daidai da tsarin mulkin kasar, ciki har da harkokin aure da gado. Har yanzu, suna fuskantar wariya mai yawa na zamantakewa da aikin yi saboda halaye na al'ada game da matsayin jima'i, kuma suna da wahalar samun lokaci mai yawa don samun bashi kuma lokacin da gwauruwa ba su da 'yancin sarrafa dukiyarsu. Mata a yankunan karkara suna taka rawa a karkashin ƙasa kuma suna yin aiki tukuru. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin" /> Matan da suka fuskanci wariya ko cin zarafi na iya neman taimako daga Women in Law and Development-Benin, Female Jurist Association of Benin (AFJB), da Women's Justice and Empowerment Initiative ta hanyar Care International's Empower Project. Wani rahoton Amurka na shekara ta 2012 ya yaba wa Benin bisa kafa Majalisar Kula da daidaiton jinsi da daidaito ta ƙasa.<ref name="Human Rights Violations in Benin">{{cite web|title=Human Rights Violations in Benin|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html|work=Alternative Report to the United Nations Committee Against Torture|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Female mutilation Benin's main human rights problem|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/14810|work=Afrol News|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin yara == Hukumar kare hakkin yara ta kasa da ma’aikatar iyali ana dorawa alhakin bunkasa ‘yancin yara. Yara sun zama ’yan kasa ta hanyar haihuwa a Benin ko kuma haihuwar iyayen da ’yan kasar Benin ne. Ba a rubuta haihuwar mutane da yawa ba, wanda hakan na iya haifar da hana ilimi, kula da lafiya, da sauran ayyuka. Makarantar firamare wajibi ne, kodayake yawancin 'yan mata ba sa zuwa makaranta. Auren yara ya yadu, duk da cewa auren yara ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 14 haramun ne a fasahance, tare da halatta auren wadanda ke tsakanin 14 zuwa 17 idan iyaye sun ba da izininsu. A bisa al'adar ƙabilanci, sau da yawa ana kashe yara a lokacin haihuwa saboda dalilai daban-daban - alal misali, an kashe ɗaya daga cikin tagwaye saboda a al'adance ana daukar tagwaye a matsayin mayu. Yaran da aka haife su da wuri ko kuma waɗanda ba su yi kuka a lokacin haihuwarsu ba, ana ɗaukarsu mayu. Babban dalilin kashe wadannan yara shi ne, ana daukar su a matsayin tushen bala'i. Wani rahoto ya bayyana kisan gillar da aka yi kamar haka: “Da zaran an haifi yaron ta hanyar da ake ganin zai mayar da su mayya ko kuma na rashin al’ada, sai shugaban iyali ya ba da jaririn ga wani mai kisa. Daban-daban dabaru da ake amfani da su don kashe jarirai suna da muni. Sau da yawa akan yi karo da jaririn a kan [[bishiya]] kafin a binne shi ko kuma a yanka shi. Ba a kashe wasu mayu ko yaran da ba na al'ada ba. Gabaɗaya ana watsar da su, ana sayar da su, ko kuma ba su ga dangin da suka shahara don adana irin waɗannan yaran. Suna ajiye waɗannan yaran ba don soyayya ba amma don a yi amfani da su daga baya a matsayin hanyar musanya a matsayin bawa na gida. Wadannan yaran dole ne su rayu ta hanyar bara. Haka kuma rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa, duk da cewa dokar kasar Benin ba ta fito karara ta haramta kisan gilla ba, amma ta haramta kisan gilla, wanda ke nufin ana iya gurfanar da kisan gilla a matsayin kisan kai. Amma duk da haka irin waɗannan lokuta ba kasafai suke zuwa kotu ba saboda mutunta imani da al'adun gargajiya da/ko saboda wahalar tattara shaidun da suka dace. Wata al’adar da har yanzu ta zama ruwan dare ita ce sanya yaro matalauta da iyalinsa masu wadata a matsayin ma’aikacin gida, lamarin da yakan haifar da lalata da sana’o’i da kuma fataucin mutane. Ana kiran wannan aikin "vidomègon". Sauran matsalolin sun hada da karuwanci da yara, wanda galibi yakan shafi yaran tituna, da aikin yara. Akwai yara kanana da yawa a kan titi, da yawa daga cikinsu ba sa zuwa makaranta ko kuma ba sa samun kulawar likita. Wani rahoto da aka fitar a shekara ta 2004 ya jaddada cewa a yankunan karkarar Benin, inda ake fama da cin zarafin yara, iyaye ne ke kan gaba wajen wannan cin zarafi, tare da lura da cewa su ne ke da alhakin "kashe 'ya'yansu da ba a haife su ta hanyar da ta dace ba." ; su kansu malaman makarantun firamare su rika yi wa ’ya’yansu dukan tsiya, su kan nemi ‘yan sanda su yi wa ‘ya’yansu da suka aikata ba daidai ba, suna sayar da ‘ya’yansu ga masu fataucin yara. . . . Wasu daga cikin yaran da suke fama da tashin hankalin da wani dan gida ko jami’in gwamnati ya yi, ba su ma san cewa abin da suka jure laifi ne. Yawancin tashin hankali har yanzu ba a san su ba saboda wadanda abin ya shafa ba sa yin tir da su ko kuma don kawai sun dauki su a matsayin al'ada. Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta rayuwar yara a Benin, amma har yanzu lamarin yana da muni. An ƙirƙiri Brigade na Kariyar Ƙananan yara a cikin shekara ta 1983 kuma "an ba da izinin yin aiki a duk lokacin da yara ke cikin haɗari na ɗabi'a ko na jiki. Yana aiwatar da ayyuka don hana laifin matasa. A ci gaba da zama cibiyar da ake magance matsalolin da suka shafi yara ta hanyar sada zumunta. A cewar jami’anta, rawar da take takawa ita ce ta zamantakewa a yau.” Benin ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran da suka shafi satar yara na ƙasa da ƙasa, amma ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara a 1990, Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Hakki da Jin Dadin Yara a shekara ta 1996, da kuma Yarjejeniyar No. 182 na ILO a cikin shekara ta 2004.<ref name="unhcr.org">{{cite web|title=Human Rights Violations in Benin|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html|access-date=January 12, 2013}}</ref> == Haƙƙin naƙasassu == Babu wata doka da ta hana nuna bambanci ga nakasassu, kodayake gwamnati, a karkashin doka, yakamata ta kula da irin wadannan mutane. Haka kuma babu wata doka da ke buƙatar kowane gine-gine, na jama'a ko akasin haka, ya zama abin shigar da keken hannu. Babu kadan a cikin hanyar taimakon hukumomi ga nakasassu, wadanda galibi ke tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar bara. Akwai, duk da haka, kariya a cikin dokar aiki ga nakasassu ma'aikata.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin"/> == Haƙƙin LGBT == A cikin wani rahoto na shekara ta 2012, Amurka ta lura da kin amincewar Benin na shawarar da ta gabata cewa ta "lalata dangantakar jima'i tsakanin masu yarda, masu jima'i" tare da nuna damuwa "game da 'yan LGBT a Benin", suna tambayar: "Wane ayyuka ko shirye-shiryen ilimi kuke yi. Shin akwai wurin tabbatar da aminci da walwalar 'yan LGBT?" Rahoton ya yi kira ga Benin da ta "[d] ta hukunta dangantakar jima'i tsakanin masu yarda, masu jinsi daya da kafa shirye-shiryen ilimi da kuma manufofin da suka dace ga 'yan sanda wadanda ke inganta tsaron lafiyar dukkan 'yan kasar Benin ba tare da la'akari da yanayin jima'i ba". == Haƙƙin HIV/AIDS == Ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a nuna wa mutane wariya dangane da matsayin HIV, kuma ba a yawan samun irin wannan wariyar ba. == Haƙƙoƙin tsiraru == Babu wata kabila mafi rinjaye a Benin. An wakilta kabilu da dama a cikin ma'aikatun gwamnati. == Hakkokin 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka == Akwai tsarin kare 'yan gudun hijira, wanda ƙasar ta rike kusan 7,300 a ƙarshen shekara ta 2010, yawancinsu 'yan kasar Togo ne. Benin tana aiki tare da UNHCR da sauran ƙungiyoyi don taimakawa irin waɗannan mutane. Ana gayyatar waɗanda ba su cancanci zama ɗan gudun hijira ba don neman izinin zama. == Haƙƙin ma'aikata == An ba wa ma’aikata damar hada kai su yi yajin aikin, duk da cewa ana bukatar su ba da sanarwar yajin aikin na kwanaki uku kuma gwamnati na iya haramta su saboda wasu dalilai. Ma'aikata, ban da waɗanda ke cikin jigilar kayayyaki, suma suna da damar yin ciniki tare. Akwai kwamitin tuntubar juna ta kasa da ke shiga irin wannan tattaunawa. Yin aikin tilas ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ko da yake yana samuwa a sassa da dama, tare da yara sau da yawa. Yara a ƙarƙashin 12 ba za su iya aiki a kowane aiki ba; waɗanda ke tsakanin 12 zuwa 14 na iya yin aiki mai sauƙi ko riƙe ayyukan gida. Amma waɗannan hane-hane ba a cika aiwatar da su ba, kuma a zahiri yara 'yan ƙasa da bakwai suna aiki a gonaki, kasuwanci, gine-gine, kasuwanni, da sauran wurare, tare da sanya wasu zuwa “wakilai” kuma a sanya su aiki a wasu ƙasashe. Sakamakon karancin sufeto, ana aiwatar da ka'idar aiki mara kyau kuma a cikin abin da ake kira na yau da kullun. Akwai mafi karancin albashi amma yana da rahusa, kuma akwai hani iri-iri kan lokutan aiki da makamantansu amma galibi ana aiwatar da su ne kawai a “bangaren hukuma”. Hakanan ba a aiwatar da ka'idojin lafiya da aminci yadda ya kamata. == Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ake kamawa == [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kame]] ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. ‘Yan sanda da jami’an Jandarma ba su da kayan aiki da kuma ba su da horo, duk da cewa gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta lamarin. A ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin, ba za a iya kama wadanda ake tuhuma ba tare da sammaci da shaida ba kuma dole ne alkali ya gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya cikin sa'o'i 48, amma ba a kiyaye wadannan ƙa'idojin ba. Ana mutunta haƙƙin waɗanda ake tuhuma na gaggawar yanke hukunci, duk da haka, kamar yadda yake da haƙƙin neman wakilci da ziyartar dangi. Akwai matsalar ta’addancin da ’yan daba ke yi a kan wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka wadanda suke ganin ba a hukunta su a gaban kotu ba; Ba a kama ’yan irin wadannan ’yan ta’adda ba. Wani rahoto ya nuna cewa yaduwar wannan al'ada a kasar Benin ya shafi yadda ake amfani da shi a baya a Najeriya. Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Benin da dokokin kasar sun hana azabtar da mutane, amma hakan yana faruwa, kuma ana yawan bugun fursunonin. A shekara ta 2010, Adam Yessoufa ya mutu a gidan yari bayan da jami'an tsaro suka yi masa dukan tsiya. Babu wani bayani game da lamarin da aka bai wa jama'a kuma ba a tuhumi kowa ba. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2004 ya nuna cewa a kullum ba a hukunta ayyukan cin zarafi da hukumomi ke yi a Benin. Rahoton ya ci gaba da cewa, jami’an tsaro ba sa jinkirin yin amfani da sarka da duwawun taba sigari wajen mallaki ‘yan uwansu ko ‘yan uwansu, inda ya ba da misali da wani dan sandan jandarma da ya daure matarsa tare da amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye. == Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ake shari'a == Yawancin lokaci ana jinkirta gwaji saboda cunkoson doki da rashin isassun ma'aikata da kayan aiki. Ko da yake ya kamata bangaren shari’a ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa, amma yana da saukin tasiri daga sauran bangarorin gwamnati. Akwai cin hanci da rashawa. Wadanda ake tuhuma suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka saba a ƙarƙashin dokar farar hula na Faransa da al'adun gida, gami da yancin yin shari'ar juri, da ɗaukan rashin laifi, haƙƙin lauya, 'yancin fuskantar shaidu, da 'yancin ɗaukaka. Gabaɗaya ana mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Kasancewar ba a yi wa matasan da ake tuhuma shari’a a kotunan yara yana wakiltar cin zarafin ƙa’idodin duniya. == Haƙƙoƙin fursunoni == Gidajen yarin Benin na cike da cunkoson jama’a, inda daya daga cikin su ke dauke da fursunoni da dama wanda ya ninka karfin da ake da shi a hukumance. Daga cikin matsalolin da ake fuskanta a gidajen yarin Benin sun hada da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], cututtuka, rashin tsafta, rashin isassun magunguna, da rashin isassun iska. Ana yawan ɗaure yara tare da manya. Ana barin masu sa ido kan kare hakkin dan adam su ziyarci gidajen yari. Mata da yawa ana daure su da ’ya’yansu suna haihuwa a gidan yari ba tare da likita ba. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2008 da IRIN ya yi ya nuna cewa, “[p] yanayin ɗaurin kurkuku a Benin yana da muni sosai wanda ya kasance tare da zaluncin ‘yan sanda, ɗaya daga cikin dalilai biyu da suka tilasta ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil’adama ta ƙasa da ƙasa Amnesty International ta sanya ƙasar a cikin yanayin da take yi na shekara-shekara a duniya. Rahoton kare hakkin dan adam a karon farko a shekara ta 2008". Wani rahoton gwamnatin Amurka a shekara ta 2012 ya yi kira ga Benin da ta “[i] inganta yanayin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren da ake tsare da su tare da rage cunkoson jama’a ta hanyar gina karin gidajen yari ko rage tsawon tsarewar da ake yi kafin a yi shari’a”. Rahoton 2012 na ACAT-Benin ya ba da irin wannan shawarwarin. Har yanzu ana bin hukuncin kisa a kasar Benin, kuma ana yanke wa wadanda aka yanke hukuncin kisa hukuncin kisa, amma ba a aiwatar da wani kisa ba tun 1987.<ref>{{cite web|title=BENIN: Prison conditions violate human rights|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/79523/BENIN-Prison-conditions-violate-human-rights|work=Humanitarian News and Analysis|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * 'Yancin addini a kasar Benin * Fataucin mutane a Benin * Hakkin LGBT a Benin * Siyasar Benin == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/benin/report-2012 Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121062655/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/benin/report-2012 |date=2015-01-21 }}, ta [[Amnesty International]] * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/benin 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601202838/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/benin |date=2017-06-01 }}, ta Freedom House [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] 2feljotu7mn4dltyykishgm61m2svih 976097 976096 2026-11-05T10:13:05Z A Salisu 14655 976097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An yi la'akari da yanayin [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|'yancin ɗan adam]] a [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]] a matsayin gabaɗaya sama da matsakaici ga Afirka kudu da hamadar [[Afirka|Sahara]] . Wani rahoton [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka na]] a shekarar 2012 ya yaba wa Benin "don ci gaba da mika mulki ga dimokuradiyya" kuma ya yaba "ayyukan majalisa na ƴan shekarun nan don zartar da aiwatar da dokoki game da cin zarafin mata a cikin gida, cin hanci da rashawa a hukumance, azabtarwa, da sauran laifuffuka", da kuma "kafa." na cibiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama da suka hada da mai kula da kare hakkin bil'adama da majalisar kasa don inganta daidaito da daidaito tsakanin jinsi". Rahoton ya ci gaba da nuna damuwa, duk da haka, "game da ci gaba da rahotanni na yawan tashe-tashen hankula da cin zarafi daga jami'an tsaro, ciki har da 'yan sanda, da kuma mummunan yanayin gidan yari da kuma tsawon lokacin da ake tsare da su kafin a yi shari'a", da kuma "ta hanyar rahotanni masu tsanani. takunkumi kan 'yancin yajin aiki a ma'aikatun jama'a da kuma maganganun da hukumomi ke yi akai-akai na nuna adawa da kungiyar, yana kara rura wutar zaman jama'a da ayyukan zanga-zanga". Bugu da kari, rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa "hankalin ci gaban da gwamnati ke samu wajen magance munanan nau'ikan aikin yara ". == Tarihin tarihi == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-left: 1em" |+Historical ratings ! scope="col" style="text-align:left;" |Year ! scope="col" |Political<nowiki><br id="mwGw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>rights ! scope="col" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil<br /><br />liberties]] ! scope="col" |Status ! scope="col" |President{{ref|b|2}} |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1972 |7 |5 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1973 |7 |5 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1974 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1975 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1976 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1977 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1978 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1979 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1980 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1981 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1982{{ref|c|3}} |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1983 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1984 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1985 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1986 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1987 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1988 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1989 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background:#ff9;" ! scope="row" |1990 |6 |4 |Partly Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1991 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1992 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1993 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1994 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1995 |2 |2 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1996 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1997 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1998 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1999 |2 |3 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2000 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2001 |3 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2002 |3 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2003 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2004 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2005 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2006 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2007 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2008 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2009 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2010 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2011 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2012 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2013 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2014 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |} Kasar Benin dai ta kasance [[Faransa|kasar Faransa]] da aka fi sani da Dahomey, wadda ta samu ‘yancin kai a shekara ta 1960. Daga 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1990 kasar Marxist–Leninist ce wacce mai mulkin kama karya Mathieu Kérékou ya mulki, wanda ya karbi mulki a juyin mulki. A karkashin Kérékou, ƙasar ba ta da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ko na 'yan jarida kuma ba ta da yancin ɗan adam. Ya canza suna zuwa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Benin a 1975. A cikin 1990 an cire kalmar "People's" daga sunan kasar, kuma a cikin Disamba 1991 aka amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da nufin kafa wata kasa wadda a cikinta "dokar doka, 'yancin kai, 'yancin jama'a, mutuncin dan Adam. kuma an tabbatar da adalci, kariya da kuma inganta shi a matsayin abin da ake bukata don ci gaban da ya dace ga kowane dan kasar Benin." A karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, an maido da mulkin dimokradiyya a kasar Benin a shekarar 1991. A zaben da aka gudanar a waccan shekarar, Kérékou ya sha kaye a hannun Nicéphore Soglo kuma ya amince da sakamakon zaben. An mayar da shi mulki a zaɓen shekara ta 1996 aka sake zabe a 2001; zaɓen 2006, wanda Kérékou bai tsaya takara ba, an dauke shi cikin 'yanci da adalci. Tun daga 1991, ana ɗaukar Benin a matsayin mafi girman matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam fiye da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. An rubuta cewa kasar Benin ta bayyana cewa tana daya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke kan gaba a tsarin dimokuradiyya a Afirka, amma yawancin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare Haƙƙin bil adama a ƙasar, wadanda suka samo asali tun lokacin rikon kwarya, "ba sa hada kai a tsakaninsu", ta yadda "ta ya zama al'ada ga ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki a yanki ɗaya ba su san juna ba", wanda ke haifar da "kwafi na ƙoƙarin". A zaman taro na 47 na hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Afrika a shekarar 2010, babban mai shigar da kara na kasar Benin, Victor Topanou ya bayyana cewa, "a yau akwai bayyananniyar manufar siyasa don tabbatar da nasarar al'adun 'yancin dan Adam", yana mai nuni da kokarin da aka yi a baya-bayan nan. don rage radadin talauci ta hanyar tsare-tsaren kananan bashi, da inganta samun adalci ta hanyar gina sabbin kotunan shari'a da gidajen yari, da kara yawan abinci da kula da lafiya a gidajen yari. Jamhuriyar Benin ta rattaba hannu kan yarjeniyoyi na kasa da kasa kamar haka: Yarjejeniya ta Afirka ([[Banjul]]) kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a; Yarjejeniya kan azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutuntaka, ko wulakanci magani ko azabtarwa; Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata; Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara; Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata; Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa Tattalin Arziki, Haƙƙin Jama'a da Al'adu; da Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa. Wannan ginshiƙi ne na ƙimar Benin tun 1972 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance | author = [[Freedom House]] | date = 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2014 | author = [[Freedom House]] | date = 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2015 | author = [[Freedom House]] | date = 2015 }}</ref><ref name="www1.umn.edu">{{cite web|title=The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa Benin|url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/benin.htm|publisher=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Human Rights Violations in Benin|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statement by the Attorney General of the Republic of Benin, Minister of Justice, Legislation and Human Rights, and Government Spokesperson, Hon Mr. Victor Topanou|url=http://www.achpr.org/sessions/47th/speeches/victor-topanou/|publisher=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|access-date=January 11, 2013|archive-date=January 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119034237/http://www.achpr.org/sessions/47th/speeches/victor-topanou/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Human Rights|url=http://www.policyproject.com/matrix/matrix2.cfm?country=Benin|publisher=Matrix|access-date=January 11, 2013|archive-date=July 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710005546/http://www.policyproject.com/matrix/matrix2.cfm?country=Benin|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name='FH1972'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 | access-date = 2012-08-22 | author = [[Freedom House]] | year = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin na asali == Kundin tsarin mulki da dokoki sun haramta wariya dangane da launin fata, jinsi, nakasa, harshe, da matsayin zamantakewa; duk da haka, mata da nakasassu suna ci gaba da fuskantar wariya, kuma gwamnati ba ta yi komai ba don yaƙar ta. Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin da dokokinsa sun tabbatar da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma ‘yan jarida, amma a wasu lokuta ana hana wadannan hakkokin. Ofishin gidan Rediyo da Talabijin na gwamnati (ORTB) ya takaita yada shirye-shiryen da ke sukar gwamnati; gwamnatin kasar ta toshe siginar wani gidan rediyon kasar Faransa da ya bayar da rahoto a shekarar 2010 kan kokarin da 'yan majalisar dokokin kasar suka yi na tsige shugaba Yayi; sannan an yi sayayya da yawa, wanda ake zargin jami’an gwamnati ne, na kwafin jaridun da suka ba da rahoto kan wata almundahana. Yawancin 'yan jarida sun shiga aikin tantance kansu, kuma an gurfanar da wasu da dama daga cikinsu kan zargin cin zarafi, ko da yake alkalai sukan zaɓi ba za su tuhume su ba. "Zagi" na 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki yana da hukuncin dauri ta hanyar aiki tukuru. Har yanzu, akwai kafafen yada labarai masu fafutuka da galibi ke sukar gwamnati, duk da cewa isarsu ba ta da yawa, wani bangare saboda jahilci. Kafafen yada labarai mafi tasiri mallakar gwamnati ne. Wasu kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu suna samun tallafin gwamnati. Akwai haƙƙin shiga [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] mara iyaka, amma babu shi a yawancin wurare. Gwamnati ba ta tsoma baki cikin harkokin ilimi ko al'adu, kuma gabaɗaya tana mutunta ' [[Yanci taro|yancin yin taro]], kodayake a wasu lokuta takan ƙi ba da izinin taron ƙungiyoyin adawa da sauran su. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnati ta haramta tarukan jama'a da dama, ciki har da zanga-zangar 'yan kungiyar da ke nuna damuwa kan cin hanci da rashawa da sauran batutuwa. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin da dokokin ƙasar sun tabbatar da ‘yancin yin tafiya cikin walwala a cikin kasar, fita ƙasashen waje, yin hijira da komawa gida, kuma ana girmama wadannan hakkokin, duk da cewa akwai shingayen binciken ababen hawa a faɗin ƙasar da ke hana zirga-zirga da ‘yan sanda da jami’an tsaro ke amfani da su wajen neman cin hanci. Kodayake yara ƙanana suna buƙatar takaddun shaida lokacin tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje don guje wa fataucin, rashin aiwatar da wannan buƙatun yana haifar da ci gaba da fataucin. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin" /> Kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin ya tanada, ƙasa ce da ba ruwanta da addini, wanda a cikinta ne aka ba wa kowa ‘yancin addini kuma a cikinta ba a ba wa makarantun gwamnati damar ba da koyarwar addini (ko da yake an halatta makarantun addini masu zaman kansu). A kasar Benin, inda a ƙidayar 2002 yawan jama'a ya kasance kashi 27 cikin dari na Roman Katolika, kashi 24 cikin dari Musulmai, kashi 17 na Voudon (Vodoo), kashi 6 cikin dari na sauran addinai na asali, da kashi 5 cikin ɗari na Kiristanci na Celestial, kuma inda bukukuwan kasa sun hada da Kirista da Musulmai masu tsarki. Kwanaki, "mutunta bambance-bambancen addini ya yadu a kowane mataki na al'umma da kuma a dukkan yankuna", a cewar rahoton gwamnatin Amurka na 2011, kodayake akwai " rikici lokaci-lokaci tsakanin masu aikin Voodoo da Kirista game da ayyukan ƙaddamar da Voodoo, yana buƙatar sa hannun 'yan sanda".<ref name="Annual Report: Benin 2010">{{cite web|title=Annual Report: Benin 2010|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-benin-2010|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin"/><ref>{{cite web|title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2011|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper|publisher=U.S. Department of State|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin mata ==   Halin ‘yancin mata a kasar Benin ya samu ci gaba sosai tun bayan dawo da tsarin dimokuradiyya da tabbatar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da kuma zartar da dokar ta sirri da ta iyali a shekara ta 2004, wadanda dukkansu suka yi watsi da al’adun gargajiya daban-daban da suka saba wa mata. Har yanzu, rashin daidaito da wariya na ci gaba da wanzuwa. Auren mace fiye da daya da auren dole haramun ne amma har yanzu suna faruwa. Aiwatar da dokar hana fyaɗe, hukuncin da zai iya kai shekaru biyar a gidan yari, na fuskantar cikas ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ingantaccen aikin 'yan sanda, da fargabar kyama ga al'umma. Rashin iya aikin 'yan sanda yana haifar da yawancin laifukan jima'i da aka mayar da su zuwa ga kuskure. Rikicin cikin gida ya zama ruwan dare, inda ake yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 3 a gidan yari, amma mata ba sa son kai rahoton lamarin, sannan hukumomi ba sa son sa baki a cikin abin da ake dauka na sirri ne. An bayyana kaciyar mata a matsayin "mafi girman cin zarafin bil'adama a kasar Benin". Kimanin kashi 13 cikin 100 na mata da 'yan mata an yi musu fyade (sama da kashi 70 cikin 100 a wasu yankuna da kabilu), amma ba kasafai ake aiwatar da dokar da ta hana ba. Karuwanci, musamman karuwancin yara, shi ma ya zama ruwan dare, inda abokan cinikin suka kasance masu yawon bude ido. Haka nan ana yawan cin zarafi, inda dalibai mata da dama ke cin zarafin malamansu. Duk da cewa laifin aikata laifi ne wanda zai iya yanke hukuncin zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru biyu, aiwatar da shi ya yi kasala. Al’adun gargajiya da ba su dace da mata ba a yanzu ba su da karfin doka a kasar Benin, inda mata ke samun ‘yancin kai daidai da tsarin mulkin kasar, ciki har da harkokin aure da gado. Har yanzu, suna fuskantar wariya mai yawa na zamantakewa da aikin yi saboda halaye na al'ada game da matsayin jima'i, kuma suna da wahalar samun lokaci mai yawa don samun bashi kuma lokacin da gwauruwa ba su da 'yancin sarrafa dukiyarsu. Mata a yankunan karkara suna taka rawa a karkashin ƙasa kuma suna yin aiki tukuru. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin" /> Matan da suka fuskanci wariya ko cin zarafi na iya neman taimako daga Women in Law and Development-Benin, Female Jurist Association of Benin (AFJB), da Women's Justice and Empowerment Initiative ta hanyar Care International's Empower Project. Wani rahoton Amurka na shekara ta 2012 ya yaba wa Benin bisa kafa Majalisar Kula da daidaiton jinsi da daidaito ta ƙasa.<ref name="Human Rights Violations in Benin">{{cite web|title=Human Rights Violations in Benin|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html|work=Alternative Report to the United Nations Committee Against Torture|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Female mutilation Benin's main human rights problem|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/14810|work=Afrol News|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin yara == Hukumar kare hakkin yara ta kasa da ma’aikatar iyali ana dorawa alhakin bunkasa ‘yancin yara. Yara sun zama ’yan kasa ta hanyar haihuwa a Benin ko kuma haihuwar iyayen da ’yan kasar Benin ne. Ba a rubuta haihuwar mutane da yawa ba, wanda hakan na iya haifar da hana ilimi, kula da lafiya, da sauran ayyuka. Makarantar firamare wajibi ne, kodayake yawancin 'yan mata ba sa zuwa makaranta. Auren yara ya yadu, duk da cewa auren yara ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 14 haramun ne a fasahance, tare da halatta auren wadanda ke tsakanin 14 zuwa 17 idan iyaye sun ba da izininsu. A bisa al'adar ƙabilanci, sau da yawa ana kashe yara a lokacin haihuwa saboda dalilai daban-daban - alal misali, an kashe ɗaya daga cikin tagwaye saboda a al'adance ana daukar tagwaye a matsayin mayu. Yaran da aka haife su da wuri ko kuma waɗanda ba su yi kuka a lokacin haihuwarsu ba, ana ɗaukarsu mayu. Babban dalilin kashe wadannan yara shi ne, ana daukar su a matsayin tushen bala'i. Wani rahoto ya bayyana kisan gillar da aka yi kamar haka: “Da zaran an haifi yaron ta hanyar da ake ganin zai mayar da su mayya ko kuma na rashin al’ada, sai shugaban iyali ya ba da jaririn ga wani mai kisa. Daban-daban dabaru da ake amfani da su don kashe jarirai suna da muni. Sau da yawa akan yi karo da jaririn a kan [[bishiya]] kafin a binne shi ko kuma a yanka shi. Ba a kashe wasu mayu ko yaran da ba na al'ada ba. Gabaɗaya ana watsar da su, ana sayar da su, ko kuma ba su ga dangin da suka shahara don adana irin waɗannan yaran. Suna ajiye waɗannan yaran ba don soyayya ba amma don a yi amfani da su daga baya a matsayin hanyar musanya a matsayin bawa na gida. Wadannan yaran dole ne su rayu ta hanyar bara. Haka kuma rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa, duk da cewa dokar kasar Benin ba ta fito karara ta haramta kisan gilla ba, amma ta haramta kisan gilla, wanda ke nufin ana iya gurfanar da kisan gilla a matsayin kisan kai. Amma duk da haka irin waɗannan lokuta ba kasafai suke zuwa kotu ba saboda mutunta imani da al'adun gargajiya da/ko saboda wahalar tattara shaidun da suka dace. Wata al’adar da har yanzu ta zama ruwan dare ita ce sanya yaro matalauta da iyalinsa masu wadata a matsayin ma’aikacin gida, lamarin da yakan haifar da lalata da sana’o’i da kuma fataucin mutane. Ana kiran wannan aikin "vidomègon". Sauran matsalolin sun hada da karuwanci da yara, wanda galibi yakan shafi yaran tituna, da aikin yara. Akwai yara kanana da yawa a kan titi, da yawa daga cikinsu ba sa zuwa makaranta ko kuma ba sa samun kulawar likita. Wani rahoto da aka fitar a shekara ta 2004 ya jaddada cewa a yankunan karkarar Benin, inda ake fama da cin zarafin yara, iyaye ne ke kan gaba wajen wannan cin zarafi, tare da lura da cewa su ne ke da alhakin "kashe 'ya'yansu da ba a haife su ta hanyar da ta dace ba." ; su kansu malaman makarantun firamare su rika yi wa ’ya’yansu dukan tsiya, su kan nemi ‘yan sanda su yi wa ‘ya’yansu da suka aikata ba daidai ba, suna sayar da ‘ya’yansu ga masu fataucin yara. . . . Wasu daga cikin yaran da suke fama da tashin hankalin da wani dan gida ko jami’in gwamnati ya yi, ba su ma san cewa abin da suka jure laifi ne. Yawancin tashin hankali har yanzu ba a san su ba saboda wadanda abin ya shafa ba sa yin tir da su ko kuma don kawai sun dauki su a matsayin al'ada. Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta rayuwar yara a Benin, amma har yanzu lamarin yana da muni. An ƙirƙiri Brigade na Kariyar Ƙananan yara a cikin shekara ta 1983 kuma "an ba da izinin yin aiki a duk lokacin da yara ke cikin haɗari na ɗabi'a ko na jiki. Yana aiwatar da ayyuka don hana laifin matasa. A ci gaba da zama cibiyar da ake magance matsalolin da suka shafi yara ta hanyar sada zumunta. A cewar jami’anta, rawar da take takawa ita ce ta zamantakewa a yau.” Benin ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran da suka shafi satar yara na ƙasa da ƙasa, amma ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara a 1990, Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Hakki da Jin Dadin Yara a shekara ta 1996, da kuma Yarjejeniyar No. 182 na ILO a cikin shekara ta 2004.<ref name="unhcr.org">{{cite web|title=Human Rights Violations in Benin|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html|access-date=January 12, 2013}}</ref> == Haƙƙin naƙasassu == Babu wata doka da ta hana nuna bambanci ga nakasassu, kodayake gwamnati, a karkashin doka, yakamata ta kula da irin wadannan mutane. Haka kuma babu wata doka da ke buƙatar kowane gine-gine, na jama'a ko akasin haka, ya zama abin shigar da keken hannu. Babu kadan a cikin hanyar taimakon hukumomi ga nakasassu, wadanda galibi ke tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar bara. Akwai, duk da haka, kariya a cikin dokar aiki ga nakasassu ma'aikata.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin"/> == Haƙƙin LGBT == A cikin wani rahoto na shekara ta 2012, Amurka ta lura da kin amincewar Benin na shawarar da ta gabata cewa ta "lalata dangantakar jima'i tsakanin masu yarda, masu jima'i" tare da nuna damuwa "game da 'yan LGBT a Benin", suna tambayar: "Wane ayyuka ko shirye-shiryen ilimi kuke yi. Shin akwai wurin tabbatar da aminci da walwalar 'yan LGBT?" Rahoton ya yi kira ga Benin da ta "[d] ta hukunta dangantakar jima'i tsakanin masu yarda, masu jinsi daya da kafa shirye-shiryen ilimi da kuma manufofin da suka dace ga 'yan sanda wadanda ke inganta tsaron lafiyar dukkan 'yan kasar Benin ba tare da la'akari da yanayin jima'i ba". == Haƙƙin HIV/AIDS == Ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a nuna wa mutane wariya dangane da matsayin HIV, kuma ba a yawan samun irin wannan wariyar ba. == Haƙƙoƙin tsiraru == Babu wata kabila mafi rinjaye a Benin. An wakilta kabilu da dama a cikin ma'aikatun gwamnati. == Hakkokin 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka == Akwai tsarin kare 'yan gudun hijira, wanda ƙasar ta rike kusan 7,300 a ƙarshen shekara ta 2010, yawancinsu 'yan kasar Togo ne. Benin tana aiki tare da UNHCR da sauran ƙungiyoyi don taimakawa irin waɗannan mutane. Ana gayyatar waɗanda ba su cancanci zama ɗan gudun hijira ba don neman izinin zama. == Haƙƙin ma'aikata == An ba wa ma’aikata damar hada kai su yi yajin aikin, duk da cewa ana bukatar su ba da sanarwar yajin aikin na kwanaki uku kuma gwamnati na iya haramta su saboda wasu dalilai. Ma'aikata, ban da waɗanda ke cikin jigilar kayayyaki, suma suna da damar yin ciniki tare. Akwai kwamitin tuntubar juna ta kasa da ke shiga irin wannan tattaunawa. Yin aikin tilas ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ko da yake yana samuwa a sassa da dama, tare da yara sau da yawa. Yara a ƙarƙashin 12 ba za su iya aiki a kowane aiki ba; waɗanda ke tsakanin 12 zuwa 14 na iya yin aiki mai sauƙi ko riƙe ayyukan gida. Amma waɗannan hane-hane ba a cika aiwatar da su ba, kuma a zahiri yara 'yan ƙasa da bakwai suna aiki a gonaki, kasuwanci, gine-gine, kasuwanni, da sauran wurare, tare da sanya wasu zuwa “wakilai” kuma a sanya su aiki a wasu ƙasashe. Sakamakon karancin sufeto, ana aiwatar da ka'idar aiki mara kyau kuma a cikin abin da ake kira na yau da kullun. Akwai mafi karancin albashi amma yana da rahusa, kuma akwai hani iri-iri kan lokutan aiki da makamantansu amma galibi ana aiwatar da su ne kawai a “bangaren hukuma”. Hakanan ba a aiwatar da ka'idojin lafiya da aminci yadda ya kamata. == Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ake kamawa == [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kame]] ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. ‘Yan sanda da jami’an Jandarma ba su da kayan aiki da kuma ba su da horo, duk da cewa gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta lamarin. A ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin, ba za a iya kama wadanda ake tuhuma ba tare da sammaci da shaida ba kuma dole ne alkali ya gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya cikin sa'o'i 48, amma ba a kiyaye wadannan ƙa'idojin ba. Ana mutunta haƙƙin waɗanda ake tuhuma na gaggawar yanke hukunci, duk da haka, kamar yadda yake da haƙƙin neman wakilci da ziyartar dangi. Akwai matsalar ta’addancin da ’yan daba ke yi a kan wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka wadanda suke ganin ba a hukunta su a gaban kotu ba; Ba a kama ’yan irin wadannan ’yan ta’adda ba. Wani rahoto ya nuna cewa yaduwar wannan al'ada a kasar Benin ya shafi yadda ake amfani da shi a baya a Najeriya. Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Benin da dokokin kasar sun hana azabtar da mutane, amma hakan yana faruwa, kuma ana yawan bugun fursunonin. A shekara ta 2010, Adam Yessoufa ya mutu a gidan yari bayan da jami'an tsaro suka yi masa dukan tsiya. Babu wani bayani game da lamarin da aka bai wa jama'a kuma ba a tuhumi kowa ba. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2004 ya nuna cewa a kullum ba a hukunta ayyukan cin zarafi da hukumomi ke yi a Benin. Rahoton ya ci gaba da cewa, jami’an tsaro ba sa jinkirin yin amfani da sarka da duwawun taba sigari wajen mallaki ‘yan uwansu ko ‘yan uwansu, inda ya ba da misali da wani dan sandan jandarma da ya daure matarsa tare da amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye. == Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ake shari'a == Yawancin lokaci ana jinkirta gwaji saboda cunkoson doki da rashin isassun ma'aikata da kayan aiki. Ko da yake ya kamata bangaren shari’a ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa, amma yana da saukin tasiri daga sauran bangarorin gwamnati. Akwai cin hanci da rashawa. Wadanda ake tuhuma suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka saba a ƙarƙashin dokar farar hula na Faransa da al'adun gida, gami da yancin yin shari'ar juri, da ɗaukan rashin laifi, haƙƙin lauya, 'yancin fuskantar shaidu, da 'yancin ɗaukaka. Gabaɗaya ana mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Kasancewar ba a yi wa matasan da ake tuhuma shari’a a kotunan yara yana wakiltar cin zarafin ƙa’idodin duniya. == Haƙƙoƙin fursunoni == Gidajen yarin Benin na cike da cunkoson jama’a, inda daya daga cikin su ke dauke da fursunoni da dama wanda ya ninka karfin da ake da shi a hukumance. Daga cikin matsalolin da ake fuskanta a gidajen yarin Benin sun hada da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], cututtuka, rashin tsafta, rashin isassun magunguna, da rashin isassun iska. Ana yawan ɗaure yara tare da manya. Ana barin masu sa ido kan kare hakkin dan adam su ziyarci gidajen yari. Mata da yawa ana daure su da ’ya’yansu suna haihuwa a gidan yari ba tare da likita ba. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2008 da IRIN ya yi ya nuna cewa, “[p] yanayin ɗaurin kurkuku a Benin yana da muni sosai wanda ya kasance tare da zaluncin ‘yan sanda, ɗaya daga cikin dalilai biyu da suka tilasta ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil’adama ta ƙasa da ƙasa Amnesty International ta sanya ƙasar a cikin yanayin da take yi na shekara-shekara a duniya. Rahoton kare hakkin dan adam a karon farko a shekara ta 2008". Wani rahoton gwamnatin Amurka a shekara ta 2012 ya yi kira ga Benin da ta “[i] inganta yanayin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren da ake tsare da su tare da rage cunkoson jama’a ta hanyar gina karin gidajen yari ko rage tsawon tsarewar da ake yi kafin a yi shari’a”. Rahoton 2012 na ACAT-Benin ya ba da irin wannan shawarwarin. Har yanzu ana bin hukuncin kisa a kasar Benin, kuma ana yanke wa wadanda aka yanke hukuncin kisa hukuncin kisa, amma ba a aiwatar da wani kisa ba tun 1987.<ref>{{cite web|title=BENIN: Prison conditions violate human rights|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/79523/BENIN-Prison-conditions-violate-human-rights|work=Humanitarian News and Analysis|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * 'Yancin addini a kasar Benin * Fataucin mutane a Benin * Hakkin LGBT a Benin * Siyasar Benin == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/benin/report-2012 Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121062655/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/benin/report-2012 |date=2015-01-21 }}, ta [[Amnesty International]] * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/benin 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601202838/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/benin |date=2017-06-01 }}, ta Freedom House [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] l8uru0tfoublnqhpphr1e5fu23j44q2 976098 976097 2026-11-05T10:13:15Z A Salisu 14655 976098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An yi la'akari da yanayin [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|'yancin ɗan adam]] a [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]] a matsayin gabaɗaya sama da matsakaici ga Afirka kudu da hamadar [[Afirka|Sahara]] . Wani rahoton [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka na]] a shekarar 2012 ya yaba wa Benin "don ci gaba da mika mulki ga dimokuradiyya" kuma ya yaba "ayyukan majalisa na ƴan shekarun nan don zartar da aiwatar da dokoki game da cin zarafin mata a cikin gida, cin hanci da rashawa a hukumance, azabtarwa, da sauran laifuffuka", da kuma "kafa." na cibiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama da suka hada da mai kula da kare hakkin bil'adama da majalisar kasa don inganta daidaito da daidaito tsakanin jinsi". Rahoton ya ci gaba da nuna damuwa, duk da haka, "game da ci gaba da rahotanni na yawan tashe-tashen hankula da cin zarafi daga jami'an tsaro, ciki har da 'yan sanda, da kuma mummunan yanayin gidan yari da kuma tsawon lokacin da ake tsare da su kafin a yi shari'a", da kuma "ta hanyar rahotanni masu tsanani. takunkumi kan 'yancin yajin aiki a ma'aikatun jama'a da kuma maganganun da hukumomi ke yi akai-akai na nuna adawa da kungiyar, yana kara rura wutar zaman jama'a da ayyukan zanga-zanga". Bugu da kari, rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa "hankalin ci gaban da gwamnati ke samu wajen magance munanan nau'ikan aikin yara ". == Tarihin tarihi == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-left: 1em" |+Historical ratings ! scope="col" style="text-align:left;" |Year ! scope="col" |Political<nowiki><br id="mwGw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>rights ! scope="col" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil<br /><br />liberties]] ! scope="col" |Status ! scope="col" |President{{ref|b|2}} |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1972 |7 |5 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1973 |7 |5 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1974 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1975 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1976 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1977 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1978 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1979 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1980 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1981 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1982{{ref|c|3}} |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1983 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1984 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1985 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1986 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1987 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1988 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1989 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background:#ff9;" ! scope="row" |1990 |6 |4 |Partly Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1991 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1992 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1993 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1994 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1995 |2 |2 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1996 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1997 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1998 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1999 |2 |3 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2000 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2001 |3 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2002 |3 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2003 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2004 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2005 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2006 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2007 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2008 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2009 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2010 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2011 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2012 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2013 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2014 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |} Kasar Benin dai ta kasance [[Faransa|kasar Faransa]] da aka fi sani da Dahomey, wadda ta samu ‘yancin kai a shekara ta 1960. Daga 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1990 kasar Marxist–Leninist ce wacce mai mulkin kama karya Mathieu Kérékou ya mulki, wanda ya karbi mulki a juyin mulki. A karkashin Kérékou, ƙasar ba ta da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ko na 'yan jarida kuma ba ta da yancin ɗan adam. Ya canza suna zuwa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Benin a 1975. A cikin 1990 an cire kalmar "People's" daga sunan kasar, kuma a cikin Disamba 1991 aka amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da nufin kafa wata kasa wadda a cikinta "dokar doka, 'yancin kai, 'yancin jama'a, mutuncin dan Adam. kuma an tabbatar da adalci, kariya da kuma inganta shi a matsayin abin da ake bukata don ci gaban da ya dace ga kowane dan kasar Benin." A karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, an maido da mulkin dimokradiyya a kasar Benin a shekarar 1991. A zaben da aka gudanar a waccan shekarar, Kérékou ya sha kaye a hannun Nicéphore Soglo kuma ya amince da sakamakon zaben. An mayar da shi mulki a zaɓen shekara ta 1996 aka sake zabe a 2001; zaɓen 2006, wanda Kérékou bai tsaya takara ba, an dauke shi cikin 'yanci da adalci. Tun daga 1991, ana ɗaukar Benin a matsayin mafi girman matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam fiye da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. An rubuta cewa kasar Benin ta bayyana cewa tana daya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke kan gaba a tsarin dimokuradiyya a Afirka, amma yawancin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare Haƙƙin bil adama a ƙasar, wadanda suka samo asali tun lokacin rikon kwarya, "ba sa hada kai a tsakaninsu", ta yadda "ta ya zama al'ada ga ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki a yanki ɗaya ba su san juna ba", wanda ke haifar da "kwafi na ƙoƙarin". A zaman taro na 47 na hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Afrika a shekarar 2010, babban mai shigar da kara na kasar Benin, Victor Topanou ya bayyana cewa, "a yau akwai bayyananniyar manufar siyasa don tabbatar da nasarar al'adun 'yancin dan Adam", yana mai nuni da kokarin da aka yi a baya-bayan nan. don rage radadin talauci ta hanyar tsare-tsaren kananan bashi, da inganta samun adalci ta hanyar gina sabbin kotunan shari'a da gidajen yari, da kara yawan abinci da kula da lafiya a gidajen yari. Jamhuriyar Benin ta rattaba hannu kan yarjeniyoyi na kasa da kasa kamar haka: Yarjejeniya ta Afirka ([[Banjul]]) kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a; Yarjejeniya kan azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutuntaka, ko wulakanci magani ko azabtarwa; Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata; Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara; Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata; Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa Tattalin Arziki, Haƙƙin Jama'a da Al'adu; da Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa. Wannan ginshiƙi ne na ƙimar Benin tun 1972 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance | author = [[Freedom House]] | date = 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2014 | author = [[Freedom House]] | date = 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2015 | author = [[Freedom House]] | date = 2015 }}</ref><ref name="www1.umn.edu">{{cite web|title=The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa Benin|url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/benin.htm|publisher=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Human Rights Violations in Benin|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statement by the Attorney General of the Republic of Benin, Minister of Justice, Legislation and Human Rights, and Government Spokesperson, Hon Mr. Victor Topanou|url=http://www.achpr.org/sessions/47th/speeches/victor-topanou/|publisher=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|access-date=January 11, 2013|archive-date=January 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119034237/http://www.achpr.org/sessions/47th/speeches/victor-topanou/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Human Rights|url=http://www.policyproject.com/matrix/matrix2.cfm?country=Benin|publisher=Matrix|access-date=January 11, 2013|archive-date=July 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710005546/http://www.policyproject.com/matrix/matrix2.cfm?country=Benin|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name='FH1972'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 | access-date = 2012-08-22 | author = [[Freedom House]] | year = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin na asali == Kundin tsarin mulki da dokoki sun haramta wariya dangane da launin fata, jinsi, nakasa, harshe, da matsayin zamantakewa; duk da haka, mata da nakasassu suna ci gaba da fuskantar wariya, kuma gwamnati ba ta yi komai ba don yaƙar ta. Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin da dokokinsa sun tabbatar da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma ‘yan jarida, amma a wasu lokuta ana hana wadannan hakkokin. Ofishin gidan Rediyo da Talabijin na gwamnati (ORTB) ya takaita yada shirye-shiryen da ke sukar gwamnati; gwamnatin kasar ta toshe siginar wani gidan rediyon kasar Faransa da ya bayar da rahoto a shekarar 2010 kan kokarin da 'yan majalisar dokokin kasar suka yi na tsige shugaba Yayi; sannan an yi sayayya da yawa, wanda ake zargin jami’an gwamnati ne, na kwafin jaridun da suka ba da rahoto kan wata almundahana. Yawancin 'yan jarida sun shiga aikin tantance kansu, kuma an gurfanar da wasu da dama daga cikinsu kan zargin cin zarafi, ko da yake alkalai sukan zaɓi ba za su tuhume su ba. "Zagi" na 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki yana da hukuncin dauri ta hanyar aiki tukuru. Har yanzu, akwai kafafen yada labarai masu fafutuka da galibi ke sukar gwamnati, duk da cewa isarsu ba ta da yawa, wani bangare saboda jahilci. Kafafen yada labarai mafi tasiri mallakar gwamnati ne. Wasu kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu suna samun tallafin gwamnati. Akwai haƙƙin shiga [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] mara iyaka, amma babu shi a yawancin wurare. Gwamnati ba ta tsoma baki cikin harkokin ilimi ko al'adu, kuma gabaɗaya tana mutunta ' [[Yanci taro|yancin yin taro]], kodayake a wasu lokuta takan ƙi ba da izinin taron ƙungiyoyin adawa da sauran su. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnati ta haramta tarukan jama'a da dama, ciki har da zanga-zangar 'yan kungiyar da ke nuna damuwa kan cin hanci da rashawa da sauran batutuwa. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin da dokokin ƙasar sun tabbatar da ‘yancin yin tafiya cikin walwala a cikin kasar, fita ƙasashen waje, yin hijira da komawa gida, kuma ana girmama wadannan hakkokin, duk da cewa akwai shingayen binciken ababen hawa a faɗin ƙasar da ke hana zirga-zirga da ‘yan sanda da jami’an tsaro ke amfani da su wajen neman cin hanci. Kodayake yara ƙanana suna buƙatar takaddun shaida lokacin tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje don guje wa fataucin, rashin aiwatar da wannan buƙatun yana haifar da ci gaba da fataucin. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin" /> Kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin ya tanada, ƙasa ce da ba ruwanta da addini, wanda a cikinta ne aka ba wa kowa ‘yancin addini kuma a cikinta ba a ba wa makarantun gwamnati damar ba da koyarwar addini (ko da yake an halatta makarantun addini masu zaman kansu). A kasar Benin, inda a ƙidayar 2002 yawan jama'a ya kasance kashi 27 cikin dari na Roman Katolika, kashi 24 cikin dari Musulmai, kashi 17 na Voudon (Vodoo), kashi 6 cikin dari na sauran addinai na asali, da kashi 5 cikin ɗari na Kiristanci na Celestial, kuma inda bukukuwan kasa sun hada da Kirista da Musulmai masu tsarki. Kwanaki, "mutunta bambance-bambancen addini ya yadu a kowane mataki na al'umma da kuma a dukkan yankuna", a cewar rahoton gwamnatin Amurka na 2011, kodayake akwai " rikici lokaci-lokaci tsakanin masu aikin Voodoo da Kirista game da ayyukan ƙaddamar da Voodoo, yana buƙatar sa hannun 'yan sanda".<ref name="Annual Report: Benin 2010">{{cite web|title=Annual Report: Benin 2010|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-benin-2010|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin"/><ref>{{cite web|title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2011|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper|publisher=U.S. Department of State|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin mata ==   Halin ‘yancin mata a kasar Benin ya samu ci gaba sosai tun bayan dawo da tsarin dimokuradiyya da tabbatar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da kuma zartar da dokar ta sirri da ta iyali a shekara ta 2004, wadanda dukkansu suka yi watsi da al’adun gargajiya daban-daban da suka saba wa mata. Har yanzu, rashin daidaito da wariya na ci gaba da wanzuwa. Auren mace fiye da daya da auren dole haramun ne amma har yanzu suna faruwa. Aiwatar da dokar hana fyaɗe, hukuncin da zai iya kai shekaru biyar a gidan yari, na fuskantar cikas ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ingantaccen aikin 'yan sanda, da fargabar kyama ga al'umma. Rashin iya aikin 'yan sanda yana haifar da yawancin laifukan jima'i da aka mayar da su zuwa ga kuskure. Rikicin cikin gida ya zama ruwan dare, inda ake yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 3 a gidan yari, amma mata ba sa son kai rahoton lamarin, sannan hukumomi ba sa son sa baki a cikin abin da ake dauka na sirri ne. An bayyana kaciyar mata a matsayin "mafi girman cin zarafin bil'adama a kasar Benin". Kimanin kashi 13 cikin 100 na mata da 'yan mata an yi musu fyade (sama da kashi 70 cikin 100 a wasu yankuna da kabilu), amma ba kasafai ake aiwatar da dokar da ta hana ba. Karuwanci, musamman karuwancin yara, shi ma ya zama ruwan dare, inda abokan cinikin suka kasance masu yawon bude ido. Haka nan ana yawan cin zarafi, inda dalibai mata da dama ke cin zarafin malamansu. Duk da cewa laifin aikata laifi ne wanda zai iya yanke hukuncin zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru biyu, aiwatar da shi ya yi kasala. Al’adun gargajiya da ba su dace da mata ba a yanzu ba su da karfin doka a kasar Benin, inda mata ke samun ‘yancin kai daidai da tsarin mulkin kasar, ciki har da harkokin aure da gado. Har yanzu, suna fuskantar wariya mai yawa na zamantakewa da aikin yi saboda halaye na al'ada game da matsayin jima'i, kuma suna da wahalar samun lokaci mai yawa don samun bashi kuma lokacin da gwauruwa ba su da 'yancin sarrafa dukiyarsu. Mata a yankunan karkara suna taka rawa a karkashin ƙasa kuma suna yin aiki tukuru. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin" /> Matan da suka fuskanci wariya ko cin zarafi na iya neman taimako daga Women in Law and Development-Benin, Female Jurist Association of Benin (AFJB), da Women's Justice and Empowerment Initiative ta hanyar Care International's Empower Project. Wani rahoton Amurka na shekara ta 2012 ya yaba wa Benin bisa kafa Majalisar Kula da daidaiton jinsi da daidaito ta ƙasa.<ref name="Human Rights Violations in Benin">{{cite web|title=Human Rights Violations in Benin|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html|work=Alternative Report to the United Nations Committee Against Torture|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Female mutilation Benin's main human rights problem|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/14810|work=Afrol News|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin yara == Hukumar kare hakkin yara ta kasa da ma’aikatar iyali ana dorawa alhakin bunkasa ‘yancin yara. Yara sun zama ’yan kasa ta hanyar haihuwa a Benin ko kuma haihuwar iyayen da ’yan kasar Benin ne. Ba a rubuta haihuwar mutane da yawa ba, wanda hakan na iya haifar da hana ilimi, kula da lafiya, da sauran ayyuka. Makarantar firamare wajibi ne, kodayake yawancin 'yan mata ba sa zuwa makaranta. Auren yara ya yadu, duk da cewa auren yara ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 14 haramun ne a fasahance, tare da halatta auren wadanda ke tsakanin 14 zuwa 17 idan iyaye sun ba da izininsu. A bisa al'adar ƙabilanci, sau da yawa ana kashe yara a lokacin haihuwa saboda dalilai daban-daban - alal misali, an kashe ɗaya daga cikin tagwaye saboda a al'adance ana daukar tagwaye a matsayin mayu. Yaran da aka haife su da wuri ko kuma waɗanda ba su yi kuka a lokacin haihuwarsu ba, ana ɗaukarsu mayu. Babban dalilin kashe wadannan yara shi ne, ana daukar su a matsayin tushen bala'i. Wani rahoto ya bayyana kisan gillar da aka yi kamar haka: “Da zaran an haifi yaron ta hanyar da ake ganin zai mayar da su mayya ko kuma na rashin al’ada, sai shugaban iyali ya ba da jaririn ga wani mai kisa. Daban-daban dabaru da ake amfani da su don kashe jarirai suna da muni. Sau da yawa akan yi karo da jaririn a kan [[bishiya]] kafin a binne shi ko kuma a yanka shi. Ba a kashe wasu mayu ko yaran da ba na al'ada ba. Gabaɗaya ana watsar da su, ana sayar da su, ko kuma ba su ga dangin da suka shahara don adana irin waɗannan yaran. Suna ajiye waɗannan yaran ba don soyayya ba amma don a yi amfani da su daga baya a matsayin hanyar musanya a matsayin bawa na gida. Wadannan yaran dole ne su rayu ta hanyar bara. Haka kuma rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa, duk da cewa dokar kasar Benin ba ta fito karara ta haramta kisan gilla ba, amma ta haramta kisan gilla, wanda ke nufin ana iya gurfanar da kisan gilla a matsayin kisan kai. Amma duk da haka irin waɗannan lokuta ba kasafai suke zuwa kotu ba saboda mutunta imani da al'adun gargajiya da/ko saboda wahalar tattara shaidun da suka dace. Wata al’adar da har yanzu ta zama ruwan dare ita ce sanya yaro matalauta da iyalinsa masu wadata a matsayin ma’aikacin gida, lamarin da yakan haifar da lalata da sana’o’i da kuma fataucin mutane. Ana kiran wannan aikin "vidomègon". Sauran matsalolin sun hada da karuwanci da yara, wanda galibi yakan shafi yaran tituna, da aikin yara. Akwai yara kanana da yawa a kan titi, da yawa daga cikinsu ba sa zuwa makaranta ko kuma ba sa samun kulawar likita. Wani rahoto da aka fitar a shekara ta 2004 ya jaddada cewa a yankunan karkarar Benin, inda ake fama da cin zarafin yara, iyaye ne ke kan gaba wajen wannan cin zarafi, tare da lura da cewa su ne ke da alhakin "kashe 'ya'yansu da ba a haife su ta hanyar da ta dace ba." ; su kansu malaman makarantun firamare su rika yi wa ’ya’yansu dukan tsiya, su kan nemi ‘yan sanda su yi wa ‘ya’yansu da suka aikata ba daidai ba, suna sayar da ‘ya’yansu ga masu fataucin yara. . . . Wasu daga cikin yaran da suke fama da tashin hankalin da wani dan gida ko jami’in gwamnati ya yi, ba su ma san cewa abin da suka jure laifi ne. Yawancin tashin hankali har yanzu ba a san su ba saboda wadanda abin ya shafa ba sa yin tir da su ko kuma don kawai sun dauki su a matsayin al'ada. Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta rayuwar yara a Benin, amma har yanzu lamarin yana da muni. An ƙirƙiri Brigade na Kariyar Ƙananan yara a cikin shekara ta 1983 kuma "an ba da izinin yin aiki a duk lokacin da yara ke cikin haɗari na ɗabi'a ko na jiki. Yana aiwatar da ayyuka don hana laifin matasa. A ci gaba da zama cibiyar da ake magance matsalolin da suka shafi yara ta hanyar sada zumunta. A cewar jami’anta, rawar da take takawa ita ce ta zamantakewa a yau.” Benin ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran da suka shafi satar yara na ƙasa da ƙasa, amma ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara a 1990, Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Hakki da Jin Dadin Yara a shekara ta 1996, da kuma Yarjejeniyar No. 182 na ILO a cikin shekara ta 2004.<ref name="unhcr.org">{{cite web|title=Human Rights Violations in Benin|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html|access-date=January 12, 2013}}</ref> == Haƙƙin naƙasassu == Babu wata doka da ta hana nuna bambanci ga nakasassu, kodayake gwamnati, a karkashin doka, yakamata ta kula da irin wadannan mutane. Haka kuma babu wata doka da ke buƙatar kowane gine-gine, na jama'a ko akasin haka, ya zama abin shigar da keken hannu. Babu kadan a cikin hanyar taimakon hukumomi ga nakasassu, wadanda galibi ke tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar bara. Akwai, duk da haka, kariya a cikin dokar aiki ga nakasassu ma'aikata.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin"/> == Haƙƙin LGBT == A cikin wani rahoto na shekara ta 2012, Amurka ta lura da kin amincewar Benin na shawarar da ta gabata cewa ta "lalata dangantakar jima'i tsakanin masu yarda, masu jima'i" tare da nuna damuwa "game da 'yan LGBT a Benin", suna tambayar: "Wane ayyuka ko shirye-shiryen ilimi kuke yi. Shin akwai wurin tabbatar da aminci da walwalar 'yan LGBT?" Rahoton ya yi kira ga Benin da ta "[d] ta hukunta dangantakar jima'i tsakanin masu yarda, masu jinsi daya da kafa shirye-shiryen ilimi da kuma manufofin da suka dace ga 'yan sanda wadanda ke inganta tsaron lafiyar dukkan 'yan kasar Benin ba tare da la'akari da yanayin jima'i ba". == Haƙƙin HIV/AIDS == Ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a nuna wa mutane wariya dangane da matsayin HIV, kuma ba a yawan samun irin wannan wariyar ba. == Haƙƙoƙin tsiraru == Babu wata kabila mafi rinjaye a Benin. An wakilta kabilu da dama a cikin ma'aikatun gwamnati. == Hakkokin 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka == Akwai tsarin kare 'yan gudun hijira, wanda ƙasar ta rike kusan 7,300 a ƙarshen shekara ta 2010, yawancinsu 'yan kasar Togo ne. Benin tana aiki tare da UNHCR da sauran ƙungiyoyi don taimakawa irin waɗannan mutane. Ana gayyatar waɗanda ba su cancanci zama ɗan gudun hijira ba don neman izinin zama. == Haƙƙin ma'aikata == An ba wa ma’aikata damar hada kai su yi yajin aikin, duk da cewa ana bukatar su ba da sanarwar yajin aikin na kwanaki uku kuma gwamnati na iya haramta su saboda wasu dalilai. Ma'aikata, ban da waɗanda ke cikin jigilar kayayyaki, suma suna da damar yin ciniki tare. Akwai kwamitin tuntubar juna ta kasa da ke shiga irin wannan tattaunawa. Yin aikin tilas ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ko da yake yana samuwa a sassa da dama, tare da yara sau da yawa. Yara a ƙarƙashin 12 ba za su iya aiki a kowane aiki ba; waɗanda ke tsakanin 12 zuwa 14 na iya yin aiki mai sauƙi ko riƙe ayyukan gida. Amma waɗannan hane-hane ba a cika aiwatar da su ba, kuma a zahiri yara 'yan ƙasa da bakwai suna aiki a gonaki, kasuwanci, gine-gine, kasuwanni, da sauran wurare, tare da sanya wasu zuwa “wakilai” kuma a sanya su aiki a wasu ƙasashe. Sakamakon karancin sufeto, ana aiwatar da ka'idar aiki mara kyau kuma a cikin abin da ake kira na yau da kullun. Akwai mafi karancin albashi amma yana da rahusa, kuma akwai hani iri-iri kan lokutan aiki da makamantansu amma galibi ana aiwatar da su ne kawai a “bangaren hukuma”. Hakanan ba a aiwatar da ka'idojin lafiya da aminci yadda ya kamata. == Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ake kamawa == [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kame]] ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. ‘Yan sanda da jami’an Jandarma ba su da kayan aiki da kuma ba su da horo, duk da cewa gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta lamarin. A ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin, ba za a iya kama wadanda ake tuhuma ba tare da sammaci da shaida ba kuma dole ne alkali ya gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya cikin sa'o'i 48, amma ba a kiyaye wadannan ƙa'idojin ba. Ana mutunta haƙƙin waɗanda ake tuhuma na gaggawar yanke hukunci, duk da haka, kamar yadda yake da haƙƙin neman wakilci da ziyartar dangi. Akwai matsalar ta’addancin da ’yan daba ke yi a kan wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka wadanda suke ganin ba a hukunta su a gaban kotu ba; Ba a kama ’yan irin wadannan ’yan ta’adda ba. Wani rahoto ya nuna cewa yaduwar wannan al'ada a kasar Benin ya shafi yadda ake amfani da shi a baya a Najeriya. Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Benin da dokokin kasar sun hana azabtar da mutane, amma hakan yana faruwa, kuma ana yawan bugun fursunonin. A shekara ta 2010, Adam Yessoufa ya mutu a gidan yari bayan da jami'an tsaro suka yi masa dukan tsiya. Babu wani bayani game da lamarin da aka bai wa jama'a kuma ba a tuhumi kowa ba. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2004 ya nuna cewa a kullum ba a hukunta ayyukan cin zarafi da hukumomi ke yi a Benin. Rahoton ya ci gaba da cewa, jami’an tsaro ba sa jinkirin yin amfani da sarka da duwawun taba sigari wajen mallaki ‘yan uwansu ko ‘yan uwansu, inda ya ba da misali da wani dan sandan jandarma da ya daure matarsa tare da amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye. == Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ake shari'a == Yawancin lokaci ana jinkirta gwaji saboda cunkoson doki da rashin isassun ma'aikata da kayan aiki. Ko da yake ya kamata bangaren shari’a ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa, amma yana da saukin tasiri daga sauran bangarorin gwamnati. Akwai cin hanci da rashawa. Wadanda ake tuhuma suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka saba a ƙarƙashin dokar farar hula na Faransa da al'adun gida, gami da yancin yin shari'ar juri, da ɗaukan rashin laifi, haƙƙin lauya, 'yancin fuskantar shaidu, da 'yancin ɗaukaka. Gabaɗaya ana mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Kasancewar ba a yi wa matasan da ake tuhuma shari’a a kotunan yara yana wakiltar cin zarafin ƙa’idodin duniya. == Haƙƙoƙin fursunoni == Gidajen yarin Benin na cike da cunkoson jama’a, inda daya daga cikin su ke dauke da fursunoni da dama wanda ya ninka karfin da ake da shi a hukumance. Daga cikin matsalolin da ake fuskanta a gidajen yarin Benin sun hada da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], cututtuka, rashin tsafta, rashin isassun magunguna, da rashin isassun iska. Ana yawan ɗaure yara tare da manya. Ana barin masu sa ido kan kare hakkin dan adam su ziyarci gidajen yari. Mata da yawa ana daure su da ’ya’yansu suna haihuwa a gidan yari ba tare da likita ba. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2008 da IRIN ya yi ya nuna cewa, “[p] yanayin ɗaurin kurkuku a Benin yana da muni sosai wanda ya kasance tare da zaluncin ‘yan sanda, ɗaya daga cikin dalilai biyu da suka tilasta ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil’adama ta ƙasa da ƙasa Amnesty International ta sanya ƙasar a cikin yanayin da take yi na shekara-shekara a duniya. Rahoton kare hakkin dan adam a karon farko a shekara ta 2008". Wani rahoton gwamnatin Amurka a shekara ta 2012 ya yi kira ga Benin da ta “[i] inganta yanayin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren da ake tsare da su tare da rage cunkoson jama’a ta hanyar gina karin gidajen yari ko rage tsawon tsarewar da ake yi kafin a yi shari’a”. Rahoton 2012 na ACAT-Benin ya ba da irin wannan shawarwarin. Har yanzu ana bin hukuncin kisa a kasar Benin, kuma ana yanke wa wadanda aka yanke hukuncin kisa hukuncin kisa, amma ba a aiwatar da wani kisa ba tun 1987.<ref>{{cite web|title=BENIN: Prison conditions violate human rights|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/79523/BENIN-Prison-conditions-violate-human-rights|work=Humanitarian News and Analysis|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * 'Yancin addini a kasar Benin * Fataucin mutane a Benin * Hakkin LGBT a Benin * Siyasar Benin == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/benin/report-2012 Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121062655/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/benin/report-2012 |date=2015-01-21 }}, ta [[Amnesty International]] * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/benin 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601202838/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/benin |date=2017-06-01 }}, ta Freedom House [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] 249270jhwlrbezpjbnt70ed7h8d48m4 976099 976098 2026-11-05T10:13:37Z A Salisu 14655 976099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An yi la'akari da yanayin [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|'yancin ɗan adam]] a [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]] a matsayin gabaɗaya sama da matsakaici ga Afirka kudu da hamadar [[Afirka|Sahara]] . Wani rahoton [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka na]] a shekarar 2012 ya yaba wa Benin "don ci gaba da mika mulki ga dimokuradiyya" kuma ya yaba "ayyukan majalisa na ƴan shekarun nan don zartar da aiwatar da dokoki game da cin zarafin mata a cikin gida, cin hanci da rashawa a hukumance, azabtarwa, da sauran laifuffuka", da kuma "kafa." na cibiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama da suka hada da mai kula da kare hakkin bil'adama da majalisar kasa don inganta daidaito da daidaito tsakanin jinsi". Rahoton ya ci gaba da nuna damuwa, duk da haka, "game da ci gaba da rahotanni na yawan tashe-tashen hankula da cin zarafi daga jami'an tsaro, ciki har da ƴan sanda, da kuma mummunan yanayin gidan yari da kuma tsawon lokacin da ake tsare da su kafin a yi shari'a", da kuma "ta hanyar rahotanni masu tsanani. takunkumi kan 'yancin yajin aiki a ma'aikatun jama'a da kuma maganganun da hukumomi ke yi akai-akai na nuna adawa da kungiyar, yana kara rura wutar zaman jama'a da ayyukan zanga-zanga". Bugu da kari, rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa "hankalin ci gaban da gwamnati ke samu wajen magance munanan nau'ikan aikin yara ". == Tarihin tarihi == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; clear: right; float: right; margin-left: 1em" |+Historical ratings ! scope="col" style="text-align:left;" |Year ! scope="col" |Political<nowiki><br id="mwGw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>rights ! scope="col" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil<br /><br />liberties]] ! scope="col" |Status ! scope="col" |President{{ref|b|2}} |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1972 |7 |5 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1973 |7 |5 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1974 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1975 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1976 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1977 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1978 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1979 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1980 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1981 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1982{{ref|c|3}} |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1983 |7 |6 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1984 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1985 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1986 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1987 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1988 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #99f" ! scope="row" |1989 |7 |7 |Not Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background:#ff9;" ! scope="row" |1990 |6 |4 |Partly Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1991 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1992 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1993 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1994 |2 |3 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1995 |2 |2 |Free |Nicéphore Soglo |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1996 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1997 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1998 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |1999 |2 |3 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2000 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2001 |3 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2002 |3 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2003 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2004 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2005 |2 |2 |Free |Mathieu Kérékou |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2006 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2007 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2008 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2009 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2010 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2011 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2012 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2013 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |- style="background-color: #9f9" ! scope="row" |2014 |2 |2 |Free |Yayi Boni |} Kasar Benin dai ta kasance [[Faransa|kasar Faransa]] da aka fi sani da Dahomey, wadda ta samu ‘yancin kai a shekara ta 1960. Daga 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1990 kasar Marxist–Leninist ce wacce mai mulkin kama karya Mathieu Kérékou ya mulki, wanda ya karbi mulki a juyin mulki. A karkashin Kérékou, ƙasar ba ta da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ko na 'yan jarida kuma ba ta da yancin ɗan adam. Ya canza suna zuwa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Benin a 1975. A cikin 1990 an cire kalmar "People's" daga sunan kasar, kuma a cikin Disamba 1991 aka amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki da nufin kafa wata kasa wadda a cikinta "dokar doka, 'yancin kai, 'yancin jama'a, mutuncin dan Adam. kuma an tabbatar da adalci, kariya da kuma inganta shi a matsayin abin da ake bukata don ci gaban da ya dace ga kowane dan kasar Benin." A karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, an maido da mulkin dimokradiyya a kasar Benin a shekarar 1991. A zaben da aka gudanar a waccan shekarar, Kérékou ya sha kaye a hannun Nicéphore Soglo kuma ya amince da sakamakon zaben. An mayar da shi mulki a zaɓen shekara ta 1996 aka sake zabe a 2001; zaɓen 2006, wanda Kérékou bai tsaya takara ba, an dauke shi cikin 'yanci da adalci. Tun daga 1991, ana ɗaukar Benin a matsayin mafi girman matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam fiye da sauran ƙasashen Afirka. An rubuta cewa kasar Benin ta bayyana cewa tana daya daga cikin ƙasashen da ke kan gaba a tsarin dimokuradiyya a Afirka, amma yawancin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare Haƙƙin bil adama a ƙasar, wadanda suka samo asali tun lokacin rikon kwarya, "ba sa hada kai a tsakaninsu", ta yadda "ta ya zama al'ada ga ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki a yanki ɗaya ba su san juna ba", wanda ke haifar da "kwafi na ƙoƙarin". A zaman taro na 47 na hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Afrika a shekarar 2010, babban mai shigar da kara na kasar Benin, Victor Topanou ya bayyana cewa, "a yau akwai bayyananniyar manufar siyasa don tabbatar da nasarar al'adun 'yancin dan Adam", yana mai nuni da kokarin da aka yi a baya-bayan nan. don rage radadin talauci ta hanyar tsare-tsaren kananan bashi, da inganta samun adalci ta hanyar gina sabbin kotunan shari'a da gidajen yari, da kara yawan abinci da kula da lafiya a gidajen yari. Jamhuriyar Benin ta rattaba hannu kan yarjeniyoyi na kasa da kasa kamar haka: Yarjejeniya ta Afirka ([[Banjul]]) kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a; Yarjejeniya kan azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin mutuntaka, ko wulakanci magani ko azabtarwa; Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata; Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin Yara; Yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata; Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa Tattalin Arziki, Haƙƙin Jama'a da Al'adu; da Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan Haƙƙin Bil Adama da Siyasa. Wannan ginshiƙi ne na ƙimar Benin tun 1972 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance | author = [[Freedom House]] | date = 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2014 | author = [[Freedom House]] | date = 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2015 | author = [[Freedom House]] | date = 2015 }}</ref><ref name="www1.umn.edu">{{cite web|title=The Status of Human Rights Organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa Benin|url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/benin.htm|publisher=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Human Rights Violations in Benin|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statement by the Attorney General of the Republic of Benin, Minister of Justice, Legislation and Human Rights, and Government Spokesperson, Hon Mr. Victor Topanou|url=http://www.achpr.org/sessions/47th/speeches/victor-topanou/|publisher=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|access-date=January 11, 2013|archive-date=January 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119034237/http://www.achpr.org/sessions/47th/speeches/victor-topanou/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Human Rights|url=http://www.policyproject.com/matrix/matrix2.cfm?country=Benin|publisher=Matrix|access-date=January 11, 2013|archive-date=July 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710005546/http://www.policyproject.com/matrix/matrix2.cfm?country=Benin|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name='FH1972'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 | access-date = 2012-08-22 | author = [[Freedom House]] | year = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin na asali == Kundin tsarin mulki da dokoki sun haramta wariya dangane da launin fata, jinsi, nakasa, harshe, da matsayin zamantakewa; duk da haka, mata da nakasassu suna ci gaba da fuskantar wariya, kuma gwamnati ba ta yi komai ba don yaƙar ta. Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin da dokokinsa sun tabbatar da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma ‘yan jarida, amma a wasu lokuta ana hana wadannan hakkokin. Ofishin gidan Rediyo da Talabijin na gwamnati (ORTB) ya takaita yada shirye-shiryen da ke sukar gwamnati; gwamnatin kasar ta toshe siginar wani gidan rediyon kasar Faransa da ya bayar da rahoto a shekarar 2010 kan kokarin da 'yan majalisar dokokin kasar suka yi na tsige shugaba Yayi; sannan an yi sayayya da yawa, wanda ake zargin jami’an gwamnati ne, na kwafin jaridun da suka ba da rahoto kan wata almundahana. Yawancin 'yan jarida sun shiga aikin tantance kansu, kuma an gurfanar da wasu da dama daga cikinsu kan zargin cin zarafi, ko da yake alkalai sukan zaɓi ba za su tuhume su ba. "Zagi" na 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki yana da hukuncin dauri ta hanyar aiki tukuru. Har yanzu, akwai kafafen yada labarai masu fafutuka da galibi ke sukar gwamnati, duk da cewa isarsu ba ta da yawa, wani bangare saboda jahilci. Kafafen yada labarai mafi tasiri mallakar gwamnati ne. Wasu kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu suna samun tallafin gwamnati. Akwai haƙƙin shiga [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] mara iyaka, amma babu shi a yawancin wurare. Gwamnati ba ta tsoma baki cikin harkokin ilimi ko al'adu, kuma gabaɗaya tana mutunta ' [[Yanci taro|yancin yin taro]], kodayake a wasu lokuta takan ƙi ba da izinin taron ƙungiyoyin adawa da sauran su. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnati ta haramta tarukan jama'a da dama, ciki har da zanga-zangar 'yan kungiyar da ke nuna damuwa kan cin hanci da rashawa da sauran batutuwa. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin da dokokin ƙasar sun tabbatar da ‘yancin yin tafiya cikin walwala a cikin kasar, fita ƙasashen waje, yin hijira da komawa gida, kuma ana girmama wadannan hakkokin, duk da cewa akwai shingayen binciken ababen hawa a faɗin ƙasar da ke hana zirga-zirga da ‘yan sanda da jami’an tsaro ke amfani da su wajen neman cin hanci. Kodayake yara ƙanana suna buƙatar takaddun shaida lokacin tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje don guje wa fataucin, rashin aiwatar da wannan buƙatun yana haifar da ci gaba da fataucin. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin" /> Kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Benin ya tanada, ƙasa ce da ba ruwanta da addini, wanda a cikinta ne aka ba wa kowa ‘yancin addini kuma a cikinta ba a ba wa makarantun gwamnati damar ba da koyarwar addini (ko da yake an halatta makarantun addini masu zaman kansu). A kasar Benin, inda a ƙidayar 2002 yawan jama'a ya kasance kashi 27 cikin dari na Roman Katolika, kashi 24 cikin dari Musulmai, kashi 17 na Voudon (Vodoo), kashi 6 cikin dari na sauran addinai na asali, da kashi 5 cikin ɗari na Kiristanci na Celestial, kuma inda bukukuwan kasa sun hada da Kirista da Musulmai masu tsarki. Kwanaki, "mutunta bambance-bambancen addini ya yadu a kowane mataki na al'umma da kuma a dukkan yankuna", a cewar rahoton gwamnatin Amurka na 2011, kodayake akwai " rikici lokaci-lokaci tsakanin masu aikin Voodoo da Kirista game da ayyukan ƙaddamar da Voodoo, yana buƙatar sa hannun 'yan sanda".<ref name="Annual Report: Benin 2010">{{cite web|title=Annual Report: Benin 2010|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/annual-report-benin-2010|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin"/><ref>{{cite web|title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2011|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper|publisher=U.S. Department of State|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin mata ==   Halin ‘yancin mata a kasar Benin ya samu ci gaba sosai tun bayan dawo da tsarin dimokuradiyya da tabbatar da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, da kuma zartar da dokar ta sirri da ta iyali a shekara ta 2004, wadanda dukkansu suka yi watsi da al’adun gargajiya daban-daban da suka saba wa mata. Har yanzu, rashin daidaito da wariya na ci gaba da wanzuwa. Auren mace fiye da daya da auren dole haramun ne amma har yanzu suna faruwa. Aiwatar da dokar hana fyaɗe, hukuncin da zai iya kai shekaru biyar a gidan yari, na fuskantar cikas ta hanyar cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ingantaccen aikin 'yan sanda, da fargabar kyama ga al'umma. Rashin iya aikin 'yan sanda yana haifar da yawancin laifukan jima'i da aka mayar da su zuwa ga kuskure. Rikicin cikin gida ya zama ruwan dare, inda ake yanke hukuncin daurin shekaru 3 a gidan yari, amma mata ba sa son kai rahoton lamarin, sannan hukumomi ba sa son sa baki a cikin abin da ake dauka na sirri ne. An bayyana kaciyar mata a matsayin "mafi girman cin zarafin bil'adama a kasar Benin". Kimanin kashi 13 cikin 100 na mata da 'yan mata an yi musu fyade (sama da kashi 70 cikin 100 a wasu yankuna da kabilu), amma ba kasafai ake aiwatar da dokar da ta hana ba. Karuwanci, musamman karuwancin yara, shi ma ya zama ruwan dare, inda abokan cinikin suka kasance masu yawon bude ido. Haka nan ana yawan cin zarafi, inda dalibai mata da dama ke cin zarafin malamansu. Duk da cewa laifin aikata laifi ne wanda zai iya yanke hukuncin zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru biyu, aiwatar da shi ya yi kasala. Al’adun gargajiya da ba su dace da mata ba a yanzu ba su da karfin doka a kasar Benin, inda mata ke samun ‘yancin kai daidai da tsarin mulkin kasar, ciki har da harkokin aure da gado. Har yanzu, suna fuskantar wariya mai yawa na zamantakewa da aikin yi saboda halaye na al'ada game da matsayin jima'i, kuma suna da wahalar samun lokaci mai yawa don samun bashi kuma lokacin da gwauruwa ba su da 'yancin sarrafa dukiyarsu. Mata a yankunan karkara suna taka rawa a karkashin ƙasa kuma suna yin aiki tukuru. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin" /> Matan da suka fuskanci wariya ko cin zarafi na iya neman taimako daga Women in Law and Development-Benin, Female Jurist Association of Benin (AFJB), da Women's Justice and Empowerment Initiative ta hanyar Care International's Empower Project. Wani rahoton Amurka na shekara ta 2012 ya yaba wa Benin bisa kafa Majalisar Kula da daidaiton jinsi da daidaito ta ƙasa.<ref name="Human Rights Violations in Benin">{{cite web|title=Human Rights Violations in Benin|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html|work=Alternative Report to the United Nations Committee Against Torture|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Female mutilation Benin's main human rights problem|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/14810|work=Afrol News|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin yara == Hukumar kare hakkin yara ta kasa da ma’aikatar iyali ana dorawa alhakin bunkasa ‘yancin yara. Yara sun zama ’yan kasa ta hanyar haihuwa a Benin ko kuma haihuwar iyayen da ’yan kasar Benin ne. Ba a rubuta haihuwar mutane da yawa ba, wanda hakan na iya haifar da hana ilimi, kula da lafiya, da sauran ayyuka. Makarantar firamare wajibi ne, kodayake yawancin 'yan mata ba sa zuwa makaranta. Auren yara ya yadu, duk da cewa auren yara ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 14 haramun ne a fasahance, tare da halatta auren wadanda ke tsakanin 14 zuwa 17 idan iyaye sun ba da izininsu. A bisa al'adar ƙabilanci, sau da yawa ana kashe yara a lokacin haihuwa saboda dalilai daban-daban - alal misali, an kashe ɗaya daga cikin tagwaye saboda a al'adance ana daukar tagwaye a matsayin mayu. Yaran da aka haife su da wuri ko kuma waɗanda ba su yi kuka a lokacin haihuwarsu ba, ana ɗaukarsu mayu. Babban dalilin kashe wadannan yara shi ne, ana daukar su a matsayin tushen bala'i. Wani rahoto ya bayyana kisan gillar da aka yi kamar haka: “Da zaran an haifi yaron ta hanyar da ake ganin zai mayar da su mayya ko kuma na rashin al’ada, sai shugaban iyali ya ba da jaririn ga wani mai kisa. Daban-daban dabaru da ake amfani da su don kashe jarirai suna da muni. Sau da yawa akan yi karo da jaririn a kan [[bishiya]] kafin a binne shi ko kuma a yanka shi. Ba a kashe wasu mayu ko yaran da ba na al'ada ba. Gabaɗaya ana watsar da su, ana sayar da su, ko kuma ba su ga dangin da suka shahara don adana irin waɗannan yaran. Suna ajiye waɗannan yaran ba don soyayya ba amma don a yi amfani da su daga baya a matsayin hanyar musanya a matsayin bawa na gida. Wadannan yaran dole ne su rayu ta hanyar bara. Haka kuma rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa, duk da cewa dokar kasar Benin ba ta fito karara ta haramta kisan gilla ba, amma ta haramta kisan gilla, wanda ke nufin ana iya gurfanar da kisan gilla a matsayin kisan kai. Amma duk da haka irin waɗannan lokuta ba kasafai suke zuwa kotu ba saboda mutunta imani da al'adun gargajiya da/ko saboda wahalar tattara shaidun da suka dace. Wata al’adar da har yanzu ta zama ruwan dare ita ce sanya yaro matalauta da iyalinsa masu wadata a matsayin ma’aikacin gida, lamarin da yakan haifar da lalata da sana’o’i da kuma fataucin mutane. Ana kiran wannan aikin "vidomègon". Sauran matsalolin sun hada da karuwanci da yara, wanda galibi yakan shafi yaran tituna, da aikin yara. Akwai yara kanana da yawa a kan titi, da yawa daga cikinsu ba sa zuwa makaranta ko kuma ba sa samun kulawar likita. Wani rahoto da aka fitar a shekara ta 2004 ya jaddada cewa a yankunan karkarar Benin, inda ake fama da cin zarafin yara, iyaye ne ke kan gaba wajen wannan cin zarafi, tare da lura da cewa su ne ke da alhakin "kashe 'ya'yansu da ba a haife su ta hanyar da ta dace ba." ; su kansu malaman makarantun firamare su rika yi wa ’ya’yansu dukan tsiya, su kan nemi ‘yan sanda su yi wa ‘ya’yansu da suka aikata ba daidai ba, suna sayar da ‘ya’yansu ga masu fataucin yara. . . . Wasu daga cikin yaran da suke fama da tashin hankalin da wani dan gida ko jami’in gwamnati ya yi, ba su ma san cewa abin da suka jure laifi ne. Yawancin tashin hankali har yanzu ba a san su ba saboda wadanda abin ya shafa ba sa yin tir da su ko kuma don kawai sun dauki su a matsayin al'ada. Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙarin inganta rayuwar yara a Benin, amma har yanzu lamarin yana da muni. An ƙirƙiri Brigade na Kariyar Ƙananan yara a cikin shekara ta 1983 kuma "an ba da izinin yin aiki a duk lokacin da yara ke cikin haɗari na ɗabi'a ko na jiki. Yana aiwatar da ayyuka don hana laifin matasa. A ci gaba da zama cibiyar da ake magance matsalolin da suka shafi yara ta hanyar sada zumunta. A cewar jami’anta, rawar da take takawa ita ce ta zamantakewa a yau.” Benin ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran da suka shafi satar yara na ƙasa da ƙasa, amma ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara a 1990, Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan Hakki da Jin Dadin Yara a shekara ta 1996, da kuma Yarjejeniyar No. 182 na ILO a cikin shekara ta 2004.<ref name="unhcr.org">{{cite web|title=Human Rights Violations in Benin|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,OMCT,,BEN,,46c190c80,0.html|access-date=January 12, 2013}}</ref> == Haƙƙin naƙasassu == Babu wata doka da ta hana nuna bambanci ga nakasassu, kodayake gwamnati, a karkashin doka, yakamata ta kula da irin wadannan mutane. Haka kuma babu wata doka da ke buƙatar kowane gine-gine, na jama'a ko akasin haka, ya zama abin shigar da keken hannu. Babu kadan a cikin hanyar taimakon hukumomi ga nakasassu, wadanda galibi ke tallafa wa kansu ta hanyar bara. Akwai, duk da haka, kariya a cikin dokar aiki ga nakasassu ma'aikata.<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Benin"/> == Haƙƙin LGBT == A cikin wani rahoto na shekara ta 2012, Amurka ta lura da kin amincewar Benin na shawarar da ta gabata cewa ta "lalata dangantakar jima'i tsakanin masu yarda, masu jima'i" tare da nuna damuwa "game da 'yan LGBT a Benin", suna tambayar: "Wane ayyuka ko shirye-shiryen ilimi kuke yi. Shin akwai wurin tabbatar da aminci da walwalar 'yan LGBT?" Rahoton ya yi kira ga Benin da ta "[d] ta hukunta dangantakar jima'i tsakanin masu yarda, masu jinsi daya da kafa shirye-shiryen ilimi da kuma manufofin da suka dace ga 'yan sanda wadanda ke inganta tsaron lafiyar dukkan 'yan kasar Benin ba tare da la'akari da yanayin jima'i ba". == Haƙƙin HIV/AIDS == Ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne a nuna wa mutane wariya dangane da matsayin HIV, kuma ba a yawan samun irin wannan wariyar ba. == Haƙƙoƙin tsiraru == Babu wata kabila mafi rinjaye a Benin. An wakilta kabilu da dama a cikin ma'aikatun gwamnati. == Hakkokin 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka == Akwai tsarin kare 'yan gudun hijira, wanda ƙasar ta rike kusan 7,300 a ƙarshen shekara ta 2010, yawancinsu 'yan kasar Togo ne. Benin tana aiki tare da UNHCR da sauran ƙungiyoyi don taimakawa irin waɗannan mutane. Ana gayyatar waɗanda ba su cancanci zama ɗan gudun hijira ba don neman izinin zama. == Haƙƙin ma'aikata == An ba wa ma’aikata damar hada kai su yi yajin aikin, duk da cewa ana bukatar su ba da sanarwar yajin aikin na kwanaki uku kuma gwamnati na iya haramta su saboda wasu dalilai. Ma'aikata, ban da waɗanda ke cikin jigilar kayayyaki, suma suna da damar yin ciniki tare. Akwai kwamitin tuntubar juna ta kasa da ke shiga irin wannan tattaunawa. Yin aikin tilas ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, ko da yake yana samuwa a sassa da dama, tare da yara sau da yawa. Yara a ƙarƙashin 12 ba za su iya aiki a kowane aiki ba; waɗanda ke tsakanin 12 zuwa 14 na iya yin aiki mai sauƙi ko riƙe ayyukan gida. Amma waɗannan hane-hane ba a cika aiwatar da su ba, kuma a zahiri yara 'yan ƙasa da bakwai suna aiki a gonaki, kasuwanci, gine-gine, kasuwanni, da sauran wurare, tare da sanya wasu zuwa “wakilai” kuma a sanya su aiki a wasu ƙasashe. Sakamakon karancin sufeto, ana aiwatar da ka'idar aiki mara kyau kuma a cikin abin da ake kira na yau da kullun. Akwai mafi karancin albashi amma yana da rahusa, kuma akwai hani iri-iri kan lokutan aiki da makamantansu amma galibi ana aiwatar da su ne kawai a “bangaren hukuma”. Hakanan ba a aiwatar da ka'idojin lafiya da aminci yadda ya kamata. == Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ake kamawa == [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kame]] ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ne, amma yana faruwa. ‘Yan sanda da jami’an Jandarma ba su da kayan aiki da kuma ba su da horo, duk da cewa gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta lamarin. A ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin, ba za a iya kama wadanda ake tuhuma ba tare da sammaci da shaida ba kuma dole ne alkali ya gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya cikin sa'o'i 48, amma ba a kiyaye wadannan ƙa'idojin ba. Ana mutunta haƙƙin waɗanda ake tuhuma na gaggawar yanke hukunci, duk da haka, kamar yadda yake da haƙƙin neman wakilci da ziyartar dangi. Akwai matsalar ta’addancin da ’yan daba ke yi a kan wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka wadanda suke ganin ba a hukunta su a gaban kotu ba; Ba a kama ’yan irin wadannan ’yan ta’adda ba. Wani rahoto ya nuna cewa yaduwar wannan al'ada a kasar Benin ya shafi yadda ake amfani da shi a baya a Najeriya. Ko da yake kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Benin da dokokin kasar sun hana azabtar da mutane, amma hakan yana faruwa, kuma ana yawan bugun fursunonin. A shekara ta 2010, Adam Yessoufa ya mutu a gidan yari bayan da jami'an tsaro suka yi masa dukan tsiya. Babu wani bayani game da lamarin da aka bai wa jama'a kuma ba a tuhumi kowa ba. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2004 ya nuna cewa a kullum ba a hukunta ayyukan cin zarafi da hukumomi ke yi a Benin. Rahoton ya ci gaba da cewa, jami’an tsaro ba sa jinkirin yin amfani da sarka da duwawun taba sigari wajen mallaki ‘yan uwansu ko ‘yan uwansu, inda ya ba da misali da wani dan sandan jandarma da ya daure matarsa tare da amfani da hayaki mai sa hawaye. == Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ake shari'a == Yawancin lokaci ana jinkirta gwaji saboda cunkoson doki da rashin isassun ma'aikata da kayan aiki. Ko da yake ya kamata bangaren shari’a ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa, amma yana da saukin tasiri daga sauran bangarorin gwamnati. Akwai cin hanci da rashawa. Wadanda ake tuhuma suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka saba a ƙarƙashin dokar farar hula na Faransa da al'adun gida, gami da yancin yin shari'ar juri, da ɗaukan rashin laifi, haƙƙin lauya, 'yancin fuskantar shaidu, da 'yancin ɗaukaka. Gabaɗaya ana mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Kasancewar ba a yi wa matasan da ake tuhuma shari’a a kotunan yara yana wakiltar cin zarafin ƙa’idodin duniya. == Haƙƙoƙin fursunoni == Gidajen yarin Benin na cike da cunkoson jama’a, inda daya daga cikin su ke dauke da fursunoni da dama wanda ya ninka karfin da ake da shi a hukumance. Daga cikin matsalolin da ake fuskanta a gidajen yarin Benin sun hada da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], cututtuka, rashin tsafta, rashin isassun magunguna, da rashin isassun iska. Ana yawan ɗaure yara tare da manya. Ana barin masu sa ido kan kare hakkin dan adam su ziyarci gidajen yari. Mata da yawa ana daure su da ’ya’yansu suna haihuwa a gidan yari ba tare da likita ba. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2008 da IRIN ya yi ya nuna cewa, “[p] yanayin ɗaurin kurkuku a Benin yana da muni sosai wanda ya kasance tare da zaluncin ‘yan sanda, ɗaya daga cikin dalilai biyu da suka tilasta ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil’adama ta ƙasa da ƙasa Amnesty International ta sanya ƙasar a cikin yanayin da take yi na shekara-shekara a duniya. Rahoton kare hakkin dan adam a karon farko a shekara ta 2008". Wani rahoton gwamnatin Amurka a shekara ta 2012 ya yi kira ga Benin da ta “[i] inganta yanayin gidajen yari da sauran wuraren da ake tsare da su tare da rage cunkoson jama’a ta hanyar gina karin gidajen yari ko rage tsawon tsarewar da ake yi kafin a yi shari’a”. Rahoton 2012 na ACAT-Benin ya ba da irin wannan shawarwarin. Har yanzu ana bin hukuncin kisa a kasar Benin, kuma ana yanke wa wadanda aka yanke hukuncin kisa hukuncin kisa, amma ba a aiwatar da wani kisa ba tun 1987.<ref>{{cite web|title=BENIN: Prison conditions violate human rights|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/79523/BENIN-Prison-conditions-violate-human-rights|work=Humanitarian News and Analysis|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * 'Yancin addini a kasar Benin * Fataucin mutane a Benin * Hakkin LGBT a Benin * Siyasar Benin == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/benin/report-2012 Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121062655/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/benin/report-2012 |date=2015-01-21 }}, ta [[Amnesty International]] * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/benin 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601202838/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/benin |date=2017-06-01 }}, ta Freedom House [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] t1zb8pca5wfqujbhlu6y7uukzqtlkdy 0 32101 975896 966690 2026-11-04T18:58:13Z Zahrah0 14848 975896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Iliaschairqpr2018v020.jpeg|thumb|hoton dsan kwallo illias]] '''Ilias Emilian kujera''' ({{Lang-ar|إلياس إميليان شاعر}}; An haife shi ne a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoban shekarar alif 1997). ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wanda]] ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari a ƙungiyar Championship ta EFL Championship ta Queens Park Rangers. An haife shi a Belgium, yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Morocco.<ref name=":0">JMG Football – Ilias Chair". JMG Academy. Retrieved 20 April 2019.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a Antwerp a Belgium mahaifinsa ɗan Moroccan.<ref name="Ilias Chair set for Morocco Under-20 training camp">{{Cite web |url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/under-23s-news/chair-set-for-morocco-youth-camp/ |title=Ilias Chair set for Morocco Under-20 training camp |date=24 May 2017 |publisher=Queens Park Rangers F.C. |access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=106669 |title=Ilias Chair - Queen's Park Rangers - Soccer Base |website=www.soccerbase.com |access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> == Aikin kulob/ƙungiya == === Farkon aiki === Shugaban ya fara aikinsa a tsarin matasa a Lierse. <ref name="Under-23s add Belgian attacker to ranks">{{Cite web |url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/news/under-23s-news/under-23s-add-belgian-attacker-to-ranks/ |title=Under-23s add Belgian attacker to ranks |date=31 January 2017 |publisher=Queens Park Rangers F.C. |access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref>Ya kuma shafe lokaci a makarantar Club Brugge, da kuma JMG Academy Belgium. ya fara buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru a Lierse yana ɗan shekara 17, yana wasa a rukunin na biyu na Belgium, <ref name="JMG Football – Ilias Chair">{{Cite web |url=https://www.jmgfootball.com/en/joueurs/chair-ilias/ |title=JMG Football – Ilias Chair |publisher=JMG Academy |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127084056/https://www.jmgfootball.com/en/joueurs/chair-ilias/ |archive-date=27 January 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref>lokacin da ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbi a minti na 76 a wasan Lierse's 1–1 away a Coxyde aranar 9 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta, 2015. <ref name="Soccerway – Ilias Chair">{{soccerway|413607|accessdate = 20 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Coxyde 1–1 Lierse">{{Cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2015/08/09/belgium/second-division/kvv-coxyde/koninklijke-lierse-sportkring/2062073/ |title=Coxyde 1–1 Lierse |date=9 August 2015 |publisher=Soccerway |access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref>Daga baya ya fara wasansa na farko bayan wata daya, a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta, 2015, yana buga cikakken mintuna 90 a cikin gida da ci 3–2 da Cercle Brugge.<ref name="Soccerway – Ilias Chair" /><ref name="Lierse 2–3 Cercle Brugge">{{Cite web |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2015/09/09/belgium/second-division/koninklijke-lierse-sportkring/cercle-brugge-ksv/2062080/ |title=Lierse 2–3 Cercle Brugge |date=9 August 2015 |publisher=Soccerway |access-date=20 April 2019}}</ref> === Queens Park Rangers === ya ci gaba da shari'a a kulob na Championship QPR a watan Janairu shekara ta, 2017. A lokacin gwajin, ya zira kwallaye a wasan sada zumunci na 3-1 na U23 da Bournemouth. <ref name="Under-23s add Belgian attacker to ranks" /> Daga baya ya sanya hannu kan QPR na dindindin akan 31 Janairu shekara ta, 2017. <ref name="Under-23s add Belgian attacker to ranks" /> An ƙara mai da shi zuwa ƙungiyar Elite Development Squad kuma ya shafe sauran kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017 yana wasa da ƙungiyar U23 ta ƙungiyar. <ref name="Under-23s add Belgian attacker to ranks"/> Bayan ya burge manajan QPR Ian Holloway a horo, An nada shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin EFL da kungiyar ta yi da Northampton Town a Loftus Road a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2017. Ya maye gurbin Luke Freeman ne a minti na 63 na wasan inda ya fara buga wasansa na farko. <ref name="Soccerway – Ilias Chair">{{Soccerway|413607}}</ref> <ref name="QPR 1–0 Northampton Town" /> ya fara bayyanarsa na farko ga QPR a ci 1-0 da Preston North End a Deepdale a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba shekarar, 2017. Ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kulob din a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2018, inda ya ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekarar, 2020. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan karshe na QPR na kakar shekara ta, 2017 zuwa 2018 a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu shekarar, 2018, inda ya zura kwallo a raga a matsayi mai nisa yayin da QPR ta yi watsi da ci daya mai ban haushi da ci 3-1 a kan Birmingham City. Chair ya buga wasanni bakwai a rukunin farko a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya zura kwallo daya.<ref name=":0"/> Bayan da ya buga wasanni takwas na QPR a farkon rabin kakar shekarar, 2018 zuwa 2019, ya shiga kulob din League Two Stevenage a kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na sauran kakar a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2019. Ya buga wasansa na farko na Stevenage a nasarar da kulob din ya samu a kan Yeovil Town da ci 1-0 a Broadhall Way a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2019, yana buga cikakken wasan. Shugaban ya zura kwallayen sa na farko ga Stevenage ta hanyar zira kwallaye biyu na dogon lokaci a karshen wasan da suka tashi 2–2 a waje da shugabannin gasar Lincoln City a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar, 2019. Bayan wata daya, a ranar 12 ga watan Maris shekarar, 2019, ya zura kwallo a cikin rabin sa a wasan da Stevenage ya ci 2–0 a gida da Swindon Town. An zabe shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan watan Maris na shekarar, 2019 bayan ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye hudu da ci hudu a cikin watan. Ya buga wasanni 16 a lokacin yarjejeniyar aro, inda ya zura kwallaye shida ya kuma taimaka a zura kwallaye shida. <ref name="Games played by Ilias Chair in 2018/2019" /> Manajan Stevenage Dino Maamria ya bayyana Chair a matsayin "dan wasa mafi kyawun da ya taba saka rigar Stevenage", da kuma mafi kyawun dan wasan da ya taba taka leda a gasar League Two. <ref name="Ilias Chair 'the best player that has ever worn a Stevenage Football Club shirt' according to boss Dino Maamria"/> Bayan ya koma QPR, ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kungiyar a watan Satumba na shekara2019. A karkashin sabon manaja Mark Warburton, Shugaban ya zama babban dan wasa na QPR a farkon kakarar, 2019 zuwa 2020.<ref name=":1"/> A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekarar, 2021, a kungiyar ya rattaba hannu kan wata sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekara hudu da rabi wanda zai ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa shekarar, 2025, tare da kungiyar na da zabin tsawaita wannan kwantiragin zuwa wata shekara. Ya fara wasa kakar shekara ta, 2021 zuwa 2022 a cikin tsari mai kyau kuma ya ci lambar yabo ta Gasar Cin Kofin Wata na Oktoba shekara ta, 2021 bayan aiki mai ban sha'awa a kan Blackburn Rovers. == Ayyukan kasa == An haifi shi a Belgium kuma dan asalin Morocco ne. An kira shi zuwa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na Morocco don yin horo na tsawon mako guda a [[Rabat]] a watan Yuni shekara ta, 2017. <ref name="Ilias Chair set for Morocco Under-20 training camp" /> ya wakilci Morocco a 'yan U23s a wasan sada zumunta da suka sha kashi a hannun Senegal U23 a ranar 23 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2018. Ya yi karo/haɗu da babbar tawagar kasar Morocco a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Ghana da ci 1-0 a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni shekara ta, 2021. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2021, a bayyanarsa ta hudu a kasarsa, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Morocco da ta uku a wasan da suka doke Guinea-Bissau da ci 5-0. == Kididdigar sana'a == === Kulob === {{Updated|18 April 2022|<ref name=SW/>}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da burin ta kulob, kakar da gasar ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kaka ! colspan="3" | Kungiyar ! colspan="2" | Kofin kasa ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Sauran ! colspan="2" | Jimlar |- ! Rarraba ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri |- | rowspan="3" | Lierse | 2015-16 <ref name="Soccerway – Ilias Chair">{{Soccerway|413607|accessdate=20 April 2019}}</ref> | Belgium Division na biyu | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 2 | 0 |- | 2016-17 <ref name="Soccerway – Ilias Chair" /> | Rukunin Farko na Belgium B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 2 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! colspan="2" | - ! colspan="2" | - ! 2 ! 0 |- | rowspan="6" | Queens Park Rangers | 2017-18 | Gasar Zakarun Turai | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 7 | 1 |- | 2018-19 | Gasar Zakarun Turai | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 8 | 0 |- | 2019-20 | Gasar Zakarun Turai | 41 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | colspan="2" | - | 45 | 5 |- | 2020-21 | Gasar Zakarun Turai | 45 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 47 | 8 |- | 2021-22 | Gasar Zakarun Turai | 35 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | colspan="2" | - | 39 | 9 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 129 ! 22 ! 7 ! 0 ! 10 ! 1 ! colspan="2" | - ! 145 ! 23 |- | Stevenage (rance) | 2018-19 <ref name="Games played by Ilias Chair in 2018/2019" /> | League Biyu | 16 | 6 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | 0 | 0 | 16 | 6 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimlar sana'a ! 147 ! 28 ! 7 ! 0 ! 10 ! 1 ! 0 ! 0 ! 164 ! 29 |} === Ƙasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played 18 January 2022}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Fitowa da burin tawagar ƙasa da shekara ! Tawagar kasa ! Shekara ! Aikace-aikace ! Buri |- | rowspan="2" | Maroko | 2021 | 7 | 1 |- | 2022 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimlar ! 8 ! 1 |} : ''Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 6 Oktoba 2021.'' ''Makin Ingila da aka jera farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon kujera.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Ilias Chair ya ci ! A'a. ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Cap ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasa ! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | align="center" | 1 | 6 Oktoba 2021 | Filin wasa na Prince Moulay Abdellah, [[Rabat]], Morocco | align="center" | 4 |</img> Guinea-Bissau | align="center" | 3–0 | align="center" | 5–0 | 2022 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA | align="center" | |} == Girmamawa == '''Mutum''' * Burin Gasar Gasar Wata: Oktoba 2021 == Manazarta == .{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Ilias Chair at Soccerbase {{Queens Park Rangers F.C. squad}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2ywf0osc5j3jzy9rndxc5za2wdm2ggc 0 32711 975885 509593 2026-11-04T18:35:03Z M Bash Ne 12403 975885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:The City Gate of Abuja.jpg|thumb|Baban birni kasarta]] '''Hadiza Mailafiya''' ƴar siyasar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ce.<ref><nowiki>https://thenationonlineng.net/hadiza-mailafia-minister-of-environment/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/131861-baggage-village-in-zamfara-now-safe-for-habitation-minister.html</nowiki></ref> Ta kasance Ministar Muhalli daga watan Yulin shekarar 2011 zuwa watan Satumbar shekarar 2013.<ref><nowiki>https://thenationonlineng.net/jonathan-sacks-nine-ministers/</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.channelstv.com/2013/09/11/president-jonathan-sacks-nine-ministers/</nowiki></ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] qgx2nn2pcwdocsqwo6809sj9zk6o10j 0 35229 975888 894320 2026-11-04T18:42:45Z Zahrah0 14848 975888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:General_Myers_greets_Canadian_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_Axworthy.JPEG|200px|right|thumbnail|Janar Myers yana gaisawa da Ministan Harkokin Wajen Kanada Axworthy.]] [[Fayil:Lloyd Axworthy (1999).JPEG|thumb]] [[Fayil:General Myers greets Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Axworthy.JPEG|thumb|hotpn Lloyd a hilin jirgi]] '''Lloyd Norman Axworthy''' PC CC OM (an Haife shi ranar 21 ga watan Disamban shekarar alif 1939). ɗan siyasan [[Kanada]] ne, [[wiktionary:elder statesman|dattijon ƙasa]] kuma malami. Ya taba zama Ministan Harkokin Waje a Majalisar Ministocin da Firayim Minista [[Jean Chrétien|Jean Chrétien ya]] jagoranta. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga majalisa, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa da mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Winnipeg daga shekarar 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2014 kuma a matsayin shugabar Kwalejin Jami'ar St. Paul (wata cibiya ce ta Jami'ar Waterloo ). A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An kuma haifi Axworthy a Arewacin Battleford, Saskatchewan ga iyaye Norman da Gwen Axworthy kuma a cikin dangi da ke da tushen Ikilisiyar United Church, kuma ya sami BA daga United College, makarantar Littafi Mai Tsarki na tushen Winnipeg, a cikin shekarar 1961. Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan Tom Axworthy, Robert Axworthy (tsohon dan takarar shugabancin Jam'iyyar Liberal Manitoba). Ya samu Ph.D. a fannin siyasa daga jami'ar Princeton a shekarar 1972 bayan kammala karatun digiri na uku mai taken "The task force on home and urban development: a study of democracy decisionmaker in Canada."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Axworthy|first=Lloyd|url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/1423271|title=The task force on housing and urban development : a study of democratic decision making in Canada|date=1972|language=en}}</ref> Ya koma Kanada don koyarwa a Jami'ar Manitoba da Jami'ar Winnipeg. Daga baya kuma ya zama darakta na Cibiyar Harkokin Birane. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uwinnipeg.ca/foundation/|title=The University of Winnipeg Foundation; The University of Winnipeg|website=www.uwinnipeg.ca}}</ref> == Farkon sana'ar siyasa == Axworthy ya shiga cikin siyasa a cikin shekarun 1950, ya zama memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal bayan halartar jawabin Lester B. Pearson. A taƙaice ya haɗa kansa da New Democratic Party (NDP) a cikin 1960s lokacin da Pearson, a matsayin ɗan adawa na tarayya, ya yi kira ga kasar Amurka ta ba da izinin makaman nukiliya na Bomarc a ƙasar Kanada. Ba da daɗewa ba ya koma ga Liberal fold, duk da haka, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mataimaki ga John Turner ;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2007}} yunkurin Turner na zama shugaban jam'iyya a babban taron jagoranci na 1968 . [[File:General Myers greets Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Axworthy.JPEG|thumb|Lloyd Axworthy]] Axworthy ya tsaya takarar jam'iyyar a Winnipeg North Center a zaben 1968, inda ya zo na biyu da tsohon dan majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar NDP (MP) Stanley Knowles . Ya fara tsayawa takarar Majalisar Dokoki ta Manitoba a zaɓen shekara ta 1966, inda ya zama na biyu zuwa Progressive Conservative Douglas Stanes a St. James . A zaɓen 1973, an zabe shi a matsayin Manitoba Liberal a Fort Rouge, An sake zabe shi a zaben 1977, kuma shine kadai mai sassaucin ra'ayi a majalisar dokoki daga 1977 zuwa 1979. == Gwamnatin tarayya == Ya yi murabus daga majalisar dokokin Manitoba a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1979, don tsayawa takarar majalisar tarayya, kuma a zaɓen 1979 da kyar ya doke tsohon shugaban PC na lardin Sidney Spivak a Winnipeg-Fort Garry . An sake zabe shi a zaɓen shekara ta 1980, ya zama dan majalisa mai sassaucin ra'ayi daya tilo a yammacin Ontario . An ƙara masa girma zuwa majalisar ministoci karkashin Firayim Minista Pierre Trudeau, wanda ya zama Ministan Ayyuka da Shige da Fice, sannan ya zama Ministan Sufuri . A cikin kayen Liberal a zaɓen shekara ta 1984, Axworthy ya kasance daya daga cikin masu sassaucin ra'ayi guda biyu a yammacin Ontario da aka zaba (dayan kuma shine shugaban Liberal John Turner ). Axworthy ya taka rawa a cikin ƴan adawa, yana goyan bayan tsauraran manufofin laifuka, amma kuma yana tallafawa ra'ayin mazan jiya ta hanyar sukar manufofin haraji na kasafin kudi na Brian Mulroney . Ya kuma kasance mai sukar kuɗaɗe na musamman na Yarjejeniyar Ciniki Kyauta ta Kanada-Amurka . Lokacin da masu sassaucin ra'ayi suka koma mulki a shekara ta 1993 ƙarƙashin [[Jean Chrétien]], Axworthy ya zama ministan majalisar ministoci. Bayan zaɓen, an ba shi alhaki na Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC), kuma ya ƙaddamar da canje-canje a inshorar aiki . Ko da yake babban abin sha'awar shi shine sabunta birane, a cikin shekarar 1996 na majalisar ministocin, ya zama Ministan Harkokin Waje . A cikin Fabrairun shekarar 1999 da Afrilu 2000, Axworthy ya kasance Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da Jakadan Kanada a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Robert Fowler . A cikin watan Afrilun 2000, Axworthy ya goyi bayan kokarin da ake yi na rage yawan takunkumin da aka kakabawa Iraki, ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Saddam Hussein, yana mai nuni da wani bayani na jin kai "don kauce wa sanya 'yan kasa su biya kudaden da shugabanninsu suka yi". Axworthy sun yi arangama da gwamnatin Amurka kan wannan batu, musamman kan rashin wasu zaɓin da za su hana gwamnatin daga karin wuce gona da iri. A shekara ta 2000, ya ƙaddamar da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya akan Sa baki da Mulkin Jiha wanda ya haifar da manufar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na alhakin Karewa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dgp.toronto.edu/~trendall/j18/starticle.html|title=MPs urge lifting sanctions to halt Iraq 'tragedy': Toronto Star|website=www.dgp.toronto.edu|access-date=2016-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Responsibility to Protect|url=https://www.idrc.ca/sites/default/files/openebooks/960-7/index.html|website=www.idrc.ca|access-date=2020-05-02}}</ref> [[Fayil:General Myers greets Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Axworthy.JPEG|thumb|Lloyd Axworthy tare da mutane ]] Ya yi ritaya daga siyasa a shekara ta 2000.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Geddes |first=John |title=Maclean's Lifetime Achievement Award - Lloyd Axworthy: A politician who thinks globally, and acts locally |magazine=Maclean's |url=https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/lloyd-axworthy-a-politician-who-thinks-globally-and-acts-locally/ |date=2016-02-23 |accessdate=2021-03-04}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == A cikin shekarar 1997, Sanata Patrick Leahy na Amurka ya zaɓi Axworthy don samun lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel saboda aikinsa na hana nakiyoyi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dpa.org.sg/publication/dpipub/spring97/dpi24.htm |title=Global Ban on Anti-Personnel Mines: efforts deserve Nobel Peace Prize |publisher=Disability International |access-date=2005-07-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321220421/http://www.dpa.org.sg/publication/dpipub/spring97/dpi24.htm |archive-date=March 21, 2005}}.</ref> Bai yi nasara ba, amma ya gode wa wadanda suka karba, Yakin Duniya na Haramta nakiyoyi, saboda sun taimaka wajen kokarinsu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nobel.no/eng_lect_97b.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050908130227/http://www.nobel.no/eng_lect_97b.html|url-status=dead |title=The Norwegian Nobel Institute<!-- Bot generated title -->|archivedate=September 8, 2005}}</ref> Duk da haka, masu suka suna kallon yaƙin neman zaɓe na Axworthy da shigar da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na siyasa a matsayin abin da bai dace ba, tun da yawancin manyan ƙasashe, ciki har da Amurka, Rasha da China ba su shiga ba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davenport|first=David|date=December 1, 2002|title=The New Diplomacy|url=http://www.hoover.org/research/new-diplomacy|journal=Policy Review}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1998 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka lashe lambar yabo ta Arewa – Kudu .<ref>{{cite web |title=The North South Prize of Lisbon |work=North-South Centre |publisher=Council of Europe |url=http://www.coe.int/t/e/north%2Dsouth_centre/programmes/7_north%2Dsouth_prize/winners_PNS.asp |access-date=January 21, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215230739/http://www.coe.int/t/e/north-south_centre/programmes/7_north-south_prize/winners_PNS.asp |archive-date=February 15, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2003, an naɗa shi Jami'in [[Oder of Canada]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Order of Canada Lloyd Axworthy |url=http://archive.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=7763 |publisher=Office of the Governor General of Canada |access-date=April 5, 2011}}</ref> kuma ya zaɓaɓɓen Memba mai Girmamawa na Waje na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka.<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 28, 2011}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2012, Dattijo, Dokta Tobasonakwut Kinew da, Dr. Phil Fontaine, sun karrama Axworthy&nbsp;– Waapshki Pinaysee Inini, Mutumin Range Frog Kyauta, a wurin bukin bututu mai tsarki. An gane Axworthy don jajircewarsa na ƙirƙirar ƙwarewar koyo wanda ke nuna al'adu da al'adun ƴan asali a UWinnipeg. Dattijon Anishinaabe Fred Kelly da mawaki kuma mai watsa labarai [[Wab Kinew]] ne ya jagoranci bikin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Axworthy Honoured At Sacred Pipe Ceremony |url=https://news.uwinnipeg.ca/691/ |date=2012-10-15 |accessdate=2021-03-04 |publisher=University of Winnipeg}}</ref> An gabatar da Axworthy tare da digiri na girmamawa daga Faculty of Environment na Jami'ar Waterloo a watan Oktoba 2014. A cikin Disamba 30, 2015, Axworthy an ciyar da shi zuwa Abokin odar Kanada, mafi girman daraja.<ref>{{cite web|title=Order of Canada Appointments|url=http://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=16283&lan=eng|website=The Governor General of Canada His Excellency the Right Honourable David Johnston|publisher=[[Governor General of Canada]]|access-date=31 December 2015|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905141011/https://www.gg.ca/document.aspx?id=16283&lan=eng|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Bayan siyasa == A cikin Satumba 2000, Axworthy ya koma makarantar kimiyya, yana shiga Cibiyar Liu don Al'amuran Duniya a Jami'ar British Columbia . Ya buga ''Navigating A New World'', littafi kan amfani da " mai laushi ". A watan Mayu 2004, an nada shi a matsayin shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Winnipeg. Ya yi ritaya a watan Yunin 2014.<ref name=UW>{{cite web|title=Lloyd Axworthy to be installed as first chancellor of St. Paul's today|url=https://uwaterloo.ca/stpauls/news/lloyd-axworthy-be-installed-first-chancellor-st-pauls-today|publisher=St. Paul's University College|access-date=24 October 2014|date=24 October 2014}}</ref> Axworthy shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Sashen Amurka na [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], matsayi mai cike da cece-kuce sakamakon rikodi na wannan kungiya na nuna son kai a siyasance, tara kuɗaɗe a Saudiyya, da rashin gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/20/opinion/20bernstein.html|title=Opinion: Rights Watchdog, Lost in the Mideast|first=Robert L.|last=Bernstein|date=October 20, 2009|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref> Har ila yau, yana aiki a majalisar shawara na Cibiyar USC akan Diplomasiyyar Jama'a da na Kuri'a na Gaskiya Kanada, kuma shi ne mai goyon bayan Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ƙasashen Duniya, Ontario . A cikin 2006, An zaɓi Axworthy zuwa Hukumar Gudanarwar Hudbay Minerals, Inc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hudbayminerals.com/news-media/default.aspx|title=Hudbay Minerals Inc. - News/Media|website=hudbayminerals.com}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya - Cibiyar Harkokin Siyasa ta Duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wfm-igp.org/content/president |title=President {{!}} WFM-IGP |website=www.wfm-igp.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629012311/http://www.wfm-igp.org/content/president |archive-date=2014-06-29}}</ref> An shigar da Axworthy a matsayin Chancellor na Kwalejin Jami'ar St. Paul, cibiyar da ke cikin Jami'ar Waterloo, a cikin Oktoba 2014. Ya yi ritaya daga wannan mukamin a shekarar 2017. Axworthy shine shugaban farko na Majalisar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya, wanda Cibiyar Innovation ta Mulki ta Duniya ta kafa a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wrmcouncil.org/about|title=About the World Refugee & Migration Council|website=World Refugee & Migration Council|language=en|access-date=2021-04-08}}</ref> == Labarai == * ''Kewaya Sabuwar Duniya'', Knopf Canada Publishing, 2004 * ''Masu sassaucin ra'ayi a Border'', Jami'ar Toronto Press, 2004 * ''The Axworthy Legacy'', Edited by O. Hampson, N. Hillmer, M. Appel Molot, Oxford University Press, 2001 * ''Boulevard of Broken Dreams: Tafiya ta Shekara 40 ta hanyar Portage Avenue - Matsala, Ragewa, da Yadda Osmosis Zai Iya Magance Blight Community', Rattray Canada Publishing, 2014 (A cikin Latsa)'' == Tarihin zabe ==   ''Note: Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election.''     == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{S-start}} {{Canadian federal ministry navigational box header|ministry=26}} {{ministry box cabinet posts|post4=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|post4years=1996–2000|post4note=|post4preceded=[[André Ouellet]]|post4followed=[[John Manley]]|post3=[[Minister of Western Economic Diversification (Canada)|Minister of Western Economic Diversification]]|post3years=1993–1996|post3note=|post3preceded=[[Larry Schneider (politician)|Larry Schneider]]|post3followed=[[John Manley]]|post2=[[Minister of Employment and Immigration (Canada)|Minister of Employment and Immigration]]|post2note=styled as<br />[[Minister of Human Resources Development (Canada)|Minister of Human Resources Development]]|post2years=1993–1996|post2preceded=[[Bernard Valcourt]]|post2followed=[[Doug Young (politician)|Doug Young]]|post1=[[Minister of Labour (Canada)|Minister of Labour]]|post1note=styled as<br />[[Minister of Human Resources Development (Canada)|Minister of Human Resources Development]]|post1years=1993–1995|post1preceded=[[Bernard Valcourt]]|post1followed=[[Lucienne Robillard]]}} {{Canadian federal ministry navigational box header|ministry=23}} {{ministry box cabinet posts|post1=[[Minister of Transport (Canada)|Minister of Transport]]|post1years=1984|post1note=|post1preceded=''cont'd from 22nd Min.''|post1followed=[[Don Mazankowski]]}} {{Canadian federal ministry navigational box header|ministry=22}} {{ministry box cabinet posts|post2=[[Minister of Transport (Canada)|Minister of Transport]]|post2years=1983–1984|post2note=|post2preceded=[[Jean-Luc Pépin]]|post2followed=''cont'd into 23rd Min.''|post1=[[Minister of Employment and Immigration (Canada)|Minister of Employment and Immigration]]|post1years=1980–1983|post1note=|post1preceded=[[Ron Atkey]]|post1followed=[[John Roberts (Canadian politician)|John Roberts]]}} {{ministry box special cabinet|post1preceded=[[David MacDonald (Canadian politician)|David MacDonald]]|post1=[[Minister responsible for the Status of Women (Canada)|Minister responsible for the Status of Women]]|post1years=1980–1981|post1note=|post1followed=[[Judy Erola]]}} {{S-par|ca-mb}} {{Succession box|title=[[Legislative Assembly of Manitoba|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] for [[Fort Rouge (electoral district)|Fort Rouge]]}} {{S-par|ca}} {{Succession box|title=[[House of Commons of Canada|Member of Parliament]] for [[Winnipeg—Fort Garry]]}} {{Succession box|title=[[House of Commons of Canada|Member of Parliament]] for [[Winnipeg South Centre]]}} {{S-end}}{{S-start}} {{S-aca}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[University president|President]] of the [[University of Winnipeg]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-new|office}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[St. Paul's University College]]}} {{S-inc}} {{S-end}}{{Chrétien Ministry}}{{Turner Ministry}}{{Second Trudeau Ministry}}{{CA-Ministers of Foreign Affairs}}{{CA-Ministers of Transport}}{{CA-Ministers of Western Economic Diversification}}{{CA-Ministers of Labour}}{{CA-Ministers of Employment and Immigration}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 3ap21ch7s7w9uzwm62ayojphb0h6jmx 0 37262 976052 518718 2026-11-05T09:51:42Z Almustapha bk 49060 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1383820869|Eduardo Camavinga]]" 976052 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eduardo Celmi Camavinga''' (born 10 November 2002) is a professional [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|footballer]] who plays as a [[Mai buga tsakiya|central midfielder]] and occasionally as a [[Mai buga baya|left-back]] for La Liga club [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]. Born in Angola, he plays for the France national team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2023 |title=Casemiro, Rodri, Partey: Who is the world's best defensive midfielder? |url=https://www.givemesport.com/busquets-kante-casemiro-the-top-10-defensive-midfielders-have-been-ranked/ |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=GiveMeSport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheval |first=Bastien |date=23 March 2023 |title=Eduardo Camavinga on his left-back role: "It's a different way of defending." |url=https://onefootball.com/id/berita/eduardo-camavinga-on-his-left-back-role-its-a-different-way-of-defending-37030263 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405195253/https://onefootball.com/id/berita/eduardo-camavinga-on-his-left-back-role-its-a-different-way-of-defending-37030263 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=5 April 2023 |website=OneFootball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2023 |title=Didier Deschamps confirms Eduardo Camavinga as a left-back for France |url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2023/didier-deschamps-confirms-eduardo-camavinga-as-a-left-back-for-france/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083247/https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2023/didier-deschamps-confirms-eduardo-camavinga-as-a-left-back-for-france/ |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Get French Football News}}</ref> Camavinga ya fara aikinsa a [[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] tare da Rennes, inda ya fara bugawa a lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, kuma da sauri ya kafa kansa a matsayin dan wasan farko na yau da kullun.A cikin 2021, ya sanya hannu a Real Madrid don kuɗin Yuro miliyan 31, kuma a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya, ya taimaka wa kulob din ya lashe sau biyu na La Liga-Champions League a cikin 2022 da 2024. An haife shi a Angola, ga 'yan gudun hijirar Kongo, Camavinga ya koma Faransa tun yana ƙarami, daga ƙarshe ya wakilci ƙasar a matakin kasa da shekara 21.Ya fara fitowa a tawagar kwallon kafa ta Faransa a shekarar 2020 yana da shekaru 17, ya zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin ƙasa sama da ƙarni.Ya kasance daga cikin tawagar Faransa da ta kammala matsayi na biyu a [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Camavinga a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Cabinda, Angola a shekara ta 2002.Iyayensa, Celestino Camavinga <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nieto |first=Sébastien |last2=Quarez |first2=Benjamin |date=8 May 2024 |title=Coiffeur et Corcovado : entre Camavinga et Vinicius, le roman d'une belle amitié franco-brésilienne |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/sports/football/ligue-des-champions/coiffeur-et-corcovado-entre-camavinga-et-vinicius-le-roman-dune-belle-amitie-franco-bresilienne-08-05-2024-KNXI7SSXAVA6TBYS57DSCEM2RM.php |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=leparisien.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> da Sofia Simão, sun tsere daga yakin basasa a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]] kafin a haife shi a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Miconge.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=Eduardo Camavinga, des camps de réfugiés au Real Madrid – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1466546/culture/eduardo-camavinga-des-camps-de-refugies-au-real-madrid/ |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2020 |title=Camavinga: Seiner Zeit voraus |url=https://www.fifa.com/de/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/news/camavinga-seiner-zeit-voraus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129133343/https://www.fifa.com/de/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/news/camavinga-seiner-zeit-voraus |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |publisher=FIFA |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2019 |title=VIDÉO. Football : Eduardo Camavinga, la pépite de Fougères qui vient de signer pro au Stade Rennais |url=https://actu.fr/bretagne/fougeres_35115/football-eduardo-camavinga-pepite-fougeres_20433586.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708060939/https://actu.fr/bretagne/fougeres_35115/football-eduardo-camavinga-pepite-fougeres_20433586.html |archive-date=8 July 2020 |access-date=23 July 2019 |website=actu.fr}}</ref> Yana da 'yan uwa biyar.Iyalinsa sun koma Faransa lokacin da yake dan shekara biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2023 |title=Eduardo Camavinga: 'People think Madrid are dead, but Madrid are never, never dead' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/feb/20/eduardo-camavinga-real-madrid-champions-league |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220231420/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/feb/20/eduardo-camavinga-real-madrid-champions-league |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=Guardian}}</ref> Daga bisani suka zauna a Fougères, inda ya girma.Ya yi judo na ɗan lokaci kafin ya ba da shi don mayar da hankali kan kwallon kafa kawai.A cikin 2013, an ƙone gidan Camavingas, ya lalata mafi yawan dukiyar iyali.Camavinga ya bayyana cewa wannan shine tushen motsawa wanda ya tura shi ya bi aikin kwallon kafa kuma ya taimaka wa iyalinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2019 |title=Eduardo Camavinga is only 16 but his form for Rennes has top European scouts circling |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/french-ligue-1/story/3950530/eduardo-camavinga-is-only-16-but-his-form-for-rennes-has-top-european-scouts-circling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901101247/https://www.espn.com/soccer/french-ligue-1/story/3950530/eduardo-camavinga-is-only-16-but-his-form-for-rennes-has-top-european-scouts-circling |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=4 April 2020 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yulin 2020, ya sami Baccalauréat ES (Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a) ba tare da an ambaci shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rennes : Eduardo Camavinga a eu son bac |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Rennes-eduardo-camavinga-a-eu-son-bac/1150514 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117022617/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Rennes-eduardo-camavinga-a-eu-son-bac/1150514 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |access-date=29 August 2020 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rennes : Eduardo Camavinga nouveau bachelier |url=https://sport.francetvinfo.fr/football/ligue-1/rennes-eduardo-camavinga-nouveau-bachelier |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115021232/https://sport.francetvinfo.fr/football/ligue-1/rennes-eduardo-camavinga-nouveau-bachelier |archive-date=15 November 2020 |access-date=29 August 2020 |website=Francetvsport |language=fr}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Dabbobin daji === [[File:Eduardo_Camavinga,_in_Rennes,_after_his_victory_in_Coupe_de_France,_April_28th,_2019.png|thumb|Camavinga a cikin 2019]] Camavinga ya shiga tsarin matasa na Rennes lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha ɗaya.Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko a ranar 14 ga Disamba 2018, yana da shekaru 16 da wata daya, ya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ga kulob din a wannan lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2018 |title=Premier contract Professionnel pour Eduardo Camavinga |url=https://www.staderennais.com/premier-contrat-professionnel-pour-eduardo-camavinga |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219064841/https://www.staderennais.com/premier-contrat-professionnel-pour-eduardo-camavinga |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=staderennais.com |publisher=Stade Rennais F.C. |language=fr}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa Rennes wasa na farko a wasan 3-3 na [[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] tare da Angers a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2019, ya zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taɓa buga wa tawagar farko ta Rennes wasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2019 |title=Angers SCO vs. Rennes – 6 April 2019 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/06/france/ligue-1/angers-sporting-club-de-louest/stade-rennais-fc/2792517/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118013951/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/06/france/ligue-1/angers-sporting-club-de-louest/stade-rennais-fc/2792517/ |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=4 April 2020 |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> yana da shekaru 16 da watanni shida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2019 |title=Rennes Sensation Eduardo Camavinga Is a New Kind of 16-Year-Old Footballer |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2861180-rennes-sensation-eduardo-camavinga-is-a-new-kind-of-16-year-old-footballer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122132046/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2861180-rennes-sensation-eduardo-camavinga-is-a-new-kind-of-16-year-old-footballer |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=bleacherreport.com |publisher=Bleacher Report}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Agustan 2019, Camavinga ya yi rikodin taimako kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta wasan a nasarar 2-1 a kan [[Paris Saint-Germain]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2019 |title=Eduardo Camavinga: Angola youngster reacts after helping Rennes stun PSG |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/eduardo-camavinga-angola-youngster-reacts-after-helping/g7jidorlz4kk1vqi77uk9r801 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123225633/https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/eduardo-camavinga-angola-youngster-reacts-after-helping/g7jidorlz4kk1vqi77uk9r801 |archive-date=23 November 2020 |access-date=18 August 2020 |website=Goal (website)}}</ref> Saboda haka, ya zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya ba da taimako a Ligue 1, yana da shekaru 16 da kwanaki 281.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youngest player to make an assist in Ligue 1 |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/587424-youngest-player-to-make-an-assist-in-ligue-1 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> Daga nan sai ya lashe kyautar UNFP Player of the Month a wannan watan, don zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya cimma wannan nasarar.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=24 April 2023 |title=17 fun facts about Eduardo Camavinga |url=https://www.goal.com/en-kw/lists/17-fun-facts-about-eduardo-camavinga/blta4a327b53e7f543e#cs1d079b032e6ef6a3 |publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Rennes a nasarar 1-0 a kan Lyon a ranar 15 ga Disamba 2019, a minti na 89 na wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2019 |title=Rennes Beat Lyon |url=https://bleacherreport.com/game/olympique-lyonnais-vs-stade-rennais-fc-2019-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831031035/https://bleacherreport.com/game/olympique-lyonnais-vs-stade-rennais-fc-2019-12-14 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2020 |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> A Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2020-21, ya buga wasanni hudu a Rennes da Krasnodar, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] da [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2021 |title=Eduardo Camavinga: You've heard the name, here's why Europe's top clubs want him |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/2531232/2021/04/25/eduardo-camavinga-youve-heard-the-name-heres-why-europes-top-clubs-want-him/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830234516/https://theathletic.com/2531232/2021/04/25/eduardo-camavinga-youve-heard-the-name-heres-why-europes-top-clubs-want-him/ |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> === Real Madrid === A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 2021, [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] ta ba da sanarwar sanya hannu kan Camavinga har zuwa 30 ga watan Yunin 2027. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Announcement: Camavinga {{!}} Real Madrid CF |url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2021/08/31/official-announcement-camavinga |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=Real Madrid C.F. – Web Oficial}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa [[RC Celta de Vigo|Celta Vigo]] nasara 5-2 a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba, inda ya zira kwallaye jim kadan bayan ya fito daga benci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2021 |title=Real Madrid teenage star Camavinga scores six minutes into debut {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/real-madrid-teenage-star-camavinga-scores-six-minutes-into-debut/b7u5e7cs01551q4oj2l8bysiw |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=www.goal.com |language=}}</ref> Kwanaki uku bayan haka, ya fara buga gasar zakarun Turai a Real Madrid, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin [[Luka Modrić]] a minti na 80 kuma ya taimaka wa [[Rodrygo]] don lashe [[Inter Milan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=Real Madrid: Eduardo Camavinga's assist for the winner against Inter shows wisdom beyond his years |url=https://therealchamps.com/2021/09/16/real-madrid-eduardo-camavinga-assist-inter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917180251/https://therealchamps.com/2021/09/16/real-madrid-eduardo-camavinga-assist-inter/ |archive-date=17 September 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=therealchamps.com}}</ref> Camavinga ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 85 na wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022 a ranar 28 ga Mayu, inda ya taimaka wa Real Madrid ta ci [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] 1-0 don samun lambar yabo ta gasar zakarurorin Turai ta 2021-22 tare da tawagarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camavinga labels Real Madrid's Champions League triumph a 'dream come true' |url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/camavinga-labels-real-madrids-champions-144516550.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602180244/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/camavinga-labels-real-madrids-champions-144516550.html |archive-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=uk.sports.yahoo.com}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2023, ya ba da taimako ga Vinícius Junior don ya jagoranci a wasan 1-1 da Manchester City a wasan kusa da na karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai a [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]], don zama mafi ƙanƙanta a wasan kusa na karshe na wasan don yin hakan, yana da shekaru 20 da kwanaki 180.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=Real Madrid's Eduardo Camavinga after 1–1 draw against Manchester City: "It's not necessarily a bad result… It's 50–50." |url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/real-madrids-eduardo-camavinga-after-1-1-draw-against-manchester-city-its-not-necessarily-a-bad-result-its-50-50-37435420 |publisher=OneFootball}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 2023, Real Madrid ta ba da sanarwar tsawaita kwangilar Camavinga, wanda zai ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2029. Ya rasa wasan farko na hukuma na kakar 2024-25, gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 2024, bayan ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta hagu a horo a ranar da za a fara wasan kuma ana sa ran zai kasance a waje na makonni da yawa tare da karyewar ciki a gwiwoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Madrid : Inquiétude pour Camavinga, forfait pour la Supercoupe d'Europe |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Inquietude-pour-camavinga-forfait-pour-la-supercoupe-d-europe/1501234 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Madrid : Eduardo Camavinga éloigné des terrains plusieurs semaines après sa blessure au genou |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Eduardo-camavinga-eloigne-des-terrains-plusieurs-semaines-apres-sa-blessure-au-genou/1501306 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2024, Camavinga ya koma aiki da Lille a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2024-25. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2024 |title=Lille 1–0 Real Madrid |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/crejngyw5n5t |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Camavinga ya jimre da wani mawuyacin lokaci, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar raguwa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon da rage lokacin wasa.Ba shi da tasiri sosai a tsakiyar filin Real Madrid, [[Carlo Ancelotti]] ya sake shi zuwa matsayi na biyu.Lokaci-lokaci yana layi a gefen hagu saboda rashin kasancewa a wannan yanki, bai iya sake gano mafi kyawun yanayinsa ba.Lokacinsa ya zo ga ƙarshen lokaci a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2025, lokacin da ya sha wahala a gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwarsa ta hagu yayin wasan da ya yi da [[Getafe CF|Getafe]].Raunin zai hana shi watanni da yawa, ya tilasta masa ya rasa wasan karshe na Copa del Rey, UEFA Nations League Finals, da kuma FIFA Club World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camavinga, une blessure qui met fin à une saison décevante avec le Real Madrid |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Camavinga-une-blessure-qui-met-fin-a-une-saison-decevante-avec-le-real-madrid/1556670 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=Foot : Eduardo Camavinga victime d'une rupture complète à l'adducteur et très incertain pour la fin de saison |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sports/foot/real-madrid/foot-eduardo-camavinga-victime-d-une-rupture-complete-a-l-adducteur-et-tres-incertain-pour-la-fin-de-saison_7208394.html |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Satumba 2025, ya zira kwallaye na farko na gasar zakarun Turai a cikin nasara 5-0 a kan Kairat. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2025 |title=Kylian Mbappé bags hat trick as Real Madrid thrash Kairat Almaty |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/report/_/gameId/757671 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2019, Camavinga ya sami 'yancin Faransa, yana amfana daga tasirin da ya shafi zama ɗan ƙasa na mahaifinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2019 |title=Rennes : Eduardo Camavinga a été naturalisé français |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Rennes-eduardo-camavinga-a-ete-naturalise-francais/1076897 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029204712/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Rennes-eduardo-camavinga-a-ete-naturalise-francais/1076897 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=5 November 2019 |website=[[L'Équipe]] |language=fr}}</ref> Har zuwa wannan lokacin, Camavinga ya kasance dan kasar Jamhuriyar Kongo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eduardo CAMAVINGA – |url=https://www.unfp.org/joueur/eduardo-camavinga-22734/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=www.unfp.org}}</ref> Kwanaki shida bayan haka, an zaba shi don wakiltar tawagar Faransa ta kasa da shekaru 21 don wasannin da aka yi da Georgia da Switzerland, bayan an kira [[Matteo Guendouzi]] zuwa babbar tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2019 |title=Eduardo Camavinga (Rennes) officiellement convoqué en équipe de France Espoirs |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Eduardo-camavinga-rennes-officiellement-convoque-en-equipe-de-france-espoirs/1079298 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016224146/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Eduardo-camavinga-rennes-officiellement-convoque-en-equipe-de-france-espoirs/1079298 |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=11 November 2019 |website=[[L'Équipe]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 2020, an kira Camavinga don yin wasa a babbar kungiyar Faransa bayan da aka dakatar da [[Paul Pogba]] ta hanyar gwajin [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]].Ya zama, a cikin tsari, dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da za a kira zuwa babbar ƙungiyar Faransa tun lokacin da René Gérard a 1932, wanda ke da shekaru 17, watanni tara da kwanaki 17. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2020 |title=Eduardo Camavinga devient le plus jeune joueur appelé en équipe de France depuis l'après-guerre... |url=https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Eduardo-camavinga-devient-le-plus-jeune-joueur-appele-en-equipe-de-france-depuis-l-apres-guerre/1165253 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420204817/https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Eduardo-camavinga-devient-le-plus-jeune-joueur-appele-en-equipe-de-france-depuis-l-apres-guerre/1165253 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=28 August 2020 |website=[[France Football]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Satumba, ya fara bugawa Croatia nasara 4-2 a gasar UEFA Nations League, inda ya maye gurbin [[N'Golo Kanté]] a tsakiyar rabi na biyu. A yin haka ya zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya buga wa tawagar Faransa wasa, bayan Maurice Gastiger a shekara ta 1914 yana da shekaru 17, watanni tara, da kwanaki 29. A ranar 7 ga Oktoba 2020, Camavinga ya fara bugawa Faransa wasa na farko a nasarar da ya yi da Ukraine 7-1 inda ya zira kwallaye na farko na kasa da kasa, inda ya bude kwallaye tare da kiɗa.Wannan ya sanya shi dan wasan da ya fi ƙanƙanta a Faransa tun lokacin da Maurice Gastiger ya yi a shekara ta 1914. A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2021, an sanya sunan Camavinga a cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 18 ta Sylvain Ripoll don wasannin Olympics na bazara a shekarar 2021. Koyaya, daga baya aka cire shi daga tawagar bayan kulob dinsa, Rennes, ya ki amincewa. Camavinga ya taka leda sau biyu a [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]], inda 'yan wasan Faransa suka kammala a matsayin masu cin gaba a Qatar.Ya taka leda a matsayin hagu a wasan karshe na rukuni, wanda aka yi wa Tunisiya 1-0 wanda kocin [[Didier Deschamps]] ya huta da 'yan wasan sa na yau da kullun a gaban matakin knockout. A wasan [[Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|ƙarshe]], ya zo bayan minti 71 a madadin [[Théo Hernandez]] yayin da Faransanci ke rasa 2-0 ga [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Argentina|Argentina]]; wasan ya ƙare 2-2 bayan minti 90 da 3-3 bayan karin lokaci, yayin da Faransa ta rasa a kan fansa. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 4 November 2026}}<ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|eduardo-camavinga/570734}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de France]], [[Copa del Rey]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de la Ligue]]}} ! colspan="2" |Turai ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Rennes na II |2018–19 |Kasar 3 |13 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |4 |- | rowspan="5" |Dabbobin daji |2018–19 |[[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] |7 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- |2019–20 |Lig 1 |25 |1 |5 |0 |1 |0 |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Trophée des Champions]]}} |0 |36 |1 |- |2020–21 |Lig 1 |35 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |39 |1 |- |2021–22 |Lig 1 |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !71 !2 !5 !0 !1 !0 !10 !0 !1 !0 !88 !2 |- | rowspan="7" |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |2021–22 |[[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] |26 |2 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |10[e] |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Supercopa de España]]}} |0 |40 |2 |- |2022–23 |Ƙungiyar |37 |0 |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11[e] |0 |5{{Efn|Two appearances in Supercopa de España, one appearance in [[UEFA Super Cup]], two appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}} |0 |59 |0 |- |2023–24 |Ƙungiyar |31 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11[e] |0 |2[g] |0 |46 |0 |- |2024–25 |Ƙungiyar |19 |1 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - |9[e] |0 |3{{Efn|Two appearances in Supercopa de España, one appearance in [[FIFA Intercontinental Cup]]}} |0 |35 |2 |- |2025–26 |Ƙungiyar |29 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11[e] |1 |2[g] |0 |43 |2 |- |2026–27 |Ƙungiyar |10 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2[e] |0 |0 |0 |12 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !152 !4 !16 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !54 !1 !13 !0 !235 !6 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !236 !10 !21 !1 !1 !0 !64 !1 !14 !0 !336 !12 |} {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8wc2xh1w3uc5uwcufzv0pxqwwpjwr07 976054 976052 2026-11-05T09:53:00Z Almustapha bk 49060 976054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eduardo Celmi Camavinga''' (born 10 November 2002) is a professional [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|footballer]] who plays as a [[Mai buga tsakiya|central midfielder]] and occasionally as a [[Mai buga baya|left-back]] for La Liga club [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]]. Born in Angola, he plays for the France national team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2023 |title=Casemiro, Rodri, Partey: Who is the world's best defensive midfielder? |url=https://www.givemesport.com/busquets-kante-casemiro-the-top-10-defensive-midfielders-have-been-ranked/ |access-date=11 July 2023 |website=GiveMeSport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheval |first=Bastien |date=23 March 2023 |title=Eduardo Camavinga on his left-back role: "It's a different way of defending." |url=https://onefootball.com/id/berita/eduardo-camavinga-on-his-left-back-role-its-a-different-way-of-defending-37030263 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405195253/https://onefootball.com/id/berita/eduardo-camavinga-on-his-left-back-role-its-a-different-way-of-defending-37030263 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=5 April 2023 |website=OneFootball}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2023 |title=Didier Deschamps confirms Eduardo Camavinga as a left-back for France |url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2023/didier-deschamps-confirms-eduardo-camavinga-as-a-left-back-for-france/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083247/https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2023/didier-deschamps-confirms-eduardo-camavinga-as-a-left-back-for-france/ |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Get French Football News}}</ref> Camavinga ya fara aikinsa a [[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] tare da Rennes, inda ya fara bugawa a lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, kuma da sauri ya kafa kansa a matsayin dan wasan farko na yau da kullun.A cikin 2021, ya sanya hannu a Real Madrid don kuɗin Yuro miliyan 31, kuma a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya, ya taimaka wa kulob din ya lashe sau biyu na La Liga-Champions League a cikin 2022 da 2024. An haife shi a Angola, ga 'yan gudun hijirar Kongo, Camavinga ya koma Faransa tun yana ƙarami, daga ƙarshe ya wakilci ƙasar a matakin kasa da shekara 21.Ya fara fitowa a tawagar kwallon kafa ta Faransa a shekarar 2020 yana da shekaru 17, ya zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin ƙasa sama da ƙarni.Ya kasance daga cikin tawagar Faransa da ta kammala matsayi na biyu a [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Camavinga a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Cabinda, Angola a shekara ta 2002.Iyayensa, Celestino Camavinga <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nieto |first=Sébastien |last2=Quarez |first2=Benjamin |date=8 May 2024 |title=Coiffeur et Corcovado : entre Camavinga et Vinicius, le roman d'une belle amitié franco-brésilienne |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/sports/football/ligue-des-champions/coiffeur-et-corcovado-entre-camavinga-et-vinicius-le-roman-dune-belle-amitie-franco-bresilienne-08-05-2024-KNXI7SSXAVA6TBYS57DSCEM2RM.php |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=leparisien.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref> da Sofia Simão, sun tsere daga yakin basasa a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Kongo]] kafin a haife shi a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a Miconge.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=Eduardo Camavinga, des camps de réfugiés au Real Madrid – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1466546/culture/eduardo-camavinga-des-camps-de-refugies-au-real-madrid/ |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2020 |title=Camavinga: Seiner Zeit voraus |url=https://www.fifa.com/de/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/news/camavinga-seiner-zeit-voraus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129133343/https://www.fifa.com/de/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/news/camavinga-seiner-zeit-voraus |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=29 November 2022 |publisher=FIFA |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2019 |title=VIDÉO. Football : Eduardo Camavinga, la pépite de Fougères qui vient de signer pro au Stade Rennais |url=https://actu.fr/bretagne/fougeres_35115/football-eduardo-camavinga-pepite-fougeres_20433586.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708060939/https://actu.fr/bretagne/fougeres_35115/football-eduardo-camavinga-pepite-fougeres_20433586.html |archive-date=8 July 2020 |access-date=23 July 2019 |website=actu.fr}}</ref> Yana da 'yan uwa biyar.Iyalinsa sun koma Faransa lokacin da yake dan shekara biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2023 |title=Eduardo Camavinga: 'People think Madrid are dead, but Madrid are never, never dead' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/feb/20/eduardo-camavinga-real-madrid-champions-league |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220231420/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/feb/20/eduardo-camavinga-real-madrid-champions-league |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=Guardian}}</ref> Daga bisani suka zauna a Fougères, inda ya girma.Ya yi judo na ɗan lokaci kafin ya ba da shi don mayar da hankali kan kwallon kafa kawai.A cikin 2013, an ƙone gidan Camavingas, ya lalata mafi yawan dukiyar iyali.Camavinga ya bayyana cewa wannan shine tushen motsawa wanda ya tura shi ya bi aikin kwallon kafa kuma ya taimaka wa iyalinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2019 |title=Eduardo Camavinga is only 16 but his form for Rennes has top European scouts circling |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/french-ligue-1/story/3950530/eduardo-camavinga-is-only-16-but-his-form-for-rennes-has-top-european-scouts-circling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901101247/https://www.espn.com/soccer/french-ligue-1/story/3950530/eduardo-camavinga-is-only-16-but-his-form-for-rennes-has-top-european-scouts-circling |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=4 April 2020 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yulin 2020, ya sami Baccalauréat ES (Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a) ba tare da an ambaci shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rennes : Eduardo Camavinga a eu son bac |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Rennes-eduardo-camavinga-a-eu-son-bac/1150514 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117022617/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Rennes-eduardo-camavinga-a-eu-son-bac/1150514 |archive-date=17 November 2020 |access-date=29 August 2020 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rennes : Eduardo Camavinga nouveau bachelier |url=https://sport.francetvinfo.fr/football/ligue-1/rennes-eduardo-camavinga-nouveau-bachelier |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115021232/https://sport.francetvinfo.fr/football/ligue-1/rennes-eduardo-camavinga-nouveau-bachelier |archive-date=15 November 2020 |access-date=29 August 2020 |website=Francetvsport |language=fr}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Dabbobin daji === [[File:Eduardo_Camavinga,_in_Rennes,_after_his_victory_in_Coupe_de_France,_April_28th,_2019.png|thumb|Camavinga a cikin 2019]] Camavinga ya shiga tsarin matasa na Rennes lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha ɗaya.Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko a ranar 14 ga Disamba 2018, yana da shekaru 16 da wata daya, ya zama mafi ƙanƙanta ga kulob din a wannan lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2018 |title=Premier contract Professionnel pour Eduardo Camavinga |url=https://www.staderennais.com/premier-contrat-professionnel-pour-eduardo-camavinga |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219064841/https://www.staderennais.com/premier-contrat-professionnel-pour-eduardo-camavinga |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=staderennais.com |publisher=Stade Rennais F.C. |language=fr}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa Rennes wasa na farko a wasan 3-3 na [[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] tare da Angers a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 2019, ya zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taɓa buga wa tawagar farko ta Rennes wasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2019 |title=Angers SCO vs. Rennes – 6 April 2019 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/06/france/ligue-1/angers-sporting-club-de-louest/stade-rennais-fc/2792517/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118013951/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/04/06/france/ligue-1/angers-sporting-club-de-louest/stade-rennais-fc/2792517/ |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=4 April 2020 |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> yana da shekaru 16 da watanni shida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2019 |title=Rennes Sensation Eduardo Camavinga Is a New Kind of 16-Year-Old Footballer |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2861180-rennes-sensation-eduardo-camavinga-is-a-new-kind-of-16-year-old-footballer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122132046/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2861180-rennes-sensation-eduardo-camavinga-is-a-new-kind-of-16-year-old-footballer |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=4 April 2020 |website=bleacherreport.com |publisher=Bleacher Report}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Agustan 2019, Camavinga ya yi rikodin taimako kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta wasan a nasarar 2-1 a kan [[Paris Saint-Germain]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2019 |title=Eduardo Camavinga: Angola youngster reacts after helping Rennes stun PSG |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/eduardo-camavinga-angola-youngster-reacts-after-helping/g7jidorlz4kk1vqi77uk9r801 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123225633/https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/eduardo-camavinga-angola-youngster-reacts-after-helping/g7jidorlz4kk1vqi77uk9r801 |archive-date=23 November 2020 |access-date=18 August 2020 |website=Goal (website)}}</ref> Saboda haka, ya zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya ba da taimako a Ligue 1, yana da shekaru 16 da kwanaki 281.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Youngest player to make an assist in Ligue 1 |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/587424-youngest-player-to-make-an-assist-in-ligue-1 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> Daga nan sai ya lashe kyautar UNFP Player of the Month a wannan watan, don zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya cimma wannan nasarar.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=24 April 2023 |title=17 fun facts about Eduardo Camavinga |url=https://www.goal.com/en-kw/lists/17-fun-facts-about-eduardo-camavinga/blta4a327b53e7f543e#cs1d079b032e6ef6a3 |publisher=Goal.com}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Rennes a nasarar 1-0 a kan Lyon a ranar 15 ga Disamba 2019, a minti na 89 na wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2019 |title=Rennes Beat Lyon |url=https://bleacherreport.com/game/olympique-lyonnais-vs-stade-rennais-fc-2019-12-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831031035/https://bleacherreport.com/game/olympique-lyonnais-vs-stade-rennais-fc-2019-12-14 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=19 August 2020 |website=Bleacher Report}}</ref> A Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2020-21, ya buga wasanni hudu a Rennes da Krasnodar, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] da [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2021 |title=Eduardo Camavinga: You've heard the name, here's why Europe's top clubs want him |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/2531232/2021/04/25/eduardo-camavinga-youve-heard-the-name-heres-why-europes-top-clubs-want-him/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830234516/https://theathletic.com/2531232/2021/04/25/eduardo-camavinga-youve-heard-the-name-heres-why-europes-top-clubs-want-him/ |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=30 August 2021 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> === Real Madrid === A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 2021, [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] ta ba da sanarwar sanya hannu kan Camavinga har zuwa 30 ga watan Yunin 2027. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Announcement: Camavinga {{!}} Real Madrid CF |url=https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2021/08/31/official-announcement-camavinga |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=Real Madrid C.F. – Web Oficial}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa [[RC Celta de Vigo|Celta Vigo]] nasara 5-2 a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba, inda ya zira kwallaye jim kadan bayan ya fito daga benci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2021 |title=Real Madrid teenage star Camavinga scores six minutes into debut {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/real-madrid-teenage-star-camavinga-scores-six-minutes-into-debut/b7u5e7cs01551q4oj2l8bysiw |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=www.goal.com |language=}}</ref> Kwanaki uku bayan haka, ya fara buga gasar zakarun Turai a Real Madrid, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin [[Luka Modrić]] a minti na 80 kuma ya taimaka wa [[Rodrygo]] don lashe [[Inter Milan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=Real Madrid: Eduardo Camavinga's assist for the winner against Inter shows wisdom beyond his years |url=https://therealchamps.com/2021/09/16/real-madrid-eduardo-camavinga-assist-inter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917180251/https://therealchamps.com/2021/09/16/real-madrid-eduardo-camavinga-assist-inter/ |archive-date=17 September 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=therealchamps.com}}</ref> Camavinga ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 85 na wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta 2022 a ranar 28 ga Mayu, inda ya taimaka wa Real Madrid ta ci [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] 1-0 don samun lambar yabo ta gasar zakarurorin Turai ta 2021-22 tare da tawagarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camavinga labels Real Madrid's Champions League triumph a 'dream come true' |url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/camavinga-labels-real-madrids-champions-144516550.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602180244/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/camavinga-labels-real-madrids-champions-144516550.html |archive-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=uk.sports.yahoo.com}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Mayu 2023, ya ba da taimako ga Vinícius Junior don ya jagoranci a wasan 1-1 da Manchester City a wasan kusa da na karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai a [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]], don zama mafi ƙanƙanta a wasan kusa na karshe na wasan don yin hakan, yana da shekaru 20 da kwanaki 180.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=Real Madrid's Eduardo Camavinga after 1–1 draw against Manchester City: "It's not necessarily a bad result… It's 50–50." |url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/real-madrids-eduardo-camavinga-after-1-1-draw-against-manchester-city-its-not-necessarily-a-bad-result-its-50-50-37435420 |publisher=OneFootball}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 2023, Real Madrid ta ba da sanarwar tsawaita kwangilar Camavinga, wanda zai ci gaba da aiki har zuwa 30 ga Yuni 2029. Ya rasa wasan farko na hukuma na kakar 2024-25, gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 2024, bayan ya ji rauni a gwiwarsa ta hagu a horo a ranar da za a fara wasan kuma ana sa ran zai kasance a waje na makonni da yawa tare da karyewar ciki a gwiwoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Madrid : Inquiétude pour Camavinga, forfait pour la Supercoupe d'Europe |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Inquietude-pour-camavinga-forfait-pour-la-supercoupe-d-europe/1501234 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Madrid : Eduardo Camavinga éloigné des terrains plusieurs semaines après sa blessure au genou |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Eduardo-camavinga-eloigne-des-terrains-plusieurs-semaines-apres-sa-blessure-au-genou/1501306 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2024, Camavinga ya koma aiki da Lille a Gasar Zakarun Turai ta 2024-25. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2024 |title=Lille 1–0 Real Madrid |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/crejngyw5n5t |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Camavinga ya jimre da wani mawuyacin lokaci, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar raguwa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon da rage lokacin wasa.Ba shi da tasiri sosai a tsakiyar filin Real Madrid, [[Carlo Ancelotti]] ya sake shi zuwa matsayi na biyu.Lokaci-lokaci yana layi a gefen hagu saboda rashin kasancewa a wannan yanki, bai iya sake gano mafi kyawun yanayinsa ba.Lokacinsa ya zo ga ƙarshen lokaci a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2025, lokacin da ya sha wahala a gaba ɗaya a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwarsa ta hagu yayin wasan da ya yi da [[Getafe CF|Getafe]].Raunin zai hana shi watanni da yawa, ya tilasta masa ya rasa wasan karshe na Copa del Rey, UEFA Nations League Finals, da kuma FIFA Club World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camavinga, une blessure qui met fin à une saison décevante avec le Real Madrid |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Camavinga-une-blessure-qui-met-fin-a-une-saison-decevante-avec-le-real-madrid/1556670 |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=L'Équipe |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=Foot : Eduardo Camavinga victime d'une rupture complète à l'adducteur et très incertain pour la fin de saison |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sports/foot/real-madrid/foot-eduardo-camavinga-victime-d-une-rupture-complete-a-l-adducteur-et-tres-incertain-pour-la-fin-de-saison_7208394.html |access-date=25 April 2025 |website=Franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Satumba 2025, ya zira kwallaye na farko na gasar zakarun Turai a cikin nasara 5-0 a kan Kairat. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2025 |title=Kylian Mbappé bags hat trick as Real Madrid thrash Kairat Almaty |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/report/_/gameId/757671 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == A ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2019, Camavinga ya sami 'yancin Faransa, yana amfana daga tasirin da ya shafi zama ɗan ƙasa na mahaifinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2019 |title=Rennes : Eduardo Camavinga a été naturalisé français |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Rennes-eduardo-camavinga-a-ete-naturalise-francais/1076897 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029204712/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Rennes-eduardo-camavinga-a-ete-naturalise-francais/1076897 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=5 November 2019 |website=[[L'Équipe]] |language=fr}}</ref> Har zuwa wannan lokacin, Camavinga ya kasance dan kasar Jamhuriyar Kongo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eduardo CAMAVINGA – |url=https://www.unfp.org/joueur/eduardo-camavinga-22734/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=www.unfp.org}}</ref> Kwanaki shida bayan haka, an zaba shi don wakiltar tawagar Faransa ta kasa da shekaru 21 don wasannin da aka yi da Georgia da Switzerland, bayan an kira [[Matteo Guendouzi]] zuwa babbar tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2019 |title=Eduardo Camavinga (Rennes) officiellement convoqué en équipe de France Espoirs |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Eduardo-camavinga-rennes-officiellement-convoque-en-equipe-de-france-espoirs/1079298 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016224146/https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Eduardo-camavinga-rennes-officiellement-convoque-en-equipe-de-france-espoirs/1079298 |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=11 November 2019 |website=[[L'Équipe]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 2020, an kira Camavinga don yin wasa a babbar kungiyar Faransa bayan da aka dakatar da [[Paul Pogba]] ta hanyar gwajin [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]].Ya zama, a cikin tsari, dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da za a kira zuwa babbar ƙungiyar Faransa tun lokacin da René Gérard a 1932, wanda ke da shekaru 17, watanni tara da kwanaki 17. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2020 |title=Eduardo Camavinga devient le plus jeune joueur appelé en équipe de France depuis l'après-guerre... |url=https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Eduardo-camavinga-devient-le-plus-jeune-joueur-appele-en-equipe-de-france-depuis-l-apres-guerre/1165253 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420204817/https://www.francefootball.fr/news/Eduardo-camavinga-devient-le-plus-jeune-joueur-appele-en-equipe-de-france-depuis-l-apres-guerre/1165253 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |access-date=28 August 2020 |website=[[France Football]] |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Satumba, ya fara bugawa Croatia nasara 4-2 a gasar UEFA Nations League, inda ya maye gurbin [[N'Golo Kanté]] a tsakiyar rabi na biyu. A yin haka ya zama dan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya buga wa tawagar Faransa wasa, bayan Maurice Gastiger a shekara ta 1914 yana da shekaru 17, watanni tara, da kwanaki 29. A ranar 7 ga Oktoba 2020, Camavinga ya fara bugawa Faransa wasa na farko a nasarar da ya yi da Ukraine 7-1 inda ya zira kwallaye na farko na kasa da kasa, inda ya bude kwallaye tare da kiɗa.Wannan ya sanya shi dan wasan da ya fi ƙanƙanta a Faransa tun lokacin da Maurice Gastiger ya yi a shekara ta 1914. A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2021, an sanya sunan Camavinga a cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 18 ta Sylvain Ripoll don wasannin Olympics na bazara a shekarar 2021. Koyaya, daga baya aka cire shi daga tawagar bayan kulob dinsa, Rennes, ya ki amincewa. Camavinga ya taka leda sau biyu a [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]], inda 'yan wasan Faransa suka kammala a matsayin masu cin gaba a Qatar.Ya taka leda a matsayin hagu a wasan karshe na rukuni, wanda aka yi wa Tunisiya 1-0 wanda kocin [[Didier Deschamps]] ya huta da 'yan wasan sa na yau da kullun a gaban matakin knockout. A wasan [[Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|ƙarshe]], ya zo bayan minti 71 a madadin [[Théo Hernandez]] yayin da Faransanci ke rasa 2-0 ga [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Argentina|Argentina]]; wasan ya ƙare 2-2 bayan minti 90 da 3-3 bayan karin lokaci, yayin da Faransa ta rasa a kan fansa. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 4 November 2026}}<ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|eduardo-camavinga/570734}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de France]], [[Copa del Rey]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de la Ligue]]}} ! colspan="2" |Turai ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Rennes na II |2018–19 |Kasar 3 |13 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |4 |- | rowspan="5" |Dabbobin daji |2018–19 |[[Ligue 1|Lig 1]] |7 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- |2019–20 |Lig 1 |25 |1 |5 |0 |1 |0 |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Trophée des Champions]]}} |0 |36 |1 |- |2020–21 |Lig 1 |35 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |39 |1 |- |2021–22 |Lig 1 |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !71 !2 !5 !0 !1 !0 !10 !0 !1 !0 !88 !2 |- | rowspan="7" |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |2021–22 |[[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] |26 |2 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |10[e] |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Supercopa de España]]}} |0 |40 |2 |- |2022–23 |Ƙungiyar |37 |0 |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11[e] |0 |5{{Efn|Two appearances in Supercopa de España, one appearance in [[UEFA Super Cup]], two appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}} |0 |59 |0 |- |2023–24 |Ƙungiyar |31 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11[e] |0 |2[g] |0 |46 |0 |- |2024–25 |Ƙungiyar |19 |1 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - |9[e] |0 |3{{Efn|Two appearances in Supercopa de España, one appearance in [[FIFA Intercontinental Cup]]}} |0 |35 |2 |- |2025–26 |Ƙungiyar |29 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11[e] |1 |2[g] |0 |43 |2 |- |2026–27 |Ƙungiyar |10 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2[e] |0 |0 |0 |12 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !152 !4 !16 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !54 !1 !13 !0 !235 !6 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !236 !10 !21 !1 !1 !0 !64 !1 !14 !0 !336 !12 |} {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hx03frock7uzc39ay9abwz3znx54xnm 0 40002 975844 554162 2026-11-04T14:13:27Z Zahrah0 14848 975844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Cranach_the_Younger,_Lucas_-_Christ_and_the_adulteress.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| ''Kristi da Matar da Aka Dauke su a Zina''<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Hermitage Museum, Rasha]] '''Lucas Cranach karami''' (German [ˈluːkaˈkʁaːnax deːɐ̯ ˈjʏŋəʁə] ; watan Oktoba, a ranar 4, shekarar alif 1515 zuwa ranar 25 ga watan Janairu, shekarar alif dubu daya da dari biyar tamanin da shida 1586) wani mai zanen Renaissance na Jamus ne kuma mai hoto, ɗan [[Lucas Cranach Dattijon|Lucas Cranach babba]] kuma ɗan'uwan Hans Cranach. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Lucas Cranach ƙarami a Wittenberg, Jamus a ranar hudu 4 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar alif dubu daya da dari biyar da goma sha biyar 1515, ɗa na biyu na [[Lucas Cranach Dattijon|Lucas Cranach the Elder]] da Barbara Brengebier. Ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai zane a matsayin mai koyo a bitar mahaifinsa, yana horo tare da babban yayansa, Hans. Bayan mutuwar Hans ba zato ba tsammani a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari biyar da talatin da bakwai 1537, Cranach karami zai ɗauki babban nauyi a cikin bitar mahaifinsa. [[File:The_grave_of_Lucas_Cranach_the_Younger,_Stadtkirche_Wittenberg.jpg|thumb| Kabari na Lucas Cranach ƙarami, Stadtkirche Wittenberg]] An fara gyaran Furotesta a Wittenberg a shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari biyar da goma sha bakwai 1517. Cranach babba ya kasance abokai da Martin Luther kuma ya zama sananne a matsayin babban mai shirya farfagandar fasaha ta Furotesta . A cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari biyar da hamsin 1550, Cranach babba ya bar Wittenberg don shiga majiɓincinsa, John Frederick I, Zaɓe na Saxony, a gudun hijira. Bayan tafiyar mahaifinsa, Cranach karami ya ɗauki cikakken alhakin gudanar da taron bita na iyali. A cikin wannan matsayi, ya sami nasarar kula da ingantaccen aikin bitar, gami da hotunan masu gyara irin su Luther da kansa . Kodayake Cranach karami bai taba zama mai zanen kotu ba, ya yi aiki ga mambobi na zamantakewa, ciki har da sarakuna da manyan mutane. Bayan mutuwarsa a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari biyar da tamanin da shida 1586, masanin tauhidi Georg Mylius shekarar alif dubu daya da dari shida da goma sha ukku zuwa shekarar alif dubu daya da dari shida da arba'in (1613-1640) ya bayyana cewa ana iya ganin aikin Cranach karami a cikin "majami'u da makarantu, a cikin gidaje da gidaje." <ref name="Lamport" /> Iyalin Cranach sun ji daɗin babban matsayi a Wittenberg. Baya ga bitar zanen, Cranach karami ya kasance hamshakin ɗan kasuwa kuma dan siyasa. Ya mallaki ofisoshin siyasa da yawa a Nuremberg wanda ya fara a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari biyar da arba'in da tara 1549, lokacin da ya yi aiki a majalisar birni. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Chamberlain, wanda ya fara a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari biyar da hamsin da biyar 1555 da Burgomaster daga shekarar alif dubu daya da dari biyar da sittin da biyar 1565. A ranar ashirin 20 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar alif dubu daya da biyar da arba'in da daya 1541, ya auri Barbara Brück (’yar Gregor Brück, wadda ita ce mashawarcin Luther kuma maƙwabcin Cranach a Wittenberg), wadda yake da ’ya’ya uku da ’ya mace. ’Yar’uwarsa Barbara Cranach, wadda ta auri Kirista Brück (ɗan’uwan matarsa) ta haɗa shi da iyalin Brück. Barbara Cranach ya mutu da annoba a ranar goma 10 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar alif dubu daya da dari biyar da hamsin 1550. Ba da daɗewa ba, Cranach ya auri Magdalena Schurff a ranar ashirin da hudu 24 ga watan Mayu, shekarar alif dubu daya da dari biyar da hamsin da daya 1551. Wannan ƙungiyar ta haifar da yara biyar, ciki har da mai zane Augustin Cranach . Diyarsa Elisabeth ta auri Polykarp Leyser babba Cranach ƙarami ya mutu a Wittenberg a ranar ashirin da biyar 25 ga watan Janairu, shekarar alif dubu daya da dari biyar da tamanin da shida 1586, yana ɗan shekara 70. An binne shi kusa da ɗayan mafi kyawun bagadinsa a cikin cocin St Mary, wanda kuma aka sani da Stadtkirche Wittenberg . == Ayyuka == <gallery> File:Adam and Eve, by Lucas Cranach the younger.jpg|''[[Adam and Eve|Adamu da Hauwa'u]]'' File:Nymph of the Spring MET DT3097.jpg|''Nymph na bazara'' (1545-1550) File:Christ Blessing the Children MET DP280362.jpg|''Kristi yana albarkaci yara'' (1545–1550) File:Christ and the Adulteress MET DP280360.jpg|''Kristi da mazinaciya'' (1545-1550) File:Lucas Cranach d. Ä. 063.jpg|''[[Portrait of Lucas Cranach the Elder|Hoton Lucas Cranach the Elder]]'' (1550) File:Portrait of Philipp Melanchthon.jpg|Hoton [[Philip Melanchthon|Philipp Melanchthon]] (1562) File:Georg-Cracow and his family by Lucas Cranach the YoungerFXD.jpg|''Hoton [[Georg Cracow]] da iyali'' (1563) File:Lucas Cranach d.J. - Kurfürst Johann Friedrich der Großmütige von Sachsen (1578).jpg|''[[John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony|John Frederick I, Zaɓe na Saxony]]'' (1578) </gallery> === ''Iyalin Sigismund I na Poland'' === <gallery> File:Cranach the Younger Sigismund I the Old.jpg|[[Sigismund I the Old]] (ca. 1553) File:Cranach the Younger Sigismund II Augustus.jpg|Sigismund II Augustus (1553) File:Cranach the Younger Elizabeth of Austria.jpg|[[Elizabeth of Austria (1526–1545)|Elizabeth Habsburg]], Sarauniyar Poland File:Cranach the Younger Barbara Radziwiłł.jpg|Hoton Barbara Radziwiłł, Sarauniyar Poland File:Cranach the Younger Catherine of Austria.jpg|Hoton Catherine na Austria, Sarauniyar Poland </gallery> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120126052447/http://www.lucascranach.org/index.html Cranach Digital Archive (cda)] Abubuwan bincike akan Lucas Cranach * [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/74278/rec/1 ''Zane-zane na ƙarni na goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha takwas na Turai: Faransa, Tsakiyar Turai, Netherlands, Spain, da Burtaniya''], kundin tarin cikakken samuwa akan layi azaman PDF, wanda ya ƙunshi abu akan Cranach the Younger (cat. no. 10) nu9k3j5jr5xrl0ao00x3vbyjpi1u82k 0 40871 976144 910470 2026-11-05T11:49:03Z Zahrah0 14848 976144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Winston Churchill C3519635.jpg|thumb|hoton winston]] '''Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill''' {{Efn|The surname is the [[Double-barrelled name#British tradition|double-barrelled]] ''[[Duke of Marlborough (title)|Spencer Churchill]] (unhyphenated)'', but he is known by the surname ''Churchill''. His father dropped the Spencer.<ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=Bill |title=Winston Churchill: War Leader |url=https://archive.org/details/winstonchurchill0000pric |year=2009 |publisher=No Exit Press |location=Harpenden |page=[https://archive.org/details/winstonchurchill0000pric/page/12 12] |isbn=978-18-42433-22-5}}</ref>}} (a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta alif 1874){{Spaced en dash}}24 Janairu 1965) ɗan Biritaniya ne, soja, kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Burtaniya]] sau biyu, daga 1940 zuwa 1945 lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, kuma daga 1951 zuwa 1955. Baya ga shekaru biyu tsakanin 1922 zuwa 1924, ya kasance dan majalisa (MP) daga 1900 zuwa 1964 kuma ya wakilci mazabu biyar. A akidar tattalin arziki mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma mai mulkin mallaka, ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative a yawancin aikinsa, wanda ya jagoranci daga 1940 zuwa 1955. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1904 zuwa 1924. Na gauraye na Ingilishi da na Amurka, Churchill an haife shi ne a Oxfordshire zuwa ga arziƙi, dangin sarki. Ya shiga Sojan Biritaniya a 1895 kuma ya ga aiki a Biritaniya Indiya, Yaƙin Anglo-Sudan, da Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, ya sami suna a matsayin wakilin yaƙi da rubuta littattafai game da yaƙin neman zaɓe. An zabe shi dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a 1900, ya koma Liberals a 1904. A cikin gwamnatin masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta HH Asquith, Churchill ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwanci da Sakataren Cikin Gida, mai fafutukar sake fasalin gidan yari da tsaron zamantakewar ma'aikata. A matsayinsa na lord na farko na Admiralty a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na farko]], ya kula da yakin Gallipoli amma, bayan ya tabbatar da annoba, an rage shi zuwa Chancellor na Duchy na Lancaster. Ya yi murabus a watan Nuwamba 1915 kuma ya shiga Royal Scots Fusiliers a Western Front na tsawon watanni shida. A cikin shekarar 1917, ya koma gwamnati a karkashin David Lloyd George kuma ya yi aiki a jere a matsayin Ministan Munitions, Sakataren Yaki, Sakatariyar Harkokin Jiragen Sama, da Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka, yana kula da yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish da manufofin kasashen waje na Burtaniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Bayan shekaru biyu daga majalisar, ya yi aiki a matsayin Chancellor na Exchequer a gwamnatin Conservative ta Stanley Baldwin, ya maido da fam ɗin fam a 1925 zuwa ma'aunin zinare a daidai lokacin yaƙin yaƙin, matakin da ake gani da yawa a matsayin haifar da matsin lamba da kuma rage ɓacin rai. UK tattalin arziki. Daga cikin gwamnati a lokacin da ake kiransa "shekarun jeji" a cikin shekarar 1930s, Churchill ya jagoranci yin kira ga Birtaniya da ta sake yin amfani da makamai don magance karuwar barazanar soja a Jamus na Nazi . A lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na biyu an sake nada shi Ubangijin Admiralty na Farko. A cikin Mayu 1940, ya zama Firayim Minista, ya gaji Neville Chamberlain. Churchill ya kafa gwamnati ta kasa kuma ya kula da shigar Birtaniyya a cikin yakin kawancen yaki da Axis iko, wanda ya haifar da nasara a 1945 . Bayan shan kayen da jam'iyyar Conservative ta yi a babban zaben shekarar 1945 ya zama shugaban 'yan adawa. A cikin yakin cacar baki da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ke tasowa, ya yi kashedi a bainar jama'a game da "labule na ƙarfe" na tasirin Soviet a Turai da kuma haɓaka haɗin kan Turai. Tsakanin wa'adinsa na Firayim Minista, ya rubuta litattafai da yawa yana ba da labarin abubuwan da ya faru a lokacin yakin da aka ba shi kyautar Nobel ta adabi a 1953. Ya fadi zabe a shekarar 1950, amma a shekarar 1951 aka mayar da shi ofis. Wa'adinsa na biyu ya shagaltu da harkokin kasashen waje, musamman dangantakar Anglo-Amurka da kuma kiyaye abin da ya saura na Daular Biritaniya tare da Indiya a yanzu ba sa cikinsa. A cikin gida, gwamnatinsa ta jaddada gina gidaje kuma ta kammala kera makamin nukiliya (wanda ya riga ya fara). A cikin raguwar lafiya, Churchill ya yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista a 1955, kodayake ya kasance dan majalisar har zuwa 1964 . Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1965, an yi masa state funeral. An yi la'akari da daya daga cikin manyan mutane na karni na 20, Churchill ya kasance sananne a cikin Anglosphere, inda ake ganinsa a matsayin jagoran yakin basasa wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare dimokiradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Turai daga yaduwar [[Fascism|farkisanci]]. A daya bangaren kuma, an yi ta suka a kan wasu abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yaki da kuma ra'ayinsa na [[Imperialism|daular]]. == Ƙuruciya ==   === Yarantaka da makaranta: 1874-1895 === [[File:Jennie_Churchill_with_her_sons.jpg|thumb| Jennie Spencer Churchill tare da 'ya'yanta biyu, Jack ( ''hagu'' ) da Winston ( ''dama'' ) a cikin 1889.]] An haifi Churchill a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1874 a gidan kakanninsa, Blenheim Palace a Oxfordshire. {{Sfn|Jenkins|2001}} A gefen mahaifinsa, ya kasance memba na aristocracy na Biritaniya a matsayin zuriyar kai tsaye na Duke na 1st na Marlborough. Mahaifinsa, Lord Randolph Churchill, mai wakiltar Jam'iyyar Conservative, an zabe shi dan majalisa (MP) na Woodstock a 1873. Mahaifiyarsa, Jennie, 'yar Leonard Jerome, wani hamshakin dan kasuwa na Amurka. A cikin 1876, kakan mahaifin Churchill, John Spencer-Churchill, Duke na 7 na Marlborough, an nada shi Mataimakin Ireland, sannan wani yanki na Burtaniya. Randolph ya zama sakatare na sirri kuma dangin sun ƙaura zuwa Dublin. An haifi ɗan'uwan Winston, Jack, a can a cikin 1880. A cikin yawancin shekarun 1880, Randolph da Jennie sun rabu da su sosai, {{Sfn|Jenkins|2001}} kuma 'yan'uwa sun kasance mafi yawan kulawa ta hanyar su nanny, Elizabeth Everest . [9] Lokacin da ta mutu a cikin 1895, Churchill ya rubuta cewa "ta kasance abokiyar ƙaunatacciya kuma mafi kusanci a cikin duka shekaru ashirin da na yi rayuwa". {{Sfn|Best|2001}} Churchill ya fara shiga makarantar St George's a Ascot, Berkshire, yana da shekaru bakwai amma ba ilimi ba ne kuma halinsa mara kyau. A cikin 1884 ya koma makarantar Brunswick a Hove, inda aikinsa na ilimi ya inganta. A cikin Afrilu 1888, yana da shekaru 13, ya ci nasara da ƙwaƙƙwaran jarrabawar shiga Makarantar Harrow. {{Sfn|Gilbert|1991}} Mahaifinsa ya so shi ya shirya don aikin soja don haka shekaru uku na ƙarshe a Harrow yana cikin aikin soja. Bayan yunƙuri biyu da bai yi nasara ba don samun shiga Makarantar Soja ta Royal, Sandhurst, ya yi nasara a kan na uku. An karɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan sojan doki, wanda ya fara a watan Satumba 1893. Mahaifinsa ya mutu a cikin Janairu 1895, wata daya bayan Churchill ya kammala karatunsa daga Sandhurst. [17] {Sfn|Gilbert|1991}} ==Rayuwar farko== Babban labarin: farkon rayuwar Winston Churchill Yarantaka da makaranta: 1874-1895 Jennie Spencer Churchill tare da 'ya'yanta biyu, Jack (hagu) da Winston (dama) a 1889 An haifi Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1874 a gidan kakanninsa, Fadar Blenheim a Oxfordshire.,<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 5</ref> A wajen mahaifinsa, ya kasance memba na aristocracy a matsayin zuriyar John Churchill, 1st Duke na Marlborough<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 1; Jenkins 2001, pp.,</ref>Mahaifinsa, Lord Randolph Churchill, mai wakiltar Jam'iyyar Conservative, an zabe shi dan majalisa (MP) na Woodstock a cikin Fabrairu 1874.<ref> Robbins 2014, p. 2.</ref> Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Jennie, Lady Randolph Churchill, 'yar Leonard Jerome, wani ɗan kasuwa Ba'amurke.[<ref> 2001, p. 4; Jenkins 2001, pp. 5–6; Addison 2005, p. 7.</ref> <ref>Addison 2005</ref> An haifi ɗan'hsuwan Winston, Jack, a can a cikin 1880<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 2; Jenkins 2001, p. 7; Addison 2005, p. 10.</ref> ] Domin yawancin shekarun 1880, Randolph da Jennie sun rabu sosai,<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> ] kuma ƴan'uwan da mahaifiyarsu, Elizabeth Everest ta kula da su.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 2–3; Jenkins 2001, p. 10; Reagles & Larsen 2013, p. 8.</ref> Lokacin da ta mutu a shekara ta 1895, Churchill ya rubuta "ta kasance mafi soyuwa kuma mafi kusanci da aboki a cikin dukan shekaru ashirin da na yi."<ref> Best 2001</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> A cikin 1884, ya koma makarantar Brunswick a Hove, inda aikinsa na ilimi ya inganta.<ref> bert 1991, pp. 6–8; Haffner 2003, pp. 12</ref> cikin Afrilu 1888, yana da shekaru 13, ya ci jarrabawar shiga makarantar Harrow.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 17–</ref> Mahaifinsa ya so ya shirya don aikin soja, don haka shekaru uku na ƙarshe a Harrow yana cikin aikin soja.<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> Bayan biyu.<ref> 1991, pp. 32–33, 37; Jenkins 2001, p. 20; Haffner 2003, p. 15.</ref> karɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan sojan doki, tun daga watan Satumba na shekara ta 1893.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 37; Jenkins 2001, p. 20–</ref> Mahaifinsa ya rasu a watan Janairun shekara ta 1895.<ref>Gilbert 1991,</ref> ==Kuba, Indiya, da Sudan: 1895-1899== Churchill a cikin rigar soja na Sarauniya Hussars ta 4th a Aldershot a cikin 1895[18] A cikin Fabrairu 1895, an ba Churchill mukamin mukada na biyu a cikin 4th Queen's Own Hussars rejist na Birtaniya Army, tushen a Aldershot.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 51; Jenkins 2001, p. 21</ref> da yake son ya shaida aikin soja, ya yi amfani da ikon mahaifiyarsa wajen tura shi yankin yaki.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 62; Jenkins 2001, p. 28</ref> A cikin tafsirin<ref>.Jenkins 2001</ref> Churchill ya aika da ahotanni zuwa Daily Graphic a Landan.<ref> Winston Churchill</ref> Ya ci gaba zuwa New York kuma ya rubuta wa mahaifiyarsa game da "waɗanne manyan mutane ne <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 57,</ref> da Hussars, ya tafi Bombay a cikiOktoba 1896.<ref>.Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 63; Jenkins 2001, pp. 23–24</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> A Indiya, Churchill ya fara aikin koyar da kansa, <ref>nkins 2001, pp. 23–24; Haffner 2003, p. 19</ref> yana karantawa sosai ciki har da Plato, Edward Gibbon, Charles Darwin da Thomas Babington Macaulay.<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 67–68; Jenkins 2001, pp. 24–25; Haffner 2003, p. 19.</ref>] A cikin wasiƙar 1898 ya yi ishara da aƙidarsa yana mai cewa: “Ban yarda da Kiristanci ko wani nau’in akidar addini ba”<ref>Roberts 2018, p. 52</ref> An yi wa Churchill baftisma a cikin Cocin Ingila<ref>Reagles & Larsen 2013</ref> amma ya fuskanci yanayin gaba da Kiristanci a lokacin kuruciyarsa, <ref>Reagles & Larsen 2013</ref> kuma yayin da yake balagagge ya kasance mai rashin imani.<ref>Reagles & Larsen 2013</ref>A wata wasika zuwa ga wani mataki kusa Dalili<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 102</ref> <ref>Haffner 2003</ref> Mai sha'awar al'amuran majalisa, <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> .<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 70</ref> Maimakon haka, ya haɗa kansa ga reshen dimokuradiyya na Tory na Conservatives kuma a ziyarar da ya kai gida, ya ba da jawabinsa na farko na Primrose League na jam'iyyar a Claverton Down.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 69, 71; Jenkins 2001, p.</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 70</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 69, 71; Jenkins 2001, p.</ref> ya koma ga tabbatacce reviews.<ref> Jenkins 2001</ref> ya rubuta aikin sa kawai na almara, Savrola, soyayyar Ruritanian.<ref> 1980, p. 31; Gilbert 1991, p. 81; Jenkins 2001, pp. 32–34.</ref> Ku",<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 41</ref> ,<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> ==Siyasa da Afirka ta Kudu== Churchill a cikin 1900 a kusa da lokacin zabensa na farko zuwa Majalisar<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 42</ref> Churchill ya yi magana a tarurrukan Conservative<ref> Jenkins 2001, p. 42</ref>kuma an zabe shi a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan takara biyu na jam'iyyar don zaben Oldham na Yuni 1899.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 103–104; Jenkins 2001, pp. 45–46; Haffner 2003, p. 23.</ref> ] Yayin yakin neman zabe, ya kira kansa a matsayin "mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma Tory Democrat"<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 104</ref> . Ko da yake kujerun sun kasance a hannun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, sakamakon ya kasance ƙunƙunwar nasara ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi.,<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> Kamar yadda .[,<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 105–106; Jenkins 2001, p. 50</ref> cikin Oktoba, ya yi tafiya zuwa yankin rikici kusa da Ladysmith, wanda sojojin Boer suka yi wa kawanya, sannan ya nufi Colenso.<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 107–110</ref> yakin Chieveley, jirgin nasa ya bijire da harsashin bindigar Boer, kuma an kama shi a matsayin fursuna na yaki (POW) aka shigar da shi a sansanin POW a Pretoria.<ref> 1991, pp. 111–113; Jenkins 2001, pp. 52–53; Haffner 2003, p. 25.</ref> A cikin Afirka.<ref> 1991, pp. 111–113; Jenkins 2001, pp. 52–53; Haffner 2003, p. 25.</ref>Gudun da ya yi ya jawo jama’a da yawa.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 115–120; Jenkins 2001, pp. 55–62.</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> A cikin .<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 121–122; Jenkins 2001, pp. 61–62.</ref> Ya kasance daga cikin sojojin Birtaniya na farko a wurare biyu. Tare da dan uwansa Charles Spencer-Churchill, Duke na Marlborough na 9, ya nemi kuma ya karbi mika wuya na masu gadin sansanin Boer 52.<ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> cikin yakin, ya fito fili ya tsawata wa kyamar Boer, yana mai kira da a yi musu da "karimci da hakuri", <ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 125</ref> sanana ya bukaci Birtaniyya da su kasance masu girman kai a cikin nasara.<ref> Jenkins 2001, p. 63</ref> sayar da kyau<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. </ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 135–136</ref> cikin wannan watan, ya buga Maris na Ian Hamilton, littafi game da abubuwan da ya faru a Afirka ta Kudu, [<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 136</ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> <ref> James 1970, p. 16; Jenkins </ref> A cikin bazara 1901, ya ba da laccoci a Paris, Madrid, da Gibraltar.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 141</ref> ==MP mai ra'ayin mazan jiya== Churchill a cikin 1904 lokacin da ya ketare bene. A cikin watan Fabrairun 1901, Churchill ya hau kujerarsa a majalisar dokokin kasar, inda jawabinsa na farko ya samu yaduwa.<ref> James 1970, p. 16; Jenkins </ref> ya haɗu da ƙungiyar Conservatives da aka nasani da Hughligans, <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 139; Jenkins 2001, pp. 71–</ref> mma yana sukar sojojin ruwa.<ref>lbert 1991, pp. 141–144; Jenkins 2001, pp. 74–75</ref> Wannan ya harzuka gaban benci na Conservative amma masu sa<ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> ra'ayi sun sami goyon bayansu, wanda ya kara cudanya da su, musamman masu sassaucin ra'ayi irin su H. H. Asquith.<ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> daa baya Churchill ya rubuta cewa ya “juya a hankali zuwa hagu”<ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> ya yi la'akari a asirce "halittar a hankali ta hanyar tsarin juyin halitta na jam'iyyar Democrat ko ci gaba ga Jam'iyyar Conservative", <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> ko kuma a madadin "Jam'iyyar Tsakiya" don haɗakar Conservatives da Liberals.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 151–152</ref> <ref>Rhodes James 1970</ref> Churchill yana ganin cewa kiyayyar 'yan jam'iyyar za ta hana shi samun mukamin majalisar ministoci a karkashin gwamnatin Conservative. Jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta kasance tana samun goyon baya mai girma, don haka yunkurinsa a shekara ta 1904 na iya samun tasiri ga buri.<ref>Rhodes James 1970</ref> Ya ƙara yin zaɓe tare da masu sassaucin ra'ayi.<ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> misali, ya yi adawa da karuwar kudaden soji, <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 153</ref> ya goyi bayan dokar Liberal don maido da haƙƙin doka ga ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, <ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> da kuma adawa da gabatar da jadawalin kuɗin fito.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 152, 154</ref> Gwamnatin Arthur Balfour ta sanar da dokar kariyar a watan Oktoba 1903.<ref>Jenkins 2001,</ref> ] <ref> ] Jenkins 2001</ref> A cikin watan Mayun 1904, Churchill ya yi adawa da kudurin dokar Aliens da gwamnati ta yi, wanda aka tsara don dakile shige da ficen Yahudawa.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p</ref> ] Ya samu gagarumar riba.”<ref>Gilbert 1991, p</ref> A ranar 31 ga Mayun 1904, ya haye bene ya zauna a matsayin memba na Jam’iyyar Liberal<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> ==MP mai sassaucin== ra'ayi: 1904-1908 Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's Liberal Party shekaru, 1904-1924 Churchill da Kaiser Wilhelm na biyu na Jamus yayin wani aikin soja kusa da Breslau, Silesia, a shekara ta 1906 A matsayinsa na mai sassaucin ra'ayi, Churchill ya kai hari ga manufofin gwamnati kuma ya sami suna a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a ƙarƙashin tasirin John Morley da David Lloyd George.<ref>.Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> A cikin .<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 173–174; Jenkins 2001, p. 103</ref> Da fatan samun rinjaye na aiki, Campbell-Bannerman ya kira babban zabe a watan Janairu 1906, wanda masu sassaucin ra'ayi suka yi nasara a gagarumin rinjaye.<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 174, 176</ref> Churchill ya lashe kujerar Manchester North West, <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 175; Jenkins 2001, p. 109</ref> ] kuma an buga tarihin mahaifinsa, <ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 16; Gilbert 1991, p. 175</ref> wanda ya sami biyan kuɗi na gaba na £ 8,000.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 171; Jenkins 2001, p. 100</ref> an karɓe shi sosa<ref> advance payment</ref> an buga tarihin farko na Churchill da kansa, wanda Liberal MacCallum Scott ya rubuta, a wannan lokacin.<ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 102–103,</ref> A cikin d.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 172</ref> yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka, Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin, <ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 23; Gilbert 1991, p. 174; Jenkins 2001, p. 104.</ref> ] kuma ya ɗauki Edward Marsh a matsayin sakatarensa; Marsh ya kasance sakatarensa na tsawon shekaru 25.<ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 104–105</ref> Aikin farko na Churchill shine taimakawa wajen tsara kundin tsarin mulki na Transvaal;,<ref> ]Gilbert 1991, p. 174; Jenkins 2001, p. 105</ref> kuma ya taimaka wajen sa ido kan kafa gwamnati a cikin Kogin Orange Colony.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 182</ref> cikin mu'amala da kudancin Afirka, ya nemi tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin Burtaniya da Boers.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 177</ref> Ya .<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 177; Jenkins 2001, pp. 111–113</ref> bayyana damuwarsa game da alakar da ke tsakanin mazauna Turai da bakar fata na Afirka; bayan da ‘yan kabilar Zulu suka kaddamar da Tawayen Bambatha a Natal, Churchill ya koka da yadda Turawa suka yi “masu kisan gilla na ’yan kasa”<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 177; Jenkins 2001, pp. 111–113</ref> ==Gwamnatin Asquith:== 1908-1915 Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's Liberal Party shekaru, 1904-1924 Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwanci: 1908-1910 Churchill da angonsa Clementine Hozier jim kadan kafin aurensu a 1908 Tare da Campbell-Bannerman da ke fama da rashin lafiya, Asquith ya zama Firayim Minista a cikin Afrilu 1908. Ya nada Churchill a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwanci.<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 33; Gilbert 1991, p. 194; Jenkins 2001, p. 129.</ref> yana da shekaru 33, Churchill shi ne mafi karancin shekaru a majalisar ministoci tun 1866.<ref> Jenkins 2001, p. 129</ref> sabkn Ministocin da aka nada a bisa doka sun wajaba su sake tsayawa takara a zaben fidda gwani. A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, Churchill ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na Manchester North West zuwa dan takarar Conservative da kuri'u 429.<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> A ranar 9 ga Mayu, masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun tsayar da shi a wurin zaman lafiya na Dundee, inda ya yi nasara cikin kwanciyar hankali.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 195; Jenkins 2001, pp. 130–131</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 211; Jenkins 2001, p. 167</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 198–200</ref> <ref> Jenkins 2001, pp. 139–142</ref> a cikin 1909.[<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 204–205</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 203</ref> Nasarar aurensu yana da mahimmanci ga aikin Churchill kamar yadda soyayyar Clementine ta ba shi aminci da farin ciki.<ref>Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Daya , akan Kogin Tyne.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 195</ref> na <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 200</ref> Ci gaba da aikin Lloyd George, <ref>Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> rana.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 196</ref> A Cikin <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> A cikin neman aikin yi<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 204; Jenkins 2001, pp. 150–151</ref> jihar<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> nkinsenkins 2001 <ref>Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 154–157; Toye 2007, pp. 54–55</ref> ƙin yarda da yaƙi da Jamus ba makawa.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 198–199; Jenkins 2001, pp. 154–155.</ref> A matsayinsa na Chancellor, Lloyd George ya gabatar da "Kudifin Jama'a" a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1909, yana mai kira da kasafin yaki don kawar da talauci. Tare da Churchill a matsayin na kusa da shi, <ref>Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Lloyd George ya ba da shawarar harajin da ba a taɓJenkins 2001, pp. 154–157; Toye 2007, pp. 54–55a gani ba a kan masu arziki don tallafawa shirye-shiryen jin daɗin Liberal.<ref> Jenkins 2001, pp. 157–159</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 205, 210; Jenkins 2001, p. 164</ref> , <ref>Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>] .<ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> ya <ref>Moritz 1958, p. 434; Gilbert 1991, p. 212; Jenkins 2001, p. 181.</ref> A watan Afrilu, Ubangijin Ubangiji ya tuba, kuma kasafin jama'a ya wuce.<ref> Jenkins 2001, pp. 167–168</ref> ya rage kuma ya takura masa<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 216–217</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> shirin sake fasalin gidan yari.<ref>Moritz 1958, p. 429; Gilbert 1991, p. 211; Jenkins 2001, p. 169.</ref> .M<ref>oritz 1958, pp. 428–429; Gilbert 1991, p. 212; Jenkins 2001, p. 179.</ref> s, <ref>Moritz 1958, p. 434; Gilbert 1991, p. 212</ref>to da buqatar gudanar da nishadi sau hudu a shekara.[<ref>Moritz 1958, p. 434; Gilbert 1991, p. 215</ref> <ref>Moritz 1958, p. 434; Gilbert 1991, p. 212; Jenkins 2001, p. 181.</ref> ..<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> An soke daurin mutane masu shekaru tsakanin 16 zuwa 21 sai dai manyan laifuka.<ref> Churchill ya rage ("commuted") 21 dagaMoritz 1958, p. 433; Gilbert 1991, pp. 213–214</ref> cikin mutuwar 43.<ref> Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 221–222</ref> <ref> Jenkins 2001, p. 186</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p.</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> s.<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> ] .<ref> Jenkins 2001</ref> kamar yadda suka karva<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> A keɓe, Churchill yana ɗaukar masu ma'adinai da masu hakar ma'adinai a matsayin "marasa hankali sosai" <ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 221</ref> Times da sauran kafofin watsa labaru sun zarge shi da kasancewa mai laushi a kan masu tayar da hankali;<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 199</ref> ] a cikin .<ref>Rhodes James 1970</ref> Churchill ya haifar da zato na tsawon lokaci na ƙungiyoyin aiki.<ref>Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> A cikin Janairu 1911, <ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 222; Jenkins 2001, pp. 190–191, 193.</ref> ya tsaya tare da 'yan sanda duk da cewa bai jagoranci aikinsu ba.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 224; Jenkins 2001, p. 195</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 224; Jenkins 2001, p. 195</ref>.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 226; Jenkins 2001, pp. 177–178</ref> A cikin .<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 226; Jenkins 2001, pp. 177–178</ref>Ya fitar da siffa[144]. A cikin Afrilu, Lloyd George ya gabatar da dokar inshora ta farko ta kiwon lafiya da rashin aikin yi, Dokar Inshora ta Ƙasa ta 1911, wadda Churchill ya yi amfani da shi wajen tsarawa.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 226; Jenkins 2001, p. 178</ref> A watan Mayu, Clementine ta haifi ɗa na biyu, Randolph, mai suna bayan mahaifin Winston.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 226; Jenkins 2001, p. 178</ref> da gane da karuwar rikicin cikin gida a cikin 1911, Churchill ya aika da sojoji cikin Liverpool don kwantar da masu zanga-zangar adawa da yajin aikin jirgin kasa na kasa<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 202</ref> ==Ubangijin farko na Admiralty== A matsayin Ubangijin Farko na Admiralty, mazaunin Churchill na London shine Admiralty House. A cikin Oktoba 1911, Asquith ya nada Churchill na farko Ubangijin Admiralty, <ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 239; Jenkins 2001, p. 205; Bell 2011, p. 335.</ref> kuma ya zauna a hukumance a Admiralty House.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 249; Jenkins 2001,</ref> Ya halicci rundunar sojan ruwa<ref>Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> da.<ref>.Gilbert 1991, p. 23</ref>Bayan da Jamus ta zartar da doar sojan ruwa ta 1912 don ƙara yawan samar da jiragen ruwa, Churchill ya yi alƙawarin cewa ga kowane sabon jirgin ruwan Jamus, Biritaniya za ta gina biyu.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 243; Bell 2011, p. 336</ref> <ref>Bell 2011</ref> <ref>Rhodes James 1970, pp. 72–74; Gilbert 1991, pp. 304, 310.</ref> Churchill ya yunƙura don samun ƙarin albashi da ƙarin wuraren nishaɗi ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 243–245</ref> ] ƙarin jiragen ruwa, <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 247</ref> da sabunta mayar da hankali kan sabis na jiragen ruwa na Royal Naval, yana ƙarfafa su don gwada yadda za a yi amfani da jirgin sama don dalilai na soja.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 240</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 251</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 253–254; Bell 2011, pp. 342–343</ref> ,<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, pp. 282–285; Jenkins 2001, p. 249.</ref> Batu na tsakiya a Biritaniya shine Dokar Gida ta Irish kuma, a cikin 1912, gwamnatin Asquith ta gabatar da Dokar Gida.<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 260–261</ref> <ref> Jenkins 2001</ref><ref>[162]</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 256; Jenkins 2001, p. 233</ref> <ref> Rhodes James 1970</ref>Neman sulhu, Churchill ya ba da shawarar Ireland ta ci gaba da zama wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Birtaniya, amma wannan ya fusata masu sassaucin ra'ayi da 'yan Irish.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 257–258</ref> ,<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 277</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 277–279</ref> .<ref> ] A ranar 7 ga Oktoba Clementine ta haifi Gilbert 1991, p. 279</ref> na uku, Sarah. karfafawa<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 285</ref> s.<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, p. 286; Jenkins 2001, pp. 250–251.</ref> <ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. </ref> cikin Nuwamba, Asquith ya kira Majalisar Yaƙi ciki har da Churchill.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 289</ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 293, 298–99</ref> Churchill yana sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo na Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma yana so ya rage matsin lamba ga Rashawa a yankin Caucasus ta hanyar kai hare-hare kan Turkiyya a Dardanelles. Ya yi fatan cewa Birtaniya za su iya kwace Konstantinoful[174]. An ba da izini.<ref> Rhodes James 1970, pp. 64–67; Gilbert 1991, pp. 291–292; Jenkins 2001, pp. 255, 261.</ref> <ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 78; Gilbert 1991, p. 309</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 319–320; Jenkins 2001, p. 276</ref> ==Hidimar soja, 1915-1916== Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's Liberal Party shekaru, 1904-1924 <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 342–245</ref> Churchill ya umarci Battalion ta 6, Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1916. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1915, Churchill ya yi murabus daga gwamnati, kodayake ya kasance dan majalisa. Asquith ya ki amincewa da bukatarsa ​​na a nada shi Gwamna-Janar na Birtaniya ta Gabashin Afirka.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 328</ref> Churchill ya yanke shawarar komawa aiki tare da Sojoji kuma an haɗa shi da 2nd Grenadier Guards, a Yammacin Gabar.<ref> ilbert 1991, pp. 329–332</ref> A cikin Janairu 1916, an ƙara masa girma na ɗan lokaci zuwa laftanar-kanar kuma an ba shi umarni na 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers.[<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 340–341</ref> <ref> 29520". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 March 1916. p. 3260.</ref>,<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> ] Churchill ya tsallake rijiya da baya alokacin da, a ziyarar da dan uwansa Duke na Marlborough ya kai masa, wni katon gungu ya fado a tsakaninsu.<ref> Green, David (1980). Guide to Blenheim Palace. Blenheim Palace, UK: The Blenheim Estate Office. p. 17.. The inscribed shrapnel piece was subsequently displayed at Blenheim Palace.</ref> watan Mayu, an haɗa Fusiliers na Royal Scots na 6 zuwa Division na 15. Churchill bai nemi sabon umarni ba, a maimakon haka ya sami izinin barin sabis mai aiki<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 360</ref> matsayi na wucin gadi ya ƙare a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1916, lokacin da ya koma matsayin manyan <ref>. 29753". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 September 1916. p. 9100.</ref> <ref> James 1970, p. 90; Gilbert 1991, p. 374</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 361, 364–365</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 1916 ne ya rubuta "Mafi girman aikace-aikacen injiniyoyi don gabatar da wani hari a kan ƙasa", amma ya faɗi a kunne.[<ref>Churchill 1927</ref> Ya ji takaicin rashin ofis, amma ‘yan jarida masu goyon bayan Conservative sun zarge shi da laifin bala’in Gallipoli.[<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 86; Gilbert 1991, pp. 361, 363, 367.</ref> ya yi gardama kan kararsa a gaban Hukumar Dardanelles, wanda rahotonta bai dora alhakin gazawar yakin neman zaben ba a kansa da kansa.<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 89; Gilbert 1991, pp. 366, 370.</ref> ==Ministan Al'adu== A cikin Oktoba 1916, Asquith ya yi murabus a matsayin firayim minista kuma Lloyd George ya gaje shi wanda, a cikin Mayu 1917, ya aika Churchill ya duba yunkurin yakin Faransa.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 373</ref> cikin watan Yuli, an nada Churchill a matsayin ministan al'adu<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 90; Gilbert 1991, p. </ref> ]. Ya yi shawarwarin kawo karshen yajin aikin da aka yi a masana'antar harhada bindigogi tare da Clyde da kuma karuwar yawan alburusai.<ref> James 1970, p. 90; Gilbert 1991, p. 374</ref> cikin wasiƙar da ya rubuta a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1917 zuwa ga abokan aikinsa na majalisar ministocin, ya rubuta shirin kai hari a shekara mai zuwa, wanda zai kawo nasara ta ƙarshe ga Ƙungiyoyin Ƙawance.<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 376, 377</ref>Ya kawo karshen yajin aikin na biyu, a watan Yuni 1918, ta hanyayin barazanar shigar da masu yajin aikin soja.<ref> Gilbert1991, pp. 392–393</ref> cikin House of Commons Churchill ya kada kuri'a don goyon bayan dokar wakilcin jama'a ta 1918, wadda ta ba wa wasu mata 'yancin kada kuri'a.<ref> AGilbert 1991, pp. 379–380</ref> cikin Nuwamba 1918, kwana huɗu bayan Armistice, an haifi ɗa na huɗu na Churchill, Marigold.,<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> ==1919-1921== Churchill ya sadu da ma'aikata mata a ayyukan cikawa na Georgetown kusa da Glasgow a cikin Oktoba 1918. Lloyd George ya kira babban zabe na 14 ga Disamba 1918.<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 91; Gilbert 1991, p. 403</ref> lokacin yakin neman zabe, Churchill ya yi kira da a may da layin dogo kasa kasa, da kula da mulkin mallaka, da sake fasalin haraji, da kuma kafa kungiyar kasashen duniya don hana yaƙe-yaƙe.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 404</ref> An mayar da shi a matsayin dan majalisa na Dundee kuma, ko da yake Conservatives ya sami rinjaye, Lloyd George ya kasance a matsayin firaminista.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 404</ref> A cikin Janairu 1919, Lloyd George ya koma Churchill zuwa Ofishin Yaki a matsayin duka Sakataren Yaki da Sakatariyar Harkokin Sama.<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 100; Gilbert 1991, pp. 404–405.</ref> <ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 101; Gilbert 1991, p. 406</ref> Churchill yana daya daga cikin ’yan kalilan din gwamnati da suka yi adawa da tsauraran matakai a kan Jamus, <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 406–407</ref> kuma ya yi gargadi game da ruguza sojojin Jamus, yana mai gargadin cewa za a iya bukatar su a matsayin katangar yaki da Soviet Rasha.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 401</ref> Ya yi kakkausar suka ga gwamnatin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Vladimir Lenin a Rasha.<ref>Rhodes James 1970</ref> Da farko ya goyi bayan yin amfani da sojojin Burtaniya don taimakawa sojojin farar fata masu adawa da kwaminisanci a yakin basasar Rasha, [<ref>Rhodes James 1970, pp. 102, 104; Gilbert 1991, p. 405.</ref> amma nan da nan ya gane sha'awar mutane na dawo da su gida<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 411–412</ref> Bayan da Soviets suka yi nasara a yakin basasa, Churchill ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da cordon sanitaire a cikin ƙasar.[<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 123; Gilbert 1991, p. 420</ref> A cikin Yaƙin 'Yancin Irish, ya goyi bayan amfani da Baƙar fata da Tans don yaƙar ƴan juyin juya hali na Irish.[<ref>.Rhodes James 1970, pp. 126–127; Gilbert 1991, pp. 422, 425; Jordan 1995, pp. 70–75.</ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 424–425; Douglas 2009, p. 861.</ref> Ya ga mamayar da aka yi wa Iraki a matsain wani maguɗi ne ga Biritaniya, kuma ya ba da shawara, ba tare da samun nasara ba, cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ikonta ga Turkiyya.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 428</ref> Sakatn Gwamnati na Mallaka: 1921-1922 Churchill a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka yayin ziyararsa zuwa Falasdinu Tilas, Tel Aviv, 1921. Churchill a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka yayin ziyararsa zuwa Falasdinu na wajibi, Tel Aviv, 1921 Babban gidan Churchill shine Chartwell a Kent. Churchill ya zama Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka a cikin Fabrairu 1921.<ref> A wata mai zuwa, baje kolin nasa na farko Gilbert 1991, p. 431</ref> faru ne a birnin Paris, inda Churchill ya baje kolin a karkashin sunan sa.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 431</ref>A watan Mayu, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu, a watan Agusta kuma 'yarsa Marigold, daga sepsis.<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 438, 439</ref> ya mutu sakamakon mutuwar Marld har tsawon rayuwarsa.<ref>Brooks, Richard (28 February 2016). "Churchill's torment over death of two year old daughter laid bare". The Times. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</ref> Churchill ya shiga cikin tattaunawa tare da shugabannin Sinn Féin kuma ya taimaka wajen tsara yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 441</ref> shi ne ke da alhakin rage tsadar mamayar yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya,<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 431</ref> kuma yana da hannu wajen kafa Faisal I na Iraki da Abdullah I na Jordan.<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 133; Gilbert 1991, pp. 432–434.</ref> Churchill ya yi tattaki zuwa Falasdinu na wajibi inda matsayinsa na mai goyon bayan yahudawan sahyoniya, ya ki amincewa da bukatar Falasdinawa Larabawa na hana hijirar Yahudawa<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 437</ref> ba da izini na wucin gadi bayan tarzomar Jaff<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 435</ref> A shekara ta 1922 babban zabe.<ref>Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> gidan iyalansa<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> A cikin Oktoba 1922, an yi masa tiyata a cikin appendectomy. Yayin da yake asibiti, kawancen Lloyd George ya wargaje. A babban zaben, Churchill ya rasa kujerar Dundee<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 456</ref> zuwa Ed.<ref> Jenkins 2001, p. 376</ref> an ɗaukaka shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mambobi 50 na Order of the Companions of Honour, kamar yadda mai suna Lloyd George's 1922 Dissolution Honors list.<ref>. 32766". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 November 1922. p. 8017.</ref> ==Daga Majalisa: 1922-1924== Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's Liberal Party shekaru, 1904-1924 Churchill tare da yara Randolph da Diana a 1923<ref>Rhodes James 1970</ref> Churchill ya shafe yawancin watanni shida masu zuwa a Villa Rêve d'Or kusa da Cannes, inda ya sadaukar da kansa wajen yin zane da rubuta abubuwan tarihinsa.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 457</ref> ya rubuta tarihin tarihin yakin, The World Crisis. An buga juzu'in farko a watan Afrilu 1923 sauran kuma a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 456</ref> batan da aka kira babban zaɓe na 1923, ƙungiyoyi bakwai masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun nemi Churchill ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takararsu, kuma ya zaɓi Leicester West, amma bai yi nasara ba<ref>.Rhodes James 1970, pp. 150–151; Gilbert 1991, p. 459; Jenkins 2001, pp. 382–384.</ref> Gwamnatin Labour karkashin jagorancin Ramsay MacDonald ta karbi mulki. Churchill ya yi fatan za a ci nasara a hannun kawancen Conservative-Liberal.<ref>Rhodes James 1970, pp. 150–151; Gilbert 1991, p. 459; Jenkins 2001, pp. 382–384.</ref> Ya yi kakkausar suka ga matakin da gwamnatin MacDonald ta dauka na ba da rancen kudi ga Tarayyar Soviet kuma ya ji tsoron sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Anglo-Soviet<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 462–463</ref> <ref>Bromage, Mary (1964), Churchill and Ireland, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IL, pg 108, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 469</ref> amma aka ci shi<ref> Rhodes James 1970, pp. 151–153; Gilbert 1991, pp. 460–461.</ref> watan Mayu, ya yi jawabi a taron masura'ayin mazan jiya a Liverpool kuma ya bayyana cewa babu sauran gurbi ga jam'iyyar Liberal a cikin siyasa. Ya ce dole ne masu sassaucin ra'ayi su goyi bayan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya don dakatar da Labour da kuma tabbatar da "nasara na nasarar gurguzu"<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 154; Gilbert 1991, p. 462</ref> a watan Yuli, ".<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 154; Gilbert 1991, pp. 462–463; Ball 2001, p. 311.</ref>Yan Conservatives sun yi nasara, kuma Baldwin ya kafa sabuwar gwamnati. Duk da cewa Churchill ba shi da ilimin kudi ko tattalin arziki, Baldwin ya nada shi a matsayin Chancellor.<ref>Rhodes James 1970, pp. 155, 158; Gilbert 1991, p. 465.</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 468–489</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 477–479</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 480</ref> =="Shekarun Daji": 1929-1939== Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's "Wilderness" shekaru, 1929-1939 Tambayar Marlborough da Indiya: 1929-1932 <ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 404</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 467</ref> ] A bayan ofis, Churchill ya kasance mai saurin kamuwa da baƙin ciki (“baƙar karensa”) amma ya magance n ta hanyar rubutu.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 467</ref> a fara aiki akan Marlborough: Rayuwarsa da Zamaninsa, tarihin kakansa John Churchill, Duke na Marlorough na 1st.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 491.</ref>I] Ya sami suna don kasancewa mai yawahan giya, kodayake Jenkins ya yi imanin cewa galibi ana yin karin gishiri.<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 443.</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 421–423</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 491</ref> A cikin Janairu 1931, Churchill ya yi murabus daga Conservative Shadow Cabinet saboda Baldwin ya goyi bayan matakin gwamnati na ba da Matsayin Dominion ga Indiya.[<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> Ya kasance yana adawa da Mohandas Gandhi, wanda ya yi la'akari da shi "lauyan tsattsauran ra'ayi mai tayar da hankali, wanda yanzu ya nuna a matsayin fakir" <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> Ra'ayinsa ya harzuka ra'ayin jam'iyyar Labour da Liberal, ko da yake ya samu goyon bayan jama'a da yawa na Conservatives.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 499–500</ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 502–503</ref> Ya fara rangadin lacca a Arewacin Amurka, yana fatan dawo da asarar kudi da aka samu a hadarin Wall Street<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 443</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> A ranar 13 ga Disamba, yana wucewa ta Fifth Avenue a New York lokacin da wata mota ta fado masa, yana fama da ciwon kai wanda ya kamu da cutar neuritis.<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> Don .<ref> Jenkins 2001, pp. 443–444</ref>Ya koma Amurka a karshen watan Janairun 1932 kuma ya kammala mafi yawan laccoci kafin ya isa gida a ranar 18 ga Maris<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> 253] A cikin?"<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 445</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya ziyarci Blenheim, zazzabin paratyphoid ya kamu da Churchill kuma ya shafe makonni biyu a wani ɗakin kiwon lafiya a Salzburg<ref> Meeting Hitler, 1932". The Churchill Project. Hillsdale, Missouri: Hillsdale College. 5 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 Apil 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.</ref> <ref> Jenkins 2001, pp. 445–446</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 508–509</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 513–515, 530–531</ref> ==Gargadi game da Jamus da rikicin murabus:== 1933-1936 Bayan da Hitler ya hau kan karagar mulki a watan Janairun 1933, Churchill ya yi gaggawar gane barazanar irin wannan gwamnati, kuma ya nuna fargabar cewa gwamnatin Birtaniya ta rage yawan kudaden da ake kashewa na sojojin sama, ya kuma yi gargadin cewa nan ba da jimawa ba Jamus za ta mamaye Biritaniya wajen samar da sojojin sama.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 508–509</ref>]<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 513–515, 530–531</ref> <ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, p. 286; Jenkins 2001, pp. 250–251.</ref> Ya yi magana game da damuwarsa a cikin watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a watan Nuwamba 1934, <ref> Jenkins 2001, pp. 479–480</ref>bayan ya yi Allah wadai da rashin haƙuri da yaƙi da 'yan Nazi a cikin House of Commons <ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 533</ref> da Churchill ya dauki mulkin Mussolini a matsayin katanga daga barazanar juyin juya halin gurguzu, ya yi adawa da mamayewar Italiya na Habasha,<ref>The International Situation". Hansard. 5th. Westminster: House of Commons. 24 October 1935. pp. 357–369. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. We cannot afford to see Nazidom in its present phase of cruelty and intolerance, with all its hatreds and all its gleaming weapons, paramount in Europe</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 544</ref> <ref>The International Situation". Hansard. 5th. Westminster: House of Commons. 24 October 1935. pp. 357–369. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. No one can keep up the pretence that Abyssinia is a fit, worthy</ref> ,<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 408.</ref> Tsakanin Oktoba 1933 da Satumba 1938, an buga littattafai huɗu na Marlborough: Rayuwarsa da Zamaninsa kuma an sayar da su da kyau.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 522, 533, 563, 594</ref>I A cikin Disamba 1934, Dokar Indiya ta shia majalisa kuma aka zartar a cikin Fabrairu 1935. Churchill da wasu 'yan majalisa 83 masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da shi.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 279</ref> watan Yuni 1935, MacDonald ya yi murabus kuma Baldwin ya gaje shi a matsayin firayim minista.[262] Daga nan Baldwin ya jagoranci jam'iyyar Conservatives zuwa nasara a babban zaben 1935; Churchill ya ci gaba da zama, amma an sake barinsa daga gwamnati.<ref> A cikin Janairu 1936, Edward VIII ya gajGilbert 1991, p. 285</ref> mahaifinsa, George V, a matsayin sarki. Sha'awarsa ta auren wata Ba'amurke da ta sake aure, Wallis Simpson, ta haifar da rikicin barin gado.<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, pp. 282–285; Jenkins 2001, p. 249.</ref> ya goyi bayan Edward kuma ya yi karo da Baldwin kan batun<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, p. 286; Jenkins 2001, pp. 250–251.</ref> haka, ko da yake Churchill nan da nan ya yi alkawarin yin biyayya ga George VI, ya rubuta cewa murabus din ya kasance "wanda bai kai ba kuma mai yiwuwa bai zama dole b<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, p. 286; Jenkins 2001, pp. 250–251.</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill#CITEREFRhodes_James1970</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 328</ref> ==Ƙaddamarwa: 1937-1939== Churchill da Neville Chamberlain, babban mai ba da shawara A cikin Mayu 1937, Baldwin ya yi murabus kuma Neville Chamberlain ya gaje shi a matsayin Firayim Minista. Da farko Churchill ya yi maraba da nadin Chamberlain amma, a cikin watan Fabrairun 1938, al'amura sun ci karo da juna bayan Sakataren Harkokin Waje Anthony Eden ya yi murabus kan neman yardar Chamberlain na Mussolini,<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> manufar da Chamberlain ke mikawa Hitler.<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 293, 298–</ref> cikin 1938, Churchill ya gargadi gwamnati game da kwantar da hankali kuma ya yi kira da a dauki matakin gama kai don dakgwile ta'asar Jamus.[<ref>Rhodes James 1970, pp. 64–67; Gilbert 1991, pp. 291–292; Jenkins 2001, pp. 255, 261.</ref> <ref>Rhodes James 1970</ref> nagaBayan Anschluss, Churchill ya yi magana a cikin House of Commons: <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> Ya fara yin kira da a kulla yarjejeniyar kare juna tsakanin kasashen Turai da ke fuskantar barazanar fadada Jamus, yana mai cewa wannan ita ce kadai hanyar da za a iya dakatar da Hitler<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 79; Gilbert 1991, pp. 316–316; Jenkins 2001, pp. 273–274.</ref> A watan Satumba, Jamus ta shirya don mamaye Sudetenland a cikin Czechoslovakia.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 319–320; Jenkins 2001, p. 276</ref> Churchill ya ziyarci Chamberlain kuma ya buace shi ya gaya wa Jamus cewa Birtaniya za ta kaddamar da yaki idan Jamusawa suka mamaye yankin Czechoslovak; Chamberlain bai yarda ya yi haka ba.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 329–332</ref> A ranar 30 ga Satumba, Chamberlain ya rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Munich, tare da amincewa da ba da izinin shigar da Jamusanci na Sudetenland. Da yake magana a cikin House of Commons a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, Churchill ya kira yarjejeniyar "cikakkiyar kashin da ba a yankewa ba".[<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 340–341</ref>] Bayan wargajewar jam'iyyar Czechoslovakia a watan Maris na 1939, Churchill da magoya bayansa sun yi kira da a kafa kawancen kasa. Sakamakon shahararsa ya karu.<ref> 29520". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 March 1916. p. 3260.</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 342–245</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 1965]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 84iyb0cfujkfcvwmt2215qxmamki8ig 976146 976144 2026-11-05T11:51:33Z Zahrah0 14848 976146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Winston Churchill C3519635.jpg|thumb|hoton winston]] '''Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill''' {{Efn|The surname is the [[Double-barrelled name#British tradition|double-barrelled]] ''[[Duke of Marlborough (title)|Spencer Churchill]] (unhyphenated)'', but he is known by the surname ''Churchill''. His father dropped the Spencer.<ref>{{cite book |last=Price |first=Bill |title=Winston Churchill: War Leader |url=https://archive.org/details/winstonchurchill0000pric |year=2009 |publisher=No Exit Press |location=Harpenden |page=[https://archive.org/details/winstonchurchill0000pric/page/12 12] |isbn=978-18-42433-22-5}}</ref>}} (a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta alif 1874{{Spaced en dash}}ranar 24 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1965) ɗan Biritaniya ne, soja, kuma marubuci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom|Firayim Minista na Burtaniya]] sau biyu, daga 1940 zuwa 1945 lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, kuma daga 1951 zuwa 1955. Baya ga shekaru biyu tsakanin 1922 zuwa 1924, ya kasance dan majalisa (MP) daga 1900 zuwa 1964 kuma ya wakilci mazabu biyar. A akidar tattalin arziki mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma mai mulkin mallaka, ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative a yawancin aikinsa, wanda ya jagoranci daga 1940 zuwa 1955. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Liberal daga 1904 zuwa 1924. Na gauraye na Ingilishi da na Amurka, Churchill an haife shi ne a Oxfordshire zuwa ga arziƙi, dangin sarki. Ya shiga Sojan Biritaniya a shekarar 1895 kuma ya ga aiki a Biritaniya Indiya, Yaƙin Anglo-Sudan, da Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, ya sami suna a matsayin wakilin yaƙi da rubuta littattafai game da yaƙin neman zaɓe. An zabe shi dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a shekara ta 1900, ya koma Liberals a shekarar 1904. A cikin gwamnatin masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta HH Asquith, Churchill ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwanci da Sakataren Cikin Gida, mai fafutukar sake fasalin gidan yari da tsaron zamantakewar ma'aikata. A matsayinsa na lord na farko na Admiralty a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na farko]], ya kula da yakin Gallipoli amma, bayan ya tabbatar da annoba, an rage shi zuwa Chancellor na Duchy na Lancaster. Ya yi murabus a watan Nuwamba 1915 kuma ya shiga Royal Scots Fusiliers a Western Front na tsawon watanni shida. A cikin shekarar 1917, ya koma gwamnati a karkashin David Lloyd George kuma ya yi aiki a jere a matsayin Ministan Munitions, Sakataren Yaki, Sakatariyar Harkokin Jiragen Sama, da Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka, yana kula da yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish da manufofin kasashen waje na Burtaniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Bayan shekaru biyu daga majalisar, ya yi aiki a matsayin Chancellor na Exchequer a gwamnatin Conservative ta Stanley Baldwin, ya maido da fam ɗin fam a 1925 zuwa ma'aunin zinare a daidai lokacin yaƙin yaƙin, matakin da ake gani da yawa a matsayin haifar da matsin lamba da kuma rage ɓacin rai. UK tattalin arziki. Daga cikin gwamnati a lokacin da ake kiransa "shekarun jeji" a cikin shekarar 1930s, Churchill ya jagoranci yin kira ga Birtaniya da ta sake yin amfani da makamai don magance karuwar barazanar soja a Jamus na Nazi . A lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na biyu an sake nada shi Ubangijin Admiralty na Farko. A cikin watan Mayu shekara ta alif 1940, ya zama Firayim Minista, ya gaji Neville Chamberlain. Churchill ya kafa gwamnati ta kasa kuma ya kula da shigar Birtaniyya a cikin yakin kawancen yaki da Axis iko, wanda ya haifar da nasara a shekarar 1945 . Bayan shan kayen da jam'iyyar Conservative ta yi a babban zaben shekarar 1945 ya zama shugaban 'yan adawa. A cikin yakin cacar baki da [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] ke tasowa, ya yi kashedi a bainar jama'a game da "labule na ƙarfe" na tasirin Soviet a Turai da kuma haɓaka haɗin kan Turai. Tsakanin wa'adinsa na Firayim Minista, ya rubuta litattafai da yawa yana ba da labarin abubuwan da ya faru a lokacin yakin da aka ba shi kyautar Nobel ta adabi a 1953. Ya fadi zabe a shekarar 1950, amma a shekarar 1951 aka mayar da shi ofis. Wa'adinsa na biyu ya shagaltu da harkokin kasashen waje, musamman dangantakar Anglo-Amurka da kuma kiyaye abin da ya saura na Daular Biritaniya tare da Indiya a yanzu ba sa cikinsa. A cikin gida, gwamnatinsa ta jaddada gina gidaje kuma ta kammala kera makamin nukiliya (wanda ya riga ya fara). A cikin raguwar lafiya, Churchill ya yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista a 1955, kodayake ya kasance dan majalisar har zuwa 1964 . Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta alif 1965, an yi masa state funeral. An yi la'akari da daya daga cikin manyan mutane na karni na 20, Churchill ya kasance sananne a cikin Anglosphere, inda ake ganinsa a matsayin jagoran yakin basasa wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare dimokiradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Turai daga yaduwar [[Fascism|farkisanci]]. A daya bangaren kuma, an yi ta suka a kan wasu abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin yaki da kuma ra'ayinsa na [[Imperialism|daular]]. == Ƙuruciya ==   === Yarantaka da makaranta: 1874-1895 === [[File:Jennie_Churchill_with_her_sons.jpg|thumb| Jennie Spencer Churchill tare da 'ya'yanta biyu, Jack ( ''hagu'' ) da Winston ( ''dama'' ) a cikin 1889.]] An haifi Churchill a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1874 a gidan kakanninsa, Blenheim Palace a Oxfordshire. {{Sfn|Jenkins|2001}} A gefen mahaifinsa, ya kasance memba na aristocracy na Biritaniya a matsayin zuriyar kai tsaye na Duke na 1st na Marlborough. Mahaifinsa, Lord Randolph Churchill, mai wakiltar Jam'iyyar Conservative, an zabe shi dan majalisa (MP) na Woodstock a 1873. Mahaifiyarsa, Jennie, 'yar Leonard Jerome, wani hamshakin dan kasuwa na Amurka. A cikin 1876, kakan mahaifin Churchill, John Spencer-Churchill, Duke na 7 na Marlborough, an nada shi Mataimakin Ireland, sannan wani yanki na Burtaniya. Randolph ya zama sakatare na sirri kuma dangin sun ƙaura zuwa Dublin. An haifi ɗan'uwan Winston, Jack, a can a cikin 1880. A cikin yawancin shekarun 1880, Randolph da Jennie sun rabu da su sosai, {{Sfn|Jenkins|2001}} kuma 'yan'uwa sun kasance mafi yawan kulawa ta hanyar su nanny, Elizabeth Everest . [9] Lokacin da ta mutu a cikin 1895, Churchill ya rubuta cewa "ta kasance abokiyar ƙaunatacciya kuma mafi kusanci a cikin duka shekaru ashirin da na yi rayuwa". {{Sfn|Best|2001}} Churchill ya fara shiga makarantar St George's a Ascot, Berkshire, yana da shekaru bakwai amma ba ilimi ba ne kuma halinsa mara kyau. A cikin 1884 ya koma makarantar Brunswick a Hove, inda aikinsa na ilimi ya inganta. A cikin Afrilu 1888, yana da shekaru 13, ya ci nasara da ƙwaƙƙwaran jarrabawar shiga Makarantar Harrow. {{Sfn|Gilbert|1991}} Mahaifinsa ya so shi ya shirya don aikin soja don haka shekaru uku na ƙarshe a Harrow yana cikin aikin soja. Bayan yunƙuri biyu da bai yi nasara ba don samun shiga Makarantar Soja ta Royal, Sandhurst, ya yi nasara a kan na uku. An karɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan sojan doki, wanda ya fara a watan Satumba 1893. Mahaifinsa ya mutu a cikin Janairu 1895, wata daya bayan Churchill ya kammala karatunsa daga Sandhurst. [17] {Sfn|Gilbert|1991}} ==Rayuwar farko== Babban labarin: farkon rayuwar Winston Churchill Yarantaka da makaranta: 1874-1895 Jennie Spencer Churchill tare da 'ya'yanta biyu, Jack (hagu) da Winston (dama) a 1889 An haifi Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1874 a gidan kakanninsa, Fadar Blenheim a Oxfordshire.,<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 5</ref> A wajen mahaifinsa, ya kasance memba na aristocracy a matsayin zuriyar John Churchill, 1st Duke na Marlborough<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 1; Jenkins 2001, pp.,</ref>Mahaifinsa, Lord Randolph Churchill, mai wakiltar Jam'iyyar Conservative, an zabe shi dan majalisa (MP) na Woodstock a cikin Fabrairu 1874.<ref> Robbins 2014, p. 2.</ref> Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Jennie, Lady Randolph Churchill, 'yar Leonard Jerome, wani ɗan kasuwa Ba'amurke.[<ref> 2001, p. 4; Jenkins 2001, pp. 5–6; Addison 2005, p. 7.</ref> <ref>Addison 2005</ref> An haifi ɗan'hsuwan Winston, Jack, a can a cikin 1880<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 2; Jenkins 2001, p. 7; Addison 2005, p. 10.</ref> ] Domin yawancin shekarun 1880, Randolph da Jennie sun rabu sosai,<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> ] kuma ƴan'uwan da mahaifiyarsu, Elizabeth Everest ta kula da su.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 2–3; Jenkins 2001, p. 10; Reagles & Larsen 2013, p. 8.</ref> Lokacin da ta mutu a shekara ta 1895, Churchill ya rubuta "ta kasance mafi soyuwa kuma mafi kusanci da aboki a cikin dukan shekaru ashirin da na yi."<ref> Best 2001</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> A cikin 1884, ya koma makarantar Brunswick a Hove, inda aikinsa na ilimi ya inganta.<ref> bert 1991, pp. 6–8; Haffner 2003, pp. 12</ref> cikin Afrilu 1888, yana da shekaru 13, ya ci jarrabawar shiga makarantar Harrow.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 17–</ref> Mahaifinsa ya so ya shirya don aikin soja, don haka shekaru uku na ƙarshe a Harrow yana cikin aikin soja.<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> Bayan biyu.<ref> 1991, pp. 32–33, 37; Jenkins 2001, p. 20; Haffner 2003, p. 15.</ref> karɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasan sojan doki, tun daga watan Satumba na shekara ta 1893.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 37; Jenkins 2001, p. 20–</ref> Mahaifinsa ya rasu a watan Janairun shekara ta 1895.<ref>Gilbert 1991,</ref> ==Kuba, Indiya, da Sudan: 1895-1899== Churchill a cikin rigar soja na Sarauniya Hussars ta 4th a Aldershot a cikin 1895[18] A cikin Fabrairu 1895, an ba Churchill mukamin mukada na biyu a cikin 4th Queen's Own Hussars rejist na Birtaniya Army, tushen a Aldershot.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 51; Jenkins 2001, p. 21</ref> da yake son ya shaida aikin soja, ya yi amfani da ikon mahaifiyarsa wajen tura shi yankin yaki.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 62; Jenkins 2001, p. 28</ref> A cikin tafsirin<ref>.Jenkins 2001</ref> Churchill ya aika da ahotanni zuwa Daily Graphic a Landan.<ref> Winston Churchill</ref> Ya ci gaba zuwa New York kuma ya rubuta wa mahaifiyarsa game da "waɗanne manyan mutane ne <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 57,</ref> da Hussars, ya tafi Bombay a cikiOktoba 1896.<ref>.Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 63; Jenkins 2001, pp. 23–24</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> A Indiya, Churchill ya fara aikin koyar da kansa, <ref>nkins 2001, pp. 23–24; Haffner 2003, p. 19</ref> yana karantawa sosai ciki har da Plato, Edward Gibbon, Charles Darwin da Thomas Babington Macaulay.<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 67–68; Jenkins 2001, pp. 24–25; Haffner 2003, p. 19.</ref>] A cikin wasiƙar 1898 ya yi ishara da aƙidarsa yana mai cewa: “Ban yarda da Kiristanci ko wani nau’in akidar addini ba”<ref>Roberts 2018, p. 52</ref> An yi wa Churchill baftisma a cikin Cocin Ingila<ref>Reagles & Larsen 2013</ref> amma ya fuskanci yanayin gaba da Kiristanci a lokacin kuruciyarsa, <ref>Reagles & Larsen 2013</ref> kuma yayin da yake balagagge ya kasance mai rashin imani.<ref>Reagles & Larsen 2013</ref>A wata wasika zuwa ga wani mataki kusa Dalili<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 102</ref> <ref>Haffner 2003</ref> Mai sha'awar al'amuran majalisa, <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> .<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 70</ref> Maimakon haka, ya haɗa kansa ga reshen dimokuradiyya na Tory na Conservatives kuma a ziyarar da ya kai gida, ya ba da jawabinsa na farko na Primrose League na jam'iyyar a Claverton Down.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 69, 71; Jenkins 2001, p.</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 70</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 69, 71; Jenkins 2001, p.</ref> ya koma ga tabbatacce reviews.<ref> Jenkins 2001</ref> ya rubuta aikin sa kawai na almara, Savrola, soyayyar Ruritanian.<ref> 1980, p. 31; Gilbert 1991, p. 81; Jenkins 2001, pp. 32–34.</ref> Ku",<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 41</ref> ,<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> ==Siyasa da Afirka ta Kudu== Churchill a cikin 1900 a kusa da lokacin zabensa na farko zuwa Majalisar<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 42</ref> Churchill ya yi magana a tarurrukan Conservative<ref> Jenkins 2001, p. 42</ref>kuma an zabe shi a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan takara biyu na jam'iyyar don zaben Oldham na Yuni 1899.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 103–104; Jenkins 2001, pp. 45–46; Haffner 2003, p. 23.</ref> ] Yayin yakin neman zabe, ya kira kansa a matsayin "mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da kuma Tory Democrat"<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 104</ref> . Ko da yake kujerun sun kasance a hannun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, sakamakon ya kasance ƙunƙunwar nasara ta masu sassaucin ra'ayi.,<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> Kamar yadda .[,<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 105–106; Jenkins 2001, p. 50</ref> cikin Oktoba, ya yi tafiya zuwa yankin rikici kusa da Ladysmith, wanda sojojin Boer suka yi wa kawanya, sannan ya nufi Colenso.<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 107–110</ref> yakin Chieveley, jirgin nasa ya bijire da harsashin bindigar Boer, kuma an kama shi a matsayin fursuna na yaki (POW) aka shigar da shi a sansanin POW a Pretoria.<ref> 1991, pp. 111–113; Jenkins 2001, pp. 52–53; Haffner 2003, p. 25.</ref> A cikin Afirka.<ref> 1991, pp. 111–113; Jenkins 2001, pp. 52–53; Haffner 2003, p. 25.</ref>Gudun da ya yi ya jawo jama’a da yawa.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 115–120; Jenkins 2001, pp. 55–62.</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> A cikin .<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 121–122; Jenkins 2001, pp. 61–62.</ref> Ya kasance daga cikin sojojin Birtaniya na farko a wurare biyu. Tare da dan uwansa Charles Spencer-Churchill, Duke na Marlborough na 9, ya nemi kuma ya karbi mika wuya na masu gadin sansanin Boer 52.<ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> cikin yakin, ya fito fili ya tsawata wa kyamar Boer, yana mai kira da a yi musu da "karimci da hakuri", <ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 125</ref> sanana ya bukaci Birtaniyya da su kasance masu girman kai a cikin nasara.<ref> Jenkins 2001, p. 63</ref> sayar da kyau<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. </ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 135–136</ref> cikin wannan watan, ya buga Maris na Ian Hamilton, littafi game da abubuwan da ya faru a Afirka ta Kudu, [<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 136</ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> <ref> James 1970, p. 16; Jenkins </ref> A cikin bazara 1901, ya ba da laccoci a Paris, Madrid, da Gibraltar.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 141</ref> ==MP mai ra'ayin mazan jiya== Churchill a cikin 1904 lokacin da ya ketare bene. A cikin watan Fabrairun 1901, Churchill ya hau kujerarsa a majalisar dokokin kasar, inda jawabinsa na farko ya samu yaduwa.<ref> James 1970, p. 16; Jenkins </ref> ya haɗu da ƙungiyar Conservatives da aka nasani da Hughligans, <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 139; Jenkins 2001, pp. 71–</ref> mma yana sukar sojojin ruwa.<ref>lbert 1991, pp. 141–144; Jenkins 2001, pp. 74–75</ref> Wannan ya harzuka gaban benci na Conservative amma masu sa<ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> ra'ayi sun sami goyon bayansu, wanda ya kara cudanya da su, musamman masu sassaucin ra'ayi irin su H. H. Asquith.<ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> daa baya Churchill ya rubuta cewa ya “juya a hankali zuwa hagu”<ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> ya yi la'akari a asirce "halittar a hankali ta hanyar tsarin juyin halitta na jam'iyyar Democrat ko ci gaba ga Jam'iyyar Conservative", <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> ko kuma a madadin "Jam'iyyar Tsakiya" don haɗakar Conservatives da Liberals.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 151–152</ref> <ref>Rhodes James 1970</ref> Churchill yana ganin cewa kiyayyar 'yan jam'iyyar za ta hana shi samun mukamin majalisar ministoci a karkashin gwamnatin Conservative. Jam'iyyar masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta kasance tana samun goyon baya mai girma, don haka yunkurinsa a shekara ta 1904 na iya samun tasiri ga buri.<ref>Rhodes James 1970</ref> Ya ƙara yin zaɓe tare da masu sassaucin ra'ayi.<ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> misali, ya yi adawa da karuwar kudaden soji, <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 153</ref> ya goyi bayan dokar Liberal don maido da haƙƙin doka ga ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, <ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> da kuma adawa da gabatar da jadawalin kuɗin fito.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 152, 154</ref> Gwamnatin Arthur Balfour ta sanar da dokar kariyar a watan Oktoba 1903.<ref>Jenkins 2001,</ref> ] <ref> ] Jenkins 2001</ref> A cikin watan Mayun 1904, Churchill ya yi adawa da kudurin dokar Aliens da gwamnati ta yi, wanda aka tsara don dakile shige da ficen Yahudawa.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p</ref> ] Ya samu gagarumar riba.”<ref>Gilbert 1991, p</ref> A ranar 31 ga Mayun 1904, ya haye bene ya zauna a matsayin memba na Jam’iyyar Liberal<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> ==MP mai sassaucin== ra'ayi: 1904-1908 Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's Liberal Party shekaru, 1904-1924 Churchill da Kaiser Wilhelm na biyu na Jamus yayin wani aikin soja kusa da Breslau, Silesia, a shekara ta 1906 A matsayinsa na mai sassaucin ra'ayi, Churchill ya kai hari ga manufofin gwamnati kuma ya sami suna a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi a ƙarƙashin tasirin John Morley da David Lloyd George.<ref>.Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> A cikin .<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 173–174; Jenkins 2001, p. 103</ref> Da fatan samun rinjaye na aiki, Campbell-Bannerman ya kira babban zabe a watan Janairu 1906, wanda masu sassaucin ra'ayi suka yi nasara a gagarumin rinjaye.<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 174, 176</ref> Churchill ya lashe kujerar Manchester North West, <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 175; Jenkins 2001, p. 109</ref> ] kuma an buga tarihin mahaifinsa, <ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 16; Gilbert 1991, p. 175</ref> wanda ya sami biyan kuɗi na gaba na £ 8,000.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 171; Jenkins 2001, p. 100</ref> an karɓe shi sosa<ref> advance payment</ref> an buga tarihin farko na Churchill da kansa, wanda Liberal MacCallum Scott ya rubuta, a wannan lokacin.<ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 102–103,</ref> A cikin d.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 172</ref> yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka, Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin, <ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 23; Gilbert 1991, p. 174; Jenkins 2001, p. 104.</ref> ] kuma ya ɗauki Edward Marsh a matsayin sakatarensa; Marsh ya kasance sakatarensa na tsawon shekaru 25.<ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 104–105</ref> Aikin farko na Churchill shine taimakawa wajen tsara kundin tsarin mulki na Transvaal;,<ref> ]Gilbert 1991, p. 174; Jenkins 2001, p. 105</ref> kuma ya taimaka wajen sa ido kan kafa gwamnati a cikin Kogin Orange Colony.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 182</ref> cikin mu'amala da kudancin Afirka, ya nemi tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin Burtaniya da Boers.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 177</ref> Ya .<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 177; Jenkins 2001, pp. 111–113</ref> bayyana damuwarsa game da alakar da ke tsakanin mazauna Turai da bakar fata na Afirka; bayan da ‘yan kabilar Zulu suka kaddamar da Tawayen Bambatha a Natal, Churchill ya koka da yadda Turawa suka yi “masu kisan gilla na ’yan kasa”<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 177; Jenkins 2001, pp. 111–113</ref> ==Gwamnatin Asquith:== 1908-1915 Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's Liberal Party shekaru, 1904-1924 Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwanci: 1908-1910 Churchill da angonsa Clementine Hozier jim kadan kafin aurensu a 1908 Tare da Campbell-Bannerman da ke fama da rashin lafiya, Asquith ya zama Firayim Minista a cikin Afrilu 1908. Ya nada Churchill a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kasuwanci.<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 33; Gilbert 1991, p. 194; Jenkins 2001, p. 129.</ref> yana da shekaru 33, Churchill shi ne mafi karancin shekaru a majalisar ministoci tun 1866.<ref> Jenkins 2001, p. 129</ref> sabkn Ministocin da aka nada a bisa doka sun wajaba su sake tsayawa takara a zaben fidda gwani. A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, Churchill ya sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na Manchester North West zuwa dan takarar Conservative da kuri'u 429.<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> A ranar 9 ga Mayu, masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun tsayar da shi a wurin zaman lafiya na Dundee, inda ya yi nasara cikin kwanciyar hankali.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 195; Jenkins 2001, pp. 130–131</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 211; Jenkins 2001, p. 167</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 198–200</ref> <ref> Jenkins 2001, pp. 139–142</ref> a cikin 1909.[<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 204–205</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 203</ref> Nasarar aurensu yana da mahimmanci ga aikin Churchill kamar yadda soyayyar Clementine ta ba shi aminci da farin ciki.<ref>Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Daya , akan Kogin Tyne.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 195</ref> na <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 200</ref> Ci gaba da aikin Lloyd George, <ref>Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> rana.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 196</ref> A Cikin <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> A cikin neman aikin yi<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 204; Jenkins 2001, pp. 150–151</ref> jihar<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> nkinsenkins 2001 <ref>Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 154–157; Toye 2007, pp. 54–55</ref> ƙin yarda da yaƙi da Jamus ba makawa.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 198–199; Jenkins 2001, pp. 154–155.</ref> A matsayinsa na Chancellor, Lloyd George ya gabatar da "Kudifin Jama'a" a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 1909, yana mai kira da kasafin yaki don kawar da talauci. Tare da Churchill a matsayin na kusa da shi, <ref>Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> Lloyd George ya ba da shawarar harajin da ba a taɓJenkins 2001, pp. 154–157; Toye 2007, pp. 54–55a gani ba a kan masu arziki don tallafawa shirye-shiryen jin daɗin Liberal.<ref> Jenkins 2001, pp. 157–159</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 205, 210; Jenkins 2001, p. 164</ref> , <ref>Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>] .<ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> ya <ref>Moritz 1958, p. 434; Gilbert 1991, p. 212; Jenkins 2001, p. 181.</ref> A watan Afrilu, Ubangijin Ubangiji ya tuba, kuma kasafin jama'a ya wuce.<ref> Jenkins 2001, pp. 167–168</ref> ya rage kuma ya takura masa<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 216–217</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> shirin sake fasalin gidan yari.<ref>Moritz 1958, p. 429; Gilbert 1991, p. 211; Jenkins 2001, p. 169.</ref> .M<ref>oritz 1958, pp. 428–429; Gilbert 1991, p. 212; Jenkins 2001, p. 179.</ref> s, <ref>Moritz 1958, p. 434; Gilbert 1991, p. 212</ref>to da buqatar gudanar da nishadi sau hudu a shekara.[<ref>Moritz 1958, p. 434; Gilbert 1991, p. 215</ref> <ref>Moritz 1958, p. 434; Gilbert 1991, p. 212; Jenkins 2001, p. 181.</ref> ..<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> An soke daurin mutane masu shekaru tsakanin 16 zuwa 21 sai dai manyan laifuka.<ref> Churchill ya rage ("commuted") 21 dagaMoritz 1958, p. 433; Gilbert 1991, pp. 213–214</ref> cikin mutuwar 43.<ref> Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 221–222</ref> <ref> Jenkins 2001, p. 186</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p.</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> s.<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> ] .<ref> Jenkins 2001</ref> kamar yadda suka karva<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> A keɓe, Churchill yana ɗaukar masu ma'adinai da masu hakar ma'adinai a matsayin "marasa hankali sosai" <ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 221</ref> Times da sauran kafofin watsa labaru sun zarge shi da kasancewa mai laushi a kan masu tayar da hankali;<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 199</ref> ] a cikin .<ref>Rhodes James 1970</ref> Churchill ya haifar da zato na tsawon lokaci na ƙungiyoyin aiki.<ref>Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> A cikin Janairu 1911, <ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 222; Jenkins 2001, pp. 190–191, 193.</ref> ya tsaya tare da 'yan sanda duk da cewa bai jagoranci aikinsu ba.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 224; Jenkins 2001, p. 195</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 224; Jenkins 2001, p. 195</ref>.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 226; Jenkins 2001, pp. 177–178</ref> A cikin .<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 226; Jenkins 2001, pp. 177–178</ref>Ya fitar da siffa[144]. A cikin Afrilu, Lloyd George ya gabatar da dokar inshora ta farko ta kiwon lafiya da rashin aikin yi, Dokar Inshora ta Ƙasa ta 1911, wadda Churchill ya yi amfani da shi wajen tsarawa.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 226; Jenkins 2001, p. 178</ref> A watan Mayu, Clementine ta haifi ɗa na biyu, Randolph, mai suna bayan mahaifin Winston.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 226; Jenkins 2001, p. 178</ref> da gane da karuwar rikicin cikin gida a cikin 1911, Churchill ya aika da sojoji cikin Liverpool don kwantar da masu zanga-zangar adawa da yajin aikin jirgin kasa na kasa<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 202</ref> ==Ubangijin farko na Admiralty== A matsayin Ubangijin Farko na Admiralty, mazaunin Churchill na London shine Admiralty House. A cikin Oktoba 1911, Asquith ya nada Churchill na farko Ubangijin Admiralty, <ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 239; Jenkins 2001, p. 205; Bell 2011, p. 335.</ref> kuma ya zauna a hukumance a Admiralty House.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 249; Jenkins 2001,</ref> Ya halicci rundunar sojan ruwa<ref>Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> da.<ref>.Gilbert 1991, p. 23</ref>Bayan da Jamus ta zartar da doar sojan ruwa ta 1912 don ƙara yawan samar da jiragen ruwa, Churchill ya yi alƙawarin cewa ga kowane sabon jirgin ruwan Jamus, Biritaniya za ta gina biyu.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 243; Bell 2011, p. 336</ref> <ref>Bell 2011</ref> <ref>Rhodes James 1970, pp. 72–74; Gilbert 1991, pp. 304, 310.</ref> Churchill ya yunƙura don samun ƙarin albashi da ƙarin wuraren nishaɗi ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 243–245</ref> ] ƙarin jiragen ruwa, <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 247</ref> da sabunta mayar da hankali kan sabis na jiragen ruwa na Royal Naval, yana ƙarfafa su don gwada yadda za a yi amfani da jirgin sama don dalilai na soja.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 240</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 251</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 253–254; Bell 2011, pp. 342–343</ref> ,<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, pp. 282–285; Jenkins 2001, p. 249.</ref> Batu na tsakiya a Biritaniya shine Dokar Gida ta Irish kuma, a cikin 1912, gwamnatin Asquith ta gabatar da Dokar Gida.<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 260–261</ref> <ref> Jenkins 2001</ref><ref>[162]</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 256; Jenkins 2001, p. 233</ref> <ref> Rhodes James 1970</ref>Neman sulhu, Churchill ya ba da shawarar Ireland ta ci gaba da zama wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Birtaniya, amma wannan ya fusata masu sassaucin ra'ayi da 'yan Irish.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 257–258</ref> ,<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 277</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 277–279</ref> .<ref> ] A ranar 7 ga Oktoba Clementine ta haifi Gilbert 1991, p. 279</ref> na uku, Sarah. karfafawa<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 285</ref> s.<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, p. 286; Jenkins 2001, pp. 250–251.</ref> <ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. </ref> cikin Nuwamba, Asquith ya kira Majalisar Yaƙi ciki har da Churchill.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 289</ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 293, 298–99</ref> Churchill yana sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo na Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma yana so ya rage matsin lamba ga Rashawa a yankin Caucasus ta hanyar kai hare-hare kan Turkiyya a Dardanelles. Ya yi fatan cewa Birtaniya za su iya kwace Konstantinoful[174]. An ba da izini.<ref> Rhodes James 1970, pp. 64–67; Gilbert 1991, pp. 291–292; Jenkins 2001, pp. 255, 261.</ref> <ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 78; Gilbert 1991, p. 309</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 319–320; Jenkins 2001, p. 276</ref> ==Hidimar soja, 1915-1916== Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's Liberal Party shekaru, 1904-1924 <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 342–245</ref> Churchill ya umarci Battalion ta 6, Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1916. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1915, Churchill ya yi murabus daga gwamnati, kodayake ya kasance dan majalisa. Asquith ya ki amincewa da bukatarsa ​​na a nada shi Gwamna-Janar na Birtaniya ta Gabashin Afirka.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 328</ref> Churchill ya yanke shawarar komawa aiki tare da Sojoji kuma an haɗa shi da 2nd Grenadier Guards, a Yammacin Gabar.<ref> ilbert 1991, pp. 329–332</ref> A cikin Janairu 1916, an ƙara masa girma na ɗan lokaci zuwa laftanar-kanar kuma an ba shi umarni na 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers.[<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 340–341</ref> <ref> 29520". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 March 1916. p. 3260.</ref>,<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> ] Churchill ya tsallake rijiya da baya alokacin da, a ziyarar da dan uwansa Duke na Marlborough ya kai masa, wni katon gungu ya fado a tsakaninsu.<ref> Green, David (1980). Guide to Blenheim Palace. Blenheim Palace, UK: The Blenheim Estate Office. p. 17.. The inscribed shrapnel piece was subsequently displayed at Blenheim Palace.</ref> watan Mayu, an haɗa Fusiliers na Royal Scots na 6 zuwa Division na 15. Churchill bai nemi sabon umarni ba, a maimakon haka ya sami izinin barin sabis mai aiki<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 360</ref> matsayi na wucin gadi ya ƙare a ranar 16 ga Mayu 1916, lokacin da ya koma matsayin manyan <ref>. 29753". The London Gazette (Supplement). 16 September 1916. p. 9100.</ref> <ref> James 1970, p. 90; Gilbert 1991, p. 374</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 361, 364–365</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 1916 ne ya rubuta "Mafi girman aikace-aikacen injiniyoyi don gabatar da wani hari a kan ƙasa", amma ya faɗi a kunne.[<ref>Churchill 1927</ref> Ya ji takaicin rashin ofis, amma ‘yan jarida masu goyon bayan Conservative sun zarge shi da laifin bala’in Gallipoli.[<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 86; Gilbert 1991, pp. 361, 363, 367.</ref> ya yi gardama kan kararsa a gaban Hukumar Dardanelles, wanda rahotonta bai dora alhakin gazawar yakin neman zaben ba a kansa da kansa.<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 89; Gilbert 1991, pp. 366, 370.</ref> ==Ministan Al'adu== A cikin Oktoba 1916, Asquith ya yi murabus a matsayin firayim minista kuma Lloyd George ya gaje shi wanda, a cikin Mayu 1917, ya aika Churchill ya duba yunkurin yakin Faransa.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 373</ref> cikin watan Yuli, an nada Churchill a matsayin ministan al'adu<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 90; Gilbert 1991, p. </ref> ]. Ya yi shawarwarin kawo karshen yajin aikin da aka yi a masana'antar harhada bindigogi tare da Clyde da kuma karuwar yawan alburusai.<ref> James 1970, p. 90; Gilbert 1991, p. 374</ref> cikin wasiƙar da ya rubuta a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1917 zuwa ga abokan aikinsa na majalisar ministocin, ya rubuta shirin kai hari a shekara mai zuwa, wanda zai kawo nasara ta ƙarshe ga Ƙungiyoyin Ƙawance.<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 376, 377</ref>Ya kawo karshen yajin aikin na biyu, a watan Yuni 1918, ta hanyayin barazanar shigar da masu yajin aikin soja.<ref> Gilbert1991, pp. 392–393</ref> cikin House of Commons Churchill ya kada kuri'a don goyon bayan dokar wakilcin jama'a ta 1918, wadda ta ba wa wasu mata 'yancin kada kuri'a.<ref> AGilbert 1991, pp. 379–380</ref> cikin Nuwamba 1918, kwana huɗu bayan Armistice, an haifi ɗa na huɗu na Churchill, Marigold.,<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> ==1919-1921== Churchill ya sadu da ma'aikata mata a ayyukan cikawa na Georgetown kusa da Glasgow a cikin Oktoba 1918. Lloyd George ya kira babban zabe na 14 ga Disamba 1918.<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 91; Gilbert 1991, p. 403</ref> lokacin yakin neman zabe, Churchill ya yi kira da a may da layin dogo kasa kasa, da kula da mulkin mallaka, da sake fasalin haraji, da kuma kafa kungiyar kasashen duniya don hana yaƙe-yaƙe.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 404</ref> An mayar da shi a matsayin dan majalisa na Dundee kuma, ko da yake Conservatives ya sami rinjaye, Lloyd George ya kasance a matsayin firaminista.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 404</ref> A cikin Janairu 1919, Lloyd George ya koma Churchill zuwa Ofishin Yaki a matsayin duka Sakataren Yaki da Sakatariyar Harkokin Sama.<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 100; Gilbert 1991, pp. 404–405.</ref> <ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 101; Gilbert 1991, p. 406</ref> Churchill yana daya daga cikin ’yan kalilan din gwamnati da suka yi adawa da tsauraran matakai a kan Jamus, <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 406–407</ref> kuma ya yi gargadi game da ruguza sojojin Jamus, yana mai gargadin cewa za a iya bukatar su a matsayin katangar yaki da Soviet Rasha.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 401</ref> Ya yi kakkausar suka ga gwamnatin jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Vladimir Lenin a Rasha.<ref>Rhodes James 1970</ref> Da farko ya goyi bayan yin amfani da sojojin Burtaniya don taimakawa sojojin farar fata masu adawa da kwaminisanci a yakin basasar Rasha, [<ref>Rhodes James 1970, pp. 102, 104; Gilbert 1991, p. 405.</ref> amma nan da nan ya gane sha'awar mutane na dawo da su gida<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 411–412</ref> Bayan da Soviets suka yi nasara a yakin basasa, Churchill ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da cordon sanitaire a cikin ƙasar.[<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 123; Gilbert 1991, p. 420</ref> A cikin Yaƙin 'Yancin Irish, ya goyi bayan amfani da Baƙar fata da Tans don yaƙar ƴan juyin juya hali na Irish.[<ref>.Rhodes James 1970, pp. 126–127; Gilbert 1991, pp. 422, 425; Jordan 1995, pp. 70–75.</ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 424–425; Douglas 2009, p. 861.</ref> Ya ga mamayar da aka yi wa Iraki a matsain wani maguɗi ne ga Biritaniya, kuma ya ba da shawara, ba tare da samun nasara ba, cewa gwamnati ta mayar da ikonta ga Turkiyya.<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 428</ref> Sakatn Gwamnati na Mallaka: 1921-1922 Churchill a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka yayin ziyararsa zuwa Falasdinu Tilas, Tel Aviv, 1921. Churchill a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka yayin ziyararsa zuwa Falasdinu na wajibi, Tel Aviv, 1921 Babban gidan Churchill shine Chartwell a Kent. Churchill ya zama Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka a cikin Fabrairu 1921.<ref> A wata mai zuwa, baje kolin nasa na farko Gilbert 1991, p. 431</ref> faru ne a birnin Paris, inda Churchill ya baje kolin a karkashin sunan sa.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 431</ref>A watan Mayu, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu, a watan Agusta kuma 'yarsa Marigold, daga sepsis.<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 438, 439</ref> ya mutu sakamakon mutuwar Marld har tsawon rayuwarsa.<ref>Brooks, Richard (28 February 2016). "Churchill's torment over death of two year old daughter laid bare". The Times. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</ref> Churchill ya shiga cikin tattaunawa tare da shugabannin Sinn Féin kuma ya taimaka wajen tsara yarjejeniyar Anglo-Irish.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 441</ref> shi ne ke da alhakin rage tsadar mamayar yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya,<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 431</ref> kuma yana da hannu wajen kafa Faisal I na Iraki da Abdullah I na Jordan.<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 133; Gilbert 1991, pp. 432–434.</ref> Churchill ya yi tattaki zuwa Falasdinu na wajibi inda matsayinsa na mai goyon bayan yahudawan sahyoniya, ya ki amincewa da bukatar Falasdinawa Larabawa na hana hijirar Yahudawa<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 437</ref> ba da izini na wucin gadi bayan tarzomar Jaff<ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 435</ref> A shekara ta 1922 babban zabe.<ref>Herbert G. Nicholas, Winston Churchill at the Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> gidan iyalansa<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> A cikin Oktoba 1922, an yi masa tiyata a cikin appendectomy. Yayin da yake asibiti, kawancen Lloyd George ya wargaje. A babban zaben, Churchill ya rasa kujerar Dundee<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 456</ref> zuwa Ed.<ref> Jenkins 2001, p. 376</ref> an ɗaukaka shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mambobi 50 na Order of the Companions of Honour, kamar yadda mai suna Lloyd George's 1922 Dissolution Honors list.<ref>. 32766". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 November 1922. p. 8017.</ref> ==Daga Majalisa: 1922-1924== Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's Liberal Party shekaru, 1904-1924 Churchill tare da yara Randolph da Diana a 1923<ref>Rhodes James 1970</ref> Churchill ya shafe yawancin watanni shida masu zuwa a Villa Rêve d'Or kusa da Cannes, inda ya sadaukar da kansa wajen yin zane da rubuta abubuwan tarihinsa.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 457</ref> ya rubuta tarihin tarihin yakin, The World Crisis. An buga juzu'in farko a watan Afrilu 1923 sauran kuma a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 456</ref> batan da aka kira babban zaɓe na 1923, ƙungiyoyi bakwai masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun nemi Churchill ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takararsu, kuma ya zaɓi Leicester West, amma bai yi nasara ba<ref>.Rhodes James 1970, pp. 150–151; Gilbert 1991, p. 459; Jenkins 2001, pp. 382–384.</ref> Gwamnatin Labour karkashin jagorancin Ramsay MacDonald ta karbi mulki. Churchill ya yi fatan za a ci nasara a hannun kawancen Conservative-Liberal.<ref>Rhodes James 1970, pp. 150–151; Gilbert 1991, p. 459; Jenkins 2001, pp. 382–384.</ref> Ya yi kakkausar suka ga matakin da gwamnatin MacDonald ta dauka na ba da rancen kudi ga Tarayyar Soviet kuma ya ji tsoron sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Anglo-Soviet<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 462–463</ref> <ref>Bromage, Mary (1964), Churchill and Ireland, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IL, pg 108, Library of Congress Catalog Card Number</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 469</ref> amma aka ci shi<ref> Rhodes James 1970, pp. 151–153; Gilbert 1991, pp. 460–461.</ref> watan Mayu, ya yi jawabi a taron masura'ayin mazan jiya a Liverpool kuma ya bayyana cewa babu sauran gurbi ga jam'iyyar Liberal a cikin siyasa. Ya ce dole ne masu sassaucin ra'ayi su goyi bayan masu ra'ayin mazan jiya don dakatar da Labour da kuma tabbatar da "nasara na nasarar gurguzu"<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 154; Gilbert 1991, p. 462</ref> a watan Yuli, ".<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 154; Gilbert 1991, pp. 462–463; Ball 2001, p. 311.</ref>Yan Conservatives sun yi nasara, kuma Baldwin ya kafa sabuwar gwamnati. Duk da cewa Churchill ba shi da ilimin kudi ko tattalin arziki, Baldwin ya nada shi a matsayin Chancellor.<ref>Rhodes James 1970, pp. 155, 158; Gilbert 1991, p. 465.</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 468–489</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 477–479</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 480</ref> =="Shekarun Daji": 1929-1939== Babban labarin: Winston Churchill's "Wilderness" shekaru, 1929-1939 Tambayar Marlborough da Indiya: 1929-1932 <ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 404</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 467</ref> ] A bayan ofis, Churchill ya kasance mai saurin kamuwa da baƙin ciki (“baƙar karensa”) amma ya magance n ta hanyar rubutu.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 467</ref> a fara aiki akan Marlborough: Rayuwarsa da Zamaninsa, tarihin kakansa John Churchill, Duke na Marlorough na 1st.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 491.</ref>I] Ya sami suna don kasancewa mai yawahan giya, kodayake Jenkins ya yi imanin cewa galibi ana yin karin gishiri.<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 443.</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001, pp. 421–423</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 491</ref> A cikin Janairu 1931, Churchill ya yi murabus daga Conservative Shadow Cabinet saboda Baldwin ya goyi bayan matakin gwamnati na ba da Matsayin Dominion ga Indiya.[<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> Ya kasance yana adawa da Mohandas Gandhi, wanda ya yi la'akari da shi "lauyan tsattsauran ra'ayi mai tayar da hankali, wanda yanzu ya nuna a matsayin fakir" <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> Ra'ayinsa ya harzuka ra'ayin jam'iyyar Labour da Liberal, ko da yake ya samu goyon bayan jama'a da yawa na Conservatives.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 499–500</ref> <ref> Gilbert 1991</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 502–503</ref> Ya fara rangadin lacca a Arewacin Amurka, yana fatan dawo da asarar kudi da aka samu a hadarin Wall Street<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 443</ref> <ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> A ranar 13 ga Disamba, yana wucewa ta Fifth Avenue a New York lokacin da wata mota ta fado masa, yana fama da ciwon kai wanda ya kamu da cutar neuritis.<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> Don .<ref> Jenkins 2001, pp. 443–444</ref>Ya koma Amurka a karshen watan Janairun 1932 kuma ya kammala mafi yawan laccoci kafin ya isa gida a ranar 18 ga Maris<ref>Jenkins 2001</ref> 253] A cikin?"<ref>Jenkins 2001, p. 445</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya ziyarci Blenheim, zazzabin paratyphoid ya kamu da Churchill kuma ya shafe makonni biyu a wani ɗakin kiwon lafiya a Salzburg<ref> Meeting Hitler, 1932". The Churchill Project. Hillsdale, Missouri: Hillsdale College. 5 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 Apil 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.</ref> <ref> Jenkins 2001, pp. 445–446</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 508–509</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 513–515, 530–531</ref> ==Gargadi game da Jamus da rikicin murabus:== 1933-1936 Bayan da Hitler ya hau kan karagar mulki a watan Janairun 1933, Churchill ya yi gaggawar gane barazanar irin wannan gwamnati, kuma ya nuna fargabar cewa gwamnatin Birtaniya ta rage yawan kudaden da ake kashewa na sojojin sama, ya kuma yi gargadin cewa nan ba da jimawa ba Jamus za ta mamaye Biritaniya wajen samar da sojojin sama.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 508–509</ref>]<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 513–515, 530–531</ref> <ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, p. 286; Jenkins 2001, pp. 250–251.</ref> Ya yi magana game da damuwarsa a cikin watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo a watan Nuwamba 1934, <ref> Jenkins 2001, pp. 479–480</ref>bayan ya yi Allah wadai da rashin haƙuri da yaƙi da 'yan Nazi a cikin House of Commons <ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 533</ref> da Churchill ya dauki mulkin Mussolini a matsayin katanga daga barazanar juyin juya halin gurguzu, ya yi adawa da mamayewar Italiya na Habasha,<ref>The International Situation". Hansard. 5th. Westminster: House of Commons. 24 October 1935. pp. 357–369. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. We cannot afford to see Nazidom in its present phase of cruelty and intolerance, with all its hatreds and all its gleaming weapons, paramount in Europe</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 544</ref> <ref>The International Situation". Hansard. 5th. Westminster: House of Commons. 24 October 1935. pp. 357–369. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021. No one can keep up the pretence that Abyssinia is a fit, worthy</ref> ,<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 408.</ref> Tsakanin Oktoba 1933 da Satumba 1938, an buga littattafai huɗu na Marlborough: Rayuwarsa da Zamaninsa kuma an sayar da su da kyau.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 522, 533, 563, 594</ref>I A cikin Disamba 1934, Dokar Indiya ta shia majalisa kuma aka zartar a cikin Fabrairu 1935. Churchill da wasu 'yan majalisa 83 masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da shi.<ref> Gilbert 1991, p. 279</ref> watan Yuni 1935, MacDonald ya yi murabus kuma Baldwin ya gaje shi a matsayin firayim minista.[262] Daga nan Baldwin ya jagoranci jam'iyyar Conservatives zuwa nasara a babban zaben 1935; Churchill ya ci gaba da zama, amma an sake barinsa daga gwamnati.<ref> A cikin Janairu 1936, Edward VIII ya gajGilbert 1991, p. 285</ref> mahaifinsa, George V, a matsayin sarki. Sha'awarsa ta auren wata Ba'amurke da ta sake aure, Wallis Simpson, ta haifar da rikicin barin gado.<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, pp. 282–285; Jenkins 2001, p. 249.</ref> ya goyi bayan Edward kuma ya yi karo da Baldwin kan batun<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, p. 286; Jenkins 2001, pp. 250–251.</ref> haka, ko da yake Churchill nan da nan ya yi alkawarin yin biyayya ga George VI, ya rubuta cewa murabus din ya kasance "wanda bai kai ba kuma mai yiwuwa bai zama dole b<ref>Rhodes James 1970, p. 62; Gilbert 1991, p. 286; Jenkins 2001, pp. 250–251.</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill#CITEREFRhodes_James1970</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, p. 328</ref> ==Ƙaddamarwa: 1937-1939== Churchill da Neville Chamberlain, babban mai ba da shawara A cikin Mayu 1937, Baldwin ya yi murabus kuma Neville Chamberlain ya gaje shi a matsayin Firayim Minista. Da farko Churchill ya yi maraba da nadin Chamberlain amma, a cikin watan Fabrairun 1938, al'amura sun ci karo da juna bayan Sakataren Harkokin Waje Anthony Eden ya yi murabus kan neman yardar Chamberlain na Mussolini,<ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> manufar da Chamberlain ke mikawa Hitler.<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 293, 298–</ref> cikin 1938, Churchill ya gargadi gwamnati game da kwantar da hankali kuma ya yi kira da a dauki matakin gama kai don dakgwile ta'asar Jamus.[<ref>Rhodes James 1970, pp. 64–67; Gilbert 1991, pp. 291–292; Jenkins 2001, pp. 255, 261.</ref> <ref>Rhodes James 1970</ref> nagaBayan Anschluss, Churchill ya yi magana a cikin House of Commons: <ref>Gilbert 1991</ref> Ya fara yin kira da a kulla yarjejeniyar kare juna tsakanin kasashen Turai da ke fuskantar barazanar fadada Jamus, yana mai cewa wannan ita ce kadai hanyar da za a iya dakatar da Hitler<ref> Rhodes James 1970, p. 79; Gilbert 1991, pp. 316–316; Jenkins 2001, pp. 273–274.</ref> A watan Satumba, Jamus ta shirya don mamaye Sudetenland a cikin Czechoslovakia.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 319–320; Jenkins 2001, p. 276</ref> Churchill ya ziyarci Chamberlain kuma ya buace shi ya gaya wa Jamus cewa Birtaniya za ta kaddamar da yaki idan Jamusawa suka mamaye yankin Czechoslovak; Chamberlain bai yarda ya yi haka ba.<ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 329–332</ref> A ranar 30 ga Satumba, Chamberlain ya rattaba hannu kan yerjejeniyar Munich, tare da amincewa da ba da izinin shigar da Jamusanci na Sudetenland. Da yake magana a cikin House of Commons a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, Churchill ya kira yarjejeniyar "cikakkiyar kashin da ba a yankewa ba".[<ref> Gilbert 1991, pp. 340–341</ref>] Bayan wargajewar jam'iyyar Czechoslovakia a watan Maris na 1939, Churchill da magoya bayansa sun yi kira da a kafa kawancen kasa. Sakamakon shahararsa ya karu.<ref> 29520". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 March 1916. p. 3260.</ref> <ref>Gilbert 1991, pp. 342–245</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 1965]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> lstspoxrx7a7qwcviag4j4rha0z950q 0 41230 976048 968166 2026-11-05T08:59:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976048 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{MapLibrary|Nigeria_sat.png|Nigeria}} [[File:LocationNigeria.svg|thumb|Yanayin Najeriya]]{{Databox}} {{MapLibrary|Nigeria_sat.png|Nigeria}}[[Najeriya]] ƙasa ce a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . Yana da iyakoki ƙasa tare da Jamhuriyar [[Benin]] a yamma, [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Kamaru]] a gabas, da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] a arewa.<ref name="nationsonline.org">{{Cite web |last=nationsonline.org |first=klaus kästle- |title=Nigeria - Country Profile - Nations Online Project |url=http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/nigeria.htm |access-date=2022-10-03 |website=www.nationsonline.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Yankin tekun yana kan [[Tekun Guinea]] a kudu kuma yana kan iyakar [[Tabkin Chadi|Tafkin Chadi]] zuwa arewa maso gabas. Shahararrun siffofin ƙasa a Najeriya sun haɗa da Adamawa Plateau, Mambilla Plateau, [[Jos Plateau]], Obudu Plateau, [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]], [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]], da Neja Delta. Najeriya tana cikin [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|wurare masu zafi]], inda yanayin yake da zafi sosai kuma yana da zafi a lokacin. Najeriya tana da [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Nau'ikan yanayi]] guda huɗu; waɗannan nau'ikan yanayin suna yawanci daga kudu zuwa arewa. Babban koguna na Najeriya shine Nijar, daga inda ya sami sunansa, da Benue, babban mai ba da gudummawa ga Nijar. Matsayi mafi tsawo a kasar shine [[Chappal Waddi]] (ko Gangirwal) a mita 2,419 ko ƙafa 7,936, wanda ke cikin tsaunukan Adamawa a cikin Gashaka-Gumti Public Park, Jihar Taraba, a kan iyaka da [[Kamaru]]. <ref name="nationsonline.org" /> Babban birnin Najeriya shine Abuja, wanda ke tsakiyar kasar, yayin da Legas ita ce babbar tashar jiragen ruwa ta kasar, cibiyar kudi da birni mafi girma. Sadarwa a cikin yaruka sune Turanci (na hukuma), [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], [[Harshen Ibo|Ibo]], da [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language data for Nigeria |url=https://translatorswithoutborders.org/language-data-nigeria/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=Translators without Borders |language=en-US}}</ref> An tantance cewa Najeriya tana da kusan tarurruka 250 daban-daban na kabilanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - Languages, Dialects, Ethnicities {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria/Languages |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan yankin == ; Area :* Total: {{Convert|923,768|km2}} :** ''country rank in the world:'' 31st :* Land: {{Convert|910,770|km2}} :* Water: {{Convert|13,000|km2}} ; Yankin kwatankwacin :* Kwatanta Ostiraliya: dan kadan karami fiye da Kudancin OstiraliyaKudancin Australia :* Kwatanta Kanada: dan kadan karami fiye da [[British Columbia]] :* Kwatanta Amurka: dan kadan kasa da sau uku na girman [[New Mexico]] == Yanayi == The tropical monsoon climate,[1] designated by the Köppen climate classification as Am, is found in the southern part of the country.[2] This climate is influenced by the monsoons originating from the South Atlantic Ocean, which are brought into the country by the (maritime tropical) MT air mass, a warm moist sea-to-land seasonal wind. Its warmth and high humidity gives it a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious rainfall, which is a result of the condensation of water vapour in the rapidly rising air.[3] The tropical monsoon climate has a very small temperature range. The temperature ranges are almost constant throughout the year; for example, Warri in the southern part of Nigeria records a maximum of 28 °C (82.4 °F) for its hottest month while its lowest temperature is 26 °C (78.8 °F) in its coldest month.[4] Yankin kudancin Najeriya yana fuskantar ruwan sama mai yawa. Wadannan guguwa yawanci suna da convectional a cikin yanayi saboda kusanci da yankin zuwa belin equatorial. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara da aka samu a wannan yankin yana da yawa sosai. Sassan Neja Delta suna karɓar sama da 4,000 millimeters ko 160 inci na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara, yayin da kudu maso gabas ke karɓar tsakanin 2,000 da 3,000 millimeters (80 da 120 in). Yankin kudancin Najeriya yana fuskantar ruwan sama sau biyu tare da manyan tsaunuka biyu. Lokacin ruwan sama na farko ya fara ne a watan Maris, ya ƙare a watan Yuni. Lokacin hutun watan Agusta, ɗan gajeren lokacin bushewa, ya biyo baya, ya biyo bayan ɗan gajeren ruwan sama a watan Satumba da kuma dogon lokacin bushewa a watan Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate &#124; Cometonigeria.com |url=http://www.cometonigeria.com/nigeria/climate.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511223039/http://www.cometonigeria.com/nigeria/climate.html |archive-date=2011-05-11 |access-date=2011-05-27}}</ref> [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_NGA_present.svg|thumb|300x300px|Taswirar rarraba yanayi ta Köppen ta Najeriya]] Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi, wanda ke da yanayi daban-daban na ruwan sama da bushewa, ya mamaye yamma zuwa tsakiyar Najeriya. Yana da mafi girma guda ɗaya a lokacin rani kuma yana da yanayin zafi sama da {{Convert|18|°C|1}} ° .4 ° F. Abuja, babban birnin Najeriya, yana fuskantar yanayin zafin jiki na 18.45 zuwa 36.9 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Publications |url=https://iahs.info/Publications-News/ |website=iahs.info}}</ref> Lokacin fari yana faruwa daga Disamba zuwa Maris kuma yana da zafi kuma ya bushe tare da iskar Harmattan, iska mai zafi (CT) mai cike da ƙura daga [[Sahara]], wanda ke da rinjaye a duk wannan lokacin. Tare da Yankin Haɗuwa na Intertropical da ke juyawa zuwa arewacin Yammacin Afirka daga Kudancin Hemisphere a watan Afrilu, ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da ke fitowa daga girgije na pre-monsoonal galibi a cikin nau'ikan layin da aka fi sani da arewa maso gabas da aka kafa galibi sakamakon hulɗar manyan iska guda biyu a Najeriya da aka sani da na teku (kudu maso gabas), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adedoyin, J. A. |year=1989 |title=Initiation of West African squall lines |journal=Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=99–103 |bibcode=1989MAP....41...99A |doi=10.1007/BF01043455 |s2cid=120630646}}</ref> ya fara a tsakiyar Najeriya yayin da ruwan sama mai yawa da ke rufewa zuwa kudancin Najeriya a watan Yuli, yana kawowa mai nauyi da yawa, yana rufewa mai nauyi a hankali zuwa kudancin arewacin Najeriya. Jimlar ruwan sama a tsakiyar Najeriya ya bambanta daga {{Convert|1100|mm|in|1}} in) ƙasƙanci zuwa sama da {{Convert|2000|mm|in|1}} in) tare da kudancin yammacin dutsen [[Jos Plateau]]. Yanayin zafi mai zafi (''BSh'') ya fi yawa a cikin [[Sahel]] a arewacin Najeriya. Adadin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ba shi da yawa. Lokacin ruwan sama a arewacin Najeriya yana da tsawon watanni uku zuwa hudu (Yuni zuwa Satumba). Sauran shekara tana da zafi kuma ta bushe tare da yanayin zafi yana hawa har zuwa {{Convert|40|°C|°F|1}} ° C (104.0 ° F). [[Masarautar Potiskum|Potiskum]], [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ta rubuta mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na Najeriya na {{Convert|2.8|C|F}} ° C (37.0 ° F). Ana samun yanayin tsaunuka a yankunan tsaunuka na Najeriya. Highlands sama da mita 1,520 (4,987 sama da matakin teku suna da sanyi sosai don isa layin yanayi mai matsakaici a cikin wurare masu zafi don haka suna ba da tsaunuka, duwatsu da Yankunan tsaunuka da ke tsaye sama da wannan tsawo, yanayin dutse mai sanyi. === Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara === 8 Rainfall in the coastal belt of the Niger Delta is heavy due to the closeness of the Delta region to the equator. Annual rainfall totals vary from {{Convert|2,400|mm|in|0}} at [[Port Harcourt]] to as much as {{Convert|4,870|mm|in|0}} at [[Forcados]], a coastal town in the Niger Delta, {{Convert|4,200|mm|in|0}} at [[Bonny (Rivers)|Bonny]], and {{Convert|3,070|mm|in|0}} in [[Kalaba|Calabar]], the rainiest city with over one million people in Nigeria. As one moves northward and eastward, annual rainfall declines steadily to around {{Convert|650|mm|in|0}} at [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]] in the northwest and as low as {{Convert|400|mm|in|0}} in the extreme north of [[Yobe]] and [[Borno|Borno States]], which under the sweltering conditions that prevail is dry enough to be a hot arid climate ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] ''BWh''). === Iska ta kasuwanci === ==== Rashin iska na teku ==== Jirgin ruwa na wurare masu zafi (MT) yana da alhakin lokacin ruwan sama na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography of Nigeria {{!}} Naija Motion |url=http://www.naijamotion.com/mockup/about-nigeria/geography-of-nigeria/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901113246/http://www.naijamotion.com/mockup/about-nigeria/geography-of-nigeria/ |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan iska ta fara ne a watan Fabrairu a kudancin Najeriya yayin da yake ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don iska ta rufe duk ƙasar, ta kai arewacin Najeriya a watan Yuni. Kasancewarsa sakamakon koma arewacin Harmattan ne. Komawa zuwa arewa na iska mai zafi (CT) ya haifar da canjin rana zuwa arewa daga wurare masu zafi na capricorn a kudancin kudancin zuwa wurare masu zafi nke ciwon daji a arewacin arewa. Wannan canjin yana farawa daga Fabrairu kuma yana ƙare a watan Yuni, lokacin da rana ta cika a kan zafi na ciwon daji. A lokacin wannan ƙaura zuwa arewacin rana sakamakon karkatar da ƙasa tare da axis dinta, rana ta haye ma'auni (a kusa da Maris), tana motsawa a Yammacin Afirka. Yammacin Afirka yana zuwa kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin rana a wannan lokacin. Dukan Yammacin Afirka yana da zafi sosai sakamakon karuwar rana. Yanayin zafi na iya hawa har zuwa {{Convert|35|°C|°F|1}} ° C (95.0 ° F) a Yammacin Afirka a wannan lokacin. Yanayin zafi a arewacin Najeriya na iya kaiwa sama da {{Convert|48|°C|°F|1}} ° C (118.4 ° F) a biranen kamar [[Maiduguri]]. Babban yanayin zafi da karuwar insolation suna haifar da matsin lamba a Yammacin Afirka da Najeriya tsakanin Maris da Mayu. Rashin iska na nahiyar Sahara yana raunana saboda yawan zafin ƙasa, yana haifar da yanayi ya fadada kuma ya zama mai sauƙi. Rashin iska ya koma baya, kuma hasken rana ya shiga cikin yanayin Najeriya da karfi fiye da lokacin Harmattan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2010 |title=Nigeria: Late dust (harmattan) storm covers the country (Google / AP) |url=http://desertification.wordpress.com/2010/03/25/late-dust-storm-covers-nigeria-google-ap/ |website=wordpress.com}}</ref> Rashin dumama na Yammacin Afirka ya haifar da yankin da ke da matsin lamba a Yammacin Afrika. Wannan yankin matsin lamba yana taimakawa wajen bunkasa iska mai zafi daga kudancin Atlantic. Jirgin iska na teku mai zafi yana da zafi, mai laushi kuma ba shi da kwanciyar hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Mass |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/air-mass |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> Ruwa na convection yana samuwa a cikin iska a duk lokacin da akwai rashin daidaituwa a cikin iska sakamakon dan kadan zuwa babban tsawo a yankunan tsaunuka kamar Obudu Plateau ko dumama ƙasar wanda zai iya haifar da samar da girgije na cumulonimbus wanda ke haifar da tsawa a cikin iska.A lokacin mamayewar iska ta teku, safiya tana da haske da rana, hasken rana na ƙasa da safe da yamma yana saita raƙuman ruwa, waɗannan raƙuman suna tashi tsaye, ana samar da girgije na cumulonimbus, kuma ruwan sama na iya faruwa da rana. Ruwa na gabas na Afirka wani babban mai ba da gudummawa ne na ruwan sama a lokacin bazara na watan Mayu zuwa Satumba. Yanayin wannan guguwa yana canzawa a kusan digiri 15 na arewa. Raƙuman ruwa da ke wucewa kudu da wannan latitude suna ɗauke da danshi kuma suna haifar da convection wanda ke haifar da girgije.<ref>{{Cite web |last=College Park MD (SPX) |date=Jun 11, 2004 |title=EARTH OBSERVATION Researchers Seeing Double On African Monsoons |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/news/eo-04zzf.html |access-date=27 May 2011 |publisher=SPACE MEDIA NETWORK PROMOTIONS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=About the Country Nigeria |url=http://www.canuk.org.uk/aboutnigeria.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316152855/http://www.canuk.org.uk/aboutnigeria.aspx |archive-date=16 March 2011 |access-date=27 May 2011 |publisher=CANUK}}</ref> Yanayin Najeriya a cikin ɓangaren rigar gabas na raƙuman ruwa a kudu da digiri 15 na arewacin latitude yana haifar da yanayin yanayi mai laushi ga Najeriya, musamman a lokacin ruwan sama. ==== Rashin iska na nahiyar ==== Jirgin iska na wurare masu zafi, wanda aka fi sani da Harmattan, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Harmattan {{!}} Origin, Effects, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/harmattan |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> iska ce da ta samo asali daga [[Arewacin Afirka]] wanda ke haye Sahara zuwa Yammacin Afirka. Lokacin fari na Najeriya daga Disamba zuwa Maris ya mamaye iska mai ƙura mai zafi, wanda ke haifar da hazo kuma yana hana ganuwa. Ya samo asali ne a kusa da ma'auni, yana haifar da ƙura maimakon hazo. Duk da tasirinsa akan sufuri, karancin danshi yana taimaka wa manoma bushe amfanin gonar su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> === Yanayin zafi === Lokacin Najeriya da bambancin zafin jiki an ƙayyade su ne ta hanyar ruwan sama tare da lokacin ruwan sama da lokacin fari kasancewa manyan lokutan a Najeriya. Lokacin ruwan sama na Najeriya yana kawo ɗan sanyi zuwa ƙasar sakamakon karuwar girgije wanda ke aiki a matsayin toshewar hasken rana mai ƙarfi na wurare masu zafi ta hanyar toshe yawancin hasken rana a lokacin ruwan sama (da kuma kama wasu zafi a ƙasa, yana sa ba ya sanyi sosai); wannan kuma iskõki sama da ƙasa suna da sanyi don haka suna yin sanyi a lokacin ruwan kasa. Duk da cewa yanayin zafi ya fi sanyi a lokacin ruwan sama, lokacin ruwan sama yana da karuwar zafin jiki da dare idan aka kwatanta da lokacin fari. Har ila yau, da yamma a lokacin ruwan sama na iya zama mai zafi da zafi. A lokacin ruwan sama yana da danshi, kuma ruwan sama yawanci yana da yawa. The dry season of Nigeria is a period of less cloud cover in the southern part of Nigeria to virtually no cloud cover in the northern part of Nigeria. The Sun shines through the atmosphere with little obstructions from the clear skies making the dry season in Nigeria a period of warmer weather conditions. In the middle of the dry season around December, the dust brought in by the Harmattan partially blocks the sun's rays, which lowers temperatures. But with the withdrawal of this wind around March to April following the onset of the rainy season, temperatures can go as high as {{Convert|44|°C|°F|1}} in some parts of Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria Weather |url=http://www.nigeria-weather.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326173036/http://www.nigeria-weather.com/ |archive-date=2011-03-26 |access-date=2011-05-03}}</ref> Yanayin yanayi na matsakaici ya mamaye tsaunuka a [[tsakiyar Najeriya]] sama da mita 1,200 (3,937 sama da matakin teku, wato [[Jos Plateau]]. Yanayin zafi a kan tsaunin Jos yana tsakanin 16 da 25 ° C (61 da 77 ° F) wanda yake da sanyi a duk shekara. Yanayin yanayi mai sanyi yana faruwa a tsaunuka tare da iyakar Najeriya Kamaru, a gabashin Najeriya. Highlands a cikin waɗannan yankin sun kai matsakaicin tsawo fiye da {{Convert|1524|m|ft|0}} m (5,000 zuwa wasu tsaye sama da mita 2,000 (6,562 sama da matakin teku. Yanayin yanayi a kan waɗannan tsaunuka yana da matsakaici a duk shekara. Manyan tsaunuka a wannan yankin sune Obudu Plateau sama da {{Convert|1584|m|ft|0}} m (5,197 , Mambilla Plateau sama le {{Convert|1524|m|ft|0}} m (5,000 da Mt. Chappal Waddi sama da {{Convert|2000|m|ft|0}} . === Misalan === {{Weather box}}{{Weather box}}{{Weather box}}{{Weather box}}{{Weather box}} [[File:Nigeria_Topography.png|left|thumb|Yanayin Najeriya]] Yankin da ya fi girma a Najeriya shine na kwarin Neja da Benue River, waɗanda suka haɗu da juna kuma suka samar da haɗuwa mai siffar "y" a [[Lokoja]]. Filayen sun tashi zuwa arewacin kwarin. A kudu maso yammacin Nijar akwai [[Tudun kasa|tsaunuka]] masu tsawo, kuma a kudu maso gabashin tsaunuka da duwatsu na Benue suna samuwa har zuwa iyakar da Kamaru. Ana samun Filayen bakin teku a kudu maso yamma da kudu maso gabas. === Delta na Nijar === Kogin Neja yana cikin kudancin Najeriya. Yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna masu kama da fan a duniya. Yankin kogi na Neja Delta wani bel ne na bakin teku na maras kyau da ke kan iyaka da Tekun Atlantika. Yankunan mangrove sune Filayen ruwa masu tsayi waɗanda aka kafa ta hanyar tsarin reticulate na koguna masu haɗuwa da koguna na Kogin Neja. Kimanin kashi 70% na man fetur da iskar gas na Najeriya sun fito ne daga yankin. Wani bincike na nesa na duniya na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa akwai km2 sq na filayen ruwa a Najeriya, yana mai da shi ƙasa ta 27 a cikin yanayin yankin filayen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murray |first=N.J. |last2=Phinn |first2=S.R. |last3=DeWitt |first3=M. |last4=Ferrari |first4=R. |last5=Johnston |first5=R. |last6=Lyons |first6=M.B. |last7=Clinton |first7=N. |last8=Thau |first8=D. |last9=Fuller |first9=R.A. |date=2019 |title=The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0805-8 |journal=Nature |volume=565 |issue=7738 |pages=222–225 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8 |pmid=30568300 |s2cid=56481043 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Shuke-shuke == [[File:Nigeria_veg_1979.jpg|right|thumb|Taswirar shuke-shuke na Najeriya.]] Najeriya tana rufe da nau'ikan ciyayi guda uku(3): gandun daji (inda akwai manyan bishiyoyi), savannahs (marasa bishiyoyi, tare da ciyawa da furanni da ke tsakanin bishiyoyi), da kuma ƙasar montane (ƙananan da aka saba da ita kuma galibi ana samun ta a cikin duwatsu kusa da iyakar Kamaru). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniel |first=Mfonobong |date=2020-09-22 |title=Vegetation Zones in Nigeria And Their Characteristics |url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/vegetation-zones-in-nigeria/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210113329/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/vegetation-zones-in-nigeria/ |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Nigerian Infopedia |language=en-US}}</ref> Dukkanin yankin gandun daji da yankin savannah sun kasu kashi uku.<ref name="gai4">{{Cite web |title=The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria |url=http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328172528/http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard4.html |archive-date=2010-03-28 |access-date=2007-08-13 |website=Geographical Alliance of Iowa |publisher=[[University of Northern Iowa]]}}</ref> Yankin savannah guda uku sun kasu kashi uku zuwa gandun daji-savanna mosaic na Guinea, wanda ya ƙunshi filayen ciyawa mai tsawo wanda itatuwa suka katse, mafi yawanci a duk faɗin ƙasar; Sudan savannah, tare da gajerun ciyawa da gajerar itatuwa; da [[Sahel]] savannah patches na ciyawa da yashi, wanda aka samo a arewa maso gabas.<ref name="gai4" /> === Ilimin muhalli na shuke-shuke === Najeriya tana da nau'ikan bishiyoyi da yawa, wadanda mafi yawansu 'yan asalin ne yayin da kaɗan ne masu ban sha'awa. Babban kashi na gandun daji da mutum ya yi a kasar ya mamaye nau'o'in halittu masu ban sha'awa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Onefeli |first=Alfred |last2=Adesoye |first2=Peter |date=2014-06-23 |title=Early Growth Assessment of Selected Exotic and Indigenous Tree Species in Nigeria |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/123295 |journal=South-East European Forestry |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=45–51 |doi=10.15177/seefor.14-06 |issn=1847-6481 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan ya ƙare daga zaton cewa bishiyoyi masu ban sha'awa suna girma da sauri. Koyaya, binciken ya kuma bincika ci gaban bishiyoyi na asali tare da na nau'o'in halittu masu ban sha'awa. Saboda yawan amfani, sauran yanayin halittu da gandun daji na farko a Najeriya an ƙuntata su ne ga wuraren da aka kare wanda ya haɗa da ajiyar halittu guda ɗaya, wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa guda bakwai, wurin Tarihin Duniya guda ɗaya, 12 Strict Nature Reserves (SNRs), wuraren ajiyar wasanni 32 / wuraren kare namun daji, da daruruwan wuraren ajiyar gandun daji. Wadannan sun hada da wuraren kiyayewa da yawa kamar su arboreta, lambunan botanical, lambunan zoological, da bankunan kwayoyin halitta da cibiyoyin bincike da yawa ke sarrafawa <ref name=":122">{{Cite journal |last=Kallah |first=Muh. S |last2=Bale |first2=J. O |last3=Abdullahi |first3=U. S |last4=Muhammad |first4=I. R |last5=Lawal |first5=R |date=2000-04-10 |title=Nutrient composition of native forbs of semi-arid and dry sub-humid savannas of Nigeria |journal=Animal Feed Science and Technology |language=en |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=137–145 |doi=10.1016/S0377-8401(99)00131-5 |issn=0377-8401}}</ref> [[File:Palm-tree-plantation--at-Kwale--Delta-state--beside-OPAC-Refinery-.jpg|thumb|Shuka dabino a [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]]]] A cikin tsaunuka masu bushewa da bushewa na Yammacin Afirka, gami da Najeriya, an san nau'o'in nau'o-nau'i masu yawa musamman daga jinsunan Crotalaria, ''Alysicarpus'', ''Cassia'' da ''Ipomea'' da ake amfani da su sosai a cikin samar da dabbobi. Sau da yawa ana cire su ko yanka su kuma ana ciyar da su a matsayin sabo ko abinci mai kiyayewa. Amfani da waɗannan da sauran ganye da yawa da ke girma ta halitta a cikin yanayin gona yana da dama.<ref name=":122" /> Sauran nau'o'in da suka fito a Najeriya, gami da soya da nau'ikansa, suna aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar tushen mai da furotin a wannan yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soybean (Glycine max) |url=https://www.iita.org/cropsnew/soybean-3/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=www.iita.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103051952/https://www.iita.org/cropsnew/soybean-3/ |archive-date=2023-11-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai tsire-tsire da yawa tare da dalilai na magani waɗanda ake amfani da su don taimakawa magani a cikin gabobin da yawa. Wasu daga cikin wadannan ciyayi sun hada da ''Euphorbiaceae'', wanda ke aiki da manufar taimakawa zazzabin cizon sauro, cututtukan gastrointestinal bi da bi da sauran cututtuka da yawa. Abubuwa daban-daban na damuwa kamar fari, ƙananan abubuwan gina jiki na ƙasa da kuma kamuwa da kwari sun ba da gudummawa ga shuke-shuke na Masara kasancewa wani ɓangare na aikin gona a wannan yankin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olaoye |first=G |date=2010-02-15 |title=Evaluation of new generations of maize streak virus (msv) resistant varieties for grain yield, agronomic potential and adaptation to a southern guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria |journal=Agro-Science |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.4314/as.v8i2.51107 |issn=1119-7455 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yayinda masana'antu ta karu, ya kuma sanya nau'ikan bishiyoyi a cikin gandun daji cikin haɗarin gurɓata iska kuma binciken ya nuna cewa a wasu sassan Najeriya, bishiyoyi sun nuna haƙuri kuma suna girma a yankunan da ke da gurɓataccen iska <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agbaire |first=P. O. |last2=Esiefarienrhe |first2=E. |date=2009 |title=Air Pollution tolerance indices (apti) of some plants around Otorogun Gas Plant in Delta State, Nigeria. |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jasem/article/view/55251 |journal=Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |doi=10.4314/jasem.v13i1.55251 |issn=1119-8362 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Albarkatun halitta da amfani da ƙasa == albarkatun kasa na Najeriya sun hada da amma ba a iyakance su ga [[Danyen mai|man fetur]], tin, [[columbite]], ƙarfe, kwal, dutse, gubar, [[zinc]], iskar gas, wutar lantarki, da [[Kasar da ta Dace da Noma|ƙasa mai noma]] ba. Wannan jerin manyan abubuwan [[Najeriya]] ne, abubuwan da suka fi arewa, kudu, gabas ko yamma fiye da kowane wuri. * Yankin arewacin - wurin da ba a san shi ba a kan iyaka da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] nan da nan arewa maso yammacin garin [[Chadawa]], [[Sokoto (jiha)|Jihar Sokoto]]. * Gabashin Gabas - wurin da ba a san shi ba a kan iyaka da [[Kamaru]] nan da nan a gabashin ƙauyen [[Munyego]], [[Borno|Jihar Borno]]. * Yankin kudu - ba a san sunansa ba a kudu da garin [[Egeregere]], [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]]. * Yammacin Yamma - wurin da ba a san shi ba a kan iyaka da [[Benin|Jamhuriyar Benin]] nan da nan a gabashin garin Beninoise na [[Jabata, Nigeria|Jabata]], [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]]. == Dubi kuma == * ISO 3166-2:NG * [[Canjin yanayi a Najeriya]] * [[Yankunan Najeriya|Rarrabawar gudanarwa na Najeriya]] * [[Ruwa mai zafi a Najeriya]] * [[Yanayin Najeriya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4rtg98kws75u6wlq0agc7ccvh7e6dzx 0 41665 975831 884249 2026-11-04T13:24:23Z Makenzis 8913 /* FK Riteriai */ 975831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Futbolo klubas Riteriai''', wanda aka fi sani da '''FK Riteriai''', ko kuma kawai Riteriai, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta [[Lithuania]] da ke [[Vilnius]]. Kulob din yana fafatawa a gasar [[TOPLYGA]], babban wasan kwallon kafa na [[Lithuania]]. An kafa kulob din a matsayin Trakai a cikin 2005. Lauyoyin kungiyar kore da fari ne. Kulob din yana buga wasa a filin wasa na [[LFF stadionas]] da ke [[Vilnius]] wanda ke da karfin 5,000. == Daraja == * {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} '''[[A lyga]]''' ** [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|17px]] '''Zakarun gasar''' (0) : ** [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|17px]] Na biyu (2) : 2015, 2016 * '''Kofin Lithuania''' ** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (0) : ** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (1) : 2016 * '''Gasar Kofin''' ** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (0) : ** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (2) : 2016, 2017 == Matsayin Lig == === FK Trakai === ;FK Trakai (''Futbolo klubas Trakai'') {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |- !Lokaci !Matakin !Gasar !Matsayi !@ !Bayanin kula |- | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2010''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Antra lyga]]''' ''(Pietūs)'' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu10lyga2s.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-02-11 |archive-date=2018-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021053827/http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu10lyga2s.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]] 2011''' |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2011''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2011.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2012''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2012.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2013''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#deb678" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2013.html#1lyga</ref> | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]] 2014''' |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2014|2014]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2014.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2015|2015]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#BBBBBB" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2015.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2016|2016]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#BBBBBB" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2016.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2017|2017]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#deb678" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2017.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2018|2018]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#deb678" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2018.html#alyga</ref> |} === FK Riteriai === ;FK Riteriai (''Futbolo klubas Riteriai'') {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |- !Lokaci !Matakin !Gasar !Matsayi !@ !Bayanin kula |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2019|2019]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#deb678" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2020|2020]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''6.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2021|2021]]''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''6.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2022|2022]]''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2023''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#FFAAAA" style="text-align:center;"| '''10.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2024''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#FFDD00" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2025''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''9.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2026''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[TOPLYGA]]''' | bgcolor="#FF0000" style="text-align:center;"| '''X.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2026.html#alyga</ref> |- |} == Diddigin bayanai == {{reflist|3}} == Sauran yanar gizo == * [http://fkriteriai.lt/ Tashar yanar gizo] * [https://www.facebook.com/FKRITERIAI?locale=lt_LT Facebook] * [https://us.soccerway.com/teams/lithuania/trak-fk/17673/ SOCCERWAY] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/fk-riteriai/startseite/verein/32832 Transfermarkt] * [https://alyga.lt/komanda/riteriai FK Riteriai: alyga.lt] * [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fk-riteriai/15849/ Globalsportsarchive] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f4rpzkyle8pm8efcg3d80wyc0qynkhf 0 41666 975830 884243 2026-11-04T13:23:41Z Makenzis 8913 /* FC Hegelmann */ 975830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:KŽalgiris-Hegelmann 2024c.jpg|thumb|fillin yan wasan '''FC Hegelmann''']] [[Fayil:Hegelmann Office.jpg|thumb|tambarin Ofishin '''FC Hegelmann''']] [[Fayil:Hegelmann Flotte.jpg|thumb|Motocin ]] '''Futbolo klubas Hegelmann''', wanda aka fi sani da '''FC Hegelmann''', Kauno rajono Hegelmann ko kuma kawai Hegelmann, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta [[Lithuania]] da ke [[Raudondvaris]]. Kulob din yana fafatawa a gasar [[TOPLYGA]], babban wasan kwallon kafa na [[Lithuania]]. An kafa kulob din a matsayin Hegelmann Litauen a cikin 2009. Lauyoyin kungiyar kore da fari ne. Kulob din yana buga wasa a filin wasa na [[Valdo Adamkaus stadionas]] da ke [[Kaunas]] wanda ke da karfin 1,000. == Daraja == * {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} '''[[A lyga]]''' ** [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|17px]] '''Zakarun gasar''' (0) : ** [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|17px]] Na biyu (0) : * '''Kofin Lithuania''' ** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (0) : ** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (1) : 2022 * '''Gasar Kofin''' ** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (0) : ** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) : == Matsayin Lig == === FC Hegelmann Litauen === ;FC Hegelmann Litauen (''Futbolo klubas Hegelmann Litauen'') {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |- !Lokaci !Matakin !Gasar !Matsayi !@ !Bayanin kula |- | bgcolor="#E2E2E2" style="text-align:center;"| '''2013''' | bgcolor="#E2E2E2" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | bgcolor="#E2E2E2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Trečia lyga]]''' ([[Kaunas]]) | bgcolor="#BBBBBB" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | |- | bgcolor="#E2E2E2" style="text-align:center;"| '''2014''' | bgcolor="#E2E2E2" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | bgcolor="#E2E2E2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Trečia lyga]]''' ([[Kaunas]]) | bgcolor="#FFFF00" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Antra lyga]] |- | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2015''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Antra lyga]]''' (Pietūs) | bgcolor="#F5f5f5" style="text-align:center;"| '''7.''' | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu15lyga2s.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-02-11 |archive-date=2024-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119042132/http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu15lyga2s.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]] |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2016''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#FFCCCC" style="text-align:center;"| '''10.''' | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu16lyga1.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-02-11 |archive-date=2017-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053020/http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu16lyga1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | bgcolor="#FFCCCC" style="text-align:center;"| ''' [[Antra lyga]] |- | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2017''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Antra lyga]]''' (Pietūs) | bgcolor="#F5f5f5" style="text-align:center;"| '''6.''' | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu17lyga2s.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-02-11 |archive-date=2018-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619064227/http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu17lyga2s.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2018''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Antra lyga]]''' (Pietūs) | bgcolor="#FFFF00" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu18lyga2s.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-02-11 |archive-date=2018-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619070138/http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu18lyga2s.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]] |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2019''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''7.''' | <ref>http://rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2020''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#BBBBBB" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | <ref>http://rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#1lyga</ref> | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2021]] |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2021|2021]]''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#alyga</ref> |} === FC Hegelmann === ;FC Hegelmann (''Futbolo klubas Hegelmann'') {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |- !Lokaci !Matakin !Gasar !Matsayi !@ !Bayanin kula |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2022|2022]]''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2023''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2024''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#BBBBBB" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2025''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#BBBBBB" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2026''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[TOPLYGA]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''8.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2026.html#alyga</ref> |- |} == Manazarta== {{reflist|3}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== * [https://fchegelmann.com/ Tashar yanar gizo] * [https://uk.soccerway.com/teams/lithuania/hegelmann-litauen/30665/ SOCCERWAY] * [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/hegelmann FC Hegelmann: toplyga.lt] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/fc-hegelmann-litauen/startseite/verein/69752 Transfermarkt] * [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fc-hegelmann-litauen/28798/ Globalsportsarchive] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ednupylvpcpapztp32huse2h7kjvs0e 0 41667 975828 793132 2026-11-04T13:22:45Z Makenzis 8913 /* Matsayin Lig */ 975828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Futbolo klubas Panevėžys''', wanda aka fi sani da '''FK Panevėžys''', ko kuma kawai Panevėžys, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta [[Lithuania]] da ke [[Panevėžys]]. Kulob din yana fafatawa a gasar [[TOPLYGA]], babban wasan kwallon ƙafa na [[Lithuania]]. Lauyoyin ƙungiyar kore da fari ne. Kulob din yana buga wasa a filin wasa na [[Aukštaitijos stadionas]] da ke [[Panevėžys]] wanda ke da karfin 4,000. == Daraja == * {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} '''[[A lyga]]''' ** [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|17px]] '''Zakarun gasar''' (1) : 2023 ** [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|17px]] Na biyu (0) : * '''Kofin Lithuania''' ** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (2) : 2020, 2025<ref>[https://lietuvosfutbolas.lt/rungtynes/fk-panevezys-fc-hegelmann-22618155/ Lietuvosfutbolas.lt]</ref><ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/match/fc-hegelmann-nmpJqEeg/fk-panevezys-E1ffSpX7/ Soccerway.com]</ref> ** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) : 2021 * '''Gasar Kofin''' ** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (2) : 2021, 2024 ** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) : == Matsayin Lig == ;FK Panevėžys (''Futbolo klubas Panevėžys'') {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |- !Lokaci !Matakin !Gasar !Matsayi !@ !Bayanin kula |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2015''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''8.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2015.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2016''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2016.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2017''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''10.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2017.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2018''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#FFFF00" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2018.html#1lyga</ref> | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2019]]''' |- ||||||| |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2019|2019]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2020|2020]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#alyga</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| 🏆 '''Supertaurė''' |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2021|2021]]''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#alyga</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| 🏆 '''Supertaurė''' |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2022|2022]]''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#DEB678" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2023''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#FFFF00" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2024''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''8.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2025''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''6.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2026''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[TOPLYGA]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''7.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2026.html#alyga</ref> |- |} == Diddigin bayanai == {{reflist|3}} == Sauran yanar gizo == * [http://www.fk-panevezys.lt/ Tashar yanar gizo] * [https://www.facebook.com/fkpanevezys/?locale=lt_LT Facebook] * [https://us.soccerway.com/teams/lithuania/fk-panevezys/33092/ SOCCERWAY] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/fk-panevezys/startseite/verein/49149 Transfermarkt] * [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/panevezys FK Panevėžys: toplyga.lt] * [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fk-panevezys/25064/ Globalsportsarchive] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o8mvzq899wtg66sxlkxfet9deeix49v 975829 975828 2026-11-04T13:23:01Z Makenzis 8913 /* Sauran yanar gizo */ 975829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Futbolo klubas Panevėžys''', wanda aka fi sani da '''FK Panevėžys''', ko kuma kawai Panevėžys, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta [[Lithuania]] da ke [[Panevėžys]]. Kulob din yana fafatawa a gasar [[TOPLYGA]], babban wasan kwallon ƙafa na [[Lithuania]]. Lauyoyin ƙungiyar kore da fari ne. Kulob din yana buga wasa a filin wasa na [[Aukštaitijos stadionas]] da ke [[Panevėžys]] wanda ke da karfin 4,000. == Daraja == * {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} '''[[A lyga]]''' ** [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|17px]] '''Zakarun gasar''' (1) : 2023 ** [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|17px]] Na biyu (0) : * '''Kofin Lithuania''' ** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (2) : 2020, 2025<ref>[https://lietuvosfutbolas.lt/rungtynes/fk-panevezys-fc-hegelmann-22618155/ Lietuvosfutbolas.lt]</ref><ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/match/fc-hegelmann-nmpJqEeg/fk-panevezys-E1ffSpX7/ Soccerway.com]</ref> ** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) : 2021 * '''Gasar Kofin''' ** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (2) : 2021, 2024 ** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) : == Matsayin Lig == ;FK Panevėžys (''Futbolo klubas Panevėžys'') {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |- !Lokaci !Matakin !Gasar !Matsayi !@ !Bayanin kula |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2015''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''8.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2015.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2016''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2016.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2017''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''10.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2017.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2018''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#FFFF00" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2018.html#1lyga</ref> | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2019]]''' |- ||||||| |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2019|2019]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2020|2020]]''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#alyga</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| 🏆 '''Supertaurė''' |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2021|2021]]''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#alyga</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:gold;"| 🏆 '''Supertaurė''' |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2022|2022]]''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#DEB678" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2023''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#FFFF00" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2024''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''8.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2025''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''6.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2026''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[TOPLYGA]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''7.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2026.html#alyga</ref> |- |} == Diddigin bayanai == {{reflist|3}} == Sauran yanar gizo == * [http://www.fk-panevezys.lt/ Tashar yanar gizo] * [https://www.facebook.com/fkpanevezys/?locale=lt_LT Facebook] * [https://www.soccerway.com/teams/lithuania/fk-panevezys/33092/ SOCCERWAY] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/fk-panevezys/startseite/verein/49149 Transfermarkt] * [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/panevezys FK Panevėžys: toplyga.lt] * [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fk-panevezys/25064/ Globalsportsarchive] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 190wg0vybxgdjtm8w8fzlp17m8noui6 0 41672 975827 884240 2026-11-04T13:21:29Z Makenzis 8913 /* Matsayin Lig */ 975827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kza-Sia 2022a.jpg|thumb|kza]] '''Šiaulių Futbolo Akademija''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''FA Šiauliai''', ko kuma kawai Šiauliai, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta [[Lithuania]] da ke [[Šiauliai]]. Kulob din yana fafatawa a gasar [[TOPLYGA]], babban wasan kwallon kafa na [[Lithuania]]. Lauyoyin kungiyar kore da fari ne. Kulob din yana buga wasa a filin wasa na [[Savivaldybės stadionas]] da ke [[Šiauliai]] wanda ke da karfin 6,000. == Daraja == * {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} '''[[A lyga]]''' ** [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|17px]] '''Zakarun gasar''' (0) : ** [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|17px]] Na biyu (0) : * '''Kofin Lithuania''' ** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (0) : ** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (1) : 2023 * '''Gasar Kofin''' ** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (0) : ** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) : == Matsayin Lig == ;FA Šiauliai (''Šiaulių Futbolo Akademija'') {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |- !Lokaci !Matakin !Gasar !Matsayi !@ !Bayanin kula |- | bgcolor="#DBF3FF" style="text-align:center;"| '''2010''' | bgcolor="#dbf3ff" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | bgcolor="#dbf3ff" style="text-align:center;"| '''Trečia lyga''' ''(Šiauliai)'' | bgcolor="#f5f5f5" style="text-align:center;"| '''9.''' | |- |||||||| |- | bgcolor="#DBF3FF" style="text-align:center;"| '''2016''' | bgcolor="#dbf3ff" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | bgcolor="#dbf3ff" style="text-align:center;"| '''Trečia lyga''' ''(Šiauliai)'' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''6.''' | | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Antra lyga]]''' |- | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2017''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Antra lyga]]''' ''(Vakarai)'' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu17lyga2w.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-02-12 |archive-date=2020-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608210521/http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu17lyga2w.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2018''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Antra lyga]]''' ''(Vakarai)'' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''6.''' | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu18lyga2w.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-02-12 |archive-date=2020-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116183350/http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu18lyga2w.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2019''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''6.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2020''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2021''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#FFFF00" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#1lyga</ref> | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2022]]''' |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2022|2022]]''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''7.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2023''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#DEB678" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2024''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''7.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2025''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2026''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[TOPLYGA]]''' | bgcolor="#FF0000" style="text-align:center;"| '''9.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2026.html#alyga</ref> |- |} == Diddigin bayanai == {{reflist|3}} == Sauran yanar gizo == * [http://www.siauliufa.lt Tashar yanar gizo] * [https://www.facebook.com/siauliufa?locale=lt_LT Facebook] * [https://www.soccerway.com/team/fa-siauliai/CMmWKuwf/ SOCCERWAY] * [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/fa-siauliai FA Šiauliai: toplyga.lt] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/siauliai-fa/startseite/verein/42310 Transfermarkt] * [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fa-siauliai/36613/ Globalsportsarchive] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] byb7wy3qdfe3iejtmz8r7ewnbjc4541 975832 975827 2026-11-04T13:24:55Z Makenzis 8913 /* Matsayin Lig */ 975832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Kza-Sia 2022a.jpg|thumb|kza]] '''Šiaulių Futbolo Akademija''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''FA Šiauliai''', ko kuma kawai Šiauliai, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta [[Lithuania]] da ke [[Šiauliai]]. Kulob din yana fafatawa a gasar [[TOPLYGA]], babban wasan kwallon kafa na [[Lithuania]]. Lauyoyin kungiyar kore da fari ne. Kulob din yana buga wasa a filin wasa na [[Savivaldybės stadionas]] da ke [[Šiauliai]] wanda ke da karfin 6,000. == Daraja == * {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} '''[[A lyga]]''' ** [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|17px]] '''Zakarun gasar''' (0) : ** [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|17px]] Na biyu (0) : * '''Kofin Lithuania''' ** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (0) : ** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (1) : 2023 * '''Gasar Kofin''' ** [[File:Cup_Winner.png]] (0) : ** [[File:Cup_Finalist.png]] (0) : == Matsayin Lig == ;FA Šiauliai (''Šiaulių Futbolo Akademija'') {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |- !Lokaci !Matakin !Gasar !Matsayi !@ !Bayanin kula |- | bgcolor="#DBF3FF" style="text-align:center;"| '''2010''' | bgcolor="#dbf3ff" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | bgcolor="#dbf3ff" style="text-align:center;"| '''Trečia lyga''' ''(Šiauliai)'' | bgcolor="#f5f5f5" style="text-align:center;"| '''9.''' | |- |||||||| |- | bgcolor="#DBF3FF" style="text-align:center;"| '''2016''' | bgcolor="#dbf3ff" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | bgcolor="#dbf3ff" style="text-align:center;"| '''Trečia lyga''' ''(Šiauliai)'' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''6.''' | | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Antra lyga]]''' |- | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2017''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Antra lyga]]''' ''(Vakarai)'' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu17lyga2w.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-02-12 |archive-date=2020-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608210521/http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu17lyga2w.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2018''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | bgcolor="#FFFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Antra lyga]]''' ''(Vakarai)'' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''6.''' | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu18lyga2w.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-02-12 |archive-date=2020-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116183350/http://almis.sritis.lt/ltu18lyga2w.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2019''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''6.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2020''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2021''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#FFFF00" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#1lyga</ref> | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2022]]''' |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga 2022|2022]]''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''7.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2023''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#DEB678" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2024''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''7.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2025''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2026''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[TOPLYGA]]''' | bgcolor="#FFCCCC" style="text-align:center;"| '''9.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2026.html#alyga</ref> |- |} == Diddigin bayanai == {{reflist|3}} == Sauran yanar gizo == * [http://www.siauliufa.lt Tashar yanar gizo] * [https://www.facebook.com/siauliufa?locale=lt_LT Facebook] * [https://www.soccerway.com/team/fa-siauliai/CMmWKuwf/ SOCCERWAY] * [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/fa-siauliai FA Šiauliai: toplyga.lt] * [https://www.transfermarkt.com/siauliai-fa/startseite/verein/42310 Transfermarkt] * [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fa-siauliai/36613/ Globalsportsarchive] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] by56sdnrihmn4tjz5td9mor63f9vqxx 0 42018 975987 955875 2026-11-04T23:07:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Threat Tactics Report - Boko Haram (October 2015), U.S. Army TRADOC.pdf|thumb|tsarin yimasu kofar rago]] A ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, 2013 wasu ƴan bindiga na ƙungiyar [[Boko Haram]] sun shiga ɗakin kwanan dalibai na maza a cikin makarantar [[College of Agriculture, Gujba|Kwalejin Aikin Noma]] da ke [[Gujba]] a [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]] [[Najeriya|a Najeriya]], inda suka hallaka dalibai da malamai su arba’in da huɗu.<ref name=AP/> == Wai-wa-ye == An kafa [[Boko Haram|kungiyar ta Boko Haram]] ne a shekara ta 2002 domin yaki da kakkabe kasashen Larabawa a Najeriya, wanda ƙungiyar ke ganin shi ne tushen aikata laifuka a ƙasar.<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news|title=Extremist attack in Nigeria kills 42 at boarding school|first=Damien|last=McElroy|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/10163942/Extremist-attack-in-Nigeria-kills-42-at-boarding-school.html|date=6 July 2013|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=3 October 2013}}</ref> Daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2013, tashe-tashen hankula, rikice-rikice masu nasaba Boko Haram ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane dubu 3,600, ciki har da fararen hula 1,600.<ref name=AFP/><ref name=Newsday/> A tsakkiyar watan Mayun shekara ta 2013, gwamnatin tarayya ta saka dokar ta ɓaci a [[Yobe|jihohin]] [[Adamawa]], [[Borno]], da Yobe, da nufin kawo ƙarshen ta'addancin ƴan ta'adan [[Boko Haram]].<ref name=AFP>{{cite news|title=Nigeria school attack claims 42 lives|agency=AFP|work=The Australian|date=6 July 2013|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/nigeria-school-attack-claims-42-lives/story-e6frg6so-1226675417375|access-date=3 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221060730/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/nigeria-school-attack-claims-42-lives/story-e6frg6so-1226675417375|archive-date=21 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sakamakon murkushe ƴan Boko Haram ɗin ya kai ga kame ko kuma kashe ɗaruruwan mayaƙan na Boko Haram, yayin da sauran suka fantsama cikin yankunan tsaunuka, inda suka riƙa kai wa fararen hula hari.<ref name=Newsday>{{cite news|last=Adamu|first=Adamu|last2=Faul|first2=Michelle|title=School attack kills 30 in northeast Nigeria|date=6 June 2013|agency=AP|work=Newsday|url=http://www.newsday.com/news/30-killed-in-school-attack-in-nigeria-1.5638194|access-date=3 October 2013|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309202633/https://www.newsday.com/news/30-killed-in-school-attack-in-nigeria-1.5638194|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tun a shekara ta 2010, Boko Haram ke kai hare-hare a makarantu, inda suka kashe ɗaruruwan dalibai. Wani mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar, ya ce; za a ci gaba da kai hare-hare muddin gwamnati ta ci gaba da yin katsalandan ga ilimin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|kur'ani]]. Sama da yara dubu 10,000 ne ba sa iya zuwa makaranta a yanzu sakamakon hare-haren da ƴan Boko Haram ke kaiwa.<ref name=Telegraph/> Kuma kimanin mutane dubu 20,000 ne suka tsere daga [[Yobe]] zuwa [[Kamaru]] a cikin watan Yunin shekarar 2013, domin gujewa afkuwar tashin hankalin rutsawa da su.<ref name=Newsday/> == Kai hari == Da misalin karfe ɗaya na safe ne ƴan bindigar [[Boko Haram]] suka shiga kwalejin inda suka buɗe wuta kan daliban a dai-dai lokacin da ɗaliban suke tsaka da barci.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/09/gunmen-storm-nigerian-college-201392910646471222.html|title=Tens killed in Nigeria college attack|agency=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=29 September 2013|access-date=29 September 2013}}</ref> Wurin kwana ɗalibai maza ne kawai suka nufa.<ref name=Fox>{{cite news|title=Islamic terrorists kill at least 40 students in attack on Nigerian college|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/09/29/college-provost-says-suspected-islamic-extremists-kill-about-50-students-in/|access-date=29 September 2013|agency=[[Fox News]]|date=29 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930050934/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/09/29/college-provost-says-suspected-islamic-extremists-kill-about-50-students-in/|archive-date=30 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gawarwaki arba'in da biyu ne [[Najeriya|sojojin Najeriya]] suka zaƙulo yayin da aka kai goma sha takwas da suka jikkata zuwa asibitin kwararru na Damaturu. Biyu daga cikin waɗanda suka jikkata daga baya sun mutu.<ref name=AP>{{Cite news|last=Adamu|first=Adamu|last2=Faul|first2=Michelle|title=Boko Haram blamed after attack on Nigerian college leaves as many as 50 dead|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/at-least-42-killed-18-injured-in-nigeria-college-attack-by-suspected-islamic-extremists/article14589188/|date=29 September 2013|access-date=1 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002234600/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/at-least-42-killed-18-injured-in-nigeria-college-attack-by-suspected-islamic-extremists/article14589188/|archive-date=2 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cewar wani da ya tsira, maharan sun shiga cikin kwalejin ne a cikin motoci guda biyu . Wasu na sanye da kayan sojan Najeriya, kuma kusan dukkan waɗanda aka kashen [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne, haka zalika dalibai ne. Wannan harin ya zuwa biyo bayan [[Harbin makarantan Jihar Yobe|harin da aka kai a ranar 6 ga watan Yuli, 2013 a Mamudo]] da ke wajen Damaturu wanda yai sanadiyyar mutuwar dalibai 29 da wani malami, wasu an ƙona su da ransu, hakan ya sa aka rufe makarantu da dama a yankin, da kuma wasu hare-haren da aka kai a cikin makon da ya biyo bayan kashe wasu fararen hular kuma su 30. Sunan ƙungiyar Boko Haram, na nufin "ilimin yamma zunubi ne".<ref name=AP/> Bayan hare-haren, wasu dalibai 1000 sun tsere daga kwalejin. Ga dukkan alamu mayakan sun samu mafaka ne a tsaunin Gwoza, inda suka samu mafaka a cikin kogo daga hare-haren bama-bamai da sojoji suka yi. Rikicin da aka yi da sojojin Najeriya ya yi sanadin mutuwar 'yan ta'adda 100 da sojoji 16. A garin [[Gwoza]] da ake jinyar wasu daga cikin waɗanda lamarin ya rutsa da su, mayaƙan sun kori jami’an lafiya daga asibitin gwamnati tare da ƙona wasu makarantun gwamnati guda uku, kuma an ce garin ya zama ba kowa. Fiye da mutane dubu 30,000 daga yankin sun yi gudun hijira zuwa [[Kamaru]] da [[Cadi|Chadi]].<ref name=AP/> == Duba kuma == * [[Garkuwa da daliban Afaka]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} {{coord|11.5022|N|11.9344|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} [[Category:2013 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya]] [[Category:Boko Haram]] [[Category:Jihar Yobe]] msdb2ffh76g3qrrvevg3buy68sog95v 0 44101 976089 967540 2026-11-05T10:08:09Z Assabaru 40381 976089 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Hauwa Allahbura 'yar kasuwa ce ta Najeriya, mai gudanar da kasuwanci, mai samar da kafofin watsa labarai, kuma mai ba da shawara ga aikinta a fadin makamashi, teku, sadarwa ta dabarun, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. Ita ce ta kafa Lahbura24 Limited, kamfanin makamashi da ayyukan dabarun da ke da hannu a hayar jiragen ruwa da man fetur da sabis na gas. Har ila yau, ita ce co-kafa kuma mafi yawan masu hannun jari na Cut24 Productions, kamfanin watsa labarai da samar da fina-finai na Najeriya. Allahbura a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Sadarwar Kamfanoni a Vinicius Group, inda ta kula da dabarun dijital da shirye-shiryen sadarwa na kamfanoni. An kuma san ta da kafa Pull-up Naija, kamfen ɗin sadaukar da kai na jama'a da nufin ƙarfafa matasa su shiga cikin tsarin zaben Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas-Odia |first=Ijeoma |date=2022-04-30 |title=Hauwa Allahbura sensitises young people ahead 2023 |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/hauwa-allahbura-sensitises-young-people-ahead-2023/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019132224/https://editor.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/hauwa-allahbura-sensitises-young-people-ahead-2023/ |archive-date=2022-10-19 |access-date=2022-07-19 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-20 |title=Film Producer, Hauwa Allahbura, to Galvanise Youth for Next General Election through Pull-up Naija |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/05/20/film-producer-hauwa-allahbura-to-galvanise-youth-for-next-general-election-through-pull-up-naija/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-17 |title=Yinka Davies, Hauwa Allahbura, others join forces to mobilize youths ahead of 2023 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/yinka-davies-hauwa-allahbura-others-join-forces-to-mobilize-youths-ahead-of-2023/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2022-07-19 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Early life and education == An haifi Hauwa Allahbura a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], Najeriya, a cikin dangin jami'an kwastam. Saboda yanayin aikin mahaifinta, ta halarci makarantun firamare a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya, gami da Crescent International School, Legas; Crescent International Makarantar, Kano; da Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Faransa, [[Badagry]] . Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan sanda, Minna, [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]], kuma daga baya [[Federal Government College, Ilorin|Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . Ta sami digiri a Tarihi da Nazarin Kasa da Kasa daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]], [[Keffi]] . Ta kuma yi karatu a Kwalejin Fim ta London, Kwalejin Fina-Fim ta New York, da Jami'ar Jihar Montana, kuma ta sami difloma a cikin Masarautar Tattaunawa daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . == Ayyuka == === Kafofin watsa labarai da nishaɗi === Allahbura ta fara aikinta a masana'antar nishaɗin Najeriya a matsayin mai gabatar da talabijin da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. An zaba ta don shiga jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na M-Net ''[[Tinsel (TV series)|Tinsel]]'', inda ta taka rawar Maro . Daga baya ta bayyana kuma ta samar da fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa na Najeriya, ciki har da ''[[Gidi Blues]]'' (2016), The Eve (2018), ''[[Code Wilo]]'' (2019), ''Las Gidi Vice'', Battle Ground, da ''Okiripoto'' (2020). Ta kafa Cut24 Productions tare da mai shirya fina-finai [[Femi Odugbemi]] kuma daga baya ta zama babban jami'in kamfanin. A halin yanzu tana da mafi yawan hannun jari a kamfanin. === Sadarwar kamfanoni da kasuwancin kasuwanci === Allahbura daga baya ya sauya zuwa sadarwa ta kamfanoni, ci gaban dabarun, da kuma matsayin gudanar da kasuwanci a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Sadarwar Kamfanoni a Vinicius Group, inda ta jagoranci hanyoyin sadarwa na kamfanoni da dabarun dabarun dijital. Daga baya ta kafa Lahbura24 Limited, wani kamfani na Najeriya da ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan dabarun, sabis na makamashi, sabis na dijital, da kwangila da ke da alaƙa da gwamnati. === Makamashi da bangaren teku === Allahbura yana da hannu a bangaren mai da iskar gas na Najeriya ta hanyar Lahbura Energy, wani bangare da ke mai da hankali kan kayan aikin teku, hayar jiragen ruwa, da ayyukan da suka shafi makamashi. Ayyukanta a cikin bangaren sun haɗa da sha'awa a cikin sabis na tallafi na waje, kayan aikin ruwa, da ayyukan jiragen ruwa da ke da alaƙa da masana'antar makamashi. == Shirye-shiryen jama'a da shawarwari == === Manzanni 24 === Allahbura shine wanda ya kafa 24 Angels Initiative, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan tallafin kasuwanci, shiga matasa, da shirye-shiryen ci gaban al'umma a Najeriya. Ta hanyar shirin, ta goyi bayan kananan kamfanoni da 'yan kasuwa. === Tashin Naija === A karkashin shirin 24 Angels, ta kaddamar da Pull-up Naija, kamfen ɗin sadaukar da kai na jama'a wanda aka tsara don ƙarfafa matasa su shiga cikin tsarin zaben Najeriya da kuma inganta wayar da kan jama'a game da masu jefa kuri'a tsakanin matasa 'yan Najeriya. === Ƙididdigar Tsaro ta Najeriya === Har ila yau, shirin 24 Angels yana kula da Cibiyar Tsaro ta Najeriya (NSI), bayanan jama'a da dandalin jin dadin jama'a wanda ke mai da hankali kan shugabanci, tsaro, tattalin arziki, amincewar masu saka hannun jari, da alamun kwanciyar hankali a Najeriya. == Tarihin iyali == Allahbura 'yar marigayi Ilyasu Yakubu Allahbura ce, mataimakin mai kula da kwastomomi da ya yi ritaya. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi |- |2014 |''Rovieno'' | |- |2015 |''Binciken Ruwa'' | |- |2016 |''[[Gidi Blues]]'' |Nkem Nochiri |- |2017 |''3 Jama'a ce'' |Oma |- |2018 |''[[The Eve (2018fim)|Hauwa'u]]'' |Uwa |- |2018 |''Las Gidi Vice'' |Jemila |- |2019 |''[[Code Wilo]]'' | |- |2020 |''Okiripoto'' | |} == Ƙungiyoyin == * Lahbura24 Limited * Lahbura Makamashi * Cut24 Productions * Manzanni 24 == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jbtmwyp3yv0jaspn20d487fvx25b6rp 0 45105 976063 971835 2026-11-05T09:56:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ukraine_award_Dovzhenko.JPG|right|thumb| Kyautar Jiha ta Ukraine mai suna Oleksandr Dovzhenko]] [[Fayil:Ukraine award Dovzhenko.JPG|thumb|Lamban yabo]] '''Lambar yabo ta Jiha ta Oleksandr Dovzhenko''' ta Yukren lambar yabo ce ta jiha na Ukraine wanda aka kirkira don girmama babbar gudummawa ga ci gaban cinema a Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2420-14#Text|title=Про внесення зміни до статті 11 Закону України "Про державні нагороди України"|website=rada.gov.ua|publisher=Верховна Рада України|accessdate=March 10, 2022|archive-date=June 10, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610131949/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2420-14#Text|url-status=dead}}</ref> of Ukraine established to honor an outstanding contribution to the development of Ukrainian cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1549-14#Text|website=zakon.rada.gov.ua|language=Ukrainian|publisher=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine - Legislation of Ukraine|title=On the State Awards of Ukraine|accessdate=March 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324054244/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1549-14#Text|archive-date=March 24, 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kafa lambar yabon a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 100<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/833-94-%D0%BF#Text|title=Про Державну премію України імені Олександра Довженка|website=rada.gov.ua|publisher=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine|language=Ukrainian|accessdate=March 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310144418/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/833-94-%D0%BF#Text|archive-date=March 10, 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> da haifuwar fitaccen dan wasan gargajiya na kasar Ukraine Oleksandr Dovzhenko . == Masu nasara == * Bohdan Beniuk * Oleg Borisov * Boryslav Brondukov * Volodymyr Huba * [[Mykhailo Illienko]] * [[Yuri Ilyenko]] * Sergei Loznitsa * [[Kira Muratova]] * [[Serhiy Mykhalchuk]] * Leonid Osyka * Ruslana Pysanka * Ada Rogovtseva * [[Oles Sanin]] * [[Myroslav Slaboshpytskyi]] * Konstantin Stepankov * Bohdan Stupka * [[Valentyn Vasyanovych|Valentin Vasyanovych]] * [[Natalya Vorozhbyt]] * [[Alla Zahaikevych|Allah Zahaikevych]] == Duba kuma == * Jerin Kyaututtukan Jiha na Yukren == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}  [[Category:Kyautukan gidajen talebijin]] b7jqctu0coloucuf7aorutwmfc1soj7 0 45166 975910 739184 2026-11-04T20:21:40Z Beehra 15944 975910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Stub}}[[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|abidine]] [[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Hasine Ettunsi 60 years.jpg|thumb|abidine a shekaru 60]] [[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|Abidine Abidine]] '''Abidine Abidine''' (An haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1993) ya kasance ɗan wasan tseren nesa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Muritaniya|Mauritaniya]]. Ya yi gasar tseren mita 5000 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1307563-abidine-abidine.htm |title=ABIDINE Abidine |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |access-date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010091401/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1307563-abidine-abidine.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> == Sana'a == A watan Agustan 2019 a gasar nahiyar [[Afrika]] ta shekarar 2019, Abidine ya wakilci Mauritania a tseren mita 5000 kuma ya kare a matsayi na 27 da lokacin 15:52.09. <ref>"Abidine Abidine" . WorldAthletics.org . Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> Abidine ya kasance mai rike da tuta ga [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] a lokacin gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>"Athletics flag bearers help to light up Olympic Opening Ceremony in Tokyo" . WorldAthletics.org . 23 July 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Abidine Abidine at World Athletics Abidine Abidine at Olympedia {{Hujja}}{{S-start}} {{s-sports|oly}} {{Succession box|title=[[List of flag bearers for Mauritania at the Olympics|Flag bearer]] for {{MTN}}}} {{S-end}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tbt8n29wwniiqbz5ddojmmbt6u2kk8x 975911 975910 2026-11-04T20:23:02Z Beehra 15944 /* Hanyoyin haɗi na waje */ 975911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Stub}}[[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|abidine]] [[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Hasine Ettunsi 60 years.jpg|thumb|abidine a shekaru 60]] [[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|Abidine Abidine]] '''Abidine Abidine''' (An haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1993) ya kasance ɗan wasan tseren nesa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Muritaniya|Mauritaniya]]. Ya yi gasar tseren mita 5000 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1307563-abidine-abidine.htm |title=ABIDINE Abidine |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |access-date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010091401/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1307563-abidine-abidine.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> == Sana'a == A watan Agustan 2019 a gasar nahiyar [[Afrika]] ta shekarar 2019, Abidine ya wakilci Mauritania a tseren mita 5000 kuma ya kare a matsayi na 27 da lokacin 15:52.09. <ref>"Abidine Abidine" . WorldAthletics.org . Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> Abidine ya kasance mai rike da tuta ga [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] a lokacin gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>"Athletics flag bearers help to light up Olympic Opening Ceremony in Tokyo" . WorldAthletics.org . 23 July 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Abidine Abidine at World Athletics Abidine Abidine at Olympedia {{Hujja}}{{S-start}} {{s-sports|oly}} {{Succession box|title=[[List of flag bearers for Mauritania at the Olympics|Flag bearer]] for {{MTN}}}} {{S-end}} == Manazarta == == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p140k9t5zyv1vyqhy77c6oaf7okr7hg 975912 975911 2026-11-04T20:23:20Z Beehra 15944 /* Manazarta */ 975912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Stub}}[[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|abidine]] [[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Hasine Ettunsi 60 years.jpg|thumb|abidine a shekaru 60]] [[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|Abidine Abidine]] '''Abidine Abidine''' (An haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1993) ya kasance ɗan wasan tseren nesa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Muritaniya|Mauritaniya]]. Ya yi gasar tseren mita 5000 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1307563-abidine-abidine.htm |title=ABIDINE Abidine |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |access-date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010091401/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1307563-abidine-abidine.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> == Sana'a == A watan Agustan 2019 a gasar nahiyar [[Afrika]] ta shekarar 2019, Abidine ya wakilci Mauritania a tseren mita 5000 kuma ya kare a matsayi na 27 da lokacin 15:52.09. <ref>"Abidine Abidine" . WorldAthletics.org . Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> Abidine ya kasance mai rike da tuta ga [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] a lokacin gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>"Athletics flag bearers help to light up Olympic Opening Ceremony in Tokyo" . WorldAthletics.org . 23 July 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Abidine Abidine at World Athletics Abidine Abidine at Olympedia {{Hujja}}{{S-start}} {{s-sports|oly}} {{Succession box|title=[[List of flag bearers for Mauritania at the Olympics|Flag bearer]] for {{MTN}}}} {{S-end}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3xztcq3y9wmiaysfoqdtzo648ov8k2m 975913 975912 2026-11-04T20:24:08Z Beehra 15944 975913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Stub}}[[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|abidine]] [[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Hasine Ettunsi 60 years.jpg|thumb|abidine a shekaru 60]] [[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|Abidine Abidine]] '''Abidine Abidine''' (An haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1993) ya kasance ɗan wasan tseren nesa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Muritaniya|Mauritaniya]]. Ya yi gasar tseren mita 5000 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1307563-abidine-abidine.htm |title=ABIDINE Abidine |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |access-date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010091401/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1307563-abidine-abidine.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == A watan Agustan 2019 a gasar nahiyar [[Afrika]] ta shekarar 2019, Abidine ya wakilci Mauritania a tseren mita 5000 kuma ya kare a matsayi na 27 da lokacin 15:52.09. <ref>"Abidine Abidine" . WorldAthletics.org . Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> Abidine ya kasance mai rike da tuta ga [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] a lokacin gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>"Athletics flag bearers help to light up Olympic Opening Ceremony in Tokyo" . WorldAthletics.org . 23 July 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Abidine Abidine at World Athletics Abidine Abidine at Olympedia {{Hujja}}{{S-start}} {{s-sports|oly}} {{Succession box|title=[[List of flag bearers for Mauritania at the Olympics|Flag bearer]] for {{MTN}}}} {{S-end}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b58ot0nzmlffwh1n9qpzcj9d8frnh5r 975914 975913 2026-11-04T20:24:34Z Beehra 15944 975914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|abidine]] [[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Hasine Ettunsi 60 years.jpg|thumb|abidine a shekaru 60]] [[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|Abidine Abidine]] '''Abidine Abidine''' (An haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1993) ya kasance ɗan wasan tseren nesa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Muritaniya|Mauritaniya]]. Ya yi gasar tseren mita 5000 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1307563-abidine-abidine.htm |title=ABIDINE Abidine |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |access-date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010091401/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1307563-abidine-abidine.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == A watan Agustan 2019 a gasar nahiyar [[Afrika]] ta shekarar 2019, Abidine ya wakilci Mauritania a tseren mita 5000 kuma ya kare a matsayi na 27 da lokacin 15:52.09. <ref>"Abidine Abidine" . WorldAthletics.org . Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> Abidine ya kasance mai rike da tuta ga [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] a lokacin gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>"Athletics flag bearers help to light up Olympic Opening Ceremony in Tokyo" . WorldAthletics.org . 23 July 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Abidine Abidine at World Athletics Abidine Abidine at Olympedia {{Hujja}}{{S-start}} {{s-sports|oly}} {{Succession box|title=[[List of flag bearers for Mauritania at the Olympics|Flag bearer]] for {{MTN}}}} {{S-end}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iqtarpegwi2zpnk20ekjejz2qs9q8dg 975915 975914 2026-11-04T20:24:58Z Beehra 15944 /* Hanyoyin haɗi na waje */ 975915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|abidine]] [[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Hasine Ettunsi 60 years.jpg|thumb|abidine a shekaru 60]] [[Fayil:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali.jpg|thumb|Abidine Abidine]] '''Abidine Abidine''' (An haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Maris 1993) ya kasance ɗan wasan tseren nesa ne ɗan ƙasar [[Muritaniya|Mauritaniya]]. Ya yi gasar tseren mita 5000 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1307563-abidine-abidine.htm |title=ABIDINE Abidine |publisher=[[Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games]] |access-date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=10 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010091401/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/athletics/athlete-profile-n1307563-abidine-abidine.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == A watan Agustan 2019 a gasar nahiyar [[Afrika]] ta shekarar 2019, Abidine ya wakilci Mauritania a tseren mita 5000 kuma ya kare a matsayi na 27 da lokacin 15:52.09. <ref>"Abidine Abidine" . WorldAthletics.org . Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> Abidine ya kasance mai rike da tuta ga [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] a lokacin gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2020.<ref>"Athletics flag bearers help to light up Olympic Opening Ceremony in Tokyo" . WorldAthletics.org . 23 July 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Abidine Abidine at World Athletics Abidine Abidine at Olympedia {{S-start}} {{s-sports|oly}} {{Succession box|title=[[List of flag bearers for Mauritania at the Olympics|Flag bearer]] for {{MTN}}}} {{S-end}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1lmbc2gecsynr2pq2nwfxsv7tmi085m 0 47336 975923 254914 2026-11-04T20:47:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox generic}} '''Kennedy Boboye''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 1974) manajan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya kuma tsohon ɗan wasa. == Sana'ar wasa == Boboye ya fara aikinsa ne da ƙungiyar [[Sharks FC|Sharks]] ta Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportsglobaltv.com/my-only-football-regret-boboye/|title=My Only Football Regret - Boboye|publisher=sportsglobaltv.com|access-date=2023-04-17|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115092602/https://sportsglobaltv.com/my-only-football-regret-boboye/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1998, ya sanya hannu ga SV Straelen a matakin na huɗu na Jamus.<ref name="net">{{WorldFootball.net|kennedy-boboye}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1999, ya rattaɓa hannu a kulob na uku na Jamus KFC Uerdingen.<ref name="net" /> A shekara ta 2003, ya rattaɓa hannu a Manning Rangers a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/sport/rangers-need-right-plan-for-wounded-pirates-528681|title=Rangers need right plan for 'wounded' Pirates|publisher=iol.co.za}}</ref> == Aikin gudanarwa == A cikin shekarar 2016, an naɗa Boboye kocin ƙungiyar Plateau United ta Najeriya, inda ya taimaka musu wajen lashe kofin gasarsu ɗaya tilo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2017/09/06/exclusive-interview-kennedy-boboye-plateau-uniteds-technical-adviser/|title=Exclusive interview with Kennedy Boboye, Plateau United’s Technical Adviser|publisher=makingofchamps.com|access-date=2023-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112232658/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2017/09/06/exclusive-interview-kennedy-boboye-plateau-uniteds-technical-adviser/|archive-date=2025-11-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2019, an naɗa shi kocin Akwa United a Najeriya, inda ya taimaka musu wajen lashe kofin gasar da suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/npfl-why-akwa-united-won-nigeria-premier-league-coach/|title=Why Akwa United won Nigeria premier league — Coach|publisher=punchng.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Kennedy Boboye at WorldFootball.net [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] tr3ls7y4x646iwvdl61luxt4hdgla03 0 48031 976085 678269 2026-11-05T10:06:57Z A Salisu 14655 976085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka kan Ayyukan Ɗancin Dan Adam na [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] ya bayyana cewa gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama haƙƙin ɗan [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|ƴa]] na' yan ƙasa, duk da matsaloli a wasu yankuna. São Tomé da Príncipe na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 11, na Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara da aka kiyasta "yanci" a cikin binciken Freedom in the World na 2006, wanda Freedom House ta buga a kowace shekara, ƙungiyar da ke goyon bayan [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]] wacce ke sa ido kan haƙƙin siyasa, '[[Yankin Saharar Afirka|yancin]] farar hula, da' yancin yada labarai a duniya. A kan sikelin daga 1 (mafi yawan kyauta) zuwa 7, (mafi ƙarancin kyauta), São Tomé ya sami 2, don haƙƙin siyasa da 'yancin jama'a. == 'Yancin siyasa. == Daga samun ƴancin kai a shekarar 1975, har zuwa 1990, kasar ta kasance jam'iyya daya da ke da ƙuntataccen haƙƙin siyasa. A cikin shekarar 1990, 'yan ƙasa sun amince da kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya kafa [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]] ta jam'iyyun da yawa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gudanar da zabuka tara na kasa a São Tomé da Príncipe: zabuka hudu na shugaban kasa (a 1991, 1996, 2001, da 2006), da biyar na Majalisar Dokoki (1991, 1994, 1998, 2002, da 2006). Dukkanin wadannan zabuka an gudanar da su ne gabaɗaya kyauta, adalci, da kuma bayyane ta masu sa ido na cikin gida da na duniya. An gudanar da zabe a matakin kananan hukumomi a karo na farko a shekarar 1992. An ba Príncipe ikon cin gashin kansa a shekarar 1994, kuma an zabe shi majalisar yanki da gwamnati a shekarar 1995. == Ƴancin jama'a. == [[Yanci taro|Ƴancin taro]], ƙungiya, motsi, da addini an tabbatar da su ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki kuma gwamnati tana girmama su gabaɗaya. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi. === Ƴanci na ƴan jarida. === A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, "Dokar ta ba da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|ƴancin magana]] da na ƴan jarida, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Har ila yau, ya lura cewa wasu 'yan jarida suna yin tantance kansu. " Talabijin da rediyo suna aiki da jihar kuma babu tashoshin masu zaman kansu, saboda matsalolin tattalin arziki da kasuwa. Babu wata doka da ta hana kafa irin waɗannan tashoshin kuma duk jam'iyyun adawa suna da damar yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati, gami da akalla minti uku a kowane wata a talabijin. Jaridu da takardun adawa da ke sukar gwamnati suna yawo kyauta. Kamfanin 'yan jarida na São Tomé an kiyasta su 'yanci' ta kungiyar Freedom House. A cikin Binciken 'Yancin Labarai na 2006, São Tomé ya kasance na 5, daga cikin kasashe 48, na Afirka ta Kudu dangane da' yancin' yan jarida kawai bayan [[Mali]], [[Moris|Mauritius]], [[Ghana]], da [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. [http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/PFS/PFSRegionalTables2006.pdf] An adana shi Freedom House ya bayyana halin da ake ciki na 'yancin' yan jarida na kasar kamar haka: "''Kundin Tsarin Mulki na São Tomé ya tabbatar'' da' yancin' yan yada labarai kuma gwamnati tana da tarihin misali na mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a aikace. ''Littattafan da ke sukar manufofin hukuma suna yawo kyauta ba tare da an kama 'yan jarida ba, an ɗaure su, an azabtar da su ko kuma an tsananta musu. Koyaya, 'yan jarida suna yin kyakkyawan matakin tantance kansu, kuma galibi suna dogara da fitowar labarai na hukuma don rahotonsu wanda ke hana ci gaban aikin jarida na bincike. Rashin kudaden shiga na talla, fasaha, horar da kafofin watsa labarai da albashi mara kyau suma sun zama manyan nakasa ga 'yan jarida. "'' Sauran shahararrun kungiyoyin 'yancin' yan jarida kamar su Reporters Without Borders (RSF), Cibiyar Harkokin Labarai ta Duniya (IPI), da Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida (CPJ) ba su haɗa da São Tomé a cikin rahotannin shekara-shekara ba. == Dokar Shari'a. == === Tsarin shari'a da shari'a === Wani bangare na shari'a mai zaman kansa, gami da Kotun Koli tare da mambobin da aka zaba, kuma suna da alhakin, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, an kafa ta hanyar raba gardama ta 1990, kan mulkin jam'iyyun da yawa. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a kan gwamnati da shugaban kasa, amma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da ita. Tsarin kotun yana da yawa, ba shi da ma'aikata, ba shi na isasshen kuɗi, kuma yana fama da jinkiri mai tsawo a cikin shari'o'in sauraro. Dokar ta ba da haƙƙin shari'ar jama'a mai kyau, haƙƙin daukaka kara, haƙƙin wakilcin shari'a, kuma, idan matalauta, haƙƙin lauyan da jihar ta nada. Ana zaton wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da laifi, suna da 'yancin fuskantar shaidu, da kuma gabatar da shaidu a madadin kansu. Koyaya, rashin isasshen albarkatun ya haifar da tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci kafin shari'a kuma ya hana bincike sosai a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka. === Halin jami'an tsaro. === Babu rahotanni cewa gwamnati ko jami'anta sun aikata kisan kai ko kisan kai ba bisa ka'ida ba, azabtarwa, ko ɓacewar siyasa. === Yanayin kurkuku. === An bayyana yanayin kurkuku a kasar a matsayin "mai tsanani, amma ba barazana ga rayuwa ba" a cikin rahoton ma'aikatar jihar. An bayar da rahoton cewa wuraren sun cika, kuma abinci bai isa ba. An tsare wasu fursunoni kafin a yi musu shari'a tare da fursunoni da aka yanke musu hukunci. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin masu sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam su ziyarci kurkuku. === Hukuncin kisa. === An soke hukuncin kisa a São Tomé da Príncipe a shekarar 1990. São Tomé da Príncipe sun tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa a ranar 10, ga Janairu, 2017.<ref name="auto" /> == Cin hanci da rashawa. == Cin hanci da rashawa na hukuma matsala ce mai tsanani. Ba a bincika São Tomé da Príncipe a cikin Ƙididdigar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Transparency International ta 2005. == Nuna bambanci a cikin al'umma. == Dokar ta samar da daidaito ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ba, kabilanci, asalin launin fata, halin siyasa, imani, ko tabbacin falsafa, kuma yayin da gwamnati ke aiwatar da waɗannan tanadi, mata sun fuskanci nuna bambanci. Rikicin cikin gida akan mata ya faru, gami da fyade, amma ba a san girman matsalar ba. Kodayake mata suna da 'yancin yin amfani da shari'a - ciki har da ma'aurata da yawa sun ƙi kawo matakin shari'a ko kuma ba su san hakkinsu ba a karkashin doka. Hadisi ya hana mata yin rikice-rikice na cikin gida a waje da iyali. Dokar ta tanadi cewa mata da maza suna da daidaitattun 'yancin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa. Duk da yake mata da yawa suna da damar samun dama a ilimi, kasuwanci, da gwamnati, a aikace mata har yanzu suna fuskantar nuna bambanci na al'umma. Rashin kula da yara bai yadu ba; duk da haka, akwai karancin kariya ga marayu da yara da aka watsar. Aikin yara matsala ce. Babu rahotanni cewa an [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin mutane]] zuwa, daga, ko a cikin kasar. == Hakkin ma'aikaci. == Hakkin shirya, yajin aiki, da ciniki gaba ɗaya an tabbatar da su kuma ana girmama su. Ƙungiyoyin kwadago kalilan ne, amma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi amfani da shirin rarraba ƙasa na gwamnati don jawo hankalin ma'aikata. Saboda rawar da take takawa a matsayin babban ma'aikaci a bangaren albashi, gwamnati ta kasance babban mai magana da ma'aikata a kan dukkan batutuwa, gami da albashi. Yanayin aiki a yawancin gonakin [[koko]] na jihar suna da tsanani. == Yanayin tarihi. == Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar São Tomé da Príncipe tun 1975, a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga kowace shekara. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref name='FH1972'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 | access-date = 2012-08-22 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | year = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" | Shekara | style="width:3em;" |Ƴancin Siyasa | style="width:3em;" |Ƴancin Jama'a | style="width:3em;" |Matsayi | style="width:3em;" |Shugaban ƙasar Sao Tome and Principe |- align=center | align=left | 1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Sashin Kyauta | style="background:#ff9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1976 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Sashin Kyauta | style="background:#ff9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1977 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1978 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1979 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1980 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1982 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1983 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1984 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1985 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1986 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1987 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Sashin kyata | style="background:#ff9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1991 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1992 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1993 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1994 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1995 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1996 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1997 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1998 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1999 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 2001 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2002 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2003 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2004 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2005 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2006 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2007 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2008 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2009 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2010 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2011 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2012<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | date = 2013 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2013<ref>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2014 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | date = 2014 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2014<ref>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2015 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | date = 2015 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2015 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2016 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2017 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2018 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2019 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2020 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2021 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Carlos Vila Nova |- align=center | align=left | 2022 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Carlos Vila Nova |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya. == Matsayin São Tomé da Príncipe game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Yarjejeniya | Hukuma | An gabatar | Rattaba hannu | Ratified |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide''<ref name='UN 1'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | [[Amurka]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination''<ref name='UN 2'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2011 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] | style="background:#ff9;" |1966 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights''<ref name='UN 3'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=17 September 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1966 | style="background:#ff9;" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name='UN 4'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=1 September 2010 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1966 | style="background:#ff9;" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights''<ref name='UN 5'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2019-03-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190324125027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1966 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity''<ref name='UN 6'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2018-11-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181116072232/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |1968 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name='UN 7'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" |- | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | ''Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women''<ref name='UN 8'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=23 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1995 | style="background:#9f9;" |2003 |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment''<ref name='UN 9'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=8 November 2010 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1984 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | ''Convention on the Rights of the Child''<ref name='UN 11'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2014 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |- | style="background:#9f9;" |1991 |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty''<ref name='UN 12'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1989 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |''International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families''<ref name='UN 13'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women''<ref name='UN 8b'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2011-05-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040105/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict''<ref name='UN 11b'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2016-04-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160425032942/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography''<ref name='UN 11c'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2013-12-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213004558/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities''<ref name='UN 15'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=19 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities''<ref name='UN 15a'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113202037/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=13 January 2016 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance''<ref name='UN 16'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2019-07-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190717085558/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights''<ref name='UN 3a'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2012-07-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120718111116/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure''<ref name='UN 11d'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |} == Bayani. == : 1.^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Sabili da haka, bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008, ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. ^ Ya zuwa Independence a ranar 12, ga Yuli 1975, da 1, ga Janairu shekaru bayan haka. : 3. ^ Rahoton 1982, ya rufe shekara ta 1981, da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton 1984, mai zuwa ya rufe rabi na biyu na 1982, da dukan 1983. Don sauƙaƙewa, an raba waɗannan rahotanni biyu na "shekara da rabi" zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar interpolation. == Manazarta. == {{reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * 2005 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61588.htm Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam] a kan São Tomé da Príncipe - Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314135753/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/39/ 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki a São Tomé da Príncipe] - IFEX * Freedom in the World 2011 Rahoton An adana shi , ta Freedom House [[Category:Hakki]] [[Category:Yancin dan Adam a Afrika]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] m0ojlxnykmr8w36locnds1tcjrxbeq4 976086 976085 2026-11-05T10:07:15Z A Salisu 14655 976086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka kan Ayyukan Ɗancin Dan Adam na [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] ya bayyana cewa gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama haƙƙin ɗan [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|ƴa]] na' yan ƙasa, duk da matsaloli a wasu yankuna. São Tomé da Príncipe na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 11, na Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara da aka kiyasta "yanci" a cikin binciken Freedom in the World na 2006, wanda Freedom House ta buga a kowace shekara, ƙungiyar da ke goyon bayan [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]] wacce ke sa ido kan haƙƙin siyasa, '[[Yankin Saharar Afirka|yancin]] farar hula, da' yancin yada labarai a duniya. A kan sikelin daga 1 (mafi yawan kyauta) zuwa 7, (mafi ƙarancin kyauta), São Tomé ya sami 2, don haƙƙin siyasa da 'yancin jama'a. == 'Yancin siyasa. == Daga samun ƴancin kai a shekarar 1975, har zuwa 1990, kasar ta kasance jam'iyya daya da ke da ƙuntataccen haƙƙin siyasa. A cikin shekarar 1990, ƴan ƙasa sun amince da kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya kafa [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]] ta jam'iyyun da yawa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gudanar da zabuka tara na kasa a São Tomé da Príncipe: zabuka hudu na shugaban kasa (a 1991, 1996, 2001, da 2006), da biyar na Majalisar Dokoki (1991, 1994, 1998, 2002, da 2006). Dukkanin wadannan zabuka an gudanar da su ne gabaɗaya kyauta, adalci, da kuma bayyane ta masu sa ido na cikin gida da na duniya. An gudanar da zabe a matakin kananan hukumomi a karo na farko a shekarar 1992. An ba Príncipe ikon cin gashin kansa a shekarar 1994, kuma an zabe shi majalisar yanki da gwamnati a shekarar 1995. == Ƴancin jama'a. == [[Yanci taro|Ƴancin taro]], ƙungiya, motsi, da addini an tabbatar da su ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki kuma gwamnati tana girmama su gabaɗaya. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi. === Ƴanci na ƴan jarida. === A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, "Dokar ta ba da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|ƴancin magana]] da na ƴan jarida, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Har ila yau, ya lura cewa wasu 'yan jarida suna yin tantance kansu. " Talabijin da rediyo suna aiki da jihar kuma babu tashoshin masu zaman kansu, saboda matsalolin tattalin arziki da kasuwa. Babu wata doka da ta hana kafa irin waɗannan tashoshin kuma duk jam'iyyun adawa suna da damar yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati, gami da akalla minti uku a kowane wata a talabijin. Jaridu da takardun adawa da ke sukar gwamnati suna yawo kyauta. Kamfanin 'yan jarida na São Tomé an kiyasta su 'yanci' ta kungiyar Freedom House. A cikin Binciken 'Yancin Labarai na 2006, São Tomé ya kasance na 5, daga cikin kasashe 48, na Afirka ta Kudu dangane da' yancin' yan jarida kawai bayan [[Mali]], [[Moris|Mauritius]], [[Ghana]], da [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. [http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/PFS/PFSRegionalTables2006.pdf] An adana shi Freedom House ya bayyana halin da ake ciki na 'yancin' yan jarida na kasar kamar haka: "''Kundin Tsarin Mulki na São Tomé ya tabbatar'' da' yancin' yan yada labarai kuma gwamnati tana da tarihin misali na mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a aikace. ''Littattafan da ke sukar manufofin hukuma suna yawo kyauta ba tare da an kama 'yan jarida ba, an ɗaure su, an azabtar da su ko kuma an tsananta musu. Koyaya, 'yan jarida suna yin kyakkyawan matakin tantance kansu, kuma galibi suna dogara da fitowar labarai na hukuma don rahotonsu wanda ke hana ci gaban aikin jarida na bincike. Rashin kudaden shiga na talla, fasaha, horar da kafofin watsa labarai da albashi mara kyau suma sun zama manyan nakasa ga 'yan jarida. "'' Sauran shahararrun kungiyoyin 'yancin' yan jarida kamar su Reporters Without Borders (RSF), Cibiyar Harkokin Labarai ta Duniya (IPI), da Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida (CPJ) ba su haɗa da São Tomé a cikin rahotannin shekara-shekara ba. == Dokar Shari'a. == === Tsarin shari'a da shari'a === Wani bangare na shari'a mai zaman kansa, gami da Kotun Koli tare da mambobin da aka zaba, kuma suna da alhakin, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, an kafa ta hanyar raba gardama ta 1990, kan mulkin jam'iyyun da yawa. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a kan gwamnati da shugaban kasa, amma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da ita. Tsarin kotun yana da yawa, ba shi da ma'aikata, ba shi na isasshen kuɗi, kuma yana fama da jinkiri mai tsawo a cikin shari'o'in sauraro. Dokar ta ba da haƙƙin shari'ar jama'a mai kyau, haƙƙin daukaka kara, haƙƙin wakilcin shari'a, kuma, idan matalauta, haƙƙin lauyan da jihar ta nada. Ana zaton wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da laifi, suna da 'yancin fuskantar shaidu, da kuma gabatar da shaidu a madadin kansu. Koyaya, rashin isasshen albarkatun ya haifar da tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci kafin shari'a kuma ya hana bincike sosai a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka. === Halin jami'an tsaro. === Babu rahotanni cewa gwamnati ko jami'anta sun aikata kisan kai ko kisan kai ba bisa ka'ida ba, azabtarwa, ko ɓacewar siyasa. === Yanayin kurkuku. === An bayyana yanayin kurkuku a kasar a matsayin "mai tsanani, amma ba barazana ga rayuwa ba" a cikin rahoton ma'aikatar jihar. An bayar da rahoton cewa wuraren sun cika, kuma abinci bai isa ba. An tsare wasu fursunoni kafin a yi musu shari'a tare da fursunoni da aka yanke musu hukunci. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin masu sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam su ziyarci kurkuku. === Hukuncin kisa. === An soke hukuncin kisa a São Tomé da Príncipe a shekarar 1990. São Tomé da Príncipe sun tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa a ranar 10, ga Janairu, 2017.<ref name="auto" /> == Cin hanci da rashawa. == Cin hanci da rashawa na hukuma matsala ce mai tsanani. Ba a bincika São Tomé da Príncipe a cikin Ƙididdigar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Transparency International ta 2005. == Nuna bambanci a cikin al'umma. == Dokar ta samar da daidaito ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ba, kabilanci, asalin launin fata, halin siyasa, imani, ko tabbacin falsafa, kuma yayin da gwamnati ke aiwatar da waɗannan tanadi, mata sun fuskanci nuna bambanci. Rikicin cikin gida akan mata ya faru, gami da fyade, amma ba a san girman matsalar ba. Kodayake mata suna da 'yancin yin amfani da shari'a - ciki har da ma'aurata da yawa sun ƙi kawo matakin shari'a ko kuma ba su san hakkinsu ba a karkashin doka. Hadisi ya hana mata yin rikice-rikice na cikin gida a waje da iyali. Dokar ta tanadi cewa mata da maza suna da daidaitattun 'yancin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa. Duk da yake mata da yawa suna da damar samun dama a ilimi, kasuwanci, da gwamnati, a aikace mata har yanzu suna fuskantar nuna bambanci na al'umma. Rashin kula da yara bai yadu ba; duk da haka, akwai karancin kariya ga marayu da yara da aka watsar. Aikin yara matsala ce. Babu rahotanni cewa an [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin mutane]] zuwa, daga, ko a cikin kasar. == Hakkin ma'aikaci. == Hakkin shirya, yajin aiki, da ciniki gaba ɗaya an tabbatar da su kuma ana girmama su. Ƙungiyoyin kwadago kalilan ne, amma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi amfani da shirin rarraba ƙasa na gwamnati don jawo hankalin ma'aikata. Saboda rawar da take takawa a matsayin babban ma'aikaci a bangaren albashi, gwamnati ta kasance babban mai magana da ma'aikata a kan dukkan batutuwa, gami da albashi. Yanayin aiki a yawancin gonakin [[koko]] na jihar suna da tsanani. == Yanayin tarihi. == Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar São Tomé da Príncipe tun 1975, a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga kowace shekara. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref name='FH1972'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 | access-date = 2012-08-22 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | year = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" | Shekara | style="width:3em;" |Ƴancin Siyasa | style="width:3em;" |Ƴancin Jama'a | style="width:3em;" |Matsayi | style="width:3em;" |Shugaban ƙasar Sao Tome and Principe |- align=center | align=left | 1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Sashin Kyauta | style="background:#ff9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1976 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Sashin Kyauta | style="background:#ff9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1977 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1978 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1979 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1980 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1982 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1983 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1984 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1985 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1986 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1987 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Sashin kyata | style="background:#ff9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1991 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1992 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1993 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1994 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1995 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1996 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1997 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1998 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1999 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 2001 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2002 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2003 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2004 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2005 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2006 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2007 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2008 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2009 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2010 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2011 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2012<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | date = 2013 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2013<ref>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2014 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | date = 2014 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2014<ref>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2015 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | date = 2015 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2015 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2016 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2017 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2018 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2019 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2020 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2021 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Carlos Vila Nova |- align=center | align=left | 2022 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Carlos Vila Nova |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya. == Matsayin São Tomé da Príncipe game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Yarjejeniya | Hukuma | An gabatar | Rattaba hannu | Ratified |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide''<ref name='UN 1'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | [[Amurka]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination''<ref name='UN 2'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2011 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] | style="background:#ff9;" |1966 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights''<ref name='UN 3'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=17 September 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1966 | style="background:#ff9;" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name='UN 4'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=1 September 2010 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1966 | style="background:#ff9;" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights''<ref name='UN 5'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2019-03-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190324125027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1966 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity''<ref name='UN 6'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2018-11-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181116072232/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |1968 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name='UN 7'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" |- | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | ''Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women''<ref name='UN 8'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=23 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1995 | style="background:#9f9;" |2003 |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment''<ref name='UN 9'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=8 November 2010 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1984 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | ''Convention on the Rights of the Child''<ref name='UN 11'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2014 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |- | style="background:#9f9;" |1991 |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty''<ref name='UN 12'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1989 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |''International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families''<ref name='UN 13'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women''<ref name='UN 8b'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2011-05-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040105/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict''<ref name='UN 11b'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2016-04-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160425032942/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography''<ref name='UN 11c'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2013-12-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213004558/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities''<ref name='UN 15'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=19 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities''<ref name='UN 15a'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113202037/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=13 January 2016 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance''<ref name='UN 16'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2019-07-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190717085558/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights''<ref name='UN 3a'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2012-07-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120718111116/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure''<ref name='UN 11d'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |} == Bayani. == : 1.^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Sabili da haka, bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008, ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. ^ Ya zuwa Independence a ranar 12, ga Yuli 1975, da 1, ga Janairu shekaru bayan haka. : 3. ^ Rahoton 1982, ya rufe shekara ta 1981, da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton 1984, mai zuwa ya rufe rabi na biyu na 1982, da dukan 1983. Don sauƙaƙewa, an raba waɗannan rahotanni biyu na "shekara da rabi" zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar interpolation. == Manazarta. == {{reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * 2005 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61588.htm Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam] a kan São Tomé da Príncipe - Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314135753/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/39/ 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki a São Tomé da Príncipe] - IFEX * Freedom in the World 2011 Rahoton An adana shi , ta Freedom House [[Category:Hakki]] [[Category:Yancin dan Adam a Afrika]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] shse8ioe1vyt2of0mhd4m6hqj6k0io0 976088 976086 2026-11-05T10:07:43Z A Salisu 14655 976088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka kan Ayyukan Ɗancin Dan Adam na [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]] ya bayyana cewa gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama haƙƙin ɗan [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|ƴa]] na' yan ƙasa, duk da matsaloli a wasu yankuna. São Tomé da Príncipe na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 11, na Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara da aka kiyasta "yanci" a cikin binciken Freedom in the World na 2006, wanda Freedom House ta buga a kowace shekara, ƙungiyar da ke goyon bayan [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]] wacce ke sa ido kan haƙƙin siyasa, '[[Yankin Saharar Afirka|yancin]] farar hula, da' yancin yada labarai a duniya. A kan sikelin daga 1 (mafi yawan kyauta) zuwa 7, (mafi ƙarancin kyauta), São Tomé ya sami 2, don haƙƙin siyasa da 'yancin jama'a. == 'Yancin siyasa. == Daga samun ƴancin kai a shekarar 1975, har zuwa 1990, kasar ta kasance jam'iyya daya da ke da ƙuntataccen haƙƙin siyasa. A cikin shekarar 1990, ƴan ƙasa sun amince da kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya kafa [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]] ta jam'iyyun da yawa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gudanar da zabuka tara na kasa a São Tomé da Príncipe: zabuka hudu na shugaban kasa (a 1991, 1996, 2001, da 2006), da biyar na Majalisar Dokoki (1991, 1994, 1998, 2002, da 2006). Dukkanin wadannan zabuka an gudanar da su ne gabaɗaya kyauta, adalci, da kuma bayyane ta masu sa ido na cikin gida da na duniya. An gudanar da zabe a matakin kananan hukumomi a karo na farko a shekarar 1992. An ba Príncipe ikon cin gashin kansa a shekarar 1994, kuma an zabe shi majalisar yanki da gwamnati a shekarar 1995. == Ƴancin jama'a. == [[Yanci taro|Ƴancin taro]], ƙungiya, motsi, da addini an tabbatar da su ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki kuma gwamnati tana girmama su gabaɗaya. Ana girmama 'yancin ilimi. === Ƴanci na ƴan jarida. === A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, "Dokar ta ba da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|ƴancin magana]] da na ƴan jarida, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Har ila yau, ya lura cewa wasu 'yan jarida suna yin tantance kansu. " Talabijin da rediyo suna aiki da jihar kuma babu tashoshin masu zaman kansu, saboda matsalolin tattalin arziki da kasuwa. Babu wata doka da ta hana kafa irin waɗannan tashoshin kuma duk jam'iyyun adawa suna da damar yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati, gami da akalla minti uku a kowane wata a talabijin. Jaridu da takardun adawa da ke sukar gwamnati suna yawo kyauta. Kamfanin ƴan jarida na São Tomé an kiyasta su 'yanci' ta kungiyar Freedom House. A cikin Binciken 'Yancin Labarai na shekarar 2006, São Tomé ya kasance na 5, daga cikin kasashe 48, na Afirka ta Kudu dangane da' yancin' yan jarida kawai bayan [[Mali]], [[Moris|Mauritius]], [[Ghana]], da [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. [http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/PFS/PFSRegionalTables2006.pdf] An adana shi Freedom House ya bayyana halin da ake ciki na 'yancin' yan jarida na kasar kamar haka: "''Kundin Tsarin Mulki na São Tomé ya tabbatar'' da' yancin' yan yada labarai kuma gwamnati tana da tarihin misali na mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a aikace. ''Littattafan da ke sukar manufofin hukuma suna yawo kyauta ba tare da an kama 'yan jarida ba, an ɗaure su, an azabtar da su ko kuma an tsananta musu. Koyaya, 'yan jarida suna yin kyakkyawan matakin tantance kansu, kuma galibi suna dogara da fitowar labarai na hukuma don rahotonsu wanda ke hana ci gaban aikin jarida na bincike. Rashin kudaden shiga na talla, fasaha, horar da kafofin watsa labarai da albashi mara kyau suma sun zama manyan nakasa ga 'yan jarida. "'' Sauran shahararrun kungiyoyin 'yancin' yan jarida kamar su Reporters Without Borders (RSF), Cibiyar Harkokin Labarai ta Duniya (IPI), da Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida (CPJ) ba su haɗa da São Tomé a cikin rahotannin shekara-shekara ba. == Dokar Shari'a. == === Tsarin shari'a da shari'a === Wani bangare na shari'a mai zaman kansa, gami da Kotun Koli tare da mambobin da aka zaba, kuma suna da alhakin, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, an kafa ta hanyar raba gardama ta 1990, kan mulkin jam'iyyun da yawa. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a kan gwamnati da shugaban kasa, amma a wasu lokuta ana amfani da ita. Tsarin kotun yana da yawa, ba shi da ma'aikata, ba shi na isasshen kuɗi, kuma yana fama da jinkiri mai tsawo a cikin shari'o'in sauraro. Dokar ta ba da haƙƙin shari'ar jama'a mai kyau, haƙƙin daukaka kara, haƙƙin wakilcin shari'a, kuma, idan matalauta, haƙƙin lauyan da jihar ta nada. Ana zaton wadanda ake tuhuma ba su da laifi, suna da 'yancin fuskantar shaidu, da kuma gabatar da shaidu a madadin kansu. Koyaya, rashin isasshen albarkatun ya haifar da tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci kafin shari'a kuma ya hana bincike sosai a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka. === Halin jami'an tsaro. === Babu rahotanni cewa gwamnati ko jami'anta sun aikata kisan kai ko kisan kai ba bisa ka'ida ba, azabtarwa, ko ɓacewar siyasa. === Yanayin kurkuku. === An bayyana yanayin kurkuku a kasar a matsayin "mai tsanani, amma ba barazana ga rayuwa ba" a cikin rahoton ma'aikatar jihar. An bayar da rahoton cewa wuraren sun cika, kuma abinci bai isa ba. An tsare wasu fursunoni kafin a yi musu shari'a tare da fursunoni da aka yanke musu hukunci. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin masu sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam su ziyarci kurkuku. === Hukuncin kisa. === An soke hukuncin kisa a São Tomé da Príncipe a shekarar 1990. São Tomé da Príncipe sun tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ta Biyu ga Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa a ranar 10, ga Janairu, 2017.<ref name="auto" /> == Cin hanci da rashawa. == Cin hanci da rashawa na hukuma matsala ce mai tsanani. Ba a bincika São Tomé da Príncipe a cikin Ƙididdigar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Transparency International ta 2005. == Nuna bambanci a cikin al'umma. == Dokar ta samar da daidaito ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ba, kabilanci, asalin launin fata, halin siyasa, imani, ko tabbacin falsafa, kuma yayin da gwamnati ke aiwatar da waɗannan tanadi, mata sun fuskanci nuna bambanci. Rikicin cikin gida akan mata ya faru, gami da fyade, amma ba a san girman matsalar ba. Kodayake mata suna da 'yancin yin amfani da shari'a - ciki har da ma'aurata da yawa sun ƙi kawo matakin shari'a ko kuma ba su san hakkinsu ba a karkashin doka. Hadisi ya hana mata yin rikice-rikice na cikin gida a waje da iyali. Dokar ta tanadi cewa mata da maza suna da daidaitattun 'yancin siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa. Duk da yake mata da yawa suna da damar samun dama a ilimi, kasuwanci, da gwamnati, a aikace mata har yanzu suna fuskantar nuna bambanci na al'umma. Rashin kula da yara bai yadu ba; duk da haka, akwai karancin kariya ga marayu da yara da aka watsar. Aikin yara matsala ce. Babu rahotanni cewa an [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin mutane]] zuwa, daga, ko a cikin kasar. == Hakkin ma'aikaci. == Hakkin shirya, yajin aiki, da ciniki gaba ɗaya an tabbatar da su kuma ana girmama su. Ƙungiyoyin kwadago kalilan ne, amma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi amfani da shirin rarraba ƙasa na gwamnati don jawo hankalin ma'aikata. Saboda rawar da take takawa a matsayin babban ma'aikaci a bangaren albashi, gwamnati ta kasance babban mai magana da ma'aikata a kan dukkan batutuwa, gami da albashi. Yanayin aiki a yawancin gonakin [[koko]] na jihar suna da tsanani. == Yanayin tarihi. == Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar São Tomé da Príncipe tun 1975, a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga kowace shekara. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref name='FH1972'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 | access-date = 2012-08-22 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | year = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" | Shekara | style="width:3em;" |Ƴancin Siyasa | style="width:3em;" |Ƴancin Jama'a | style="width:3em;" |Matsayi | style="width:3em;" |Shugaban ƙasar Sao Tome and Principe |- align=center | align=left | 1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Sashin Kyauta | style="background:#ff9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1976 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Sashin Kyauta | style="background:#ff9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1977 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1978 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1979 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1980 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1982 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1983 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1984 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1985 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1986 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1987 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Sashin da ba kyauta ba | style="background:#99f;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Sashin kyata | style="background:#ff9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 1991 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1992 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1993 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1994 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1995 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1996 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1997 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1998 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 1999 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Miguel Trovoada |- align=center | align=left | 2001 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2002 | style="background:#9f9;" |1 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2003 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2004 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2005 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2006 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2007 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2008 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2009 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2010 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Fradique de Menezes |- align=center | align=left | 2011 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2012<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202013%20Booklet.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2013: Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | date = 2013 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2013<ref>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2014 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | date = 2014 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2014<ref>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/01152015_FIW_2015_final.pdf | title = Freedom in the World 2015 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | date = 2015 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2015 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Manuel Pinto da Costa |- align=center | align=left | 2016 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2017 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2018 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2019 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2020 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Evaristo Carvalho |- align=center | align=left | 2021 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Carlos Vila Nova |- align=center | align=left | 2022 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |Kyauta | style="background:#9f9;" |Carlos Vila Nova |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya. == Matsayin São Tomé da Príncipe game da yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% style="border-collapse:collapse;" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | Yarjejeniya | Hukuma | An gabatar | Rattaba hannu | Ratified |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide''<ref name='UN 1'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | [[Amurka]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination''<ref name='UN 2'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2011 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] | style="background:#ff9;" |1966 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights''<ref name='UN 3'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=17 September 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1966 | style="background:#ff9;" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name='UN 4'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=1 September 2010 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1966 | style="background:#ff9;" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights''<ref name='UN 5'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2019-03-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190324125027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1966 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity''<ref name='UN 6'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2018-11-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181116072232/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |1968 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name='UN 7'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=18 July 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" |- | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | ''Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women''<ref name='UN 8'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=23 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1995 | style="background:#9f9;" |2003 |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment''<ref name='UN 9'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=8 November 2010 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1984 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#9f9; align=left" | ''Convention on the Rights of the Child''<ref name='UN 11'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2014 }}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |- | style="background:#9f9;" |1991 |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty''<ref name='UN 12'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1989 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |''International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families''<ref name='UN 13'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#ff9; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women''<ref name='UN 8b'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2011-05-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040105/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#ff9;" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict''<ref name='UN 11b'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2016-04-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160425032942/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography''<ref name='UN 11c'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2013-12-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213004558/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2000 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities''<ref name='UN 15'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=19 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities''<ref name='UN 15a'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113202037/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=13 January 2016 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance''<ref name='UN 16'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2019-07-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190717085558/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights''<ref name='UN 3a'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 2012-07-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120718111116/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |- align=center | style="background:#99f; align=left" | ''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure''<ref name='UN 11d'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" | Majalisar Dinkin Duniya | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |- | style="background:#99f;" |- |} == Bayani. == : 1.^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Sabili da haka, bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008, ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. ^ Ya zuwa Independence a ranar 12, ga Yuli 1975, da 1, ga Janairu shekaru bayan haka. : 3. ^ Rahoton 1982, ya rufe shekara ta 1981, da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton 1984, mai zuwa ya rufe rabi na biyu na 1982, da dukan 1983. Don sauƙaƙewa, an raba waɗannan rahotanni biyu na "shekara da rabi" zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar interpolation. == Manazarta. == {{reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * 2005 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61588.htm Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam] a kan São Tomé da Príncipe - Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070314135753/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/39/ 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki a São Tomé da Príncipe] - IFEX * Freedom in the World 2011 Rahoton An adana shi , ta Freedom House [[Category:Hakki]] [[Category:Yancin dan Adam a Afrika]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] joelynqymaoeo34p24vo9yt8ksmpos8 0 48536 975973 947095 2026-11-04T22:01:05Z Alfurqan 14918 975973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:16 religionist symbols.png|thumb|Addinan da sukafi suna]] ''''Yancin addini''' ƙa'ida ce da ke tallafawa ƴancin mutum ko al'umma, a fili ko a sirri, don bayyana [[addini]] ko imani a cikin koyarwa, aiki, bauta, da kiyayewa. Haka nan ya haɗa da ƴancin canza addini ko aƙidar mutum,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml |title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights|publisher=The United Nations}}</ref> "'yancin yin wani addini ko akida",<ref>{{Cite web|title=CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.4|url=https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol&#61;CCPR%252FC%252F21%252FRev.1%252FAdd.4&Language&#61;E&DeviceType&#61;Desktop&LangRequested&#61;False|access-date=2023-01-02|website=undocs.org}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ko "ba yin addini" (wanda aka fi sani da "'yanci ''daga'' addini").<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22dmdocnumber%22:[%22696792%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-58915%22]}|title=CASE OF BUSCARINI AND OTHERS v. SAN MARINO|publisher=European Court of Human Rights|at= § 34|date=February 18, 1999|accessdate=January 24, 2023}}.</ref> Ƴancin addini mutane da yawa da yawancin al'ummomi suna ɗauka a matsayin babban [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] . <ref>{{cite web|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/dd/eng_democracy_dialogues/religion/religion_essay.html|title=The Evolution of Religious Liberty as a Universal Human Right|access-date=5 December 2006|last=Davis|first=Derek H.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201105738/http://usinfo.state.gov/dd/eng_democracy_dialogues/religion/religion_essay.html|archive-date=1 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ANDmIIpAmwC&pg=PA29734|title=Congressional Record #29734 – 19 November 2003|access-date=3 September 2011|isbn=978-0160799563|last1=Congress|first1=U. S.|year=2008}}</ref> A kasar da ke da addini, ana daukar 'yancin yin addini a matsayin ma'anar cewa gwamnati ta ba da izinin gudanar da ayyukan addini na wasu al'ummomi ban da addinin gwamnati, kuma ba ta tsananta wa masu bi a wasu addinai ko waɗanda ba su da imani ba. [[Fayil:Religious Freedom 3c 1957 issue.JPG|thumb|Kundin ƴancin addini]] ’Yancin addini ya wuce ‘yancin yin imani, wanda ke ba da damar yin imani da abin da mutum, ƙungiya, ko addini yake so, amma ba lallai ba ne ya ƙyale ’yancin yin addini ko imani a fili da zahiri a cikin jama’a, wanda wasu ke gaskatawa. jigon ‘yancin addini ne na tsakiya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.religiousfreedominstitute.org/blog/what-in-the-world-is-religious-freedom|title=What in the World is Religious Freedom?|website=Religious Freedom Institute|date=November 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref> 'Yancin ibada ba shi da tabbas amma ana iya la'akari da faɗuwa tsakanin sharuɗɗan biyu. Kalmar "imani" ana ɗaukarsa ya haɗa da kowane nau'i na rashin addini, gami da [[Mulhidanci|zindikanci]], [[Humanism|ɗan adamtaka]], [[Existentialism|wanzuwa]] ko wasu mazhabobin tunani. Ko ya kamata a yi la’akari da waɗanda ba masu bi ba ko kuma ‘yan adamtaka don dalilai na ’yancin yin addini, tambaya ce da ake jayayya a cikin shari’a da tsarin mulki. Muhimmi a cikin la'akari da wannan 'yancin shine ko ayyukan addini da ayyukan motsa jiki waɗanda zasu keta dokar duniya yakamata a ba su izini saboda kiyaye 'yancin addini, kamar (a cikin fikihun Amurka) ''Amurka v.'' ''Reynolds'' ko ''Wisconsin v.'' ''Yoder'', (a cikin dokar Turai) ''SAS v.'' ''Faransa'', da sauran hukunce-hukunce masu yawa. == Manazarta. == [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] njda2y0bzd7fw1px6g9vkkvpg5ctudf 0 48796 976066 942368 2026-11-05T09:57:24Z A Salisu 14655 976066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Maldives''', ƙasa mai tarin tsibiri mai mutane 417,000 a gabar tekun Indiya, batu ne mai tada hankali.<ref>{{cite web|title=CIA Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/maldives/|access-date=2023-05-16|archive-date=2022-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728131758/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/maldives/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin rahotonta na Freedom in the World na 2011, Freedom House ta ayyana Maldives a matsayin "Yanci na Bangare", yana mai da'awar tsarin sake fasalin da aka yi kan gaba a 2009 da 2010 ya ci tura.<ref name='FH 2011'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/maldives | title = Freedom in the World 2011: Maldives | access-date = 2012-08-25 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | year = 2011 | publisher = Freedom House | archive-date = 2013-03-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130307035109/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/maldives | url-status = dead }}</ref> Hukumar da ke kula da dimokuradiyya, kare hakkin dan adam da kwadago ta Amurka ta yi ikirarin a cikin rahotonta na shekarar 2012 kan ayyukan kare haƙƙin bil’adama a ƙasar cewa manyan matsalolin da suka fi daukar hankali sun hada da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ƴancin addini, da cin zarafi da rashin daidaito ga mata.<ref name='State 2012'>{{cite web | url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186470 | title = Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Maldives | access-date = 2012-08-24 | author = Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor | author-link = Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor | year = 2012 | publisher = [[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Ma'aikata na Amurka ya yi ikirarin a cikin rahotonsa na shekarar 2012 kan ayyukan kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasar cewa manyan matsalolin da suka fi muhimmanci su ne cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ƴancin addini, da cin zarafi da rashin daidaiton da ake yi wa mata .<ref name="State 2012">{{cite web |author= |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Maldives |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186470 |access-date=2012-08-24 |website=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Ma'aikata na Amurka]] ya yi ikirarin a cikin rahotonsa na shekarar 2012 kan ayyukan kare hakkin dan adam a kasar cewa manyan matsalolin da suka fi muhimmanci su ne cin hanci da rashawa, rashin 'yancin addini, da cin zarafi da rashin daidaiton da ake yi wa mata. <ref name="State 20122">{{Cite web |last= |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Maldives |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186470 |access-date=2012-08-24 |website=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> .<ref name="State 2012">{{cite web |author= |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Maldives |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186470 |access-date=2012-08-24 |website=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> == Tarihi da yanayin siyasa == Maldives sun sami 'yencin kai daga Burtaniya a shekara ta 1965. Al'ummar ta fara zamanta mai cin gashin kanta a matsayin sarkin musulmi, amma kuri'ar raba gardama ta shekarar 1968 ta amince da kundin tsarin mulkin da ya kafa kasa a matsayin jamhuriya. Ibrahim Nasir, Firayim Minista a karkashin Sarkin Musulmi, ya zama Shugaban kasa kuma ya rike mukamin daga 1968 zuwa 1978. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom ne ya gaje shi, wanda aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1978 kuma aka sake zabe a 1983, 1988, 1993, 1998, da 2003. A karshen shugabancinsa a shekara ta 2008, shi ne shugaba mafi dadewa a nahiyar Asiya. Gaba daya gwamnatin ƙasar ta dauki tsauraran matakai kan al'ummarta a wannan lokaci. Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Maldives tun shekarar 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref name='FH1972'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973–2012 | access-date = 2012-08-22 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | year = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref> Bayan da aka bankado yunkurin juyin mulki da magoya bayan Nasir suka yi a shekarar 1980, gwamnati ta kame wadanda ake kyautata zaton suna da hannu a ciki, sannan aka daure matansu da 'ya'yansu gidan kurkuku . Akalla mutane uku ne aka yanke wa hukunci kan alaka da tsohon shugaban kasar, kuma a kalla daya – Mohamed Ismail Manniku Sikku, tsohon Daraktan Jiragen Saman – an kore shi zuwa “shekaru goma da rana”. Shugaban ya dauki alhakin cin nasarar kare hakkin dan adam a 2009-2010, Mohamed Nasheed, yayi murabus bayan zanga-zangar makonni da 'yan sanda suka jagoranta kuma aka tsare shi a gida.<ref name="Nasheed resigns">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16922570 |title=Maldives President Mohamed Nasheed resigns amid unrest |work=BBC News |date=7 February 2012 |access-date=7 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Hassan sworn">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2106291,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207081638/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2106291,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 7, 2012 |title=Maldives' VP Hassan Takes Oath as President |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Time Magazine |date=7 February 2012 |access-date=7 February 2012 |location=Male, Maldives}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/02/maldives-president-resigns-mohamed-nasheed-protests.html |title=Maldives president resigns after weeks of protest |work=Los Angeles Times |date=7 February 2012 |access-date=7 February 2012 |author=Mark Magnier }}</ref> <ref name=BIO>{{cite web |url=http://www.drwaheed.com/dr_waheeds_biography |title=Dr. Waheed's biography |publisher=drwaheed.com |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427193307/http://www.drwaheed.com/dr_waheeds_biography |archive-date=27 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}]</ref> An maye gurbinsa da Mohammed Waheed Hassan, tsohon shugaban [[UNICEF]] [[Afghanistan]]. == Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu (2008-) == === Ƴancin addini === Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ayyana Islama a matsayin addinin jihar na Maldives kuma ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar dukkan 'yan ƙasar Maldives su zama Musulmai Sunni. Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin ƙasar a yi wa duk wani addini ban da Islama, kuma a ba da shawara ga rabuwa da coci da jihar. An kuma haramta ridda da rashin yarda da Allah kuma wadanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin ko ake zargi da kasancewa masu ridda ko masu musun wanzuwar Allah ana hukunta su da mutuwa ta hanyar dokar Maldivian (ko da yake ba a tilasta su ba) kuma galibi suna fuskantar tashin hankali ko hare-hare tare da ƙananan ko babu sakamako ga masu aikata laifin ta hukumomi. Tsarin ilimi na Maldivian yana kiyaye fassarar addinin Islama. Dukkanin makarantun gwamnati da masu zaman kansu da ke gudanar da gwamnati doka ta buƙaci su koyar da Islama daga aji na 1 zuwa 12, ba tare da wani zaɓi na duniya ba. Wani rahoto daga Cibiyar Demokradiyya ta Maldivian ta buga wani rahoto a cikin 2016 game da binciken radicalism a cikin Maldives, ya tsara ra'ayoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka ambata a cikin litattafai da laccoci da kuma tauhidin tauhidi masu rikitarwa da aka inganta a cikinsu, da kuma ra'ayoyi masu tsattsan addini da masu watsawa sun yi Allah wadai da su sosai, wanda ya haifar da kungiyar ta dakatar da ci gaba da ayyukanta ba tare da tsari ba kuma tilasta musu gudun hijira ba. Ma'aikatar harkokin addinin musulunci ita ce kadai hukumar da ke ba da lasisi ga limamai, kuma dole ne a amince da wa'azi. Suna kuma sarrafa ilimin addini kuma suna da ikon korar duk wanda ba musulmi ba. Wajibi ne baki wadanda ba musulmi ba su yi addininsu a boye. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ce dukkan mutanen Maldibiya dole ne su kasance musulmi 'yan Sunna. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2011 gungun mutane goma sun kai hari kan masu zanga-zangar lumana a [[Malé]] suna kira da a yi hakuri da addini. [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] Ismail Khilath Rasheed ya samu karaya a kokon kai daga baya kuma an kama shi saboda kiran da ya yi na a yi hakuri ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulki. Ba a yi kokarin kamo maharan ba. A ranar 5 ga Yuni 2012, an caka wa Rasheed wuka a wuya. Kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta bayyana cewa bisa ga dukkan alamu an kai masa hari ne da gangan kan aikin jarida. Wani ministan gwamnatin Maldibiya ya yi tir da harin, amma kuma ya kara da cewa "Tabbas Hilath ya san cewa ya zama wani hari na wasu 'yan tsagera . . . Mu ba kasa ba ce. Idan za ku yi magana a kan addini, za a sami wasu tsirarun mutanen da ba su yarda ba.” === 'Yancin magana === Zagi da Magana “saɓanin rukunan Musulunci” haramun ne. ==== Kafofin watsa labarai da sa ido ==== 2008 ya ga tashoshin talabijin masu zaman kansu na farko na Maldives. A cikin watan Agustan 2010 an kai wa gidan talabijin mai zaman kansa hari a gidan talabijin na Villa, kuma 'yan sanda sun kai wa 'yan jarida hari saboda suna gudanar da zanga-zangar siyasa a watan Oktoban 2010. Ana iya shiga gidajen yanar gizo na 'yan adawa a kasar, amma ma'aikatar harkokin addinin musulunci ta toshe wasu gidajen yanar gizo na mishan na Kirista. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2011 an kama wasu 'yan jarida biyu - daya daga ''Haveeru Daily'' da daya daga ''[[Sun FM (Maldives)|gidan rediyon Sun FM]]'' - da laifin yada wata zanga-zanga. An sake su bayan sa'o'i 24. === 'Yancin taro === Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kare ‘yancin yin taro cikin lumana ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba, kuma Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta yi ikrarin cewa ana kiyaye wadannan hakkoki gaba daya. A watan Yulin 2020, [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta yi Allah wadai da aiwatar da dokar da gwamnatin Maldibiya ta yi a baya-bayan nan da ke takaita zanga-zanga da sauran tarurruka, tana mai cewa matakin da gwamnati ta yi ya zama cin zarafi na hakki. Matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na aiwatar da dokokin ya biyo bayan zanga-zangar da aka yi a cikin watan Yuli. === Tsarin doka === Yawancin alkalai ba su da horo na shari'a kuma ana ba su dama a cikin tafsirin shari'ar musulmi. Rundunar Tsaro ta Maldives tana gudanar da kwasa-kwasan kare hakkin bil'adama. Flogging is a frequently imposed punishment, and carried out behind the court buildings. 96 people – over 80% of them women – were sentenced to this mode of punishment in 2010. Akalla an kama mambobi hudu na majalisa a watan Yulin 2010. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa an tsare su ne don tilasta musu bin bukatun siyasa. An sake su ba da daɗewa ba. A ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011 an ba daya daga cikin wadannan 'yan majalisa, Abdullah Yameen, diyya. === Tsiraru da yancin mata === Majalisar ta kunshi mata biyar, kuma mata suna da kashi 98% na masu karatu. A shekarar 2011 an sallami jami’an ‘yan sanda hudu daga aikin, amma ba a tuhume su a hukumance ba, saboda sun tuka wata mata a garin Malé, suka tilasta mata tube tufafi, da lalata da ita, da kuma jefa ta a kan titi. Kamar yadda wani bangare na jihar ke aiwatar da shari'ar Shari'a a wasu lamura, luwadi haramun ne . Hukuncin mazaje na zaman gidan yari na wata tara zuwa shekara daya, ko kuma bulala 10 zuwa 30. Hukuncin da ake yiwa mata wata tara ne zuwa shekara guda na zaman gidan yari. == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186470 Rahoton Ƙasa game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 2011] na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/maldives/report-2012 Rahoton Haƙƙin ɗan Adam] Archived ta [[Amnesty International]] (har ila yau akwai a [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/maldives/report-2012 Larabci] Archived , Archived [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/maldives/report-2012 Faransanci] , da [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/maldives/report-2012 Mutanen Espanya] Archived ) * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/maldives 'Yanci A Duniya Rahoton 2011] Archived , ta Freedom House ; Ƙungiyoyin duniya * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/maldives Maldives] Archived a [[Amnesty International]] (har ila yau akwai a [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/maldives Larabci] Archived , Archived [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/maldives Faransanci] , da [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/maldivas Mutanen Espanya] Archived ) * [https://www.hrw.org/asia/maldives Maldives] a [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120721001452/http://fidh.org/-Maldives- Maldives] a [[Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya|FIDH]] * [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/MVIndex.aspx Maldives] a ofishin hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR) * [http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/maldives.html Maldives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716012223/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/maldives.html |date=2017-07-16 }} Archived [[UNICEF|a UNICEF]] * [http://www.ifex.org/maldives/ Maldives] a Musanya 'Yancin Magana ta Duniya (IFEX) [[Category:Yancin dan Adam a Afrika]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] ce0hvlciv4u45prg14rcgkq1isdbpcw 976067 976066 2026-11-05T09:57:45Z A Salisu 14655 976067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Maldives''', ƙasa mai tarin tsibiri mai mutane 417,000 a gabar tekun Indiya, batu ne mai tada hankali.<ref>{{cite web|title=CIA Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/maldives/|access-date=2023-05-16|archive-date=2022-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728131758/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/maldives/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin rahotonta na Freedom in the World na 2011, Freedom House ta ayyana Maldives a matsayin "Yanci na Bangare", yana mai da'awar tsarin sake fasalin da aka yi kan gaba a 2009 da 2010 ya ci tura.<ref name='FH 2011'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/maldives | title = Freedom in the World 2011: Maldives | access-date = 2012-08-25 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | year = 2011 | publisher = Freedom House | archive-date = 2013-03-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130307035109/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/maldives | url-status = dead }}</ref> Hukumar da ke kula da dimokuradiyya, kare hakkin dan adam da kwadago ta Amurka ta yi ikirarin a cikin rahotonta na shekarar 2012 kan ayyukan kare haƙƙin bil’adama a ƙasar cewa manyan matsalolin da suka fi daukar hankali sun hada da cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ƴancin addini, da cin zarafi da rashin daidaito ga mata.<ref name='State 2012'>{{cite web | url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186470 | title = Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Maldives | access-date = 2012-08-24 | author = Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor | author-link = Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor | year = 2012 | publisher = [[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, Ƴancin Ɗan Adam da Ma'aikata na Amurka ya yi ikirarin a cikin rahotonsa na shekarar 2012 kan ayyukan kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙasar cewa manyan matsalolin da suka fi muhimmanci su ne cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ƴancin addini, da cin zarafi da rashin daidaiton da ake yi wa mata .<ref name="State 2012">{{cite web |author= |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Maldives |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186470 |access-date=2012-08-24 |website=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor|Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Ma'aikata na Amurka]] ya yi ikirarin a cikin rahotonsa na shekarar 2012 kan ayyukan kare hakkin dan adam a kasar cewa manyan matsalolin da suka fi muhimmanci su ne cin hanci da rashawa, rashin 'yancin addini, da cin zarafi da rashin daidaiton da ake yi wa mata. <ref name="State 20122">{{Cite web |last= |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Maldives |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186470 |access-date=2012-08-24 |website=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> .<ref name="State 2012">{{cite web |author= |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Maldives |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186470 |access-date=2012-08-24 |website=[[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> == Tarihi da yanayin siyasa == Maldives sun sami 'yencin kai daga Burtaniya a shekara ta 1965. Al'ummar ta fara zamanta mai cin gashin kanta a matsayin sarkin musulmi, amma kuri'ar raba gardama ta shekarar 1968 ta amince da kundin tsarin mulkin da ya kafa kasa a matsayin jamhuriya. Ibrahim Nasir, Firayim Minista a karkashin Sarkin Musulmi, ya zama Shugaban kasa kuma ya rike mukamin daga shekarar 1968 zuwa 1978. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom ne ya gaje shi, wanda aka zabe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa a shekarar 1978 kuma aka sake zabe a 1983, 1988, 1993, 1998, da 2003. A karshen shugabancinsa a shekara ta 2008, shi ne shugaba mafi dadewa a nahiyar Asiya. Gaba daya gwamnatin ƙasar ta dauki tsauraran matakai kan al'ummarta a wannan lokaci. Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Maldives tun shekarar 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref name='FH1972'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973–2012 | access-date = 2012-08-22 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | year = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref> Bayan da aka bankado yunkurin juyin mulki da magoya bayan Nasir suka yi a shekarar 1980, gwamnati ta kame wadanda ake kyautata zaton suna da hannu a ciki, sannan aka daure matansu da 'ya'yansu gidan kurkuku . Akalla mutane uku ne aka yanke wa hukunci kan alaka da tsohon shugaban kasar, kuma a kalla daya – Mohamed Ismail Manniku Sikku, tsohon Daraktan Jiragen Saman – an kore shi zuwa “shekaru goma da rana”. Shugaban ya dauki alhakin cin nasarar kare hakkin dan adam a 2009-2010, Mohamed Nasheed, yayi murabus bayan zanga-zangar makonni da 'yan sanda suka jagoranta kuma aka tsare shi a gida.<ref name="Nasheed resigns">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16922570 |title=Maldives President Mohamed Nasheed resigns amid unrest |work=BBC News |date=7 February 2012 |access-date=7 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Hassan sworn">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2106291,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207081638/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2106291,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 7, 2012 |title=Maldives' VP Hassan Takes Oath as President |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Time Magazine |date=7 February 2012 |access-date=7 February 2012 |location=Male, Maldives}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/02/maldives-president-resigns-mohamed-nasheed-protests.html |title=Maldives president resigns after weeks of protest |work=Los Angeles Times |date=7 February 2012 |access-date=7 February 2012 |author=Mark Magnier }}</ref> <ref name=BIO>{{cite web |url=http://www.drwaheed.com/dr_waheeds_biography |title=Dr. Waheed's biography |publisher=drwaheed.com |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427193307/http://www.drwaheed.com/dr_waheeds_biography |archive-date=27 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}]</ref> An maye gurbinsa da Mohammed Waheed Hassan, tsohon shugaban [[UNICEF]] [[Afghanistan]]. == Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu (2008-) == === Ƴancin addini === Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ayyana Islama a matsayin addinin jihar na Maldives kuma ya bayyana cewa ana buƙatar dukkan 'yan ƙasar Maldives su zama Musulmai Sunni. Ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin ƙasar a yi wa duk wani addini ban da Islama, kuma a ba da shawara ga rabuwa da coci da jihar. An kuma haramta ridda da rashin yarda da Allah kuma wadanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin ko ake zargi da kasancewa masu ridda ko masu musun wanzuwar Allah ana hukunta su da mutuwa ta hanyar dokar Maldivian (ko da yake ba a tilasta su ba) kuma galibi suna fuskantar tashin hankali ko hare-hare tare da ƙananan ko babu sakamako ga masu aikata laifin ta hukumomi. Tsarin ilimi na Maldivian yana kiyaye fassarar addinin Islama. Dukkanin makarantun gwamnati da masu zaman kansu da ke gudanar da gwamnati doka ta buƙaci su koyar da Islama daga aji na 1 zuwa 12, ba tare da wani zaɓi na duniya ba. Wani rahoto daga Cibiyar Demokradiyya ta Maldivian ta buga wani rahoto a cikin 2016 game da binciken radicalism a cikin Maldives, ya tsara ra'ayoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka ambata a cikin litattafai da laccoci da kuma tauhidin tauhidi masu rikitarwa da aka inganta a cikinsu, da kuma ra'ayoyi masu tsattsan addini da masu watsawa sun yi Allah wadai da su sosai, wanda ya haifar da kungiyar ta dakatar da ci gaba da ayyukanta ba tare da tsari ba kuma tilasta musu gudun hijira ba. Ma'aikatar harkokin addinin musulunci ita ce kadai hukumar da ke ba da lasisi ga limamai, kuma dole ne a amince da wa'azi. Suna kuma sarrafa ilimin addini kuma suna da ikon korar duk wanda ba musulmi ba. Wajibi ne baki wadanda ba musulmi ba su yi addininsu a boye. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ce dukkan mutanen Maldibiya dole ne su kasance musulmi 'yan Sunna. A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2011 gungun mutane goma sun kai hari kan masu zanga-zangar lumana a [[Malé]] suna kira da a yi hakuri da addini. [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] Ismail Khilath Rasheed ya samu karaya a kokon kai daga baya kuma an kama shi saboda kiran da ya yi na a yi hakuri ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulki. Ba a yi kokarin kamo maharan ba. A ranar 5 ga Yuni 2012, an caka wa Rasheed wuka a wuya. Kungiyar Reporters Without Borders ta bayyana cewa bisa ga dukkan alamu an kai masa hari ne da gangan kan aikin jarida. Wani ministan gwamnatin Maldibiya ya yi tir da harin, amma kuma ya kara da cewa "Tabbas Hilath ya san cewa ya zama wani hari na wasu 'yan tsagera . . . Mu ba kasa ba ce. Idan za ku yi magana a kan addini, za a sami wasu tsirarun mutanen da ba su yarda ba.” === 'Yancin magana === Zagi da Magana “saɓanin rukunan Musulunci” haramun ne. ==== Kafofin watsa labarai da sa ido ==== 2008 ya ga tashoshin talabijin masu zaman kansu na farko na Maldives. A cikin watan Agustan 2010 an kai wa gidan talabijin mai zaman kansa hari a gidan talabijin na Villa, kuma 'yan sanda sun kai wa 'yan jarida hari saboda suna gudanar da zanga-zangar siyasa a watan Oktoban 2010. Ana iya shiga gidajen yanar gizo na 'yan adawa a kasar, amma ma'aikatar harkokin addinin musulunci ta toshe wasu gidajen yanar gizo na mishan na Kirista. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2011 an kama wasu 'yan jarida biyu - daya daga ''Haveeru Daily'' da daya daga ''[[Sun FM (Maldives)|gidan rediyon Sun FM]]'' - da laifin yada wata zanga-zanga. An sake su bayan sa'o'i 24. === 'Yancin taro === Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kare ‘yancin yin taro cikin lumana ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba, kuma Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta yi ikrarin cewa ana kiyaye wadannan hakkoki gaba daya. A watan Yulin 2020, [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta yi Allah wadai da aiwatar da dokar da gwamnatin Maldibiya ta yi a baya-bayan nan da ke takaita zanga-zanga da sauran tarurruka, tana mai cewa matakin da gwamnati ta yi ya zama cin zarafi na hakki. Matakin da gwamnati ta dauka na aiwatar da dokokin ya biyo bayan zanga-zangar da aka yi a cikin watan Yuli. === Tsarin doka === Yawancin alkalai ba su da horo na shari'a kuma ana ba su dama a cikin tafsirin shari'ar musulmi. Rundunar Tsaro ta Maldives tana gudanar da kwasa-kwasan kare hakkin bil'adama. Flogging is a frequently imposed punishment, and carried out behind the court buildings. 96 people – over 80% of them women – were sentenced to this mode of punishment in 2010. Akalla an kama mambobi hudu na majalisa a watan Yulin 2010. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa an tsare su ne don tilasta musu bin bukatun siyasa. An sake su ba da daɗewa ba. A ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011 an ba daya daga cikin wadannan 'yan majalisa, Abdullah Yameen, diyya. === Tsiraru da yancin mata === Majalisar ta kunshi mata biyar, kuma mata suna da kashi 98% na masu karatu. A shekarar 2011 an sallami jami’an ‘yan sanda hudu daga aikin, amma ba a tuhume su a hukumance ba, saboda sun tuka wata mata a garin Malé, suka tilasta mata tube tufafi, da lalata da ita, da kuma jefa ta a kan titi. Kamar yadda wani bangare na jihar ke aiwatar da shari'ar Shari'a a wasu lamura, luwadi haramun ne . Hukuncin mazaje na zaman gidan yari na wata tara zuwa shekara daya, ko kuma bulala 10 zuwa 30. Hukuncin da ake yiwa mata wata tara ne zuwa shekara guda na zaman gidan yari. == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186470 Rahoton Ƙasa game da Ayyukan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na 2011] na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/maldives/report-2012 Rahoton Haƙƙin ɗan Adam] Archived ta [[Amnesty International]] (har ila yau akwai a [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/maldives/report-2012 Larabci] Archived , Archived [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/maldives/report-2012 Faransanci] , da [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/maldives/report-2012 Mutanen Espanya] Archived ) * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/maldives 'Yanci A Duniya Rahoton 2011] Archived , ta Freedom House ; Ƙungiyoyin duniya * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/maldives Maldives] Archived a [[Amnesty International]] (har ila yau akwai a [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/maldives Larabci] Archived , Archived [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/maldives Faransanci] , da [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/maldivas Mutanen Espanya] Archived ) * [https://www.hrw.org/asia/maldives Maldives] a [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120721001452/http://fidh.org/-Maldives- Maldives] a [[Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya|FIDH]] * [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/MVIndex.aspx Maldives] a ofishin hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (OHCHR) * [http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/maldives.html Maldives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716012223/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/maldives.html |date=2017-07-16 }} Archived [[UNICEF|a UNICEF]] * [http://www.ifex.org/maldives/ Maldives] a Musanya 'Yancin Magana ta Duniya (IFEX) [[Category:Yancin dan Adam a Afrika]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] f338s97kivf5k8v4g6k13txnsis4hvu 0 50580 975981 322881 2026-11-04T22:19:47Z Alfurqan 14918 /* A cikin gwagwarmayar 'yanci */ 975981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Human Rights Service.svg|thumb]] [[File:Human Rights Amid Rising Anti-LGBTQ Efforts (English).pdf|thumb]] '''<nowiki/>'Yancin ɗan adam''' wani nau'i ne na tunanin siyasa wanda ke goyan bayan [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'yancin ɗan adam]], ko wanda ke jaddada fifikon [[Haƙƙoƙin Ƙungiya Da Ɗaiɗaikun Mutane|haƙƙin mutum]] da [[Ƴancin Jama'a|'yancin kai]] a kan kowane irin hukuma (kamar jiha, kamfani, ƙa'idodin zamantakewa da aka sanya ta hanyar matsin lamba na tsara da sauransu).<ref>"Civil libertarian" . Dictionary.reference.com. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2015.</ref> == A cikin gwagwarmayar 'yanci == A fannin falsafar 'yanci, babban abin da ke damun 'yancin ɗan adam shine dangantakar gwamnati da mutum ɗaya. A ka'ida, mai 'yancin walwala na farar hula yana neman taƙaice wannan dangantaka zuwa mafi ƙarancin ƙarancin abin da jihar za ta iya aiki da samar da ayyuka na yau da kullun da tsaro ba tare da tsangwama ga rayuwar 'yan ƙasa ba. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman dalilai na 'yancin walwala na farar hula shine tabbatar da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]]. {{Sfn|Massaro|1991}} Musamman, masu 'yanci na farar hula suna adawa da haramcin maganganun ƙiyayya da kalamai marasa dadi. {{Sfn|Massaro|1991}} Ko da yake suna iya ko ba za su yarda da halayen da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan batutuwa ba, masu 'yanci na farar hula suna ganin cewa fa'idodin maganganun jama'a marasa iyaka sun fi dukan rashin lahani, kuma tilasta yin magana muni ne a zahiri ba tare da la'akari da fa'idodinsa ba. Sauran muqamai masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun haɗa da goyon baya ga sadaukar da kai da sadaukarwar marasa lafiya, goyan bayan aƙalla halattar haramtattun abubuwa ( marijuana da sauran ƙwayoyi masu laushi ), karuwanci, [[zubar da ciki]], sirrin, taimakon mutuwa ko [[euthanasia]], [[Haƙƙin Riƙe da Ɗaukar Makamai|haƙƙin kiyayewa da ɗaukar makamai]], matasa hakkoki, [[Babban 'yanci|topfree daidaito]], mai karfi da iyaka tsakanin addini da siyasa, da goyon bayan auren jinsi.<ref>Massaro, Toni M. (1991). "Equality and Freedom of Expression: The Hate Speech Dilemma" . William and Mary Law Review . 32 (2): 211–265.</ref> Tare da zuwan kwamfutoci na sirri, [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]], [[Email|imel]], wayoyin hannu da sauran fasahar bayanai suna ci gaba ɓangarorin yancin walwala na farar hula ya taso wanda ke mai da hankali kan kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Dijital|haƙƙin dijital]] da sirrin daidaikun mutane. == Manazarta == erc8qdazy6wt8bjd7ok7mtu8p2gnx86 0 50716 976053 943020 2026-11-05T09:52:45Z A Salisu 14655 976053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana kiyaye '''haƙƙin ɗan adam a Botswana''' ƙarƙashin tsarin mulki. Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam na shekarar 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa gabaɗaya gwamnatin [[Botswana]] tana mutunta haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100324180816/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135939.htm U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Botswana]</ref> Rahoton kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na shekarar 2022 da [[United States Department of State|Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka]]<nowiki/>ta fitar ya lura cewa gaba daya gwamnatin [[Botswana]] ta mutunta hakkokin 'yan kasarta. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Botswana |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/botswana/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> .<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Botswana |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/botswana/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsarin Mulki == Kundin tsarin mulkin Botswana ya kuma yi magana kan ka'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam kamar [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]], [[Yancin taro|'Yancin taro]] da 'yancin rayuwa.<ref>"Constitution of Botswana 1966 - Table of Contents" . Commonlii.org. 30 September 1966. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</ref> == Batutuwa == === 'Yancin magana da yada labarai === Kundin tsarin mulki ya yi magana kan ra'ayi na 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki kuma gwamnati na mutunta wannan. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100324180816/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135939.htm U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Botswana]</ref> === Hukuncin kisa === Kotun koli a birnin Johannesburg na [[Afirka ta Kudu|kasar Afirka ta Kudu]] ta bayyana Botswana a matsayin "jahar pariah ba ta hade da yawancin kasashen Afirka da suka yi watsi da su ko kuma suka ki aiwatar da hukuncin kisa". An rataye mutane 32 a Botswana tsakanin 1966 zuwa 1998 da samun 'yancin kai, sannan an kashe wasu shida tsakanin 2001 zuwa 2006. === Mutanen asali === Yawancin ’yan asalin San an tilasta musu ƙaura daga ƙasarsu zuwa wuraren da aka keɓe. Don yin ƙaura, an hana su samun [[ruwa]] daga ƙasarsu kuma ana fuskantar kama su idan sun yi farauta, wanda shine tushen abincinsu na farko. <ref name="bbc1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867|title=Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us|work=BBC News|access-date=24 July 2016|date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325015238/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867|archive-date=2016-03-25|url-status=live}}"Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us" . BBC News . 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.</ref> Kasashensu suna tsakiyar filin lu'u-lu'u mafi arziki a duniya. A hukumance, gwamnati ta musanta cewa babu wata hanyar da ta shafi hakar ma'adinai kuma ta yi iƙirarin ƙaura don adana namun daji da muhalli, duk da cewa mutanen San sun yi rayuwa mai ɗorewa a ƙasar tsawon shekaru dubu. <ref name="bbc1" /> A kan ajiyar, suna kokawa don neman aikin yi kuma [[shaye-shaye]] ya zama ruwan dare. <ref name="bbc1" /> == Tarihi == Shafi na gaba yana nuna ƙimar Botswana tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> {{Efn|Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center" |+Historical ratingss ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] ! scope="col" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] ! scope="col" |Status ! scope="col" |President{{Efn|As of January 1.}} |- |1972 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Seretse Khama |- |1973 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1974 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1975 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1976 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1977 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1978 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1979 |2 |2 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1980 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1981 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1982{{Efn|The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through interpolation.}} |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1983 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1984 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1985 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1986 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1987 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1988 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1989 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1990 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1991 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1992 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1993 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1994 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1995 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1996 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1997 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1998 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1999 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2000 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2001 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2002 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2003 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2004 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2005 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2006 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2007 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2008 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2009 |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2010 |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2011 |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2012<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2013<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2014<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Botswana kan yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center" |+International treaties ! scope="col" |Treaty ! scope="col" |Organization ! scope="col" |Introduced ! scope="col" |Signed ! scope="col" |Ratified |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] |1948 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 | - |1974 |- | style="text-align: left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 |2000 |2000 |- | style="text-align: left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1968 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1973 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1979 | - |1996 |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1984 |2000 |2000 |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1989 | - |1995 |- | style="text-align: left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1989 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1990 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1999 | - |2007 |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2000 |2003 |2004 |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2000 | - |2003 |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2006 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2006 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2006 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2008 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2011 | - | - |} == Duba kuma == * Hakkokin LGBT a Botswana == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/botswana 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2012], ta Freedom House [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] 0zp1ceemr5jraowr54j587l2rpp38bf 976055 976053 2026-11-05T09:53:10Z A Salisu 14655 976055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana kiyaye '''haƙƙin ɗan adam a Botswana''' ƙarƙashin tsarin mulki. Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam na shekarar 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa gabaɗaya gwamnatin [[Botswana]] tana mutunta haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100324180816/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135939.htm U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Botswana]</ref> Rahoton kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na shekarar 2022 da [[United States Department of State|Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka]]<nowiki/>ta fitar ya lura cewa gaba daya gwamnatin [[Botswana]] ta mutunta hakkokin 'yan kasarta. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Botswana |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/botswana/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> .<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Botswana |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/botswana/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsarin Mulki == Kundin tsarin mulkin Botswana ya kuma yi magana kan ka'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam kamar [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]], [[Yancin taro|'Yancin taro]] da 'yancin rayuwa.<ref>"Constitution of Botswana 1966 - Table of Contents" . Commonlii.org. 30 September 1966. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</ref> == Batutuwa == === Ƴancin magana da yada labarai === Kundin tsarin mulki ya yi magana kan ra'ayi na 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki kuma gwamnati na mutunta wannan. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100324180816/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135939.htm U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Botswana]</ref> === Hukuncin kisa === Kotun koli a birnin Johannesburg na [[Afirka ta Kudu|kasar Afirka ta Kudu]] ta bayyana Botswana a matsayin "jahar pariah ba ta hade da yawancin kasashen Afirka da suka yi watsi da su ko kuma suka ki aiwatar da hukuncin kisa". An rataye mutane 32 a Botswana tsakanin 1966 zuwa 1998 da samun 'yancin kai, sannan an kashe wasu shida tsakanin 2001 zuwa 2006. === Mutanen asali === Yawancin ’yan asalin San an tilasta musu ƙaura daga ƙasarsu zuwa wuraren da aka keɓe. Don yin ƙaura, an hana su samun [[ruwa]] daga ƙasarsu kuma ana fuskantar kama su idan sun yi farauta, wanda shine tushen abincinsu na farko. <ref name="bbc1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867|title=Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us|work=BBC News|access-date=24 July 2016|date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325015238/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867|archive-date=2016-03-25|url-status=live}}"Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us" . BBC News . 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.</ref> Kasashensu suna tsakiyar filin lu'u-lu'u mafi arziki a duniya. A hukumance, gwamnati ta musanta cewa babu wata hanyar da ta shafi hakar ma'adinai kuma ta yi iƙirarin ƙaura don adana namun daji da muhalli, duk da cewa mutanen San sun yi rayuwa mai ɗorewa a ƙasar tsawon shekaru dubu. <ref name="bbc1" /> A kan ajiyar, suna kokawa don neman aikin yi kuma [[shaye-shaye]] ya zama ruwan dare. <ref name="bbc1" /> == Tarihi == Shafi na gaba yana nuna ƙimar Botswana tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> {{Efn|Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center" |+Historical ratingss ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] ! scope="col" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] ! scope="col" |Status ! scope="col" |President{{Efn|As of January 1.}} |- |1972 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Seretse Khama |- |1973 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1974 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1975 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1976 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1977 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1978 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1979 |2 |2 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1980 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1981 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1982{{Efn|The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through interpolation.}} |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1983 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1984 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1985 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1986 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1987 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1988 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1989 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1990 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1991 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1992 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1993 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1994 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1995 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1996 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1997 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1998 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1999 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2000 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2001 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2002 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2003 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2004 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2005 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2006 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2007 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2008 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2009 |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2010 |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2011 |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2012<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2013<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2014<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Botswana kan yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center" |+International treaties ! scope="col" |Treaty ! scope="col" |Organization ! scope="col" |Introduced ! scope="col" |Signed ! scope="col" |Ratified |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] |1948 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 | - |1974 |- | style="text-align: left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 |2000 |2000 |- | style="text-align: left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1968 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1973 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1979 | - |1996 |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1984 |2000 |2000 |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1989 | - |1995 |- | style="text-align: left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1989 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1990 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1999 | - |2007 |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2000 |2003 |2004 |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2000 | - |2003 |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2006 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2006 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2006 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2008 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2011 | - | - |} == Duba kuma == * Hakkokin LGBT a Botswana == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/botswana 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2012], ta Freedom House [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] ruaukglimbcvrh1c0xv7evd1o4v7rcq 976056 976055 2026-11-05T09:53:35Z A Salisu 14655 976056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana kiyaye '''haƙƙin ɗan adam a Botswana''' ƙarƙashin tsarin mulki. Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam na shekarar 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa gabaɗaya gwamnatin [[Botswana]] tana mutunta haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100324180816/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135939.htm U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Botswana]</ref> Rahoton kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na shekarar 2022 da [[United States Department of State|Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka]]<nowiki/>ta fitar ya lura cewa gaba daya gwamnatin [[Botswana]] ta mutunta hakkokin 'yan kasarta. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Botswana |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/botswana/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> .<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Botswana |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/botswana/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsarin Mulki == Kundin tsarin mulkin Botswana ya kuma yi magana kan ka'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam kamar [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]], [[Yancin taro|'Yancin taro]] da 'yancin rayuwa.<ref>"Constitution of Botswana 1966 - Table of Contents" . Commonlii.org. 30 September 1966. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</ref> == Batutuwa == === Ƴancin magana da yada labarai === Kundin tsarin mulki ya yi magana kan ra'ayi na 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki kuma gwamnati na mutunta wannan. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100324180816/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135939.htm U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Botswana]</ref> === Hukuncin kisa === Kotun koli a birnin Johannesburg na [[Afirka ta Kudu|kasar Afirka ta Kudu]] ta bayyana Botswana a matsayin "jahar pariah ba ta hade da yawancin kasashen Afirka da suka yi watsi da su ko kuma suka ki aiwatar da hukuncin kisa". An kuma rataye mutane 32 a Botswana tsakanin 1966 zuwa 1998 da samun 'yancin kai, sannan an kashe wasu shida tsakanin 2001 zuwa 2006. === Mutanen asali === Yawancin ’yan asalin San an tilasta musu ƙaura daga ƙasarsu zuwa wuraren da aka keɓe. Don yin ƙaura, an hana su samun [[ruwa]] daga ƙasarsu kuma ana fuskantar kama su idan sun yi farauta, wanda shine tushen abincinsu na farko. <ref name="bbc1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867|title=Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us|work=BBC News|access-date=24 July 2016|date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325015238/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867|archive-date=2016-03-25|url-status=live}}"Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us" . BBC News . 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.</ref> Kasashensu suna tsakiyar filin lu'u-lu'u mafi arziki a duniya. A hukumance, gwamnati ta musanta cewa babu wata hanyar da ta shafi hakar ma'adinai kuma ta yi iƙirarin ƙaura don adana namun daji da muhalli, duk da cewa mutanen San sun yi rayuwa mai ɗorewa a ƙasar tsawon shekaru dubu. <ref name="bbc1" /> A kan ajiyar, suna kokawa don neman aikin yi kuma [[shaye-shaye]] ya zama ruwan dare. <ref name="bbc1" /> == Tarihi == Shafi na gaba yana nuna ƙimar Botswana tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> {{Efn|Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center" |+Historical ratingss ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] ! scope="col" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] ! scope="col" |Status ! scope="col" |President{{Efn|As of January 1.}} |- |1972 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Seretse Khama |- |1973 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1974 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1975 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1976 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1977 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1978 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1979 |2 |2 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1980 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1981 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1982{{Efn|The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through interpolation.}} |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1983 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1984 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1985 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1986 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1987 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1988 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1989 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1990 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1991 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1992 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1993 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1994 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1995 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1996 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1997 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1998 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1999 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2000 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2001 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2002 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2003 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2004 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2005 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2006 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2007 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2008 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2009 |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2010 |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2011 |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2012<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2013<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2014<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Botswana kan yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center" |+International treaties ! scope="col" |Treaty ! scope="col" |Organization ! scope="col" |Introduced ! scope="col" |Signed ! scope="col" |Ratified |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] |1948 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 | - |1974 |- | style="text-align: left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 |2000 |2000 |- | style="text-align: left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1968 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1973 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1979 | - |1996 |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1984 |2000 |2000 |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1989 | - |1995 |- | style="text-align: left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1989 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1990 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1999 | - |2007 |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2000 |2003 |2004 |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2000 | - |2003 |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2006 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2006 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2006 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2008 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2011 | - | - |} == Duba kuma == * Hakkokin LGBT a Botswana == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/botswana 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2012], ta Freedom House [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] izh4fmk1zmw9rklpkn9zwsl9pfzgx2j 976057 976056 2026-11-05T09:53:48Z A Salisu 14655 976057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana kiyaye '''haƙƙin ɗan adam a Botswana''' ƙarƙashin tsarin mulki. Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam na shekarar 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura cewa gabaɗaya gwamnatin [[Botswana]] tana mutunta haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100324180816/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135939.htm U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Botswana]</ref> Rahoton kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na shekarar 2022 da [[United States Department of State|Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka]]<nowiki/>ta fitar ya lura cewa gaba daya gwamnatin [[Botswana]] ta mutunta hakkokin 'yan kasarta. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Botswana |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/botswana/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> .<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Botswana |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/botswana/ |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsarin Mulki == Kundin tsarin mulkin Botswana ya kuma yi magana kan ka'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam kamar [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]], [[Yancin taro|'Yancin taro]] da 'yancin rayuwa.<ref>"Constitution of Botswana 1966 - Table of Contents" . Commonlii.org. 30 September 1966. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2012.</ref> == Batutuwa == === Ƴancin magana da yada labarai === Kundin tsarin mulki ya yi magana kan ra'ayi na 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki kuma gwamnati na mutunta wannan. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100324180816/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135939.htm U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Botswana]</ref> === Hukuncin kisa === Kotun koli a birnin Johannesburg na [[Afirka ta Kudu|kasar Afirka ta Kudu]] ta bayyana Botswana a matsayin "jahar pariah ba ta hade da yawancin kasashen Afirka da suka yi watsi da su ko kuma suka ki aiwatar da hukuncin kisa". An kuma rataye mutane 32 a Botswana tsakanin 1966 zuwa 1998 da samun 'yancin kai, sannan an kashe wasu shida tsakanin shekarar 2001 zuwa 2006. === Mutanen asali === Yawancin ’yan asalin San an tilasta musu ƙaura daga ƙasarsu zuwa wuraren da aka keɓe. Don yin ƙaura, an hana su samun [[ruwa]] daga ƙasarsu kuma ana fuskantar kama su idan sun yi farauta, wanda shine tushen abincinsu na farko. <ref name="bbc1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867|title=Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us|work=BBC News|access-date=24 July 2016|date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325015238/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-24821867|archive-date=2016-03-25|url-status=live}}"Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us" . BBC News . 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.</ref> Kasashensu suna tsakiyar filin lu'u-lu'u mafi arziki a duniya. A hukumance, gwamnati ta musanta cewa babu wata hanyar da ta shafi hakar ma'adinai kuma ta yi iƙirarin ƙaura don adana namun daji da muhalli, duk da cewa mutanen San sun yi rayuwa mai ɗorewa a ƙasar tsawon shekaru dubu. <ref name="bbc1" /> A kan ajiyar, suna kokawa don neman aikin yi kuma [[shaye-shaye]] ya zama ruwan dare. <ref name="bbc1" /> == Tarihi == Shafi na gaba yana nuna ƙimar Botswana tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> {{Efn|Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center" |+Historical ratingss ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] ! scope="col" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] ! scope="col" |Status ! scope="col" |President{{Efn|As of January 1.}} |- |1972 |3 |4 |Partly Free |Seretse Khama |- |1973 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1974 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1975 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1976 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1977 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1978 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1979 |2 |2 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1980 |2 |3 |Free |Seretse Khama |- |1981 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1982{{Efn|The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through interpolation.}} |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1983 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1984 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1985 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1986 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1987 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1988 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1989 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1990 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1991 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1992 |1 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1993 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1994 |2 |3 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1995 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1996 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1997 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1998 |2 |2 |Free |Quett Masire |- |1999 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2000 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2001 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2002 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2003 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2004 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2005 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2006 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2007 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2008 |2 |2 |Free |Festus Mogae |- |2009 |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2010 |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2011 |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2012<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2013<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |- |2014<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> |3 |2 |Free |Ian Khama |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Botswana kan yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center" |+International treaties ! scope="col" |Treaty ! scope="col" |Organization ! scope="col" |Introduced ! scope="col" |Signed ! scope="col" |Ratified |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] |1948 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 | - |1974 |- | style="text-align: left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 |2000 |2000 |- | style="text-align: left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1966 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1968 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1973 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1979 | - |1996 |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1984 |2000 |2000 |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1989 | - |1995 |- | style="text-align: left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1989 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1990 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |1999 | - |2007 |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2000 |2003 |2004 |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2000 | - |2003 |- | style="text-align: left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2006 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2006 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2006 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2008 | - | - |- | style="text-align: left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> |United Nations |2011 | - | - |} == Duba kuma == * Hakkokin LGBT a Botswana == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/botswana 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2012], ta Freedom House [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] 0m28eij6g8u7jres5dusg17ebtxgtxq 0 50796 975970 523620 2026-11-04T21:57:18Z Alfurqan 14918 975970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Chadi ya tanadar da '[['Yancin addini|yancin yin addini]]; duk da haka, a wasu lokuta, Gwamnati ta iyakance wannan haƙƙin ga wasu ƙungiyoyi.Ba safai ake samun rahotannin cin zarafi ko nuna wariya na al'umma dangane da imani ko aiki. Al'ummomin addinai daban-daban sun kasance tare ba tare da matsala ba, ko da yake an ba da rahoton wasu tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin ƙungiyoyin [[musulmi]] daban-daban da kuma tsakanin musulmi da [[Kirista]].<ref>United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Chad: International Religious Freedom Report 2007 . </ref> == Alkaluman addini == Ƙasar tana da fili mai faɗin {{Convert|496,000|sqmi|km2}} da yawan jama'a 18,278,568 bisa ga kididdigar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na shekarar 2023. Fiye da rabin al'ummar musulmi ne, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku kirista ne, saura kuma suna gudanar da akidar addinin gargajiya na asali ko kuma [[Mulhidanci|babu addini kwata-kwata.]]{{Ana buƙatan hujja|date=February 2010}} Yawancin ’yan Arewa suna gudanar da Musulunci, kuma yawancin ’yan Kudu suna bin addinin Kiristanci ko na gargajiya na addini; duk da haka, yanayin yawan jama'a yana ƙara sarƙaƙƙiya, musamman a cikin birane, kuma bayanan tarihi sun nuna cewa masu [[Muslim conversion|musulunta]] na karuwa a yankunan da a baya Kiristoci ne ko masu ra'ayin kyama. Yawancin 'yan ƙasa ne, duk da cewa suna da alaƙa da addini, ba sa yin addininsu akai-akai. Galibin Musulmai mabiya wani reshe ne na [[Sufiyya|Islama na sufanci]] wanda aka fi sani da Tijjaniyah, wanda ya kunshi wasu addinai na Afirka. ’Yan tsirarun Musulmi (kashi 5 zuwa 10 cikin 100) sun fi riko da aqidu na tsatsauran ra’ayi, wanda a wasu lokuta ana iya danganta su da tsarin aqida na [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] kamar [[Wahabiyanci|Wahhabism]] ko [[Salafiyya|Salafism]]. [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] na wakiltar babbar ɗarikar Kirista a ƙasar. Yawancin [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]], ciki har da "Winners Chapel" da ke [[Najeriya]], suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin Kirista na bishara daban-daban. Membobin addinin [[Baha'i|Baha’i]] da na Shaidun Jehobah ma suna halarta. An bullo da kungiyoyin addinai biyu ne bayan samun ‘yancin kai a 1960 don haka ana daukarsu “sababbin” kungiyoyin addini. Masu wa’azi na ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyin addinai da yawa suna ci gaba da yin ridda a ƙasar. == Matsayin 'yancin addini == === Tsarin doka da tsarin siyasa === Sashe na 1 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Chadi ya bayyana cewa kasar ba ta da addini kuma ta “tabbatar da rabuwar addinai da kasa”.<ref>"Chad" (PDF). Constitute Project. Retrieved 25 May 2016.</ref> Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tanadar da ‘yancin yin addini; duk da haka, Gwamnati ta haramta kungiyar addini [[Al Faid al-Djaria|ta Al Faid al-Djaria]] tare da sanya ido a kaikaice ta hanyar [[High Islamic Council|babbar majalisar Musulunci]] mai goyon bayan gwamnati. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kuma tanadi cewa kasar za ta zama kasa mai zaman kanta; duk da haka, wasu manufofin suna goyon bayan Musulunci a aikace. Misali, kwamitin da ya kunshi mambobin [[High Council for Islamic Affairs|majalisar koli ta harkokin addinin musulunci]] da kuma hukumar kula da harkokin addini a [[Ministry of the Interior (Chad)|ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida]] ta shirya aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajji]] da [[Umrah|Umra]]. A baya [[Association of Evangelical Churches|kungiyar Ikklisiya ta Ikklisiya]] ta soki tafiye-tafiyen aikin Hajji da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta da cewa ya zubar da martabar al’adar kasar. Ofishin daraktan kula da harkokin addini da na gargajiya a karkashin ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida da tsaron jama’a ne ke kula da harkokin addini. Ofishin ne ke da alhakin sasanta rikicin tsakanin al’umma, bayar da rahoto kan ayyukan addini, da tabbatar da ‘yancin addini.<ref>"Chad" (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner .</ref> Yayin da a bisa doka ya wajaba gwamnati ta yi mu'amala da dukkan kungiyoyin addini ko darika daidai wa daida, wadanda ba musulmi ba suna zargin cewa musulmi suna samun fifiko. A baya rahotanni sun ce Gwamnati ta bai wa shugabannin Musulmi filayen jama'a domin gina masallatai amma ta bukaci wakilan sauran kungiyoyin addini su sayi fili a farashin kasuwa domin gina wuraren ibada. [[Director of Religious and Traditional Affairs|Daraktan kula da harkokin addini da na gargajiya]] shi ke kula da harkokin addini. Aiki a karkashin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, Daraktan Harkokin Addini da na Gargajiya ne ke da alhakin sasanta rikice-rikice tsakanin al'umma da tabbatar da 'yancin addini. Daraktan ya kuma sanya ido kan ayyukan addini a cikin jihar da ba ruwanmu da addini. Wata kungiyar addini mai zaman kanta, babbar majalisar kula da harkokin addinin Musulunci, tana kula da dukkan ayyukan addinin Musulunci, da suka hada da kula da makarantun [[larabci]] da manyan cibiyoyi da kuma wakilcin kasar a tarurrukan addinin Musulunci na kasa da kasa. Majalisar koli ta harkokin addinin musulunci tare da hadin gwiwar shugaban kasa, ita ma tana da alhakin nada [[Grand imam|babban limami]] —shugaban ruhi ga dukkan musulmin kasar da ke kula da [[High imam|babban limamin]] kowane yanki da kuma zama shugaban majalisar. A bisa ka’ida, babban limamin yana da hurumin takura wa wasu kungiyoyin addinin musulunci a duk fadin kasar nan, da tsara abubuwan da ke cikin [[Mosque sermon|wa’azin masallatai]], da kuma kula da ayyukan kungiyoyin agaji na Musulunci da suke gudanar da ayyukansu a kasar. A halin yanzu{{When|date=March 2023}} babban limami, Sheikh [[Hissein Hassan Abakar]], wakilin sufi (Tijjaniya) reshen Musulunci gabaɗaya, ana kallonsa a matsayin mutum mai matsakaicin addini. Mabiya sun kalubalanci ikonsa  na sauran mazhabobin Musulunci wadanda suke bin koyarwar tsattsauran ra'ayi da suka samo asali daga gabashi da arewacin Afirka da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]]. Su ma malaman addini suna da hannu wajen sarrafa dukiyar kasar. Wakilin al’ummar addini ya zauna a [[Revenue Management College|kwalejin kula da kudaden shiga]], hukumar da ke sa ido kan yadda ake raba kudaden shigar man fetur. Kujerar tana gudana ne tsakanin shugabannin Musulmi da Kirista duk bayan shekaru 4. A shekara ta 2004 wakilin musulmi ya mika ragamar aiki ga wani limamin darikar Katolika da al'ummar Kirista suka nada. Wa'adin wakilin Kirista a Kwalejin ya ƙare a watan Yuni 2007. Gwamnati na bukatar kungiyoyin addini, da suka hada da kungiyoyin mishan na kasashen waje da kungiyoyin addini na cikin gida, su yi rajista da Sashen Harkokin Addini na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida. Sashen ya ƙirƙira ayyuka daban-daban guda biyu ga Musulmai da Kirista. Rijista yana faruwa ba tare da nuna bambanci ba kuma ana fassara shi azaman fitarwa na hukuma. Duk da sanannen ra'ayi akasin haka, rajista ba a nufin ba da fifikon haraji ko wasu fa'idodi ga ƙungiyoyin addini. Gwamnati ta hana ayyukan da "baya haifar da yanayin zaman tare a tsakanin al'umma". An fahimci wannan haramcin yana nufin daidaita ƙungiyoyin da ke fayyace rigingimun addini a ƙasar. Gwamnati ta dakatar da kungiyar [[Al Mountada al Islami]] da [[World Association for Muslim Youth|Kungiyar Matasan Musulmi ta Duniya]] saboda bayyana tashin hankali a matsayin halaltacciyar ka'idar Musulunci. Gabaɗaya, masu wa’azi na ƙasashen waje ba sa fuskantar hani; duk da haka, dole ne su yi rajista tare da samun izini daga ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida don yaduwa a cikin kasar, kamar yadda sauran 'yan kasashen waje da ke tafiya da kuma aiki a cikin kasar. Yana da wuya a sami rahoton cewa Gwamnati ta hana izini daga kowace ƙungiya. Makarantun gwamnati suna gudanar da koyarwa cikin Faransanci, kuma makarantun jama'a na harsuna biyu suna gudanar da azuzuwa cikin Faransanci da Larabci. Gwamnati ta haramta koyarwar addini a makarantun gwamnati amma tana ba wa duk kungiyoyin addini damar gudanar da makarantu masu zaman kansu ba tare da takura ba. Rashin kyawun tsarin ilimi a kasar Chadi ya sa iyalai musulmi da dama na kallon makarantun islamiyya a matsayin wata dama ta ilmantar da yaran da ba za su samu damar zuwa makaranta ba. Yawancin manyan garuruwa suna da aƙalla makarantun addini masu zaman kansu ɗaya ko biyu. Ko da yake Gwamnati ba ta buga bayanan hukuma game da kuɗin makaranta, yawancin makarantun Islama an fahimci cewa masu ba da tallafi [[Larabawa|na Larabawa]] (gwamnati, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu) da daidaikun jama'a ne ke bayarwa, musamman daga [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]], [[Misra|Masar]], da [[Libya]]. A baya dai kungiyoyin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|kare hakkin bil’adama]] da dama sun bayar da rahoton matsalar ‘ya’yan [[Mahadjirin]], da daliban wasu makarantun islamiyya da malamansu ke tilasta musu yin bara. Babu wani kiyasi mai inganci dangane da adadin yaran mahadjirin. Majalisar koli ta harkokin addinin musulunci ta yi kira da a gaggauta kawo karshen irin wadannan abubuwa, sannan gwamnati ta bukaci a rufe irin wadannan makarantu. Duk da yunƙurin yin gyare-gyare, makarantun sun kasance a buɗe. Daga cikin gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu da yawa, kungiyoyin addini sun mallaki tashoshi da yawa da ke watsa shirye-shirye a duk fadin kasar (Kiristoci shida da na Musulunci biyu). Jami'ai sun sa ido sosai a gidajen rediyon da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai da na kasuwanci ke gudanarwa. Gwamnati na gudanar da bukukuwan ranaku masu tsarki na Kirista da na Musulunci a matsayin ranakun hutu na kasa. Ranakun bukukuwan kasa da kasa sun hada da [[Sallar Idi Babba|Eid al-Adha]], da [[Birth of the Prophet Muhammad|Haihuwar Annabi Muhammad]], (S) da kuma [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al-Fitr]]. Bukukuwan Kirista sun haɗa da Ista Litinin, Ranar Dukan Waliya, da [[Kirsimeti|Ranar Kirsimeti]]. Ba kasafai musulmi da kiristoci ke halartar bukuwan juna ba a lokutan bukukuwan. Yayin da akasarin tattaunawar tsakanin addinai na faruwa ne bisa son rai ba ta hanyar sa hannun gwamnati ba, gwamnati ta kasance tana goyon bayan wadannan tsare-tsare. A ranar 8 ga watan Maris, 2007, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaman lafiya, kuma ƙungiyoyin Kirista sun shirya zanga-zangar lumana don tallafawa shirin. Haka nan kuma cibiyar addinin musulmi ta halarci, musamman limamin babban masallacin a madadin majalisar koli ta harkokin addinin musulunci. === Takurawa 'yancin addini === [[Al Faid al-Djaria]] (wanda kuma aka rubuta [[Al Faydal Djaria]] ), ƙungiyar Sufi da ke bin tsarin sufanci na Musulunci kuma ana samunta a yankunan Kanem, [[Tabkin Chadi|tafkin Chadi]], da Chari-Baguirimi, gwamnati ta haramta. [[Director of Religious and Traditional Affairs|Darektan kula da harkokin addini da na gargajiya]], da babbar majalisar kula da harkokin addinin musulunci, da wasu [[Ulama'u|malamai]] (hukumomin addini na musulmi) sun yi adawa da wasu al'adun Al Faid al-Djaria, kamar shigar da wake-wake, raye-raye, da cudanya tsakanin jinsi a lokacin addini. bukukuwan da suke ganin sun saba wa Musulunci. A lokacin rahoton, haramcin da ministan harkokin cikin gida ya yi wa Al Faid al-Djaria a shekara ta 2001 ya ci gaba da kasancewa a gaban kotu; sai dai har yanzu kungiyar na ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka a yankin Chari Baguirmi na kasar. An yi imanin cewa Gwamnati na sa ido kan wasu kungiyoyin Musulunci, irin su kungiyar Salafi/Wahabiyawa Ansar al Sunna, wadanda kasashen Larabawa masu ba da tallafi suka ba da kudade sosai kuma suna iya amfani da kudi da sauran abubuwan karfafa gwiwa don karfafa riko da fassarar da suke da shi na Musulunci. Babu wani rahoto na fursunonin addini ko fursunoni a kasar. === Tilastawa addini === Babu wani rahoto na tilasta musuluntar addini da Gwamnati ta yi; duk da haka, an samu rahotannin musuluntar da fursunoni da wasu fursunoni suka yi. Ana cece-kuce kan rahotannin irin wadannan lokuta kuma masu sa ido da dama, ciki har da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam, na ganin yana da matukar wahala a tantance ko an yi amfani da tilas. A cewar gwamnatin, irin wadannan shari’o’in na faruwa ne saboda ta’addancin da wasu kungiyoyi ke yi a gidan yarin, inda suke cin zarafin wasu fursunoni da kuma kokarin karbar kudi. Babu wani rahoto na tilasta musuluntar kananan ’yan Amurka da aka sace ko kuma aka kwashe su ba bisa ka’ida ba daga Amurka, ko kuma na kin yarda a mayar da irin wadannan ‘yan kasar zuwa Amurka. == Cin zarafin al'umma da nuna wariya == Ba kasafai ake samun rahotannin cin zarafi ko wariya a cikin al'umma ba bisa imani ko aiki da addini, ko da yake ana samun tashin hankali lokaci-lokaci tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi da kuma tsakanin Musulmai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da masu matsakaicin ra'ayi. Ana gudanar da taruka akai-akai tsakanin manyan malaman addini domin tattauna hadin kai cikin lumana a tsakanin kungiyoyinsu. A cikin watan Afrilun 2007 kungiyar Ikklisiya ta bishara ta roki gwamnati da ta kara ba gwamnati taimako wajen kawo karshen rikicin makiyaya da ke tsakanin makiyaya (wadanda galibi Musulmi ne) da manoma na gida (wadanda galibi Kiristoci ne) a kudancin kasar; sai dai gwamnatin ba ta mayar da martani ga wannan roko ba. A cikin watan Janairun 2007 [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] da Ƙungiyar Ikklisiya ta Ikklisiya ta aika zanga-zangar hukuma ta biyu ga Gwamnati saboda gazawarta na mayar da martani ga zanga-zangar watan Fabrairu 2006 don nuna adawa da zane-zanen Danish wanda ya haifar da lalacewa ga kaddarorin Kirista da yawa da rauni ga wani ɗan mishan na bishara. Gwamnati ba ta mayar da martani a hukumance kan korafin ba. Rikicin kasuwa tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi a garin [[Bebedja]] da ke kudancin kasar wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 12 da raunata 21 a shekara ta 2004 ya ci gaba da haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin al'ummar yankin. Wasu da abin ya shafa dai sun zargi Gwamnati da gazawa wajen bin diddigin lamarin da kuma gudanar da shari’ar da ta dace. An samu rahotannin tashin hankali tsakanin al'ummar musulmi. Irin wannan tashe-tashen hankula sun samo asali ne daga bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin ' yan Tijjaniyya da ke jagorantar majalisar koli ta harkokin Musulunci da kuma wasu kungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi dangane da tafsirin ayyuka, da wa'azi, da jagorancin salla. Galibin tattaunawa tsakanin addinai da suka yi yunkurin magance rikicin Kirista da Musulmi da Musulmi da Musulmi, kungiyoyin ne da kansu suka taimaka ba ta hanyar shiga tsakani na gwamnati ba. Ƙungiyoyin addini suna yin taro akai-akai don ƙoƙarin warware tushen tashin hankali da haɓaka babban haɗin gwiwa. A yayin ganawar, shugabannin sun tattauna matsalolin zaman lafiya da juna, da juriya, da mutunta 'yancin addini. [[Commission for Peace and Justice|Hukumar Zaman Lafiya da Adalci]] (CDPJ), wata kungiyar Katolika ce ta fara wannan tattaunawa, kuma kungiyoyin Kirista da na Kirista ne suka shiga. CDPJ ta kuma gudanar da taron da ya tattaro 'yan uwa musulmi da kiristoci domin tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi yara a gida da kuma makiyaya. Ba kasafai ake samun rahotannin tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin Kirista da Musulmai ba dangane da karkatar da masu bi na gargajiya da Kiristocin bishara suka yi. == Duba kuma == * Hakkin dan Adam a kasar Chadi * Addini a kasar Chadi == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Category: Chadi]] [[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] itb2y5u2k8hidgdalmmehv2ks4zkqtg 0 51268 976060 686331 2026-11-05T09:54:58Z A Salisu 14655 976060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana kiyaye '''haƙƙin ɗan adam a [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]''' ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin ƙasa. Duk da haka, gwargwadon yadda irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ke nunawa a aikace yana fuskantar muhawara. Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekarar ta alif 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura da damuwa game da dakatar da ayyukan zabukan dimokuradiyya sakamakon rikicin siyasa na baya-bayan nane.<ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154636/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135962.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Madagascar]</ref> Bugu da ƙari kuma, rahotannin cin hanci da rashawa, [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba]] da kuma bautar da yara sun nuna yadda al'amuran kare hakkin bil'adama ke yaduwa a kasar.<ref name="2009 Human Rights Report" /> <ref>Lawson H, Bertucci M.L, ''Encyclopedia of human rights'', Taylor & Francis, 1996. p.978</ref> == Kundin tsarin mulki da martani na doka == An kuma amince da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Madagascar a shekarar alif 2010.<ref>"Madagascar's Constitution of 2010" (PDF). Constitution Project.</ref> Yana magana akan ra'ayi na zaɓe na duniya, 'yancin ɗan adam da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]].<ref name="cs">{{csref|country=madagascar|author=Peter J. Schraeder|section=Constitution and Institutions of Governance}}This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . Peter J. Schraeder (August 1994). "Constitution and Institutions of Governance". In Meditz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Indian Ocean: five island countries . Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . LCCN 95016570 .</ref> An zartar da dokoki game da mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki da kuma haramcin aikin yara.<ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154636/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135962.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Madagascar]</ref> == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Madagascar game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !International treaties |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |Treaty |Organization |Introduced |Signed |Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |1967 | style="background:#9f9;" |1969 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |1970 | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |1969 | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" |1969 | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1968 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1977 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1980 | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" |2001 | style="background:#9f9;" |2005 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of the Child<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1991 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2004 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2004 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web|last3=United Nations}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |} |} == Batutuwa == === Takaddama === Zarge-zargen da ake yi wa kafafen yada labarai sun taso ne saboda takunkumin da ake zargin gwamnatin kasar ta yi na yada labarai na adawa da gwamnati. <ref>Madagascar: Media Under Attack One Month After New President Installed " . AllAfrica . 23 April 2009.</ref> A lokacin rikicin shugabanci, Ravalomanana ya ba da umarnin rufe "Viva TV", wanda abokin hamayyarsa Rajoelina ya mallaka. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154636/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135962.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Madagascar]</ref> === Daidaito === An amince da zaben mata a hukumance a shekarar 1959.<ref>"Women's Suffrage" . archive.ipu.org .</ref> Duk da haka [[cin zarafin mata]] da [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin mutane]] na ci gaba da zama wani batu a cikin al'umma. <ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154636/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135962.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Madagascar]</ref> === Tsarin doka === Kasancewar manyan ka'idojin shari'a kamar bin doka da bin ka'ida, ana tambaya ne saboda karuwar kama-karya na son kai da siyasa yayin rikicin shugabanci. A watan Disamba 2014, ''jerin kayayyakin da ake samarwa da aikin yara suka nuna cewa yara a cikin ayyukan dila'', ana yin sahryaring, da ruwan sanyi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} === Talauci === Mutanen [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]] suna fama da matsanancin [[talauci]]. Ya zuwa shekarar 2005, gabar tekun Gabashin kasar na da matsanancin talauci da ya kai kusan kashi 80% yayin da biranen ke da sama da kashi 50%. <ref>"IMF Staff Country Reports Volume 2006 Issue 303: Republic of Madagascar: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Annual Progress Report (2006)" . imfsg .</ref> Fiye da kashi 20% na yawan jama'a suna rayuwa a ƙarƙashin $11.25 kowace rana kuma sama da 80% na yawan jama'a akan ƙasa da $15.00 kowace rana kamar na shekarar 2010. Kasar ta samu babban ci gaba a fannin karatu. Gabaɗaya, akwai alaƙa tsakanin ƙimar karatu da talauci. Idan an ci gaba da samun ci gaba na ƙara yawan masu karatu na Madagascan, ya kamata adadin talauci ya fara raguwa bi da bi.<ref>"Face of Poverty in Madagascar" . openknowledge.worldbank.org .</ref> == Yanayin Tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Madagascar tun 1972 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Retrieved 2012-08-22.{{Cite web|last3=Freedom House}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |Head of State{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Philibert Tsiranana |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Gabriel Ramanantsoa |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Gabriel Ramanantsoa |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Gabriel Ramanantsoa |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Albert Zafy |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Albert Zafy |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Albert Zafy |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Norbert Ratsirahonana |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Didier Ratsiraka |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marc Ravalomanana |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marc Ravalomanana |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marc Ravalomanana |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marc Ravalomanana |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marc Ravalomanana |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marc Ravalomanana |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marc Ravalomanana |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Andry Rajoelina |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Andry Rajoelina |} |} == Duba kuma == * Fataucin mutane a Madagascar * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Madagascar * Hakkokin LGBT a Madagascar * Siyasar Madagascar * 2006 yunkurin juyin mulkin Malagasy == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/africa/southern-africa/madagascar/report-madagascar/ Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2022], ta [[Amnesty International]] * [https://freedomhouse.org/country/madagascar/freedom-world/2023 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2023], ta Freedom House * [https://www.ohchr.org/en/countries/madagascar Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Madagascar akan gidan yanar gizon OHCHR] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] di5jyinrutgyuwpb37x4j1fct1y2qig 0 51273 975969 632513 2026-11-04T21:56:10Z Alfurqan 14918 975969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<nowiki/>'Yancin yin addini a ƙasar Mauritania''' yana da iyaka ga Gwamnati. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kafa kasar a matsayin jamhuriya ta Musulunci, ya kuma bayyana cewa [[Musulunci]] addinin 'yan kasa ne da kuma kasa. ’Yan gudun hijirar da ba Musulmi ba da wasu tsirarun ‘yan ƙasa da ba Musulmi ba suna gudanar da addininsu a fili tare da wasu iyakoki a kan karkata da yada kayan addini. Dangantaka tsakanin al'ummar musulmi da kananan al'ummar da ba musulmi ba gaba daya tana da kyau. == Alkaluman addini == A hukumance, 100% na 'yan kasar Mauritaniya Musulmai ne. <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/counties/mauritania CIA factbook, Retrieved 2023-04-25]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A haqiqanin gaskiya kashi 99.1% na musulman [[Mabiya Sunnah|sunni]] ne, duk da cewa akwai ‘yan kaɗan wadanda ba musulmi ba (kimanin 0.9%). <ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Mauritania/Religion Britannica, Retrieved 2023-04-25]</ref> An kafa majami'un [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman Katolika]] da [[Kiristanci|na Kirista]] wadanda ba na darika ba a Nouakchott, Atar, Zouerate, Nouadhibou da Rosso, amma ba a buɗe ga ƴan ƙasa. Yawancin ƴan ƙasar waje suna yin [[Yahudanci|addinin Yahudanci]] amma babu majami'u. == Matsayin 'yancin addini == Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar Musulunci a matsayin muhimmin ginshiƙi na haɗin kai da ke haɗa ƙabilun da ƙabilu daban-daban na ƙasar. Akwai Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Wayar da Kai ta Musulunci a matakin majalisar ministoci da kuma wata babbar majalisar Musulunci, mai kunshe da [[Liman|limamai]] shida, wanda bisa bukatar gwamnati, ke ba da shawara kan bin doka da ka'idojin Musulunci. [[Masallaci|Masallatai]] da makarantun [[Alqur'ani mai girma|kur’ani]] suna samun tallafi daga membobinsu da sauran masu hannu da shuni. Wani abin ban mamaki shi ne ɗan ƙaramin alawus ga limamin masallacin tsakiya da ke babban birnin [[Nouakchott]] da gwamnati ta bayar. Gwamnati ba ta rajistar ƙungiyoyin addini; duk da haka, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙungiyoyin agaji da ci gaba masu alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin addini, dole ne su yi rajista da ma'aikatar cikin gida. Ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, gami da ƙungiyoyin addini da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na zamani, gabaɗaya ba sa biyan haraji. Ma’aikatar shari’a ta kunshi tsarin kotuna guda daya ne mai tsarin shari’a wanda ya dace da ka’idojin [[Shari'a|Shari’a]] (Shari’ar Musulunci). Gwamnati na kiyaye bukukuwan Musulmi a matsayin ranakun hutu na kasa. Alkalin kotun shari’a, wanda ke jagorantar wata hukumar gwamnati ta daban, shi ne ke yanke ranar gudanar da bukukuwan addini tare da yi wa al’ummar kasar jawabi a wadannan ranakun. == Takurawa 'yancin addini == Babu wata rantsuwar addini da ake bukata ga ma’aikatan gwamnati ko ‘yan jam’iyya mai mulki, sai dai shugaban kasa da ‘yan majalisar tsarin mulki mai mutum 5 da kuma babbar majalisar majistare mai mutum 10 da shugaban kasa ke jagoranta. Majalisar Kundin Tsarin Mulki da Majalisar Majalissar Dokoki ta Kasa na ba Shugaban kasa shawara a harkokin shari’a da Kundin Tsarin Mulki, rantsuwar ta hada da alkawariwa [[Allah]] ta yi na kiyaye dokokin kasa kamar yadda addinin Musulunci ya tanada. Ana bukatar dukkan makarantu in ban da makarantun kasa da kasa su rika ba da karatun sa’o’i hudu na Musulunci a kowane mako. Daliban da suka kammala jarrabawar Baccalaureate dole ne su kammala karatun addini cikin harshen Larabci. Akwai kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) na kasashen waje da dama da ke aiki a ayyukan jin kai da ci gaba a cikin kasar. Sabbin dokoki a shekarar 2021 sun sauwaka wa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu yin rajista da gudanar da ayyukansu, amma ba a basu damar shigar da addinan da ba na Musulunci ba. <ref>[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/mauritania/ US State Dept 2021 report, Retrieved 2023-4-25]</ref> A watan Afrilun shekarar 2018, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta zartar da wata doka da ta sanya hukuncin kisa ya zama tilas don "saɓo".<ref>"Mauritania: Mandatory Death Penalty for Blasphemy" . Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 17 May 2018.</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan dokokin da ke ba da hukuncin kisa ga zina da luwadi, kodayake ba a yi amfani da waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen ba tun shekarun 1980. <ref>[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/mauritania/ US State Dept 2021 report, Retrieved 2023-4-25]</ref> == Tawassuli da Musulunci == Duk da cewa babu wani takamaiman haramcin doka da ya haramta wa waɗanda ba musulmi ba, amma a aikace gwamnati ta hana yin amfani da sashe na 11 na dokar 'yan jarida, wanda ya haramta buga duk wani abu da ya saba wa Musulunci ko ya sabawa ko akasin haka. yana barazana ga Musulunci. Gwamnati na kallon duk wani yunƙuri na masu yin addinin na daban na musuluntar da al'umma. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu masu tushen imanin ƙasashen waje suna iyakance ayyukansu ga taimakon jin kai da ci gaba. A cikin watan Yunin 2009 an kashe ma'aikacin agaji Ba'amurke Chris Leggett bisa zargin yin tursasawa, a cewar Asusun Barnabas. === Mallaka da rarraba Littafi Mai Tsarki === A karkashin sashe na 11 na dokar 'yan jarida, gwamnati na iya hana shigo da su, bugawa, ko rarrabawa jama'a na [[Baibûl|Littafi Mai Tsarki]] ko wasu littattafan addini da ba na Musulunci ba, kuma a aikace ba a buga ko sayar da Baibul a cikin kasar. Duk da haka, mallakar Littafi Mai Tsarki da sauran abubuwan da ba na Musulunci ba a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu ya halatta. <ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71313.htm Mauritania| US State Dept 2009 report]</ref> [[Shari'a|Shari’a]] ta tanadi ka’idojin shari’a wadanda doka da tsarin shari’a suka ginu a kansu. Mauritania tana bin madhab [[Malikiyya|Maliki]], wanda ke da wasu dokoki na musamman waɗanda ba su dace da sauran [[Mazhab|madhab]] ba. == Ra'ayin Ƙasashen Duniya == A shekarar 2022 Freedom House ta ƙididdige 'yancin addini na Mauritania a matsayin 2 cikin 4, <ref>[https://www.freedomhouse.org/country/mauritania/freedom-world/2022 Freedom House 2022 report, Retrieved 2023-04-25]</ref> lura da cewa yayin da ridda laifi ne da ke da hukuncin kisa, har yau, babu wanda aka kashe saboda laifin. Koyaya, a cikin watan Afrilu shekara 2018, majalisar dokoki ta zartar da wata sabuwar doka wacce ke ƙarfafa hukuncin hukuncin kisa da ake yi na wasu laifuka na sabo. == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Category: Mauritania]] [[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] e12u9jd85jv8bsebpdx0pa6cxfibtr7 0 51395 975892 535897 2026-11-04T18:52:06Z Zahrah0 14848 975892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Karen Larsen, Ed Hunter, Charlie Smilie, Ryan Farr, Valencia Morris, Nathan Mynatt, Dale Bosworth, John Campbell, Edward Hunter Jr., Liz Agpaoa, Andy Baker, Betty Jewett, Jerome Thomas (15180605355).jpg|thumb|Hutun Edward Thomas Ryan acikin filin wasa]] [[Fayil:PRB2865 ETR2.jpg|thumb|Edward Thomas Ryan]] '''Edward Thomas Ryan''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Shekara ta alif 1962) masanin ilimin halitta ɗan Amurka ne, masanin rigakafi, kuma likita a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] da [[Babban Asibitin Massachusetts]] . Ryan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban [[Ƙungiyar Amirka ta Magungunan Wuta da Tsafta|Ƙungiyar Magungunan Magunguna da Tsafta ta Amurka]] daga shekarar 2009 zuwa shekara ta 2010. Ryan Farfesa ne na Immunology da Cututtuka masu Yaduwa a [[Harvard TH Chan Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a|Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard TH Chan]], Farfesa na Magunguna a [[Harvard Medical School|Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard]], da kuma Daraktan Cututtukan Cutar Duniya a Babban Asibitin Massachusetts. Binciken Ryan da na asibiti ya kasance akan cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da zama a ciki, ƙaura daga, ko tafiya ta wuraren da ba su da iyaka. [[File:General Thomas M. Ryan Jr., Military Airlift Command Commander In CHIEF, tests a new computer terminal while Colonel Kurt G. Blunck, chief of data automation, and Belleview Mayor Ri - DPLA - a37997d6e629bf61caf16451b7bc8bf5.jpeg|thumb|Edward Thomas Ryan]] Aikin binciken na Ryan ya mayar da hankali ne kan cututtuka masu saurin yanayi, masu tasowa da cututtuka na duniya, musamman fahimtar hulɗar masu kamuwa da cuta, da kuma danganta wannan ilimin ga ganowa, haɓakawa, da aiwatar da manyan bincike da alluran rigakafi. Musamman wuraren da aka mai da hankali sun hada da [[kwalara]], [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]], [[shigella]], [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] da yada cututtukan da mutane ke ketare kan iyakokin ƙasa da ƙasa. == Sana'a == === Farkon aiki da horo === An haifi Ryan a birnin New York kuma ya yi karatu a [[Makarantar Horace Mann]] . Ya sami digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyyar biochemical a [[Jami'ar Princeton]] . Ya sami digiri na uku a fannin likitanci daga Jami'ar Harvard. Ya yi aikin zama na likita da horar da zumunci kan cututtukan cututtuka a Babban Asibitin Massachusetts. Ryan ya sami ƙarin horo a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya da Lafiya ta London da [[Cibiyar Nazarin Cutar Zawo ta Duniya, Bangladesh|Cibiyar Nazarin Cutar Cutar Zawo ta Duniya]] (ICDDRB) a Dhaka, Bangladesh. Ryan kuma ɗan ƙetare ne na Cibiyar Nazarin Al'umma da Magunguna, [[Kwalejin Jami'ar Columbia na Likitoci da Likitoci|Kwalejin Likitoci da Likitoci na Jami'ar Columbia]] . Bayan horar da shi, Ryan ya shiga jami'ar Harvard da ma'aikatan babban asibitin Massachusetts. An nada shi Farfesa a Jami'ar Harvard a watan Afrilu, 2012. Ryan yana zaune a [[Wellesley, Massachusetts]] . === Cutar Zawo na Kwalara === Tare da Dr. Stephen Calderwood, Dr. Jason Harris, Dr. Regina LaRocque, Dr. Daniel Leung, Dr. Richelle Charles da abokan aiki a Harvard, da Dr. Firdausi Qadri da abokan aiki a ICDDRB, Ryan ya mayar da hankali ga ci gaba da fahimtar mai watsa shiri. -maganin kamuwa da cuta da na rigakafi a lokacin kwalara, cutar da ɗan adam ke takurawa wanda ya fi addabar talakawa a yankunan da ke da iyakacin albarkatu a duniya. [[Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Kasa|Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya]] ta Amurka tana tallafawa aikin binciken Ryan. Mahimman gudumawa sun haɗa da gano cewa sabanin tsarin da aka kafa a baya, cutar kwalara tana haifar da martani mai saurin kumburi a cikin mutane masu fama da cutar, kuma wannan martanin yana da alaƙa da girma da tsawon lokacin rigakafin cutar kwalara. <ref>Karlsson, Elinor K.; Harris, Jason B.; Tabrizi, Shervin; Rahman, Atiqur; Shlyakhter, Ilya; Patterson, Nick; O'Dushlaine, Colm; Schaffner, Stephen F.; Gupta, Sameer (2013-07-03).</ref> <ref>Arifuzzaman, Mohammad; Rashu, Rasheduzzaman; Leung, Daniel T.; Hosen, M. Ismail; Bhuiyan, Taufiqur Rahman; Bhuiyan, M. Saruar; Rahman, Mohammad Arif; Khanam, Farhana; Saha, Amit (2012-08-01)</ref> <ref>Patel, Sweta M.; Rahman, Mohammad Arif; Mohasin, M.; Riyadh, M. Asrafuzzaman; Leung, Daniel T.; Alam, Mohammad Murshid; Chowdhury, Fahima; Khan, Ashraful I.; Weil, Ana A. (2012-06-01).</ref> Ryan ya mayar da hankali sosai kan nazarin martanin rigakafi akan murfin polysaccharide na kwayoyin ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'', O-specific polysaccharide (OSP), yana aiki tare da Dr. Paul Kovac na Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa. <ref>Johnson, Russell A.; Uddin, Taher; Aktar, Amena; Mohasin, M.; Alam, Mohammad Murshid; Chowdhury, Fahima; Harris, Jason B.; LaRocque, Regina C.; Kelly Bufano, Meagan (2012-11-01). "Comparison of Immune Responses to the O-Specific Polysaccharide and Lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Bangladeshi Adult Patients with Cholera". ''Clinical and Vaccine Immunology''. '''19''' (11): 1712–1721.</ref> <ref>Leung, Daniel T.; Uddin, Taher; Xu, Peng; Aktar, Amena; Johnson, Russell A.; Rahman, Mohammad Arif; Alam, Mohammad Murshid; Bufano, Meagan Kelly; Eckhoff, Grace (2013-06-01). "Immune Responses to the O-Specific Polysaccharide Antigen in Children Who Received a Killed Oral Cholera Vaccine Compared to Responses following Natural Cholera Infection in Bangladesh". ''Clinical and Vaccine Immunology''. '''20''' (6): 780–788.</ref> Martanin rigakafi ga OSP yana shiga tsakani kariya daga kwalara a cikin mutane, <ref>Patel, Sweta M.; Rahman, Mohammad Arif; Mohasin, M.; Riyadh, M. Asrafuzzaman; Leung, Daniel T.; Alam, Mohammad Murshid; Chowdhury, Fahima; Khan, Ashraful I.; Weil, Ana A. (2012-06-01). "Memory B Cell Responses to Vibrio cholerae O1 Lipopolysaccharide Are Associated with Protection against Infection from Household Contacts of Patients with Cholera in Bangladesh</ref> da Ryan et al sun nuna cewa wannan kariyar tana da alaƙa da ƙarfin ƙwayoyin rigakafi da ke niyya ''V. cholerae'' OSP don hana ƙwayoyin cuta na yau da kullun na wayar hannu daga yin iyo a cikin lumen na hanji. <ref>Charles, Richelle C.; Kelly, Meagan; Tam, Jenny M.; Akter, Aklima; Hossain, Motaher; Islam, Kamrul; Biswas, Rajib; Kamruzzaman, Mohammad; Chowdhury, Fahima; Khan, Ashraful I.; Leung, Daniel T. (2020-11-17). "Humans Surviving Cholera Develop Antibodies against Vibrio cholerae O-Specific Polysaccharide That Inhibit Pathogen Motility". ''mBio''. '''11''' (6</ref> <ref>Kauffman, Robert C.; Adekunle, Oluwaseyi; Yu, Hanyi; Cho, Alice; Nyhoff, Lindsay E.; Kelly, Meagan; Harris, Jason B.; Bhuiyan, Taufiqur Rahman; Qadri, Firdausi; Calderwood, Stephen B.; Charles, Richelle C. (2021-04-20). "Impact of Immunoglobulin Isotype and Epitope on the Functional Properties of Vibrio cholerae O-Specific Polysaccharide-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies". ''mBio''. '''12''' (2). doi:10.1128/mBio.03679-20. ISSN 2150-7511. PMC 8092325. <nowiki>PMID 33879588</nowiki></ref> Wannan aikin ya sanar da ci gaban rigakafin rigakafin. <ref>Xu, Peng; Alam, Mohammad Murshid; Kalsy, Anuj; Charles, Richelle C.; Calderwood, Stephen B.; Qadri, Firdausi; Ryan, Edward T.; Kováč, Pavol (2011-10-19). "A Simple, Direct Conjugation of Bacterial O-SP–Core Antigens to Proteins: Development of Cholera Conjugate Vaccines"</ref> <ref>Alam, Mohammad Murshid; Bufano, Megan Kelly; Xu, Peng; Kalsy, Anuj; Yu, Y.; Freeman, Y. Wu; Sultana, Tania; Rashu, Md. Rasheduzzaman; Desai, Ishaan (2014-02-06). "Evaluation in Mice of a Conjugate Vaccine for Cholera Made from Vibrio cholerae O1 (Ogawa) O-Specific Polysaccharide". ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases''. '''8''' (2): e2683. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002683. ISSN 1935-2727. OCLC 1052652955. PMC 3916310. <nowiki>PMID 24516685</nowiki></ref> <ref>Sayeed, Md. Abu; Bufano, Meagan Kelly; Xu, Peng; Eckhoff, Grace; Charles, Richelle C.; Alam, Mohammad Murshid; Sultana, Tania; Rashu, Md. Rasheduzzaman; Berger, Amanda (2015-07-08). "A Cholera Conjugate Vaccine Containing O-specific Polysaccharide (OSP) of V. cholerae O1 Inaba and Recombinant Fragment of Tetanus Toxin Heavy Chain (OSP:rTTHc) Induces Serum, Memory and Lamina Proprial Responses against OSP and Is Protective in Mice". ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases''. '''9''' (7): e0003881</ref> An ba Ryan [[Kyautar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta merit|lambar yabo ta MERIT]] daga NIH don tallafawa waɗannan ƙoƙarin. === Typhoid === Ƙoƙarin da Ryan ya yi a kan typhoid ya fi mayar da hankali kan yin amfani da manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su don tantance martanin ƙwayoyin cuta yayin zazzaɓin typhoid, gami da bayyanar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin mutanen da suka kamu da cutar, da kuma martanin rigakafin ɗan adam ga kamuwa da cuta. <ref>Harris, Jason B.; Baresch-Bernal, Andrea; Rollins, Sean M.; Alam, Ashfaqul; LaRocque, Regina C.; Bikowski, Margaret; Peppercorn, Amanda F.; Handfield, Martin; Hillman, Jeffery D. (2006-09-01). "Identification of in vivo-induced bacterial protein antigens during human infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi". ''Infection and Immunity''. '''74''' (9): 5161–5168.</ref> <ref>Charles, Richelle C.; Sheikh, Alaullah; Krastins, Bryan; Harris, Jason B.; Bhuiyan, M. Saruar; LaRocque, Regina C.; Logvinenko, Tanya; Sarracino, David A.; Kudva, Indira T. (2010-08-01).</ref> <ref>Sheikh, Alaullah; Khanam, Farhana; Sayeed, Md. Abu; Rahman, Taibur; Pacek, Marcin; Hu, Yanhui; Rollins, Andrea; Bhuiyan, Md. Saruar; Rollins, Sean (2011-06-07). "Interferon-γ and Proliferation Responses to Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Proteins in Patients with S. Typhi Bacteremia in Dhaka, Bangladesh". ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases''. '''5''' (6): e1193.</ref> Wannan aiki na haɗin gwiwa tare da Charles da Qadri sun gano wani ma'aunin kwayar halitta na kwayar cutar bacillus wanda ke haifar da zazzaɓin typhoid (YncE; STY1479), <ref>Charles, Richelle C.; Sultana, Tania; Alam, Mohammad Murshid; Yu, Yanan; Wu-Freeman, Ying; Bufano, Meagan Kelly; Rollins, Sean M.; Tsai, Lillian; Harris, Jason B. (2013-08-01). "Identification of Immunogenic Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Antigens Expressed in Chronic Biliary Carriers of S. Typhi in Kathmandu, Nepal". ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases''. '''7''' (8): e2335. </ref> kuma ya haɗa da nazarin rubutun farko (bayanin kwayar halitta) na kwayar cutar kwayan cuta kai tsaye a cikin jini na wata cuta. kamuwa da mutum; <ref>Sheikh, Alaullah; Charles, Richelle C.; Rollins, Sean M.; Harris, Jason B.; Bhuiyan, Md. Saruar; Khanam, Farhana; Bukka, Archana; Kalsy, Anuj; Porwollik, Steffen (2010-12-07). "Analysis of Salmonella enterica Serotype Paratyphi A Gene Expression in the Blood of Bacteremic Patients in Bangladesh". ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases''. '''4''' (12):</ref> <ref>Sheikh, Alaullah; Charles, Richelle C.; Sharmeen, Nusrat; Rollins, Sean M.; Harris, Jason B.; Bhuiyan, Md. Saruar; Arifuzzaman, Mohammad; Khanam, Farhana; Bukka, Archana (2011-12-13). "In Vivo Expression of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhi Genes in the Blood of Patients with Typhoid Fever in Bangladesh". ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases''. '''5''' (12)</ref> aikin da aka yi a cikin mutane masu fama da typhoid da zazzabin paratyphoid a Bangladesh. Wannan aikin ya sanar da ci gaban tantancewar bincike. <ref>Khanam, Farhana; Sheikh, Alaullah; Sayeed, Md. Abu; Bhuiyan, Md. Saruar; Choudhury, Feroza Kaneez; Salma, Umme; Pervin, Shahnaz; Sultana, Tania; Ahmed, Dilruba (2013-07-11). "Evaluation of a Typhoid/Paratyphoid Diagnostic Assay (TPTest) Detecting Anti-Salmonella IgA in Secretions of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh"</ref> <ref>Charles, Richelle C.; Liang, Li; Khanam, Farhana; Sayeed, M. Abu; Hung, Chris; Leung, Daniel T.; Baker, Stephen; Ludwig, Albrecht; Harris, Jason B. (2014-03-01). "Immunoproteomic Analysis of Antibody in Lymphocyte Supernatant in Patients with Typhoid Fever in Bangladesh". ''Clinical and Vaccine Immunology''. '''21''' (3): 280–285</ref> === Shigella === [[File:Karen Larsen, Ed Hunter, Charlie Smilie, Ryan Farr, Valencia Morris, Nathan Mynatt, Dale Bosworth, John Campbell, Edward Hunter Jr., Liz Agpaoa, Andy Baker, Betty Jewett, Jerome Thomas (15180605355).jpg|thumb|Edward Thomas Ryan a cikin taro]] Ƙoƙarin Ryan akan shigellosis ya mai da hankali kan haɓakar rigakafin rigakafi da hulɗar masu cutar. <ref>Gaston, J. S. Hill; Inman, Robert D.; Ryan, Edward T.; Venkatesan, Malabi M.; Barry, Eileen M.; Hale, Thomas L.; Bourgeois, A. Louis; Walker, Richard I. (2009-09-04). "Vaccination of children in low-resource countries against Shigella is unlikely to present an undue risk of reactive arthritis". ''Vaccine''. '''27''' (40): 5432–5434.</ref> <ref>Bennish, Michael L.; Khan, Wasif A.; Begum, Monira; Bridges, Emily A.; Ahmed, Sabeena; Saha, Debasish; Salam, Mohammad A.; Acheson, David; Ryan, Edward T. (2006-02-01). "Low risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after early effective antimicrobial therapy for Shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection in Bangladesh". ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''42''' (3): 356–362</ref> A shekara ta 2006, Ryan ya nuna cewa gudanar da maganin rigakafi ga yara masu shigellosis a Bangladesh bai kara yawan samar da guba daga kwayoyin ba. <ref>Bennish, Michael L.; Khan, Wasif A.; Begum, Monira; Bridges, Emily A.; Ahmed, Sabeena; Saha, Debasish; Salam, Mohammad A.; Acheson, David; Ryan, Edward T. (2006-02-01). "Low risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after early effective antimicrobial therapy for Shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection in Bangladesh". ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. '''42''' (3): 356–362</ref> Wannan binciken yana tallafawa maganin rigakafi da aka yi niyya na mutane tare da shigellosis. Irin wannan maganin yawanci ana hana shi a cikin mutane masu kamuwa da Shiga-toxin da ke bayyana ''E. coli'' kamuwa da cuta (STEC/EHEC: enterohemorrhagic ''E. coli,'' [[Escherichia coli mai samar da Verotoxin|Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli]] ), wanda irin wannan magani yana ƙara haɗarin gazawar koda. <ref>Wong, Craig S.; Jelacic, Srdjan; Habeeb, Rebecca L.; Watkins, Sandra L.; Tarr, Phillip I. (2000-06-29). "The Risk of the Hemolytic-uremic Syndrome After Antibiotic Treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections". ''The New England Journal of Medicine''. '''342''' (26): 1930–1936</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1962]] p4fixr2o2qyb7qxoahwmwar05tmc3ct 0 51677 975972 491826 2026-11-04T21:59:07Z Alfurqan 14918 975972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Church in Pogradec.jpg|thumb|Yancin yin Addini a Albaniya]] Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Albaniya ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Ba a sami rahoton cin zarafi ko wariya na al'umma ba dangane da imani ko aiki. A cikin bayanan da masana ilimin zamantakewa Brian Grim da Roger Finke Albania suka tattara sun yi ƙasa a kan Dokokin Gwamnati na Addini, Dokokin Zamantake Addini, Ƙaunar Gwamnati na Addini da Zaluntar Addini. <ref>[http://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_3_3.asp Albania: Religious Freedom Profile at the Association of Religion Data Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612185758/http://thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_3_3.asp |date=2016-06-12 }} Brian J Grim and Roger Finke. "International Religion Indexes: Government Regulation, Government Favoritism, and Social Regulation of Religion." Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion. 2 (2006) Article 1: www.religjournal.com.</ref> == Tsarin doka da tsarin siyasa == Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da ’yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati ta bayyana cewa gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin.<ref>LL.M., Prof. Dr. Axel Tschentscher. "ICL > Albania > Constitution" . servat.unibe.ch .</ref> Gwamnati ta bayyana rashin zaman lafiya. Babu addini a hukumance kuma dukkan addinai daidai suke; duk da haka, manyan al'ummomin addini (Musulmi Sunni, Bektashi, Orthodox, da Katolika) suna jin daɗin matsayin hukuma (misali, bukukuwan ƙasa) da matsayin zamantakewa dangane da kasancewarsu na tarihi a ƙasar. Hutu na hukuma sun haɗa da ranaku masu tsarki daga dukkan manyan addinai huɗu. [[File:Marche_Charlie_Hebdo_Paris_02.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Shugabannin manyan dariku hudu na Albaniya a birnin Paris na kasar Faransa bayan harin Charlie Hebdo, 2015]] Duk kungiyoyin addini da suka yi rajista suna da hakkin su rike asusun banki da kuma mallakar kadarori da gine-gine. Ba a sanya takunkumi ga iyalai game da yadda suke renon yaransu dangane da ayyukan addini. Dangantaka ta aminci tsakanin addinai a cikin al'umma ta ba da gudummawa ga 'yancin addini. === Yin lasisi === OfGwamnati ba ta buƙatar rajista ko lasisi na ƙungiyoyin addini; duk da haka, Kwamitin Ƙungiyoyi na Jiha yana kiyaye bayanai da ƙididdiga kan ƙungiyoyin addini na ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke tuntuɓar ta don taimako. Babu wata kungiya da ta bayar da rahoton matsalolin yin rajista a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunshi. Duk kungiyoyin addini masu rijista suna da hakkin su mallaki asusun banki da kuma mallakar kadarori. Ƙungiyoyin addini na iya samun matsayin hukuma ta mai shari'a ta hanyar yin rajista tare da Kotun Lardi na Tirana a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ƙungiyoyin Sa-kai, wadda ta amince da matsayin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai ba tare da la'akari da ko ƙungiyar tana da al'adu, nishaɗi, addini, ko halin jin kai ba. Dukkanin al’ummomin addini sun soki Gwamnati kan rashin amincewar ta na ba su matsayin da ba a biyan haraji. Tun shekara ta 2003 an keɓe masu wa'azi na addini na ƙasashen waje daga harajin izinin zama. Kwamitin kula da al’adu na Jiha a karkashin ma’aikatar yawon bude ido, al’adu, matasa, da wasanni, tana da alhakin tsara dangantaka tsakanin gwamnati da dukkanin mabiya addinai tare da kare ‘yancin yin addini da inganta hadin kai da fahimtar juna a tsakanin addinai. Kwamitin ya yi iƙirarin cewa bayanansa na ƙungiyoyin addini suna taimaka wa 'yan sanda ba da izinin zama ga ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje na ƙungiyoyin addini daban-daban. Babu wata kungiya da ta yi ikirarin samun matsala wajen samun izinin zama a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa. Koyaya, a matsayin gama gari, an ba wa masu wa’azi na addini na ƙasashen waje izinin zama na shekara 1 kacal maimakon shekaru 5 da doka ta ba mazauna ƙasar fiye da shekaru 2. A tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa, kwamitin ya fara aiki da gwamnati kan sharudda da za su ba da izinin zama na tsawon shekaru har zuwa shekaru 5 ga ingantattun kungiyoyin addini masu alaka da kasar. Babu wata doka ko ƙa’ida da ta tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin addini su sanar da Kwamitin ayyukansu; duk da haka, sashi na 10 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya yi kira da a samar da yerjejeniya daban-daban don daidaita dangantaka tsakanin gwamnati da al'ummomin addinai. Cocin Katolika ta ci gaba da zama al’ummar addini tilo da suka kammala irin wannan yarjejeniya da Gwamnati. Kwamitin ya ba da umarnin yin shawarwari tare da sauran rukunoni uku da suka rage kuma sun kafa ƙungiyar aiki a watan Mayu 2006 don wannan dalili. An bayar da rahoton cewa kwamitin ya cimma yarjejeniya da kungiyoyi uku-Musulmi, Orthodox, da Muslim Bektashi al'ummomin. VUSH, wata ƙungiyar Furotesta, ta tuntuɓi Kwamitin dan tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar tsakanin ƙasashen biyu amma ba ta sami amsa ba a ƙarshen lokacin rahoton. === Makarantun Addini === Ma’aikatar ilimi ta kasar ta bayyana cewa makarantun gwamnati na kasar nan na boko ne, kuma dokar ta haramta koyar da akida da addini. Bisa kididdigar da hukuma ta bayar, kungiyoyin addinai, kungiyoyi, da gidauniyoyi sun gudanar da cibiyoyin ilimi 101, wadanda 15 daga cikinsu makarantu ne masu alaka da addini, tare da dalibai sama da 2,600. A bisa doka dole ne ma’aikatar ilimi ta ba wa irin wadannan makarantu lasisi, kuma manhajoji dole ne su bi ka’idojin ilimi na kasa. Kungiyoyin Katolika da na Musulmai sun gudanar da makarantu da dama da ke da lasisin gwamnati kuma sun ba da rahoton cewa ba su da wata matsala wajen samun sabbin lasisin sabbin makarantu. Cocin Orthodox da Bektashis suna gudanar da cibiyoyin koyarwa na addini don horar da malamai. == Da'awar dukiya ta addini == Manufar gwamnati da aiki sun ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da addini gabaɗaya kyauta; duk da haka, maido da kadarorin da tsohuwar gwamnatin gurguzu ta kwace ya ci gaba da zama matsala. A bisa dokar da ta shafi maidowa da kuma biyan diyya irin wadannan kadarori, al’ummomin addini suna da hakki iri daya da na mutane masu zaman kansu dangane da abin da ya shafi mayar da kadarori ko diyya, amma kungiyoyin addini sun nuna shakku kan kayyade kadarori zuwa {{Convert|150|acre|km2}} . A lokacin rahoton, Gwamnati ba ta kafa wani asusu na musamman don biyan diyya ba, amma Ofishin Firayim Minista ya yi ƙoƙarin warware matsalolin kadarorin addini. Gwamnatin ta kuma sanar da shirin kawar da cikas da aka samu a hukumance da na doka wadanda suka kawo cikas wajen dawo da kadarorin da aka kwace ta hanyar kawar da bukatar kungiyoyin addini su samar da mukamai da takardu don tabbatar da mallakar asali. A lokacin mulkin gurguzu, ana yin rikodin kadarorin da gwamnati ta kwace gabaɗaya, kuma Gwamnati na ƙoƙarin ganin ta amince da waɗannan takaddun bayanan a matsayin daidai da sunayen kadarori, don haka ta fayyace mallakar filaye a wasu lokuta. Dukkanin manyan al'ummomin gargajiya guda huɗu suna da ƙaƙƙarfan da'awar kadarorin da ba a warware su ba. A al’amuran da suka shafi komawar gine-ginen addini, gwamnati ta kasa mayar da filayen da ke kewaye da gine-ginen, wani lokaci saboda da’awar sake fasalin da wasu masu zaman kansu suka yi da suka fara nomansa ko amfani da shi dan wasu dalilai. Cocin Orthodox ya ci gaba da gina wani sabon babban coci a Tirana a kan wani yanki na fili da ta samu a matsayin diyya ga sauran filaye da gwamnatin gurguzu ta kwace, amma ta yi ikirarin rashin daukar mataki kan wasu ikirari na kadarorin kasar a duk fadin kasar, da kuma wahala, dawo da gumaka na addini da rubuce-rubuce masu tamani. Cocin Orthodox da Cocin Katolika suna ƙoƙari su dawo da wuraren ajiyar da gwamnatin kwaminisanci ta kama kuma aka ajiye a cikin tarihin ƙasar. Ko da yake Cocin Katolika na da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙayyadaddun ikirari, ta nuna cewa ba ta aiwatar da waɗannan abubuwan kuma ta yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan ƙoƙarinta a wasu wurare. Duk da haka, idan a ƙarshe za a biya diyya ga sauran ƙungiyoyin addini, za a sa ran samun diyya ma.<ref>Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for (15 September 2006). "U.S. Department of State Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 2006 - Albania" . Refworld . United States Department of State.</ref> [[Fayil:Katholische Kirche St Peter und Paul Lushnja.jpg|thumb|Ƴancin yin addini a Albaniya]] Kungiyar Islama ta Albaniya da kuma Musulman Bektashis sun kuma bukaci gwamnati ta mayar da wasu kadarori. Kungiyar Islama ta yi nasarar samun lakabin wani babban fili a Tirana inda wani masallaci ya taba tsayawa. Sai dai ba ta samu takardar izinin gina sabon masallaci ba. A karkashin sabon tsarin kula da birane na Tirana, an kebe wani fili a Tirana, wanda kuma mallakin al'ummar musulmi ne saboda haka. Jama'ar Musulunci sun ki amincewa da wannan wurin da cewa ya yi kadan kuma sun ci gaba da fifita wurin na asali. Ba a warware matsalar ba a ƙarshen lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa. Har ila yau al’ummar Bektashi na neman gwamnati ta biya diyya ga wadanda aka zalunta da addini a lokacin mulkin gurguzu. == Batun zama dan kasa == Dokar Cocin Orthodox ta shekarar 1954 ta ce dole ne babban Bishop ɗinta ya kasance ɗan ƙasar Albaniya; <ref>Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. "Albania" . 2001-2009.state.gov .</ref> duk da haka, babban Bishop ɗan ƙasar Girka ne wanda ke neman zama ɗan ƙasar Albaniya. A tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya yi bayani, Gwamnati ba ta dauki mataki kan bukatarsa ta zama dan kasa ba, wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 2003. == Cin zarafin al'umma da nuna wariya == Gabaɗaya, Albaniya tana da rigima na addini kaɗan. Duk da haka, an sami wasu abubuwan da suka faru na musgunawa sakamakon imani na addini. Tun a shekara ta 2001 an ci zarafin musulmin Albaniya da dama, ana nuna musu wariya da kuma tsanantawa saboda akidarsu. Jami’an Tsaron Albaniya sun tsare wani limamin Albaniya mai suna Artan Kristo, ba tare da wani tabbaci ba. Dangane da bayanan Artan Kristo da kuma bayanin wasu limaman Albaniya da kuma Dandalin Musulmi na Albaniya, an tsare Kristi ba bisa ka’ida ba, tun da bai yarda ya zama dan leken asiri na Hukumar Tsaro ta Albaniya ba. Duk da cewa babu wata doka da ta hana nuna alaƙar addini a makarantun gwamnati, akwai lokutan da aka hana ɗalibai yin hakan a aikace. A watan Disambar 2003, an hana wani dalibi musulmi daukar hoton difloma saboda yana da gemu. A ƙarshe an ba ɗalibin izinin kammala karatun ta hanyar sa hannun ofishin Ombudsman (cibiyar gwamnati da ke da alhakin bincikar tuhume-tuhumen ƴan ƙasa na take haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kare yancinsu na asali).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2007}} A shekara ta 2002, wasu al'ummomin Bektashi da ke wajen Tirana sun fuskanci tsoratarwa, barna, da barazanar tashin hankali. Daga baya, hukumomin Albaniya sun gano wadanda ke da alhakin (wadanda ba Albaniya ba) kuma sun kore su saboda keta dokokin shige da fice. Babu wani sabon rahoton barna a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya kawo. Shugabannin Bektashi sun yi imanin cewa tasirin addini na kasashen waje da ke neman kawo cikas ga kokarin kasar na wanzar da juriya da 'yancin addini su ne tushen wadannan abubuwa. Sauran shugabannin addinai sun bayyana irin wannan damuwar game da rawar da masu tsattsauran ra'ayin addini na kasashen waje ke takawa. An harbe babban sakataren kungiyar Islama ta Albaniya Sali Tivari a hedikwatar kungiyar a watan Janairun 2003. Babban mai gabatar da kara ya mayar da karar zuwa ga hukuma don ci gaba da bincike kuma har zuwa karshen wa'adin da wannan rahoto ya kunsa bai warware ba.<ref>"Albania" . International Religious Freedom Report 2004 . Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor , United States Department of State . 15 September 2004.</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2003, 'yan sanda sun kama Kastriot Myftari, marubucin littafin "Albaniya National Islamism" bisa zargin ingiza kiyayyar addini ga Musulunci. Littafin ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyin marubucin game da Musulunci da kuma yadda addinin ya yi tasiri ga rayuwar Albaniya. A cewar ofishin mai gabatar da kara, bayanai da dama a cikin littafin sun wulakanta Musulunci. Mai gabatar da kara ya bukaci kotun daurin watanni 6 ga marubucin. A watan Yuni ne dai kotun ta wanke Myftari daga zargin da ake masa. A shekara ta 2004, wakilan Cocin Orthodox na Gabas sun nuna damuwarsu cewa coci-coci, giciye, da wasu gine-gine an lalata su.<ref>"Albania" . International Religious Freedom Report 2005 . Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor , United States Department of State. 8 November 2005.</ref> A cikin watan Nuwamba 2005 wani jawabi<ref>"The Lecture of President Moisiu at the Oxford Forum "The Inter-religious tolerance in the tradition of the Albanian people." " . President of the Republic of Albania . 9 November 2005. Archived from the original on 12 July 2007.</ref> daga shugaban Albania a London, ya tada zanga-zangar jama'a daga [[The Muslim Forum of Albania|dandalin Muslim Forum na Albania]] wanda ya zargi shugaban da cin zarafin Musulunci.<ref>"Su: The President of Albania, Alfred Moisiu, insults the Muslims" (Press release). The Muslim Forum of Albania . 11 November 2005.</ref> A cikin watan Afrilu 2008, wani labari daga dan majalisar gurguzu, Ben Blushi da yawa daga cikin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na musulmi<ref>"The Muslim Forum and other Muslim associations are annoyed by the racism and islamophobia of Ben Blushi" (Press release). The Muslim Forum of Albania . 28 April 2008.</ref> sun yi Allah wadai da shi a matsayin wariyar launin fata da kyamar Islama. A cewar marubucin NGO, marubucin ya nuna alamun wariyar launin fata ga Turkawa, [[Mutanen Romani|Romawa]] da Musulman Albaniya a cikin littafin. Babu wani rahoto na fursunonin addini ko kuma wadanda ake tsare da su a kasar. Babu rahotannin tilastawa addini. == Duba kuma == * Addini a Albaniya * [[Hakkin Ɗan Adam a Albaniya|Hakkin Dan Adam a Albaniya]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Category: Albaniya]] [[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] ouxlg75rgb2qbjr2a9lfawin9f1c4ln 0 52518 975966 433726 2026-11-04T21:54:39Z ~2026-58731-05 50783 /* */ 975966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} '''Maska''' wani gari ne mai dogon tarihi yanzu dake a karamar hukumar Funtua a cikin jerun kananan hukumomin jihar [[Katsina]]<ref>"Polling Unit Locator Tool". Abuja, Nigeria: Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.</ref> ==Mnazarta== 3zcjpgll4ovkdkiecvu64d5dvs748g5 975968 975966 2026-11-04T21:56:04Z ~2026-58731-05 50783 /* */ 975968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} '''Maska''' wani gari ne mai dogon tarihi Wanda a halin yanzu yake a karamar hukumar Funtua a cikin jerun kananan hukumomin jihar [[Katsina]]<ref>"Polling Unit Locator Tool". Abuja, Nigeria: Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.</ref> ==Mnazarta== 750c6wsjk6ukjtozo6jjd07w6e09r7g 0 54837 976075 907728 2026-11-05T10:03:09Z Assabaru 40381 976075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hauwa Ayawa''' jaruma ce a masana'antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tayi fina-finai da dama a masana'antar fim, ta fito a wani fim ɗin tashar [[Arewa (Najeriya)|arewa]] 24 Mai dogon zango, Mai suna GIDAN BADAMASI, inda ta fito a yar Autar alhaji badamasi Mai suna azima.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://hutudole.com/jarumar-cikin-shirin-gidan-badamasi-hauwa-ayawa-ta-bude-gidauniyar-tallafawa-marayu-da-marasa-karfi/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |archive-date=2023-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729205437/https://hutudole.com/jarumar-cikin-shirin-gidan-badamasi-hauwa-ayawa-ta-bude-gidauniyar-tallafawa-marayu-da-marasa-karfi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Hauwa Abubakar Ayawa haifaffiyar [[Jihar Kaduna]] ce an haifeta a shekara ta 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://manuniya.com/2022/12/09/cikakken-tarihin-azeema-gidan-badamasi/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-29 |archive-date=2023-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729205436/https://manuniya.com/2022/12/09/cikakken-tarihin-azeema-gidan-badamasi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta girma a jihar kaduna tayi karatun firamare a jihar kaduna, daga nan ta tafi jihar [[zamfara]] tayi sakandiri a makarantar gwamnatin mata Dake cikin kwatarkwashi. Bayan kammala sakandiri tayi karatun kwamfuta. Jarumar Bata da aure<ref>https://aminiya.ng/ban-taba-tunanin-zan-yi-tashe-kamar-haka-ba-azeema/</ref> == Fara fim == Hauwa tace ta fara ne sakamakon mahaifiyar ta mai shirya finafinai ce a masana'antar film, tana ganin jarumai a gidan su kala kala, tana da sha'awar yin fim ɗin. An fara hadata da fitaccen Mai Bada umarni muhammad alfazazi inda yasa ta a wasanin barkwanci, daga nan falalu dorayi yaga yadda take aktin ya dauke ta ya sakata a fim din sa na Gidan badamasi.wanda shine tushen daukakarta. Fim dinta na farko shine fim ɗin musaddiq Wanda mustapha m Shariff ya Bada umarni, daga Nan sai fim ɗin karar kwana. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1994]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kaduna]] k9ob8snxmeo0zus5d8iwtfo17wer67c 976077 976075 2026-11-05T10:03:26Z Assabaru 40381 /* Fara fim */ 976077 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hauwa Ayawa''' jaruma ce a masana'antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tayi fina-finai da dama a masana'antar fim, ta fito a wani fim ɗin tashar [[Arewa (Najeriya)|arewa]] 24 Mai dogon zango, Mai suna GIDAN BADAMASI, inda ta fito a yar Autar alhaji badamasi Mai suna azima.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://hutudole.com/jarumar-cikin-shirin-gidan-badamasi-hauwa-ayawa-ta-bude-gidauniyar-tallafawa-marayu-da-marasa-karfi/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |archive-date=2023-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729205437/https://hutudole.com/jarumar-cikin-shirin-gidan-badamasi-hauwa-ayawa-ta-bude-gidauniyar-tallafawa-marayu-da-marasa-karfi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Hauwa Abubakar Ayawa haifaffiyar [[Jihar Kaduna]] ce an haifeta a shekara ta 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://manuniya.com/2022/12/09/cikakken-tarihin-azeema-gidan-badamasi/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-29 |archive-date=2023-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729205436/https://manuniya.com/2022/12/09/cikakken-tarihin-azeema-gidan-badamasi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta girma a jihar kaduna tayi karatun firamare a jihar kaduna, daga nan ta tafi jihar [[zamfara]] tayi sakandiri a makarantar gwamnatin mata Dake cikin kwatarkwashi. Bayan kammala sakandiri tayi karatun kwamfuta. Jarumar Bata da aure<ref>https://aminiya.ng/ban-taba-tunanin-zan-yi-tashe-kamar-haka-ba-azeema/</ref> == Fara fim == Hauwa tace ta fara ne sakamakon mahaifiyar ta mai shirya fina-finai ce a masana'antar film, tana ganin jarumai a gidan su kala kala, tana da sha'awar yin fim ɗin. An fara hadata da fitaccen Mai Bada umarni muhammad alfazazi inda yasa ta a wasanin barkwanci, daga nan falalu dorayi yaga yadda take aktin ya dauke ta ya sakata a fim din sa na Gidan badamasi.wanda shine tushen daukakarta. Fim dinta na farko shine fim ɗin musaddiq Wanda mustapha m Shariff ya Bada umarni, daga Nan sai fim ɗin karar kwana. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1994]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kaduna]] 1s2fpoy32wt3bjd6hbrkf6iucidzib4 976087 976077 2026-11-05T10:07:32Z Assabaru 40381 976087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hauwa Ayawa''' jaruma ce a masana'antar fim ta [[Hausa]] wato masana'antar [[Kannywood]], tayi fina-finai da dama a masana'antar fim, ta fito a wani fim ɗin tashar [[Arewa (Najeriya)|arewa]] 24 Mai dogon zango, Mai suna GIDAN BADAMASI, inda ta fito a yar Autar alhaji badamasi Mai suna azima.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://hutudole.com/jarumar-cikin-shirin-gidan-badamasi-hauwa-ayawa-ta-bude-gidauniyar-tallafawa-marayu-da-marasa-karfi/ |access-date=2023-07-29 |archive-date=2023-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729205437/https://hutudole.com/jarumar-cikin-shirin-gidan-badamasi-hauwa-ayawa-ta-bude-gidauniyar-tallafawa-marayu-da-marasa-karfi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Hauwa Abubakar Ayawa haifaffiyar [[Jihar Kaduna]] ce an haifeta a shekara ta 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://manuniya.com/2022/12/09/cikakken-tarihin-azeema-gidan-badamasi/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-29 |archive-date=2023-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729205436/https://manuniya.com/2022/12/09/cikakken-tarihin-azeema-gidan-badamasi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ta girma a jihar kaduna tayi karatun firamare a jihar kaduna, daga nan ta tafi jihar [[zamfara]] tayi sakandiri a makarantar gwamnatin mata Dake cikin kwatarkwashi. Bayan kammala sakandiri tayi karatun kwamfuta. Jarumar Bata da aure<ref>https://aminiya.ng/ban-taba-tunanin-zan-yi-tashe-kamar-haka-ba-azeema/</ref> == Fara fim == Hauwa tace ta fara ne sakamakon mahaifiyar ta mai shirya fina-finai ce a masana'antar film, tana ganin jarumai a gidan su kala kala, tana da sha'awar yin fim ɗin. An fara hadata da fitaccen Mai Bada umarni muhammad alfazazi inda yasa ta a wasanin barkwanci, daga nan falalu dorayi yaga yadda take aktin ya dauke ta ya sakata a fim din sa na Gidan badamasi.wanda shine tushen daukakarta. Fim dinta na farko shine fim ɗin musaddiq Wanda mustapha m Shariff ya Bada umarni, daga Nan sai fim ɗin karar kwana. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Mata yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1994]] [[Category:Mutane daga jihar kaduna]] hnyxk8pw88wx7q1bce1c2ol15gvmkmk 0 58044 975985 513145 2026-11-04T22:26:07Z Alfurqan 14918 /* 2017 */ 975985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:A Fulani girl sitting on a donkey.jpg|thumb|masu Hijra]] Sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na cikin gida a [[Borno|jihar Borno]],[[Najeriya]],cibiyoyi ne da ke daukar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|'yan Najeriya]] wadanda aka tilastawa barin gidajensu amma suna cikin iyakokin kasar.Sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira a [[Maiduguri]] sun dauki mutane 120,000 zuwa 130,000,yayin da wadanda ke [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] sama da 400,000.{{When|date=May 2020}}</linklink Akwai sama da mutane miliyan biyu da suka rasa muhallansu a jihar. Cibiyar Kula da Kaura ta cikin gida (IDMC) ta ba da shawarar adadin mutanen da ke gudun hijira a jihar ya zama 1,434,149,mafi girma a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]]. == (2016) == Miliyoyin mutane ne suka rasa matsuguni a sakamakon [[Rikicin Boko Haram|hare-haren]] [[Ta'addanci|kungiyar]] ta'addancin nan ta [[Boko Haram]],wadda ke da sansani a Borno kuma ta fara a shekarar 2009. Sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira na cikin gida (IDP) sun kasance 32 a Borno,16 daga cikinsu suna [[Maiduguri]],yayin da 16 ke cikin kananan hukumomi. == 2017 == Kashim Shettima,[[Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Borno|gwamnan]] jihar,ya ce{{When|date=May 2020}} duk sansanonin IDP a jihar za a rufe ta ranar 29 ga Mayu 2017 saboda "yana zama matsala da kansu." A cikin watan Janairu,Rundunar Sojan Sama ta yi kuskuren [[Harin bam a Rann|kai harin bam]] a sansanin IDP a Rann.A watan Maris ne Boko Haram [[Harin Bom a Maiduguri, Maris 2017|ta kai harin bam]] a sansanin ‘yan gudun hijira da ke Maiduguri. == Nassoshi == f5qkfdonm255e5g854yout8qrbp4vl0 0 58443 975908 973332 2026-11-04T19:47:37Z Andre Engels 71 merge 975908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Kwale-kwalen Dufuna}} {{Databox}} '''Kwale kwalen Dufuna''' shine Kwalen kwale na biyu mafi tsufa da aka sani a duniya. Wani sassaƙaƙƙen kwale kwale daga kututturen itace da aka gano a shekarar alif 1987 ta hannun wani makiyayi Bafulatani, a ƴan kilomitoci daga ƙauyen Dufuna, a Ƙaramar Hukumar [[Fune]], kusa da [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]], a Jihar [[Yobe]], [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Garba |first1=Abubakar |date=1996 |title=The architecture and chemistry of a dug-out: the Dufuna Canoe in ethno-archaeological perspective |s2cid=207909025 |url=http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/oai/container/index/docId/1859 |journal=Berichte des Sonderforschungsbereichs |volume=268 |issue=8 |page=193}}</ref> Binciken shekarun wani samfurin gawayi da aka samu kusa da wurin, ta hanyar amfani da hanyar auna shekarun radiocarbon, ya nuna cewa kwalen tana da shekaru tsakanin 8,500 zuwa 8,000, lamarin da ya danganta wurin da [[Tafkin Chadi]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gumnior |first1=Maren |last2=Thiemeyer |first2=Heinrich |title=Holocene fluvial dynamics in the NE Nigerian Savanna |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618203000144 |journal=Quaternary International |date=2003 |volume=111 |page=54 |doi=10.1016/s1040-6182(03)00014-4 |s2cid=128422267|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tsawon kwalen ya kai {{convert|8.4|m}}, yayin da tsayinta a wuri mafi tsawo ya kai {{convert|0.5|m}}.<ref name="Breunig" /> A halin yanzu, tana cikin [[Damaturu]], Najeriya.<ref name=trillo/> ==Tarihi da asali== An gano kwalen Dufuna a ƙauyen Dufuna, wanda yake tsakanin [[Potiskum]] da [[Gashua]], a Jihar [[Yobe]].<ref name="ADE01">{{Cite journal |last=Adewumi |first=Afolasade A |date=2014 |title=Dufuna Canoe Find: Birthing the Underwatercultural Heritage In Nigeria |url=https://www.academia.edu/35514815 |journal=University of Ibadan Journal of Public and International Law |volume=4 |pages=1–12}}</ref>{{rp|5}} A ranar 4 ga watan Mayu na shekarar, 1987, Mallam Ya'u, wani makiyayin shanu na Fulani, yana haƙa rijiya lokacin da ya bugi wani abu mai tauri a zurfin {{convert|4.5|m}}.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} Ya sanar da shugaban ƙauyensu game da abin da ya gano.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} A shekarun 1989 da 1990, Jami'ar [[Jami'ar Maiduguri|Maiduguri]] ta gudanar da bincike na farko a wurin domin tabbatar da ko abin da aka gano kwale ce, tare da ɗaukar samfuran itacen domin tantance shekarunsa ta hanyar radiocarbon.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} Daga baya, wani aikin bincike na haɗin gwiwa da Farfesa Peter Breunig da Garba Abubakar suka jagoranta, wanda [[Jami'ar Goethe Frankfurt|Jami'ar Frankfurt]] da Jami'ar Maiduguri suka ɗauki nauyinsa, ya sake komawa wurin. An sake ɗaukar wasu samfuran itacen, sannan dakunan gwaje-gwaje biyu na Jamus suka tantance shekarunsu.<ref name=ADE01/> A shekarar 1994, wani tawagar masu binciken kayan tarihi daga [[Jamus]] da Najeriya ta haƙo kwalen daga ƙasa. Ma'aikata hamsin sun ɗauki makonni biyu suna tono ta, kuma an gano cewa tsawonta ya kai {{convert|8.4|m}}, faɗinta {{convert|50|cm}}, sannan kaurinta santimita 5 ne.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5–6}} An gano kwalen tana cikin ƙasa mai cike da ruwa, tana kwance a kan shimfiɗar yashi, tare da ɗigon laka tsakanin ta da saman ƙasa. Wannan ya kare ta daga iskar oxygen.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|5}} Binciken kwalen ya nuna cewa an ƙera gabanta da bayanta cikin ƙwarewa, har suka zama masu kaifi. An yi aikin ne ta amfani da "kayan aikin sassaka masu kama da gatari da ƙananan gatari masu kaifi a ɓangarori biyu, masu kama da kayan aikin zamanin duwatsu ƙanana".<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|8}} Farfesa Breunig ya bayyana cewa ƙwarewar da aka nuna wajen ƙera kwalen tana nuni da dogon ci gaban fasahar ƙera kwale-kwale, kuma kwalen ba sabon salo ba ce a lokacin da aka ƙera ta.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|9}} A wani bincike da ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta Amurka ta gudanar a shekarar 2015, sun gano cewa girman [[Tafkin Chadi]] ya ragu da kashi 95 cikin ɗari a cikin shekaru arba'in. Saboda haka, ana iya ɗauka cewa yankin da ƙauyen Dufuna yake a yau ya kasance wani ɓangare na filin da ruwan tafkin ke ambaliya a zamanin da.<ref name=ADE01/>{{rp|6–7}} An tantance shekarun kwalen ta hanyar radiocarbon aƙalla sau biyu. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa an ƙera ta tsakanin shekarar 6556 zuwa 6388 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, da kuma tsakanin shekarar 6164 zuwa 6005 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa.<ref name="Breunig">{{cite journal |last1=Breunig |first1=Peter |last2=Neumann |first2=Katharina |last3=Van Neer |first3=Wim |title=New research on the Holocene settlement and environment of the Chad Basin in Nigeria |url=https://www.academia.edu/6747300 |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=1996 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=116–117 |doi=10.1007/BF01956304 |jstor=25130590 |s2cid=162196033}}</ref> Wannan ya sa ta zama kwale mafi tsufa da aka sani a Afirka, kuma ta biyu mafi tsufa a duniya bayan [[Kwalen Pesse]].<ref name="Breunig" /><ref name=trillo>{{cite book |author=Richard Trillo |title=The Rough Guide to West Africa |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TL1q6BiISt8C&pg=PT2640 |date=16 June 2008 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-4053-8070-6 |pages=Unnumbered |chapter=Nigeria Part 3:14.5 the north and northeast Maiduguri}}</ref> Wataƙila an ƙera ta ne bisa wata tsohuwar al'adar ƙera kwale-kwale, kuma ana amfani da ita wajen kamun kifi a [[Kogin Komadugu Gana]].<ref name="Breunig" /> Mai yiwuwa mutanen da suka ƙera ta sun fito ne daga wata al'umma da ta zauna a wani yanki da ya taso daga yammacin [[Sahara]] zuwa [[Kogin Nilu]] a tsakiyar [[Sudan]], har zuwa arewacin [[Kenya]].<ref name="Breunig" /> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Tarihi]] kgrdxfrn850t25d64e7x5kuz3nxbud3 0 61302 975991 975711 2026-11-04T23:45:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Klaus Kleinfeld.jpg|thumb|Klaus Kleinfeld ne adam wata]] Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld (an haife shi ne 6 ga watan Nuwambar a shekarar 1957 a garin Bremen, ƙasar Jamus) tsohon shugaban ne kuma babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na Arconic . Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld shugaban zartarwa Arconic Kleinfeld tsohon shugaban ne kuma Shugaba na Alcoa Inc., kuma tsohon shugaban ƙasa da Shugaba na Siemens AG.<ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa>{{cite web|title=Klaus Kleinfeld|url=http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/investment/executive_council/kleinfeld_klaus.asp|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828223911/http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/investment/executive_council/kleinfeld_klaus.asp|archive-date=2013-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/trnewsmaker/2011/02/24/meet-klaus-kleinfeld/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301045328/http://blogs.reuters.com/trnewsmaker/2011/02/24/meet-klaus-kleinfeld/|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 March 2011|title=Meet Klaus Kleinfeld|publisher=Reuters|access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Alcoa Inc.| date=28 July 2023 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=5504710&ticker=AA|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> Shugaban Alcoa Siemens AG Kleinfeld ya sauka a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba na Arconic a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilun na shekarar 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-04-17/arconic-ceo-steps-down-after-battle-with-elliott-management|title=Arconic CEO Exits After 'Poor Judgment'|publisher=Bloomberg. Retrieved 18 April 2017.}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, an naɗa shi darektan shirin Neom na Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/saudi-arabia|title=Klaus Kleinfeld named adviser to Saudi crown prince, NEOM appoints new CEO|publisher=Arabnews. Retrieved 03 July 2018.}}</ref> Saudi Arabia Neom An sanar da shi a watan Yulin shekarar 2018 cewa za a ƙara Kleinfeld daga darektan Neom zuwa mai ba da shawara ga Yarima Muhammad bin Salman a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2018, kuma cewa Nadhmi Al-Nasr zai gaji shi a matsayin darektan ne na Neom. Yarima Muhammad bin Salman Nadhmi Al-Nasr<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klaus Kleinfeld named adviser to Saudi crown prince, NEOM appoints new CEO |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/%7B%7B |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Arab News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307174709/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1332281/%7B%7B |archive-date=2022-03-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kleinfeld Made Adviser to Crown Prince, Al-Nasr Becomes New NEOM CEO |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/1319226/kleinfeld-made-adviser-crown-prince-al-nasr-becomes-new-neom-ceo |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=Asharq AL-awsat |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekarar 2007, an naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin COO na New York, Alcoa Inc.<ref>[http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/news/news_detail.asp?pageID=20070815005503en&newsYear=2007 Alcoa: News: News Releases: Klaus Kleinfeld Elected Alcoa President and Chief Operating Officer<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an naɗa Kle infeld a matsayin Shugaba na Alcoa, wanda ya gaji Alain Belda. Alcoa Alain Belda<ref>[http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/news/news_detail.asp?pageID=20070815005503en&newsYear=2007 Alcoa: News: News Releases: Klaus Kleinfeld Elected Alcoa President and Chief Operating Officer]</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban Alcoa kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin Shugaba da shugaban kwamitin har sai da ya yi murabus a watan Afrilun shekarar 2017.<ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/><ref name=kleinfeldprofile>{{cite web|title=Executive Profile: Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld Ph.D.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=5504710&ticker=AA|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> Kleinfeld ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Munich, Siemens AG na Jamus daga Janairun shekarar 2005 har zuwa watan Yulin shekarar 2007.<ref name=chairmen>{{cite web|title=Chairmen of the Managing Board, Siemens AG|url=http://www.siemens.com/history/en/personalities/chairmen_of_the_managing_board_siemens_ag.htm#toc-3|publisher=Siemens|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> Kokarin Kleinfeld na sabunta kamfanin ya haifar da rikici tare da masu kare al'adun kasuwancin gargajiya na Siemens.<ref name=dkpublishing>{{cite book|last1=DK Publishing|title=1000 CEOs|date=2009|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780756661243|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndAbs5tRmtIC&pg=PT525|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> Koyaya, aikin kuɗi na kamfanin ya bunƙasa.<ref name=dkpublishing/><ref name=bobtricker>{{cite book|last1=Tricker|first1=Bob|title=Essentials for Board Directors: An A to Z Guide|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781576603543|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BmwMvYq2_HUC&pg=PA210|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> A baya, Kleinfeld ya canza Siemens Management Consulting ya zama abokin tarayya mai tasiri ga kasuwancin duniya.<ref name="chairmen" /> Ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin riba na kasuwancin yankin Siemens a Amurka.<ref name="chairmen" /> A shekara ta 2006, wani bincike na gwamnatin Jamus ya gano kuɗaɗe a cikin asusun banki na sirri wanda Siemens ke kula da shi don samun kwangila.<ref name=bobtricker/><ref name=sak>{{cite book|last1=Sak Onkvisit, John Shaw|title=International Marketing: Strategy and Theory|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135275471|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA142|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> kudade masu lalacewa Masu bincike ba su sami wata hujja game da laifin da Kleinfeld ya yi ba kuma ba a gabatar da wani zargi a kansa ba. A shekara ta 2009, Kleinfeld, tare da wasu tsoffin shugabannin Siemens, sun amince da biyan Siemens kuɗi don warware batun farar hula.<ref name=sak/><ref name=nicholoson>{{cite news|last1=Nicholson|first1=Chris V.|title=Siemens to Collect Damages From Former Chiefs in Bribery Scandal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/business/global/03siemens.html|work=New York Times|date=2 December 2009 |access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Conklin|first1=David W.|title=The Global Environment of Business: New Paradigms for International Management|date=2010|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412950282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmRPQD8g5tYC&pg=PA31|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2007, Kleinfeld ya bar Siemens, yana mai nuna rashin tabbas game da makomar sa tare da kamfanin bayan rarrabuwa tsakanin mambobin kwamitin Siemens game da tsawaita kwangilarsa ya zama sananne.<ref name=succeedchief>{{cite news|title=Alcoa Hires Former Head of Siemens, and Expects Him to Succeed Its Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/business/16alcoa.html?_r=1&|work=New York Times| date=16 August 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=ktostepdown/><ref name=towel>{{cite news|title=Kleinfeld Throws in the Towel: Siemens CEO Undermined by Board|newspaper=Der Spiegel |date=26 April 2007 |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/kleinfeld-throws-in-the-towel-siemens-ceo-undermined-by-board-a-479588.html|publisher=Spiegel|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> [[Fayil:Klaus Kleinfeld, CEO of Alcoa.jpg|thumb|Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld]] Kleinfeld ya fara aikinsa a 1982 ta hanyar shiga kamfanin ba da shawara kan talla.<ref name=europeanceo>{{cite web|title=Profile: Klaus Kleinfeld|url=http://www.europeanceo.com/profiles/klaus-kleinfeld/|publisher=European CEO|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld a ranar 6 ga Nuwamban a shekarar 1957 a Bremen, Jamus . Bremen Jamus Ya sami digiri na kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Georg August da ke Göttingen, Jamus da Ph.D. a cikin gudanarwa daga Jami'an Würzburg da ke Würzburg, Jamus. Jami'ar Georg August Jami'ar Göttingen Jami'ar Würzburg<ref name=europeanceo/> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 1982, Kleinfeld ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan talla.<ref name=kleinfeldprofile/> A shekara ta 1986, ya shiga Ciba-Geigy, kamfanin samar da magunguna na ƙasa da ƙasa wanda ke zaune a Basel, [[Switzerland]], inda ya kasance manajan samfur a sashin magunguna na kamfanin. Ciba-Geigy Basel, Switzerland<ref name=coxusatoday>{{cite web|last1=Cox|first1=James|title=CEO of U.S. unit made Siemens' profile sing|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2004-01-25-exec-klaus_x.htm|publisher=USA Today|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> === Siemens AG === A shekara ta 1987, Kleinfeld ya shiga Siemens AG mai zaman kansa a Munich, kamfanin injiniya da sabis na fasaha na duniya wanda ke zaune a Amurka da Jamus.<ref name=dkpublishing/> Munich Siemens AG Matsayinsa na farko ya kasance a cikin kamfanin tallace-tallace da tallace-tafiye, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan binciken tallace-tsallace.<ref>{{cite news|title=Siemens' New Boss|newspaper=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2005-01-23/siemens-new-boss|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> Binciken tallace-tallace A cikin 1990, ya kafa kuma ya jagoranci Siemens Management Consulting, abokin tarayya na duniya na cikin gida don kasuwancin Siemens tare da babban rawar da ya taka wajen sake fasalin yawancin rukunin kasuwancin Siemens a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Klaus Kleinfeld |url=https://www.swe.siemens.com/belux/portal/en/press/press/releases/cc/Pages/klaus_kleinfeld.aspx |publisher=Siemens |access-date=24 June 2015 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Janairun na shekara ta 2001, an ƙara Kleinfeld zuwa babban jami'in aiki (COO) na Siemens USA.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://aluminiuminsider.com/aluminium-luminaries-klaus-kleinfeld/|title=Aluminium Luminaries – Klaus Kleinfeld – Aluminium Insider|date=2016-01-21|newspaper=Aluminium Insider|access-date=2017-02-24|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> babban jami'in aiki Rashin tattalin arziki a Amurka ya yi mummunar tasiri ga riba kuma Kleinfeld ya yi la'akari da dabarun gagarumin don inganta aikin kamfanonin Siemens. Ya kuma nemi gyara, siyarwa ko rufe ayyukan kamfanonin da aka samu kwanan nan da ƙirƙirar sabbin damar siyarwa. An rage ayyukan da ba su da riba daga 24 zuwa 8, kuma wasu matakan rage farashin sun adana kimanin dala miliyan 100.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lucks|first1=Kai|title=Transatlantic Mergers and Acquisitions|date=2007|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9783895786129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AaV-Ia6swE0C&pg=PA138|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> Daga Janairu 2005 zuwa Yuni 2007, Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na Siemens USA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siemens.com/history/en/personalities/chairmen_of_the_managing_board_siemens_ag.htm#toc-3|title=Chairmen of the Managing Board, Siemens AG|website=www.siemens.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-28}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, an naɗa Kleinfeld a kwamitin zartarwa na kamfanonin Siemens. Har ila yau, a shekara ta 2004, an nada Kleinfeld mataimakin shugaban Siemens AG.<ref name=2004annualreport>{{cite web|title=Siemens Annual Report 2004 |url=http://www.siemens.com/investor/pool/en/investor_relations/downloadcenter/e04_00_gb2004_1230305.pdf|publisher=Siemens|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, Kleinfeld ya ba da shawarar al'adun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masu hannun jari, yana matsawa ƙungiyoyin kwadago na Jamus su saki dokokin aiki da kuma tsawaita makon aiki na Jamus daga 35 zuwa 40, ba tare da ƙarin albashi ba.<ref name=dkpublishing/> Kleinfeld ya ce ma'aikatan Jamus "dole ne su daidaita kuma su fahimci yadda duniya take" don ci gaba da yin gasa.<ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/><ref>{{cite web|title=Siemens CEO Klaus Kleinfeld: "Nobody's Perfect, but a Team Can Be| url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/siemens-ceo-klaus-kleinfeld-nobodys-perfect-but-a-team-can-be/|publisher=Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Flynn Vencat|first1=Emily|title=The Last Word: Klaus Kleinfeld|date=12 November 2006 |url=http://www.newsweek.com/last-word-klaus-kleinfeld-106593|publisher=Newsweek|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> Shekaru biyu bayan haka, tallace-tallace sun karu da kashi 16, ribar ta karu da kashi 35, kuma hannun jari ta ƙaru da shekaru 40.<ref name=dkpublishing/><ref name=bobtricker/> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2005 an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya gaji Heinrich von Pierer. Heinrich von Pierer<ref>{{cite news|last1=Landler|first1=Mark|title=Siemens Chooses Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/08/business/world-business-briefing-europe-germany-siemens-chooses-chief.html|work=The New York Times|date=8 July 2004 |access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> Shirin Kleinfeld na sabunta kamfanin ya haifar da rikici tare da masu kare al'adun kasuwancin gargajiya na Siemens.<ref name=dkpublishing/><ref name="spiegel.de">[http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,440409,00.html The World from Berlin: Siemens Strikes Back - International - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Saboda tsarin mulkin Jamusanci na gargajiya guda biyu, kwamitin kulawa wanda ya hada da wakilan ƙungiyar kwadago da masu hannun jari sun ki amincewa da tsare-tsaren sake fasalin Kleinfeld.<ref name=bobtricker/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gerardo R. Ungson, Yim-Yu Wong|title=Global Strategic Management|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317469735|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EzfBQAAQBAJ&q=kleinfeld&pg=PA373|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> Duk da yake dabarunsa suna kallon da kyau ta hanyar 'yan jaridar kudi na duniya, kafofin watsa labarai na Jamus sun soki Kleinfeld, galibi saboda rashin alhakin zamantakewa game da ma'aikatan Siemens. alhakin zamantakewa<ref name=atlantictimes>{{cite web|last1=Canibol|first1=Hans-Peter|title=Siemens Hit With Bad Publicity. CEO Klaus Kleinfeld takes a few blows.|url=http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=693|publisher=The Atlantic Times|access-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110211700/http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=693|archive-date=10 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kafin matsayinsa na Shugaba, Kleinfeld ya jagoranci Siemens Management Consulting a matsayin abokin tarayya ga kasuwancin duniya, yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga canjin riba na kasuwancin yankin Siemens a Amurka. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2007, duk kungiyoyin Siemens sun kai ko sun wuce iyakokin da aka yi niyya a karon farko.<ref name=chairmen/> ==== Binciken cin hanci ==== A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, binciken zamba da gwamnatin Jamus ta yi ya zama sananne.<ref>{{cite news|title=CHRONOLOGY: Twists in Siemens corruption scandal|date=9 May 2008 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-siemens-chronology-idUSL0937379620080509|work=Reuters|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> Binciken daga baya ya gano cewa Siemens yana kula da kudade a cikin asusun banki na sirri a waje da Jamus wanda kamfanin ya yi amfani da shi don samun kwangila.<ref name=bobtricker/><ref name=sak/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Matthews|first1=Christopher M.|title=Siemens Under Investigation For Payments To Russian Company|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/corruption-currents/2012/04/30/siemens-under-investigation-for-payments-to-russian-company/|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=30 April 2012 |access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> kudade masu lalacewa Da zarar binciken ya zama na jama'a, Kleinfeld ya hayar masana shari'a da masu binciken waje don gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa da sake fasalin ayyukan lissafi da sarrafawa na cikin gida na kamfanin da kuma kawar da yiwuwar ayyukan da ba su dace ba.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mark Landler, Carter Dougherty|title=Scandal at Siemens Tarnishes Promising Results|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/28/business/worldbusiness/28siemens.html?adxnnl=1&dlbk=&adxnnlx=1428530562-MjpndtLh1L9th0mm/YJ/IQ|work=New York Times|date=28 February 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> Binciken mai zaman kansa daga baya ya gano cewa kamfanin ya biya daruruwan miliyoyin daloli a cikin cin hanci, wanda ya kasance doka a Jamus har zuwa 1999, amma cewa "babu wata alama ta mummunar hali ko kuma cewa Kleinfeld yana da wani ilmi game da abubuwan da suka faru" da suka shafi abin kunya.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sims|first1=G. Thomas|title=Siemens Chief Says He Will Step Down|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/26/business/worldbusiness/26siemens.html|work=New York Times|date=26 April 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> cin hanci SEC ta gabatar da tuhumar cin hanci da rashawa a kan Siemens.<ref>{{cite web|title=SEC Charges Siemens AG for Engaging in Worldwide Bribery|url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-294.htm|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> SEC Kleinfeld da sauran tsoffin shugabannin Siemens da membobin kwamitin an zarge su da "rashin hana cin hanci da rashawa".<ref name=muckety>{{Cite web |url=http://news.muckety.com/2009/12/03/klaus-kleinfeld-settles-with-siemens-ag/22601 |title=Klaus Kleinfeld settles with Siemens AG &#124; Muckety - See the news |access-date=19 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102232552/http://news.muckety.com/2009/12/03/klaus-kleinfeld-settles-with-siemens-ag/22601 |archive-date=2 November 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Ba a gabatar da wani zargi a kan Kleinfeld ba kuma Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta ambaci haɗin gwiwar Siemens da bincike mai zaman kansa da Kleinfeld ya fara a matsayin dalilai na rage hukuncin kudi na Siemens.<ref>{{cite web|title=DOJ Sentencing Memorandum|url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/legacy/2008/12/19/siemens-sentencing-memo.pdf|publisher=U.S. District Court for the District Of Columbia|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> [[Fayil:2016 photo of Klaus Kleinfeld - tiff.tif|thumb|Klaus-Christian Kleinfeld]] A watan Yunin 2007, Kleinfeld ya bar Siemens, yana mai nuna rashin tabbas game da makomar sa tare da kamfanin bayan rarrabuwa tsakanin mambobin kwamitin Siemens game da tsawaita kwangilarsa ya zama sananne.<ref name=succeedchief/><ref name=ktostepdown>{{cite web|title=Siemens' Kleinfeld to step down as CEO|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2007/apr/26/business/fi-siemens26|work=Los Angeles Times|date=26 April 2007 |access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=towel/> A watan Satumbar 2009, Siemens ta yi barazanar gurfanar da Kleinfeld da sauran tsoffin shugabannin gudanarwa saboda gazawar kulawa kuma ta ba da tayin sasantawa don biyan kamfanin na miliyoyin daloli a cikin tarar da lalacewar "sunansa".<ref>[http://w1.siemens.com/press/pool/de/pressemitteilungen/2009/corporate_communication/AXX20090984e.pdf Siemens offers former Managing Board members until mid of November 2009 to indicate willingness to settle corruption damages]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Germany: Siemens Plans Suit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/30/business/worldbusiness/30fobriefs-SIEMENSPLANS_BRF.html|work=New York Times|date=30 July 2008 |access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> Kleinfeld ya amince da warware lamarin na Yuro miliyan 2.<ref name=nicholoson/><ref name=muckety/> === Alcoa da Arconic === A shekara ta 2003, Kleinfeld ya shiga kwamitin daraktocin Alcoa,<ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/> inda ya karɓi dala miliyan 2.3 a hannun jari a ranar farko.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-to-make-millions-on-a-losing-stock-ask-klaus-kleinfeld-2017-05-04|title=How to make millions on a losing stock? Ask Klaus Kleinfeld|website=MarketWatch.com|date=2017-05-04|access-date=2020-11-18}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2007, Alcoa ta naɗa Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban kasa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Alcoa Hires Former Head of Siemens, and Expects Him to Succeed Its Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/16/business/16alcoa.html?_r=1&|work=New York Times| date=16 August 2007 |access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya gaji Alain JP Belda.<ref name=kleinfeldprofile/><ref name=kleinfeldceonytimes>{{cite news|title=Alcoa Names Chief Executive|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/09/business/09alcoa.html|work=New York Times|date=9 May 2008 |access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=europeanceo/><ref>{{cite news|author1=Kris Maher |author2=Mike Esterl |author3=Joann S. Lublin |title=Alcoa Puts Faith in Ex-Siemens CEO|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118718229500198395|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=17 August 2007 |access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> Alain J. P. Belda A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban Alcoa.<ref name="klauskleinfeldalcoa" /><ref name="kleinfeldprofile" /> A cikin shekara ta 2012, Kleinfeld ya fara rufe wasu wuraren narkewa masu tsada.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Miller|first1=John W.|title=Alcoa to Cut Capacity 12%|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203513604577143152171126134|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=5 January 2012 |access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya ambaci wani baya a cikin masana'antun sararin samaniya da kuma karuwar buƙatar kayayyakin aluminum masu sauƙi a cikin masana-antun motoci da gine-gine saboda "canjin tarihi" zuwa ga man fetur da ingancin makamashi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maria Bartiromo talks to Alcoa's Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/bartiromo/2013/10/20/alcoa-klaus-kleinfeld-aluminum-ceo-economy/3002045/|publisher=USA Today|access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> Ginin motar sararin samaniya Kleinfeld ya jagoranci rarraba kamfanin tare da ƙarin fasahar kayan aiki masu yawa, injiniya da masana'antu, kuma ya ba da umarnin sayen kamfanoni uku don sanya Alcoa cikin kasuwancin sararin samaniya.<ref name=metalbulletin>{{cite web|title=INTERVIEW: The Alcoa turnaround|url=http://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/3416284/Search/INTERVIEW-The-Alcoa-turnaround.html?PageId=196010&Keywords=klaus+kleinfeld&OrderType=1#axzz3Sg0oC3F9|publisher=MetalBulletin|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622020036/http://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/3416284/Search/INTERVIEW-The-Alcoa-turnaround.html?PageId=196010&Keywords=klaus+kleinfeld&OrderType=1#axzz3Sg0oC3F9|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=maggiemcgrath>{{cite web|last1=McGrath|first1=Maggie|title=Alcoa Acquiring Titanium Supplier RTI In $1.5 Billion Deal|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2015/03/09/alcoa-acquiring-titanium-supplier-rti-in-1-5-billion-deal/|work=Forbes|access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=abigailstevenson>{{cite web|last1=Stevenson|first1=Abigail|title=Big money about to flow into this stock|date=15 April 2015 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/102590835|publisher=CNBC|access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> Ya aiwatar da dabarun don rage dogaro da kamfanin akan kayayyaki, yana kula da tasowa don zama jagora na duniya a cikin ƙarfe mai sauƙi, da haɓaka sunansa don ƙwarewar masana'antu.<ref name=barrons>{{cite web|last1=Goldwyn Blumenthal|first1=Robin|title=Alcoa's CEO Is Remaking the Industrial Giant|url=http://www.barrons.com/articles/alcoas-ceo-is-remaking-the-industrial-giant-1437806016|publisher=Barron's|access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2015, Alcoa ta kammala canjin ta tare da sanarwar cewa za ta rabu zuwa kamfanoni biyu na jama'a a shekara mai zuwa - wani mai suna Alcoa Corp., da kuma wani wanda ya ƙunshi mai suna Alcao Inc., Arconic, wanda zai riƙe Alcoa Inc.'s darajar-ƙara tsakiyar- da kuma ƙasa kasuwanci. Alcoa Corp.<ref name=dowjones>{{cite web|last1=Dow Jones Business News|title=Alcoa to Split as Aluminum Glut Pressures Prices|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/09/28/alcoa-to-split-into-two-separate-publicly-traded-companies.html|publisher=CNBC|access-date=28 September 2015}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2016, Alcoa ta raba aikinta na aluminum daga sassan kasuwanci waɗanda ke ba da kasuwannin sararin samaniya da na motoci.<ref name = theaustralian>{{cite web|last1=Stahl|first1=George|title=Alcoa's official demerger gets mixed market reaction|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/mining-energy/alcoas-official-demerger-gets-mixed-market-reaction/news-story/563e04a669af8389e2da7945aef1f860|publisher=The Australian|access-date=9 November 2016}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Whiteman|first1=Lou|title=Investors Flock to Alcoa Over Arconic Post-Split|date=November 2016 |url=https://www.thestreet.com/story/13875862/1/investors-flock-to-alcoa-over-arconic-post-split.html|publisher=TheStreet|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref> Kamfanin da aka riƙe shi ne sabon kamfani da aka ƙirƙira Alcoa Corp. Kleinfeld ya kasance a matsayin shugaban Arconic da Shugaba bayan rabuwa. Alcoa Corp. Da farko ya ba da shawarar zama shugaban kamfanin a lokacin canji,<ref name=washpost>{{cite news|author1=Sonja Elmquist|author2=Joe Deaux|title=Alcoa to Split in Two as CEO Kleinfeld's Strategy Takes Hold|url=http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NVDUU36JIJUP01-6F1TD6D1RD37NE1C5KEDTFALM3|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930124732/http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-NVDUU36JIJUP01-6F1TD6D1RD37NE1C5KEDTFALM3|archive-date=30 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> amma an ƙi tayin; Kleinfeld ba shi da alaƙa da sabon kamfanin. ==== Shirye-shiryen ilimi na STEM ==== A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kleinfeld, Alcoa ta goyi bayan shirye-shiryen ci gaban ma'aikata na STEM (kimiyya, fasaha, injiniya da lissafi) don horar da ilimantar da dalibai da malamai a duniya.<ref>{{cite web|title=Today's CEO Leader in STEM: Klaus Kleinfeld of Alcoa|url=http://blog.stemconnector.org/todays-ceo-leader-stem-klaus-kleinfeld-alcoa|publisher=STEM Connector blog|access-date=21 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622041049/http://blog.stemconnector.org/todays-ceo-leader-stem-klaus-kleinfeld-alcoa|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> STEM Wani yanki na Yuli 2012 wanda Kleinfeld da Richard Haass, shugaban Majalisar kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje, suka rubuta, sun ba da shawarar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci da gwamnati don rage gibin ƙwarewar STEM tsakanin kasuwar ma'aikata da masana'antun.<ref>{{cite web|title=Column: Lack of skilled employees hurting manufacturing|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/forum/story/2012-07-02/public-private-manufacuting/56005466/1|publisher=USA Today|access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> Majalisar Richard Haass kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje A watan Satumbar 2013, Shugaba Obama ya naɗa Kleinfeld a cikin Kwamitin Gudanar da Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Shugaban kasa 2.0 don ci gaba da kokarin Alcoa na kula da jagorancin Amurka a cikin fasahohin da ke tasowa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Obama Taps Alcoa's Klaus Kleinfeld; 3D Printing; China Aluminum Price Up|url=https://agmetalminer.com/2013/09/27/obama-taps-alcoas-klaus-kleinfeld-3d-printing-china-aluminum-price-up/|publisher=MetalMiner|access-date=21 June 2015|archive-date=22 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622024526/https://agmetalminer.com/2013/09/27/obama-taps-alcoas-klaus-kleinfeld-3d-printing-china-aluminum-price-up/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Yin murabus daga Arconic ==== A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, kamfanin Elliott Management Corporation ya kaddamar da gasar wakilai a kan kamfanin. Kamfanin Gudanar da Elliott Elliott ya yi kira ga korar Kleinfeld a fili, yana mai nuna rashin aikin kamfanin, ya rasa hasashen riba, da rashin inganci.<ref name="Wall Street Journal, April 18">{{cite news|last1=BENOIT|first1=DAVID|title=AInside the Activist Battle That Felled Arconic's Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/klaus-kleinfeld-steps-down-as-chair-and-ceo-of-arconic-1492435894|website=Wall Street Journal|date=17 April 2017 |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2017, Kleinfeld ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba ta hanyar yarjejeniya tare da kwamitin Arconic, bayan ya aika da wasika ba tare da izini ba ga Elliott.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/17/klaus-kleinfeld-steps-down-as-chair-and-ceo-of-arconic.html | title=Klaus Kleinfeld steps down as chair and ceo of Arconic | publisher=CNBC | date=17 April 2017 | access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/business/dealbook/even-before-ill-advised-letter-arconics-ceo-had-to-go.html | title=Even Before Ill-Advised Letter, Arconic's C.E.O. Had to Go | work=The New York Times | date=17 April 2017 | access-date=2020-11-18}}</ref> Klaus Kleinfeld ya kafa tare da Abokan SPAC "Constellation" wanda aka jera a kan NYSE a cikin 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-27 |title=Constellation Acquisition Corp I Announces Pricing of $300 Million Initial Public Offering |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210126006142/en/Constellation-Acquisition-Corp-I-Announces-Pricing-of-300-Million-Initial-Public-Offering |access-date=2022-03-07 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya kafa kamfaninsa na saka hannun jari "K2 Elevation" wanda ke saka hannun jari da haɓaka kamfanoni na duniya a cikin fasahar fasaha da ɓangaren biotech. A halin yanzu fayil ɗin ya ƙunshi ayyukan a Jamus, [[Austriya|Austria]], da Amurka. Yana ba da shawara ga kamfanoni da yawa da kuma ƙungiyoyi daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Innovation-focused SPAC Constellation Acquisition I files for a $300 million IPO |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/innovation-focused-spac-constellation-acquisition-i-files-for-a-%24300-million-ipo-2021-01}}</ref> === Kwamiti === Shi memba ne na Kwamitin Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Bilderberg,<ref>{{cite web|title=Steering Committee|url=http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/steering-committee.html|publisher=Bilderberg Meetings|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=21 May 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140521120713/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/steering-committee.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwamitin Amintattun Cibiyar Brookings,<ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Trustees |url=http://www.brookings.edu/about/leadership/trustees |publisher=Brookings Institution |access-date=17 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705030120/http://www.brookings.edu/about/leadership/trustees |archive-date= 5 July 2014 }}</ref> Kwamitin Gidauniyar Tattalin Arziki na Duniya,<ref name=worldeconforum>{{cite web|title=World Economic Forum Announces New Foundation Board Members|url=http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-announces-new-foundation-board-members|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622031700/http://www.weforum.org/news/world-economic-forum-announces-new-foundation-board-members|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kwamitin Amurka na Tattalin Ruwa na Duniya,<ref name=worldeconforum/> da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Metropolitan Opera. Kungiyar Bilderberg Brookings Cibiyar Taron Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya Metropolitan Opera<ref name="worldeconforum" /> A shekara ta 2009, an nada Kleinfeld a matsayin shugaban kwamitin Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Rasha (USRBC), wanda ke inganta kasuwanci da saka hannun jari tsakanin Amurka da Rasha. Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da Rasha.<ref>{{cite web|title=Steering Committee|url=https://www.usrbc.org/aboutus/boardofdirectors/|publisher=U.S.-Russia Business Council|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> A cikin 2013, Kleinfeld ya shiga Kwamitin Daraktocin Majalisar Kasuwancin Amurka da China kuma memba ne na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Shugaba na Duniya na Firayim Minista na ƙasar Sin. Firayim Ministan kasar Sin.<ref>{{cite web|title=China's Premier Meets Top Business Leaders in Davos|url=http://www.weforum.org/news/china-s-premier-meets-top-business-leaders-davos|publisher=World Economic Forum|access-date=17 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615123038/http://www.weforum.org/news/china-s-premier-meets-top-business-leaders-davos|archive-date=15 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A baya, Kleinfeld ya yi aiki a kwamitin kula da Bayer AG daga 2005 zuwa 2014, ya kasance darektan Citigroup Inc. daga 2005 zuwa 2007,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-04-26 |title=Siemens CEO resigns, leadership vacuum grows |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-siemens-idUSL2524589120070426 |access-date=2022-03-07}}</ref> kuma ya yi aiki ne a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Siemens AG daga 2004 zuwa 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Klaus Kleinfeld|url=https://www.alcoa.com/global/en/about_alcoa/corp_gov/directors/Kleinfeld.asp|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> Bayer AG Citigroup Inc. Siemens AG Mista Kleinfeld ya kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Daraktoci na Morgan Stanley da Hewlett Packard Enterprise har zuwa Afrilu 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kleinfeld to exit Morgan Stanley Board|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/klaus-kleinfeld-to-exit-morgan-stanleyboard-1492807703|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=21 April 2017 |access-date=21 April 2017 |last1=Hoffman |first1=Liz }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ousted Arconic CEO Kleinfeld Resigns From HP Enterprise Board|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ousted-arconic-ceo-kleinfeld-resigns-from-hp-enterprise-board-1493042023|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=24 April 2017 |access-date=27 April 2017 |last1=Hufford |first1=Austen }}</ref> Kamfanin Morgan Stanley Hewlett Packard Shi memba ne na allon sa ido na NEOM, Konux da Ferolabs. Kleinfeld shi ne Sanata mai daraja na Lindau Nobel Laureates Taron kuma memba ne na kwamitin Metropolitan Opera, New York . == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Kleinfeld ya sami lambar yabo ta Legend in Leadership daga Cibiyar Nazarin Shugabannin Yale.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yale Chief Executive Leadership Institute to Honor Klaus Kleinfeld, Chairman and CEO of Alcoa, with Legend in Leadership Award|url=http://som.yale.edu/news/2014/12/yale-chief-executive-leadership-institute-honor-klaus-kleinfeld-chairman-and-ceo-alcoa-legend-leadership-award|publisher=Yale School of Management|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> Har ila yau, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Kleinfeld ya sami lambar yabo ta Dwight D. Eisenhower Global Leadership Award daga Majalisar Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa. Kwamitin Kasuwanci don Fahimtar Kasa da Kasa.<ref>{{cite web|title=BCIU Dwight D. Eisenhower Global Awards Gala|url=http://bciu.org/wip06/public/gala.asp|publisher=Business Council for International Understanding|access-date=24 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613074110/http://bciu.org/wip06/public/gala.asp|archive-date=13 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=The Business Council for International Understanding to Honor Klaus Kleinfeld, Pelè and Maurice Greenberg as 2014 Dwight D. Eisenhower Awards Recipients|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-business-council-for-international-understanding-to-honor-klaus-kleinfeld-pele-and-maurice-greenberg-as-2014-dwight-d-eisenhower-awards-recipients-300007153.html|publisher=Business Council for International Understanding|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, an naɗa Kleinfeld Shugaba na Shekara a 2014 Platts Global Metals Awards .<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 Platts Global Metals Awards Winners|url=http://gma.platts.com/Winners/Winners2014|publisher=Platts|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320204025/http://gma.platts.com/Winners/Winners2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Alcoa Chairman and CEO Klaus Kleinfeld Named Platts CEO of the Year as Company Transformation Accelerates|date=21 May 2014 |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140521006665/en/Alcoa-Chairman-CEO-Klaus-Kleinfeld-Named-Platts#.VSWSIfnF9IF|publisher=Alcoa|access-date=24 June 2015}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kleinfeld yana zaune a New York tare da matarsa, Birgit, da yara biyu. Abin sha'awa na Kleinfeld shine wasanni (marathon, tseren ƙanƙara, wasan tennis).<ref name=klauskleinfeldalcoa/><ref name=coxusatoday/> == Littattafai == * ''Samar da Makomar. 'Yan Kasuwancin Siemens 1847-2018.'' [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] Cibiyar Tarihi ta Siemens, [[Hamburg]] 2018, <nowiki>ISBN 9-783867-746243</nowiki>. __hau____hau____hau__ ISBN __hau____hau____hau__ 9-783867-746243 * Kamfanin Kasuwanci da dabarun Tarayyar Kasuwanci, Akademie-Verlag München 1994, <nowiki>ISBN 3-929115-16-6</nowiki> Kamfanin Kasancewa da dabarun Kasuwanci __hau____hau____hau__ ISBN __hau____hau____hau__ 3-929115-16-6 == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} <references /> == Haɗin waje == * [https://new.siemens.com/global/en/company/about/history/people/chairmen-of-the-managing-board-of-siemens-ag.html Shugabannin da Babban Jami'an Siemens AG] * {{Official website|http://usa.siemens.com|Siemens Corporation USA official website}} * {{Official website|http://www.alcoa.com|Alcoa official website}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ka9qdsjhhhhga6gbqo2z8znvdutxng1 0 63990 975903 687166 2026-11-04T19:26:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dame Kathleen Mary Ollerenshaw''', DBE ( ''née'' '''Timpson''' ; 1 Oktoba 1912 - 10 ga Agusta 2014) ƴar lissafin [[Burtaniya]] ce kuma ɗan siyasa wacce ta kasance Lord Magajin garin Manchester daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1976 kuma mai ba da shawara kan lamuran ilimi ga gwamnatin [[Margaret Thatcher]] a cikin shekara ta 1980s. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife ta Kathleen Mary Timpson a cikin Withington, Manchester, inda ta halarci Makarantar Lady Barn (1918-26). Ita ce jikan wanda ya kafa kasuwancin gyaran takalma na Timpson, wanda ya koma Manchester daga Kettering kuma ya kafa kasuwancin a can tun a shekarar 1870. Ta kasance mai sha'awar ilimin lissafi, wanda shugabar Lady Barn, Miss Jenkin Jones ya yi wahayi. Yayin da yake a Lady Barn, ta sadu da mijinta na gaba, Robert Ollerenshaw. Ollerenshaw ta zama [[Kurãme|kurma]] gabaki ɗaya tana ƴar shekara takwas kuma an koya masa karatun leɓe . Ta jajirce wajen nazarin [[Lissafi|ilimin lissafi]] domin bai dogara da ji ba. Wata shugabar makarantar ta Lady Barn House ta kara zaburar da ita wacce ta yi karatun lissafi a Cambridge . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kathleen Ollerenshaw - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Ollerenshaw/ |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref> A matsayinta na budurwa, ta halarci Makarantar St Leonards da Kwalejin Form na shida da ke St Andrews, Scotland inda a yau ake sanya wa gidan samari maza suna. Tana da shekaru 19 ta sami damar shiga Kwalejin Somerville, Oxford, don yin karatun lissafi. Ta kammala digirinta a Somerville a shekarar 1945 akan "Critical Lattices" karkashin kulawar Theo Chaundy . Ta rubuta takardun bincike na asali guda biyar waɗanda suka ishe ta don samun digiri na DPhil ba tare da buƙatar rubutaccen rubutun ba. Yayin da take karatun digiri na biyu, ta shiga tare da Robert Ollerenshaw, wanda ya zama fitaccen likitan soja ( Colonel RGW Ollerenshaw, ERD, TD, BM, DMRD) <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 1955 |title=Supplement to the London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40395/supplement/627/data.pdf |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=Thegazette.co.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 1966 |title=Supplement to the London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44053/supplement/7949/data.pdf |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=Thegazette.co.uk}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 1944 |title=Supplement to the London Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36786/supplement/5135/data.pdf |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=Thegazette.co.uk}}</ref> da kuma majagaba na likita . Sun yi aure a watan Satumban shekarar 1939 kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Charles (1941-99) da Florence (1946-72). A shekara ta 1942 ta sami [[Barin ciki|zubewar ciki]] kuma ta “yi kuka ba tsayawa har tsawon kwanaki uku” sakamakon damuwa sa’ad da aka aika mijinta a ƙasar waje don hidimar [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yaƙi]] a gaba. == Sana'a == Bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu, Ollerenshaws ya koma Manchester, inda Kathleen ta yi aiki a matsayin malami na wucin gadi a sashen lissafi a Jami'ar Manchester yayin da take renon 'ya'yanta kuma ta ci gaba da aikinta a kan lattices. A shekara ta 1949, tana da shekaru 37, ta sami taimakon ji na farko. [[Fayil:Dame_Kathleen_Ollerenshaw_MAS_2007.jpg|right|thumb|Kathleen Ollerenshaw, mai shekaru 95, a Manchester Astronomical Society a 2007]] A wajen ilimin kimiyya, Ollerenshaw ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Kansila]] mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na Rusholme na tsawon shekaru ashirin da biyar (1954-79), memba na kwamitin kuɗi na majalisar birni (1968-71), shugaban kwamitin ilimi na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Municipal (1967-71), Lord Lord of Manchester (1975-76), Babban Magajin Garin Manchester (1975-76), Babban Sheriff daga Manchester ( 1975-19). babban wanda ya zaburar da shi wajen samar da Kwalejin Kida ta Arewa ta Royal . An mai da ta ƴancinta na birnin Manchester kuma ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan lamuran ilimi ga gwamnatin [[Margaret Thatcher]] a cikin 1980s. Ta kasance Shugabar Cibiyar Lissafi da Aikace-aikacenta daga shekarar 1978 zuwa 1979. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=IMA Presidents |url=http://www.ima.org.uk/about_us/institute_history/ima_presidents.cfm.html |access-date=4 August 2014 |publisher=[[Institute of Mathematics and its Applications]]}}</ref> Ta buga aƙalla takardun lissafi 26, gudunmawar da aka fi sani da ita shine mafi kyawun filin sihiri na pandiagonal . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2023 |title=Category : Publications |url=https://ima.org.uk/publications/ |website=ima.org.uk}}</ref> Bayan mutuwarta, ta bar gado a cikin amana don tallafawa masu baƙi masu bincike da kuma ayyukan haɗin gwiwar jama'a a Makarantar Lissafi, Jami'ar Manchester . An sanya sunan lacca na shekara-shekara a jami'ar don karrama ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ollerenshaw lectures – The University of Manchester – School of Mathematics |url=http://www.mims.manchester.ac.uk/events/ollerenshaw-lectures/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206230756/http://www.mims.manchester.ac.uk/events/ollerenshaw-lectures/ |archive-date=6 February 2012 |access-date=9 March 2007 |publisher=University of Manchester}}</ref> Wani masanin ilmin taurari, Ollerenshaw ya ba da kyautar na'urar hangen nesa ga Jami'ar Lancaster, kuma wani gidan kallo a can yana dauke da sunanta. Ta kasance memba mai daraja ta Manchester Astronomical Society kuma ta rike mukamin mataimakiyar shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru Ollerenshaw ta halarci Makarantar St Leonards a St Andrews, Fife, kuma ta zama shugabar makarantar daga 1981 zuwa 2003. Baroness Byford, mai magana da yawun Conservative a House of Lords ta gaje ta. Ta cika shekara 100 a watan Oktoba 2012. <ref name="Centenary">{{Cite web |date=3 October 2012 |title=The 2012 Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw Lecture |url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=8777 |access-date=3 October 2012 |website=News |publisher=[[University of Manchester]]}}</ref> Ta mutu a Didsbury a kan 10 Agusta 2014, tana da shekaru 101. Mijinta da 'ya'yansu duka sun riga ta rasu. == Daraja da gado == * A cikin 1970, an nada Ollerenshaw [[Order of the British Empire|Dame Kwamandan Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya]] don ayyukan ilimi. * Mawaƙin Sir Peter Maxwell Davies ya sadaukar da Naxos Quartet No.9 gare ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DAVIES, P.M.: Naxos Quartets Nos. 9 and 10 (Maggini Quartet) - 8.557400 |url=https://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=8.557400 |access-date=2 November 2021 |website=Naxos.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Littafi Mai Tsarki == * Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw, ''Don Magana da Abubuwa da yawa: tarihin rayuwa'', Manchester Univ Press, 2004, * Kathleen Ollerenshaw, David S. Brée: ''Mafi-cikakken Pandiagonal Magic Squares: gina su da ƙididdigewa'', Southend-on-Sea: Cibiyar Lissafi da Aikace-aikace, 1998, 186 shafuka, * Kathleen Ollerenshaw, Herman Bondi, ''Magic Squares of Order Four'', Scholium Intl, 1983, * Kathleen Ollerenshaw, ''Ɗan Ƙasa na Farko'', Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, 1977, * KM Ollerenshaw; DS Brée, "Mafi-cikakkun wuraren sihiri na pandiagonal", a cikin: ''Lissafi a Yau'', 1998, vol. 34, ku.&nbsp;139-143. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1361-2042 1361-2042] . * DS Brée da KM Ollerenshaw, "Pandiagonal sihiri-squares daga gauraye auxiliary murabba'i", a cikin: ''Lissafi a yau'', 1998, vol. 34, ku.&nbsp;105-118. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1361-2042 1361-2042] . * Kathleen Ollerenshaw ne adam wata. 1944 [https://academic.oup.com/jlms/article-abstract/19/75_Part_3/178/860580 Mahimman Lattices na Firam ɗin Fare] . ''Jaridar London Mathematical Society'' 19:75 part 3, pp.&nbsp;178–184, [[doi:10.1112/jlms/19.75_Part_3.178|Mahimman Lattices na Firam ɗin Fare]] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{MacTutor|id=Ollerenshaw}} * Kathleen Ollerenshaw at the Mathematics Genealogy Project * Portraits of Kathleen Ollerenshaw at the National Portrait Gallery, London * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/2004_27_thu_01.shtml?wh_h_hdl Interview on BBC Radio 4] * Manchester Politicians, with biographical sketch[usurped] * [http://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/physics/resources/observatory/ The Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw Observatory at Lancaster University] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181223191230/http://www.manastro.co.uk/ The Manchester Astronomical Society] {{S-start}} {{s-npo|pro}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-hon}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1912]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5q1s7lk9zqhaq01vm9n3optddllsnl0 0 65024 975837 860133 2026-11-04T13:36:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Joy Constance Kwesiga''' Malama ce 'yar kasar Uganda, mai kula da ilimi, [[Jinsi|kwararriya ce kuma masaniya akan jinsi]], kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin al'umma. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar jami'ar Kabale, cibiyar jama'a ta manyan makarantu a [[Uganda]] kuma Majalisar Kula da [[Ilimi]] ta Uganda ta amince da ita a shekarar 2005.<ref>{{cite web | accessdate=11 November 2016 | url=http://www.unche.or.ug/institutions/private-universities/page/3 | title=Uganda National Council for Higher Education: Private Universities | date=11 November 2016 | last=NCHE | publisher=National Council for Higher Education (NCHE) | location=Kampala | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621064601/http://www.unche.or.ug/institutions/private-universities/page/3 | archive-date=21 June 2015 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=WSRU | url=http://wsr-uganda.org/profiles/eminent-women-uganda/professor-joy-c-kwesiga | title=Women's Situation Room Uganda: Eminent Women - Professor Joy C. Kwesiga | publisher=Women's Situation Room Uganda (WSRU) | accessdate=11 November 2016 | date=11 November 2016 | location=Kampala | archive-date=12 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112085919/http://wsr-uganda.org/profiles/eminent-women-uganda/professor-joy-c-kwesiga/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi da Ilimi == An haife ta a gundumar Rukiga ta yau, a yankin Yamma na Uganda a cikin shekarar alif dari tara da arba'in da uku 1943. Ita ce 'yar Andrew Mafigiri, memba na Cocin Anglican Laity, da Esteri Mafigiri, uwar gida.<ref name="Hist"/> Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kabale. Daga nan ta wuce makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza don karatunta na O-Level da A-Level. A shekara ta 1964, ta shiga Jami'ar Gabashin Afirka a Makerere, ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin 1968 tare da digiri na farko a fannin ilimin lasa. A cikin shekarar 1979, ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin gudanarwar jama'a a Cibiyar Gudanar da Jama'a ta Uganda (yanzu Cibiyar Gudanar da Uganda). Tana da Master of Arts a manyan makarantu da kuma Doctor of Philosophy a fannin ilimi da kuma batun jinsi ta samu daga Jami'ar London a shekarun 1987 da 1993, bi da bi.<ref name="Hist">{{cite web | accessdate=11 November 2016 | first=Rehema | last=Aanyu | title=Women are not extensions of men - Professor Kwesiga | date=16 October 2009 | newspaper=[[New Vision]] | url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1234397/women-extensions-eur-prof-kwesiga | location=Kampala}}</ref> == Sana'a == A halin yanzu tana cikin ERASMUS-JMO-2021-MODULE. Wannan aikin shine don Yada karfafa mata da kimar zama dan kasa don habaka Manufofin kungiyar yaki da nuna bambanci da cin zarafi a cikin duniya ta duniya ( https://web.archive.org/web/20230321230546/https://www.dss.uniroma1.it/it/didattica/SPEAKUP-JM-Module ). Bayan kammala karatunta a Jami'ar Gabashin Afirka a shekarar 1967, ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin babbar sakatariyar gudanarwa a jami'ar. Ta ci gaba da zama mataimakiyar mai rejista ta karatun digiri ta shekarar 1994. Tsakanin shekarun 1995 zuwa 1998, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Sashen Nazarin Mata da Jinsi a Jami'ar Makerere. Daga shekarun 1998 zuwa 2001, ta kasance shugabar tsangayar ilimin zamantakewa a jami'ar Makerere.<ref name="Hist"/> A shekarar 2001, an naɗa ta mataimakiyar shugabar jami'ar Kabale.<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Books Collective: Joy Kwesiga|url=https://www.africanbookscollective.com/authors-editors/joy-kwesiga|access-date=2021-06-01|website=www.africanbookscollective.com}}</ref> In 2001, she was appointed vice chancellor of [[Kabale University]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ualberta.ca/~afso/documents/kwesiga.pdf | publisher=[[University of Alberta]] | accessdate=7 September 2014 | title=The Africa Society Profile of Dr. Joy Constance Kwesiga: Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Makerere University, Uganda|date=2000}}</ref> == Lauyoyin kare Hakkin Mata == Ta kasance memba na Action for Development (ACFODE) kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta kasa wacce ta karkatar da kungiyar Mata a Uganda a shekarun 1980 da 1990.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tadria |first1=Hilda Mary |title=Preface from one of ACFODE's Founder Members, Associate Prof. Hilda Mary Tadria |journal=ARISE: A Women's Development Magazine |date=December 2015 |volume=59 |page=5 |url=https://www.kas.de/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=c5cf4e46-28f9-093a-33a5-a313c56ea4e8&groupId=252038 |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> Ta kafa kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta kasa (Action for Development) kuma ta himmatu wajen inganta daidaiton jinsi a fannin ilimi ta hanyar kungiyoyi irin su Forum for African Women Educationalists (FAWE) inda ta wakilci Uganda a Hukumar FAWE Africa,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Forum for African Women Educationalists - FAWE |title=Prof. Joy Constance Kwesiga |url=http://fawe.org/team/prof-joy-constance-kwesiga/ |website=Forum for African Women Educationalists - FAWE |publisher=Forum for African Women Educationalists - FAWE |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> Uganda Association of University Mata, da Matan Afirka a Bincike da Ci gaba (AAWORD). Ita kuma memba ce ta KOMAZA (2006) – Kungiyar Jama’a mai zaman kanta mai hedikwata a Kabale, da burin karfafawa al’umma, musamman ‘yan mata da mata, da sauran marasa galihu na al’umma.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Komaza Initiative |title=Professor. Joy C Kwesiga |url=http://komazainitiative.org/people/professor-joy-c-kwesiga/ |website=Komaza Initiative |publisher=Komaza Initiative |access-date=1 June 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Littattafai da aka wallafa == * Women's Access to Higher Education in Africa. Uganda's Experience (Fountain Series in Gender Studies).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kwesiga |first1=Joy |title=Women's Access to Higher Education in Africa. Uganda's Experience (Fountain Series in Gender Studies) |date=January 2002 |publisher=Fountain Pub Ltd |location=Amazon |isbn=9789970022953 |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/9970022954/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_taft_p1_i0 |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> * African Women's Movements : Transforming Political Landscapes:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tripp |first1=Aili Mari |last2=Casimiro |first2=Isabel |last3=Kwesiga |first3=Joy |last4=Mungwa |first4=Alice |title=African Women's Movements: Transforming Political Landscapes |date=January 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780511800351 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/african-womens-movements/24006332A92C3BFFE74F742D8B9B92E1# |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> * The Women's Movement in Uganda: History, Challenges, and Prospects:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tripp |first1=A.M. |last2=Kwesiga |first2=J.C |last3=Escalante |first3=Mijail C. Mendoza |title=The Women's Movement in Uganda : History, Challenges, and Prospects |date=2002 |publisher=Fountain Pub Ltd |location=African Books Collective |isbn=9789970023400 |url=https://www.africanbookscollective.com/books/the-womens-movement-in-uganda |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> == Mukaloli da Takardu da aka wallafa == * Gender mainstreaming in the university context: Prospects and challenges at Makerere University, Uganda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kwesiga |first1=Joy C. |last2=Ssendiwala |first2=Elizabeth N. |title=Gender mainstreaming in the university context: Prospects and challenges at Makerere University, Uganda |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |date=December 2006 |volume=29 |issue=6 |page=592 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2006.10.002 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539506000902 |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> * On Student Access and Equity in a Reforming University: Makerere in the 1990s and Beyond.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kwesiga |first1=Joy C. |last2=Ahikire |first2=Josephine |title=On Student Access and Equity in a Reforming University: Makerere in the 1990s and Beyond |journal=Journal of Higher Education in Africa |date=2006 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1–46 |jstor=24486258 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24486258 |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> * Consultancy research as a barrier to strengthening social science research capacity in Uganda.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wight |first1=Daniel |last2=Ahikire |first2=Josephine |last3=Kwesiga |first3=Joy C. |title=Consultancy research as a barrier to strengthening social science research capacity in Uganda |journal=Social Science & Medicine |date=September 2014 |volume=116 |pages=32–40 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.002 |pmid=24973572 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S027795361400361X |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> * Gender Equity in Commonwealth Higher Education: Emerging Themes in Nigeria, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Uganda<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gunawardena |first1=Chandra |last2=Kwesiga |first2=Joy |last3=Lihamba |first3=Amandina |last4=Morley |first4=Louise |last5=Odejide |first5=Abiola |last6=Shackleton |first6=Lesley |last7=Sorhaindo |first7=Annik |title=Gender Equity in Commonwealth Higher Education: Emerging Themes in Nigeria, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Uganda |date=2004 |page=1 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239571014 |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> * The women's movement in Uganda revisited: will the twenty-first century create a different strand?<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kwesiga |first1=Joy Constance |title=The women's movement in Uganda revisited: will the twenty-first century create a different strand? |journal=Uganda Journal |date=December 2003 |volume=49 |page=20 |url=https://www.africabib.org/s/rec.php?RID=270069119 |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214110/https://www.africabib.org/s/rec.php?RID=270069119 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * The doors have been left ajar: Women in contemporary African higher education.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kwesiga |first1=Joy Constance |url=https://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/145-148-2009.pdf |website=Commonwealth Education Online |publisher=Commonwealth Education Partnerships |access-date=1 June 2021 |title=Kwafin ajiya |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220248/https://www.cedol.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/145-148-2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin shugabannin jami'o'i a Uganda == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 8wiaylj8kf12xp028uykva2ydrde9k2 0 67561 975927 678385 2026-11-04T20:58:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:The old Law courts- Mombasa.JPG|thumb]] '''Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya''' (KSL) ita ce kawai makarantar lauya a Kenya. Bayan kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga wata jami'a da aka sani, ɗalibai sun halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya don shirya don shiga cikin Kotun Kenya.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1080/03069400.2020.1840054</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Makarantar Shari'a ta [[Kenya]] a matsayin makarantar horar da sana'o'i ta shari'a don horar da lauyoyi a 1963. Gerald Davis da James Cohen ne suka kirkireshi,  dukansu biyu sun yi aiki a matsayin lauyoyi a karkashin kulawar Ubangiji Mai Shari'a Denning . A karkashin jagorancin Davis da Cohen, jami'ar ta bunƙasa tare da ɗalibai da yawa da suka zama fitattun alƙalai a duka Ingila da Kanada. Koyaya, kafa Faculty of Law a Jami'o'in Gabashin Afirka ya haifar da buƙatar canza horarwar da aka bayar a Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002185532000008X</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == sake kafa Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya kamar yadda a cikin 1995 don samar da Shirin Horar da lauyoyi wanda ya mayar da hankali kan shirye-shiryen matasa lauyoyi don shiga cikin aikin lauya. A shekara ta 2005, wata kungiya ta ma'aikatar kan Ci gaban Manufofin da Tsarin Shari'a don Ilimi na Shari'a a Kenya ta fadada aikin Makarantar Shari'a ta Kenya don haɗawa da waɗannan: Horar da Lauyoyi, Ci gaba da Ci gaban Shari'a na Kwararru, Horar da Shari'a, samar da Horar da Kwararru na Kwararre a Ayyukan Jama'a, Gudanar da Ayyuka da Bincike. Dokar Ilimi ta Shari'a ita ce tushen horar da shari'a a Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111152014/http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Shirin Horar da Masu Ba da Shawara === darasi  na watanni goma sha takwas, tare da watanni goma sha biyu na azuzuwan da watanni shida na ɗalibai. Darussan sun hada da shari'ar farar hula, shari'ar aikata laifuka, tabbatarwa da gudanarwa, rubuce-rubucen shari'a da rubuce-daban, gabatar da shari'a, ka'idojin sana'a da aiki, gudanar da aikin shari'a. Ana koyar da darasi ta hanyar asibiti, inda ake tattauna tambayoyin matsala a cikin kwaikwayon, wasan kwaikwayo, tarurruka da kotuna masu laushi. == KSL Thola Glass FC == Shari'a ta Kenya tana tallafawa Makarantar Shariʼa ta Kenya '''Thola''' Glass Football Club, wanda aka fi sani da KSL Thola Glass ko kuma kawai Thola Glass, wanda ke fafatawa a FKF Division One, matakin na biyu a cikin Tsarin gasar kwallon kafa ta Kenya. == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * Iddah Asin, lauya da kuma Johnson & Johnson zartarwa * Robert Gichimu Githinji, memba na majalisar * Doreen Majala, lauya kuma mai ba da labarai daga Mombasa == Rubuce-rubuce == 2le69gq9udkoey0n38x7xxh38ef8nt2 0 69013 975843 384289 2026-11-04T14:07:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Juju Factory''''' fim ne na shekarar 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africa-archive.com/cd/juju-factory|title=JuJu Factory {{!}} African Film|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410203435/http://africa-archive.com/cd/juju-factory|archive-date=2026-04-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Takaitaccen bayani == Kongo yana zaune a Brussels, a gundumar Matongé wanda yake rubuta littafi akansa. Editan nasa yana son irin littafi Mai magana akan matafiyi da kabilanci.<ref>{{Cite web|last3=Olivier Barlet}}</ref> == Kyautuka<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africavenir.org/nc/news-details/article/film-screening-juju-factory-original-with-german-subtitles-thursday-10-april-2014-at-19-vhs.html|title=Film Screening: "Juju Factory" (Original With German Subtitles), Thursday 10 April 2014, At 19, VHS Wedding - AfricAvenir International|website=www.africavenir.org|language=en|access-date=2019-07-04|archive-date=2019-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704071343/http://www.africavenir.org/nc/news-details/article/film-screening-juju-factory-original-with-german-subtitles-thursday-10-april-2014-at-19-vhs.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>== * Innsbruck 2007 * Zanzíbar 2007 * Kenya 2007 * Pays d’APT 2007 * [[Ecrans Noirs]] Cameroun 2008 Carole Karemera ta lashe Kyautar Jaruma a Bari 2007, kuma Dieudonne Kabongo Bashila ta zama Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Ecrans Noirs 2008. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 4z7kuq0a1u8b1nbmtzxl7g90ci06m46 0 70921 975862 955742 2026-11-04T17:13:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} [[Fayil:The Magdalen Reading - Rogier van der Weyden.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:LAWSAN GSU SCALE OF JUSTICE 07.jpg|thumb|Masu karatun lauyanci a makarantar GSU]] [[Fayil:Karatu, Tanzania - panoramio (11).jpg|thumb|Makaranta]] '''Karatu;''' Shi ne tsarin daukar ma’ana ko ma’anar haruffa, alamomi da sauransu, musamman ta wurin gani ko tabawa.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/read</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861243-5</ref><ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/read</ref><ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/read</ref>Ga masu ilmantarwa da masu bincike, karatu wani tsari ne da ya kunshi bangarori daban-daban da suka hada da sanin kalmomi, rubutun kalmomin [[haruffa]],sauti, wayar da kan jama'a, ƙamus, fahimta, iyawa, da kuzari.<ref>https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/pubs/nrp/Documents/report.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.readingrockets.org/article/what-reading</ref>. Sauran nau'ikan karatu da [[rubutu]], kamar hotuna (misali, alamar haɗari da emoji), ba su dogara da tsarin rubutu na tushen magana ba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-0270-3</ref>Haɗin da aka gama gama gari shine fassarar alamomi don fitar da ma'anar daga abubuwan gani ko siginoni masu taɓawa (kamar yadda yake a cikin ma'anar maɗaukaki).<ref>https://www.afb.org/blindness-and-low-vision/braille/what-braille</ref>. == Dubawa == Karatu yawanci aiki ne na mutum ɗaya, ana yin shi shiru, kodayake a wani lokaci mutum yakan karanta da babbar murya ga sauran masu sauraro; ko karanta a bayyane don amfanin kansa, don ƙarin fahimta. Kafin sake gabatar da keɓantaccen rubutu (sarari tsakanin kalmomi) a ƙarshen Zamani na Tsakiya, ikon karantawa cikin shiru an yi la'akari da abin ban mamaki.<ref>http://www.stanford.edu/class/history34q/readings/Manguel/Silent_Readers.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://chaucer.fas.harvard.edu/how-read-medieval-handwriting-paleography |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2023-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101112400/https://chaucer.fas.harvard.edu/how-read-medieval-handwriting-paleography |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manyan masu hasashen iyawar mutum na karanta duka rubuce-rubucen haruffa da waɗanda ba na haruffa ba sune ƙwarewar harshe na baka,wayar da kan jama'a, saurin sanya suna da sauri da IQ na magana.<ref>http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/36269/1/Powelletal.JECP2007Revised_post_print%5B1%5D.pdf</ref> A matsayin ayyukan nishaɗi, yara da manya suna karantawa saboda yana da daɗi da ban sha'awa. A Amurka, kusan rabin dukan manya suna karanta littattafai ɗaya ko fiye don jin daɗi kowace shekara<ref>https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2019/09/love-reading-books-leisure-pleasure/598315/</ref>Kusan kashi 5% na karanta littattafai sama da 50 a shekara.<ref name=":0">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/literate</ref>Amirkawa sun fi karantawa idan: sun sami ƙarin ilimi, karantawa sosai da sauƙi, mata ne, suna zaune a birane, kuma suna da matsayi mafi girma na zamantakewa.<ref name=":0" />Yara sun zama masu karatu mafi kyau idan sun san duniya gabaɗaya, da kuma lokacin da suka fahimci karatu a matsayin nishaɗi maimakon wani aikin da za a yi.<ref name=":0" /> Karatu wani muhimmin bangare ne na ilimin rubutu, amma duk da haka ta fuskar tarihi ilimin ilimin ya shafi samun ikon karatu da rubutu. <ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/literacy</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071028308567568</ref><ref>https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/literacy?q=literacy</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210815234944/http://www.eli-net.eu/fileadmin/ELINET/Redaktion/user_upload/European_Declaration_of_the_Right_to_Literacy2.pdf</ref> Kuma, tun daga 1990s wasu ƙungiyoyi sun ayyana ilimin karatu ta hanyoyi daban-daban waɗanda za su iya wuce ikon karatu da rubutu na gargajiya. Ga wasu misalai: "Ikon karantawa da rubutu ... a cikin dukkan kafofin watsa labarai (bugu ko na lantarki), gami da karatun dijital"[19] "Ikon ... fahimta ... ta amfani da bugu da rubuce-rubucen da ke da alaƙa da mabanbantan mahallin"<ref>http://gaml.uis.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/12/4.6.1_07_4.6-defining-literacy.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/publications/Skills_Matter_Additonal_Results_from_the_Survey_of_Adult_Skills_ENG.pdf</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-79900-4</ref> "Ikon karantawa, rubutu, magana da saurare"<ref>https://literacytrust.org.uk/information/what-is-literacy/</ref> "Samun basirar iya karatu, rubutu da magana don fahimta da ƙirƙirar ma'ana" <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/Pages/introduction-to-literacy-in-english.aspx |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416163923/https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/Pages/introduction-to-literacy-in-english.aspx |archive-date=2021-04-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> "Ikon ... sadarwa ta amfani da kayan gani, ji, da dijital"<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210204012454/https://www.literacyworldwide.org/about-us/why-literacy</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210204012454/https://www.literacyworldwide.org/about-us/why-literacy</ref> "Karfin yin amfani da bayanan bugu da rubuce-rubuce don aiki a cikin al'umma, don cimma burin mutum, da haɓaka ilimi da damarsa"<ref>https://nces.ed.gov/naal/fr_definition.asp</ref>. Ya ƙunshi nau'o'in ilimin manya guda uku: prose (misali, labarin jarida), takardu (misali, jadawalin bas), da ilimin ƙididdiga (misali, yin amfani da ayyukan lissafi a cikin tallan samfur).<ref>https://nces.ed.gov/naal/fr_definition.asp</ref> A fagen ilimi, wasu suna kallon karatun ta hanyar falsafa kuma suna ba da ra'ayi na "multiliteracies". Alal misali, sun ce, “wannan gagarumin sauyi daga ilimin rubutu na gargajiya zuwa na zamani na 21, yana nuna tasirin fasahar sadarwa da kafofin watsa labaru kan ci gaban da ake samu na rubutu, da kuma fasaha da yanayin da ke tattare da amfani, samarwa, tantancewa. , da kuma rarraba waɗancan rubutun (Borsheim, Meritt, & Reed, 2008, shafi na 87)".<ref>https://www.nap.edu/download/11267</ref> A cewar masanin kimiyyar kwakwalwa Mark Seidenberg wadannan "ilimantarwa da yawa" sun baiwa malamai damar canza batun daga karatu da rubutu zuwa "Literacy". Ya ci gaba da cewa wasu malamai idan suka fuskanci suka kan yadda ake karantarwa, “ba su canza al’adarsu ba, sai suka canza batun <ref>https://www.carnegiefoundation.org/blog/a-brief-history-of-the-quantitative-literacy-movement/</ref>. Hakanan, wasu ƙungiyoyi na iya haɗawa da ƙwarewar ƙididdigewa da ƙwarewar fasaha daban amma tare da ƙwarewar karatu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8790-909-3</ref>Bugu da kari, tun a shekarun 1940 ana amfani da kalmar karatu sau da yawa don nufin samun ilimi ko fasaha a wani fanni (misali ilimin kwamfuta, ilimin muhalli, ilimin kiwon lafiya, karatun kafofin watsa labarai, karatun ƙididdigewa (ƙididdigar ƙima) <ref>https://education.alberta.ca/literacy-and-numeracy/about-literacy-and-numeracy/</ref>da kuma karatun gani).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25356-7</ref><ref>https://archive.org/details/ecologicallitera0000orrd</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315015712</ref> == Tsarin rubutu == '''Babban labarin: Tsarin rubutu''' Don fahimtar rubutu, yawanci ya zama dole a fahimci yaren magana da ke da alaƙa da wannan rubutun. Ta haka ne tsarin rubutu ke bambanta da sauran tsarin sadarwa na alama.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Writing_Systems</ref>Da zarar an kafa shi, tsarin rubutu gaba ɗaya yana canzawa a hankali fiye da takwarorinsu na magana, kuma galibi suna adana fasali da maganganun da ba su wanzu a cikin harshen magana. Babban fa'idar tsarin rubuce-rubucen shine ikonsu na kiyaye bayanan da aka bayyana a cikin harshe, wanda za'a iya dawo dasu ba tare da farkon aikin tsarawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/news.aspx?itemid=2740&itemTitle=Reading+for+pleasure+puts+children+ahead+in+the+classroom%2C+study+finds&sitesectionid=27&sitesectiontitle=News&returnlink=news.aspx%3Fsitesectionid%3D27%26sitesectiontitle%3DNews%26from%3D01%2F09%2F2013%26to%3D01%2F10%2F2013%26range%3DSeptember%25202013/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2018-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170411/http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/news.aspx?itemid=2740&itemTitle=Reading+for+pleasure+puts+children+ahead+in+the+classroom%2C+study+finds&sitesectionid=27&sitesectiontitle=News&returnlink=news.aspx%3Fsitesectionid%3D27%26sitesectiontitle%3DNews%26from%3D01%2F09%2F2013%26to%3D01%2F10%2F2013%26range%3DSeptember%25202013/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amfanin Rubutu == Babban karatun jarida a [[Nepal]]. An danganta karatu don jin daɗi da haɓaka haɓakar fahimi a cikin ƙamus da lissafi yayin samartaka. <ref>http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10021113/</ref><ref>https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244018780946</ref>Ɗaukaka karatun rayuwa mai girma yana da alaƙa da manyan matakan samun ilimi.<ref>https://www.businessinsider.com/14-reasons-why-reading-is-good-for-your-health-2016-12</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa karatu na iya inganta sarrafa damuwa, <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ideapod.com/15-incredible-benefits-reading-read-every-day/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2023-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101113626/https://ideapod.com/15-incredible-benefits-reading-read-every-day/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, <ref>https://whytoread.com/imagination-why-reading-makes-you-more-creative/</ref>mayar da hankali, <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/news.aspx?itemid=3101&itemTitle=Long-term+vocabulary+benefits+from+%E2%80%98reading+for+pleasure%E2%80%99+in+childhood&sitesectionid=27&sitesectiontitle=News&returnlink=news.aspx%3Fsitesectionid%3D27%26sitesectiontitle%3DNews%26page%3D2/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2018-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030090717/http://www.cls.ioe.ac.uk/news.aspx?itemid=3101&itemTitle=Long-term+vocabulary+benefits+from+%E2%80%98reading+for+pleasure%E2%80%99+in+childhood&sitesectionid=27&sitesectiontitle=News&returnlink=news.aspx%3Fsitesectionid%3D27%26sitesectiontitle%3DNews%26page%3D2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> basirar rubuce-rubuce, <ref>http://llcsjournal.org/index.php/llcs/article/view/310</ref> da tunani.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5105607</ref>. Amfanin fahimi na karatu yana ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar rayuwa da manyan shekaru.<ref>http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/science/2013/07/being-a-lifelong-bookworm-may-keep-you-sharp-in-old-age/</ref>Bincike ya nuna cewa karanta littattafai da rubuce-rubuce na daga cikin ayyukan da ke motsa kwakwalwa da za su iya rage raguwar fahimi a cikin tsofaffi.<ref>https://www.aft.org/ae/fall2004/torgesen</ref> == Yanayin nasarar karatu == Duba kuma: Nasarar karantawa: rahotannin ƙasa da ƙasa Karatu ya kasance batun babban bincike da bayar da rahoto shekaru da yawa. Ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna aunawa kuma suna ba da rahoto == Yanayin nasarar karatu == Duba kuma: Nasarar karantawa: rahotannin ƙasa da ƙasa Karatu ya kasance batun babban bincike da bayar da rahoto shekaru da yawa. Ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna aunawa da bayar da rahoto game da nasarar karatu ga yara da manya (misali, NAEP, PIRLS, PISA PIAAC, da EQAO). Masu bincike sun kammala cewa kusan kashi 95% na ɗalibai za a iya koya musu karatu a ƙarshen shekara ta farko ko ta biyu ta makaranta, amma duk da haka a ƙasashe da yawa kashi 20% ko sama da haka ba su cika wannan tsammanin ba.[49][50] Dangane da katin rahoton Nation na shekarar 2019, kashi 34% na ɗalibai masu aji huɗu a Amurka<ref>https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/education/ny-nyc-mandate-public-schools-teach-reading-phonics-20230509-twzrkyjkqjgxhnnpzz3dcmqt7i-story.html</ref> sun kasa yin aiki a ko sama da matakin karatu na asali. An sami babban bambanci ta launin fata da ƙabila (misali, ɗaliban baƙar fata a 52% da ɗaliban fararen fata a 23%). Bayan tasirin cutar ta COVID-19, matsakaicin ƙimar karatun asali ya ragu da kashi 3% a cikin shekara ta 2022.<ref>https://www.aft.org/sites/default/files/moats.pdf</ref> Dubi ƙarin game da ɓarna ta kabilanci a 2019 da 2022 anan. A cewar wani bincike na 2023 a [[California]], yawancin matasa da suka yi amfani da lokaci a wuraren tsare yara na California suna samun takardar shaidar sakandare tare da ƙwarewar karatun digiri. "Akwai yaran da ke samun takardar shaidar kammala sakandare da ba su iya ko da karatu da rubutu." A tsawon shekaru biyar da ya fara a cikin 2018, kashi 85% na waɗannan ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun sakandare ba su ci jarabawar karatun aji na 12 ba.<ref>https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/reading/nation/scores/?grade=4</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2013 da shekarar 2022, Jihohin Amurka 30 sun zartar da dokoki ko aiwatar da sabbin manufofi masu alaƙa da koyarwar karatu ta tushen shaida.<ref>https://edsource.org/2023/in-californias-youth-justice-system-high-school-graduates-with-grade-school-reading-skills/688955</ref>A cikin 2023, [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] yana shirin buƙatar makarantu don koyar da karatu tare da mai da hankali kan sauti. A wannan garin, kasa da rabin daliban daga aji uku zuwa na takwas na makaranta ne suka samu ƙwararrun jarrabawar karatu na jiha. Fiye da kashi 63% na masu gwajin Baƙar fata da na Hispanic ba su sami maki ba.<ref>https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/which-states-have-passed-science-of-reading-laws-whats-in-them/2022/07</ref> A duk faɗin duniya, cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar da ƙarancin ilimi gabaɗaya a cikin ikon karatu da sauran wuraren ilimi. Ya taso a farkon cutar kuma yana dawwama a cikin lokaci, kuma yana da girma musamman a tsakanin yara daga ƙananan yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. A cikin Amurka, binciken bincike da yawa ya nuna cewa, idan babu ƙarin tallafi, akwai kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na cewa matalauci mai karatu a aji na 1 zai kasance matalauci mai karatu.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41562-022-01506-4</ref> A Kanada, lardin Ontario ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 27% na ɗalibai na aji uku ba su cika ka'idodin karatun lardi ba a cikin shekarar 2023.Hakanan a cikin Ontario, 53% na ɗaliban aji uku masu buƙatun ilimi na musamman (ɗaliban da ke da Tsarin Ilimin Mutum), ba su cika k<ref>https://amplify.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Amplify-mCLASS_MOY-COVID-Learning-Loss-Research-Brief_022421.pdf?_gl=1*19gt681*_ga*MTI4MzE4Njc3MS4xNjQ1ODk1NzM5*_ga_KB37BKPPF6*MTY4NjA1OTU1NS4yLjEuMTY4NjA1OTYzOC42MC4wLjA</ref>a'idodin lardi ba a cikin 2022.Lardin Nova Scotia ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 32% na daliban aji uku ba su cika ka'idojin karatun lardin a shekarar 2022 ba. Lardin New Brunswick ya ba da rahoton cewa 43.4% da 30.7% ba su cika Matakan Nasarar Fahimtar Karatu ba na maki huɗu da shida a cikin 2023.<ref>https://www.readingrockets.org/article/waiting-rarely-works-late-bloomers-usually-just-wilt</ref> Ci gaban Karatun Karatun Kasa da Kasa (PIRLS) ya buga nasarar karatu ga daliban aji hudu a kasashe 50.<ref>https://www.eqao.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/infographic-provincial-results-2023-g3.pdf</ref> Kasashe biyar mafi girman matsakaicin karatun su ne Tarayyar Rasha, [[Singafora|Singapore]], [[Hong Kong]] SAR, Ireland da Finland. Wasu kuma sune: Ingila ta 10, Amurka ta 15, Ostiraliya ta 21, Kanada 23, da New Zealand 33. Shirin da na kimantawa na dalibi na kasa da kasa (Pisa) ya auna daliban ɗaliban makaranta 15 a kan lissafi, kimiyya, da karatu. <ref>https://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/right-to-read-inquiry-report/executive-summary</ref> Matakan karatun manya, masu shekaru 16-65, a cikin ƙasashe 39 ne Shirin Ƙimar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ƙasashen Duniya (PIAAC) ya ruwaito.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://plans.ednet.ns.ca/sites/default/files/documents/2021-22-LM3.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2023-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010185720/http://plans.ednet.ns.ca/sites/default/files/documents/2021-22-LM3.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>Tsakanin 2011 da 2018, PIAAC ta ba da rahoton adadin manya da ke karatu a matakin ƙasa ko ƙasa na ɗaya (mafi ƙanƙanta na matakai biyar). Wasu misalan sune [[Japan]] 4.9%, Finland 10.6%, [[Holand|Netherlands]] 11.7%, Australia 12.6%, [[Sweden]] 13.3%, Canada 16.4%, England (UK) 16.4%, and the United States 16.9% <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/ed/pdf/K12/results/grade-4-6-english-reading.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2023-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102150337/https://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/ed/pdf/K12/results/grade-4-6-english-reading.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar Bankin Duniya, kashi 53 cikin 100 na dukkan yara a kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaita suna fama da 'koyan talauci'. A cikin shekarar 2019, ta yin amfani da bayanai daga Cibiyar Kididdiga ta UNESCO, sun buga wani rahoto mai suna Ending Learning Poverty: Menene zai ɗauka?<ref>https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pirls/</ref>. Koyon talauci ana bayyana shi da rashin iya karantawa da fahimtar rubutu mai sauƙi ta hanyar shekaru 10. Ko da yake sun ce duk ƙwarewar tushe suna da mahimmanci, sun haɗa da karatu, ƙididdigewa, ikon tunani na asali, ƙwarewar zamantakewa da motsin rai, da sauransu - suna mai da hankali musamman kan karatu. Dalilinsu shi ne cewa ƙwararrun karatun wani ma’aunin koyo ne cikin sauƙin fahimta, karatu kofa ce ga ɗalibi zuwa koyo a kowane fanni, ƙwarewar karatu na iya zama wakili na tushen koyo a wasu fannoni. Sun ba da shawarar ginshiƙai guda biyar don rage talauci na ilmantarwa: 1) ɗalibai sun shirya kuma sun himmatu don koyo, 2) malamai a kowane mataki suna da inganci da ƙima, 3) azuzuwan da aka tanadar don koyo, 4) Makarantu suna da aminci da sarari mai haɗawa, da 5) tsarin ilimi ana sarrafa su da kyau. == Koyon karatu == Masu bincike sun kammala cewa kusan kashi 95% na ɗalibai ana iya koyar da su; == Yanayin Nasarar karatu == Duba kuma: Nasarar karantawa: rahotannin ƙasa da ƙasa Karatu ya kasance batun babban bincike da bayar da rahoto shekaru da yawa. Ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna aunawa da bayar da rahoto game da nasarar karatu ga yara da manya (misali, NAEP, PIRLS, PISA PIAAC, da EQAO). Masu bincike sun kammala cewa kusan kashi 95% na ɗalibai za a iya koya musu karatu a ƙarshen shekara ta farko ko ta biyu ta makaranta, amma duk da haka a ƙasashe da yawa kashi 20% ko sama da haka ba su cika wannan tsammanin ba.<ref>http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/pirls2016/international-results/wp-content/uploads/structure/PIRLS/3.-achievement-in-purposes-and-comprehension-processes/3_1_achievement-in-reading-purposes.pdf</ref> Dangane da katin rahoton Nation na shekarar 2019, kashi 34% na ɗalibai masu aji huɗu a Amurka sun kasa yin aiki a ko sama da matakin karatu na asali. An sami babban bambanci ta launin fata da ƙabila (misali, ɗaliban baƙar fata a 52% da ɗaliban fararen fata a 23%). Bayan tasirin cutar ta COVID-19, matsakaicin ƙimar karatun asali ya ragu da kashi 3% a cikin shekarar 2022.<ref>https://qz.com/1147045/singapores-fourth-graders-read-at-the-most-advanced-level-in-a-global-test-of-literacy/</ref>Dubi ƙarin game da ɓarna ta kabilanci a shekara ta 2019 da shekarar 2022 anan. A cewar wani bincike na shekarar 2023 a California, yawancin matasa da suka yi amfani da lokaci a wuraren tsare yara na California suna samun takardar shaidar sakandare tare da ƙwarewar karatun digiri. "Akwai yaran da ke samun takardar shaidar kammala sakandare da ba su iya ko da karatu da rubutu." A tsawon shekaru biyar da ya fara a cikin shekara ta 2018, kashi 85% na waɗannan ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun sakandare ba su ci jarabawar karatun aji na 12 ba.<ref>https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/664562/PIRLS_2016_National_Report_for_England-_BRANDED.pdf</ref> Tsakanin shekara ta 2013 da shekarar 2022, Jihohin Amurka 30 sun zartar da dokoki ko aiwatar da sabbin manufofi masu alaƙa da koyarwar karatu ta tushen shaida. <ref>http://www.oecd.org/pisa/aboutpisa/</ref>A cikin 2023, Birnin New York yana shirin buƙatar makarantu don koyar da karatu tare da mai da hankali kan sauti. A wannan garin, kasa da rabin daliban daga aji uku zuwa na takwas na makaranta ne suka samu ƙwararrun jarrabawar karatu na jiha. Fiye da kashi 63% na masu gwajin Baƙar fata da na Hispanic ba su sami maki ba.<ref>https://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/</ref> A duk faɗin duniya, cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar da ƙarancin ilimi gabaɗaya a cikin ikon karatu da sauran wuraren ilimi. Ya taso a farkon cutar kuma yana dawwama a cikin lokaci, kuma yana da girma musamman a tsakanin yara daga ƙananan yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.<ref>https://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/Skills%20volume%201%20(eng)--full%20v12--eBook%20(04%2011%202013).pdf</ref>A cikin Amurka, binciken bincike da yawa ya nuna cewa, idan babu ƙarin tallafi, akwai kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na cewa matalauci mai karatu a aji na ɗaya zai kasance matalauci mai karatu.<ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10986%2F32553</ref> A Kanada, lardin Ontario ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 27% na ɗalibai na aji uku ba su cika ka'idodin karatun lardi ba a cikin shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.psychologicalscience.org/journals/pspi/pdf/pspi22.pdf |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2017-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812141810/http://www.psychologicalscience.org/journals/pspi/pdf/pspi22.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hakanan a cikin Ontario, 53% na ɗaliban aji uku masu buƙatun ilimi na musamman (ɗaliban da ke da Tsarin Ilimin Mutum), ba su cika ka'idodin lardi ba a cikin shekarar 2022.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20201031124749/https://www.cgcc.edu/literacy/resources/four-basic-language-skills</ref> Lardin Nova Scotia ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 32% na daliban aji uku ba su cika ka'idojin karatun lardin a shekarar 2022 ba.Lardin New Brunswick ya ba da rahoton cewa 43.4% da 30.7% ba su cika Matakan Nasarar Fahimtar Karatu ba na maki huɗu da shida a cikin 2023.<ref>https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills</ref> Yawancin masu bincike da masana kimiyyar kwakwalwa sun yi ƙoƙari su bayyana yadda kwakwalwar ke karantawa. Sun rubuta labarai da littattafai, kuma sun ƙirƙira gidajen yanar gizo da bidiyon YouTube don taimakawa matsakaicin mabukaci.<ref name=":2">https://www.nsba.org/-/media/NSBA/File/cpe-learning-to-read-reading-to-learn-white-paper-2015.pdf?la=en&hash=8E0E470C3E263C66E4491EC035224DC9018C6D5F</ref> Masanin kimiyyar Neuroscientist Stanislas Dehaene ya ce ya kamata kowa ya yarda da wasu ‘yan gaskiya masu sauƙi, wato: a) duk yara suna da kwakwale iri ɗaya, suna da kyau sosai ga wasiƙar grapheme-phoneme, “kuma suna da duk abin da za su samu daga phonics – hanya ɗaya da za ta ba da ita. 'yancin karanta kowane rubutu", b) Girman aji ba shi da mahimmanci idan an yi amfani da hanyoyin koyarwa da suka dace, c) yana da mahimmanci a sami daidaitattun gwaje-gwajen gwaji don dyslexia, tare da horo na musamman na musamman, da d) yayin yanke hukunci yana da mahimmanci. , haɓaka ƙamus yana da mahimmanci daidai.<ref name=":1" /> Wani binciken da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta [[South Carolina]] (MUSC) a cikin shekarar 2022 ya nuna cewa "mafi girman asymmetry na kwakwalwa na hagu na iya yin hasashen duka mafi kyawun aiki da matsakaicin aiki akan matakin tushe na ikon karatu, gwargwadon ko ana gudanar da bincike akan duka kwakwalwa ko a cikin yankuna na musamman”.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ccf.ny.gov/files/9013/8262/2751/AECFReporReadingGrade3.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2023-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415193747/https://www.ccf.ny.gov/files/9013/8262/2751/AECFReporReadingGrade3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>An sami alaƙa tsakanin takamaiman yankuna na kwakwalwa a cikin sashin hagu na ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta yayin ayyukan karatu daban-daban.<ref name=":2" /> Ko da yake ba a haɗa shi cikin mafi yawan nazarin meta-bincike ba, ƙwaƙƙwarar sensorimotor na kwakwalwa shine yanki mafi aiki na kwakwalwa yayin karatu. Ana yin watsi da wannan sau da yawa saboda an haɗa shi da motsi kawai;<ref>https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/reading/nation/achievement/?grade=4</ref>duk da haka, nazarin fMRI na 2014 wanda ya shafi manya da mahalarta yara, inda aka ƙuntata motsin jiki, ya nuna shaida mai karfi da ke nuna cewa wannan yanki na iya zama dangantaka da sarrafa kalmomi ta atomatik da kuma yanke hukunci. <ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/education-20346204</ref> Sakamakon wannan binciken ya gano cewa wannan ɓangaren kwakwalwar yana aiki sosai a cikin mutanen da ke koyo / fama da karatu (yara, waɗanda aka gano suna da dyslexia, da waɗanda suka saba zuwa harshen Ingilishi) da rashin aiki a cikin manyan masu karatu.<ref name=":3">http://education.ohio.gov/Topics/Learning-in-Ohio/Literacy/Third-Grade-Reading-Guarantee</ref> Lobes na occipital da parietal, ko kuma musamman fusiform gyrus, sun haɗa da yankin sigar kalma na gani na kwakwalwa (VWFA).<ref name=":4">http://education.ohio.gov/getattachment/Topics/Learning-in-Ohio/English-Language-Art/English-Language-Arts-Standards/ELA-Learning-Standards-2017.pdf.aspx?lang=en-US</ref>An yi imanin VWFA ita ce ke da alhakin ikon iya karantawa a gani.<ref name=":4" />Wannan yanki na kwakwalwa yana son kunnawa lokacin da aka gabatar da kalmomi ta hanyar rubutu, kamar yadda aka samu a cikin wani bincike a shekara ta 2002 inda aka gabatar da mahalarta da kalmomi da abubuwan da ba na magana ba.<ref>https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-curriculum-in-england-primary-curriculum</ref>. A lokacin gabatar da kalmomin motsa jiki, wannan ɓangaren kwakwalwa yana aiki sosai; duk da haka, yayin gabatar da abubuwan motsa jiki waɗanda ba su ƙunshi graphemes ba kwakwalwa ba ta da aiki. Mahalarta masu fama da dyslexia sun kasance mafifici, tare da wannan yanki na kwakwalwa yana ci gaba da aiki a cikin al'amuran biyu.<ref>https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pirls/pirls2016/tables/pirls2016_table01.asp</ref> Manyan yankuna biyu na kwakwalwar da ke da alaƙa da ƙwarewar sauti sune yanki na ɗan lokaci-parietal da yankin Perisylvian.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-08065-6</ref> A cikin wani binciken fMRI da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2001, an gabatar da mahalarta da rubutattun kalmomi, kalmomi na mitar magana, da kuma kalmomin karya.<ref>https://archive.org/details/handbookofreadin0003unse</ref> Sashin dorsal (na sama) na yanki na wucin gadi-parietal shine mafi yawan aiki yayin kalmomin karya kuma ɓangaren ventral (ƙananan) ya fi aiki yayin kalmomin mitar, ban da batutuwan da aka gano suna da dyslexia, waɗanda ba su nuna lahani ga su ba. yankin na huhu amma rashin kunnawa a sashin baya<ref>https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295X.106.3.491</ref> Yankin Perisylvian, wanda shine ɓangaren kwakwalwar da aka yi imanin ya haɗa yankin Broca's da Wernicke, <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210121211638/http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/RF/K/</ref>wani yanki ne da ke aiki sosai a lokacin ayyukan sauti inda ake tambayar mahalarta su faɗi kalmomin da aka sani da waɗanda ba a sani ba.<ref>https://researched.org.uk/2019/06/24/d_-y_u-kn_w-wh_t-i-me_n-reading-for-inference/</ref>. Lalacewar wannan bangare na wannan kwakwalwa kai tsaye yana shafar ikon mutum na yin magana a hade tare da hankali; Bugu da ƙari, wannan ɓangaren aikin kwakwalwa ya kasance daidai ga masu karatu na dyslexic da marasa dyslexic.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-1031%2873%2980005-8</ref> Yankin gaba na baya yanki ne mai rikitarwa da yawa na kwakwalwa, kuma dangantakarsa da karatu ba lallai ba ne a layi daya, saboda yana aiki a cikin ayyukan karatu da yawa.<ref>http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/13719/3/Lucy%20RC%20paper%20revised%20CRO.pdf</ref> Yawancin karatu sun rubuta ayyukansa tare da fahimta da ƙwarewar sarrafawa, da kuma rubutun rubutu da ƙwaƙwalwar aiki.<ref>https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22506889</ref>Duk da cewa ainihin rawar da wannan sashin na kwakwalwa ke tafkawa har yanzu ana tafka muhawara, bincike da dama na nuni da cewa wannan fanni na kwakwalwa yakan kara kaimi ga masu karatu wadanda suka kamu da cutar ta dyslexia kuma ba su da aiki yayin da aka samu nasarar yin magani<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nifdi.org/news/hempenstall-blog/441-part-1-whole-language-what-was-that-all-about |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2018-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619040309/https://www.nifdi.org/news/hempenstall-blog/441-part-1-whole-language-what-was-that-all-about |url-status=dead}}</ref> Baya ga yankuna a kan cortex, wanda ake la'akari da launin toka a kan fMRI's, akwai nau'i-nau'i masu launin fata da yawa waɗanda kuma suke aiki yayin ayyukan karatu daban-daban.<ref>https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143275563</ref>Waɗannan yankuna guda uku sune ke haɗa yankuna uku masu daraja kamar yadda kwakwalwa ke karantawa, don haka ita ce ke da alhakin haɗar ƙirar ƙirar kwakwalwar da ke cikin karatu.<ref name=":3" />Faciculus masu haɗin kai guda uku waɗanda ke yin aiki sosai yayin karatu sune kamar haka: arcuate faciculus na hagu, na hagu na hagu na tsayin tsayi, da babban faciculus mai tsayi<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210116180435/http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/mar98/vol55/num06/Why-Reading-Is-Not-a-Natural-Process.aspx</ref> Sauran nau'ikan karatu da rubutu, kamar hotuna (misali, alamar haɗari da emoji), ba su dogara da tsarin rubutu na tushen magana ba.[7] Haɗin da aka gama gama gari shine fassarar alamomi don fitar da ma'anar daga abubuwan gani ko siginoni masu taɓawa (kamar yadda yake a cikin ma'anar maɗaukaki).[8]. == Manazarta == exs9xycn8dfbejfmzli4lgi953gpiq9 0 71046 976131 533770 2026-11-05T11:38:52Z Zahrah0 14848 976131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Dalai Lama and Mazie Hirono.png|thumb|masu yaren lama]] [[Fayil:Lama in the Gandan Monastery in Ulan Bator, Mongolia, 1981.jpg|thumb|Yaren Lama (Bai)]] '''Lama''' yaren Bai ne wanda ake magana da shi tare da kogin Lancang ( saman Mekong ) a gundumar Lanping da gundumar Weixi, a yammacin Yunnan na [[Sin|kasar Sin]].<ref name=e25/><ref name="change request">{{cite web | title = Change Request Documentation: 2013-007 | given = Eric | surname = Johnson | publisher = ISO 639-3 Registration Authority | year = 2013 | url = https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2013-007 }}</ref> Har zuwa 16th edition na Ethnologue (2009), code lay aka sanya wa "Lama (Myanmar)", jera a cikin index of harsuna da CF Voegelin da FM Voegelin (1977) a matsayin Nungish harshen Myanmar da 3,000 jawabai. A cikin 2013 an canza sunan sunan lambar zuwa "Bai, Lama", yana gano ɗayan harsunan Arewacin Bai guda biyu, ɗayan kuma shine Panyi Bai.<ref name="change request"/> == Nassoshi == [[Category:Harsuna]] 4j40d62b4jmpbfvnhy9gnzqczbkpyw4 0 71282 976038 878516 2026-11-05T07:48:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976038 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:XO-Beta1-mikemcgregor-2.jpg|thumb|Kwamfuta ]] == Bayani == Wannan jeri ne na kwamfutocin kwamfutar hannu, waɗanda aka haɗa su ta hanyar masu sauraro da aka yi niyya da ma'auni. == Allunan Media == Ana kwatanta allunan multimedia a cikin tebur masu zuwa. '''Girman allo fiye da 8.5 in (22cm).''' Tebura har guda biyu masu zuwa suna kwatanta allunan multimedia tare da fuska mafi girma fiye da 8.5 a cikin 2012 da kuma daga baya. '''Android''' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center; width: auto;" |- ! Model ! Release date ! [[display size#Measurements and units|Display size]] ! [[Display resolution]] ! Pixel density (PPI) ! Display technology ! Android version history !CPU Model ! {{nowrap|Wi-Fi}} ! Cellular ! [[Bluetooth]] ! [[Satellite navigation]] ! Storage capacity <small>{{nowrap|([[GiB]])}}</small> ! Storage expansion ! [[RAM]] <small>{{nowrap|(GiB)}}</small> ! Battery life <small>(h)</small> ! Camera(s) ! Thickness <small>(mm)</small> ! Weight ! Other features |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Acer Tablet#Iconia Tab A510|Acer Iconia A510]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://us.acer.com/ac/en/US/content/model/HT.H9LAA.004 |title= ICONIA TAB A510 |publisher= acer.com |access-date= 2012-06-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120501073546/http://us.acer.com/ac/en/US/content/model/HT.H9LAA.004 |archive-date= 2012-05-01 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|04}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gsmarena.com/acer_iconia_tab_a510-4642.php |title=Acer Iconia Tab A510 |publisher= gsmarena.com |access-date= 2012-06-08}}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|1280×800 [[Wide Extended Graphics Array|WXGA]]}} | 149 | [[TFT LCD]] | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|2.1+EDR}} | {{yes}} | 32 | microSDHC | 1 | 10.38<ref>{{cite web |author= Joseph Volpe |url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/30/acer-iconia-tab-a510-review/ |title= Acer Iconia Tab A510 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-04-30 |access-date= 2012-06-08}}</ref> | Rear: 5MP, Front: 2MP | {{convert|10.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|680|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Acer Iconia Tab#Iconia Tab A700|Acer Iconia A700]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://us-store.acer.com/product.aspx?prodid=231&catid=112 |title=ICONIA TAB A700 32GB Tablet |publisher=acer.com |access-date=2012-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615214458/http://us-store.acer.com/product.aspx?prodid=231&catid=112 |archive-date=2012-06-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|06|22}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.releasedates.co/product/acer-iconia-tab-a700-release-date |title= Acer Iconia Tab A700 / A710 Release Date |publisher= releasedates.co |access-date= 2012-06-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425034519/http://www.releasedates.co/product/acer-iconia-tab-a700-release-date |archive-date= 2012-04-25 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|1920 × 1200}} | 224 | LCD | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|2.1+EDR}} | {{yes}} | 32 | microSDHC | 1 | {{hs|0}}8.37<ref>{{cite web|author= Sarah Silbert |url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/06/26/iconia-tab-a700-review/ |title= Acer Iconia Tab A700 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-06-26 |access-date= 2012-06-26}}</ref> | | {{convert|10.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|665|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Acer Tablet#Iconia Tab A701|Acer Iconia A701]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.amazon.de/Acer-Tablet-PC-Geforce-Android-schwarz/dp/B008SONQWO |title=ICONIA TAB A701 |publisher= amazon.de |access-date= 2014-03-30}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|09}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.testberichte.de/p/acer-tests/iconia-tab-a701-testbericht.html#datasheet |title=Acer Iconia Tab A701 Release Date |publisher= www.testberichte.de |access-date= 2014-03-31}}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|1920 × 1200}} | 224 | LCD | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.1]] | | 802.11 b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional EDGE, GPRS, HSDPA, HSPA+, HSUPA}} <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.testberichte.de/p/acer-tests/iconia-tab-a701-testbericht.html#datasheet |title=Acer Iconia Tab A701 Release Date|year=2023 }}</ref> | {{yes|2.1+EDR}} | {{yes}} | 64 | microSDHC | 1 | {{hs|0}}8.37<ref>{{cite web |author=amazon.de |url=https://www.amazon.de/Acer-Tablet-PC-Geforce-Android-schwarz/dp/B008SONQWO#productDetails |title=Acer Iconia Tab A701 review |publisher=amazon.de |date=2012-06-26 |access-date=2012-06-26}}</ref> | | {{convert|10.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|685|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Kindle Fire HD|Amazon Kindle Fire HD 8.9&nbsp;in]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Kindle-Fire-HD-9-inch/dp/B008GFRE5A |title=Kindle Fire HD 8.9 |website=Amazon |date=2012-09-06 |access-date=2012-09-09}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|11|20}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.9|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1920 × 1200 | 254 | [[IPS LCD]] | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]]<ref name="kindle fire hd OS">{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/09/06/amazon-confirms-kindle-fire-hd-models-use-android-4-0/ |title=Amazon confirms Kindle Fire HD models use Android 4.0 under the hood |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-09-06 |access-date= 2012-09-09}}</ref> | | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | 16, 32, 64 | {{no}} | 1 | {{hs|0}}9<ref>{{cite web |author= Tim Stevens |url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/11/19/amazon-kindle-fire-hd-8.9-review/ |title= Amazon Kindle Fire HD review (8.9-inch, 4G LTE) |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-11-19 |access-date= 2012-11-20 |archive-date= 2012-11-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121120005630/http://www.engadget.com/2012/11/19/amazon-kindle-fire-hd-8.9-review/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|567|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Kindle Fire HDX|Amazon Kindle Fire HDX 8.9&nbsp;in]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Kindle-Fire-HDX-Display-Wi-Fi/dp/B00CLH6DSI |title=Kindle Fire HDX 8.9 |website=Amazon |date=2013-10-07 |access-date=2013-10-07}}</ref> | {{dts|2013|11|07}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.9|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2560 × 1600 | 339 | [[IPS LCD]] | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.2.2]]<ref name="Kindle Fire HD OS 3.0">{{cite web|url= http://www.androidcentral.com/amazon-announces-mojito-version-3-kindle-fire-os/ |title=Amazon announces 'Mojito' - version 3 of the Kindle Fire OS |publisher= AndroidCentral |date= 2013-10-07 |access-date= 2013-10-07}}</ref> | | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]}} | {{yes}} | {{yes-No|4G version only}} | 16, 32, 64 | {{no}} | 2 | {{hs|0}}17<ref>{{cite web |author=Eric Limer |url=https://gizmodo.com/kindle-fire-hdx-review-third-times-a-charmer-1427201835 |title=Kindle Fire HDX Review: Third Time's a Charmer |publisher=Gizmodo |date=2013-10-07 |access-date=2013-10-07}}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|7.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|374|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Archos]] 97 Titanium HD<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.archos.com/products/elements/archos_97titanium/index.html?country=us&lang=en&#a |title= ARCHOS 97 Titanium HD |publisher= archos.com |access-date= 2013-01-12 |archive-date= 2015-05-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150506024856/http://www.archos.com/products/elements/archos_97titanium/index.html?country=us&lang=en&#a |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2013|03}}<ref name="Archos 97 Titanium phandroid">{{cite web|url= http://phandroid.com/2013/01/10/hands-on-archos-97-titanium-hd-and-80-titanium-tablets-video/ |title=Hands-on: ARCHOS 97 Titanium HD and 80 Titanium tablets |publisher= phandroid.com |date= 2013-01-10 |access-date= 2013-01-12}}</ref> | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.7|in|cm|abbr=on}} | [[QXGA|2048 × 1536]] |266 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.1]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{hs|0}}8 | microSDXC | 1 | {{hs|0}}6<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arctablet.com/blog/featured/archos-97-titanium-hd-quick-review-part-1-introduction/ |title=ARCHOS 97 Titanium HD quick review |publisher=arctablet.com |date=2013-01-15 |access-date=2013-01-20 |archive-date=2013-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119100600/http://www.arctablet.com/blog/featured/archos-97-titanium-hd-quick-review-part-1-introduction/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.0|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|640|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Archos 101 Internet Tablet|Archos 101]] XS<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.archos.com/products/gen10/archos_101xs/specs.html?country=us&lang=en&#a |title= ARCHOS 101 XS |publisher= Archos |access-date= 2012-09-09 |archive-date= 2015-05-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150506024841/http://www.archos.com/products/gen10/archos_101xs/specs.html?country=us&lang=en&#a |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|09|15}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://androidcommunity.com/archos-101-xs-tablet-review-20120822/ |title= Archos 101 XS Tablet Review |publisher= androidcommunity.com |date= 2012-08-22 |access-date= 2012-09-09 |archive-date= 2012-09-20 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120920002651/http://androidcommunity.com/archos-101-xs-tablet-review-20120822/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|1280×800 [[Wide Extended Graphics Array|WXGA]]}} |149 | [[TFT LCD#Multi-domain vertical alignment (MVA)|MVA LCD]] | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes}} | 16 | microSDXC | 1 | {{hs|0}}5.6<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/08/22/archos-101-xs-review/ |title= Archos 101 XS review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-08-22 |access-date= 2012-09-09}}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.0|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|600|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Asus PadFone]] 2<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.asus.com/Mobile/PadFone2/#specifications |title= ASUS PadFone 2 |publisher= asus.com |access-date= 2012-10-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121019065744/http://www.asus.com/Mobile/PadFone2/#specifications |archive-date= 2012-10-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|12}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.releasedates.co/product/asus-padfone-2-release-date |title= Asus PadFone 2 Release Date |publisher= releasedates.co |access-date= 2012-10-28 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130116040735/http://www.releasedates.co/product/asus-padfone-2-release-date |archive-date= 2013-01-16 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|1280×800 [[Wide Extended Graphics Array|WXGA]]}} |149 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{yes|HSPA+, LTE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes}} | 16, 32, 64 | {{no}} | 2 | {{hs|0}}9.47<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/10/25/asus-padfone-2-review/ |title= ASUS PadFone 2 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-10-25 |access-date= 2012-10-28}}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.0|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|649|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Asus Transformer Pad TF300T|Asus Transformer Pad TF300]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eee.asus.com/eeepad/transformer-300/features/ |title=<nowiki>Transformer Pad &#124; Specification</nowiki> |publisher=asus.com |access-date=2012-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625121511/http://eee.asus.com/eeepad/transformer-300/features/ |archive-date=2012-06-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|04}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gsmarena.com/asus_transformer_pad_300-4596.php |title=Asus Transformer Pad 300 |publisher= gsmarena.com |access-date= 2012-06-08}}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|1280×800 [[Wide Extended Graphics Array|WXGA]]}} | 149 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.1]] | | 802.11 b/g/n | {{Yes-No|{{nowrap|Optional HSPA+}}, LTE}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.asus.com/Tablet/Transformer_Pad/ASUS_Transformer_Pad_TF300TG/#specifications |title=ASUS - Tablet- ASUS ASUS Transformer Pad TF300TG |publisher= asus.com |access-date= 2012-10-01}}</ref> | {{yes|3.0}} | {{yes}} | 16, 32 | microSDHC | 1 | {{hs|0}}8.5 (12 with dock)<ref>{{cite web|author= Dana Wollman |url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/22/asus-transformer-pad-tf300-review/ |title= ASUS Transformer Pad TF300 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-04-22 |access-date= 2012-06-08}}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|635|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Asus Transformer Pad Infinity|Asus Transformer Pad Infinity TF700T]]<ref name="transformer pad infinity">{{cite web |url=http://eee.asus.com/eeepad/transformer-infinity/features/ |title=Transformer Pad Infinity |publisher=ASUS |access-date=2012-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302215032/http://eee.asus.com/eeepad/transformer-infinity/features/ |archive-date=2012-03-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|07|16}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.anandtech.com/show/6036/asus-transformer-pad-infinity-tf700t-review |title= ASUS Transformer Pad Infinity (TF700T) Review |publisher= anandtech.com |access-date= 2012-06-25 |archive-date= 2012-06-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120627013113/http://www.anandtech.com/show/6036/asus-transformer-pad-infinity-tf700t-review |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1920 × 1200 | 224 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|3.0+A2DP}} | {{yes}} | 32, 64 | microSDHC | 1 | {{hs|0}}9.5 (14 with dock) | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|598|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Asus Transformer Pad Infinity|Asus Transformer {{nowrap|Pad Infinity LTE}} TF700KL]]<ref name="transformer pad infinity"/> | {{dts|2012|07|16}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gsmarena.com/asus_transformer_pad_infinity_700_lte-4605.php |title=Asus Transformer Pad Infinity 700 LTE |publisher= gsmarena.com |access-date= 2012-03-17}}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1920 × 1200 | 224 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | | 802.11 b/g/n | {{yes|HSPA+, LTE}} | {{yes|3.0+A2DP}} | {{yes}} | 16, 32, 64 | microSDHC | 1 | {{hs|0}}9.5 (14 with dock) | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|598|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Asus Transformer Pad TF701T]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asus.com/Tablets/The_New_ASUS_Transformer_PadTF701T/specifications/ |title=<nowiki>The New ASUS Transformer Pad(TF701T) Specification</nowiki> |publisher=asus.com |access-date=2014-10-16}}</ref> | {{dts|2013|11}} | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2560 × 1600 | 300 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.2]] (upgradable to [[Android KitKat|4.4]]) | | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|3.0+EDR}} | {{yes|[[GPS]] and [[GLONASS]]}} | 32, 64 | microSDHC, microSDXC | 2 | {{hs|0}}13 (17 with dock) | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|585|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Nook HD+|Barnes & Noble Nook HD+]]<ref name="nook tablet hd">{{cite web |url= https://nookdeveloper.barnesandnoble.com/product/nook-device-specs.html |title= NOOK Device Specs |publisher= Barnes & noble |access-date= 2012-09-27 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20121217114919/https://nookdeveloper.barnesandnoble.com/product/nook-device-specs.html |archive-date= 2012-12-17 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.barnesandnoble.com/p/nook-hd-plus-barnes-noble/1110060512 |title= BARNES & NOBLE &#124; NOOK |publisher=Barnes & noble |access-date= 2012-09-27}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|11|01}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1920 × 1280 | 257 | LCD | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | 16, 32, 64 | microSDXC | 1 |{{hs|0}}9 | | {{convert|11.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|515|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Nexus 9|Google Nexus 9]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.google.com/nexus/9/ |title=Nexus 9 |access-date= 2014-10-31}}</ref>([[HTC]]) | {{dts|2014|11|03}} | {{convert|8.9|in|cm|abbr=on}} | [[QXGA|2048 × 1536]] | 288 | [[IPS panel|IPS LCD]]<ref name="gsmarena nexus 9">{{cite web|url= http://www.gsmarena.com/htc_nexus_9-5823.php |title= HTC Google Nexus 9 |publisher= gsmarena.com |access-date= 2014-10-31}}</ref> | [[Android Lollipop|5.0.2]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac | {{Yes-No|"LTE" model only}} | {{yes|4.1}} | {{yes|[[GPS]], [[GLONASS]], [[BeiDou Navigation Satellite System|Beidou]]}} | 16, 32 | {{no}} | 2 | {{hs|0}}9.5<ref name="gsmarena nexus 9"/> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|7.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|{{convert|425|g|lb|abbr=on}}}} (Wi-Fi)<br />{{nowrap|{{convert|436|g|lb|abbr=on}}}} {{nowrap|(LTE)}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Nexus 10|Google Nexus 10]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://play.google.com/store/devices/details?id=nexus_10_16gb |title=Nexus 10 (16GB) |access-date= 2012-10-29}}</ref>(Samsung) | {{dts|2012|11|13}} | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2560 × 1600 | 300 | PLS LCD<ref name="gsmarena nexus 10">{{cite web|url=http://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_google_nexus_10-5084.php |title=Samsung Google Nexus 10 |publisher=gsmarena.com |access-date=2012-10-29}}</ref> | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.2]] | | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | 16, 32 | {{no}} | 2 | {{hs|0}}7.43<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/11/02/nexus-10-review/ |title= Nexus 10 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-11-02 |access-date= 2012-11-03}}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|603|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Huawei Honor|Honor]] Mediapad 10 FHD<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huaweidevice.com/worldwide/productFeatures.do?pinfoId=3411&directoryId=5011&treeId=3290&tab=0 |title=MediaPad 10 FHD - Huawei Device Co., Ltd. |publisher=Huawei |access-date=2012-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909083714/http://www.huaweidevice.com/worldwide/productFeatures.do?pinfoId=3411&directoryId=5011&treeId=3290&tab=0 |archive-date=2012-09-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|09}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.androidauthority.com/huawei-mediapad-10-fhd-release-date-111865/ |title= Huawei MediaPad 10 FHD to be released globally in September |publisher= androidauthority.com |date= 2012-09-03 |access-date= 2012-09-12 |archive-date= 2012-09-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120908031604/http://www.androidauthority.com/huawei-mediapad-10-fhd-release-date-111865/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1920 × 1200 | 224 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | | 802.11 b/g/n | {{yes|HSPA+, LTE}} | {{yes|3.0}} | {{yes|[[A-GPS]]}} | {{hs|0}}8, 16, 32 | microSDHC<ref>{{cite web |url=http://reviews.cnet.co.uk/ipad-and-tablets/huawei-mediapad-10-fhd-review-50009048/ |title=<nowiki>Huawei MediaPad 10 FHD &#124; Reviews &#124; CNET UK</nowiki> |publisher=cnet.co.uk |date=2012-08-30 |access-date=2012-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903235650/http://reviews.cnet.co.uk/ipad-and-tablets/huawei-mediapad-10-fhd-review-50009048/ |archive-date=2012-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 2 | {{hs|0}}7.33<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/11/08/huawei-mediapad-10-review/ |title= Huawei MediaPad 10 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-11-08 |access-date= 2012-11-08}}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|580|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Kobo Arc]] 10 HD<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kobo.com/koboarc10hd#overview|title = Rakuten Kobo}}</ref> | {{dts|2013|12}} | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|2560 × 1600}} | 300 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.2.2]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n with 2x2 MIMO | {{no}} | {{yes|v4.0}} | {{no}} | 16 | {{no}} | 2 | {{hs|0}}9.5 | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|627|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[IdeaPad tablets#IdeaTab S2110|Lenovo IdeaTab S2110]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lenovo.com/products/us/tech-specs/tablet/ideatab/s2110/ |title=Lenovo S2110 Specs |publisher=lenovo.com |access-date=2012-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730070957/http://www.lenovo.com/products/us/tech-specs/tablet/ideatab/s2110 |archive-date=2012-07-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|10|23}} | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280×800 [[Wide Extended Graphics Array|WXGA]] | 149 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | | 802.11 b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional 3G}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes-No|3G version only}} | 16, 32 | {{no}} | 1 | {{hs|0}}8.12<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/10/16/lenovo-ideatab-s2110-review/ |title=Lenovo IdeaTab S2110 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-10-16 |access-date= 2012-10-20}}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.69|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|580|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.amazon.de/Lenovo-59388167-IdeaPad-Tablet-Android/dp/B00GBQII60/ref=sr_1_3?s=computers&ie=UTF8&qid=1396305691&sr=1-3&keywords=lenovo+yoga+tablet+10 |title=Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga |publisher= amazon.de |access-date= 2013-09-08}}</ref> | {{dunno}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280×800 [[Wide Extended Graphics Array|WXGA]] | 149 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.2]] | | 802.11 b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional UMTS 3G HSPA+}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes}} | 16 | microSD | 1 | {{hs|0}}18 | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|608 or 599|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[LG Optimus Pad|LG Optimus Pad LTE]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.lgmobile.co.kr/mobile-phone/U830/LG-LU8300/ |title=LG OPTIMUS Pad LTE |publisher= lgmobile.co.kr |access-date= 2013-09-08}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|01|18}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://phandroid.com/2012/01/17/lg-officially-announces-optimus-pad-lte-sexy-tablet-with-8-9-inch-display-and-only-9-3mm-thick/ |title=LG Officially Announces Optimus Pad LTE |date=18 January 2012 |publisher= phandroid.com |access-date= 2013-09-08}}</ref> | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.9|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280 × 768 | 168 | PLS LCD | [[Android Honeycomb|3.2]] | | 802.11 b/g/n | {{yes|HSPA+}} | {{yes|3.0}} | {{yes|[[A-GPS]], [[GLONASS]]}} | 32 | SDXC | 1 | {{hs|0}}10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slashgear.com/lg-optimus-pad-lte-revealed-18209650/ |title=LG Optimus Pad LTE revealed |publisher=slashgear.com |date=2012-01-18 |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.34|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|497|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 10.1]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxytab2/10.1/spec.html |title=Samsung GALAXY Tab 2 |publisher= samsung.com |access-date= 2012-09-09}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|05|12}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.releasedates.co/product/samsung-galaxy-tab-2-70-release-date |title= Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 (10.1 & 7.0) Release Date |publisher= releasedates.co |access-date= 2012-09-09 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130116012410/http://www.releasedates.co/product/samsung-galaxy-tab-2-70-release-date |archive-date= 2013-01-16 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280×800 [[Wide Extended Graphics Array|WXGA]] | 149 | PLS LCD | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | | 802.11 b/g/n | {{yes|HSPA+}} | {{yes|3.0}} | {{yes|[[A-GPS]], [[GLONASS]]}} | 16, 32 | microSDXC | 1 | {{hs|0}}8.93<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/05/15/samsung-galaxy-tab-2-10-1-review/ |title= Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 10.1 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-05-15 |access-date= 2012-09-09}}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|580|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxynote/note_10.1/specifications.html |title=Samsung GALAXY Note 10.1 |publisher= samsung.com |access-date= 2012-09-09}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|08}}<ref name="note 10.1 gsmarena"/> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280×800 [[Wide Extended Graphics Array|WXGA]] | 149 | [[Super PLS|PLS LCD]]<ref name="note 10.1 gsmarena">{{cite web|url= http://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_note_10_1_n8000-4573.php |title= Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 N8000 |publisher= gsmarena.com |access-date= 2012-09-09}}</ref> | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{yes|GPRS/EDGE, HSPA+, LTE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes}} | 16, 32, 64 | microSDXC | 2 | {{hs|0}}8<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/08/15/samsung-galaxy-note-10-1-review/ |title= Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-08-15 |access-date= 2012-09-09}}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|600|g|lb|abbr=on}} | {{bulleted list|S-pen stylus input}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 10.1]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxytab3/index_10.html |title= Samsung GALAXY Tab 3 10.1 |publisher= samsung.com |access-date= 2013-08-05}}</ref> | {{dts|2013|07}}<ref name="tab 3 10.1 gsmarena"/> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280×800 [[Wide Extended Graphics Array|WXGA]] | 149 | [[TFT LCD]]<ref name="tab 3 10.1 gsmarena">{{cite web|url= http://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_tab_3_10_1_p5220-5491.php |title=Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 10.1 P5220 |publisher= gsmarena.com |access-date= 2013-08-05}}</ref> | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.2.2]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{yes|GPRS/EDGE, HSPA+, LTE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes}} | 16, 32 | microSDXC | 1 | {{hs|0}}6.92<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2013/07/30/samsung-galaxy-tab-3-10-1-review/ |title=Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 10.1 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2013-07-30 |access-date= 2012-08-05}}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|510|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 Edition]] | {{dts|2013|10}}<ref name="note 10.1 2014 gsmarena"/> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2560 × 1600 | 299 | [[TFT LCD]]<ref name="note 10.1 2014 gsmarena">{{cite web|url= http://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_note_10_1_(2014_edition)-5677.php |title=Samsung Galaxy Note 10.1 P600 |publisher= gsmarena.com |access-date= 2013-09-08}}</ref> | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.3]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac | {{yes|GPRS/EDGE, HSPA+, LTE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes}} | 16, 32, 64 | microSDXC | 3 | TBT | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|7.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|535|g|lb|abbr=on}} | {{bulleted list|S-pen stylus}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col" | [[Samsung Galaxy Note Pro 12.2]] | {{dts|2014|02}} | {{convert|12.2|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2560 × 1600 | 247 | [[TFT LCD]] | [[Android KitKat|4.4.2]] → [[Android Lollipop|5.0.2]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac | {{yes|HSPA+, LTE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{?}} | 32, 64, 128 | microSDXC | 3 | {{?}} | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|7.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|750|g|lb|abbr=on}} | {{bulleted list|S-pen}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col" | [[Samsung Galaxy Tab Pro 12.2]] | {{dts|2014|03}} | {{convert|12.2|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2560 × 1600 | 247 | [[TFT LCD]] | [[Android KitKat|4.4]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac | {{yes|HSPA+, LTE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{?}} | 16, 32, 64 | microSDXC | 3 | {{?}} | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|740|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col" | [[Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 10.1]] | {{dts|2014|05}} | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280×800 [[Wide Extended Graphics Array|WXGA]] | 149 | [[TFT LCD]] | [[Android KitKat|4.4.2]] &ndash; [[Android Lollipop|5.0.2]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{yes|HSPA+, EDGE/GPRS}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes|[[GPS]], [[GLONASS]]}} | 16, 32 | microSDXC | 1.5 | {{?}} | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|495|g|lb|abbr=on}} &ndash; {{convert|489|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col" | [[Samsung Galaxy Tab A 9.7]] | {{dts|2015|05}} | {{convert|9.7|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1024 × 768 | 132 | [[TFT LCD]] | [[Android Lollipop|5.0.2]] &ndash; [[Android Marshmallow|6.0.1]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac | {{Yes-No|3G, 4G/LTE for models ''x''555}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{?}} | 16, 32 | microSDXC | 1.5 &ndash; 2 | {{?}} | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|7.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|450|g|lb|abbr=on}} &ndash; {{convert|493|g|lb|abbr=on}} | {{bulleted list|S-Pen stylus for P''nnn'' models}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Xperia Tablet S|Sony Xperia Tablet S]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sony.co.uk/product/xperia-tablet-s/tab/editorialarticle2 |title=Xperia™ Tablet S Specifications |publisher= sony.co.uk |access-date= 2012-09-25}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|09}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gsmarena.com/sony_xperia_tablet_s-4913.php |title=Sony Xperia Tablet S |access-date= 2012-09-25 |publisher= gsmarena.com}}</ref> | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.4|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280×800 [[Wide Extended Graphics Array|WXGA]] | 161 | [[TFT LCD]] | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional 3G}} | {{yes|3.0}} | {{yes}} | 16, 32, 64 | SDXC | 1 | {{hs|0}}8.52<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/09/24/sony-xperia-tablet-s-review/ |title= Sony Xperia Tablet S review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-09-24 |access-date= 2012-09-25}}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{nowrap|{{convert|8.8|mm|in|abbr=on}}}} (thinnest) {{nowrap|{{convert|11.85|mm|in|abbr=on}}}} (thickest) | {{nowrap|{{convert|570|g|lb|abbr=on}}}} (Wi-Fi)<br />{{nowrap|{{convert|585|g|lb|abbr=on}}}} {{nowrap|(Wi-Fi+3G)}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Sony Xperia Tablet Z]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sony.com.au/microsite/xperia-tablet-z/doc/whitepaper_EN_sgp311_sgp312_xperia_tablet_z.pdf |title= Xperia™ Tablet Z White paper |publisher= sonymobile.com |access-date= 2013-03-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130411222928/http://www.sony.com.au/microsite/xperia-tablet-z/doc/whitepaper_EN_sgp311_sgp312_xperia_tablet_z.pdf |archive-date= 2013-04-11 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2013|05|30}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://blogs.sonymobile.com/press_release/sony-announces-global-availability-of-xperia-tablet-z/ |title=Sony announces global availability of Xperia™ Tablet Z |access-date= 2013-03-10 |publisher= sonymobile.com}}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | [[WUXGA|1920 × 1200]] | 224 | [[TFT LCD]] | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.1]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes|[[A-GPS]], [[GLONASS]]}} | 16, 32 | microSDHC | 2 | {{hs|0}}9.83 | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|6.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|495|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Sony Xperia Tablet Z2]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www-support-downloads.sonymobile.com/sgp521/whitepaper_EN_sgp521_sgp541_sgp551_xperia_z2_tablet.pdf |title= Xperia™ Tablet Z2 White paper |publisher= sonymobile.com |access-date= 2014-02-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140327222341/http://www-support-downloads.sonymobile.com/sgp521/whitepaper_EN_sgp521_sgp541_sgp551_xperia_z2_tablet.pdf |archive-date= 2014-03-27 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2014|03}} | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | [[WUXGA|1920 × 1200]] | 224 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android KitKat|4.4]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac | {{Yes-No|[[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]-equipped models}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes|[[A-GPS]], [[GLONASS]]}} | 16 | [[microSDHC]], [[microSDXC]] | 3 | {{hs|0}}10 | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|6.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|426|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[https://www.tablette-chinoise.net/teclast-m20-4g-test-avis-review/ Teclast M20 4G] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://gearbest.com/tablet-pcs/pp_009145932966.html?wid=1433363&lkid=10642329|title=Teclast M20|publisher=teclast.com|date=2018-07-23|access-date=2018-07-23|archive-date=2018-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005444/https://www.gearbest.com/tablet-pcs/pp_009145932966.html?wid=1433363&lkid=10642329|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{dts|2018|07|23}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2560 × 1600 | 299 | IPS OGS | [[Android Oreo|8.0]]<ref name="Teclast M20">{{cite web|url=https://www.tablette-chinoise.net/teclast-m20-4g-test-avis-review/ |title=Teclast M20 test |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2018-07-23 |access-date= 2018-07-23}}</ref> | | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac | {{Yes-No|dual 4G [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]}} | 4.2 | GPS, Beidou, GLONASS, A-GPS | 32, 64 | micro SDHC micro SDXC | 4 | {{hs|0}}9<ref>{{cite web|author= Michael Maurel |url=https://www.tablette-chinoise.net/teclast-m20-4g-test-avis-review/|title=Teclast M20 4G test avis review (10.1-inch, 4G LTE) |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2018-10-25 |access-date= 2018-11-25}}</ref> | | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|553|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| Xiaomi Mi Pad 4 Plus | {{dts|2018|08|14}} | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1920 × 1200 | 224 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Oreo|8.1]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac | {{yes|LTE}} | {{yes|5.0}} | {{yes|[[A-GPS]], [[GLONASS]], [[BeiDou|BDS]]}} | 64, 128 | micro SDXC | 4 | {{?}} | Rear: 13MP, Front: 5MP | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|485|g|lb|abbr=on}} | * Fingerprint sensor |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Xiaomi Pad 5]] | {{dts|2021|08|10}} |{{convert|11|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2560 × 1600 | 274 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android 11|11]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac | {{no}} | {{yes|5.0}} | {{no}} | 128, 256 | {{no}} | 6 | {{?}} | Rear: 13MP, Front: 8MP | {{hs|0}}{{convert|6.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|511|g|lb|abbr=on}} | * Xiaomi Smart Pen stylus * Xiaomi Pad Keyboard with magnetic connection |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Xiaomi Pad 5|Xiaomi Pad 5 Pro]] | {{dts|2021|08|10}} | {{convert|11|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2560 × 1600 | 274 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android 11|11]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/6 | {{Yes-No|Optional [[5G]]}} | {{yes|5.2}} | {{yes-No|5G version only. [[A-GPS]], [[GLONASS]], [[BeiDou|BDS]], [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]], [[Quasi-Zenith Satellite System|QZSS]]}} | 128, 256 | {{no}} | 6, 8 | {{?}} | Rear: 13MP + 5MP (Wi-Fi) 50MP + 5MP (5G) Front: 8MP | {{hs|0}}{{convert|6.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|515|g|lb|abbr=on}} (Wi-Fi) {{convert|518|g|lb|abbr=on}} (5G) | * Fingerprint sensor * Xiaomi Smart Pen stylus * Xiaomi Pad Keyboard with magnetic connection |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Xiaomi Pad 5|Xiaomi Pad 5 Pro 12.4]] | {{dts|2022|08|11}} | {{convert|12.4|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2560 × 1600 | 244 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android 12|12]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/6 | {{no|}} | {{yes|5.2}} | {{no}} | 128, 256, 512 | {{no}} | 6, 8, 12 | {{?}} | Rear: 50MP + 2MP Front: 20MP | {{hs|0}}{{convert|6.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|620|g|lb|abbr=on}} | * Xiaomi Smart Pen stylus * Xiaomi Pad Keyboard 12.4 with magnetic connection |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| Redmi Pad | {{dts|2022|10|04}} | {{convert|10.61|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2000 × 1200 | 220 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android 12|12]] | | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac | {{no|}} | {{yes|5.3}} | {{no}} | 64, 128 | {{no}} | 3, 4, 6 | {{?}} | Rear: 8MP Front: 8MP | {{hs|0}}{{convert|7.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|465|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- class="sortbottom" ! Model ! Release date ! Display size ! Display resolution ! Pixel density (PPI) ! Display technology ! Operating system !CPU model ! {{nowrap|Wi-Fi}} ! Cellular ! Bluetooth ! Satellite navigation ! Storage capacity <small>{{nowrap|(GiB)}}</small> ! Storage expansion ! [[RAM]] <small>{{nowrap|(GiB)}}</small> ! Battery life <small>(h)</small> !Camera(s) ! Thickness <small>(mm)</small> ! Weight ! Other features |} ====iOS==== This table compares multimedia tablets running the ''iOS'' operating system. <!-- ATTENTION: DO NOT GROUP (COMBINE) TABLE HEADERS, COLSPAN & ROWSPAN BREAKS TABLE SORTING --> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center; width: auto;" |- ! Model ! Release date ! [[display size#Measurements and units|Display size]] ! [[Display resolution]] ! Pixel density (PPI) ! Display technology ! [[iOS version]] ! [[CPU]] model ! {{nowrap|Wi-Fi}} ! Cellular ! Bluetooth ! [[Satellite navigation]] ! Storage capacity <small>{{nowrap|(GiB)}}</small> ! Storage expansion ! [[RAM]] <small>{{nowrap|(GiB)}}</small> ! Battery life <small>(h)</small><br />{{r|group=Note|battery}} ! Thickness <small>(mm)</small> ! Weight |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[IPad (3rd generation)|Apple iPad (3rd generation)]]<ref name="apple">{{cite web|url= https://www.apple.com/ipad/specs/ |title=iPad Technical Specifications |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |access-date= 2012-03-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100130144829/http://www.apple.com/ipad/specs/ |archive-date= 2010-01-30 }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|03|16}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.7|in|cm|abbr=on}} | [[QXGA|2048 × 1536]] | 264 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[iOS 5|5.1]] (upgradable to [[iOS 9|9.3.5]]) | [[Apple A5X]] | 802.11N | {{Yes-No|Optional UMTS, [[HSDPA]], LTE, GSM/EDGE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{Yes-No|4G version only}} | 16, 32, 64 | {{no}} | 1<ref name="ipad3 cpu and ram">{{cite web|url=http://osxdaily.com/2012/03/13/ipad-3-benchmarks-show-1gb-ram-and-1ghz-processor/|title=iPad 3 Benchmarks Show 1GB RAM and 1GHz Processor|date=2012-03-13|publisher=OSXDaily.com|access-date=2012-03-14}}</ref> | 10 (9 on 4G) | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|{{convert|650|g|lb|abbr=on}}}}({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}})<br />{{nowrap|{{convert|660|g|lb|abbr=on}}}} ({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}}+4G) |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[IPad (4th generation)|Apple iPad (4th generation)]]<ref name="apple"/> | {{dts|2012|11|02}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.7|in|cm|abbr=on}} | [[QXGA|2048 × 1536]] | 264 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[iOS 6|6]] (upgradable to [[IOS 10|10.3.3]]) | [[Apple A6X]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional UMTS, [[HSDPA]], LTE, GSM/EDGE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{Yes-No|4G version only}} | 16, 32, 64, 128 | {{no}} | 1<ref name="ipad 4 benchmark">{{citation|title=Early iPad (4th generation) Benchmarks|date=2012-10-30|url=http://www.primatelabs.com/blog/2012/10/early-ipad-4th-generation-benchmarks/|publisher=primatelabs.com|access-date=2012-10-30}}</ref> | 10 | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|{{convert|650|g|lb|abbr=on}}}}({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}})<br />{{nowrap|{{convert|660|g|lb|abbr=on}}}} ({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}}+4G) |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col" | [[iPad (5th generation)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/ipad-9.7/specs/|title=iPad 9.7-inch - Technical Specifications|website=Apple|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> | {{dts|2017|03|24}} |{{hs|0}}{{convert|9.7|in|cm|abbr=on}} |[[QXGA|2048 × 1536]] |264 |[[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] |[[IOS 10|10.2.1]] (upgradable to 11+) |[[Apple A9]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac + MIMO | {{Yes-No|Optional UMTS, [[HSDPA]], LTE, GSM/EDGE}} | {{yes|4.2}} | {{Yes-No|4G version only}} | 32, 128 | {{no}} | 2 | 10 (9 on 4G) | {{hs|0}}{{convert|7.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|{{convert|469|g|lb|abbr=on}}}}({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}})<br />{{nowrap|{{convert|478|g|lb|abbr=on}}}} ({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}}+4G) |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col" | [[iPad Air]]<ref name="air">{{cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/ipad-air/specs/ |title=iPad Air Technical Specifications |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |access-date=2013-10-22}}</ref> | {{dts|2013|11|01}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.7|in|cm|abbr=on}} | [[QXGA|2048 × 1536]] | 264 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[iOS 7|7.0.3]] (upgradable to 11+) | [[Apple A7]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n + MIMO | {{Yes-No|Optional UMTS, [[HSDPA]], LTE, GSM/EDGE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{Yes-No|4G version only}} | 16, 32, 64, 128 | {{no}} | 1 | 10 (9 on 4G) | {{hs|0}}{{convert|7.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|{{convert|469|g|lb|abbr=on}}}}({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}})<br />{{nowrap|{{convert|478|g|lb|abbr=on}}}} ({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}}+4G) |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col" | [[iPad Air 2]]<ref name="air 2">{{cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/ipad-air-2/specs/ |title=iPad Air 2 Technical Specifications |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |access-date=2014-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026051534/http://www.apple.com/ipad-air-2/specs/ |archive-date=2015-10-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2014|10|22}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.7|in|cm|abbr=on}} | [[QXGA|2048 × 1536]] | 264 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[iOS 8|8.1]] (upgradable to 11+) | [[Apple A8X]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac + MIMO | {{Yes-No|Optional UMTS, [[HSDPA]], LTE, GSM/EDGE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{Yes-No|4G version only}} | 16, 32, 64, 128 | {{no}} | 2 | 10 (9 on 4G) | {{hs|0}}{{convert|6.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|{{convert|437|g|lb|abbr=on}}}}({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}})<br />{{nowrap|{{convert|444|g|lb|abbr=on}}}} ({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}}+4G) |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col" | [[iPad Pro (12.9-inch)]]<ref name="monster">{{cite news|title=Bigger iPad announced at Apple 'monster' event |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-apple-products-idUSKCN0R917620150909 |first=Julia |last=Love |date=September 9, 2015 |work=[[Reuters]] |location=San Francisco |access-date=September 9, 2015}}</ref> | {{dts|2015|11|11}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|12.9|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2732 × 2048 | 264 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[iOS 9|9.1]] (upgradable to 11+) | [[Apple A9X]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac + MIMO | {{Yes-No|Optional UMTS, [[HSDPA]], LTE, GSM/EDGE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{Yes-No|4G version only}} | 32, 128, 256 | {{no}} | 4 | 10 (9 on 4G) | {{hs|0}}{{convert|6.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|{{convert|713|g|lb|abbr=on}}}}({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}})<br />{{nowrap|{{convert|723|g|lb|abbr=on}}}} ({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}}+4G) |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col" | [[iPad Pro (12.9-inch) (2nd generation)]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/ipad-pro/specs/|title=iPad Pro - Technical Specifications|website=Apple|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> | {{dts|2017|06|13}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|12.9|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2732 × 2048 | 264 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[IOS 10|10.3.2]] (upgradable to 11+) | [[Apple A10X]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac + MIMO | {{Yes-No|Optional UMTS, [[HSDPA]], LTE, GSM/EDGE}} | {{yes|4.2}} | {{Yes-No|4G version only}} | 64, 256, 512 | {{no}} | 4 | 10 (9 on 4G) | {{hs|0}}{{convert|6.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|{{convert|677|g|lb|abbr=on}}}}({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}})<br />{{nowrap|{{convert|692|g|lb|abbr=on}}}} ({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}}+4G) |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col" | [[iPad Pro (10.5-inch)]]<ref name=":0" /> | {{dts|2017|06|13}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|10.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2224 x 1668 | 264 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[IOS 10|10.3.2]] (upgradable to 11+) | [[Apple A10X]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac + MIMO | {{Yes-No|Optional UMTS, [[HSDPA]], LTE, GSM/EDGE}} | {{yes|4.2}} | {{Yes-No|4G version only}} | 64, 256, 512 | {{no}} | 4 | 10 (9 on 4G) | {{hs|0}}{{convert|6.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|{{convert|469|g|lb|abbr=on}}}}({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}})<br />{{nowrap|{{convert|477|g|lb|abbr=on}}}} ({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}}+4G) |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col" | [[iPad Pro (9.7-inch)]]<ref name="monster" /> | {{dts|2016|03|31}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.7|in|cm|abbr=on}} | [[QXGA|2048 × 1536]] | 264 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[iOS 9|9.3]] (upgradable to 11+) | [[Apple A9X]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac + MIMO | {{Yes-No|Optional UMTS, [[HSDPA]], LTE, GSM/EDGE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{Yes-No|4G version only}} | 32, 128, 256 | {{no}} | 2 | 10 (9 on 4G) | {{hs|0}}{{convert|6.1|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|{{convert|437|g|lb|abbr=on}}}}({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}})<br />{{nowrap|{{convert|444|g|lb|abbr=on}}}} ({{nowrap|Wi-Fi}}+4G) |- class="sortbottom" ! Model ! Release date ! Display size ! Display resolution ! Pixel density (PPI) ! Display technology ! iOS version ! CPU model ! {{nowrap|Wi-Fi}} ! Cellular ! Bluetooth ! [[Satellite navigation]] ! Storage capacity <small>{{nowrap|(GiB)}}</small> ! Storage expansion ! [[RAM]] <small>{{nowrap|(GiB)}}</small> ! Battery life <small>(h)</small> ! Thickness <small>(mm)</small> ! Weight |} ====Windows==== This table compares multimedia tablets running ''Windows'' operating systems. <!-- ATTENTION: DO NOT GROUP (COMBINE) TABLE HEADERS, COLSPAN & ROWSPAN BREAKS TABLE SORTING --> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center; width: auto;" |- ! Model ! Release date ! [[display size#Measurements and units|Display size]] ! [[Display resolution]] ! Pixel density (PPI) ! Display technology ! [[List of Microsoft Windows versions|Microsoft Windows version]] ! {{nowrap|Wi-Fi}} ! Cellular ! Bluetooth ! [[Satellite navigation]] ! Storage capacity <small>([[GiB]])</small> ! Storage expansion ! [[RAM]] <small>{{nowrap|(GiB)}}</small> ! Battery life <small>(h)</small> ! Thickness <small>(mm)</small> ! Weight ! Other features |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Acer Iconia Tab|Acer Iconia W510]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://us.acer.com/ac/en/US/content/model-datasheet/NT.L0KAA.001 |title=<nowiki>W510-1666 | Model Datasheet</nowiki> |publisher=acer.com |access-date=2013-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128232040/http://us.acer.com/ac/en/US/content/model-datasheet/NT.L0KAA.001 |archive-date=2013-01-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|11|09}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rttnews.com/1979880/acer-announces-iconia-w510-tablet-release-date-and-price.aspx |title=Acer Announces Iconia W510 Tablet Release Date And Price |publisher=rttnews.com |access-date=2013-02-09}}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|1366 × 768}} | 155 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Windows 8|8]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{no}} | 64 | microSD | 2 | {{hs|0}}8.32<ref name="w510 engadget" /> | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.9|mm|in|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobiletechreview.com/notebooks/Acer-Iconia-Tab-W510.htm |title=Acer Iconia Tab W510 Review |publisher=mobiletechreview.com |access-date=2013-02-09}}</ref> | {{convert|576|g|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="w510 engadget">{{cite web|author= Dana Wollman |url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/10/09/acer-iconia-w510-review/ |title=Acer Iconia W510 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-10-09 |access-date= 2013-02-09}}</ref> | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Acer Iconia Tab|Acer Iconia W700]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://us.acer.com/ac/en/US/content/model-datasheet/NT.L0EAA.005 |title=<nowiki>W700-6465 | Model Datasheet</nowiki> |publisher=acer.com |access-date=2013-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128224244/http://us.acer.com/ac/en/US/content/model-datasheet/NT.L0EAA.005 |archive-date=2013-01-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|10|26}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.releasedates.co/product/acer-iconia-tab-w700-release-date |title= Acer Iconia Tab W700 Release Date |publisher= releasedates.co |access-date= 2013-01-12 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130219212338/http://www.releasedates.co/product/acer-iconia-tab-w700-release-date |archive-date= 2013-02-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{convert|11.6|in|cm|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|1920 × 1080}} | 190 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Windows 8|8]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{no}} | {{hs|99}}128 | {{no}} | 4 | {{hs|0}}7.22<ref>{{cite web|author= Dana Wollman |url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/12/14/acer-iconia-w700-review/ |title= Acer Iconia W700 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-12-14 |access-date= 2013-01-12}}</ref> | {{convert|12.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|1043|g|lb|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://us.acer.com/ac/en/US/press/2012/46138 |title= Acer America Debuts Iconia W700 Tablet PC |publisher= acer.com |access-date= 2013-01-12 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130119123403/http://us.acer.com/ac/en/US/press/2012/46138 |archive-date= 2013-01-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Asus Transformer#Asus Transformer Book|Asus Transformer Book T100]] | {{dts|2013|12|12}}<ref name="t100 engadget">{{cite web|author= Dana Wollman |url= https://www.engadget.com/2013/12/01/asus-transformer-book-t100-review/ |title= ASUS Transformer Book T100 review: a Windows tablet with netbook roots |publisher= [[Engadget]] |access-date= 2014-06-08}}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|1366 × 768}} | 155 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Windows 8|8.x]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes|GPS & [[GLONASS]]}} | 32 | microSD | 2 | {{hs|0}}10,40<ref name="t100 engadget"/> | {{hs|0}}{{convert|10.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|550|g|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="t100ta asus specs">{{cite web |url= http://www.asus.com/Notebooks_Ultrabooks/ASUS_Transformer_Book_T100/specifications/ |title= ASUS Transformer Book T100 Specifications |publisher= asus.com |access-date= 2014-06-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140609080734/http://www.asus.com/Notebooks_Ultrabooks/ASUS_Transformer_Book_T100/specifications/ |archive-date= 2014-06-09 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Asus VivoTab]] | {{dts|2012|10|26}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.techradar.com/news/mobile-computing/tablets/asus-vivo-tab-rt-starts-at-599-coming-oct-26-1106590 |title= Pricing for Asus Vivo Tab RT announced, coming Oct. 26 |publisher= [[TechRadar]] |date= 2012-10-23 |access-date= 2012-10-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121027004307/http://www.techradar.com/news/mobile-computing/tablets/asus-vivo-tab-rt-starts-at-599-coming-oct-26-1106590 |archive-date= 2012-10-27 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1366 × 768 | 155 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | {{depends|[[Windows RT|RT]] / [[Windows 8|8]]}} | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{depends}} | {{depends}} | {{depends}} | 2 | {{depends}}:{{bulleted list|10.67<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/10/26/asus-vivotab-rt-review |title=ASUS VivoTab RT review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-10-26 |access-date= 2012-10-27}}</ref>|7.5<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2013/02/20/asus-vivotab-smart-review/ |title= ASUS VivoTab Smart review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2013-02-20 |access-date= 2013-03-03}}</ref>}} | {{depends}} | {{depends}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Wacom (company)#Cintiq Companion|Wacom Cintiq Companion]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://cintiqcompanion.wacom.com/CintiqCompanion/en/ |title= Cintiq Companion hybrid details |publisher= wacom.com |access-date= 2014-04-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140403155139/http://cintiqcompanion.wacom.com/CintiqCompanion/en/ |archive-date= 2014-04-03 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2013|08|08}} | {{convert|13.3|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1920 × 1080 | 166 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Windows 8|8]] | yes (unknown) | {{no}} | {{yes|unknown}} | {{no}} | 256, 512 | Micro SD | 8 | {{hs|0}}up to 5 | {{convert|17|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|1800|g|lb|abbr=on}} | {{bulleted list|Wacom digitizer}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[ThinkPad Tablet 2|Lenovo Thinkpad Tablet 2]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.lenovo.com/products/us/tech-specs/tablet/thinkpad-tablet/thinkpad-tablet-2/ |title=ThinkPad Tablet 2 Specs |publisher= [[Lenovo]] |access-date= 2013-02-17}}</ref> | {{dts|2013|01|07}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/12/20/lenovo-thinkpad-tablet-2-goes-on-sale-may-arrive-in-january/ |title= Lenovo ThinkPad Tablet 2 goes on sale, may arrive in January |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-12-20 |access-date= 2013-02-17}}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1366 × 768 | 155 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Windows 8|8 Pro]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional HSPA+, LTE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes}} | 64 | microSD | 2 | 10.45<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2013/02/11/lenovo-thinkpad-tablet-2-review/ |title= Lenovo ThinkPad Tablet 2 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2013-02-11 |access-date= 2013-02-17}}</ref> | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|565|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[LG Tab-Book]] | {{dts|2013}} | {{convert|11.6|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1366 × 768 |135 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Windows 8|8]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{no}} | {{depends}} | microSD | {{depends}} | {{depends}} | {{convert|16|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{depends}} | {{bulleted list|Slide-out keyboard}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Surface Pro|Microsoft Surface Pro]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.microsoft.com/Surface/en-US/surface-with-windows-8-pro/specifications |title=Surface specifications |publisher= [[Microsoft]] |access-date= 2013-01-27}}</ref> | {{dts|2013|02|09}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/Press/2013/Jan13/01-22SurfaceFamilyPR.aspx |title=Microsoft Grows Surface Family |publisher= [[Microsoft]] |access-date= 2013-01-28}}</ref> | {{convert|10.6|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1920 × 1080 | 208 | LCD | [[Windows 8|8 Pro]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{no}} | 64, 128 | microSDXC | 4 | {{hs|0}}3.77<ref>{{cite web|author= Tim Stevens |url= https://www.engadget.com/2013/02/05/microsoft-surface-pro-review/ |title= Microsoft Surface Pro review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2013-02-05 |access-date= 2013-02-06}}</ref> | {{convert|13.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|907|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Surface (2012 tablet)|Microsoft Surface RT]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.microsoft.com/Surface/en-US/surface-with-windows-rt/specifications |title=Surface specifications |publisher= [[Microsoft]] |access-date= 2012-10-19}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|10|26}} | {{convert|10.6|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1366 × 768 | 149 | LCD | [[Windows RT|RT]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{no}} | 32, 64 | microSDXC | 2 | {{hs|0}}9.6<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/10/23/microsoft-surface-rt-review/ |title= Microsoft Surface with Windows RT review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-10-23 |access-date= 2012-10-27}}</ref> | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|680|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Razer Inc.|Razer]] Edge Pro<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legacy Products |url=https://www.razer.com/legacy-products |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Razer |language=en-US}}</ref> | {{dts|2013|03|28}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cnet.com/laptops/razer-edge-pro-core/4505-3121_7-35561052.html |title=Razer Edge review |publisher= [[CNET|c{{!}}net]] |date= 2013-03-28 |access-date= 2013-04-07}}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1366 × 768 | 155 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Windows 8|8]] | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{no}} | {{hs|99}}128, 256 | {{no}} | 8 | {{hs|0}}3.67<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2013/03/28/razer-edge-review/ |title= Razer Edge Pro review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2013-03-28 |access-date= 2013-04-07}}</ref> | {{convert|19.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|962|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Samsung Ativ Tab]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.samsung.com/global/ativ/ativ_tab.html |title=Samsung ATIV TAB |publisher= samsung.com |access-date= 2012-10-25}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|10|26}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.releasedates.co/product/samsung-ativ-tab-release-date |title= Samsung ATIV Tab Release Date |publisher= releasedates.co |access-date= 2012-10-27 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130115234258/http://www.releasedates.co/product/samsung-ativ-tab-release-date |archive-date= 2013-01-15 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1366 × 768 | 155 | LCD | [[Windows RT|RT]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes}} | 32, 64 | microSD | 2 | 12 | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|570|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Samsung Ativ Tab 5]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/us/computer/tablet-pcs/XE500T1C-HA2US-specs |title=Specs - Tablet PCs XE500T1C |publisher=samsung.com |access-date=2013-02-09}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|11|02}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestbuy.ca/en-CA/product/samsung-samsung-ativ-smart-pc-500t-11-6-64gb-windows-8-tablet-with-intel-atom-processor-blue-xe500t1c-a01ca/10225582.aspx |title=Samsung ATIV Smart PC 500T 11.6" 64GB Windows 8 Tablet With Intel Atom Processor |publisher=bestbuy.ca |access-date=2013-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211105220/http://www.bestbuy.ca/en-CA/product/samsung-samsung-ativ-smart-pc-500t-11-6-64gb-windows-8-tablet-with-intel-atom-processor-blue-xe500t1c-a01ca/10225582.aspx |archive-date=2012-12-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{convert|11.6|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1366 × 768 |135 | LCD | [[Windows 8|8]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{no}} | 64 | microSD | 2 | {{hs|0}}7.07<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/12/05/samsung-ativ-smart-pc-att-review/ |title= Samsung ATIV Smart PC review (AT&T LTE) |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-12-05 |access-date= 2013-02-09}}</ref> | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.65|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|748|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Samsung Ativ Tab 7]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/us/computer/tablet-pcs/XE700T1C-A01US-specs |title=Specs - Tablet PCs XE700T1C |publisher=samsung.com |access-date=2013-02-09}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|11|23}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bestbuy.ca/en-CA/product/samsung-samsung-ativ-smart-pc-pro-700t-11-6-128gb-windows-8-tablet-keyboard-with-intel-core-i5-black-xe700t1c-a01ca/10225581.aspx |title= Samsung ATIV Smart PC Pro 700T 11.6" 128GB Windows 8 Tablet & Keyboard With Intel Core i5 |publisher= bestbuy.ca |access-date= 2013-02-09 |archive-date= 2012-12-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121204233444/http://www.bestbuy.ca/en-CA/product/samsung-samsung-ativ-smart-pc-pro-700t-11-6-128gb-windows-8-tablet-keyboard-with-intel-core-i5-black-xe700t1c-a01ca/10225581.aspx |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{convert|11.6|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1920 × 1080 |190 | LCD | [[Windows 8|8]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{no}} | {{hs|99}}128 | microSD | 4 | {{hs|0}}4.37<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/review/notebooks/samsung/ativ_smart_pc_pro_700t_xe700t1c-a02au/451729 |title= Samsung Ativ Smart PC Pro 700T |publisher= pcworld.idg.com.au |access-date= 2013-02-09 |archive-date= 2013-01-29 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130129083125/http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/review/notebooks/samsung/ativ_smart_pc_pro_700t_xe700t1c-a02au/451729 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{convert|12.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|857|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Samsung Ativ Tab 3]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.samsung.com/global/ativ/ativtab3.html |title=Samsung Ativ Tab 3|publisher= samsung.com |access-date= 2013-02-09}}</ref> | {{dts|2013|06|20}} | {{convert|10.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1366 × 768 |135 | Super PLS LCD | [[Windows 8|8]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional HSPA+, LTE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes}} | 64 | microSD | 2 | {{hs|0}}9<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.phonearena.com/phones/Samsung-ATIV-Tab-3_id7907 |title=Samsung ATIV Tab 3|publisher= phonearena.com |date= 2013-06-20 |access-date= 2013-10-11}}</ref> | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|550|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col" | [[Samsung Galaxy TabPro S]] | {{dts|2016|03}} | {{convert|12|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2160 × 1440 | 216 | [[TFT LCD]] | [[Windows 10|10]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac | {{?}} | {{yes|4.1}} | {{?}} | 128 or 256 | {{no}} | 4 or 8 | {{?}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|6.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|693|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- class="sortbottom" ! Model ! Release date ! Display size ! Display resolution ! Pixel density (PPI) ! Display technology ! Microsoft Windows version ! {{nowrap|Wi-Fi}} ! Cellular ! Bluetooth ! Satellite navigation ! Storage capacity <small>{{nowrap|(GiB)}}</small> ! Storage expansion ! [[RAM]] <small>{{nowrap|(GiB)}}</small> ! Battery life <small>(h)</small> ! Thickness <small>(mm)</small> ! Weight ! Other features |} ==={{convert|5|-|8.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} screen=== This table compares {{nowrap|5–8.5 in}} screen (multi-)media tablets released in ''2012'' and later. ====Android==== This table compares multimedia tablets running ''Android'' operating systems. <!-- ATTENTION: DO NOT GROUP (COMBINE) TABLE HEADERS, COLSPAN & ROWSPAN BREAKS TABLE SORTING --> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center; width: auto;" |- ! Model ! Release date ! [[computer display|Display]] ! [[Display resolution]] ! Pixel density (PPI) ! Display technology ! [[Android version history|Android version]] ! {{nowrap|Wi-Fi}} ! Cellular ! Bluetooth ! [[Satellite navigation]] ! Storage capacity <small>{{nowrap|(GiB)}}</small> ! [[computer data storage|Storage]] expansion ! [[RAM]] <small>{{nowrap|(GiB)}}</small> ! Battery life <small>(hr)</small> ! Thickness <small>(mm)</small> ! Weight !Other features |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[NOVO7|Ainol Novo7]] {{nowrap|Aurora II}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ainol-novo.com/ainol-novo-7-aurora-ii-dual-core-1-5ghz-7-inch-ips-touch-screen-1g-ram-android-tablet.html |title=Ainol Novo 7 Aurora II |publisher=ainol-novo.com |access-date=2012-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605025123/http://www.ainol-novo.com/ainol-novo-7-aurora-ii-dual-core-1-5ghz-7-inch-ips-touch-screen-1g-ram-android-tablet.html |archive-date=2013-06-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slatedroid.com/topic/36760-review-the-ainol-aurora-ii-tablet-on-budget-china-nexus-7/ |title=<nowiki>[Review]</nowiki> The Ainol Aurora II - Tablet on budget, China Nexus 7? |publisher=slatedroid.com |access-date=2012-08-05}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|06}} | {{convert|7.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1024 × 600 |170 | [[In-plane switching|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}} | 16 | microSDHC | 1 | {{hs|0}}7.0 | {{convert|11.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|342|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|Ainol Novo7 Flame<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ainol-novo.com/ainol-novo-7-flame-dual-core-1-5ghz-7-inch-1280-800-ips-screen-android-tablet.html |title=Ainol Novo 7 Flame |publisher=ainol-novo.com |access-date=2012-09-01}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|09|10}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uplaytablet.com/ainol-novo-7-flame-burning-release-date-is-set-to-be-sept-10th/ |title=Ainol NOVO 7 Flame release date is set to be Sept 10th |publisher=uplaytablet.com |date=2012-08-28 |access-date=2012-09-01}}</ref> | {{convert|7.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280 × 800 |216 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | 16 | microSDHC | 1 | {{hs|0}}8.55<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ainolstore.com/forums/topic/304-ainol-novo-7-fire-review-battery-life-test/ |title= Ainol Novo 7 Fire Review -- Battery Life Test |publisher= ainol forum |date= 2012-08-22 |access-date= 2012-09-03 |archive-date= 2012-09-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120901030256/http://ainolstore.com/forums/topic/304-ainol-novo-7-fire-review-battery-life-test/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{convert|10.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|336|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Archos GamePad]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.archos.com/products/gamepad/specs.html?country=us&lang=en&#a |title= ARCHOS GamePad |publisher= archos.com |access-date= 2012-12-15 |archive-date= 2015-05-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150506025431/http://www.archos.com/products/gamepad/specs.html?country=us&lang=en&#a |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|12|06}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://phandroid.com/2012/12/06/buy-archos-gamepad-europe/ |title=Archos GamePad goes up for sale in Europe |publisher= phandroid.com |date= 2012-12-06 |access-date= 2012-12-15}}</ref> | {{convert|7.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1024 × 600 |170 | LCD | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.1]] | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{hs|0}}8 | microSDHC | 1 | {{hs|0}}4.6<ref name="gamepad arctablet">{{cite web|url=http://www.arctablet.com/blog/featured/archos-gamepad-android-portable-console-review-part-1-introduction/|title=Archos GamePad Android portable console review|date=2012-12-06|publisher=arctablet.com|access-date=2012-12-15|archive-date=2012-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209014505/http://www.arctablet.com/blog/featured/archos-gamepad-android-portable-console-review-part-1-introduction/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{convert|15.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|330|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| Fuhu Nabi 2<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nabitablet.com/specs/nabi2 |title=Tech Specs - Nabi 2 |publisher=Fuhu |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-09-11 |archive-date=2012-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917025920/http://www.nabitablet.com/specs/nabi2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|08}}<ref>{{cite web |author= Jasmine Maleficent Rea |url= https://venturebeat.com/2012/06/21/nabi-2-tablet-blends-gamification-with-parenting-review/ |title= Nabi 2 tablet blends gamification with parenting (review) |publisher= venturebeat.com |date= 2012-06-21 |access-date= 2012-09-11 |archive-date= 2012-08-14 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120814201616/http://venturebeat.com/2012/06/21/nabi-2-tablet-blends-gamification-with-parenting-review/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{convert|7.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1024 × 600 | 170 | LCD | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes|3.0}} | {{no}} | {{hs|0}}8 | microSDHC | 1 | {{hs|0}}4.9<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.technobuffalo.com/companies/google/android/nabi-2-quad-core-android-tablet-quick-review/ |title=Nabi 2 Quad-Core Android Tablet Quick Review |publisher=technobuffalo.com |date=2012-06-25 |access-date=2012-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905232622/http://www.technobuffalo.com/companies/google/android/nabi-2-quad-core-android-tablet-quick-review/ |archive-date=2012-09-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{convert|29.08|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|596|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Nexus 7 (2012 version)|Google Nexus 7 (2012)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/nexus/#/7/specs |title=Tech Specs - Nexus 7 |date=2012-06-28 |access-date=2012-06-28}}</ref>([[Asus]]) | {{dts|2012|08}} mid-month<ref>{{cite web|author=Chris Smith |url= http://www.androidauthority.com/google-nexus-7-release-date-pricing-97991/ |title=Google Nexus 7 release date and pricing |publisher= androidauthority.com |date= 2012-06-27 |access-date= 2012-06-28}}</ref> | {{convert|7.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280 × 800 | 216 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.2]] | 802.11 b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional HSPA+}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{hs|0}}8, 16, 32 | {{no}} | 1 | {{hs|0}}9.82<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/06/28/nexus-7-review/ |title=Nexus 7 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-06-28 |access-date= 2012-06-28}}</ref> | {{convert|10.45|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|340|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Nexus 7 (2013 version)|Google Nexus 7 (2013)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/nexus/7/ |title= Nexus 7 |date=2013-07-29 |access-date=2013-08-25}}</ref>([[Asus]]) | {{dts|2013|08}} mid-month<ref>{{cite web|author=Ken Yeung |url= https://thenextweb.com/google/2013/07/26/so-much-for-launch-dates-googles-new-nexus-7-tablet-has-landed-in-the-google-play-store/ |title=Google's new Nexus 7 tablet has landed in the Google Play store |publisher= thenextweb.com |date= 2013-07-26 |access-date= 2013-08-25}}</ref> | {{convert|7.02|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1920 × 1200 | 323 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.3]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional HSPA+, LTE}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{hs|0}}16, 32 | {{no}} | 2 | {{hs|0}}7.32<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2013/07/29/nexus-7-review-2013/ |title=Nexus 7 review (2013) |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-07-29 |access-date= 2012-08-25}}</ref> | {{convert|8.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|290|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Kindle Fire HD|Amazon Kindle Fire HD]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.amazon.com/Kindle-Fire-HD/dp/B0083PWAPW |title=Kindle Fire HD |website=Amazon |access-date= 2012-09-09}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|09|14}} | {{convert|7.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280 × 800 | 216 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]]<ref name="kindle fire hd OS" /> | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | 16, 32 | {{no}} | 1 | {{hs|0}}9.95<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/09/11/amazon-kindle-fire-hd-review-7-inch/ |title= Amazon Kindle Fire HD review (7-inch) |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-09-11 |access-date= 2012-09-12}}</ref> | {{convert|10.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|395|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Kindle Fire HDX|Amazon Kindle Fire HDX]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00BWYRF7E/ref=fs_ft |title=Kindle Fire HDX |website=Amazon |access-date= 2015-05-19}}</ref> | {{dts|2013|10|18}} | {{convert|7.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1920 × 1200 | 323 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android KitKat|4.4.3]] (customized as Fire OS4) | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | 16, 32, 64 | {{no}} | 2 | {{hs|0}}11 | {{convert|9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|303|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Kobo Arc]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kobo.com/koboarc/techspecs/ |title=Kobo Arc Technical Specs |publisher=kobo.com |access-date=2012-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010158/http://www.kobo.com/koboarc/techspecs/ |archive-date=2013-01-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|11}}<ref name="arc cnet">{{cite web|url=http://reviews.cnet.com/tablets/kobo-arc-8gb-black/4505-3126_7-35435501.html|title=Kobo Arc - Tablets - CNET Reviews|date=2012-09-05|publisher=cnet.com|access-date=2012-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927032939/http://reviews.cnet.com/tablets/kobo-arc-8gb-black/4505-3126_7-35435501.html|archive-date=2012-09-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{convert|7.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280 × 800 | 215 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}} | 16, 32, 64 | {{no}} | 1 | {{unk}} | {{convert|11.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|364|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|Milagrow TabTop 7.4<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.milagrowhumantech.com/tabtop/4gb-usps |title= Milagrow TabTop 7.4 Specifications |publisher= milagrowhumantech.com |access-date= 2013-02-12 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120606064751/http://www.milagrowhumantech.com/tabtop/4gb-usps |archive-date= 2012-06-06 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|05}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://tech2.in.com/news/tablets/milagrow-launches-tabtop-74-tablet-series-starting-at-rs10990/311642 |title= Milagrow launches TabTop 7.4 series |publisher= tech2.in.com |access-date= 2013-02-12 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120906082350/http://tech2.in.com/news/tablets/milagrow-launches-tabtop-74-tablet-series-starting-at-rs10990/311642 |archive-date= 2012-09-06 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{convert|7.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | {{hs|0}}800 × 600 | 137 | LCD | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{yes|A-GPS}} | {{hs|0}}4, 16 | microSD | 0.5 | {{unk}} | {{hs|0}}{{convert|6.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|361|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Nook HD|Barnes & Noble Nook HD]]<ref name="nook tablet hd"/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.barnesandnoble.com/p/nook-hd-barnes-noble/1110060426 |title= BARNES & NOBLE &#124; NOOK |publisher= Barnes & noble |access-date= 2012-09-27}}</ref> | {{dts|2012|11|01}} | {{convert|7.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1440 × 900 | 243 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | 802.11 b/g/n | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{hs|0}}8, 16 | microSDHC | 1 | {{hs|0}}9 | {{convert|11|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|315|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[LG G Pad 8.3]] | {{dts|2013|09}} | {{convert|8.3|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1920 × 1080 | 273 | [[TFT LCD]] | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.2.2]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional HSPA+, LTE unreleased}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes|A-GPS, GLONASS}} | 16 | microSDXC | 2 | TBT | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|338|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"|[[Shield Tablet|Nvidia Shield Tablet]] | {{dts|2014|09}} | {{convert|8.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1920 × 1200 | 294 | [[E-IPS|IPS LCD]] | [[Android KitKat|4.4.2]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{Yes-No|Optional GPRS/EDGE, HSPA+}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes|GPS, GLONASS}} | 16, 32 | microSDXC (128GB) | 2 | 10.8 | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{nowrap|{{convert|390|g|lb|abbr=on}}}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 7.0]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.samsungmobilepress.com/2012/02/13/Samsung's-new-GALAXY-Tab-2-(7.0)-offers-optimal-multimedia-experiences-in-life |title= Samsung's new GALAXY Tab 2 7.0 offers optimal multimedia experiences in life" &#124; Samsung Mobile Press |publisher= Samsung.com |date= 2012-02-13 |access-date= 2012-02-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120215211323/http://www.samsungmobilepress.com/2012/02/13/Samsung's-new-GALAXY-Tab-2-(7.0)-offers-optimal-multimedia-experiences-in-life |archive-date= 2012-02-15 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | {{dts|2012|04}}<ref name="galaxy tab 2 7.0 techcrunch">{{cite web|url= https://techcrunch.com/2012/04/11/samsungs-249-galaxy-tab-2-7-0-to-make-u-s-debut-on-april-22-we-go-hands-on/ |title=Samsung's $249 Galaxy Tab 2 7.0 To Make U.S. Debut On April 22, We Go Hands-On |date= 2012-04-11 |publisher= techcrunch.com |access-date= 2012-04-12}}</ref> | {{convert|7.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1024 × 600 | 169 | PLS LCD | [[Android Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0]] | 802.11 b/g/n | {{yes|GPRS/EDGE, HSPA+}} | {{yes|3.0}} | {{yes|A-GPS, GLONASS}} | {{hs|0}}8, 16, 32 | microSD | 1 | {{hs|0}}7.63<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/11/samsung-galaxy-tab-2-7-0-review/ |title= Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 (7.0) review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2012-04-11 |access-date= 2012-04-12}}</ref> | {{convert|10.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|344|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 7.0]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxytab3/index_7.html |title=Samsung GALAXY Tab 3 7.0 |publisher= Samsung.com |access-date= 2013-08-05}}</ref> | {{dts|2013|07|07}} | {{convert|7.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1024 × 600 | 169 | [[TFT LCD]] | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.1]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{yes|HSPA+}} | {{yes|3.0}} | {{yes|A-GPS, GLONASS}} | 8, 16 | microSDXC | 1 | {{hs|0}}8.6 | {{hs|0}}{{convert|9.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|306|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Samsung Galaxy Note 8.0]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxynote/note8.0/specifications.html |title=Samsung GALAXY Note 8.0 |publisher= Samsung.com |access-date= 2013-04-21}}</ref> | {{dts|2013|04|11}}<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.androidcentral.com/samsung-galaxy-note-80-hits-us-week |title=Samsung Galaxy Note 8.0 hits the U.S. this week for $399 |publisher= androidcentral.com |access-date= 2013-04-21}}</ref> | {{convert|8.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280 × 800 | 189 | [[TFT LCD]] | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.1]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{yes|HSPA+, LTE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes|A-GPS, GLONASS}} | 16, 32 | microSDXC | 2 | {{hs|0}}7.3<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2013/04/09/samsung-galaxy-note-8-review/ |title=Samsung Galaxy Note 8.0 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2013-04-09 |access-date= 2012-04-21}}</ref> | {{hs|0}}{{convert|7.95|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|340|g|lb|abbr=on}} | {{bulleted list|S-pen stylus}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 8.0]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxytab3/index_8.html |title=Samsung GALAXY Tab 3 8.0 |publisher= Samsung.com |access-date= 2013-08-05}}</ref> | {{dts|2013|07|07}} | {{convert|8.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280 × 800 | 189 | [[TFT LCD]] | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.2.2]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n | {{yes|HSPA+, LTE}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes|A-GPS, GLONASS}} | 16, 32 | microSDXC | 1.5 | {{hs|0}}7.3<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.engadget.com/2013/08/02/samsung-galaxy-tab-3-8-0-review/ |title=Samsung Galaxy Tab 3 8.0 review |publisher= [[Engadget]] |date= 2013-08-02 |access-date= 2012-08-05}}</ref> | {{hs|0}}{{convert|7.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|314|g|lb|abbr=on}} | |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Samsung Galaxy Note 3]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxynote3+gear/ |title=Samsung GALAXY Note3 |publisher= Samsung.com |access-date= 2013-09-08}}</ref> | {{dts|2013|09}} | {{convert|5.7|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1920 × 1080 | 388 | Full HD Super AMOLED | [[Android Jelly Bean|4.3]] | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac | {{yes|GPRS/EDGE, HSPA+, LTE}} | {{yes|4.0+LE}} | {{yes|A-GPS, GLONASS}} | 16, 32, 64 | microSDHC | 8 (GSM) <br /> 4 (LTE) | TBT | {{hs|0}}{{convert|8.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|168|g|lb|abbr=on}} | {{bulleted list|S-pen stylus}} |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| [[Samsung Galaxy Tab S 8.4]] | {{dts|2014|07|02}} | {{convert|8.4|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 2560 × 1600 | 359 | Super AMOLED | [[Android KitKat|4.4.2]] → [[Android Lollipop|5.0.2]] → [[Android Marshmallow|6.0.1]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.phonemore.com/samsung-galaxy-tab-s-84-4g-sm-t705-16gb/specs/1636 | title=Samsung Galaxy Tab S 8.4 (4G SM-T705 16GB) - Specs }}</ref> in USA and Canada | 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac | {{Yes-No|{{bulleted list|T705: 3G, 4G/LTE|T707V: Verizon CDMA}}}} | {{yes|4.0}} | {{yes|A-GPS, GLONASS}}<ref>http://www.samsung.com/ca/business/business-products/tablets/tablets/SM-T700NTSAXAC</ref> | 16 &ndash; 32 | microSDHC | 3 | 10 | {{hs|0}}{{convert|6.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} | {{convert|294|-|298|g|lb|abbr=on}} | 32-bits only |- ! style="text-align:left;" scope="col"| Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 NOOK<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.barnesandnoble.com/p/samsung-galaxy-tab-4-nook-barnes-noble/1119732448 |title= Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 NOOK |publisher= barnesandnoble.com |access-date= 2014-09-04}}</ref> | {{dts|2014|09}} | {{convert|7|in|cm|abbr=on}} | 1280 × 800 | 216 <references /> k9xw2iej5nispeorhxztfaavcu3v5np 10 75305 975979 401058 2026-11-04T22:17:23Z Mr. Ibrahem 5513 /* TemplateData */ update from enwiki 975979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} ==Usage== ; To cite a professional or scientific journal : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |url= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> ; [[Vancouver system]] author style for a scientific journal : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |vauthors= |date= |title= |url= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> : or : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |url= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date= |name-list-style=vanc}}</syntaxhighlight> ; To cite a journal article with no credited author : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |title= |url= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> ;To cite an online article that has been archived :<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> ;To cite an article written in a foreign language :<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last= |first= |date= |title= |trans-title= |url= |language= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> ;To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language journal article re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription :<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |trans-title= |url= |format= |language= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |via= |url-access= |access-date= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=}}</syntaxhighlight> {{end}} {{anchor|full horizontal}} :<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |last3= |first3= |author-link3= |last4= |first4= |author-link4= |last5= |first5= |author-link5= |display-authors= |author-mask= |name-list-style= |date= |year= |orig-date= |editor1-last= |editor1-first= |editor1-link= |editor2-last= |editor2-first= |editor2-link= |editor3-last= |editor3-first= |editor3-link= |editor4-last= |editor4-first= |editor4-link= |editor5-last= |editor5-first= |editor5-link= |display-editors= |others= |title= |script-title= |trans-title= |url= |format= |department= |journal= |type= |series= |language= |edition= |location= |publisher= |publication-place= |publication-date= |volume= |issue= |page= |pages= |at= |no-pp= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |doi-broken-date= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |via= |url-access= |access-date= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote= |postscript= |ref=}}</syntaxhighlight> {{end}} '''To cite a professional or scientific journal''' {{tj|cite journal | last1: | first1: | last2: | first2: | date: | title: | url: | journal: | volume: | issue: | pages: | doi: | access-date: }} '''[[Vancouver system]] author style for a scientific journal''' {{tj|cite journal | vauthors: | date: | title: | url: | journal: | volume: | issue: | pages: | doi: | pmc: | pmid: | access-date: }} or {{tj|cite journal | last1: | first1: | last2: | first2: | date: | title: | url: | journal: | volume: | issue: | pages: | doi: | pmc: | pmid: | access-date: | name-list-style: vanc }} '''To cite a journal article with no credited author''' <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{cite journal | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | date = | title = | url = | journal = | volume = | issue = | pages = | doi = | access-date = }} </syntaxhighlight> '''To cite an online article that has been archived''' {{tj|cite journal | last: | first: | date: | title: | url: | journal: | volume: | issue: | pages: | doi: | access-date: | url-status: | archive-url: | archive-date: }} '''To cite a journal article written in a foreign language''' {{tj|cite journal | last: | first: | date: | title: | trans-title: | url: | language: | journal: | volume: | issue: | pages: | doi: | access-date: }} '''To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language journal article re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription''' {{tj|cite journal | last1: | first1: | last2: | first2: | date: | title: | trans-title: | url: | format: | language: | journal: | volume: | issue: | pages: | doi: | via: | url-access: | access-date: | url-status: | archive-url: | archive-date: | quote: }} {{end}} {{anchor|full vertical}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="margin:0px; border:none;"> {{cite journal | last1 = | first1 = | author-link1 = | last2 = | first2 = | author-link2 = | last3 = | first3 = | author-link3 = | last4 = | first4 = | author-link4 = | last5 = | first5 = | author-link5 = | display-authors = | author-mask = | name-list-style = | date = | year = | orig-date = | editor1-last = | editor1-first = | editor1-link = | editor2-last = | editor2-first = | editor2-link = | editor3-last = | editor3-first = | editor3-link = | editor4-last = | editor4-first = | editor4-link = | editor5-last = | editor5-first = | editor5-link = | display-editors = | others = | title = | script-title = | trans-title = | url = | format = | department = | journal = | type = | series = | language = | edition = | location = | publisher = | publication-place = | publication-date = | volume = | issue = | page = | pages = | at = | no-pp = | arxiv = | asin = | bibcode = | biorxiv = | citeseerx = | doi = | doi-broken-date = | doi-access = | isbn = | issn = | jfm = | jstor = | jstor-access = | lccn = | mr = | oclc = | ol = | ol-access = | osti = | osti-access = | pmc = | pmid = | rfc = | ssrn = | zbl = | id = | via = | quote = | postscript = | ref = | url-access = | access-date = | url-status = | archive-url = | archive-date = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{csdoc|usage vertical mid}} <pre style="margin:0px; border:none;"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;last1 &nbsp; &nbsp;last1 &nbsp;last2 &nbsp; &nbsp;last2 &nbsp;last3 &nbsp; &nbsp;last3 &nbsp;last4 &nbsp; &nbsp;last4 &nbsp;last5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;editor1-last &nbsp; &nbsp;editor1-last &nbsp;editor2-last &nbsp; &nbsp;editor2-last &nbsp;editor3-last &nbsp; &nbsp;editor3-last &nbsp;editor4-last &nbsp; &nbsp;editor4-last &nbsp;editor5-last &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;title or script-title &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;doi &nbsp;doi &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;jstor &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;ol &nbsp; &nbsp;osti &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;url &nbsp;url &nbsp;url &nbsp;url &nbsp;archive-url </pre> <pre style="margin:0px; border:none;"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </pre> ==Examples== ;Journal article *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1=Overpeck |first1=J. T. |last2=Webb |first2=T. |last3=Prentice |first3=I. C. |date=January 1985 |title=Quantitative interpretation of fossil pollen spectra: Dissimilarity coefficients and the method of modern analogs |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=23 |pages=87–108 |bibcode=1985QuRes..23...87O |doi=10.1016/0033-5894(85)90074-2}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: * {{cite journal |last1=Overpeck |first1=J. T. |last2=Webb |first2=T. |last3=Prentice |first3=I. C. |date=January 1985 |title=Quantitative interpretation of fossil pollen spectra: Dissimilarity coefficients and the method of modern analogs |journal=Quaternary Research |volume=23 |pages=87–108 |doi=10.1016/0033-5894(85)90074-2|bibcode=1985QuRes..23...87O}} ;Vancouver style (common in biomedicine); see {{vcite}} for specific templates *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bannen R, Suresh V, Phillips GN Jr, Wright S, Mitchell J |date=2008 |title=Optimal design of thermally stable proteins |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/24/20/2339/260340 |journal=Bioinformatics |volume=24 |issue=20 |pages=2339–2343 |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btn450 |pmc=2562006 |pmid=18723523}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: *{{cite journal |vauthors=Bannen R, Suresh V, Phillips GN Jr, Wright S, Mitchell J |date=2008 |title=Optimal design of thermally stable proteins |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/24/20/2339/260340 |journal=Bioinformatics |volume=24 |issue=20 |pages=2339–2343 |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btn450 |pmc=2562006 |pmid=18723523}} or *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1=Bannen |first1=RM |last2=Suresh |first2=V |last3=Phillips |first3=GN Jr |last4=Wright |first4=SJ |last5=Mitchell |first5=JC |date=2008 |title=Optimal design of thermally stable proteins |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/24/20/2339/260340 |journal=Bioinformatics |volume=24 |issue=20 |pages=2339–2343 |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btn450 |pmc=2562006 |pmid=18723523 |name-list-style=vanc}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: * {{cite journal |last1=Bannen |first1=RM |last2=Suresh |first2=V |last3=Phillips |first3=GN Jr |last4=Wright |first4=SJ |last5=Mitchell |first5=JC |date=2008 |title=Optimal design of thermally stable proteins |url=https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/24/20/2339/260340 |journal=Bioinformatics |volume=24 |issue=20 |pages=2339–2343 |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btn450 |pmc=2562006 |pmid=18723523 |name-list-style=vanc}} ;Include URL link to article, pre-print, or abstract. *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1=Aries |first1=Myriam B. C. |last2=Newsham |first2=Guy R. |name-list-style=amp |date=2008 |title=Effect of daylight saving time on lighting energy use: a literature review |url=http://archive.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/obj/irc/doc/pubs/nrcc49212/nrcc49212.pdf |journal=Energy Policy |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1858–1866 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2007.05.021 |access-date=October 18, 2013}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: * {{cite journal |last1=Aries |first1=Myriam B. C. |last2=Newsham |first2=Guy R. |name-list-style=amp |date=2008 |title=Effect of daylight saving time on lighting energy use: a literature review |url=http://archive.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/obj/irc/doc/pubs/nrcc49212/nrcc49212.pdf |journal=Energy Policy |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1858–1866 |doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2007.05.021 |access-date=October 18, 2013}} If the linked document is PDF, but the [[filename extension|extension]] is not .pdf or .PDF, you may add the parameter {{para|format|PDF}}, which displays " (PDF)" after the link. ;Specify the [[digital object identifier|DOI]] to provide a permanent link, and a URL where the article is free. For medical articles also give the [[PMID]] and [[PubMed Central]] (PMC) ID: the PMC value will link the free full-text repository, will link the title if the URL is not specified, and will show an open padlock informing readers that the article is open-access. {{para|access-date}} is not necessary when a permanent identifier is used. *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1=Viollet |first1=Benoît |last2=Andreelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Jørgensen |first3=Sebastian B. |last4=Perrin |first4=Christophe |last5=Geloen |first5=Alain |last6=Flamez |first6=Daisy |last7=Mu |first7=James |last8=Lenzner |first8=Claudia |last9=Baud |first9=Olivier |last10=Bennoun |first10=Myriam |last11=Gomas |first11=Emmanuel |last12=Nicolas |first12=Gaël |last13=Wojtaszewski |first13=Jørgen F. P. |last14=Kahn1 |first14=Axel |last15=Carling |first15=David |last16=Schuit |first16=Frans C. |last17=Birnbaum |first17=Morris J. |last18=Richter |first18=Erik A. |last19=Burcelin |first19=Rémy |last20=Vaulont |first20=Sophie |display-authors=5 |date=January 2003 |title=The AMP-activated protein kinase α2 catalytic subunit controls whole-body insulin sensitivity |url=https://www.jci.org/articles/view/16567 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.1172/JCI16567 |pmc=151837 |pmid=12511592 |access-date=2012-11-17}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: * {{cite journal |last1=Viollet |first1=Benoît |last2=Andreelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Jørgensen |first3=Sebastian B. |last4=Perrin |first4=Christophe |last5=Geloen |first5=Alain |last6=Flamez |first6=Daisy |last7=Mu |first7=James |last8=Lenzner |first8=Claudia |last9=Baud |first9=Olivier |last10=Bennoun |first10=Myriam |last11=Gomas |first11=Emmanuel |last12=Nicolas |first12=Gaël |last13=Wojtaszewski |first13=Jørgen F. P. |last14=Kahn1 |first14=Axel |last15=Carling |first15=David |last16=Schuit |first16=Frans C. |last17=Birnbaum |first17=Morris J. |last18=Richter |first18=Erik A. |last19=Burcelin |first19=Rémy |last20=Vaulont |first20=Sophie |display-authors=5 |date=January 2003 |title=The AMP-activated protein kinase α2 catalytic subunit controls whole-body insulin sensitivity |url=https://www.jci.org/articles/view/16567 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.1172/JCI16567 <!--|doi-access=free --> |pmc=151837 |pmid=12511592 |access-date=2012-11-17}} Whereas if the URL had not been specified, then the title is linked to the PMC link, which is repeated: *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1=Viollet |first1=Benoît |last2=Andreelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Jørgensen |first3=Sebastian B. |last4=Perrin |first4=Christophe |last5=Geloen |first5=Alain |last6=Flamez |first6=Daisy |last7=Mu |first7=James |last8=Lenzner |first8=Claudia |last9=Baud |first9=Olivier |last10=Bennoun |first10=Myriam |last11=Gomas |first11=Emmanuel |last12=Nicolas |first12=Gaël |last13=Wojtaszewski |first13=Jørgen F. P. |last14=Kahn1 |first14=Axel |last15=Carling |first15=David |last16=Schuit |first16=Frans C. |last17=Birnbaum |first17=Morris J. |last18=Richter |first18=Erik A. |last19=Burcelin |first19=Rémy |last20=Vaulont |first20=Sophie |display-authors=5 |date=January 2003 |title=The AMP-activated protein kinase α2 catalytic subunit controls whole-body insulin sensitivity |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.1172/JCI16567 |pmc=151837 |pmid=12511592}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: * {{cite journal |last1=Viollet |first1=Benoît |last2=Andreelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Jørgensen |first3=Sebastian B. |last4=Perrin |first4=Christophe |last5=Geloen |first5=Alain |last6=Flamez |first6=Daisy |last7=Mu |first7=James |last8=Lenzner |first8=Claudia |last9=Baud |first9=Olivier |last10=Bennoun |first10=Myriam |last11=Gomas |first11=Emmanuel |last12=Nicolas |first12=Gaël |last13=Wojtaszewski |first13=Jørgen F. P. |last14=Kahn1 |first14=Axel |last15=Carling |first15=David |last16=Schuit |first16=Frans C. |last17=Birnbaum |first17=Morris J. |last18=Richter |first18=Erik A. |last19=Burcelin |first19=Rémy |last20=Vaulont |first20=Sophie |display-authors=5 |date=January 2003 |title=The AMP-activated protein kinase α2 catalytic subunit controls whole-body insulin sensitivity |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.1172/JCI16567 <!--|doi-access=free --> |pmc=151837 |pmid=12511592}} If the doi link is broken, then use of '''doi-broken-date''' indicates when the doi-problem was last verified, and will also add the page to "CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Mmmm YYYY" (tracking category [[:Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive]]): *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1=Viollet |first1=Benoît |last2=Andreelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Jørgensen |first3=Sebastian B. |last4=Perrin |first4=Christophe |last5=Geloen |first5=Alain |last6=Flamez |first6=Daisy |last7=Mu |first7=James |last8=Lenzner |first8=Claudia |last9=Baud |first9=Olivier |last10=Bennoun |first10=Myriam |last11=Gomas |first11=Emmanuel |last12=Nicolas |first12=Gaël |last13=Wojtaszewski |first13=Jørgen F. P. |last14=Kahn1 |first14=Axel |last15=Carling |first15=David |last16=Schuit |first16=Frans C. |last17=Birnbaum |first17=Morris J. |last18=Richter |first18=Erik A. |last19=Burcelin |first19=Rémy |last20=Vaulont |first20=Sophie |display-authors=5 |date=January 2003 |title=The AMP-activated protein kinase α2 catalytic subunit controls whole-body insulin sensitivity |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.1172/JCI16567 |doi-broken-date=2021-07-01 |pmc=151837 |pmid=12511592}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: * {{cite journal |last1=Viollet |first1=Benoît |last2=Andreelli |first2=Fabrizio |last3=Jørgensen |first3=Sebastian B. |last4=Perrin |first4=Christophe |last5=Geloen |first5=Alain |last6=Flamez |first6=Daisy |last7=Mu |first7=James |last8=Lenzner |first8=Claudia |last9=Baud |first9=Olivier |last10=Bennoun |first10=Myriam |last11=Gomas |first11=Emmanuel |last12=Nicolas |first12=Gaël |last13=Wojtaszewski |first13=Jørgen F. P. |last14=Kahn1 |first14=Axel |last15=Carling |first15=David |last16=Schuit |first16=Frans C. |last17=Birnbaum |first17=Morris J. |last18=Richter |first18=Erik A. |last19=Burcelin |first19=Rémy |last20=Vaulont |first20=Sophie |display-authors=5 |date=January 2003 |title=The AMP-activated protein kinase α2 catalytic subunit controls whole-body insulin sensitivity |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=91–98 |doi=10.1172/JCI16567 |doi-broken-date=2021-07-01 |pmc=151837 |pmid=12511592 |no-tracking=yes}} ;If the article is in a foreign language, and the original title is unknown, enclose the translated title in square brackets and use {{para|title}}. Otherwise use {{para|title}} for the foreign-language title and {{para|trans-title}} for the English-language title. *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Y. |last2=Lu |first2=J. |last3=Shen |first3=Y. |last4=Lu |first4=J. |name-list-style=amp |date=March 1999 |title=[The protective effects of total flavonoids from Lycium Barbarum L. on lipid peroxidation of liver mitochondria and red blood cell in rats] |journal=Wei Sheng Yan Jiu |language=Chinese |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=115–116 |pmid=11938998}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: :{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Y. |last2=Lu |first2=J. |last3=Shen |first3=Y. |last4=Lu |first4=J. |name-list-style=amp |date=March 1999 |title=[The protective effects of total flavonoids from Lycium Barbarum L. on lipid peroxidation of liver mitochondria and red blood cell in rats] |journal=Wei Sheng Yan Jiu |language=Chinese |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=115–116 |pmid=11938998}} ;Example using other identifiers *<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite journal |last=Merimovich |first=C. |date=2007 |title=A power function with a fixed finite gap everywhere |journal=Journal of Symbolic Logic |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=361–417 |doi=10.2178/jsl/1185803615 |mr=2320282}}</syntaxhighlight> Displays as: * {{cite journal |last=Merimovich |first=C. |date=2007 |title=A power function with a fixed finite gap everywhere |journal=Journal of Symbolic Logic |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=361–417 |doi=10.2178/jsl/1185803615 |mr=2320282}} ==Parameters== ===Syntax=== {{csdoc|syntax}} {{csdoc|sep_period}} ===COinS=== {{csdoc|coins}} ===What's new=== {{csdoc|whats new}} ===Deprecated=== {{disputed|what=documentation's representation of the various lay parameters|talkpage=Help talk:Citation Style 1/Archive 82#Lay-url|date=January 2022}} {{csdoc|deprecated}} ===Description=== ====Authors==== {{csdoc|author|others=yes}} ====Date==== {{csdoc|date}} ====Editors==== {{csdoc|editor}} ====Title==== {{csdoc|title|title_format=quotes}} {{csdoc|type}} {{csdoc|language}} ===={{Anchor|url}}URL==== {{csdoc|url|pmc=yes}} ====Periodical==== {{csdoc|journal|department=yes|article_num=yes}} ====Publisher==== {{csdoc|publisher}} ====Edition, series, volume==== {{csdoc|edition}} {{csdoc|series}} {{csdoc|volume}} ====In-source locations==== {{csdoc|pages|work=y|journal=y}} ====Identifiers==== {{distinguish|#Anchor}} {{csdoc|id1}} {{csdoc|id2}} ====Subscription or registration required==== {{csdoc|registration}} ====Quote==== {{csdoc|quote}} ====Anchor==== {{distinguish|#Identifiers}} {{csdoc|ref}} ====Display options==== {{csdoc|display}} ==Notes== Although it may appear redundant to include multiple ids for articles, it is helpful for many editors who only have access to a certain resource. If only one ID is to be included, the DOI should be used, as this is the universal standard preferred by professional publications. Specifying a link as a DOI, PMID, etc. is always preferable to including it as a URL parameter, as it makes it clear that the link is accurate and stable, but not necessarily openly accessible. {{para|access-date}} is not necessary when a permanent identifier is used. == TemplateData == {{Warning |image=Stop hand nuvola.svg |This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [[Help:Citation Style 1#TemplateData]]}} {{TemplateData header}} {{#invoke:cs1 documentation support|template_data_validate|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} <templatedata> { "description": "This template formats a citation to an article in a magazine or journal, using the provided source information (e.g. journal name, author, title, issue, URL) and various formatting options.", "params": { "url": { "label": "URL", "description": "The URL (web address) of the source containing the cited information. Requires schemes of the type \"http://...\".", "type": "url", "aliases": [ "URL" ], "suggested": true, "example": "https://www.science.org/..." }, "title": { "label": "Title", "description": "The title of the article; can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in quotes.", "type": "content", "required": true }, "last": { "label": "Last name", "description": "The surname of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "author", "author1", "last1" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "first": { "label": "First name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "first1" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "last2": { "label": "Last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2'", "aliases": [ "author2" ], "type": "line" }, "first2": { "label": "First name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "date": { "label": "Source date", "description": "Date of the source; do not wikilink. As listed in the publication", "type": "date", "suggested": true }, "journal": { "label": "Journal", "description": "Name of the source journal; may be wikilinked; displays in italics; alias of 'work'", "type": "content", "required": true, "example": "Nature" }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; may be wikilinked; displays after title", "type": "content", "example": "[[University of Chicago Press]]" }, "issue": { "label": "Issue", "description": "Issue identifier when the source is part of a series that is published periodically, usually a number. Do not prepend with no. Displayed in parentheses following volume.", "type": "line", "example": "4", "suggested": true }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "string" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "date" }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'", "type": "content" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; recommended only when date parameter format is YYYY-MM-DD and a CITEREF disambiguator is needed", "type": "number" }, "orig-date": { "label": "Original date", "description": "Original date of publication; provide specifics", "type": "string" }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-last', 'editor'", "aliases": [ "editor1-last" ], "type": "line" }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-first'", "aliases": [ "editor1-first" ], "type": "line" }, "editor-link": { "label": "Editor link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors; alias of 'editor1-link'", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "series": { "label": "Series", "description": "Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal; alias of 'version'", "type": "content", "aliases": [ "version" ] }, "department": { "label": "Department", "description": "Department (section) within the periodical", "type": "string" }, "location": { "label": "Location of publication", "description": "Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place; alias of 'place'", "type": "string" }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "type": "content" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "description": "When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed with ' ed.'", "type": "line" }, "volume": { "label": "Volume", "description": "For one publication published in several volumes, usually a number. Do not prepend with v. or vol.", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "example": "3" }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "Page in the source that supports the content; display is preceded by colon (:)", "type": "line" }, "pages": { "label": "Pages", "description": "Pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source; display is preceded by colon)", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "no-pp": { "label": "No pp", "description": "Set to 'y' to suppress the 'p.' or 'pp.' display with 'page' or 'pages' when inappropriate (such as 'Front cover')", "type": "line" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "line" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written, if not English; use a two-letter language code or the full language name. Do not use icons or templates", "type": "content" }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...", "type": "line" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "content" }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "content" }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url' ('url' is required when using 'format'); examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "content" }, "arxiv": { "label": "arXiv identifier", "description": "An identifier for arXiv electronic preprints of scientific papers", "type": "line" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "line" }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "line" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "line" }, "biorxiv": { "label": "biorXiv", "description": "biorXiv identifier; full doi", "type": "line" }, "citeseerx": { "label": "CiteSeerX", "description": "CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter", "type": "line", "deprecated": true }, "hdl": { "label": "HDL", "description": "Handle System identifier; 9 to 11 characters", "type": "line" }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "line" }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number (print); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "line" }, "eissn": { "label": "eISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number (online); 8 characters; usually split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "line" }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "line" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "line" }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "line" }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "line" }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "number" }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier", "type": "line" }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "line" }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "number" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "line" }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "number" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "line" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "line" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "line" }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; must include terminating punctuation", "type": "content" }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set |ref=none.", "type": "line" }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none'", "type": "line", "default": "." }, "last3": { "label": "Last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3'", "aliases": [ "author3" ], "type": "line" }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last4": { "label": "Last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4'", "aliases": [ "author4" ], "type": "line" }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last5": { "label": "Last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5'", "aliases": [ "author5" ], "type": "line" }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last6": { "label": "Last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6'", "aliases": [ "author6" ], "type": "line" }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last7": { "label": "Last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7'", "aliases": [ "author7" ], "type": "line" }, "first7": { "label": "First name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last8": { "label": "Last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8'", "aliases": [ "author8" ], "type": "line" }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last9": { "label": "Last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9'.", "aliases": [ "author9" ], "type": "line" }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last10": { "label": "Last name 10", "description": "The surname of the tenth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link10'.", "aliases": [ "author10" ], "type": "line" }, "first10": { "label": "First name 10", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the tenth author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last11": { "label": "Last name 11", "description": "The surname of the 11th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link11'. ", "aliases": [ "author11" ], "type": "line" }, "first11": { "label": "First name 11", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 11th author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last12": { "label": "Last name 12", "description": "The surname of the 12th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link12'.", "aliases": [ "author12" ], "type": "line" }, "first12": { "label": "First name 12", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 12th author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last13": { "label": "Last name 13", "description": "The surname of the 13th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link13'.", "aliases": [ "author13" ], "type": "line" }, "first13": { "label": "First name 13", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 13th author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last14": { "label": "Last name 14", "description": "The surname of the 14th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link14'.", "aliases": [ "author14" ], "type": "line" }, "first14": { "label": "First name 14", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 14th author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "last15": { "label": "Last name 15", "description": "The surname of the 15th author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link15'.", "aliases": [ "author15" ], "type": "line" }, "first15": { "label": "First name 15", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the 15th author; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor2-last": { "label": "Editor last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "aliases": [ "editor2" ], "type": "line" }, "editor2-first": { "label": "Editor first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor3-last": { "label": "Editor last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "aliases": [ "editor3" ], "type": "line" }, "editor3-first": { "label": "Editor first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor4-last": { "label": "Editor last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "aliases": [ "editor4" ], "type": "line" }, "editor4-first": { "label": "Editor first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor5-last": { "label": "Editor last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "aliases": [ "editor5" ], "type": "line" }, "editor5-first": { "label": "Editor first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor6-last": { "label": "Editor last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "aliases": [ "editor6" ], "type": "line" }, "editor6-first": { "label": "Editor first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor7-last": { "label": "Editor last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "aliases": [ "editor7" ], "type": "line" }, "editor7-first": { "label": "Editor first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor8-last": { "label": "Editor last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "aliases": [ "editor8" ], "type": "line" }, "editor8-first": { "label": "Editor first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "editor9-last": { "label": "Editor last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "aliases": [ "editor9" ], "type": "line" }, "editor9-first": { "label": "Editor first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink", "type": "line" }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string" }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link" ] }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link" ] }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archive-date'", "type": "url" }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title displays with the URL linked; if set to 'dead', the title displays with the archive URL linked", "type": "line" }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link" ] }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link" ] }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link" ] }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link" ] }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link" ] }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link" ] }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link" ] }, "author-link10": { "label": "Author link 10", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the tenth author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author10-link" ] }, "author-link11": { "label": "Author link 11", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 11th author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author11-link" ] }, "author-link12": { "label": "Author link 12", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 12th author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author12-link" ] }, "author-link13": { "label": "Author link 13", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 13th author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author13-link" ] }, "author-link14": { "label": "Author link 14", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 14th author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author14-link" ] }, "author-link15": { "label": "Author link 15", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the 15th author", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author15-link" ] }, "editor2-link": { "label": "Editor link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link2" ] }, "editor3-link": { "label": "Editor link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link3" ] }, "editor4-link": { "label": "Editor link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link4" ] }, "editor5-link": { "label": "Editor link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link5" ] }, "editor6-link": { "label": "Editor link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link6" ] }, "editor7-link": { "label": "Editor link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link7" ] }, "editor8-link": { "label": "Editor link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link8" ] }, "editor9-link": { "label": "Editor link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link9" ] }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two on the name list to '&' or 'and', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "string" }, "chapter": { "label": "Chapter", "description": "The chapter heading of the source", "type": "string" }, "via": { "label": "Content deliverer (i.e. Database)", "description": "Provider of the article (not the publisher), usually an aggregator of journal articles or a repository", "example": "JSTOR, Project MUSE, Elsevier Science Direct", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "string" }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'", "type": "string" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'", "type": "string" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'", "type": "string" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "JSTOR access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on JSTOR, type 'free'", "type": "string" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'", "type": "string" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'", "type": "string" }, "vauthors": { "label": "Vancouver style authors", "description": "comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses", "type": "line" }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used;", "type": "number" }, "s2cid": { "label": "Semantic Scholar Corpus ID", "description": "The corpus ID from the paper's Semantic Scholar page, if available. Displays as a link to the Semantic Scholar page.", "example": "255254796", "aliases": [ "S2CID" ] }, "trans-quote": { "label": "Translated quote", "description": "English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets.", "type": "string" }, "article-number": { "label": "Article number", "description": "For journals that provide article numbers for the articles in a journal issue; rendered between volume/issue and page(s).", "type": "line" } }, "paramOrder": [ "last", "first", "author-link", "last2", "first2", "author-link2", "last3", "first3", "author-link3", "last4", "first4", "author-link4", "last5", "first5", "author-link5", "last6", "first6", "author-link6", "last7", "first7", "author-link7", "last8", "first8", "author-link8", "last9", "first9", "author-link9", "last10", "first10", "author-link10", "last11", "first11", "author-link11", "last12", "first12", "author-link12", "last13", "first13", "author-link13", "last14", "first14", "author-link14", "last15", "first15", "author-link15", "display-authors", "author-mask", "name-list-style", "vauthors", "date", "year", "orig-date", "editor-last", "editor-first", "editor-link", "editor2-last", "editor2-first", "editor2-link", "editor3-last", "editor3-first", "editor3-link", "editor4-last", "editor4-first", "editor4-link", "editor5-last", "editor5-first", "editor5-link", "editor6-last", "editor6-first", "editor6-link", "editor7-last", "editor7-first", "editor7-link", "editor8-last", "editor8-first", "editor8-link", "editor9-last", "editor9-first", "editor9-link", "others", "title", "script-title", "trans-title", "url", "url-status", "format", "department", "journal", "chapter", "type", "series", "language", "edition", "location", "publisher", "publication-place", "publication-date", "volume", "issue", "article-number", "page", "pages", "at", "no-pp", "arxiv", "asin", "asin-tld", "bibcode", "biorxiv", "citeseerx", "doi", "doi-broken-date", "hdl", "isbn", "issn", "eissn", "jfm", "jstor", "lccn", "mr", "oclc", "ol", "osti", "pmc", "pmid", "rfc", "s2cid", "ssrn", "zbl", "id", "url-access", "archive-url", "archive-date", "access-date", "quote", "trans-quote", "postscript", "ref", "via", "bibcode-access", "doi-access", "hdl-access", "jstor-access", "ol-access", "osti-access" ], "maps": { "citoid": { "title": "title", "url": "url", "publisher": "publisher", "publicationTitle": "journal", "proceedingsTitle": "journal", "encyclopediaTitle": "journal", "dictionaryTitle": "journal", "date": "date", "place": "location", "ISSN": [ "issn" ], "ISBN": [ "isbn" ], "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "pages": "pages", "volume": "volume", "series": "series", "seriesNumber": "volume", "issue": "issue", "DOI": "doi", "oclc": "oclc", "archiveUrl": "archive-url", "archiveDate": "archive-date", "language": "language", "contributor": "others", "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ], [ "first10", "last10" ], [ "first11", "last11" ], [ "first12", "last12" ], [ "first13", "last13" ], [ "first14", "last14" ], [ "first15", "last15" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor2-first", "editor2-last" ], [ "editor3-first", "editor3-last" ], [ "editor4-first", "editor4-last" ], [ "editor5-first", "editor5-last" ], [ "editor6-first", "editor6-last" ], [ "editor7-first", "editor7-last" ], [ "editor8-first", "editor8-last" ], [ "editor9-first", "editor9-last" ] ] } }, "format": "{{_ |_=_}}" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [https://citation-template-filling.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/index.cgi Citation-template-filling tool], can be used for [[DrugBank]], [[HGNC]], [[ISBN]], [[PubMed]], and [[PubChem]] * [https://alyw234237.github.io/wiki-doi-gbooks-citation-maker/ Wikipedia DOI and Google Books Citation Maker] can be used for [[digital object identifier|DOI]] {{Citation Style 1}} {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{UF-COinS}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| [[Category:Citation Style 1 templates|J]] }}</includeonly> hcstvhyyoc1jeb9jl28eemkgsaj883b 10 75306 975980 400690 2026-11-04T22:19:21Z Mr. Ibrahem 5513 /* TemplateData */ TemplateData is important for Visual Editor and Content Translation 975980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} When citing an article in a periodical, use {{tl|cite journal}} or {{tl|cite magazine}}. For conference papers, use {{tl|cite conference}}. For edited collections, use {{tl|cite encyclopedia}}. For theses, use {{tl|cite thesis}}. ==Usage== ; To cite a book with a credited author : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=}}</syntaxhighlight> ; To cite a book with no credited author : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=}}</syntaxhighlight> ; To cite an online book that has been archived : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |url-status= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</syntaxhighlight> ; To cite a book written in a foreign language : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title= |trans-title= |url= |language= |location= |publisher= |isbn=}}</syntaxhighlight> ; To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language book re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription : <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |trans-title= |url= |url-status= |url-access= |format= |language= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote=}}</syntaxhighlight> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage vertical common}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{cite book | last = | first = | author-link = | date = | title = | url = | location = | publisher = | page = <!-- or pages: --> | isbn = }} </syntaxhighlight> {{end}} {{csdoc|usage full}} <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |last3= |first3= |author-link3= |last4= |first4= |author-link4= |last5= |first5= |author-link5= |display-authors= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |author-mask3= |author-mask4= |author-mask5= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |editor-last3= |editor-first3= |editor-link3= |editor-last4= |editor-first4= |editor-link4= |editor-last5= |editor-first5= |editor-link5= |display-editors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |editor-mask3= |editor-mask4= |editor-mask5= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |translator-last3= |translator-first3= |translator-link3= |translator-last4= |translator-first4= |translator-link4= |translator-last5= |translator-first5= |translator-link5= |display-translators= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |translator-mask3= |translator-mask4= |translator-mask5= |others= |name-list-style= |date= |year= |orig-date= |chapter= |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access= |chapter-format= |title= |script-title= |trans-title= |title-link= |url= |url-status= |url-access= |format= |type= |series= |language= |volume= |edition= |publication-place= |location= |publisher= |publication-date= |page= |pages= |at= |no-pp= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmc-embargo-date= |pmid= |rfc= |sbn= |ssrn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |zbl= |id= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |quote= |script-quote= |trans-quote= |quote-page= |quote-pages= |mode= |postscript= |ref=}}</syntaxhighlight> {{end}} {| class="wikitable" |+Full parameter set in vertical format ! Parameters !! Prerequisites !! Brief instructions / notes !! Vertical list |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}} | | Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. | rowspan="111" style="vertical-align:top;" | <pre style="margin:0px; border:none;"> {{cite book &nbsp;|last1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;= |first1 = |author-link1 = |last2 = |first2 = |author-link2 = |last3 = |first3 = |author-link3 = |last4 = |first4 = |author-link4 = |last5 = |first5 = |author-link5 = |display-authors = |author-mask1 = |author-mask2 = |author-mask3 = |author-mask4 = |author-mask5 = |editor-last1 = |editor-first1 = |editor-link1 = |editor-last2 = |editor-first2 = |editor-link2 = |editor-last3 = |editor-first3 = |editor-link3 = |editor-last4 = |editor-first4 = |editor-link4 = |editor-last5 = |editor-first5 = |editor-link5 = |display-editors = |editor-mask1 = |editor-mask2 = |editor-mask3 = |editor-mask4 = |editor-mask5 = |translator-last1 = |translator-first1 = |translator-link1 = |translator-last2 = |translator-first2 = |translator-link2 = |translator-last3 = |translator-first3 = |translator-link3 = |translator-last4 = |translator-first4 = |translator-link4 = |translator-last5 = |translator-first5 = |translator-link5 = |display-translators = |translator-mask1 = |translator-mask2 = |translator-mask3 = |translator-mask4 = |translator-mask5 = |others = |name-list-style = |date = |year = |orig-date = |chapter = |script-chapter = |trans-chapter = |chapter-url = |chapter-url-access = |chapter-format = |title = |script-title = |trans-title = |title-link = |url = |url-status = |url-access = |format = |type = |series = |language = |volume = |edition = |publication-place = |location = |publisher = |publication-date = |page = |pages = |at = |no-pp = |arxiv = |asin = |asin-tld = |bibcode = |bibcode-access = |biorxiv = |citeseerx = |doi = |doi-access = |doi-broken-date = |eissn = |hdl = |hdl-access = |isbn = |ismn = |issn = |jfm = |jstor = |jstor-access = |lccn = |mr = |oclc = |ol = |ol-access = |osti = |osti-access = |pmc = |pmc-embargo-date = |pmid = |rfc = |sbn = |ssrn = |s2cid = |s2cid-access = |zbl = |id = |archive-url = |archive-date = |access-date = |via = |quote = |script-quote = |trans-quote = |quote-page = |quote-pages = |mode = |postscript = |ref = }} </pre> |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: first; given1; given; author-first1; author-first; (etc.)|first1}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}} | Author's first name. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author-link; author-link1; subject-link1; subject-link; (etc.)|author-link1}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}} | Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link. |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.)|last2}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd author. |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: given2; author-first2; (etc.)|first2}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.)|last2}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd author. |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: subject-link2; (etc.)|author-link2}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.)|last2}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd author. |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.)|last3}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.)|last2}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 3rd author. |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: given3; author-first3; (etc.)|first3}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.)|last3}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 3rd author. |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: subject-link3; (etc.)|author-link3}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.)|last3}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 3rd author. |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.)|last4}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.)|last3}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 4th author. |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: given4; author-first4; (etc.)|first4}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.)|last4}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 4th author. |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: subject-link4; (etc.)|author-link4}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.)|last4}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 4th author. |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.)|last5}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.)|last4}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 5th author. Similar: last6, etc. |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: given5; author-first5; (etc.)|first5}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.)|last5}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 5th author. Similar: first6, etc. |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: subject-link5; (etc.)|author-link5}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.)|last5}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 5th author. Similar: author-link6, etc. |- | {{tooltip|2=or alias displayauthors|display-authors}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}} | Number (number of authors displayed) or <code>etal</code> (more authors) |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author-mask; author1-mask; (etc.)|author-mask1}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: last; author1; author; author-last1; author-last; (etc.)|last1}} | rowspan="5" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author2-mask; (etc.)|author-mask2}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.)|last2}} |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author3-mask; (etc.)|author-mask3}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author3; author-last3; (etc.)|last3}} |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author4-mask; (etc.)|author-mask4}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author4; author-last4; (etc.)|last4}} |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author5-mask; (etc.)|author-mask5}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author5; author-last5; (etc.)|last5}} |- || editor-last1 || || may also use "editor-last" |- || editor-first1 || editor-last1 || may also use "editor-first" |- || editor-link1 || editor-last1 || may also use "editor-link" |- || editor-mask1 || editor-last1 || |- || display-editors || || |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname; (etc.)|translator-last1}} | | Like <code>last1</code>, but for translator |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: translator-first; translator-given1; translator-given; (etc.)|translator-first1}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname; (etc.)|translator-last1}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for translator |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: translator-link; (etc.)|translator-link1}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname; (etc.)|translator-last1}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for translator |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: translator2; translator-surname2; (etc.)|translator-last2}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname; (etc.)|translator-last1}} | Like <code>last1</code>, but for 2nd translator. Similar: translator-last3, etc. |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: translator2-first; translator-given2; (etc.)|translator-first2}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: translator2; translator-surname2; (etc.)|translator-last2}} | Like <code>first1</code>, but for 2nd translator. Similar: translator-first3, etc. |- | {{tooltip|2=or alias translator2-link|translator-link2}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: translator2; translator-surname2; (etc.)|translator-last2}} | Like <code>author-link1</code>, but for 2nd transl. Similar: translator-link3, ... |- | {{nowrap|display-translators}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname; (etc.)|translator-last1}} | Like <code>display-authors</code>, but for translators |- | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: translator-mask; (etc.)|translator-mask1}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: translator-last; translator1; translator; translator-surname; (etc.)|translator-last1}} | rowspan="2" | See [[#Display options|Display options]] below; not for lists of cited works |- | {{tooltip|2=or alias translator2-mask|translator-mask2}} | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: translator2; translator-surname2; (etc.)|translator-last2}} |- | name-list-style | {{tooltip|2=or any of its aliases, including: author2; author-last2; (etc.)|last2}} | Set to <code>amp</code> or <code>ampersand</code> to separate the last author with {{nowrap|"<code> & </code>"}}; set to <code>and</code> to separate with {{nowrap|"<code> and </code>"}} |- || others || || |- || date || || |- || year || || |- || orig-date || date or year || |- || chapter || || This should be the title of the chapter cited. Do not wikilink "chapter" if "chapter-url" is provided |- || script-chapter || || |- || trans-chapter || chapter or script-chapter || |- || chapter-url || chapter or script-chapter || |- || chapter-format || chapter-url || |- || title || || |- || script-title || || |- || trans-title || title or script-title || |- || title-link || title or script-title || Name of a Wikipedia article about the work. Do not use if "url" is provided |- || url || title or script-title || Do not use if "title-link" is provided |- || url-status || archive-url || |- || url-access || url || |- || format || url || |- || type || || |- || series || || |- || language || || |- || volume || || |- || edition || || |- || publication-place || publisher || |- || location || publisher || can be used for written-at location when "publication-place" is used for publication place |- || publisher || || |- || publication-date || || |- || page || || choose one: "page", "pages", or "at" |- || pages || || choose one: "page", "pages", or "at". Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text. |- || at || || choose one: "page", "pages", or "at" |- || no-pp || page or pages || set no-pp to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers |- || arxiv || || |- || asin || || |- || asin-tld || asin || |- || bibcode || || |- || biorxiv || || |- || citeseerx || || |- || doi || || |- || doi-broken-date || doi || |- || eissn || || |- || hdl || || |- || isbn || || '''always include ISBN''', if one has been assigned |- || issn || || |- || ismn || || |- || jfm || || |- || jstor || || |- || lccn || || |- || mr || || |- || oclc || || |- || ol || || |- || osti || || |- || pmc || || |- || pmc-embargo-date || pmc || |- || pmid || || |- || rfc || || |- || sbn || || |- || ssrn || || |- || s2cid || || |- || zbl || || |- || id || || |- || archive-url || archive-date, url || |- || archive-date || archive-url || |- || access-date || url || |- || via || || |- || quote || || |- || script-quote || || |- || trans-quote || || |- || quote-page || || choose one: "quote-page", "quote-pages" |- || quote-pages || || choose one: "quote-page", "quote-pages". Use when quote contains contents from multiple pages. |- || mode || || <code>cs1</code> or <code>cs2</code> |- || postscript || || |- || ref || || |- | colspan="4" style="text-align: center" | If a field name is listed in the '''Prerequisites''' column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. |} ==Examples== {{markup2|t=Title |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |title=Mysterious Book}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |title=Mysterious Book}} }} {{markup2|t=Title and year |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |title=Mysterious Book |date=1901}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |title=Mysterious Book |date=1901}} }} {{markup2|t=Basic usage (single author) |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs}} }} {{markup2|t=Basic usage (two authors) |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |author-link1=Joe Bloggs |last2=Bloggs |first2=Fred |author-link2=Fred Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |author-link1=Joe Bloggs |last2=Bloggs |first2=Fred |author-link2=Fred Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs}} }} {{markup2|t=Basic usage with url (and access-date) and edition |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs |edition=1st |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/ |access-date=February 17, 2006}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs |edition=1st |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/ |access-date=February 17, 2006}} }}{{anchor|different authors}} {{markup2|t=Citing a chapter in a book with different authors for different chapters and an editor |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Fred |date=January 1, 2001 |editor-last=Doe |editor-first=John |title=Big Compilation Book with Many Chapters and Distinct Chapter Authors |publisher=Book Publishers |pages=100–110 |chapter=Chapter 2: The History of the Bloggs Family |isbn=}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Fred |date=January 1, 2001 |editor-last=Doe |editor-first=John |title=Big Compilation Book with Many Chapters and Distinct Chapter Authors |publisher=Book Publishers |pages=100–110 |chapter=Chapter 2: The History of the Bloggs Family |isbn=}} }} {{markup2|t=Citing a chapter in a book with two joint authors and an editor |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |last2=Egg |first2=Fred |date=January 1, 2001 |editor-last=Doe |editor-first=John |title=Big Book with Many Chapters and Two Co-authors |publisher=Book Publishers |orig-date=1st pub. 1986 |pages=100–110 |chapter=Chapter 6: Getting There |chapter-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/ |isbn= |name-list-style=amp}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |last2=Egg |first2=Fred |date=January 1, 2001 |editor-last=Doe |editor-first=John |title=Big Book with Many Chapters and Two Co-authors |publisher=Book Publishers |orig-date=1st pub. 1986 |pages=100–110 |chapter=Chapter 6: Getting There |chapter-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/ |isbn= |name-list-style=amp}} }} {{markup2|t=Three authors, title with a differently-named title link, edition |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |author-link1=Joe Bloggs |last2=Smith |first2=John |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |title=1000 Acres |title-link=A Thousand Acres |edition=2nd}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |author-link1=Joe Bloggs |last2=Smith |first2=John |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |title=1000 Acres |title-link=A Thousand Acres |edition=2nd}} }} {{markup2|t=Complex usage showing effect of using volume parameter and lastauthoramp parameter (without volume and lastauthoramp) |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2007 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East. Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2007 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East. Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3}} }} {{markup2|t=Complex usage showing effect of using volume parameter and lastauthoramp parameter (with volume and lastauthoramp) |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2007 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East |volume=I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3 |name-list-style=amp}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2007 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East |volume=I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3 |name-list-style=amp}} }} {{markup2|t=Date without day, wikilinked title, publisher, pages, edition, location |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last1=Cordell |first1=Bruce R. |last2=Grubb |first2=Jeff |last3=Noonan |first3=David |date=September 2001 |title=Manual of the Planes |title-link=Manual of the Planes |edition=3rd |publisher=Wizards of the Coast |location=Renton, Washington |isbn=0-7869-1850-0 |pages=134–137}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |last1=Cordell |first1=Bruce R. |last2=Grubb |first2=Jeff |last3=Noonan |first3=David |date=September 2001 |title=Manual of the Planes |title-link=Manual of the Planes |edition=3rd |publisher=Wizards of the Coast |location=Renton, Washington |isbn=0-7869-1850-0 |pages=134–137}} }} {{markup2|t=Other language |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Jean |date=1974 |title=Livre de Bloggs |edition=1st |language=French |trans-title=Book of Bloggs |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/ |access-date=February 17, 2006}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Jean |date=1974 |title=Livre de Bloggs |edition=1st |language=French |trans-title=Book of Bloggs |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/ |access-date=February 17, 2006}} }} {{markup2|t=Using a [[Digital object identifier|DOI]] |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last=Mumford |first=David |author-link=David Mumford |date=1999 |title=The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes: Includes the Michigan Lectures (1974) on Curves and Their Jacobians |edition=2nd |publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/b62130 |isbn=354063293X}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |last=Mumford |first=David |author-link=David Mumford |date=1999 |title=The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes: Includes the Michigan Lectures (1974) on Curves and Their Jacobians |edition=2nd |publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/b62130 |isbn=354063293X}} }} {{markup2|t=Using author-mask parameter |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3 |name-list-style=amp}}</syntaxhighlight> |m2=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Flynn |first2=F. C. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally (1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-66-1 |name-list-style=amp |author-mask=2}}</syntaxhighlight> |m3=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Flynn |first2=F. C. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Gleave |first4=T. P. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=Sir James |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes Reach Their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-67-X |name-list-style=amp |author-mask=2}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3 |name-list-style=amp}} |r2={{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Flynn |first2=F. C. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally (1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-66-1 |name-list-style=amp |author-mask=2}} |r3={{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Flynn |first2=F. C. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Gleave |first4=T. P. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=Sir James |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes Reach Their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-67-X |name-list-style=amp |author-mask=2}} }} {{markup2|t=Using display-authors parameter |m=<syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline>{{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3 |display-authors=1}}</syntaxhighlight> |r={{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3 |display-authors=1}} }} ==Parameters== ===Syntax=== {{csdoc|syntax}} ===COinS=== {{csdoc|coins}} ===What's new=== {{csdoc|whats new}} ===Deprecated=== {{csdoc|deprecated}} ===Description=== ====Authors==== {{csdoc|author|contributor=yes|others=yes}} ====Date==== {{csdoc|date}} ====Title==== {{csdoc|title|title_format=italics}} {{csdoc|type}} {{csdoc|chapter}} {{csdoc|language}} ====Publisher==== {{csdoc|publisher}} ====Edition, series, volume==== {{csdoc|edition}} {{csdoc|series}} {{csdoc|volume}} ====In-source locations==== {{csdoc|pages}} ===={{Anchor|url}}URL==== {{csdoc|url}} ====Chapter URL==== {{csdoc|chapterurl}} ====Anchor==== {{distinguish|#Identifiers}} {{csdoc|ref}} ====Identifiers==== {{distinguish|#Anchor}} {{csdoc|id1}} {{csdoc|id2}} ====Quote==== {{csdoc|quote}} ====Editors==== {{csdoc|editor}} ====Display options==== {{csdoc|display}} ====Subscription or registration required==== {{csdoc|registration}} == TemplateData == {{Warning |image=Stop hand nuvola.svg |This section contains configuration data used by editing tools and automated bots. Changes to this data can result in widespread and unintended effects. For more information see [[Help:Citation Style 1#TemplateData]]}} {{TemplateData header}} {{#invoke:Cs1 documentation support|template_data_validate|{{ROOTPAGENAME}}}} <templatedata>{ "description": "This template formats a citation to a book using the provided bibliographic information (such as author and title) as well as various formatting options.", "format": "{{_ |_=_}}", "maps": { "citoid": { "edition": "edition", "title": "title", "bookTitle": "title", "publicationTitle": "title", "url": "url", "publisher": "publisher", "date": "date", "place": "location", "ISSN": [ "issn" ], "ISBN": [ "isbn" ], "oclc": "oclc", "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "pages": "pages", "volume": "volume", "series": "series", "DOI": "doi", "language": "language", "translator": [ [ "translator-first", "translator-last" ], [ "translator-first2", "translator-last2" ], [ "translator-first3", "translator-last3" ], [ "translator-first3", "translator-last3" ], [ "translator-first4", "translator-last4" ], [ "translator-first5", "translator-last5" ], [ "translator-first6", "translator-last6" ], [ "translator-first7", "translator-last7" ], [ "translator-first8", "translator-last8" ], [ "translator-first9", "translator-last9" ] ], "contributor": "others", "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor-first2", "editor-last2" ], [ "editor-first3", "editor-last3" ], [ "editor-first4", "editor-last4" ], [ "editor-first5", "editor-last5" ], [ "editor-first6", "editor-last6" ], [ "editor-first7", "editor-last7" ], [ "editor-first8", "editor-last8" ], [ "editor-first9", "editor-last9" ] ] } }, "paramOrder": [ "last", "first", "author-link", "date", "year", "title", "title-link", "url", "vauthors", "last2", "first2", "author-link2", "last3", "first3", "author-link3", "last4", "first4", "author-link4", "last5", "first5", "author-link5", "last6", "first6", "author-link6", "last7", "first7", "author-link7", "last8", "first8", "author-link8", "last9", "first9", "author-link9", "collaboration", "work", "publisher", "others", "isbn", "editor-last", "editor-first", "editor-link", "editor-mask", "veditors", "edition", "series", "volume", "location", "publication-place", "publication-date", "page", "pages", "at", "language", "translator-last", "translator-first", "script-title", "trans-title", "chapter", "script-chapter", "trans-chapter", "type", "format", "asin", "asin-tld", "bibcode", "biorxiv", "citeseerx", "doi", "eissn", "hdl", "ismn", "issn", "jfm", "jstor", "lccn", "mr", "oclc", "ol", "osti", "pmc", "pmid", "rfc", "ssrn", "zbl", "id", "quote", "trans-quote", "ref", "mode", "postscript", "author-mask", "author-mask2", "author-mask3", "author-mask4", "author-mask5", "author-mask6", "author-mask7", "author-mask8", "author-mask9", "display-authors", "access-date", "orig-date", "editor-last2", "editor-first2", "editor-link2", "editor-mask2", "editor-last3", "editor-first3", "editor-link3", "editor-mask3", "editor-last4", "editor-first4", "editor-link4", "editor-mask4", "editor-last5", "editor-first5", "editor-link5", "editor-mask5", "editor-last6", "editor-first6", "editor-link6", "editor-mask6", "editor-last7", "editor-first7", "editor-link7", "editor-mask7", "editor-last8", "editor-first8", "editor-link8", "editor-mask8", "editor-last9", "editor-first9", "editor-link9", "editor-mask9", "display-editors", "translator-last2", "translator-first2", "translator-last3", "translator-first3", "translator-last4", "translator-first4", "translator-last5", "translator-first5", "translator-last6", "translator-first6", "translator-last7", "translator-first7", "translator-last8", "translator-first8", "translator-last9", "translator-first9", "translator-link", "translator-link2", "translator-link3", "translator-link4", "translator-link5", "translator-link6", "translator-link7", "translator-link8", "translator-link9", "chapter-url", "chapter-format", "doi-broken-date", "url-access", "archive-url", "archive-date", "archive-format", "url-status", "name-list-style", "via", "bibcode-access", "doi-access", "hdl-access", "jstor-access", "ol-access", "osti-access", "issue", "department", "df" ], "params": { "url": { "label": "URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the publication can be found; requires schemes of the type 'http://…', 'https://…' or the protocol relative scheme '//…'.", "type": "url", "aliases": [ "URL" ], "example": "https://books.google.com/books?id=…" }, "title": { "label": "Title", "description": "The title of the book; displays in italics.", "type": "line", "required": true }, "last": { "label": "Last name", "description": "The surname of the author, don't wikilink but use 'author-link' parameter instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors.", "aliases": [ "author", "author-last", "surname", "subject", "last1", "author1", "author1-last", "author-last1", "surname1", "subject1" ], "suggested": true, "type": "line" }, "first": { "label": "First name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "given", "author-first", "first1", "given1", "author-first1", "author1-first" ], "suggested": true, "type": "line" }, "last2": { "label": "Last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "author2", "surname2", "author-last2", "author2-last", "subject2" ], "type": "line" }, "first2": { "label": "First name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "given2", "author-first2", "author2-first" ], "type": "line" }, "last3": { "label": "Last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3' instead.", "aliases": [ "author3", "surname3", "author-last3", "author3-last", "subject3" ], "type": "line" }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given3", "author-first3", "author3-first" ], "type": "line" }, "last4": { "label": "Last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4' instead.", "aliases": [ "author4", "surname4", "author-last4", "author4-last", "subject4" ], "type": "line" }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given4", "author-first4", "author4-first" ], "type": "line" }, "last5": { "label": "Last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5' instead.", "aliases": [ "author5", "surname5", "author-last5", "author5-last", "subject5" ], "type": "line" }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given5", "author-first5", "author5-first" ], "type": "line" }, "last6": { "label": "Last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6' instead.", "aliases": [ "author6", "surname6", "author-last6", "author6-last", "subject6" ], "type": "line" }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given6", "author-first6", "author6-first" ], "type": "line" }, "last7": { "label": "Last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7' instead.", "aliases": [ "author7", "surname7", "author-last7", "author7-last", "subject7" ], "type": "line" }, "first7": { "label": "First name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given7", "author-first7", "author7-first" ], "type": "line" }, "last8": { "label": "Last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8' instead.", "aliases": [ "author8", "surname8", "author-last8", "author8-last", "subject8" ], "type": "line" }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given8", "author-first8", "author8-first" ], "type": "line" }, "last9": { "label": "Last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9' instead. If nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and 'et al.' will show in place of the last author.", "aliases": [ "author9", "surname9", "author-last9", "author9-last", "subject9" ], "type": "line" }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given9", "author-first9", "author9-first" ], "type": "line" }, "date": { "label": "Date of publication", "description": "Full date of the source; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true }, "work": { "label": "Work", "description": "Name of the work in which the cited book text is found. This parameter is not supported by and should not be used with cite book. See Help:Citation_Style_1#|<periodical>=_ignored.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "journal", "website", "newspaper", "magazine" ], "deprecated": "This parameter is not supported by and should not be used with cite book. See [[Help:Citation_Style_1#|<periodical>=_ignored]]." }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; displays after title", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "institution" ], "example": "[[HarperCollins]]" }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'", "type": "line" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "ISBN" ] }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor", "editor-surname", "editor-last1", "editor-surname1", "editor1", "editor1-last", "editor1-surname" ] }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-given", "editor-first1", "editor-given1", "editor1-first", "editor1-given" ] }, "editor-link": { "label": "Link for editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor-link1", "editor1-link" ] }, "editor-mask": { "label": "Editor mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor1-mask", "editor-mask1" ] }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "description": "When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed by ' ed.'", "type": "line", "example": "2nd", "suggested": true }, "series": { "label": "Series identifier", "description": "Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal", "aliases": [ "version" ], "type": "line" }, "volume": { "label": "Volume", "description": "For one publication published in several volumes", "type": "line" }, "location": { "label": "Location of publication", "description": "Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place", "aliases": [ "place" ], "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "type": "line" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "suggested": true }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "The number of a single page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "p" ] }, "pages": { "label": "Page(s) cited", "description": "A range of pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both", "type": "line", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "pp" ], "example": "5–11" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "line" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written. Do not use the full language name; use ISO 639-1. Do not use icons or templates", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc), prefix with two-character ISO 639-1 language code followed by a colon, e.g. for Japanese use 'ja:…'.", "type": "line" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "line", "suggested": true }, "chapter": { "label": "Chapter", "description": "The chapter heading of the source; may be wikilinked or with 'chapter-url' but not both. For the contribution alias, see contributor-last", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "contribution", "entry", "article", "section" ] }, "trans-chapter": { "label": "Translated chapter", "description": "An English language chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "line" }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "medium" ] }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "line" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "ASIN" ] }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "line" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "line" }, "biorxiv": { "label": "biorXiv", "description": "biorXiv identifier; 6 digits", "type": "line" }, "citeseerx": { "label": "CiteSeerX", "description": "CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter", "type": "line" }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "DOI" ] }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "ISSN" ] }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "line" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "JSTOR" ] }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "LCCN" ] }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "MR" ] }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "OCLC" ] }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier; do not include \"OL\" at beginning of identifier", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "OL" ] }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "OSTI" ] }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "line" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "PMID" ] }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "line" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "line" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "line" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "ID" ] }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "quotation" ] }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates", "type": "line" }, "mode": { "label": "Mode", "description": "Sets separator and terminal punctuation to the style named in the assigned value; allowable values are: 'cs1' or 'cs2'", "type": "line", "suggestedvalues": [ "cs1", "cs2" ] }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none'", "type": "line", "default": "." }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author1-mask", "author-mask1" ] }, "author-mask2": { "label": "Author mask 2", "description": "Replaces the name of the second author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author2-mask" ] }, "author-mask3": { "label": "Author mask 3", "description": "Replaces the name of the third author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author3-mask" ] }, "author-mask4": { "label": "Author mask 4", "description": "Replaces the name of the fourth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author4-mask" ] }, "author-mask5": { "label": "Author mask 5", "description": "Replaces the name of the fifth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author5-mask" ] }, "author-mask6": { "label": "Author mask 6", "description": "Replaces the name of the sixth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author6-mask" ] }, "author-mask7": { "label": "Author mask 7", "description": "Replaces the name of the seventh author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author7-mask" ] }, "author-mask8": { "label": "Author mask 8", "description": "Replaces the name of the eighth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author8-mask" ] }, "author-mask9": { "label": "Author mask 9", "description": "Replaces the name of the ninth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "author9-mask" ] }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used", "type": "number" }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link", "subject-link", "subject-link1", "subject1-link" ] }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link", "subject-link2", "subject2-link" ] }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link", "subject-link3", "subject3-link" ] }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link", "subject-link4", "subject4-link" ] }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link", "subject-link5", "subject5-link" ] }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link", "subject-link6", "subject6-link" ] }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link", "subject-link7", "subject7-link" ] }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link", "subject-link8", "subject8-link" ] }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link", "subject-link9", "subject9-link" ] }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "orig-date": { "label": "Original date", "description": "Original date of publication; provide specifics", "type": "line" }, "editor-last2": { "label": "Editor last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-surname2", "editor2", "editor2-last", "editor2-surname" ] }, "editor-first2": { "label": "Editor first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-given2", "editor2-first", "editor2-given" ] }, "editor-link2": { "label": "Editor link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor2-link" ] }, "editor-mask2": { "label": "Editor mask 2", "description": "Replaces the name of the second editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor2-mask" ] }, "editor-last3": { "label": "Editor last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-surname3", "editor3", "editor3-last", "editor3-surname" ] }, "editor-first3": { "label": "Editor first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-given3", "editor3-first", "editor3-given" ] }, "editor-link3": { "label": "Editor link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor3-link" ] }, "editor-mask3": { "label": "Editor mask 3", "description": "Replaces the name of the third editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor3-mask" ] }, "editor-last4": { "label": "Editor last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-surname4", "editor4", "editor4-last", "editor4-surname" ] }, "editor-first4": { "label": "Editor first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-given4", "editor4-first", "editor4-given" ] }, "editor-link4": { "label": "Editor link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor4-link" ] }, "editor-mask4": { "label": "Editor mask 4", "description": "Replaces the name of the fourth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor4-mask" ] }, "editor-last5": { "label": "Editor last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-surname5", "editor5", "editor5-last", "editor5-surname" ] }, "editor-first5": { "label": "Editor first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-given5", "editor5-first", "editor5-given" ] }, "editor-link5": { "label": "Editor link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor5-link" ] }, "editor-mask5": { "label": "Editor mask 5", "description": "Replaces the name of the fifth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor5-mask" ] }, "editor-last6": { "label": "Editor last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-surname6", "editor6", "editor6-last", "editor6-surname" ] }, "editor-first6": { "label": "Editor first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-given6", "editor6-first", "editor6-given" ] }, "editor-link6": { "label": "Editor link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor6-link" ] }, "editor-mask6": { "label": "Editor mask 6", "description": "Replaces the name of the sixth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor6-mask" ] }, "editor-last7": { "label": "Editor last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-surname7", "editor7", "editor7-last", "editor7-surname" ] }, "editor-first7": { "label": "Editor first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-given7", "editor7-first", "editor7-given" ] }, "editor-link7": { "label": "Editor link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor7-link" ] }, "editor-mask7": { "label": "Editor mask 7", "description": "Replaces the name of the seventh editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor7-mask" ] }, "editor-last8": { "label": "Editor last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-surname8", "editor8", "editor8-last", "editor8-surname" ] }, "editor-first8": { "label": "Editor first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-given8", "editor8-first", "editor8-given" ] }, "editor-link8": { "label": "Editor link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor8-link" ] }, "editor-mask8": { "label": "Editor mask 8", "description": "Replaces the name of the eighth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor8-mask" ] }, "editor-last9": { "label": "Editor last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-surname9", "editor9", "editor9-last", "editor9-surname" ] }, "editor-first9": { "label": "Editor first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor-given9", "editor9-first", "editor9-given" ] }, "editor-link9": { "label": "Editor link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor9-link" ] }, "editor-mask9": { "label": "Editor mask 9", "description": "Replaces the name of the ninth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "editor9-mask" ] }, "chapter-url": { "label": "Chapter URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the chapter can be found", "aliases": [ "contribution-url", "section-url" ], "type": "url" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "date" }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archivedate'", "type": "url" }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.", "type": "line", "default": "dead", "suggestedvalues": [ "dead", "live", "unfit", "usurped" ] }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the name list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "line", "suggestedvalues": [ "amp", "and", "vanc" ] }, "via": { "description": "Aggregate or database provider, when different from the Publisher. Typically used for Ebooks.", "example": "[[Open Edition]], [[JSTOR]]", "type": "line" }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "line", "suggestedvalues": [ "registration", "subscription", "limited" ] }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.", "type": "line", "autovalue": "free" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.", "type": "line", "autovalue": "free" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.", "type": "line", "autovalue": "free" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "Jstor access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.", "type": "line", "autovalue": "free" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.", "type": "line", "autovalue": "free" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.", "type": "line", "autovalue": "free" }, "ismn": { "aliases": [ "ISMN" ], "label": "ISMN", "description": "International Standard Music Number; Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional.", "type": "line", "example": "979-0-9016791-7-7" }, "eissn": { "aliases": [ "EISSN" ], "label": "EISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space.", "example": "2009-0048", "type": "line" }, "translator-last": { "label": "Translator last name", "description": "The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "aliases": [ "translator", "translator-last1", "translator1", "translator1-last" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-first": { "label": "Translator first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "aliases": [ "translator1-first", "translator-first1" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-link": { "label": "Translator link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator-link1", "translator1-link" ] }, "translator-last2": { "label": "Translator last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator2", "translator2-last" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-first2": { "label": "Translator first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator2-first" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-last3": { "label": "Translator last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator3", "translator3-last" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-first3": { "label": "Translator first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator3-first" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-last4": { "label": "Translator last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator4", "translator4-last" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-first4": { "label": "Translator first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator4-first" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-last5": { "label": "Translator last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator5", "translator5-last" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-first5": { "label": "Translator first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator5-first" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-last6": { "label": "Translator last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator6", "translator6-last" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-first6": { "label": "Translator first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator6-first" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-last7": { "label": "Translator last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator7", "translator7-last" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-first7": { "label": "Translator first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator7-first" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-last8": { "label": "Translator last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator8", "translator8-last" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-first8": { "label": "Translator first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator8-first" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-last9": { "label": "Translator last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator9", "translator9-last" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-first9": { "label": "Translator first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator9-first" ], "type": "line" }, "translator-link2": { "label": "Translator link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator2-link" ] }, "translator-link3": { "label": "Translator link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator3-link" ] }, "translator-link4": { "label": "Translator link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator4-link" ] }, "translator-link5": { "label": "Translator link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator5-link" ] }, "translator-link6": { "label": "Translator link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator6-link" ] }, "translator-link7": { "label": "Translator link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator7-link" ] }, "translator-link8": { "label": "Translator link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator8-link" ] }, "translator-link9": { "label": "Translator link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator9-link" ] }, "vauthors": { "label": "Vancouver style author list", "description": "If using Vancouver style, comma separated list of author names; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses", "example": "Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))", "type": "line" }, "issue": { "label": "Issue", "description": "Issue number. This parameter is not supported by and should generally not be used with cite book. Consider that a different cite template may be more appropriate, such as cite magazine or cite journal. See Help:Citation_Style_1#Pages.", "type": "line", "aliases": [ "number" ], "example": "3" }, "display-editors": { "label": "Display Editors", "description": "Controls the number of editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of editors, set display-editors to the desired number. For example, |display-editors=2 will display only the first two editors in a citation. By default, all editors are displayed. |display-editors=etal displays all editors in the list followed by et al.", "type": "line" }, "veditors": { "label": "Vancouver style editor list", "description": "Comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses", "example": "Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))", "type": "string" }, "chapter-format": { "aliases": [ "contribution-format", "section-format" ], "label": "Format of Chapter URL", "type": "line", "description": "Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified.", "example": "PDF, DOC, or XLS" }, "title-link": { "label": "Title link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "collaboration": { "label": "Collaboration", "description": "Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors which list one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends 'et al.' to author name-list.", "type": "string" }, "script-chapter": { "label": "Script Chapter", "description": "Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc); follows transliteration defined in chapter. Should be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script", "example": "ja:東京タワー", "type": "line" }, "department": { "label": "Department", "description": "Unusual in cite book." }, "hdl": { "aliases": [ "HDL" ], "label": "Handle System identifier", "description": "Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet", "type": "line" }, "archive-format": { "label": "Archive Format", "description": "Format of the Archive", "type": "line" }, "df": { "label": "Date format", "description": "Sets rendered dates to the specified format", "type": "line" }, "trans-quote": { "label": "Translated quote", "description": "English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets.", "type": "string" } } }</templatedata> == Citation tools== {{main|Help:Citation tools}} *'''[https://citer.toolforge.org/ Citer]''': A web tool that converts a DOI, ISBN, PMID, PMCID, [[OCLC]], or [[Google Books]] URL into a citation and [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnote]]. {{Citation Style 1}} {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{UF-COinS}} <includeonly>{{Sandbox other|| <!-- Categories go below this line, please; interwikis go to Wikidata, thank you! --> [[Category:Citation Style 1 templates|B]] [[Category:Book citation templates| ]] [[Category:Book templates]] }}</includeonly> t02qe16r3n399qdhqxjmxbxvzez2ddc 0 77102 975898 480265 2026-11-04T19:08:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kate Jessica Kim Lee Foo Kune''' (an haifi 29 Maris 1993) ɗan wasan badminton ne daga Mauritius. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Athlete Kate Foo Kune |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/kate-foo-kune |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806124417/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/kate-foo-kune |archive-date=6 August 2016 |access-date=7 August 2016 |website=www.rio2016.com |publisher=Rio 2016}}</ref> Ta fara wasan badminton a Mauritius tana da shekaru shida. Babban gasarta ta farko ita ce gasar cin kofin duniya ta BWF a kasar Sin a shekarar 2013, inda ta sha kashi a zagayen farko na gasar mata ta farko a hannun Sarah Walker ta Ingila. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Badminton: Kate Foo Kune s’incline au 1er tour |url=http://www.lemauricien.com/article/badminton-kate-foo-kune-s-incline-au-1er-tour |access-date=7 October 2016 |website=Le Mauricien}}</ref> Foo Kune ta wakilci kasarta a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2016 a [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil. <ref name="bwf">{{Cite web |title=Players: Kate Foo Kune |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/player/42679/kate-foo-kune |access-date=7 August 2016 |website=bwfbadminton.com |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]}}</ref> Ita ce mai rike da tuta ga Mauritius a lokacin faretin al'ummai . [[Fayil:Kate Foo Kune.jpg|thumb|Kate Foo Kune]] A matsayinta na karamar ’yar wasa, ta yi nasara a gasar ta ‘yan kasa da shekara 15 da ta ‘yan kasa da shekara 19 ta Afirka. An ba ta kyautar gwarzuwar 'yar wasa a shekarar 2015 a Mauritius. A cikin nau'i-nau'i, ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Yeldy Marie Louison, yayin da a cikin nau'i-nau'i biyu, ta haɗu da Julien Paul. Matsayin mafi kyawun aikinta ya kasance 63 a cikin 2016 kuma mafi kyawun aikinta ya kasance zinare a wasannin Afirka na 2015 . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kate Foo Kune ita ce ɗa na biyu na Jacques da Cathy Foo Kune (née Ng), dukansu suna jagorantar gauraye ƴan wasan badminton waɗanda suka lashe gasar da dama, kamar Wasannin Tekun Indiya na 1985. Ma'auratan sun yi aure a shekara ta 1990 kuma sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu. 'Yar'uwarta, [[Karen Foo Kune]], ita ma ƙwararriyar ɗan wasan badminton ce kuma ta yi gasa a Gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2008 . Foo Kune ta yi karatun digirinta na farko a fannin sarrafa wasanni yayin da take Faransa. An haɗa ƴan matan kuma sun buga sau biyu a wasannin Commonwealth na 2010 a [[New Delhi]] . Ta auri dan wasan badminton na Czech Milan Ludík tun watan Agusta 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A badminton wedding: Kate Foo Kune & Milan Ludík |url=http://badmintoneurope.com/cms/default.aspx?clubid=4685&m=8368865&cmsid=239&pageid=5381 |access-date=15 February 2023 |website=Badminton Europe}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == Foo Kune ya fara buga wasan badminton yana da shekaru shida kuma ya zama ƙwararren ɗan shekaru goma sha biyu. Ta fara shiga gasar matasa tana da shekaru 12 a cikin 2005. Ta yi karon farko na kasa da kasa Thomas da cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Uber na Afirka a 2010 a Uganda. An nada ta a matsayin gwarzuwar 'yar wasa a shekarar 2015 a kasar Mauritius. A cikin nau'i-nau'i, ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Yeldy Marie Louison, yayin da a cikin nau'i-nau'i biyu, ta haɗu da Julien Paul. <ref name="bwf"/> A farkon ɓangaren aikinta, ta haɗu da ƙanwarta Karen Foo Kune. A lokacin da ta fara fitowa gasar cin kofin Badminton na Afirka, ta zo na biyu, amma bayan ‘yan makonni, ta lashe gasar kasa da kasa ta Mauritius. Ta ci gaba da lashe gasar 'yan kasa da shekara 15 da na 'yan kasa da shekara 19 na Afirka. A watan Satumba na 2013, an ba da rahoton cewa tana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 14 da aka zaba don shirin Road to Rio, shirin da ke da nufin taimakawa 'yan wasan badminton na Afirka su shiga gasar Olympics ta lokacin zafi na 2016 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Newsletter du Mois de Septembre 2013 Road to Rio |url=http://www.africa-badminton.com/A%20NEWSLETTERSARCHIVES/nl201309.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305001935/http://www.africa-badminton.com/A%20NEWSLETTERSARCHIVES/nl201309.htm |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=22 March 2017 |website=Africa Badminton |publisher=Badminton Confederation Africa}}</ref> Tun daga 2016, ta zauna a Paris, Faransa, kuma ta shiga ƙungiyar Badminton na Issy-Les-Moulineaux. Kafin wannan, ta yi horo na watanni huɗu a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] da [[Leeds]], Ingila. Foo Kune yana cikin tawagar badminton ta Mauritius wadda ta lashe kambun a Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyar Afirka ta 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=SA, Mauritius Crowned Champions: Africa Continental Team Championships finals |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/2016/02/21/sa-mauritius-crowned-champions-africa-continental-team-championships-finals/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018193300/http://bwfbadminton.com/2016/02/21/sa-mauritius-crowned-champions-africa-continental-team-championships-finals/ |archive-date=18 October 2016 |access-date=7 October 2016 |website=Badminton World Federation}}</ref> a watan Fabrairun 2016, wanda kuma ya tabbatar da halartar Mauritius a gasar cin kofin Uber ta 2016 . A watan Yuni 2016, Foo Kune ta lashe gasar zakarun kulob na Badminton na Turai na 2016 tare da kulob din ta duk da rashin nasara a wasan karshe a Beatriz Corrales . Ta kasance mai ba da tuta ga Mauritius a lokacin faretin al'ummai . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-16 |title=The Flagbearers for the Rio 2016 Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/the-flagbearers-for-the-rio-2016-opening-ceremony |access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> Ta yi nasara a wasanta na farko da Wendy Chen Hsuan-Yu ta Australia, amma Porntip Buranaprasertsuk ta Thailand ta lallasa ta kuma ta kasa tsallakewa zuwa zagaye na gaba. A watan Yunin 2019, an gwada Foo Kune cewa tana da sinadarin kara kuzari a gasar cin kofin Badminton ta Afirka ta 2019 kuma a watan Nuwambar 2019, an sake dakatar da ita daga gasar, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama 'yar wasan badminton ta farko daga Mauritius da aka dakatar da ita saboda kara kuzari. A cikin Disamba 2020, an dakatar da Foo Kune na tsawon shekaru biyu saboda gwajin inganci, bayan da ya gaza daukaka kara zuwa Kotun Hukunta Wasanni . Sakamakon haka, Foo Kune ba zai iya yin takara ba a wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2020 da aka jinkirta a 2021. == Nasarorin da aka samu == === Duk Wasannin Afirka === ''Ɗaiɗaiku'' {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" !Shekara ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako |- style="background:#FFB069" | align="center" | 2015 | align="left" | Gymnase Étienne Mongha, [[Brazzaville]], Jamhuriyar Kongo | align="left" |{{Flagicon|NGR}}</img> [[Grace Gabriel|Grace Jibril]] | align="left" | 21–13, 21–19 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |[[File:Med_1.png|alt=Gold|Zinariya]]</img> '''Zinariya''' |} ''Bibbiyu'' {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" !Shekara ! Wuri ! Abokin tarayya ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako |- style="background:#FFB069" | align="center" | 2015 | align="left" | Gymnase Étienne Mongha,<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> [[Brazzaville]], Jamhuriyar Kongo | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MRI}}</img> [[Yeldi Louison|Yeldy Louison]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|SEY}}</img> [[Juliette Ah-Wan]]<br /><br /><br /><br />{{Flagicon|SEY}}</img> [[Allisen Camille]] | align="left" | 20–22, 21–18, 14–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |[[File:Med_2.png|alt=Silver|Azurfa]]</img> '''Azurfa''' |} ''Ninkin bibbiyu'' {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" !Shekara ! Wuri ! Abokin tarayya ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako |- style="background:#FFB069" | align="center" | 2023 | align="left" | Borteyman Sports Complex ,<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> [[Accra]], Ghana | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MRI}}</img> [[Georges Paul|Julien Paul]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|ALG}}</img> [[Koceila Mammeri]]<br /><br /><br /><br />{{Flagicon|ALG}}</img> [[Tanina Mammeri]] | align="left" | 13–21, 26–24, 15–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |[[File:Med_3.png|alt=Bronze|Tagulla]]</img> '''Tagulla''' |} === Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka === Ɗaiɗaiku na mata {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" !Year !Venue !Opponent !Score !Result |- style="background:#ECF2FF" | align="center" |2013 | align="left" |National Badminton Centre, Rose Hill, Mauritius | align="left" |{{Flagicon|NGR}} [[Grace Gabriel]] | align="left" |23–25, 12–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |[[File:Med_2.png|Silver]] '''Silver''' |- style="background:#ECF2FF" | align="center" |2014 | align="left" |Lobatse Stadium, [[Gaborone]], Botswana | align="left" |{{Flagicon|NGR}} Grace Gabriel | align="left" |21–14, 14–21, 21–17 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |[[File:Med_1.png|Gold]] '''Gold''' |- style="background:#ECF2FF" | align="center" |2017 | align="left" |John Barrable Hall, Benoni, South Africa | align="left" |{{Flagicon|EGY}} [[Hadia Hosny]] | align="left" |16–21, 21–14, 21–8 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |[[File:Med_1.png|Gold]] '''Gold''' |- style="background:#ECF2FF" | align="center" |2018 | align="left" |Salle OMS Harcha Hacéne, [[Aljir|Algiers]], Algeria | align="left" |{{Flagicon|NGR}} [[Dorcas Ajoke Adesokan]] | align="left" |21–16, 21–19 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |[[File:Med_1.png|Gold]] '''Gold''' |- style="background:#ECF2FF" | align="center" |2019 | align="left" |Alfred Diete-Spiff Centre, [[Port Harcourt]], Nigeria | align="left" |{{Flagicon|NGR}} Dorcas Ajoke Adesokan | align="left" |12–21, 13–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |<s>[[File:Med_2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''</s> |- style="background:#ECF2FF" | align="center" |2020 | align="left" |Cairo Stadium Hall 2, [[Kairo|Cairo]], Egypt | align="left" |{{Flagicon|NGR}} Dorcas Ajoke Adesokan | align="left" |21–19, 21–16 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |[[File:Med_1.png|Gold]] '''Gold''' |- style="background:#ECF2FF" | align="center" |[[2024 African Badminton Championships|2024]] | align="left" |Cairo Stadium Indoor Halls Complex, [[Kairo|Cairo, Egypt]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|UGA}} [[Fadilah Shamika|Fadilah Mohamed Rafi]] | align="left" |walkover | style="text-align:left; background:white" |[[File:Med_1.png|Gold]] '''Gold''' |} A cikin Nuwamba 2019, Kungiyar Badminton ta Duniya ta fitar da sanarwa game da gazawar gwajin maganin kara kuzari na Kate Foo Kune a wannan gasar kuma ta yanke shawarar hana sakamakonta. <ref name="corporate.bwfbadminton.com">{{Cite web |title=BWF Statement on Mauritius Badminton Player Kate Jessica Foo Kune |url=https://corporate.bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2019/11/12/bwf-statement-on-mauritius-badminton-player-kate-jessica-foo-kune/ |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=Badminton World Federation}}</ref> ''Bibbiyu'' {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" !Shekara ! Wuri ! Abokin tarayya ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako |- style="background:#ECF2FF" | align="center" | [[Gasar Badminton ta Afirka ta 2011|2011]] | align="left" | [[Marrakesh]], Maroko | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MRI}}</img> [[Karen Foo Kune]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img> [[Michelle Edwards]]<br /><br /><br /><br />{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img>[[Annari Viljoen]] | align="left" | 21–19, 9–21, 8–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |[[File:Med_3.png|alt=Bronze|Tagulla]]</img> '''Tagulla''' |- style="background:#ECF2FF" | align="center" | 2014 | align="left" | Lobatse Stadium ,<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> [[Gaborone]], Botswana | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MRI}}</img> [[Yeldi Louison|Yeldy Louison]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|SEY}}</img> [[Juliette Ah-Wan]]<br /><br /><br /><br />{{Flagicon|SEY}}</img>[[Allisen Camille]] | align="left" | 21–17, 22–20 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |[[File:Med_1.png|alt=Gold|Zinariya]]</img> '''Zinariya''' |} ''Gauraye ninki biyu'' {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" !Shekara ! Wuri ! Abokin tarayya ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako |- style="background:#ECF2FF" | align="center" | 2017 | align="left" | John Barrable Hall,<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Benoni, Afirka ta Kudu | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MRI}}</img> [[Georges Paul|Julien Paul]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img> [[Andries Malan]]<br /><br /><br /><br />{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img>[[Jennifer Fry]] | align="left" | 19–21, 21–19, 19-21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |[[File:Med_2.png|alt=Silver|Azurfa]]</img> '''Azurfa''' |- style="background:#ECF2FF" | align="center" | [[2024 African Badminton Championships|2024]] | align="left" | Filin Wasan Cikin Gida na Alkahira, [[Kairo|Alkahira, Masar]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MRI}}</img> Julien Paul | align="left" |{{Flagicon|ALG}}</img> [[Koceila Mammeri]]<br /><br /><br /><br />{{Flagicon|ALG}}</img>[[Tanina Mammeri]] | align="left" | 6–21, 11–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |[[File:Med_3.png|alt=Bronze|Tagulla]]</img> '''Tagulla''' |} === Kalubale/Series na BWF (lakabi 13, masu tsere 11) === ''Ɗaiɗaiku'' {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" !Year !Tournament !Opponent !Score !Result |- style="background:#E9E9E9" | align="center" |2013 | align="left" |Mauritius International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|NGR}} [[Grace Gabriel]] | align="left" |21–18, 16–21, 24–22 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{gold1}} '''Winner''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2014 | align="left" |[[Morocco International]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|BEL}} [[Lianne Tan]] | align="left" |11–7, 9–11, 9–11, 8–11 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2014 | align="left" |Zambia International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|NGR}} Grace Gabriel | align="left" |21–16, 21–17 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{gold1}} '''Winner''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2015 | align="left" |[[Nigeria International]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|NGR}} Grace Gabriel | align="left" |21–14, 11–21, 12–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2015 | align="left" |Zambia International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|IRN}} [[Sorayya Aghaei Hajiagha|Sorayya Aghaei]] | align="left" |15–21, 1–0 retired | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{gold1}} '''Winner''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2015 | align="left" |Botswana International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|HUN}} [[Laura Sárosi|Laura Sarosi]] | align="left" |10–21, 14–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2016 | align="left" |Uganda International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|POR}} [[Telma Santos]] | align="left" |10–21, 12–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2016 | align="left" |Norwegian International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MAS}} [[Yap Rui Chen]] | align="left" |13–21, 8–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2017 | align="left" |Zambia International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|ISR}} [[Ksenia Polikarpova]] | align="left" |14–21, 21–16, 21–18 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{gold1}} '''Winner''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2017 | align="left" |South Africa International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Reddy Jakka]] | align="left" |10–21, 10–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2018 | align="left" |Uganda International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|EGY}} [[Hadia Hosny]] | align="left" |21–19, 21–10 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{gold1}} '''Winner''' |- style="background:#E9E9E9" | align="center" |2019 | align="left" |South Africa International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Katharina Fink]] | align="left" |21–16, 21–14 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{gold1}} '''Winner''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2023 | align="left" |Brazil International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Yasmine Hamza]] | align="left" |19–21, 21–15, 25–23 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{gold1}} '''Winner''' |- style="background:#E9E9E9" | align="center" |2023 | align="left" |South Africa International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|EGY}} [[Nour Ahmed Youssri]] | align="left" |21–16, 21–14 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{gold1}} '''Winner''' |- style="background:#E9E9E9" | align="center" |2023 | align="left" |French Guiana International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|TTO}} [[Chequeda De Boulet]] | align="left" |21–8, 21–4 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{gold1}} '''Winner''' |} ''Bibbiyu'' {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" !Shekara ! Gasar ! Abokin tarayya ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" | 2014 | align="left" | Mauritius International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MRI}}</img> [[Yeldi Louison|Yeldy Louison]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|GER}}</img> [[Annika Horbach]]<br /><br /><br /><br />{{Flagicon|NZL}}</img>[[Maria Masinipeni]] | align="left" | 12–21, 12–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |</img> '''Mai tsere''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" | 2014 | align="left" | Zambia International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|NGR}}</img> [[Grace Gabriel|Grace Jibril]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img> [[Michelle Butler-Emmett]]<br /><br /><br /><br />{{Flagicon|RSA}}</img>[[Elme de Villiers|Sunan mahaifi ma'anar Elme de Villiers]] | align="left" | 17–21, 21–19, 17–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |</img> '''Mai tsere''' |} ''Ninkin bibbiyu'' {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" !Year !Tournament !Partner !Opponent !Score !Result |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2014 | align="left" |Hatzor International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Florent Riancho]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Gennadiy Natarov]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|UKR}} [[Yuliya Kazarinova]] | align="left" |6–11, 7–11, 11–8, 10–11 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2014 | align="left" |Zambia International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MRI}} [[Georges Paul|Julien Paul]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|EGY}} [[Ali Ahmed El Khateeb|Ali Ahmed El-Khateeb]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|EGY}} [[Doha Hany]] | align="left" |21–18, 21–14 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{gold1}} '''Winner''' |- style="background:#D8CEF6" | align="center" |2017 | align="left" |Brazil International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|GER}} [[Jonathan Persson]] | align="left" |{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Hugo Arthuso]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|BRA}} [[Fabiana Silva]] | align="left" |11–21, 19–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2017 | align="left" |Mauritius International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|GER}} Jonathan Persson | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MAS}} [[Yogendran Krishnan|Yogendran Khrishnan]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|IND}} [[Prajakta Sawant]] | align="left" |7–21, 17–21 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{silver2}} '''Runner-up''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2017 | align="left" |Zambia International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|GER}} Jonathan Persson | align="left" |{{Flagicon|ISR}} [[Misha Zilberman]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|ISR}} [[Svetlana Zilberman]] | align="left" |Walkover | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{gold1}} '''Winner''' |- style="background:#D5D5D5" | align="center" |2018 | align="left" |Uganda International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|GER}} Jonathan Persson | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MRI}} Julien Paul<br /><br />{{Flagicon|MRI}} [[Aurélie Allet]] | align="left" |21–11, 21–18 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{gold1}} '''Winner''' |- style="background:#E9E9E9" | align="center" |2023 | align="left" |Botswana International | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MRI}} Julien Paul | align="left" |{{Flagicon|MRI}} [[Melvin Appiah]]<br /><br />{{Flagicon|MRI}} [[Vilina Appiah]] | align="left" |21–10, 21–15 | style="text-align:left; background:white" |{{gold1}} '''Winner''' |} : {{Color box|#D8CEF6}} [[Kalubalen Duniya na BWF|BWF International Challenge]] tournament : {{Color box|#D5D5D5}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament : {{Color box|#E9E9E9}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament == Bayanin sana'a ==   : ''<nowiki>*</nowiki> An sabunta ƙididdiga ta ƙarshe a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kate Foo Kune: Career overview |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/56086DAB-A3E9-47CC-9952-E50C2AB50092 |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=bwf.tournamentsoftware.com |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214091441/http://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/56086DAB-A3E9-47CC-9952-E50C2AB50092 |archive-date=14 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>'' == Magana == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] fucymyzcjda10a4wsatemir5u5klo69 0 78991 976017 878316 2026-11-05T05:25:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Fine and Applied Art a [[Khartoum]]''' ita ce kawai makarantar fasaha ta jama'a a [[Sudan]]. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ce ta kafa wanda ya riga ta a 1945 a matsayin Makarantar Zane a tsohuwar Kwalejin Gordon Memorial (daga baya Jami'ar Khartoum). A shekara ta 1951, an sanya shi cikin Cibiyar Fasaha ta Khartoum wacce ta zama Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sudan (SUST) a shekara ta 1971, kuma an sake sunan makarantar Kwalejin Fine da Applied Art. Wasu daga cikin sanannun masu zane-zane na Sudan da suka yi karatu ko koyarwa a kwalejin sune Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq, Ibrahim El-Salahi da [[Ahmed Shibrain]], wanda aka fi sani da shi a duniya a matsayin membobin Makarantar Khartoum ta fasahar zamani. Duk da manyan koma baya da suka haifar da watsi da gwamnatoci da yawa tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1980, makarantar fasaha ta ci gaba zuwa karni na 21 kuma ita ce wurin da yawancin masu zane-zanen zamani na Sudan suka fara ilimin fasahar su. Bayan [[Juyin juya halin Sudan|Juyin Juya Halin Sudan]] na 2018/19, kwalejin ta sake fasalin tsarin karatun ta da ma'aikatan koyarwa, kuma tana ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar zamantakewa da siyasa na ƙungiyoyin fasaha na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=College of Fine and Applied Arts - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/140/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == === A lokacin mulkin mallaka === Don horar da malamai na fasaha ga makarantun gwamnati da ke karkashin jagorancin Burtaniya na Sudan ta Anglo-Masar, an gabatar da Sashen Fasaha a cikin 1930 a Cibiyar Malamai ta Bakhtalruda. An kafa wannan a Cibiyar Ilimi ta tsohon Kwalejin Tunawa da Gordon a 1943, kuma a 1945, an kafa Makarantar Zane. Jean-Pierre Greenlaw, malamin fasaha na Burtaniya, ya zama darektan farko na wannan makarantar kuma ya zama mutum mai tasiri a fagen fasaha na kasar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Um |first=Nancy |date=2011-11-01 |title=Greenlaw's Suakin: The Limits of Architectural Representation and the Continuing Lives of Buildings in Coastal Sudan |url=https://orb.binghamton.edu/art_hist_fac/2 |journal=Art History Faculty Scholarship}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R. B. |date=1977 |title=Review of The Coral Buildings of Suakin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/615885 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=204–206 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00041057 |issn=0041-977X |jstor=615885 |s2cid=162978896}}</ref> A shekara ta 1951, an tura makarantar zuwa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Khartoum, kuma a shekara ta 1971, ta zama Kwalejin Fine da Applied Art a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Sudan (SUST). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=College of Fine and Applied Art - history |url=https://art.sustech.edu/about/history/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Sudan University for Science and Technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229220156/https://art.sustech.edu/about/history/ |archive-date=2022-12-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tun daga farko, an kafa makarantar ne a cikin al'adar makarantun fasaha na Burtaniya, suna ba da darussan a cikin zane-zane da zane-zane a cikin zane, gine-gine, zane, lissafi da zane. Manufarta ita ce samar da malamai don makarantun sakandare da Horar da sana'a. Daga 1963 zuwa 1977, furofesoshi da malamai daga Kwalejin Royal College of Arts, Makarantar Fasaha da Zane ta Tsakiya da Makarantar Fasahar Slade a Ƙasar Ingila sun yi aiki a matsayin membobin kwamitocin kimantawa da Masu jarrabawa na waje.<ref name=":0"/> Har zuwa shekarun 1970s, tsarin karatun ya kunshi azuzuwan da ke cikin dabarun yamma tare da ɗan sha'awa ga al'adun 'yan asalin ƙasar: Ba a koyar da tsoffin al'adun zane-zane a Sudan ko [[Fasahar Afirka|Afirka]] ko fasahar Islama ba. === Bayan samun 'yancin kai === [[Fayil:Khartoum_Polytechnic_Complex,_College_of_Fine_and_Applied_Art_Sudan_1978_Designed_by_Abdel-Moneim_Mustafa_Ayoub_and_Omer_Salim_-_Site_Landscape_Proposals.jpg|thumb|Kwalejin Fine and Applied Art Khartoum, wanda Abdel-Moneim Mustafa Ayoub da Omer Salim suka tsara 1978]] Bayan samun 'yancin kai a kasar a shekarar 1956, masu zane-zane na farko na Sudan da aka horar a makarantar sun ci gaba da karatunsu a Ingila, tare da wasu daga cikinsu daga baya suka zama malamai a kwalejin.<ref>Daum and Diab, 2009, pp. 460-462</ref> Bayan da aka bude Makarantar Zane a 1945 kuma har zuwa shekarun 1970, ƙarni na farko na masu zane-zane sun fito, waɗanda suka haɗa da al'adun fasaha na Afirka da na Islama da kuma wahayi daga ƙungiyoyin fasaha na zamani na yamma, suna ƙoƙarin samun asalin kansu na Sudan. A cikin shekarun 1960s, mai rubutun kalmomi Osman Waqialla ya fara wani motsi na fasaha daga baya aka sani da Makarantar Khartoum na fasahar zamani, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Khartoum School: The First Sudanese School in Modern Arts - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/124/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> tare da Ibrahim El-Salahi, [[Ahmed Shibrain]] da Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq sun zama sanannun masu fasahar Sudan a duniya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Elbagir |first=Yousra |date=2016-02-18 |title=Art against the odds: new book showcases Sudan's isolated creatives |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/18/art-against-the-odds-new-book-showcases-sudans-isolated-creatives |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Khartoum School: The First Sudanese School in Modern Arts - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/124/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Daga cikin wasu sanannun masu zane-zane na Sudan da suka yi karatu ko koyarwa a kwalejin sune Hassan Musa, Muhammad Omer Khalil, Musa Khalifa, Mo Abarro da Rashid Diab . <ref>{{Cite web |last=National Museum of African Art |title=Visionary Artists / The Khartoum School |url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/visionary-viewpoints-on-africas-arts/the-khartoum-school/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=africa.si.edu }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 1978, gine-ginen Sudan Abdel Moneim Mustafa Ayoub da Omer Salim ne suka tsara wani tsari na zamani don kwalejin. An gina shi ne don kimanin dalibai 600, tare da sarari don koyarwa, azuzuwan aiki, gudanarwa, zamantakewa da wuraren zama, tare da kewaye da wuraren budewa don nune-nunen da amfani da nishaɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACA Archives - Khartoum Polytechnic Complex, College of Fine and Applied Art |url=https://arab-architecture.org/db/building/khartoum-polytechnic-complex-college-of-fine-arts-and-applied-art |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=arab-architecture.org}}</ref> Bayan gwamnatocin soja a karkashin Omar al-Bashir da kuma tsarin Islama, masu zane-zane da wuraren fasaha sun sha wahala daga tsawon shekaru 30 na matsalolin siyasa da tattalin arziki masu wahala. Daga cikin wasu dalilai, masu zane-zane da yawa da suka bar kasar, takunkumin da Amurka ta sanya, da kuma rufe ofisoshin jakadancin yamma da yawa a cikin shekarun 1990. Kasafin kudin kwaleji da yanayin nada malamai da horar da dalibai sun sha wahala sosai a wannan lokacin, tare da ka'idojin cancantar malamai le don shigar da sabbin dalibai. Kodayake kwalejin ya ci gaba da wanzuwa, yawancin matasa masu zane-zane na Sudan sun bunkasa fasahar su a cikin wani yanayi mai iyakacin zamantakewa kuma an kusan yanke su daga kirkire-kirkire na fasaha a sauran duniya. === Karni na 21 === A cikin karni na 21, kwalejin har yanzu tana fama da kasafin kuɗi mara kyau da ƙarancin kayan koyarwa da ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halawa |first=Ahmed |date=2021-11-02 |title=A Prestigious Fine Arts College in Sudan Gets Help from Its Alumni |url=https://al-fanarmedia.org/2021/11/fine-arts-college/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Al-Fanar Media |language=en-US}}</ref> Da yake amsawa ga ci gaban zamani da bukatun al'umma, yana ƙoƙari ya saka koyarwarsa game da fasahar zamani da fasahar ƙira a cikin shirye-shiryen Ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Wannan ya haɗa da horo na fasaha don yin rubuce-rubuce da kuma nuna batutuwan zamantakewa kamar lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudan University of Science and Technology |date=16 March 2021 |title=Prof. Saghiroun, Minister of HESR, addresses a workshop on visual documentation of diseases at SUST |url=https://www.sustech.edu/2021/03/2433/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=www.sustech.edu |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, yana ganin kansa a matsayin cibiyar albarkatun yanki don zane-zane na [[Afro-Arabs|Afirka da Larabawa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=College of Fine and Applied Art - Strategic view |url=https://art.sustech.edu/about/strategic-view/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=Sudan University of Science and Technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229220200/https://art.sustech.edu/about/strategic-view/ |archive-date=2022-12-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Darussan digiri daban-daban suna ba da ƙwarewa a cikin zane, zane-zane, zane-zanen rubutu, zane, yumbu, yadi, ciki da zane-zane da kuma a cikin bugawa da ɗaure littafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=College of Fine And Applied Art |url=https://art.sustech.edu/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=College of Fine and Applied Art |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229220204/https://art.sustech.edu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kamar yadda masanin kimiyya na Sudan Ahmad Sikainga ya rubuta a cikin 2012, ƙungiyoyin fasaha na zamani a Sudan da asalin zamantakewarsu ba su jawo hankalin bincike mai yawa daga Masana tarihi na fasaha ba.<ref>The Sudanese academic Ahmad Sikainga, who teaches at Ohio State University in the US, began his article ''"A short history of Sudanese popular music''" with these words: "In the literature on the rise of modern Sudan, there is a dominance of political analysis and a comparative absence of social and cultural history. Topics such as popular culture, music, dance and clothing have received scant attention from historians. These subjects have mostly been left to anthropologist and others whose research has been in rural areas. Yet such activities are central to the emergence of a common popular culture in the urban centres of the country. This is a culture that springs from the lives of marginal groups, of manual workers, peasants, slaves and women, and from the merging of a great diversity of indigenous and external influences. {{Citation|journal=Justin|url-status=Baldo|access-date=Madut Jok}}</ref> A lokacin [[Juyin juya halin Sudan|Juyin Juya Halin Sudan]] na 2018/19, duk da haka, an ba da rahoton rawar da masu fasaha ke takawa akai-akai a kafofin watsa labarai na duniya. Kafin, a lokacin da kuma bayan juyin juya halin, masu zane-zane sun bayyana ra'ayoyinsu game da al'umma da siyasa, yayin da tsohon gwamnatin Omar al Bashir ta iyakance wannan magana sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elhassan |first=Sara |date=21 February 2019 |title=How Sudanese art is fueling the revolution |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/young-sudanese-art-is-fueling-the-protest-revolution/ |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=OkayAfrica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Xuereb Seidu |first=Christine |date=December 2020 |title=Africa Sudanese art standing up to military |url=https://issuu.com/artpaper/docs/artpaper_issue_12_lr_issuu/s/11167008 |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=issuu}}</ref> A matsayin nuna sa hannunsu a cikin zanga-zangar da ke gudana a kan gwamnatin soja tun daga 2019, ɗaliban kwalejin sun nuna wani abin tunawa da ke wakiltar taken Freedom, Peace and Justice . <ref>"Sudan: Fine Arts College Reveals Memorial of the December Revolution." ''allAfrica.com'', 15 Nov. 2020, p. NA. ''Gale Academic OneFile'', link.gale.com/apps/doc/A641934029/AONE?u=wikipedia&sid=ebsco&xid=46711c58. Accessed 29 Dec. 2022</ref> A watan Satumbar 2021, Cibiyar Bayani ta kwalejin ta kammala horo don takardun gani tare da hadin gwiwar shirin Sudan Memory da Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya. A lokacin bikin rufewa, Farfesa Omer Mohamed Elhassan Darma ya ba da yabo ga mayakan da shahidai na juyin juya halin Disamba kuma ya ce, "ɗaliban Kwalejin Fine da Applied Art sun taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar murals da zane-zanen bango waɗanda suka nuna labarun da cikakkun bayanai game da gwagwarmayar masu juyin juya hali". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudan University of Science and Technology |date=2021-09-11 |title=College of Fine and Applied Arts: A Wonderful Closing to the Visual Documentation Course |url=https://www.sustech.edu/2021/09/4513/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=www.sustech.edu/ |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Ƙarin karantawa == * Daum, Werner da Rashid Diab (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=a4q3AwAAQBAJ&dq=Kenana+Handbook+Of+Sudan+werner+daum&pg=PA453 Fasahar zamani a Sudan] A cikin Hopkins, Peter G. (ed.) Kenana Handbook of Sudan . New York: Routledge, shafi na 453-516 &nbsp;  * Haggar, Lina da Tarneem Saeed . ''Masu zane-zane na zamani na Sudan: zane-zane a lokutan wahala'' / wanda Victor Röhm ya shirya; mai daukar hoto Issam Hafiez. Khartoum, Sudan: Dabanga Art & Crafts, 2015. 141 pp. tare da launi hoto.   [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/961267194 961267194] * Muhammad, Baqie Badawi, "Art: Visual Arts and Artists: Sudan", a cikin: Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures, Janar Edita Suad Joseph. * Sharkey, Heather J. (2003) Rayuwa tare da mulkin mallaka: Ƙasa da Al'adu a cikin Sudan na Anglo-Masar . Berkeley da Los Angeles, Jami'ar California Press.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0520929365|0520929365]]<span>,</span>[[Special:BookSources/9780520929364|9780520929364]] == Haɗin waje == * Yadda Fasaha ta Taimaka Binciken Rahoton juyin juya halin Sudan game da masu zane-zane na Sudan a matsayin wani ɓangare na juyin juya hali na Sudan [[Rukuni:Jami'o'i a Sudan]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] th54y0j4qhnv8il41i5qqeoh82sra82 0 79554 976030 708168 2026-11-05T06:19:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Oxbridge''' wata kwalejin karatu ce mai zaman kanta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tuisstudie is 'n goeie alternatief |url=http://www.netwerk24.com/Nuus/Onderwys/tuisstudie-is-n-goeie-alternatief-20160105}}</ref> da ke Stellenbosch, Afirka ta Kudu . An kafa shi a cikin 1997, don taimakawa wajen magance karancin ƙwarewa a kasuwar aiki ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Cibiyar Oxbridge kuma tana ba da darussan ga ɗalibai a duniya, amma yawancin ɗaliban su suna cikin kudancin Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxbridge Academy Case Study &#124; Torque Relationship Marketing Solutions |url=http://www.torque.pro/showcase/case-studies/oxbridge-case-study/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323040650/http://www.torque.pro/showcase/case-studies/oxbridge-case-study/ |archive-date=2014-03-23 |access-date=2015-08-28}}</ref> Tare da kwalejojin TVET (tsohon FET na jama'a) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nkosi |first=Bongani |date=18 November 2014 |title=Blade defends colleges against complaints from private sector |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-11-18-blade-defends-colleges-against-complaints-from-private-sector |access-date=29 September 2015 |website=Mail and Guardian}}</ref> da sauran kwalejoji masu zaman kansu, an kafa Kwalejin Oxbridge don samar da dalibai damar samun damar samun ƙarin ilimi, ba tare da la'akari da asalin ilimi da matsayin tattalin arziki ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=MacGregor |first=Karen |title=SOUTH AFRICA: Private higher education stabilises |url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20080509083546518 |access-date=29 September 2015 |website=University World News}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2016, Cibiyar [[Oxbridge]] ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ADvTECH Group, <ref>{{Cite web |title=ADvTECH Group &#124; Private Education and Resourcing |url=http://www.advtech.co.za/Pages/About/Education-Brands.aspx}}</ref> tare da manufar kara yawan karatun nesa a [[Afirka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.advtech.co.za/Documents/2016/Interims/ADvTECH%20on-line%20Results.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826145359/http://www.advtech.co.za/Documents/2016/Interims/ADvTECH%20on-line%20Results.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-26 |access-date=2016-08-25}}</ref> == Matsayi na izini == A Afirka ta Kudu, a halin yanzu akwai wasu muhawara game da matsayin izini na kwalejoji masu zaman kansu da kuma darussan da suke bayarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South African Qualifications Authority |url=http://www.saqa.org.za/show.php?id=6838 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041637/http://www.saqa.org.za/show.php?id=6838 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-08-28}}</ref> Dangane da dokokin yanzu, duk kwalejoji masu zaman kansu da ke ba da cancanta da aka yi rajista a kan Tsarin cancanta na Kasa (NQF) ana buƙatar yin rajista tare da hukumomin da suka dace, wanda zai iya haɗawa da Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa (DHET), Majalisar Ilimi mafi Girma (CHE), da Majalisar Inganci don Kasuwanci da Ayyuka (QCTO).Oxbridge Academy an yi rajista tare da DHET da QCTO, kuma wasu hukumomin da suka dace sun amince da su don bayar da wasu darussan. === Kasar kasa === * Oxbridge Academy an yi rajista na wucin gadi a matsayin kwaleji mai zaman kansa a karkashin Dokar Ci gaba da Ilimi da Kolejojin Horarwa 16 na 2006. Lambar rajista: 2009/FE07/070. * Umalusi ne ya ba su izini na ɗan lokaci - Majalisar Kula da Inganci a cikin Gabaɗaya da Ci gaba da Ilimi da Horarwa a Afirka ta Kudu. Lambar rajista: 15 FET02 00031 PA.<ref>http://www.umalusi.org.za/Inveloper.asp?iP=104&iVctg=69&iVprov=6193&iS={841D7EA9-EF7E-4A4D-8D03-5A1E8B9FA6E2}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kwalejin ta sami cikakken izini daga Majalisar Inganci don Kasuwanci da Ayyuka (QCTO) don bayar da darussan NATED. Lambar rajista: QCTO NATED/13/005 . * Kwalejin ta sami amincewar Cibiyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Afirka ta Kudu (Saiosh) don bayar da darussan kiwon lafiya da aminci daban-daban. Adadin membobin: 41333225 <ref>http://www.saiosh.co.za/search/newsearch.asp</ref> * Baya ga takardar shaidansu tare da hukumomin da aka ambata a sama, suna da amincewar shirin ilmantarwa daga Ilimi, Horarwa da Ayyukan Ci Gaban Ilimi da Horarwa (ETDP Seta) kuma suna cikin membobin Kungiyar Masu ba da Ilimi, Koyarwa da Ci gaba (APPETD). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxbridge Academy |url=http://www.appetd.org.za/member/index.php/members-2014/209-oxbridge-academy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080830/http://www.appetd.org.za/member/index.php/members-2014/209-oxbridge-academy |archive-date=2016-03-04 |website=www.appetd.org.za}}</ref> * A cikin 2017, Cibiyar Ilimi mai zaman kanta (IIE) ta amince da Kwalejin Oxbridge don ƙaddamar da darussan da aka amince da IIE guda uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The IIE &#124; Home |url=https://www.iie.ac.za/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213001251/https://www.iie.ac.za/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2018-02-13 |access-date=2017-11-06}}</ref> == Hanyar isar da shi == Dukkanin darussan ana bayar da su ne a kan ilmantarwa mai nisa. Koyon nesa, musamman a cikin yanayin Afirka ta Kudu, yana ba wa ɗalibai damar ci gaba da karatun su koda kuwa ba su da damar sufuri, ko kuma lokacin da ake buƙatar su yi aiki don tallafa wa iyalansu, maimakon ci gaba da ilimi na cikakken lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Capitec |title=Back to School |url=https://www.capitecbank.co.za/money-management/article/408 |access-date=8 October 2015 |website=Capitec Bank |archive-date=11 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511100240/https://www.capitecbank.co.za/money-management/article/408 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hadin waje == == Manazarta == * https://www.oxbridgeacademy.edu.za/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20240613050406/https://www.oxbridgeacademy.edu.za/blog/ * [http://whoswho.co.za/members-who-attended-oxbridge-academy http://whoswho.co.za/membobin-waɗanda suka halarci-oxbridge-academy] h2vjt1n53rwtxw0m5jxaz352fiwwv5q 0 79610 976019 441277 2026-11-05T05:28:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ido-ani''', [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]], wata makarantar sakandare ce da ke Idoani, Jihirar Ondo a [[Najeriya]] .Yana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun hadin kai sama da 100 mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya waɗanda [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyan Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya]], Najeriya ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Unity Colleges |url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-unity-colleges/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Federal Ministry of Education |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shugaban da ya kafa shi ne Cif Omotade, wanda ya kasance a matsayin shugaban har zuwa 1985 lokacin da aka sauya shi zuwa Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya Portharcourt . '''Gudanarwar Makarantar da ta gabata''' Tun daga shekara ta 1978 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar, wasu daga cikin Shugabannin sun sauya don gudanar da makarantar a wani lokaci ko wani. Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin Shugabannin da lokacin da suke gudanarwa a kwalejin. {| class="wikitable" |1 |Mista omotade, MA |1978 – 1985 |- |2 |Mista Olaoye, E.O. |1985 – 1987 |- |3 |Mista Akindoju |1987 – 1990 |- |4 |Mista Ojonuba J.U |1991 – 1995 |- |5 |Mista Adewale J.O. |1995 – 1999 |- |6 |Mista Akinwomoju, N.A |1999 – 2002 |- |7 |Mista Omole (Ag Principal) |2002 - (Nuwamba - Disamba) |- |8 |Misis Fasina (Mai Girma) |2003 (Janairu - Yuni) |- |9 |Misis Abolaji A.A. |Yuli 2003 - 2005 |- |10 |Mista Aderinto T.A |2006 – 2007 |- |11 |Misis Fasina F.O (Ag Principal) |Janairu 2008 - Satumba 2008 |- |12 |Mista Ogbe R.A. |Satumba 2008 - Disamba 2010 |- |13 |Mall Alfa Abdullahi |Janairu 2010 - Yuli 2013 |- |14 |Misis Adu Bolanle (Ag Principal) |Agusta 2013 - Agusta 1, 2014 |- |15 |Mista Chega S.G |Agusta 2014 |} == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * Deji Akinwande, injiniya * [[Akin Alabi]], mai daukar hoto, darektan bidiyon kiɗa, kuma mai zane-zane * [[Mai Atafo]], mai gyaran tufafi * Simbo Olorunfemi, mawaki, ɗan jarida, kuma ɗan kasuwa * Spellz, mai yin rikodin * [[Oyekan Temilade]], Nurs * [[Tajudeen Adeyemi Adefisoye]] Majalisar Wakilai memba Idanre-Ifedore mazabar a [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]] * [https://tribuneonlineng.com/flooding-ekiti-to-spend-n334m-to-dredge-20000m-waterways/ Olumuyiwa Olumilua] Kwamishinan Bayanai da Daraja, [[Ekiti|Jihar Ekiti]] * Oladele John Nihi Mataimakin Shugaban Yammacin Afirka, Ƙungiyar Matasan Afirka == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> Fayil:Signpost,_Federal_Government_College,_Idoani,_Ondo_State.jpg|alt=Signpost, Federal Government College, Idoani|Alamar, Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Idoani </gallery> == Bayanan da aka ambata == ake86p6h7c0foyu7wwn5ve94vrc198k 0 79637 975986 955850 2026-11-04T22:30:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''King's College, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]''' ('''KCL''') makarantar sakandare ce a Legas, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]] . An kafa shi a ranar 20 ga Satumba 1909 tare da dalibai 10 a asalinsa a [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], kusa da Tafawa Balewa Square . Makarantar ta yarda da daliban maza ne kawai ko da yake a tarihi an shigar da wasu daliban HSC mata (A-Level equivalent) kafin kafa Kwalejin Sarauniya Legas, wanda aka fi sani da makarantar 'yar'uwa King's College. Kwalejin Sarki tana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje don Takardar shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka da Majalisar jarrabawar Kasa. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:King's College Lagos 2.jpg|thumb|King's College, Lagos]] A cikin 1908, mukaddashin Darakta na Ilimi na Najeriya a Legas, Henry Rawlingson Carr ya shawarci Gwamna Walter Egerton kan cikakken shirin ilimi a Legas.<ref name="Fajana">{{Cite web |last=Fajana |first=Adewumi |title=Henry Carr – Portrait of a Public Servant |url=http://www.unilorin.edu.ng/journals/education/ije/june1984/HENRY%20CARR%20-%20PORTRAIT%20OF%20A%20PUBLIC%20SERVANT.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524062034/http://www.unilorin.edu.ng/journals/education/ije/june1984/HENRY%20CARR%20-%20PORTRAIT%20OF%20A%20PUBLIC%20SERVANT.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2015 |access-date=4 October 2015 |website=University of Ilorin}}</ref> Shawarwarin Carr da shawarwari sun kasance tushen kafa Kwalejin Sarki. Carr ya shawo kan Hukumar Ilimi ta London cewa aikin ilimi na Kwalejin Sarki ba zai haɗu ba amma zai kara da shirye-shiryen ilimi na al'ummomin mishan.<ref name="Fajana" /> A sakamakon haka, wasu marubuta suna ɗaukar Henry Carr a matsayin "masanin gine-gine na Kwalejin Sarki". <ref name="Naij">{{Cite web |last=Olupohunda & Olalere |date=3 October 2015 |title=How Lagos Was Responsible For Nigeria's Independence |url=https://www.naij.com/577472-nigeriaat55-read-lagos-won-nigerias-independence-britain.html |access-date=4 October 2015 |website=Naij.com}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Satumba 1909 '''Makarantar Sarki''' (kamar yadda ake kiranta a lokacin) ta kasance. Akwai dalibai 10 na majagaba wadanda suka hada da [[James Churchill Vaughan|J.C. Vaughan]], [[Isaac Ladipo Oluwole]], Frank Macaulay, Daniel Adeniyi Onojobi, Herbert Mills (daga [[Gold Coast (Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya)|Gold Coast]]), O.A. Omololu da Moses King. Oluwole shine babban shugaban makarantar na farko. An gina ginin makarantar kuma an ba da kayan aiki a farashin £ 10,001. Ya ƙunshi zauren da za a iya saukar da dalibai 300, dakunan lacca 8, dakin gwaje-gwaje na sinadarai da ofis. Falsafar Makarantar Sarki ta kasance<blockquote>"don samar wa matasa na mulkin mallaka ilimi mafi girma fiye da wanda makarantun da ke akwai suka bayar, don shirya su don jarrabawar Matriculation na Jami'ar London da kuma ba da hanya mai amfani ga Nazarin ga waɗanda ke da niyyar cancanta ga rayuwar sana'a ko shiga Gwamnati ko sabis na Kasuwanci".</blockquote>Ma'aikatan kwalejin sun kunshi 'yan Turai uku (babban wanda ke ba da koyarwa a cikin harshen Ingilishi, wallafe-wallafen da Latin, Masanin lissafi da kimiyya) tare da mataimakan malamai biyu na Afirka. Lokaci-lokaci, membobin Ma'aikatar Ilimi suna aiki a matsayin laccoci na darussan maraice. Gwamnati ta ba da tallafin karatu uku da nune-nunen uku a kowace shekara bisa ga cancanta. Masu cin gajiyar tallafin suna da damar samun karatun kyauta da kuma tallafin gwamnati na fam 6 a kowace shekara. Sabanin haka, masu riƙe da nune-nunen suna karɓar karatun kyauta; kawai nune-nununen sadaka na Hussey da za a iya jurewa a kwalejin an kafa su ne ga ɗalibai marasa galihu daga cikin kudaden saka hannun jari na gidan Hussey Charity. Matsakaicin halartar dalibai a ƙarshen 1910 ya kasance 16. Wannan ya tashi zuwa 67 a ƙarshen shekara ta 1914. A cikin 1926, an buga ''Ci gaban Ma'aikatar Ilimi, 1882-1925''. Babi na 1, "Rahoton Shekara-shekara kan Ci gaban Ilimi, Lardin Kudancin, Najeriya, na shekara ta 1926" ya gano abubuwan ban sha'awa game da makarantar. Ya karanta, a wani bangare, "...1909 ya fi lura da bude Kwalejin Sarki a matsayin Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati a karkashin shugabancin Mista Lomax wanda aka ba shi tallafi daga Sashen Bincike, kuma wanda ya sami taimako daga Masters biyu na Turai. Yawan yara maza a cikin littafin ya kai 11. A cikin 1909, an nada Mista Hyde-Johnson a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin King, amma watanni tara bayan haka, ya gaji Mista Rowden a matsayin Darakta na Ilimi.... " Cewa shugaban farko na kwalejin shine Mista Lomax wani bayyani ne mai ban mamaki, mai ban mamaki saboda babban ra'ayi koyaushe shine Mista Hyde-Johnson wanda ke riƙe da wannan matsayi. Har zuwa shekara ta 1954 lokacin da aka rubuta bugu na farko na taƙaitaccen tarihin kwalejin, sanannen labari shine cewa Mista Hyde-Johnson shine shugaban farko na Kwalejin Sarki. Sai dai ga 'yan ɗaliban tushe da suka tsira, kusan babu wani Tsohon Yaro wanda ya taɓa jin labarin Mista Lomax; sunan wannan majagaba ya ɓace cikin duhu. Bayani game da rayuwa a K.C. a farkon shekarunta an bayar da shi ta hanyar labarin F.S. Scruby mai kwanan wata 24 ga Fabrairu 1924 a cikin Mermaid mai taken 'Further Glimpse of the Past': : [[Fayil:2023-2024 Prefects of King's College, Lagos with the School Captain, Oke Abdulrahman.jpg|thumb|King's College, Lagos]]"Ya farfado da tunanin da yawa waɗanda ba su taɓa yin barci sosai don karanta tunanin Ikoli game da ɗan gajeren 'yancin' na a K.C. Bayan ya koya wa matashin Australiya a cikin 'Bush' a cikin New South Wales mai hasken rana kuma ya yi hutu a Fiji da Tsibirin Pacific, abin farin ciki ne cewa na zo Legas kuma abin takaici ne a gare ni in yi murabus daga mukamin nan da nan. : "Abin da ke da ban sha'awa ne cewa Ikoli ya kamata ya lura cewa wasu yara maza suna cikin haɗarin lalacewa. Har zuwa yau Old Boys daga Makarantu inda na koyar a Ingila kafin na je Legas ya tunatar da ni game da ra'ayi na dindindin da aka yi musu lokacin da suka nuna alamun irin wannan lalacewa. Bukukuwan da aka bayyana da karimci a cikin lambar Disamba sun kasance kawai ganawa da s na aji na Matriculation- Oluwole, Vaughan da Macaulay- waɗanda ke amfani da su zo wurin zama sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a mako don karanta Shakespeare. : "A kallon baya a kan Horar da Jiki, ina jin tsoron Okoli ya cire tabarau masu launin fure. Sakataren W.A.R.F.F. wanda ya saba zuwa ya ba da darussan ba su da tsufa sosai a kan albasa. Ya kasance mai koyarwa mai kyau kuma yana son yara maza sosai amma gaskiyar ta kasance cewa P.T. ba ta shahara ba, kuma wani ƙaramin yaro musamman yana zuwa ya ba ni rahoto a kai a kai cewa yana da 'ƙafar ƙafa', kuma yana shan babban sashi daga kwalban da aikin sa'a guda. Babban burina ne cewa ya kamata a kafa Kamfanin Cadet a K.C. yayin da kamfanin farko na Makarantar Cadet Battalion ta Legas ya bazu ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi, amma shirin ya fadi. : "Yana da babban farin ciki duk da cewa ba batun mamaki ba ne a san cewa K.C. ya bunƙasa a cikin shekaru 13 da suka gabata tare da ci gaban Tsarin Gida da Wasannin Gida. " Kodayake an kafa shi ne a 1909, Kwalejin Sarki yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun hadin kai 104 a Najeriya da gwamnatin tarayya ke gudanarwa don tattara yara daga yanayin ƙasa, kabilanci, da zamantakewar tattalin arziki daban-daban don gina makomar Najeriya, musamman bayan Yaƙin Biafran . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Unity Colleges |url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-unity-colleges/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Federal Ministry of Education |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ƙungiya == === Gidaje da azuzuwan === Akwai gidaje huɗu a cikin makarantar da ake kira bayan tsoffin shugabanni. Gidan Hyde-Johnson (ja), Gidan Panes (blue), Gidan Mckee-Wright (yellow) da Gidan Harman (kore). Yana da makamai goma a kowane aji (kamar yadda aka yi a zaman 2017-2018), Su ne A, <'''B''' id="mwRw">Alfa, C, D, E, F, G, H, J da K. Kwalejin King ta Legas tana amfani da harafin Girkanci Alpha maimakon harafin B a matsayin hannu na biyu na ajin su. === Cibiyoyin karatu === Saboda ƙuntatawa na yawan jama'a, an raba makarantar zuwa makarantun biyu, tare da ƙaramar makarantar da ke motsawa cikin ɗakin tsohon Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Tarayya (FSA) a [[Victoria Island, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria]]. (Gwamnatin makarantar har yanzu tana ƙarƙashin ikon shugaban ɗaya kuma a ƙarshe a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya.) Wannan yana nufin cewa ƙananan ɗalibai na makarantar (aji 1-3) yanzu suna cikin tsibirin Victoria "Annex," kamar yadda aka san wannan harabar. A halin yanzu, Kwalejin Sarki, Legas tana da babbar makaranta. Tsofaffi yanzu sun rabu kamar haka: SS1 zuwa SS3 yara maza suna samuwa a Babban sansanin (Tafawa Balewa Square), yayin da JSS1 zuwa JSS3 yara maza ke samuwa a harabar da aka haɗa (Victoria Island). Tsohon PKC, Otunba 'Dele Olapeju, ya hau mulki a watan Janairun, 2010 kuma ya yi murabus daga aiki a watan Nuwamba, 2015. Ya tura manyan dalibai daga mahaɗin zuwa babban harabar. A yau, Kwalejin Sarki tana sanye da sabon salo. Ya gina gine-gine da yawa a babban harabar da kuma harabar da ke kusa. Sakamakon dalibai yanzu suna kan layi, tare da iyaye da masu kula da su suna iya bin ayyukan ilimi da na waje na 'ya'yansu / 'yan majalisa ta amfani da bayanan ɗalibai waɗanda aka ba su. === Shugabannin === Ya zuwa zaman 2023-2024, Kwalejin King's Legas tana da mukamai 45 na prefect. Wannan ƙungiyar prefects ta jagoranci ta hanyar 'Headboy', Kyaftin na Makarantar. Kyaftin din Makarantar na yanzu na taron ilimi na 2024-2025 shine Mgbeokwer Ihedimunma . [[Fayil:2023-2024_Prefects_of_King's_College,_Lagos_with_the_School_Captain,_Oke_Abdulrahman.jpg|thumb|Yana wakiltar Prefects na Kwalejin Sarki na 2023-2024, Legas]] == Ilimi da rayuwar zamantakewa ta dalibi == Kwalejin Sarki ta Legas ta tabbatar da ingancin iliminta na ƙarni da yawa kuma ta wuce gwajin lokaci. Bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba sun bayar da rahoton cewa Kwalejin Sarki Legas ta yi nasara a kashi 90% a watan Mayu / Yuni 2015 WASSCE. A cikin zamantakewa, KC ya tabbatar da kasancewa daya daga cikin mafi kyau, kamar yadda ayyukan shekara-shekara kamar gasar wasanni ta gida, wasannin shekara-sheko tare da Makarantar Achimota ta Ghana, da kuma Kwallon Karatun Kwalejin Sarki / Sarauniya don ɗaliban SS3 masu fita sun zama manyan abubuwan zamantakewa a Kwalejin King. Kofin KIGS na shekara-shekara muhimmin taron wasanni ne. Gasar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa tare da makarantu huɗu da ke halarta - Kwalejin Sarki, Kwalejin Igbobi, Kwaleji ta Gwamnati Ibadan da Kwalejin St. Gregory. Ikoyi Run na shekara-shekara kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan wasanni na Kwalejin Sarki. Ikoyi Run marathon ne tare da gidaje huɗu da ke fafatawa. Har ila yau, akwai gasar wasanni ta shekara-shekara tare da gidaje huɗu da ke fafatawa. == Uniform == Kayan makaranta ya kunshi fararen rigar (tsawon hannaye ga waɗanda ke cikin babban makaranta da gajeren hannaye ga wadanda ke cikin ƙaramin makaranta), taye na makaranta da / ko lambar makaranta, fararen wando, baƙar fata, takalma da takalma masu baƙar fata da kuma blue blazer. Yin amfani da blazer ya zama tilas a karkashin Shugaban Mr. S. M. Onoja. == Shugabanni == Shugaban farko na makarantar shine Mista Lomax, yayin da shugaban Afirka na farko shine Rex Akpofure . Shugaban makarantar na yanzu shine Ali Andrew Agada . Wasu wasu shugabannin sune: * Lomax (1909-1910) * Henry Hyde-Johnson (1910) <ref>L. C. Gwam, ''Great Nigerians'' Vol. 1 (1967), p. 3: "1910 Mr. Henry Hyde Johnson, an officer who came out as principal of the newly founded King's College"</ref> * Frank Sutherland Scruby (1911-1914) <ref>"SCRUBY, Frank Sutherland" in ''[[Alumni Cantabrigienses]]'', Vol. V (Cambridge University Press, 1953), p. 451; ''Educational Times and Journal of the College of Preceptors'' (1 July 1911), p. 282: "FRANK S. SCRUBY, M.A. Cantab., Science Master, Aldenham School, has been appointed Head Master of King's College, Lagos."</ref> * Charles McKee Wright (1914-1917) <ref>"Pensions" in ''Blue Book, Nigeria'' (Government Printer, South Africa, 1920), p. 43</ref> * J.A. de Gaye (1917-1919) * D.L. Kerr (1919) * H.A.A.F. Harman (1919-1925) * W.M. Peacock (1926-1931) * J.N. Panes (1931-1936) * A.H. Clift (1936-1947) * H.H. Jeffers (Mai Gudanarwa, 1941-1942) <ref>Thomas Harder, ''Special Forces Hero: Anders Lassen VC MC'' (Pen and Sword Military, 2021), p. 100</ref> * A.D. Porter (1947) * G.P. Savage (1948) * J.R. Bunting (1949-1954) * P. H. Davis (1957 zuwa 1964) * Rex Akpofure (1964-1968) (babban asalin farko) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Biodun |title=Tributes at final rites for Akpofure, 'the principals' principal' |url=http://waa–do.org/NigerDelta/Memorials/RexAkpofure-KingsCollege.html |access-date=22 April 2020 |website=Urhobo Historical Society |publisher=The Guardian }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Esangbedo |first=John |title=REX AKPOFURE'S SPORTS PROWESS REMEMBERED |url=http://waado.org/NigerDelta/Memorials/RexAkpofure-Sports.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327042430/http://www.waado.org/NigerDelta/Memorials/RexAkpofure-Sports.html |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=22 April 2020 |website=Urhobo Historical Society |publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> * R. S. G. Agiobu-Kemmer (1968-1975) * M.O. Imana (1975-1978) * Augustine A. Ibegbulam (1978-1985) * S. O. Agun (1985-1992) * S. A. Akinruli (1992-1994) * S. I. Balogun * Sylvester M. Onoja * Yetunde Awofuwa[note] * Akintoye A. Ojemuyiwa * Otunba Oladele Olapeju * Anthony Thomas * Ibezim Elizabeth * Agada Ali Andrew * Magaji Zachariah : 1. Bayan tashiwar Onoja, Yetunde Awofuwa wanda ya kasance babban malami mai matsayi an nada shi a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban makarantar.  Ba a taɓa tabbatar da ita a matsayin shugabar makarantar ba. Daga baya ta tafi ta zama shugabar Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Oyo . Ita ce shugabar mace ta farko kuma kadai a makarantar. == PREFECTS 2024/2025 set == School Captain:Mgbeokwere Ihedimunma Vice School captain:Olawale Waheed Harmans House Captains:Ibeabuchi Kamsi and Sanni Kehinde Hyde Johnson Captains: Ameh Fabian and Okoye Chimdindu Panes House Captains: Achonwa Reagan and Ogunwole John Mckee Wright House Captain:Owolabi Iretomiwa(PIG) and Roberts Phillip Labour Prefects:Ator Daniel,Olaitan Isaiah,,Nwachukwu Pachal,Soares Victor,Oladele Ayomide and Olawale Abdulmalik Dining Hall Prefects:''Jimoh Ahmed,Sulaiman Sodiq,Obiagboso Chiagoziem,Eze Chinonso,Okwedi James,Adibe Christian and Lawal Abdulhaad'' Utility prefects:''Okonkowa Emmanuel,Rimamde Steven,Ikemefuna Kelvin and Ezeokeke Chidalu'' Social Prefects:''Sofolahan Ayomide and Ehebhoria Jeffery'' Chapel Prefect:''James Rishamma'' Catholic Prefect:''Chibueze Victor'' Muslim Prefect:''Soliudeen Abdulsalam'' Assembly Prefects:''Esho Damola and Udoh Ebuka'' Library Prefects:''Olatunji Moses,Olunubi Greatness and Chima Ebenezer'' Sports Prefects: Akinbami Oluwaseun and Olaitan Femi Health Prefects: Ezenaya Derek and Eduzor Melvin SRC President:Eremosele Nathaniel SRC vice:Gbdebo Benjamin SRC secretary:Ezepue Oluebeube SRC chief whip:Abdulrazaq Olayinka == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * [[Simeon Adebo]], Mai Gudanarwa, lauya, kuma diflomasiyya * [[Lateef Adegbite]], Sakatare Janar na [[Majalisar Koli ta Najeriya kan Harkokin Addinin Musulunci|Majalisar Koli ta Najeriya kan Harkokin Musulunci]] * [[Wale Adenuga]], mai shirya fim * [[Adetokunbo Ademola]], tsohon Babban Alkalin Tarayyar [[Najeriya]] * [[Claude Ake]], Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki, masanin kimiyya na kasa da kasa kuma mai tsattsauran ra'ayi * Sam Akpabot, mawaƙin kiɗa * Ephraim Akpata, Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli na Najeriya * Rotimi Alakija, dan wasan disc na Najeriya, mai shirya rikodin rikodin kuma mai yin rikodin rikodi. * [[Sola Akinyede]], Sanata na Tarayya 2007-2011 * Cobhams Asuquo, mai samar da kiɗa na Afirka * Hakeem Bello-Osagie, Shugaba Etisalat Najeriya * [[R. A. B. Dikko|Russel Dikko]], likita kuma tsohon Kwamishinan Tarayya na Ma'adinai da Wutar Lantarki * [[Alex Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme|Alex Ekwueme]], tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya * [[Arnold Ekpe]], mai banki * [[Anthony Enahoro|Cif Anthony Enahoro]], ɗan jarida kuma mai ba da shawara ga dimokuradiyya * [[Ibrahim Gambari]], wakilin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] * [[Akanu Ibiam]], Gwamnan Yankin Gabas da Likita * Asue Ighodalo, Lauyan da abokin tarayya a Banwo da Ighodalu * Oladipo Jadesimi, ɗan kasuwa * [[Lateef Jakande]], tsohon Gwamnan [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] kuma tsohon Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje na Tarayya * [[Adetokunbo Lucas]], likita kuma gwani na kasa da kasa kan cututtukan wurare masu zafi * Vincent I. Maduka, Shugaban kungiyar Injiniyoyin Najeriya (1992-1993) * [[Audu Maikori]], Lauyan, ɗan kasuwa, mai fafutuka, kuma shugaban matasa, Shugaba Chocolate City MusicWaƙoƙin Birnin Cokolate * [[Samuel Manuwa]], Likita da kuma mai gudanarwa * [[Babagana Monguno]], mai ba da shawara kan tsaron kasa na NajeriyaMai ba da shawara kan tsaro na kasa * [[Gogo Chu Nzeribe]], dan kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya kuma shugaban kungiyar kwaminisanci ta kasar * [[Audu Innocent Ogbeh|Audu Ogbeh]], tsohon Shugaban PDP kuma Ministan Noma * [[Adebayo Ogunlesi]], shugaban yanzu kuma manajan abokin tarayya na Global Infrastructure PartnersAbokan Kasuwancin Duniya * [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu|Emeka Ojukwu]], Gwamna na Yankin Gabashin Najeriya & Shugaban Jiha na tsohuwar [[Biyafara|Jamhuriyar Biafra]] * Lateef Olufemi Okunnu, Lauyan da Jami'ar Jami'ar * [[Kole Omotoso|Kole Omotosho]], Mawallafi kuma masanin kimiyya * Victor Ovie Whisky, Shugaban Hukumar Zabe ta Tarayya (FEDECO) * [[Adeyinka Oyekan]], Oba na Legas daga 1965 zuwa 2003 * Atedo Peterside, ma'aikacin banki, ɗan kasuwa kuma wanda ya kafa [[Stanbic IBTC Holdings|Bankin Stanbic IBTC Plc]] * [[Christopher Oluwole Rotimi]], Brigadier Janar Janar na Sojojin Najeriya da ya yi ritaya, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma ɗan siyasa. * [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi]], Sarkin Kano, kuma tsohon Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya * [[Bukola Saraki]], Tsohon [[Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya|Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]], kuma tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Kwara * [[Fela Sowande]], masanin kiɗa kuma mawaƙi * [[Udoma Udo Udoma]], Sanata na Tarayya (1999-2007) kuma Shugaban UAC na Nig. Plc * [[Shamsuddeen Usman|Shamsudeen Usman]], tsohon [[Ministan Albarkatun kasa|Ministan kudi na Najeriya]] * Olumide Akpata, Shugaban kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya[[Kungiyar Layoyi ta Najeriya|Kungiyar Lauyoyi ta Najeriya]] * [[James Churchill Vaughan]], wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko na kungiyar matasa ta Legas a 1934 == Hoto == <gallery heights="132px" mode="packed" caption="Kwalejin Sarki, Legas"> Fayil:Kings_College,_Lagos.jpg|alt=Kings College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarakuna, Legas Fayil:Kings_College,_Lagos1.jpg|alt=Kings College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarakuna, Legas Fayil:Kings_College,_Lagos3.jpg|alt=Kings College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarakuna, Legas </gallery> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.kingscollegelagos.com/ Shafin yanar gizon jami'ar King's College Lagos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614091257/http://www.kingscollegelagos.com/ |date=2024-06-14 }} * [http://www.kcobonline.org/ Kungiyar Tsoffin Yara ta King's College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614091257/http://www.kcobonline.org/ |date=2024-06-14 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091008030032/http://www.mykcl.org/ Gidan yanar gizo na King's College Lagos Boys da Old Boys] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100918054213/http://www.kingscollegelagos88.com/ KC Alumni saitin shafin yanar gizon 1988] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jsdpvbfaidjc2fr26nl2epun42vh2f3 0 79646 976012 550643 2026-11-05T04:50:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, [[Bida]]''' (FGGC BIDA) makarantar kwana ce ta sakandare ga' yan mata a Bida, Jihar Nijar, Najeriya . An kafa shi a tsakiyar shekarun 1970s. == Tarihi == An kafa FGGC Bida a shekara ta 1974 kuma saiti na farko ya kammala karatu a shekara ta 1979. An kafa shi ne da sha'awar hadin kan kasa na Najeriya, hadin kan ƙasa da ƙwarewar ilimi. A matsayin makarantar kwana, makarantar ta ilimantar da 'yan mata da suka shiga sana'o'i a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwa suna aiki a cikin ƙasa da duniya.<ref>The Fggcbida [https://www.fedecobid-alumni.com/index.php/about-fggc-bida-uk-chapter/brief-history-of-fggc-bida.html "History of the FggcBida"]{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Federal College Bida, 2015,</ref><ref>FggcBida history [https://edufirst.ng/school/fggc-bida.html " About FggcBida "], Edufirst, 2013,</ref> Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Bida tana daga cikin makarantun hadin kai 104, mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayyar da [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyan Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya]] ke gudanarwa, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Unity Colleges |url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-unity-colleges/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Federal Ministry of Education |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wurin makarantar a [[Bida]], [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]]. Bida yanki ne na karamar hukuma a jihar Nijar, Najeriya, A [[Nupenci|Nupe]], gari mai magana.<ref>Girl child college [https://hotels.ng/places/school/4373--federal-government-girls-college-bida.html " Federal Government Girls School Bida "]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, HotelsNG, 2016</ref> == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * [[Aishah Ahmad]], Mataimakin Gwamna na [[Babban Bankin Najeriya]] * Beatrice Jedy-Agba, [[lauya]] kuma mai ba da shawara game da fataucin mutane * [[Amina Adamu Aliyu|Mai Shari'a Amina Adamu Aliyu]], Alkalin Kotun Koli, [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.fggcbida.com/home shafin yanar gizon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813091052/https://fggcbida.com/home |date=2022-08-13 }} 244p2gvgqwey7ccpaydc1ch7f7vzaxy 0 79649 976021 443099 2026-11-05T05:28:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kwalejin Gwamnatin tarayya ta [[Odogbolu]] makarantar sakandare ce ta tarayya da ke garin Odogbulu a [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |author-link=The Punch |date=May 14, 2016 |title=Govt worker stole N103m through personal company– ICPC |url=http://punchng.com/govt-worker-stole-n103m-personal-company-icpc/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Belo-Osagie |first=Kofoworola |author-link=The Nation (Nigeria) |date=January 21, 2016 |title=Chef woos male students |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/chef-woos-male-students-2/}}</ref> An kafa makarantar ne a watan Janairun 1973 a matsayin daya daga cikin makarantun hadin kai ta gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Unity Colleges |url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-unity-colleges/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Federal Ministry of Education |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ranar da kayan aiki don dalibai na rana da na kwana. Shugaban shi ne Mista Akinpelu Amos . Makarantar tana da siffofi na musamman daya daga cikinsu Gidajen Wasanni sun bambanta da launuka kuma ana kiran gidaje bayan ruwa na musamman a Najeriya kamar Lake Chad wanda aka sani da Chadi House, Cross River wanda aka sani na Cross House, Kogin Neja wanda ke tsaye don Gidan Nijar da Kogin Osun wanda aka sani ne da Osun House. == Tsoffin ɗalibai == * [[Fisayo Ajisola]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta talabijin da fim, samfurin kuma mawaƙa * [[Rotimi Babatunde]], marubuciya kuma marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo * Olurotimi Badero, likita * [[Emamode Edosio]], mai yin fim da kuma darektan fim * [[Ufuoma McDermott]], mai yin fim, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma tsohon samfurin * Albarka Nwagba, ɗan siyasa * [[Bayo Onanuga]], Darakta Janar, [[Hukumar Labarai ta Najeriya|Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Najeriya]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Opoola |first=Latifat |author-link=allAfrica.com |year=2016 |title=Nigeria: Govt Names Chief Executives for NBC, NTA, FRCN, NAN, VON, NOA |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201605261003.html}}</ref> * Adewale Tinubu, ɗan kasuwa * Patrick Chuka, Mai zane da ɗan kasuwa * Abubakar Liman, jami'in soja kuma kwamandan AFCSC, Chiva. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 4vnrhb7b65i3vzyeb8gg51lryn3jvtx 0 79656 976018 475637 2026-11-05T05:28:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Government_College_Ibadan.jpg|thumb|Kwalejin Gwamnati Ibadan]] [[Fayil:Government College, Ibadan gate2.jpg|thumb|Kwalejin Gwamnati, Ibadan]] '''Kwalejin Gwamnati [[Ibadan]]''' (wanda aka kafa a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 1929) makarantar sakandare ce ta yara maza da ke kan tuddai na Apata Ganga a Ibadan, Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Government College Ibadan Website – Government College Ibadan Website |url=https://governmentcollegeibadan.com/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == Iyayen da suka kafa Kwalejin Gwamnati ta Ibadan sune Selwyn MacGregor Grier, Darakta na Ilimi, lardunan Kudancin, wanda ya ɗauki ra'ayin makarantar, da kuma E. R. Swanston, Sufeto na Ilimi. An haifi makarantar kuma an kafa ta ne a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 1929. Shugaban farko shi ne C. E. Squire . Shugaban na biyu shi ne H. T. C. Field . V. B. V. Powell shine shugaban na uku. An tsara Kwalejin Gwamnati a kan Makarantun kwana na jama'a na Burtaniya na zamanin, kuma ɗalibai na farko sun ƙidaya 29. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], makarantar ta koma shafuka da yawa na ɗan lokaci kafin a ƙarshe ta koma wurin asalin ta.Tsohon ɗalibin da ake kira Old Boys, yana gudanar da shirin haɗuwa na shekara-shekara don haɗa tsoffin ɗalibai. == Tsarin karatu == Ana buƙatar dukkan ɗalibai su kammala darussan da yawa a cikin zane-zane da kimiyya. An tsara darussan ne don duk dalibai, ba tare da la'akari da irin ƙarfin su ba, sun sami ƙwarewar tunani mai mahimmanci, ingantaccen rubutu, ingantaccen sadarwa ta baki, ilimin karatu da rubutu, ƙwarewar dakin gwaje-gwaje, tunani mai ban sha'awa da warware matsalar. Har ila yau, an san makarantar da [[Kurket|wasan kurket]] da wasan hockey. Har ila yau, makarantar tana da Ofishin Cadet Corps wanda ke ba da sansanonin koyarwa a Jikin horar da filin da aka yi daidai, horar da kasada kuma an gabatar da cadets ga ka'idodin meritocracy. == Laurels a cikin ilimi == A cikin lokacin da aka rushe [[Jihar Yammacin Najeriya|Yankin Yamma]] kasar, makarantar ta sami suna na kasancewa mafi kyawun makarantar sakandare a Najeriya. Tana da ɗakunan ajiya da dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu kyau. Yayinda makarantar ta karu da yawan dalibai, da suna da kuma shahara, ɗalibanta sun sami ci gaba da samun sakamako mai girma don sakamakon jarrabawa a matakin O da A. A cikin shekarun 1960, daliban Kwalejin Gwamnati sun sami bambance-bambance sama da 78 a cikin jarrabawar, nasarar da ba a taɓa gani ba a Najeriya. A cikin shekaru goma na shekarun 1970s makarantar ta tabbatar da rubuce-rubucenta a fannonin ilimi da na waje. Makarantar ta samar da fiye da 80% na shugabannin kungiyar injiniyoyin Najeriya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, kuma daya daga cikin 'yan Afirka hudu da aka ba su [[Kyautar Nobel]]. == Gidajen makaranta == * Gidan Carr (Orange) * Gidan filin (Green) * Gidan Grier (Maroon) * Gidan Powell (Purple) * Gidan Swanston (Blue) == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * [[Adegoke Adelabu]] (1915-1958), fitaccen ɗan siyasa * [[Akinola Aguda]] (1923-2001), Babban Alkalin farko na [[Botswana]] * [[T.M Aluko|T. M. Aluko]] (1918-2010), fitaccen masanin kimiyya kuma marubuci * [[Segun Awolowo]] (an haife shi a 1963), Lauyan & Kasuwanci * [[Wale Babalakin]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), Lauyan & Shugaba GCIOBA * [[Cyprian Ekwensi]] (1921-2007), fitaccen marubuci * [[Erediauwa]], (1923-2016), Sarkin [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Benin, Najeriya]] * Abel Guobadia (1932-2011), Jakada, tsohon Shugaban, [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta]] * Christopher Kolade (an haife shi a shekara ta 1932), Jakadan Najeriya a Ƙasar Ingila * Ifedayo Oladapo (1932-2010), Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar * [[Victor Omololu Olunloyo]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1935), tsohon [[Gwamna]] [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] * Femi Osofisan (an haife ta a shekara ta 1946), Farfesa a fannin wasan kwaikwayo * [[Ayo Rosiji]] (1917-2000), masanin masana'antu, tsohon Ministan Kwadago * [[Olaokun Soyinka]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1958), Likita * [[Wole Soyinka]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1934), marubucin Afirka na farko da ya lashe kyautar NobelWanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 8uz674kxt4gmufa2ji0pqjnz56g797e 0 81037 976081 974205 2026-11-05T10:05:09Z A Salisu 14655 976081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] ta sanya hannu kan [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Matsayin Ƴan Gudun Hijira da Yarjejeniya game da azabtarwa, kuma Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Arewacin Makdoniya ya tabbatar da' yancin ɗan adam na asali ga dukkan' yan ƙasa. Duk da haka akwai ci gaba da matsaloli tare da haƙƙin ɗan adam. A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, a shekara ta 2003 an yi zargin kashe-kashen da ba a yi la'akari da shi ba, barazana da tsoratar da masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam da 'yan jarida masu adawa da mulkin mallaka da kuma zargin [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da' yan sanda suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amnesty International - Summary - Macedonia |url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/mkd-summary-eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205093639/http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/mkd-summary-eng |archive-date=2007-12-05 |access-date=2006-04-22}}</ref><ref name="hrw2006">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/campaigns/macedonia/ |title=Human Rights Watch - Campaigns - Conflict in Macedonia |access-date=2024-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114120034/http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/macedonia/ |archive-date=2008-11-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == HRW da Helsinki Watch == A cewar [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], yawancin tsoffin 'yan Yugoslav sun kasance "marasa ƙasa" <ref name="hrw2001">[https://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/europe/macedonia.html Human Rights Watch - Macedonia]</ref> sakamakon dokar' yan ƙasa da aka tsara bayan rabuwar Arewacin Makidoniya daga Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Yugoslavia. Rikici tsakanin masu rabuwa da kabilanci na [[Albaniya|Albania]] da gwamnatin Arewacin Makidoniya ya haifar da mummunar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a bangarorin biyu.<ref name="hrw2006"/> A cewar ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Helsinki ta duniya, an ba da rahoton cin zarafin ɗan adam kamar haka: * Cin zarafin 'yan sanda na wadanda ake zargi, musamman a lokacin da aka kama su da kuma tsare su * Matsalar 'yan sanda ga' yan tsiraru, musamman Roma * Rashin hukunci da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin rundunar 'yan sanda * Matsi na siyasa a kan shari'a * Rikicin zamantakewa da nuna bambanci ga mata, yara da kabilanci, musamman Roma * Cinikin mata da 'yan mata don cin zarafin jima'i * Shigawar gwamnati cikin ayyukan ƙungiyar == Matsayi na kasa da kasa == * Demokradiyya Index, 2020: 78 daga cikin 167 ("mulkin haɗe-haɗe") <ref name="index2020">{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2020: In sickness and in health? |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/ |url-access=registration |access-date=2 February 2021 |website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU.com]]}}</ref> * Worldwide Press Freedom Index, 2020: 92 daga cikin 180. <ref name="pressindex2020">{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2020: In sickness and in health? |url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020 |url-access=registration |access-date=14 March 2021 |website=[[Reporters Without Borders|RSF.org]]}}</ref> == Rahoton EC == Dangane da Rahoton Hukumar Tarayyar Turai na 2020 ya yi gagarumin ci gaba idan aka kwatanta da rahotanni da suka gabata, amma har yanzu yana gwagwarmaya don cimma canji na dindindin a manyan fannoni: * Game da '''Ka'idojin siyasa''', Arewacin Makidoniya ya ci gaba da aiwatar da sauye-sauyen da suka shafi EU a duk lokacin bayar da rahoto. Kokarin ya ci gaba da karfafa dimokuradiyya da mulkin doka, gami da kunna dubawa da ma'auni da ke akwai da kuma ta hanyar tattaunawa da muhawara a cikin mahimman manufofi da batutuwan majalisa. Jam'iyyun adawa sun ci gaba da shiga cikin majalisa kuma sun goyi bayan mahimman batutuwa na sha'awar ƙasa, kamar sauye-sauyen da suka shafi EU da tsarin haɗin NATO, wanda Arewacin Makidoniya ta shiga a watan Maris 2020. * Yanayin tsakanin kabilun ya kasance mai natsuwa gaba ɗaya. An yi ƙoƙari don ƙarfafa dangantakar kabilanci da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Ohrid, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen rikici na 2001 kuma ya samar da tsarin don adana halin kabilanci na al'umma. * '''Jama'a''' suna ci gaba da aiki kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin manufofi da hanyoyin yanke shawara. An dauki matakai don aiwatar da Shirin Shirye-shiryen 2018-2020 don Haɗin kai tsakanin Gwamnati da Jama'a. Koyaya, ana buƙatar ƙoƙari don tabbatar da tsarin shawarwari mai ma'ana da kuma lokaci. * Ci gaba da sake fasalin '''Ayyukan leken asiri''' ya haifar da kafawa a watan Satumbar 2019 na Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa, wanda aka tsara a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ba tare da ikon 'yan sanda ba, ba kamar wanda ya riga shi Ofishin Tsaro da Counterintelligence (UBK). Wannan ya yi daidai da shawarwarin Babban Kungiyar Masana kan batutuwan tsarin doka. Hukumar Fasaha ta Ayyuka ta ci gaba da aiki. Ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙoƙari don tabbatar da cewa yana da damar yin amfani da duk kayan aikin da ake buƙata don cika aikinsa. Ana buƙatar ƙarfafa ikon kula da majalisa kan ayyukan leken asiri. * Arewacin Makidoniya yana shirye-shirye sosai tare da sake fasalin gwamnatin jama'a. An sami ci gaba wajen inganta gaskiya, tare da karɓar dabarun gaskiya na 2019-2021, aiwatar da tashar bayanai ta gwamnati da kuma buga bayanai game da kashe kuɗin gwamnati. Rahotanni na saka idanu game da aiwatar da dabarun sake fasalin gudanar da gwamnati da kuma Shirin sake fasalin kula da kudade na jama'a an samar da su tare da isasshen ayyukan ganuwa. Tabbatar da girmamawa ga ka'idodin nuna gaskiya, cancanta da wakilci mai adalci ya kasance mai mahimmanci. Hukumar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Jiha ta ci gaba da magance zarge-zargen nepotism, cronyism da tasirin siyasa a cikin aiwatar da daukar ma'aikatan gwamnati. Ana buƙatar bin diddigin da ya dace ga rahotanni da shawarwari na Hukumar Jiha. * '''Tsarin shari'a na Arewacin Makidoniya''' yana da wani matakin shiri / an shirya shi a matsakaici. Akwai ci gaba mai kyau a aiwatar da dabarun sake fasalin shari'a, don haka magance 'Farin Ciki na Gaggawa' da shawarwari daga Hukumar Venice da Kungiyar Manyan Masana kan batutuwan Tsarin Mulki. Har yanzu ana buƙatar ƙoƙari don tabbatar da aiwatar da tsarin tsarin sabuntawa na dabarun sake fasalin shari'a. Cibiyoyin shari'a suna aiwatar da sabbin dokoki don nadin, ci gaba, horo da korar alƙalai kuma Majalisar Shari'a tana yin aiki sosai. A sakamakon kokarin sake fasalin da ta yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Arewacin Makidoniya ta kafa hanyoyin da za su tabbatar da' yancin shari'a da lissafi, kamar dokoki kan nadin da suka danganci cancanta, bincika dukiya da rikice-rikice na sha'awa da hanyoyin horo. Ya kamata ya tabbatar da ƙuduri da amfani da su kafin ya yi la'akari da ƙarin canje-canje a wannan yanki. Kyakkyawan aiwatar da tsarin doka da kuma kara kokarin da duk masu ruwa da tsaki suka yi don nuna misali zai ba da gudummawa ga kara amincewar jama'a a bangaren shari'a. * Game da '''yaki da cin hanci da rashawa''', Arewacin Makidoniya yana da wani matakin shiri / yana da matsakaici. An sami ci gaba mai kyau ta hanyar karfafa rikodin sa akan bincike, gurfanar da kuma gwada manyan shari'o'in cin hanci da rashawa. Hukumar Kula da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Jiha ta kasance mai aiki sosai wajen hana cin hanci da rashawa kuma ta bude shari'o'i da yawa, gami da wadanda suka shafi manyan jami'ai daga ko'ina cikin siyasa, daidai da shawarar shekarar da ta gabata. Kokarin yana ci gaba da ci gaba tare da shari'o'in Ofishin Mai Shari'a na Musamman da kuma kafa lissafi ga sauraron sauraron sauraro ba bisa ka'ida ba. An yanke wa tsohon Babban Mai gabatar da kara na Musamman hukunci a watan Yunin 2020 a cikin hukuncin farko a cikin abin da ake kira 'matakin fashi' game da zargin cin hanci da rashawa da cin zarafin ofishin dangane da shari'ar Ofishin Mai gabatar da Kasa na Musamman. Cin hanci da rashawa ya zama ruwan dare a wurare da yawa kuma ana buƙatar tabbatar da tsarin da ya fi dacewa daga duk 'yan wasan da ke cikin hanawa da yaki da cin hanci da Rashawa. * Kasar tana da wani matakin shiri a yaki da aikata laifuka. Tsarin majalisa ya yi daidai da ka'idodin Turai, kuma kokarin aiwatar da dabarun yaki da aikata laifuka dole ne ya ci gaba. An sami ci gaba a taron shawarar da aka bayar a shekarar da ta gabata don kafa ofishin dawo da dukiya daidai da nasarar da EU ta samu. Ofishin yanzu zai nuna ikonsa na tallafawa manufofin da ke aiki na kwace dukiya. Kasar tana cikin kimanta barazana a matakin yanki, kuma dole ne ta fadada ikonta daidai da ayyukan EU. Akwai ci gaba a matakin aiki, amma ana buƙatar yin ƙarin don inganta tasirin tilasta bin doka wajen yaki da takamaiman nau'ikan aikata laifuka, kamar karkatar da kuɗi da laifukan kuɗi. Haɗin gwiwar da Europol yana ƙaruwa a duk faɗin yankuna masu aikata laifuka daban-daban. Haɗin kai ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga duk masu ruwa da tsaki da ke cikin yaki da aikata laifuka. An sami ci gaba a yaki da ta'addanci da hanawa / fuskantar tsattsauran ra'ayi daidai da manufofin da aka tsara a cikin Shirin Ayyuka na hadin gwiwa kan yaki da ta ta'addance ga Yammacin Balkans da kuma tsarin aiwatar da kasashen biyu. * Tsarin doka kan kariya ga haƙƙoƙi na asali ya fi dacewa da ƙa'idodin Turai. Ana aiwatar da tsarin deinstitutialisation kuma ana aiwatar da sake zama na yara zuwa kulawar al'umma. Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Manufofin Jama'a tana saka hannun jari a cikin ayyukan al'umma, gami da tallafawa wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na jinsi. Yana da mahimmanci cewa ana ci gaba da samun waɗannan ayyukan. Ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙoƙari don magance shawarwarin hukumomin kare hakkin dan adam na Turai da na duniya, musamman game da yadda ake bi da waɗanda aka tsare da waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci. Hukuncin Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki na soke Dokar Rigakafi da Karewa daga Nuna Bambanci a kan dalilai na tsari yana nufin cewa a halin yanzu kasar ba ta da cikakken tsarin doka game da rashin nuna bambanci da kuma daidaito. Wannan gagarumin rata yana buƙatar sabon majalisa ya magance shi. Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci ga ƙasar don inganta aiwatar da dokar kan maganganun ƙiyayya da kuma shirin aikin ƙasa don aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar [[Istanbul]]. Duk da yake saitin tsarin kula da waje na 'yan sanda ya cika, rashin masu bincike masu zaman kansu na gaske na iya hana aikin sashin don magance rashin hukunci na' yan sanda yadda ya kamata. Ya kamata kasar ta dauki matakai na gaggawa don kara inganta halin da ake ciki a cikin kurkuku da kuma tallafawa hanyoyin da za a iya tsare su. * Kasar tana da wani matakin shiri / an shirya ta a matsakaici a fannin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] kuma ta sami ci gaba mai iyaka a lokacin bayar da rahoto. Gabaɗaya halin da ake ciki da yanayin da kafofin watsa labarai ke aiki a ciki sun kasance suna da kyau ga 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai kuma suna ba da damar rahotanni masu mahimmanci na kafofin watsa labarai, kodayake an sami karuwar tashin hankali a lokacin rikicin COVID-19 da kuma yanayin zaben. Ana buƙatar ƙarfafa ƙoƙarin sarrafa kai don tallafawa ci gaba a cikin ƙa'idodin ƙwararru da ingancin aikin jarida. Yana da mahimmanci a tabbatar da mafi girman gaskiya na tallace-tallace na kafofin watsa labarai ta cibiyoyin gwamnati, jam'iyyun siyasa da kamfanonin jama'a. Ana buƙatar mafita mai ɗorewa don tabbatar da 'yancin kai na mai watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a, ƙa'idodin ƙwararru da dorewar kuɗi. Yana da mahimmanci a ci gaba da tallafawa kafofin watsa labarai da yawa, inganta ƙwarewa, bayar da rahoto mara son kai da aikin jarida na bincike, da kuma gina juriya don magance rashin gaskiya. Tsayawa da kudi na kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu da yanayin aiki na 'yan jarida sun kasance ƙalubale. * Arewacin Makidoniya na ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gudanar da ƙaurawar ƙaura. Ya kasance a daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin zirga-zirga don motsi mai gauraye. Yana ba da hadin kai yadda ya kamata tare da ƙasashe makwabta da membobin EU, gami da jami'an baƙi daga membobin EU a ƙasa. Kokarin da aka yi don tabbatar da yanayin rayuwa da sabis na yau da kullun ga duk bakin haure da ke zaune a kasar ya ci gaba. Rijistar baƙi da isasshen bayanin kariya ya inganta amma yana buƙatar a aiwatar da shi a cikin tsari. Har yanzu ba a sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Yanayi tare da Hukumar Kula da Yankin Turai da Tsaro ta Yankin Turai ba. Matsalar ayyukan smuggling akai-akai a kan iyakar arewa tana buƙatar ƙarin magance ta. == Yanayin tarihi == Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar Arewacin Makidoniya tun 1992 a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga kowace shekara. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2022 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2022 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2022.xlsx |access-date=10 March 2022 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Tarihin tarihi |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:5em; text-align:left;" |Shekara | style="width:5em;" |'Yancin Siyasa | style="width:5em;" |'Yancin Jama'a | style="width:5em;" |Matsayi | style="width:5em;" |Shugaban kasa23 |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Boris Trajkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Boris Trajkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Boris Trajkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Boris Trajkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Boris Trajkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Branko Crvenkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Branko Crvenkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Branko Crvenkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Branko Crvenkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Branko Crvenkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2014 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2015 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2016 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2017 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2018 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2019 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2020 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Stevo Pendarovski |- align="center" | align="left" |20214 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Stevo Pendarovski |} |} == Duba kuma == * Albanians a Arewacin Makidoniya * 'Yan Bulgaria a Arewacin Makidoniya * Helenawa a Arewacin Makidoniya * Serbiyawa a Arewacin Makidoniya * Hakkin LGBT a Arewacin Makidoniya * Tsayar da Intanet da sa ido a Arewacin Makidoniya * Yarjejeniyar Ohrid * Shigar da Arewacin Makidoniya zuwa Tarayyar Turai == Bayani == : 1.    Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe".  Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2.   <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span> Ya zuwa Janairu 1.<span> </span> : 3.   <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span> Arewacin Makidoniya jamhuriya ce ta majalisa; ana ɗaukar shugabancin a matsayin matsayi na bikin, tare da Firayim Minista da majalisa suna riƙe da mafi yawan ikon majalisa.<span> </span> : 4.   <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_d">'''^'''</span> A kan jadawalin Freedom House, ana amfani da ƙididdigar kowace ƙasa daga [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] ta [[Koriya ta Arewa]] ga ƙasar da ke gaba da ita a cikin haruffa, tare da ƙididdiga ta Arewacin Makdoniya (3 don haƙƙin farar hula da siyasa) ana amfani da ita ga Koriya ta Kudu. <span> </span>An lissafa Arewacin Makidoniya kamar yadda ya fara da harafin "M" (kamar yadda yake a cikin "Makidoniya, Arewa"), yayin da Koriya ta Arewa ta lissafa kamar yadda ya kamata ta fara da harafan "N"; saboda haka, kowace ƙasa da ta fara da haruffa "M" da "N" (ban da [[Norway]]) suna shafar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7xjaji3qekke18qq1bubz5xo3y8smjy 976082 976081 2026-11-05T10:05:28Z A Salisu 14655 976082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] ta sanya hannu kan [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Matsayin Ƴan Gudun Hijira da Yarjejeniya game da azabtarwa, kuma Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Arewacin Makdoniya ya tabbatar da' yancin ɗan adam na asali ga dukkan' yan ƙasa. Duk da haka akwai ci gaba da matsaloli tare da haƙƙin ɗan adam. A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, a shekara ta 2003 an yi zargin kashe-kashen da ba a yi la'akari da shi ba, barazana da tsoratar da masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam da 'yan jarida masu adawa da mulkin mallaka da kuma zargin [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] da' yan sanda suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amnesty International - Summary - Macedonia |url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/mkd-summary-eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205093639/http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/mkd-summary-eng |archive-date=2007-12-05 |access-date=2006-04-22}}</ref><ref name="hrw2006">{{Cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/campaigns/macedonia/ |title=Human Rights Watch - Campaigns - Conflict in Macedonia |access-date=2024-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114120034/http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/macedonia/ |archive-date=2008-11-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == HRW da Helsinki Watch == A cewar [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], yawancin tsoffin 'yan Yugoslav sun kasance "marasa ƙasa" <ref name="hrw2001">[https://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/europe/macedonia.html Human Rights Watch - Macedonia]</ref> sakamakon dokar' yan ƙasa da aka tsara bayan rabuwar Arewacin Makidoniya daga Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Yugoslavia. Rikici tsakanin masu rabuwa da ƙabilanci na [[Albaniya|Albania]] da gwamnatin Arewacin Makidoniya ya haifar da mummunar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a bangarorin biyu.<ref name="hrw2006"/> A cewar ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Helsinki ta duniya, an ba da rahoton cin zarafin ɗan adam kamar haka: * Cin zarafin 'yan sanda na wadanda ake zargi, musamman a lokacin da aka kama su da kuma tsare su * Matsalar 'yan sanda ga' yan tsiraru, musamman Roma * Rashin hukunci da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin rundunar 'yan sanda * Matsi na siyasa a kan shari'a * Rikicin zamantakewa da nuna bambanci ga mata, yara da kabilanci, musamman Roma * Cinikin mata da 'yan mata don cin zarafin jima'i * Shigawar gwamnati cikin ayyukan ƙungiyar == Matsayi na kasa da kasa == * Demokradiyya Index, 2020: 78 daga cikin 167 ("mulkin haɗe-haɗe") <ref name="index2020">{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2020: In sickness and in health? |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/ |url-access=registration |access-date=2 February 2021 |website=[[Economist Intelligence Unit|EIU.com]]}}</ref> * Worldwide Press Freedom Index, 2020: 92 daga cikin 180. <ref name="pressindex2020">{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2020: In sickness and in health? |url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2020 |url-access=registration |access-date=14 March 2021 |website=[[Reporters Without Borders|RSF.org]]}}</ref> == Rahoton EC == Dangane da Rahoton Hukumar Tarayyar Turai na 2020 ya yi gagarumin ci gaba idan aka kwatanta da rahotanni da suka gabata, amma har yanzu yana gwagwarmaya don cimma canji na dindindin a manyan fannoni: * Game da '''Ka'idojin siyasa''', Arewacin Makidoniya ya ci gaba da aiwatar da sauye-sauyen da suka shafi EU a duk lokacin bayar da rahoto. Kokarin ya ci gaba da karfafa dimokuradiyya da mulkin doka, gami da kunna dubawa da ma'auni da ke akwai da kuma ta hanyar tattaunawa da muhawara a cikin mahimman manufofi da batutuwan majalisa. Jam'iyyun adawa sun ci gaba da shiga cikin majalisa kuma sun goyi bayan mahimman batutuwa na sha'awar ƙasa, kamar sauye-sauyen da suka shafi EU da tsarin haɗin NATO, wanda Arewacin Makidoniya ta shiga a watan Maris 2020. * Yanayin tsakanin kabilun ya kasance mai natsuwa gaba ɗaya. An yi ƙoƙari don ƙarfafa dangantakar kabilanci da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Ohrid, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen rikici na 2001 kuma ya samar da tsarin don adana halin kabilanci na al'umma. * '''Jama'a''' suna ci gaba da aiki kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin manufofi da hanyoyin yanke shawara. An dauki matakai don aiwatar da Shirin Shirye-shiryen 2018-2020 don Haɗin kai tsakanin Gwamnati da Jama'a. Koyaya, ana buƙatar ƙoƙari don tabbatar da tsarin shawarwari mai ma'ana da kuma lokaci. * Ci gaba da sake fasalin '''Ayyukan leken asiri''' ya haifar da kafawa a watan Satumbar 2019 na Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa, wanda aka tsara a matsayin wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ba tare da ikon 'yan sanda ba, ba kamar wanda ya riga shi Ofishin Tsaro da Counterintelligence (UBK). Wannan ya yi daidai da shawarwarin Babban Kungiyar Masana kan batutuwan tsarin doka. Hukumar Fasaha ta Ayyuka ta ci gaba da aiki. Ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙoƙari don tabbatar da cewa yana da damar yin amfani da duk kayan aikin da ake buƙata don cika aikinsa. Ana buƙatar ƙarfafa ikon kula da majalisa kan ayyukan leken asiri. * Arewacin Makidoniya yana shirye-shirye sosai tare da sake fasalin gwamnatin jama'a. An sami ci gaba wajen inganta gaskiya, tare da karɓar dabarun gaskiya na 2019-2021, aiwatar da tashar bayanai ta gwamnati da kuma buga bayanai game da kashe kuɗin gwamnati. Rahotanni na saka idanu game da aiwatar da dabarun sake fasalin gudanar da gwamnati da kuma Shirin sake fasalin kula da kudade na jama'a an samar da su tare da isasshen ayyukan ganuwa. Tabbatar da girmamawa ga ka'idodin nuna gaskiya, cancanta da wakilci mai adalci ya kasance mai mahimmanci. Hukumar Kula da Cin Hanci da rashawa ta Jiha ta ci gaba da magance zarge-zargen nepotism, cronyism da tasirin siyasa a cikin aiwatar da daukar ma'aikatan gwamnati. Ana buƙatar bin diddigin da ya dace ga rahotanni da shawarwari na Hukumar Jiha. * '''Tsarin shari'a na Arewacin Makidoniya''' yana da wani matakin shiri / an shirya shi a matsakaici. Akwai ci gaba mai kyau a aiwatar da dabarun sake fasalin shari'a, don haka magance 'Farin Ciki na Gaggawa' da shawarwari daga Hukumar Venice da Kungiyar Manyan Masana kan batutuwan Tsarin Mulki. Har yanzu ana buƙatar ƙoƙari don tabbatar da aiwatar da tsarin tsarin sabuntawa na dabarun sake fasalin shari'a. Cibiyoyin shari'a suna aiwatar da sabbin dokoki don nadin, ci gaba, horo da korar alƙalai kuma Majalisar Shari'a tana yin aiki sosai. A sakamakon kokarin sake fasalin da ta yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Arewacin Makidoniya ta kafa hanyoyin da za su tabbatar da' yancin shari'a da lissafi, kamar dokoki kan nadin da suka danganci cancanta, bincika dukiya da rikice-rikice na sha'awa da hanyoyin horo. Ya kamata ya tabbatar da ƙuduri da amfani da su kafin ya yi la'akari da ƙarin canje-canje a wannan yanki. Kyakkyawan aiwatar da tsarin doka da kuma kara kokarin da duk masu ruwa da tsaki suka yi don nuna misali zai ba da gudummawa ga kara amincewar jama'a a bangaren shari'a. * Game da '''yaki da cin hanci da rashawa''', Arewacin Makidoniya yana da wani matakin shiri / yana da matsakaici. An sami ci gaba mai kyau ta hanyar karfafa rikodin sa akan bincike, gurfanar da kuma gwada manyan shari'o'in cin hanci da rashawa. Hukumar Kula da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Jiha ta kasance mai aiki sosai wajen hana cin hanci da rashawa kuma ta bude shari'o'i da yawa, gami da wadanda suka shafi manyan jami'ai daga ko'ina cikin siyasa, daidai da shawarar shekarar da ta gabata. Kokarin yana ci gaba da ci gaba tare da shari'o'in Ofishin Mai Shari'a na Musamman da kuma kafa lissafi ga sauraron sauraron sauraro ba bisa ka'ida ba. An yanke wa tsohon Babban Mai gabatar da kara na Musamman hukunci a watan Yunin 2020 a cikin hukuncin farko a cikin abin da ake kira 'matakin fashi' game da zargin cin hanci da rashawa da cin zarafin ofishin dangane da shari'ar Ofishin Mai gabatar da Kasa na Musamman. Cin hanci da rashawa ya zama ruwan dare a wurare da yawa kuma ana buƙatar tabbatar da tsarin da ya fi dacewa daga duk 'yan wasan da ke cikin hanawa da yaki da cin hanci da Rashawa. * Kasar tana da wani matakin shiri a yaki da aikata laifuka. Tsarin majalisa ya yi daidai da ka'idodin Turai, kuma kokarin aiwatar da dabarun yaki da aikata laifuka dole ne ya ci gaba. An sami ci gaba a taron shawarar da aka bayar a shekarar da ta gabata don kafa ofishin dawo da dukiya daidai da nasarar da EU ta samu. Ofishin yanzu zai nuna ikonsa na tallafawa manufofin da ke aiki na kwace dukiya. Kasar tana cikin kimanta barazana a matakin yanki, kuma dole ne ta fadada ikonta daidai da ayyukan EU. Akwai ci gaba a matakin aiki, amma ana buƙatar yin ƙarin don inganta tasirin tilasta bin doka wajen yaki da takamaiman nau'ikan aikata laifuka, kamar karkatar da kuɗi da laifukan kuɗi. Haɗin gwiwar da Europol yana ƙaruwa a duk faɗin yankuna masu aikata laifuka daban-daban. Haɗin kai ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga duk masu ruwa da tsaki da ke cikin yaki da aikata laifuka. An sami ci gaba a yaki da ta'addanci da hanawa / fuskantar tsattsauran ra'ayi daidai da manufofin da aka tsara a cikin Shirin Ayyuka na hadin gwiwa kan yaki da ta ta'addance ga Yammacin Balkans da kuma tsarin aiwatar da kasashen biyu. * Tsarin doka kan kariya ga haƙƙoƙi na asali ya fi dacewa da ƙa'idodin Turai. Ana aiwatar da tsarin deinstitutialisation kuma ana aiwatar da sake zama na yara zuwa kulawar al'umma. Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Manufofin Jama'a tana saka hannun jari a cikin ayyukan al'umma, gami da tallafawa wadanda ke fama da tashin hankali na jinsi. Yana da mahimmanci cewa ana ci gaba da samun waɗannan ayyukan. Ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙoƙari don magance shawarwarin hukumomin kare hakkin dan adam na Turai da na duniya, musamman game da yadda ake bi da waɗanda aka tsare da waɗanda aka yanke musu hukunci. Hukuncin Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki na soke Dokar Rigakafi da Karewa daga Nuna Bambanci a kan dalilai na tsari yana nufin cewa a halin yanzu kasar ba ta da cikakken tsarin doka game da rashin nuna bambanci da kuma daidaito. Wannan gagarumin rata yana buƙatar sabon majalisa ya magance shi. Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci ga ƙasar don inganta aiwatar da dokar kan maganganun ƙiyayya da kuma shirin aikin ƙasa don aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar [[Istanbul]]. Duk da yake saitin tsarin kula da waje na 'yan sanda ya cika, rashin masu bincike masu zaman kansu na gaske na iya hana aikin sashin don magance rashin hukunci na' yan sanda yadda ya kamata. Ya kamata kasar ta dauki matakai na gaggawa don kara inganta halin da ake ciki a cikin kurkuku da kuma tallafawa hanyoyin da za a iya tsare su. * Kasar tana da wani matakin shiri / an shirya ta a matsakaici a fannin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] kuma ta sami ci gaba mai iyaka a lokacin bayar da rahoto. Gabaɗaya halin da ake ciki da yanayin da kafofin watsa labarai ke aiki a ciki sun kasance suna da kyau ga 'yancin kafofin watsa labarai kuma suna ba da damar rahotanni masu mahimmanci na kafofin watsa labarai, kodayake an sami karuwar tashin hankali a lokacin rikicin COVID-19 da kuma yanayin zaben. Ana buƙatar ƙarfafa ƙoƙarin sarrafa kai don tallafawa ci gaba a cikin ƙa'idodin ƙwararru da ingancin aikin jarida. Yana da mahimmanci a tabbatar da mafi girman gaskiya na tallace-tallace na kafofin watsa labarai ta cibiyoyin gwamnati, jam'iyyun siyasa da kamfanonin jama'a. Ana buƙatar mafita mai ɗorewa don tabbatar da 'yancin kai na mai watsa shirye-shiryen jama'a, ƙa'idodin ƙwararru da dorewar kuɗi. Yana da mahimmanci a ci gaba da tallafawa kafofin watsa labarai da yawa, inganta ƙwarewa, bayar da rahoto mara son kai da aikin jarida na bincike, da kuma gina juriya don magance rashin gaskiya. Tsayawa da kudi na kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu da yanayin aiki na 'yan jarida sun kasance ƙalubale. * Arewacin Makidoniya na ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gudanar da ƙaurawar ƙaura. Ya kasance a daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin zirga-zirga don motsi mai gauraye. Yana ba da hadin kai yadda ya kamata tare da ƙasashe makwabta da membobin EU, gami da jami'an baƙi daga membobin EU a ƙasa. Kokarin da aka yi don tabbatar da yanayin rayuwa da sabis na yau da kullun ga duk bakin haure da ke zaune a kasar ya ci gaba. Rijistar baƙi da isasshen bayanin kariya ya inganta amma yana buƙatar a aiwatar da shi a cikin tsari. Har yanzu ba a sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Yanayi tare da Hukumar Kula da Yankin Turai da Tsaro ta Yankin Turai ba. Matsalar ayyukan smuggling akai-akai a kan iyakar arewa tana buƙatar ƙarin magance ta. == Yanayin tarihi == Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar Arewacin Makidoniya tun 1992 a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga kowace shekara. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2022 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2022 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2022.xlsx |access-date=10 March 2022 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Tarihin tarihi |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:5em; text-align:left;" |Shekara | style="width:5em;" |'Yancin Siyasa | style="width:5em;" |'Yancin Jama'a | style="width:5em;" |Matsayi | style="width:5em;" |Shugaban kasa23 |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Kiro Gligorov |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Boris Trajkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Boris Trajkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Boris Trajkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Boris Trajkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Boris Trajkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Branko Crvenkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Branko Crvenkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Branko Crvenkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Branko Crvenkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Branko Crvenkovski |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2014 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2015 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2016 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2017 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2018 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2019 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Gjorge Ivanov |- align="center" | align="left" |2020 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Stevo Pendarovski |- align="center" | align="left" |20214 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Stevo Pendarovski |} |} == Duba kuma == * Albanians a Arewacin Makidoniya * 'Yan Bulgaria a Arewacin Makidoniya * Helenawa a Arewacin Makidoniya * Serbiyawa a Arewacin Makidoniya * Hakkin LGBT a Arewacin Makidoniya * Tsayar da Intanet da sa ido a Arewacin Makidoniya * Yarjejeniyar Ohrid * Shigar da Arewacin Makidoniya zuwa Tarayyar Turai == Bayani == : 1.    Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe".  Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2.   <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span> Ya zuwa Janairu 1.<span> </span> : 3.   <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span> Arewacin Makidoniya jamhuriya ce ta majalisa; ana ɗaukar shugabancin a matsayin matsayi na bikin, tare da Firayim Minista da majalisa suna riƙe da mafi yawan ikon majalisa.<span> </span> : 4.   <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_d">'''^'''</span> A kan jadawalin Freedom House, ana amfani da ƙididdigar kowace ƙasa daga [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Makidoniya]] ta [[Koriya ta Arewa]] ga ƙasar da ke gaba da ita a cikin haruffa, tare da ƙididdiga ta Arewacin Makdoniya (3 don haƙƙin farar hula da siyasa) ana amfani da ita ga Koriya ta Kudu. <span> </span>An lissafa Arewacin Makidoniya kamar yadda ya fara da harafin "M" (kamar yadda yake a cikin "Makidoniya, Arewa"), yayin da Koriya ta Arewa ta lissafa kamar yadda ya kamata ta fara da harafan "N"; saboda haka, kowace ƙasa da ta fara da haruffa "M" da "N" (ban da [[Norway]]) suna shafar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1svvlw55v45r0swjfeyollkao0oucvp 0 81606 976058 942430 2026-11-05T09:54:24Z A Salisu 14655 976058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Commission Regulation (EEC) No 4001-86 of 23 December 1986 on the supply of maize flour and rice to the Comoros as food aid (EUR 1986-4001).pdf|thumb|takarda kan binnka ida a Comoros ]] [[Fayil:Local Languages as a Human Right in Education Comparative Cases from Africa.png|thumb|Human right]] A tarihi, [[Komoros|Comoros]] tana da ƙarancin tarihin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] . A cewar rahoton Freedom in the World na shekarar 2025, an kuma kimanta ƙasar a matsayin "wani ɓangare na 'yanci" tare da jimillar maki 42/100 tsakanin Haƙƙin Siyasa da Ƴancin Bil'adama <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Comoros: Freedom in the World 2025 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/comoros/freedom-world/2025 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Comoros: Freedom in the World 2025 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/comoros/freedom-world/2025 |website=Freedom House}}</ref>. == Halin tarihi == A farkon shekarar 1979, hukumomin Comoriya sun kama wasu magoya bayan gwamnatin Soilih da suka kai kimanin 300 kuma suka daure su ba tare da shari'a ba a [[Moroni]] . Hudu daga cikin tsoffin ministocin Soilih su ma sun bace. A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, an ƙara kamawa, harbe-harbe, da bacewa. A karkashin matsin lamba daga [[Faransa]], an gudanar da wasu shari'o'i amma yawancin 'yan Comoriya sun kasance fursunonin siyasa, duk da zanga-zangar da [[Amnesty International]] da sauran kungiyoyin agaji suka yi. Gwamnatin Abdallah ta kuma tauye 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, 'yan jaridu, ƙungiyoyin, ƴancin ƴan ƙasa na sauya gwamnatinsu, 'yancin mata, da 'yancin ma'aikata. Bayan mutuwar Abdallah a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1989, yanayin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasar ya inganta. Sojojin hayar Turai da ke mulkin tsibirin sun ba da umarnin kama wasu ƴan kaɗan ne kawai kuma sun saki kusan dukkan fursunonin siyasa waɗanda aka tsare bayan yunƙurin juyin mulki a cikin shekara ta 1985 zuwa shekara ta 1987. Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 1990, lokacin da Djohar ya zama shugaban Comoros. adawa da mulkinsa ya haifar da ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam da ake tantama. Misali, bayan yunkurin juyin mulki tsakanin 18-19 ga watan Agusta, na shekarar 1990 da bai yi nasara ba, hukumomi sun tsare mutane ashirin da hudu ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba dangane da tada kayar baya. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1990, jami'an tsaro sun kashe [[Max Veillard]], shugaban masu makirci. A shekara mai zuwa, bayan yunkurin tsige shi daga shugabancin ƙasar saboda sakaci ya ci tura, Djohar ya ba da umarnin kama wasu alkalan kotun koli tare da ayyana dokar ta baci. Wani yunƙurin juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba a ranar 26 ga Satumban shekarar 1992, ya sa hukumomi suka tsare fiye da mutane ashirin, ciki har da tsohon ministan harkokin cikin gida [[Omar Tamou]] . ‘Yan sanda sun tsare wadannan fursunonin ba tare da boye-boye ba, kuma an ce [[Gallazawa|sun azabtar da]] wasu daga cikinsu. Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Comorian ta kuma zargi gwamnatin Djohar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ya zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 1993, ƙungiyoyin irin su Amnesty International sun ci gaba da sanya ido kan halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin dan Adam a Comoros, tare da tofa albarkacin bakinsu kan gwamnatin Djohar. == Manuniya == Taswirar da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Comoros tun shekarar 1975 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name='FH1972'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 | access-date = 2012-08-22 | author = [[Freedom House]] | date = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |President{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Said Mohamed Jaffar |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ali Soilih |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ali Soilih |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Said Mohamed Djohar |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Said Mohamed Djohar |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Said Mohamed Djohar |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Said Mohamed Djohar |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Said Mohamed Djohar |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Said Mohamed Djohar |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Caabi El-Yachroutu Mohamed |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi |- align="center" | align="left" |2023 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |} |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Comoros game da [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa]] sune kamar haka: == Duba kuma == * 'Yancin addini a Comoros * Hakkokin LGBT a Comoros * Siyasar Comoros == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga ranar 6 ga Yuli (Ranar 'Yancin Kai) a 1975; 1 Janairu bayan haka. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/kmtoc.html] or [https://web.archive.org/web/20060201225435/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/kmtoc.html] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] bls8slaory0zvc4guqymh6zhiidhwvk 976059 976058 2026-11-05T09:54:36Z A Salisu 14655 976059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Commission Regulation (EEC) No 4001-86 of 23 December 1986 on the supply of maize flour and rice to the Comoros as food aid (EUR 1986-4001).pdf|thumb|takarda kan binnka ida a Comoros ]] [[Fayil:Local Languages as a Human Right in Education Comparative Cases from Africa.png|thumb|Human right]] A tarihi, [[Komoros|Comoros]] tana da ƙarancin tarihin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] . A cewar rahoton Freedom in the World na shekarar 2025, an kuma kimanta ƙasar a matsayin "wani ɓangare na 'yanci" tare da jimillar maki 42/100 tsakanin Haƙƙin Siyasa da Ƴancin Bil'adama <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Comoros: Freedom in the World 2025 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/comoros/freedom-world/2025 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Comoros: Freedom in the World 2025 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/comoros/freedom-world/2025 |website=Freedom House}}</ref>. == Halin tarihi == A farkon shekarar 1979, hukumomin Comoriya sun kama wasu magoya bayan gwamnatin Soilih da suka kai kimanin 300 kuma suka daure su ba tare da shari'a ba a [[Moroni]] . Hudu daga cikin tsoffin ministocin Soilih su ma sun bace. A cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, an ƙara kamawa, harbe-harbe, da bacewa. A karkashin matsin lamba daga [[Faransa]], an gudanar da wasu shari'o'i amma yawancin 'yan Comoriya sun kasance fursunonin siyasa, duk da zanga-zangar da [[Amnesty International]] da sauran kungiyoyin agaji suka yi. Gwamnatin Abdallah ta kuma tauye 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, 'yan jaridu, ƙungiyoyin, ƴancin ƴan ƙasa na sauya gwamnatinsu, 'yancin mata, da 'yancin ma'aikata. Bayan mutuwar Abdallah a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1989, yanayin kare hakkin dan Adam na ƙasar ya inganta. Sojojin hayar Turai da ke mulkin tsibirin sun ba da umarnin kama wasu ƴan kaɗan ne kawai kuma sun saki kusan dukkan fursunonin siyasa waɗanda aka tsare bayan yunƙurin juyin mulki a cikin shekara ta 1985 zuwa shekara ta 1987. Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 1990, lokacin da Djohar ya zama shugaban Comoros. adawa da mulkinsa ya haifar da ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam da ake tantama. Misali, bayan yunkurin juyin mulki tsakanin 18-19 ga watan Agusta, na shekarar 1990 da bai yi nasara ba, hukumomi sun tsare mutane ashirin da hudu ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba dangane da tada kayar baya. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1990, jami'an tsaro sun kashe [[Max Veillard]], shugaban masu makirci. A shekara mai zuwa, bayan yunkurin tsige shi daga shugabancin ƙasar saboda sakaci ya ci tura, Djohar ya ba da umarnin kama wasu alkalan kotun koli tare da ayyana dokar ta baci. Wani yunƙurin juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba a ranar 26 ga Satumban shekarar 1992, ya sa hukumomi suka tsare fiye da mutane ashirin, ciki har da tsohon ministan harkokin cikin gida [[Omar Tamou]] . ‘Yan sanda sun tsare wadannan fursunonin ba tare da boye-boye ba, kuma an ce [[Gallazawa|sun azabtar da]] wasu daga cikinsu. Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Comorian ta kuma zargi gwamnatin Djohar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ya zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 1993, ƙungiyoyin irin su Amnesty International sun ci gaba da sanya ido kan halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin dan Adam a Comoros, tare da tofa albarkacin bakinsu kan gwamnatin Djohar. == Manuniya == Taswirar da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Comoros tun shekarar 1975 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name='FH1972'>{{cite web | url = http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls | title = Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 | access-date = 2012-08-22 | author = [[Freedom House]] | date = 2012 | format = XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |President{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Said Mohamed Jaffar |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ali Soilih |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ali Soilih |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmed Abdallah |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Said Mohamed Djohar |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Said Mohamed Djohar |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Said Mohamed Djohar |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Said Mohamed Djohar |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Said Mohamed Djohar |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Said Mohamed Djohar |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Caabi El-Yachroutu Mohamed |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Mohamed Taki Abdoulkarim |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi |- align="center" | align="left" |2023 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |2 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Azali Assoumani |} |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Comoros game da [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa]] sune kamar haka: == Duba kuma == * 'Yancin addini a Comoros * Hakkokin LGBT a Comoros * Siyasar Comoros == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga ranar 6 ga Yuli (Ranar 'Yancin Kai) a 1975; 1 Janairu bayan haka. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/kmtoc.html] or [https://web.archive.org/web/20060201225435/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/kmtoc.html] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] 51jt8uwzzmfgs190yo2p5v8s1rm4pyf 0 81609 976064 678273 2026-11-05T09:56:29Z A Salisu 14655 976064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] ta sami 'yencin kai daga [[Faransa Equatorial Afirka|Faransa Equatorial Africa]] a shekara ta 1960. Jahar Marxist-Leninist mai jam'iyya ɗaya ce daga 1969 zuwa 1991<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/tag/hakkin-dan-adam/</ref>. Tun a shekarar 1992 ne aka gudanar da [[Zaɓuɓɓuka|zabubbukan]] jam'iyyu da dama, duk da cewa an hambarar da gwamnatin dimokuradiyya a yakin basasar 1997 kuma shugaba Denis Sassou Nguesso ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 26 cikin shekaru 36 da suka gabata. Kwanciyar hankali ta siyasa da bunkasuwar samar da iskar gas ya sanya Jamhuriyar Kongo ta zama kasa ta hudu a yawan albarkatun man fetur a yankin [[Tekun Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]], wanda ya samar wa kasar wadata da wadata duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali da ake fama da shi a wasu yankuna da rashin daidaiton rabon kudaden shigar mai a faɗin ƙasar. Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Kongo ta yi ikirarin wasu batutuwan da ba a warware su ba kuma wadanda ke kan gaba a kasar.Wariya ga Wadani ya yaɗu, sakamakon rashin son kai na al'adu, musamman alakar gargajiya da Bantu, da kuma wasu nau'ikan amfani na zamani. == Halin gaba ɗaya == A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Kongo, manyan batutuwan da ke faruwa a kasar sun hada da: rashin samun wadataccen ruwa da wutar lantarki, korar al'ummomin 'yan asalin kasar da na gida da wasu kamfanoni na kasa da kasa ke yi tare da hadin gwiwar hukumomin cikin gida, da yawan fursunonin siyasa, danne 'yan jaridu na kasashen waje ta hanyar amfani da su. shari'o'in shari'a da hare-haren 'yan sanda, ƙayyadaddun yancin siyasa gaba ɗaya, take haƙƙin haƙƙin shari'a na gaskiya, fyade da sauran nau'o'in cin zarafi na jima'i, azabtarwa, kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, taƙaitaccen hukuncin kisa, cin zarafi a cikin gidajen yari, wariya da wariya. ƴan asalin ƙasar duk da ƙayyadaddun dokokin da ke ba su kariya, da kuma barazanar masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Matsayin Mahani == A cewar wasu rahotanni, alakar da ke tsakanin Pygmies da [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantus]] a duk yankunan kasar "ta yi tsami ne, ta yi kaca-kaca, wasu kuma na cewa, cin zarafi ne". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 November 2021 |title=Congo pygmies move deeper into the forest to escape extinction |url=https://www.dw.com/en/congo-pygmies-move-deeper-into-the-forest-to-escape-extinction/g-59795240 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB}}</ref> Yayin da wasu ke da'awar cewa bautar "al'ada ce mai daraja ta lokaci", wasu kuma suna nuna cewa ana iya biyan Mahajjata "bisa ga ra'ayin maigida; a cikin sigari, tufafin da aka yi amfani da su, ko ma babu komai." Ayyukan masu gonaki, gandun daji da masu hakar ma'adinai suna yin tasiri sosai ga alani, wanda ke yin tasiri sosai ga salon rayuwarsu na makiyaya a cikin dazuzzukan arewacin Kongo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 November 2021 |title=Congo pygmies move deeper into the forest to escape extinction |url=https://www.dw.com/en/congo-pygmies-move-deeper-into-the-forest-to-escape-extinction/g-59795240 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2010, majalisar dokokin Kongo ta amince da wata doka don ingantawa da kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Wannan doka ita ce irinta ta farko a Afirka, kuma amincewa da ita wani ci gaba ne na tarihi ga 'yan asalin nahiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Noticeboard |url=http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp#516_35010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614020431/http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp#516_35010 |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |access-date=January 17, 2011}}</ref> Duk da haka, wani rahoto a cikin 2015 ya nuna cewa ba a sami canji sosai ba, har yanzu ana tsananta wa Pygmies a matsayin "mafarauta". Wata mata Bayaka a Kongo ta ce “’yan sanda sun sa mu zauna a nan muna fama da yunwa. Sun lalata mana duniyarmu. Idan muka yi kokarin farauta a cikin daji sun yi mana mugun rauni. Har ma idan sun gan mu a dajin suna kashe mu.” <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poaching-terrorism link that contributed to tribes' persecution 'largely wrong' |url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/10919 |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> Wani rahoto na 2019 na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya gano cewa duk da ayyukan gwamnatin Kongo, Pygmies har yanzu suna fuskantar wariya da tsangwama ga zamantakewa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 November 2021 |title=Congo pygmies move deeper into the forest to escape extinction |url=https://www.dw.com/en/congo-pygmies-move-deeper-into-the-forest-to-escape-extinction/g-59795240 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mai jarida ==   An lissafta kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin marasa kyauta. Gwamnati ce ta mallaka ko kuma ke sarrafa ta. Akwai gidan talabijin na gwamnati daya, gidan rediyo na gwamnati uku, da gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu guda uku, da kuma jaridar gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 Human Rights Report: Republic of the Congo |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/118996.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175312/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/118996.htm |archive-date=2009-02-26 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> == Halin tarihi == Shafi na gaba yana nuna ƙimar ROC tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a cikin Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls |access-date=2012-08-22 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="border-collapse:collapse; min-width:22em;" |+Historical ratings | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |President{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Marien Ngouabi |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marien Ngouabi |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marien Ngouabi |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marien Ngouabi |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marien Ngouabi |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Marien Ngouabi |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Joachim Yhombi-Opango |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Joachim Yhombi-Opango |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pascal Lissouba |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pascal Lissouba |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pascal Lissouba |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pascal Lissouba |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Pascal Lissouba |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin ROC game da [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa]] sune kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |+International treaties |Treaty |Organization |Introduced |Signed |Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2011 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1988 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=17 September 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=1 September 2010 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324125027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2019-03-24 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116072232/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2018-11-16 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1968 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=23 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1980 | style="background:#9f9;" |1982 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=8 November 2010 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2003 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara|Convention on the Rights of the Child]]<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2014 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1993 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040105/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2011-05-20 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425032942/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2016-04-25 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2010 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213004558/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2013-12-13 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2009 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin masu lalura ta musamman|Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=19 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113202037/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=13 January 2016 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717085558/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2019-07-17 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718111116/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2012-07-18 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |} == Duba kuma == * 'Yancin addini a Jamhuriyar Kongo * Fataucin mutane a Jamhuriyar Kongo * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Jamhuriyar Kongo * Hakkin LGBT a Jamhuriyar Kongo * Siyasar Jamhuriyar Kongo == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] ampo9t11mnmfxl3mtvsrsjji0aoii38 976065 976064 2026-11-05T09:56:45Z A Salisu 14655 976065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]] ta sami 'yencin kai daga [[Faransa Equatorial Afirka|Faransa Equatorial Africa]] a shekara ta 1960. Jahar Marxist-Leninist mai jam'iyya ɗaya ce daga 1969 zuwa 1991<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/tag/hakkin-dan-adam/</ref>. Tun a shekarar 1992 ne aka gudanar da [[Zaɓuɓɓuka|zabubbukan]] jam'iyyu da dama, duk da cewa an hambarar da gwamnatin dimokuradiyya a yakin basasar 1997 kuma shugaba Denis Sassou Nguesso ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 26 cikin shekaru 36 da suka gabata. Kwanciyar hankali ta siyasa da bunkasuwar samar da iskar gas ya sanya Jamhuriyar Kongo ta zama kasa ta hudu a yawan albarkatun man fetur a yankin [[Tekun Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]], wanda ya samar wa kasar wadata da wadata duk da rashin kwanciyar hankali da ake fama da shi a wasu yankuna da rashin daidaiton rabon kudaden shigar mai a faɗin ƙasar. Ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Kongo ta yi ikirarin wasu batutuwan da ba a warware su ba kuma waɗanda ke kan gaba a kasar.Wariya ga Wadani ya yaɗu, sakamakon rashin son kai na al'adu, musamman alakar gargajiya da Bantu, da kuma wasu nau'ikan amfani na zamani. == Halin gaba ɗaya == A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Kongo, manyan batutuwan da ke faruwa a kasar sun hada da: rashin samun wadataccen ruwa da wutar lantarki, korar al'ummomin 'yan asalin kasar da na gida da wasu kamfanoni na kasa da kasa ke yi tare da hadin gwiwar hukumomin cikin gida, da yawan fursunonin siyasa, danne 'yan jaridu na kasashen waje ta hanyar amfani da su. shari'o'in shari'a da hare-haren 'yan sanda, ƙayyadaddun yancin siyasa gaba ɗaya, take haƙƙin haƙƙin shari'a na gaskiya, fyade da sauran nau'o'in cin zarafi na jima'i, azabtarwa, kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, taƙaitaccen hukuncin kisa, cin zarafi a cikin gidajen yari, wariya da wariya. ƴan asalin ƙasar duk da ƙayyadaddun dokokin da ke ba su kariya, da kuma barazanar masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Matsayin Mahani == A cewar wasu rahotanni, alakar da ke tsakanin Pygmies da [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantus]] a duk yankunan kasar "ta yi tsami ne, ta yi kaca-kaca, wasu kuma na cewa, cin zarafi ne". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 November 2021 |title=Congo pygmies move deeper into the forest to escape extinction |url=https://www.dw.com/en/congo-pygmies-move-deeper-into-the-forest-to-escape-extinction/g-59795240 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB}}</ref> Yayin da wasu ke da'awar cewa bautar "al'ada ce mai daraja ta lokaci", wasu kuma suna nuna cewa ana iya biyan Mahajjata "bisa ga ra'ayin maigida; a cikin sigari, tufafin da aka yi amfani da su, ko ma babu komai." Ayyukan masu gonaki, gandun daji da masu hakar ma'adinai suna yin tasiri sosai ga alani, wanda ke yin tasiri sosai ga salon rayuwarsu na makiyaya a cikin dazuzzukan arewacin Kongo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 November 2021 |title=Congo pygmies move deeper into the forest to escape extinction |url=https://www.dw.com/en/congo-pygmies-move-deeper-into-the-forest-to-escape-extinction/g-59795240 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2010, majalisar dokokin Kongo ta amince da wata doka don ingantawa da kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Wannan doka ita ce irinta ta farko a Afirka, kuma amincewa da ita wani ci gaba ne na tarihi ga 'yan asalin nahiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Noticeboard |url=http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp#516_35010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614020431/http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp#516_35010 |archive-date=June 14, 2011 |access-date=January 17, 2011}}</ref> Duk da haka, wani rahoto a cikin 2015 ya nuna cewa ba a sami canji sosai ba, har yanzu ana tsananta wa Pygmies a matsayin "mafarauta". Wata mata Bayaka a Kongo ta ce “’yan sanda sun sa mu zauna a nan muna fama da yunwa. Sun lalata mana duniyarmu. Idan muka yi kokarin farauta a cikin daji sun yi mana mugun rauni. Har ma idan sun gan mu a dajin suna kashe mu.” <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poaching-terrorism link that contributed to tribes' persecution 'largely wrong' |url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/10919 |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> Wani rahoto na 2019 na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ya gano cewa duk da ayyukan gwamnatin Kongo, Pygmies har yanzu suna fuskantar wariya da tsangwama ga zamantakewa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=12 November 2021 |title=Congo pygmies move deeper into the forest to escape extinction |url=https://www.dw.com/en/congo-pygmies-move-deeper-into-the-forest-to-escape-extinction/g-59795240 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mai jarida ==   An lissafta kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin marasa kyauta. Gwamnati ce ta mallaka ko kuma ke sarrafa ta. Akwai gidan talabijin na gwamnati daya, gidan rediyo na gwamnati uku, da gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu guda uku, da kuma jaridar gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 Human Rights Report: Republic of the Congo |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/118996.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226175312/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/118996.htm |archive-date=2009-02-26 |publisher=Department of State}}</ref> == Halin tarihi == Shafi na gaba yana nuna ƙimar ROC tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a cikin Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls |access-date=2012-08-22 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="border-collapse:collapse; min-width:22em;" |+Historical ratings | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] | style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |President{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Marien Ngouabi |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marien Ngouabi |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marien Ngouabi |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marien Ngouabi |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Marien Ngouabi |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Marien Ngouabi |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Joachim Yhombi-Opango |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Joachim Yhombi-Opango |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou-Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pascal Lissouba |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pascal Lissouba |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pascal Lissouba |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pascal Lissouba |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Pascal Lissouba |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Denis Sassou Nguesso |} == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin ROC game da [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa]] sune kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="border-collapse:collapse;" |+International treaties |Treaty |Organization |Introduced |Signed |Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#99f;" |1948 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2011 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1988 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=17 September 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=1 September 2010 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324125027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2019-03-24 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116072232/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2018-11-16 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1968 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=23 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1980 | style="background:#9f9;" |1982 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=8 November 2010 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2003 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara|Convention on the Rights of the Child]]<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2014 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1993 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040105/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2011-05-20 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425032942/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2016-04-25 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2010 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213004558/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2013-12-13 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2009 |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin masu lalura ta musamman|Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=19 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113202037/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=13 January 2016 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717085558/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2019-07-17 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718111116/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2012-07-18 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |} == Duba kuma == * 'Yancin addini a Jamhuriyar Kongo * Fataucin mutane a Jamhuriyar Kongo * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Jamhuriyar Kongo * Hakkin LGBT a Jamhuriyar Kongo * Siyasar Jamhuriyar Kongo == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] p0xyqz7iqic6zm9zwnqaej21lazvydz 0 81645 976079 935533 2026-11-05T10:04:08Z A Salisu 14655 976079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Eswatini w1 locator.svg|thumb|Taswiran daular karke kenam]] [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], daular karshe da ta rage cikakkar sarauta a [[Afirka]], <ref name="freedomhouse.org">{{Cite web |title=African Commission Criticizes Swaziland's Human Rights Record |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/african-commission-criticizes-swaziland%E2%80%99s-human-rights-record |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Freedom House ce ta kimanta shi daga 1972 zuwa 1992 a matsayin "Yanci 'Yanci"; tun a shekarar 1993, an dauke shi "Ba Kyauta". A cikin wadannan shekarun kimar ‘Yancin Siyasa na kasar ''Freedom House'' ya ragu daga 4 zuwa 7, da ‘Yancin Bil’adama’ daga 2 zuwa 5. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIW Scores |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> An dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa a Eswatini tun 1973. <ref name="World Report 2012: Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=World Report 2012: Swaziland |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Rahoton na [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] na shekara ta 2011 ya bayyana ƙasar a matsayin "na cikin wani mummunan rikici na mulki", inda ya nuna cewa "kunnen makudan kudade da dangin sarki ke kashewa, rashin da'a na kasafin kudi, da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati sun bar ƙasar a cikin mawuyacin hali. bakin bala'in tattalin arziki". <ref name="World Report 2012: Swaziland" /> A shekara ta 2012, [[Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a ta Afirka|hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Afirka]] (ACHPR) ta fitar da wani kakkausar suka ga yadda Eswatini yake da hakkin dan Adam, inda ya yi kira ga gwamnatin kasar Swazi da ta mutunta alkawurran da ta dauka a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa dangane da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kungiyoyi da kuma taro. <ref name="freedomhouse.org" /> HRW ta lura cewa saboda rashin aikin yi na kashi 40% da karancin albashi wanda ke tilastawa kashi 80% na Swazis rayuwa a kasa da dalar Amurka 2 a rana, gwamnati na fuskantar "kara matsin lamba daga masu fafutukar farar hula da 'yan kungiyar kwadago don aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da bude kofa. sama da sararin fafutuka na farar hula da na siyasa" da kuma cewa an kama mutane da dama "a lokacin zanga-zangar adawa da rashin shugabanci nagari da kuma kare hakkin dan adam". <ref name="World Report 2012: Swaziland" /> Matsalolin kare haƙƙin bil'adama a Eswatini sun hada da, a cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 2011 na ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, "kisan gilla da jami'an tsaro ke yi, kisan kiyashi, amfani da ƴan sanda na azabtarwa, duka, da ƙarfin tuwo a kan wadanda ake tsare da su, rashin hukunta 'yan sanda; kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma tsawaita shari'a. tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|tare]] da tsare sirri da kuma takura wa ' [[Journalism|yan jarida]] [[Yancin taro|:]] fataucin mutane; nuna wariya ga 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, bisexual, da kuma cin zarafin 'yan kasa: <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekarar 2011 asusun ba da lamuni na duniya IMF ya bukaci gwamnatin Eswatini da ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye a kasafin kudi don magance rikicin da ke kara kamari. A cikin wannan watan ne Afirka ta Kudu ta amince da baiwa Eswatini rancen dala miliyan 355 bisa sharadin cewa ta kafa sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki. An yi watsi da sharuddan. <ref name="World Report 2012: Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=World Report 2012: Swaziland |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Hukumar kare hakkin dan adam == Amnesty International ta lura a cikin 2011 cewa kundin tsarin mulkin Swazi ya tanadi kafa hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da gudanar da al'umma. An nada waccan hukumar a shekara ta 2009, amma tana aiki "idan babu wata doka ta doka", wacce ta hana ta "ba da aiwatar da aikinta yadda ya kamata". <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama == Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a Eswatini sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Action na Eswatini Against Abuse, Lauyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Eswatini, Mata da Doka a Kudancin Afirka, Majalisar Cocin Eswatini, da Cocin Roman Katolika. Wadannan da sauran kungiyoyi gaba daya suna iya gudanar da aiki ba tare da takura ba, amma da kyar gwamnati ba ta jin ra'ayinsu. Gwamnati yawanci tana ba da hadin kai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran hukumomin kasa da kasa. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> A shekara ta 2011, a cewar Human Rights Watch, cin zarafi da sa ido na kungiyoyin fararen hula da 'yan sanda ke yi ya karu, inda aka "kama masu fafutuka, da tsare su, da shari'a a karkashin dokar tsaro" da kuma tuhumar su da cin amanar kasa da sauran laifuka. "Masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a da masu sukar gwamnati sun ba da rahoton karuwar cin zarafi, bincike, da kwace kayan ofis, da kuma sanya ido kan hanyoyin sadarwa na lantarki, kiran tarho, da tarurrukan da hukumomi ke yi", in ji HRW, wadda ta kara da cewa galibi ana fuskantar masu fafutuka. zuwa ga wuce kima da karfi, azabtarwa, da sauran rashin lafiya, da kuma cewa babu "hukumar binciken korafe-korafe mai zaman kanta... ga wadanda aka ci zarafin 'yan sanda". == Hakkoki na asali == Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta wariya dangane da launin fata, jima'i, nakasa, shekaru, kabila, addini, ra'ayin siyasa, ko matsayin zamantakewa; duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da waɗannan haramcin akai-akai. Cin hanci da rashawa ya yadu kuma ba a yaki da shi da karfi. Ana dai kallon jami'an 'yan sanda da cin hanci da rashawa. Shugabanni da malamai na karbar cin hanci don shigar da dalibai makarantu. Nepotism abu ne na kowa. Hukumomi suna kashe mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ba doka ta haramta azabtar da 'yan sanda musamman, kuma ba a aiwatar da tanadin tsarin mulki game da azabtarwa; a aikace, haƙiƙa, jami'an tsaro na yawan azabtar da su, kuma amfani da ƙarfi da ya wuce kima da 'yan sanda ya zama ruwan dare. Har ila yau ana yawan samun tashin hankalin ’yan kungiyar, inda ake zargin wadanda ake zargi da aikata fyade, musamman gungun jama’a da dama, wadanda ba kasafai ake hukunta ‘yan kungiyar ba. Karamar hukuma dai tana hannun shuwagabannin kabilu wadanda kuma ke kula da ‘yan sandan al’umma na sa kai na karkara wadanda ke da ikon yin kama da kananan laifuka. Kundin tsarin mulkin ya hada da tabbatar da ‘yanci na asali, amma kuma ya baiwa gwamnati damar takurawa ko dakatar da wadannan hakkoki. Amnesty International ta ci gaba da cewa wadannan haƙƙoƙin suna fuskantar barazana musamman daga “dokokin tsaro masu tsauri kamar dokar tada zaune tsaye da kuma dokar hana ta’addanci ta shekarar 2008 (STA)”, kuma ta lura cewa “ tanade-tanaden tsohuwar dokar ba su da tushe kuma za a iya fassara su. ta yadda za a takaita jin dadin fadin albarkacin baki, da sauran hakkokinsu, da kuma bayar da damar daurin shekaru ashirin a gidan yari ba tare da zabin tara ba”. Amnesty International ta yi nuni da cewa " tanade-tanade a cikin STA suna da yawa kuma ba daidai ba ne yayin da hukuncin cin zarafi yana da tsanani ", tare da kalmar "aikin ta'addanci" musamman an bayyana shi sosai. <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Human Rights Watch, ita ma, ta yi amfani da kalmar "draconian" don bayyana Dokar Ayyukan Tada hankali. <ref name="World Report 2012: Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=World Report 2012: Swaziland |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Gabaɗaya ana mutunta ƴancin ƙaura a cikin ƙasa, fita waje, ƙaura, ko komawa daga ketare, duk da cewa sarakunan ƙabilun suna da ikon korar mutane daga yankunan da suke ƙarƙashin ikonsu. Gudanar da fasfo da takaddun shaida na Swazis waɗanda ba na ƙabilu ba galibi suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo da ba a saba gani ba. Jami'an 'yan sanda sama da wani matsayi na iya bincika wuraren sirri ba tare da izini ba idan sun yi iƙirarin yin imani cewa za a iya rasa shaida idan ba haka ba, kuma gidaje da kasuwanci da yawa ana shiga ba tare da izinin kotu ba. Membobin siyasa, addini, ma'aikata, da sauran kungiyoyi suna karkashin kulawar 'yan sanda. A cikin watan Satumba na 2010, 'yan sanda sun shiga harabar gidauniyar adalci ta zamantakewar al'umma kuma sun tursasa ƴan ƙasar Denmark da suka ziyarci ofishin 'yan sanda. Tun daga shekara ta 2008 mutanen da ke ba da taimako ko bin wasu kungiyoyi - PUDEMO, Eswatini Solidarity Network (ESN), SWAYOCO, da kuma rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar Eswatini (UMBANE) - suna fuskantar hukunci har da hada da daurin rai da rai a karkashin dokar hana ta'addanci ta 2008. Amnesty International ta yi rajistar rashin amincewarta ga Dokar Wasan shekarar 1953, wanda "ba wa masu kula da wasa ko duk wani mutum da ke aiki da umarninsu 'yancin yin amfani da bindigogi" don kare kansa ko kuma idan yana da dalilin gaskata cewa rayuwarsa, ko ta wani abokan aikinsa, suna barazana ko kuma suna cikin haɗari.' Wannan da alama zai ba da damar yin amfani da karfi mai muni a cikin yanayin da ba za a iya yin barazana ga rayuwa ba." <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana damuwarta game da jami'an 'yan sanda da ke amfani da "karfi mai yawa a kan masu zanga-zangar lumana, suna amfani da karfi mai tsanani ba tare da hujja ba akan waɗanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka, da kuma azabtarwa da sauran nau'o'in cin zarafi ga wadanda aka kama da kuma tsare su". Ta buga misali da Rabaran David Matse, shugaban hukumar kare hakkin dan adam da gudanar da al’umma a lokacin yana cewa a watan Janairun 2010 “da alama ‘yan sanda da sojoji suna amfani da manufar harbe-harbe…. Kasashen duniya sun nemi tabbaci, bayanan sun nuna karara cewa wadanda abin ya shafa ba su yin barazana ga rayuwa lokacin da aka harbe su da kisa”. Mutane da yawa da aka kama a hannun 'yan sanda, haka kuma, an fuskanci "mummunan duka da azabtarwa, wanda ke faruwa a wurare na yau da kullun da kuma a ofisoshin 'yan sanda", tare da harin "mafi yawan wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka da kuma abokan adawar gwamnati". <ref name="Swaziland" /> === 'Yancin magana === Sarki na iya yafe wa mutum 'yancin fadar albarkacin baki ko na 'yan jarida yadda ya ga dama. ’Yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsu yana da iyaka a kowane yanayi, musamman magana game da batutuwan siyasa ko kuma dangin da ke mulki. Zargin sarki na fuskantar tuhuma a matsayin tada zaune tsaye ko cin amanar kasa, kuma kafofin yada labaran da ke irin wannan suka suna fuskantar barazanar rufewa. Takaddama kan kai ta 'yan jarida shine daidaitaccen aiki. Duk da cewa a wasu lokuta jaridu suna sukar cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, kusan kullum suna taka tsantsan don gujewa sukar sarki da iyalansa. Ana yi wa ’yan jarida barazana da cin zarafi akai-akai, ana kuma amfani da dokar bata suna, don takura musu ayyukansu. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> Gwamnati ba ta hana al'adu ko shiga yanar gizo ba, kuma ba ta sanya ido a kan Intanet, amma tana hana tarurrukan siyasa, kuma malaman jami'o'i kan shiga tsakani don gujewa rikici da hukumomi. Ana sarrafa 'yancin yin taro sosai, tare da izinin 'yan sanda da ake buƙata, kuma galibi ana hana su, don taron siyasa ko zanga-zangar jama'a. Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi ‘yancin yin tarayya. Babu wata hanyar doka da jam’iyyun siyasa za su fafata a zabuka ko bayyana a kan katin zabe. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> Kungiyar ta HRW ta ci gaba da cewa gwamnatin Eswatini "ta kara tsaurara takunkumi kan 'yancin yin taro da taro a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata", inda 'yan sanda suka rika tarwatsawa tare da kama masu halartar zanga-zangar lumana. Kungiyar ta HRW ta bada misali da wani taron gangamin da aka gudanar a Manzini a ranar 9 ga watan Satumban 2011, inda ‘yan sanda suka lakada wa jagororin jam’iyyar adawa ta PUDEMO duka. <ref name="World Report 2012: Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=World Report 2012: Swaziland |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> === 'Yancin addini === Kundin tsarin mulkin Eswatini da dokokinsa sun kare ‘yancin addini, amma “kungiyoyin addinai marasa rinjaye suna samun karancin kariya a karkashin dokokin gargajiya da kuma al’adun gargajiya, wadanda suka hada da kotunan gargajiya da kuma ikon sarakuna kusan 360”, a cewar rahoton ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka kan ‘yancin addini. "Lokacin da ayyukan kungiyar addini suka ci karo da al'ada da al'adu kamar yadda sarakuna suka ayyana, za su iya jagorantar matsin lamba a kan kungiyar." Wajibi ne kungiyoyin addini su sami amincewar sarakuna kafin su gina gidajen ibada. Sabbin ikilisiyoyin dole ne su gabatar da aikace-aikacen ga hukuma ta ɗayan ƙungiyoyin laima guda uku: Ƙungiyar Ikklisiya, Taron Ikklisiya na Eswatini, ko Majalisar Cocin Eswatini. Muminai suna aiki a fili ba tare da tsangwama ba, tare da izinin limaman addinin Musulunci damar shiga fursunoni kuma an bar makarantun Baha'i Baha'i a rufe ranakun addini. Duk da mutunta yancin addini gabaɗaya, har yanzu ana fuskantar wariya a tsakanin al'umma, musamman ga waɗanda ba na Kiristanci ba, kodayake wannan na iya samun tushen bambance-bambancen kabilanci. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> == Hakkokin mata == Galibin matan da suka yi aure a Eswatini suna da "matsayin kananan yara na shari'a", a cewar Amnesty International. "Matan da suka yi aure a ƙarƙashin tanadin dokar farar hula (Dokar Aure ta 1964) suna ƙarƙashin ' ikon aure ' na mazajensu", kuma ba a ba su izinin sarrafa dukiya ko sanya hannu kan kwangila ba. Za su iya ficewa daga wannan yanayin ta hanyar yarjejeniya kafin aure, amma mata kaɗan ne suka san cewa hakan mai yiwuwa ne. Matan da suka yi aure a karkashin dokar al'ada sun fi zama cikakkiyar biyayya ga "ikon aure", wanda Amnesty International ta ce, "ba a san iyakarta ba". <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A karkashin dokokin farar hula da na kabilanci, a takaice, mata suna karkashin maza ne, kuma hakkinsu ya bambanta a karkashin tsarin dokokin guda biyu, wadanda suke da dokoki masu cin karo da juna a kan batutuwan da suka shafi aure, reno, dukiya, da gado. Dokar ta haramta cin zarafi da fyade a cikin gida, gami da fyaden ma'aurata ko abokan zamanta na kusa. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> Fyade ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Eswatini amma ya yadu, kuma ba a aiwatar da dokar a kai a kai ba. Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa "an bayyana fyade a takaice kuma ba a hukunta fyaden a aure ko dai bisa ka'ida ko doka", ta kara da cewa dokar kare 'yan mata da mata ta shekarar 1920 ta musamman ta kebance fyaden a aure daga cikin laifukan ta. <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Maza na kallon fyade a matsayin karamin laifi, ita kuma mace a matsayin abin kunya da suka gwammace kada su kai rahoto. Wasu masu ra'ayin mata na Swazi sun ji cewa ra'ayin mata da yawancin maza Swazi suka yi ya bayyana a wani shafi na ranar Lahadi na Disamba 2012 na Qalakaliboli Dlamini, wanda ya yi jayayya a ciki cewa yawancin matan da ake cin zarafi sun kawo wa kansu kuma "lokacin da mace ta kasance. da aka yi mata, ta yiwu ta yi illa ga namijin da zai yi mata illa a waje”. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Swaziland: Human Rights Groups Take On 'Times' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201212130613.html |access-date=January 26, 2013 |website=allAfrica}}</ref> Rikicin cikin gida ya zama ruwan dare, amma ana kallonsa a matsayin karbuwa. Yayin da matan birni ke ba da rahoton tashin hankalin gida da wasu lokuta kuma a wasu lokuta kotuna irin ta Yamma suna ɗauka da muhimmanci, kotunan ƙabilanci a yankunan karkara ba sa jin tausayin waɗanda abin ya shafa. Dokar ta hada da kariya daga cin zarafin mata. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> A shekara ta 2010, babbar kotun Swazi ta yanke hukuncin cewa wani kaso na dokar rajistar ayyukan da mata ba za su iya rajistar kadarorin da sunayensu ba ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki, kuma Kotun Koli ta goyi bayan hukuncin, amma ba a kafa wata sabuwar doka ba, kuma dokar ta ci gaba da aiki. . <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> A cikin watan Yunin 2011, gwamnati ta gabatar da wani sabon Dokar Rajistar Ayyuka (gyara) a majalisa a cikin wani yunƙuri na yin aiki da hukuncin kotuna, amma har yanzu dokar ba ta zama doka ba a ƙarshen Satumba 2011. <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Dokokin kabilanci sun halatta maza su auri mata da yawa, amma dokar farar hula ta hana auren mace fiye da ɗaya. ’Ya’yan da aka haifa cikin auren gargajiya ana daukar su a matsayin dukiyar ubanninsu. 'Ya'yan maza ne kawai za su iya gado. Shugabannin kabilu na iya cin tarar matan da suka sanya wando. Duk da cewa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya bayyana cewa ba a wajabta mata su bi al'adun gargajiyar da suke adawa da su ba, <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Amnesty International ta nuna rashin amincewa da cewa wannan tsari na sanya wani nauyi da bai dace ba a kan mace guda, yayin da dokar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa ta nuna cewa alhakin kasa ne. don haramtawa da yin Allah wadai da duk wani nau'i na munanan ayyuka da ke cutar da mata." <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A kowane hali, duk da kariyar da tsarin mulki ya tanada, matan da suka ƙi yin zaman makoki na al'ada ana ɗaukar su a matsayin waɗanda ba a sani ba kuma suna iya rasa gidajensu da gadonsu. Matan da mazajensu suka mutu a cikin makoki ba za su bayyana a wasu wuraren jama'a ba kuma ba a yarda da su kusa da dangin sarki ba. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> == Hakkokin yara == 'Ya'yan ubanninsu na Swazi waɗanda suka amince da kasancewarsu a matsayin iyayensu kai tsaye suna zama ƴan ƙasar Swazi, haka ma yaran da aka haifa ba tare da aure ga matan Swazi ba kuma ubanninsu ba za su amince da iyayensu ba. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> Matar baƙon da ta auri ɗan ƙasar Swazi tana da haƙƙin zama ɗan ƙasar Swazi, kuma za a haifi 'ya'yansu ƴan ƙasar Swazi; duk da haka, yaron da wata mace Swazi ta auri wani baƙo, ko da ya sami ɗan ƙasar Swazi, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗan ƙasar uban haihuwa. Marayu da marasa galihu (OVC) sune kashi 70 cikin 100 na al'ummar Swazi kuma gwamnati ce ke tallafa musu kudaden makarantar firamare; makarantar sakandare ba wajibi ba ce. <ref name="US2021" /> Ana yawan cin zarafin yara a Eswatini, amma ba kasafai ake ba da rahoto ko hukunta su ba. Hukunce-hukuncen, idan sun faru, ba su da yawa, tare da masu cin zarafi da ke haifar da kisa yawanci ana ci tarar emalangeni 200 ($ 27). Yara da yawa suna kamuwa da cutar kanjamau sakamakon fyade. Daya daga cikin 'yan mata uku tsakanin 13 zuwa 24 an yi lalata da su. Ana ba wa malamai da shugabanni damar azabtar da yara ta jiki, kuma suna yin hakan akai-akai, tare da dukansu da sanduna. Samari da 'yan mata za su iya yin aure tun suna shekara 18, amma tare da izinin iyaye da amincewa daga ministan shari'a, 'yan mata na iya yin aure tun suna shekara 16. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> Akwai rahotannin da ke cewa ‘yan mata za su iya yin aure tun suna shekara 13 kuma “’yan mata da ‘yan mata ba su da isasshen kariya a karkashin doka daga tilastawa ko auren wuri”. <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Yara da yawa, musamman 'yan mata da ke OVCs, suna yin karuwanci, ana lalata da su a mashaya, gidajen karuwai, da manyan motoci; babu wata doka da ta hana karuwanci yara. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin 2010, da kuma a wannan shekarar ma, adadin yaran tituna a Mbabane da Manzini ya ƙaru a hankali. Eswatini ba ya cikin yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran farar hula na satar yara na duniya. <ref name="US2021" /> == Hakkokin nakasassu == Kundin tsarin mulki ya bukaci a kare nakasassu. Ci gaba a cikin faɗaɗa dama da samun damar yin amfani da sabis na jama'a ga nakasassu yana sannu a hankali kuma ayyukan ba su da kaɗan. A al'adance, masu nakasa bazai kasance a gaban sarki ba. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> == Hakkokin tsiraru == Wariya kan kabila, launi, asalin kabila, kabila, ko haihuwa ya sabawa tsarin mulki a fasahance, amma hukumomin gwamnati da sauran al’umma ne ke aiwatar da su a kan fararen fata da masu bambancin launin fata, wadanda ke fuskantar matsala wajen samun takaddun hukuma, daga fasfo zuwa izinin gini. . <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> == Hakkin LGBT == == Hakkin HIV/AIDS == Cin mutuncin masu dauke da cutar kanjamau bai kai yadda ake yi a baya ba. Mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV ba za su iya shiga aikin soja ba, amma yin aikin soja na iya zama a cikin ayyukansu idan aka gano suna da lafiya; banda wannan, haramun ne a nuna wariya ga masu cutar kanjamau. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> A cikin 2010 kusan kashi 26 na Swazis sun kamu da cutar kanjamau, amma magani bai isa sosai ba. <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> == Hakkokin 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka == Gwamnati na da wani tsari na taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira, da kare 'yan gudun hijirar da rayuwarsu ko 'yancinsu na iya fuskantar hadari idan an mayar da su wata kasa, da kuma hada kai da ofishin hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran kungiyoyin agaji don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira da mafaka. masu neman. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> == Hakkokin mutanen da ake kamawa == [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kama da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida]] ba ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma yana faruwa akai-akai. Duka rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Royal Eswatini (REPS), wacce ke da alhakin tsaron cikin gida, da kuma Umbutfo Eswatini Defence Force (USDF), da ke kula da tsaron waje, “kwararu ne gaba daya”, a cewar ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, amma ba su da inganci, da cin hanci da rashawa., da rashin kayan aiki. Akwai kuma "'yan sandan al'umma" da ke karkashin ikon shugabannin kabilu. Wadanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu suna da damar samun lauya kyauta kawai idan suna fuskantar hukuncin kisa ko daurin rai da rai. Yawancin lokaci ana sanar da waɗanda ake tuhuma da sauri game da tuhumar, amma ba koyaushe ana tuhumar su a cikin awanni 48 da aka kayyade ba bayan kama su. Akwai tsarin beli. Wani lokaci ana kama ’yan adawar siyasa a tsare su ba tare da tuhumarsu ba. Tsarewar gaban shari'a na iya daɗe. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> == Hakkokin mutanen da ake shari'a == Kundin tsarin mulki da doka sun ba da tabbacin samun tsarin shari'a mai zaman kansa, amma tunda sarki ne ke nada alkalai 'yancinsu yana da iyaka. Akwai kotunan farar hula guda biyu, waɗanda suka zana bisa dokar Roman-Dutch da kuma waɗanda suka zana bisa ka'ida da al'ada. Na ƙarshe, wanda ba a ba wa waɗanda ake tuhuma izinin samun lauyoyi ba, za su iya gwada ƙananan laifuka kawai kuma suna da iyakacin ikon yanke hukunci. Ya rage ga Daraktan kararrakin jama’a ya zabi tsarin kotun da za a yi shari’a a karkashinsa. Haka kuma akwai kotunan soja da za a iya yanke wa wadanda ake tuhuma hukunci bisa ga ji-ji. Gabaɗaya ana mutunta haƙƙin yin shari'ar jama'a. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta lura da cewa "An yi watsi da damar yin adalci ga wadanda aka ci zarafinsu" tun daga watan Yunin 2011 "sakamakon sabon rikici a cikin tsarin doka. Wani babban alkalin Kotun Koli, Thomas Masuku, wanda hukuncin da ya dade ya ba da gudummawa wajen kare hakkin bil adama. 'yancin ɗan adam a Eswatini, <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> an fuskanci shari'ar cirewa ba tare da adalci ba .... Waɗannan ci gaban kuma sun kafa misali mai banƙyama ga sauran membobin shari'a kuma suna da tasiri kai tsaye ga 'yancin kai na aikin shari'a a Swaziland. " A cikin wata sanarwa da ta fitar a watan Maris na shekarar 2012, Amnesty International ta ce "makamaiman matakan tabbatar da 'yancin kai da nuna son kai na bangaren shari'a" da Eswatini ya yi alkawari "na cikin gaggawa", idan aka yi la'akari da cewa "kare hakkin dan Adam da samun adalci ga wadanda ake cin zarafi na ci gaba da tabarbarewa ta hanyar abin da ke haifar da rikici a cikin bin doka. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta bayyana cewa baya ga cire Thomas Masuku daga kan kujerar, gwamnatin Swazi ta kori ministan shari'a David Matse, "wanda ya ki shiga" wajen tsige Masuku. <ref name="Swaziland" /> Kungiyar Amnesty International ta kuma kara da cewa, matakin shari'a ga wadanda aka zalunta, da kuma wadanda ke neman yin amfani da bangaren shari'a don inganta kare hakkin bil'adama, "an kara yin kasa a gwiwa ta hanyar sabbin takunkumi, ta hanyar bin umarnin aiki, wadanda ake aiwatarwa. An aiwatar da shi a cikin manyan kotuna. Ɗaya daga cikin umarnin yana iyakancewa ko kuma ba zai yiwu ba don shiga cikin kotunan shari'ar da aka shafi Sarki kai tsaye ko a kaikaice a matsayin mai kara wadanda ke cikin gaggawa, musamman a hannun Alkalin Alkalai, akwai fargabar cewa wannan lamari ya haifar da rashin yarda da adalci a cikin shari’a. Amnesty International ta yi nuni da cewa kungiyar lauyoyi ta Eswatini ta kauracewa kotuna a watan Agustan 2011 "don nuna rashin amincewa da wadannan abubuwan da ke faruwa da kuma gazawar hukumomi na gabatar da kara kan korafe-korafenta game da tafiyar da kotuna". <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Hakkokin fursunoni == A shekarar 2021, gidajen yarin Eswatini na iya rike mutane 2,838; duk da haka, jimilar mutane 3,362, ciki har da mutane sama da 800 da ke jiran shari'a. Fursunoni sun lalace, kodayake an inganta wasu sabbin gine-gine. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> A baya, yara suna zama tare da iyayensu mata a wurin da ake tsare da mata, ana tsare da wadanda ake tsare da su tare da wadanda aka yanke wa hukunci, da kuma masu laifin da ba su kai shekaru ba, ana tsare su tare da manya. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na cikin gida da na kasa da kasa ba a ba su damar sanya ido kan yanayi ba; haka ma kafafen yada labarai ba. An sami cunkoso sosai, wanda ya taimaka wajen yaɗuwar cutar tarin fuka, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, da sauran cututtuka. Samun dama ga baƙi ya isa. <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> == Hakkin ma'aikata == Yawancin ma'aikata, ban da waɗanda ke cikin "mahimman sabis", ana ba su damar haɗa kai, yajin aiki, da yin ciniki tare. Yin aikin tilas ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki, amma duk da haka ana tilasta mata da yara yin aikin gida, ’yan kwadago, da dillalai. Akwai mafi ƙarancin albashi na ayyuka daban-daban, amma ba su shafi ɓangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba. Akwai dokokin tsaro, amma kaɗan na binciken aminci. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> Har ila yau aikin yara haramun ne ga yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru 15, kuma doka ta kayyade lokacin aiki ga yara, amma hakan bai shafi yaran da ke aikin kiwo, noma da aikin gida ba. == Halin tarihi == Shafi na gaba yana nuna ƙimar Eswatini tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=[[Freedom House]] |year=2012 |title=Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls |access-date=2012-08-22 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 Freedom House ta canza tsarin tantancewa inda a shekarar 2023 ta ci Eswatini kamar haka; <ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/eswatini/freedom-world/2023 Freedom House website, Eswatini page, retrieved 2023-10-25]</ref> * Hakkin Siyasa = 1 cikin 40 * 'Yancin Jama'a = 16 cikin 60 * Jimlar = 17 cikin 100 Mafi girman maki shine na 'Yancin Addini, Shari'a da 'Yancin Motsawa (duk 2 cikin 4). == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Eswatini kan [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa]] sune kamar haka. == Minority rights == Nuna wariya bisa ga launin fata, launin fata, asalin ƙabila, ƙabila, ko haihuwa, ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki, amma hukumomin gwamnati da al'umma gabaɗaya suna yin hakan ne ga fararen fata da mutanen da ba su da launin fata daban-daban, waɗanda ke fuskantar wahalar samun takardu na hukuma, tun daga fasfo har zuwa izinin gini .<ref name="state.gov">{{cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |work=US Department of State}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Fataucin mutane a Eswatini * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Eswatini == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar cirewa. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b7r1q20pnawml3q4glvry79ec4fhej0 976080 976079 2026-11-05T10:04:35Z A Salisu 14655 976080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Eswatini w1 locator.svg|thumb|Taswiran daular karke kenam]] [[ESwatini|Eswatini]], daular karshe da ta rage cikakkar sarauta a [[Afirka]], <ref name="freedomhouse.org">{{Cite web |title=African Commission Criticizes Swaziland's Human Rights Record |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/african-commission-criticizes-swaziland%E2%80%99s-human-rights-record |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Freedom House ce ta kimanta shi daga 1972 zuwa 1992 a matsayin "Yanci 'Yanci"; tun a shekarar 1993, an dauke shi "Ba Kyauta". A cikin wadannan shekarun kimar ‘Yancin Siyasa na kasar ''Freedom House'' ya ragu daga 4 zuwa 7, da ‘Yancin Bil’adama’ daga 2 zuwa 5. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIW Scores |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> An dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa a Eswatini tun 1973. <ref name="World Report 2012: Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=World Report 2012: Swaziland |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Rahoton na [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] na shekara ta 2011 ya bayyana ƙasar a matsayin "na cikin wani mummunan rikici na mulki", inda ya nuna cewa "kunnen makudan kudade da dangin sarki ke kashewa, rashin da'a na kasafin kudi, da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati sun bar ƙasar a cikin mawuyacin hali. bakin bala'in tattalin arziki". <ref name="World Report 2012: Swaziland" /> A shekara ta 2012, [[Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam da Jama'a ta Afirka|hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Afirka]] (ACHPR) ta fitar da wani kakkausar suka ga yadda Eswatini yake da hakkin dan Adam, inda ya yi kira ga gwamnatin kasar Swazi da ta mutunta alkawurran da ta dauka a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa dangane da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kungiyoyi da kuma taro. <ref name="freedomhouse.org" /> HRW ta lura cewa saboda rashin aikin yi na kashi 40% da karancin albashi wanda ke tilastawa kashi 80% na Swazis rayuwa a kasa da dalar Amurka 2 a rana, gwamnati na fuskantar "kara matsin lamba daga masu fafutukar farar hula da 'yan kungiyar kwadago don aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da bude kofa. sama da sararin fafutuka na farar hula da na siyasa" da kuma cewa an kama mutane da dama "a lokacin zanga-zangar adawa da rashin shugabanci nagari da kuma kare hakkin dan adam". <ref name="World Report 2012: Swaziland" /> Matsalolin kare haƙƙin bil'adama a Eswatini sun hada da, a cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 2011 na ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, "kisan gilla da jami'an tsaro ke yi, kisan kiyashi, amfani da ƴan sanda na azabtarwa, duka, da ƙarfin tuwo a kan wadanda ake tsare da su, rashin hukunta 'yan sanda; kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma tsawaita shari'a. tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|tare]] da tsare sirri da kuma takura wa ' [[Journalism|yan jarida]] [[Yancin taro|:]] fataucin mutane; nuna wariya ga 'yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, bisexual, da kuma cin zarafin 'yan kasa: <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekarar 2011 asusun ba da lamuni na duniya IMF ya buƙaci gwamnatin Eswatini da ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye a kasafin kudi don magance rikicin da ke kara kamari. A cikin wannan watan ne Afirka ta Kudu ta amince da baiwa Eswatini rancen dala miliyan 355 bisa sharadin cewa ta kafa sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki. An yi watsi da sharuddan. <ref name="World Report 2012: Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=World Report 2012: Swaziland |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Hukumar kare hakkin dan adam == Amnesty International ta lura a cikin 2011 cewa kundin tsarin mulkin Swazi ya tanadi kafa hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da gudanar da al'umma. An nada waccan hukumar a shekara ta 2009, amma tana aiki "idan babu wata doka ta doka", wacce ta hana ta "ba da aiwatar da aikinta yadda ya kamata". <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama == Ƙungiyoyin da suka fi fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a Eswatini sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Action na Eswatini Against Abuse, Lauyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Eswatini, Mata da Doka a Kudancin Afirka, Majalisar Cocin Eswatini, da Cocin Roman Katolika. Wadannan da sauran kungiyoyi gaba daya suna iya gudanar da aiki ba tare da takura ba, amma da kyar gwamnati ba ta jin ra'ayinsu. Gwamnati yawanci tana ba da hadin kai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran hukumomin kasa da kasa. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> A shekara ta 2011, a cewar Human Rights Watch, cin zarafi da sa ido na kungiyoyin fararen hula da 'yan sanda ke yi ya karu, inda aka "kama masu fafutuka, da tsare su, da shari'a a karkashin dokar tsaro" da kuma tuhumar su da cin amanar kasa da sauran laifuka. "Masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a da masu sukar gwamnati sun ba da rahoton karuwar cin zarafi, bincike, da kwace kayan ofis, da kuma sanya ido kan hanyoyin sadarwa na lantarki, kiran tarho, da tarurrukan da hukumomi ke yi", in ji HRW, wadda ta kara da cewa galibi ana fuskantar masu fafutuka. zuwa ga wuce kima da karfi, azabtarwa, da sauran rashin lafiya, da kuma cewa babu "hukumar binciken korafe-korafe mai zaman kanta... ga wadanda aka ci zarafin 'yan sanda". == Hakkoki na asali == Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta wariya dangane da launin fata, jima'i, nakasa, shekaru, kabila, addini, ra'ayin siyasa, ko matsayin zamantakewa; duk da haka, gwamnati ba ta aiwatar da waɗannan haramcin akai-akai. Cin hanci da rashawa ya yadu kuma ba a yaki da shi da karfi. Ana dai kallon jami'an 'yan sanda da cin hanci da rashawa. Shugabanni da malamai na karbar cin hanci don shigar da dalibai makarantu. Nepotism abu ne na kowa. Hukumomi suna kashe mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ba doka ta haramta azabtar da 'yan sanda musamman, kuma ba a aiwatar da tanadin tsarin mulki game da azabtarwa; a aikace, haƙiƙa, jami'an tsaro na yawan azabtar da su, kuma amfani da ƙarfi da ya wuce kima da 'yan sanda ya zama ruwan dare. Har ila yau ana yawan samun tashin hankalin ’yan kungiyar, inda ake zargin wadanda ake zargi da aikata fyade, musamman gungun jama’a da dama, wadanda ba kasafai ake hukunta ‘yan kungiyar ba. Karamar hukuma dai tana hannun shuwagabannin kabilu wadanda kuma ke kula da ‘yan sandan al’umma na sa kai na karkara wadanda ke da ikon yin kama da kananan laifuka. Kundin tsarin mulkin ya hada da tabbatar da ‘yanci na asali, amma kuma ya baiwa gwamnati damar takurawa ko dakatar da wadannan hakkoki. Amnesty International ta ci gaba da cewa wadannan haƙƙoƙin suna fuskantar barazana musamman daga “dokokin tsaro masu tsauri kamar dokar tada zaune tsaye da kuma dokar hana ta’addanci ta shekarar 2008 (STA)”, kuma ta lura cewa “ tanade-tanaden tsohuwar dokar ba su da tushe kuma za a iya fassara su. ta yadda za a takaita jin dadin fadin albarkacin baki, da sauran hakkokinsu, da kuma bayar da damar daurin shekaru ashirin a gidan yari ba tare da zabin tara ba”. Amnesty International ta yi nuni da cewa " tanade-tanade a cikin STA suna da yawa kuma ba daidai ba ne yayin da hukuncin cin zarafi yana da tsanani ", tare da kalmar "aikin ta'addanci" musamman an bayyana shi sosai. <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Human Rights Watch, ita ma, ta yi amfani da kalmar "draconian" don bayyana Dokar Ayyukan Tada hankali. <ref name="World Report 2012: Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=World Report 2012: Swaziland |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Gabaɗaya ana mutunta ƴancin ƙaura a cikin ƙasa, fita waje, ƙaura, ko komawa daga ketare, duk da cewa sarakunan ƙabilun suna da ikon korar mutane daga yankunan da suke ƙarƙashin ikonsu. Gudanar da fasfo da takaddun shaida na Swazis waɗanda ba na ƙabilu ba galibi suna ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo da ba a saba gani ba. Jami'an 'yan sanda sama da wani matsayi na iya bincika wuraren sirri ba tare da izini ba idan sun yi iƙirarin yin imani cewa za a iya rasa shaida idan ba haka ba, kuma gidaje da kasuwanci da yawa ana shiga ba tare da izinin kotu ba. Membobin siyasa, addini, ma'aikata, da sauran kungiyoyi suna karkashin kulawar 'yan sanda. A cikin watan Satumba na 2010, 'yan sanda sun shiga harabar gidauniyar adalci ta zamantakewar al'umma kuma sun tursasa ƴan ƙasar Denmark da suka ziyarci ofishin 'yan sanda. Tun daga shekara ta 2008 mutanen da ke ba da taimako ko bin wasu kungiyoyi - PUDEMO, Eswatini Solidarity Network (ESN), SWAYOCO, da kuma rundunar 'yantar da jama'ar Eswatini (UMBANE) - suna fuskantar hukunci har da hada da daurin rai da rai a karkashin dokar hana ta'addanci ta 2008. Amnesty International ta yi rajistar rashin amincewarta ga Dokar Wasan shekarar 1953, wanda "ba wa masu kula da wasa ko duk wani mutum da ke aiki da umarninsu 'yancin yin amfani da bindigogi" don kare kansa ko kuma idan yana da dalilin gaskata cewa rayuwarsa, ko ta wani abokan aikinsa, suna barazana ko kuma suna cikin haɗari.' Wannan da alama zai ba da damar yin amfani da karfi mai muni a cikin yanayin da ba za a iya yin barazana ga rayuwa ba." <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana damuwarta game da jami'an 'yan sanda da ke amfani da "karfi mai yawa a kan masu zanga-zangar lumana, suna amfani da karfi mai tsanani ba tare da hujja ba akan waɗanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka, da kuma azabtarwa da sauran nau'o'in cin zarafi ga wadanda aka kama da kuma tsare su". Ta buga misali da Rabaran David Matse, shugaban hukumar kare hakkin dan adam da gudanar da al’umma a lokacin yana cewa a watan Janairun 2010 “da alama ‘yan sanda da sojoji suna amfani da manufar harbe-harbe…. Kasashen duniya sun nemi tabbaci, bayanan sun nuna karara cewa wadanda abin ya shafa ba su yin barazana ga rayuwa lokacin da aka harbe su da kisa”. Mutane da yawa da aka kama a hannun 'yan sanda, haka kuma, an fuskanci "mummunan duka da azabtarwa, wanda ke faruwa a wurare na yau da kullun da kuma a ofisoshin 'yan sanda", tare da harin "mafi yawan wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka da kuma abokan adawar gwamnati". <ref name="Swaziland" /> === 'Yancin magana === Sarki na iya yafe wa mutum 'yancin fadar albarkacin baki ko na 'yan jarida yadda ya ga dama. ’Yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsu yana da iyaka a kowane yanayi, musamman magana game da batutuwan siyasa ko kuma dangin da ke mulki. Zargin sarki na fuskantar tuhuma a matsayin tada zaune tsaye ko cin amanar kasa, kuma kafofin yada labaran da ke irin wannan suka suna fuskantar barazanar rufewa. Takaddama kan kai ta 'yan jarida shine daidaitaccen aiki. Duk da cewa a wasu lokuta jaridu suna sukar cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, kusan kullum suna taka tsantsan don gujewa sukar sarki da iyalansa. Ana yi wa ’yan jarida barazana da cin zarafi akai-akai, ana kuma amfani da dokar bata suna, don takura musu ayyukansu. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> Gwamnati ba ta hana al'adu ko shiga yanar gizo ba, kuma ba ta sanya ido a kan Intanet, amma tana hana tarurrukan siyasa, kuma malaman jami'o'i kan shiga tsakani don gujewa rikici da hukumomi. Ana sarrafa 'yancin yin taro sosai, tare da izinin 'yan sanda da ake buƙata, kuma galibi ana hana su, don taron siyasa ko zanga-zangar jama'a. Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi ‘yancin yin tarayya. Babu wata hanyar doka da jam’iyyun siyasa za su fafata a zabuka ko bayyana a kan katin zabe. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> Kungiyar ta HRW ta ci gaba da cewa gwamnatin Eswatini "ta kara tsaurara takunkumi kan 'yancin yin taro da taro a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata", inda 'yan sanda suka rika tarwatsawa tare da kama masu halartar zanga-zangar lumana. Kungiyar ta HRW ta bada misali da wani taron gangamin da aka gudanar a Manzini a ranar 9 ga watan Satumban 2011, inda ‘yan sanda suka lakada wa jagororin jam’iyyar adawa ta PUDEMO duka. <ref name="World Report 2012: Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=World Report 2012: Swaziland |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-swaziland |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> === 'Yancin addini === Kundin tsarin mulkin Eswatini da dokokinsa sun kare ‘yancin addini, amma “kungiyoyin addinai marasa rinjaye suna samun karancin kariya a karkashin dokokin gargajiya da kuma al’adun gargajiya, wadanda suka hada da kotunan gargajiya da kuma ikon sarakuna kusan 360”, a cewar rahoton ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka kan ‘yancin addini. "Lokacin da ayyukan kungiyar addini suka ci karo da al'ada da al'adu kamar yadda sarakuna suka ayyana, za su iya jagorantar matsin lamba a kan kungiyar." Wajibi ne kungiyoyin addini su sami amincewar sarakuna kafin su gina gidajen ibada. Sabbin ikilisiyoyin dole ne su gabatar da aikace-aikacen ga hukuma ta ɗayan ƙungiyoyin laima guda uku: Ƙungiyar Ikklisiya, Taron Ikklisiya na Eswatini, ko Majalisar Cocin Eswatini. Muminai suna aiki a fili ba tare da tsangwama ba, tare da izinin limaman addinin Musulunci damar shiga fursunoni kuma an bar makarantun Baha'i Baha'i a rufe ranakun addini. Duk da mutunta yancin addini gabaɗaya, har yanzu ana fuskantar wariya a tsakanin al'umma, musamman ga waɗanda ba na Kiristanci ba, kodayake wannan na iya samun tushen bambance-bambancen kabilanci. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> == Hakkokin mata == Galibin matan da suka yi aure a Eswatini suna da "matsayin kananan yara na shari'a", a cewar Amnesty International. "Matan da suka yi aure a ƙarƙashin tanadin dokar farar hula (Dokar Aure ta 1964) suna ƙarƙashin ' ikon aure ' na mazajensu", kuma ba a ba su izinin sarrafa dukiya ko sanya hannu kan kwangila ba. Za su iya ficewa daga wannan yanayin ta hanyar yarjejeniya kafin aure, amma mata kaɗan ne suka san cewa hakan mai yiwuwa ne. Matan da suka yi aure a karkashin dokar al'ada sun fi zama cikakkiyar biyayya ga "ikon aure", wanda Amnesty International ta ce, "ba a san iyakarta ba". <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A karkashin dokokin farar hula da na kabilanci, a takaice, mata suna karkashin maza ne, kuma hakkinsu ya bambanta a karkashin tsarin dokokin guda biyu, wadanda suke da dokoki masu cin karo da juna a kan batutuwan da suka shafi aure, reno, dukiya, da gado. Dokar ta haramta cin zarafi da fyade a cikin gida, gami da fyaden ma'aurata ko abokan zamanta na kusa. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> Fyade ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Eswatini amma ya yadu, kuma ba a aiwatar da dokar a kai a kai ba. Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa "an bayyana fyade a takaice kuma ba a hukunta fyaden a aure ko dai bisa ka'ida ko doka", ta kara da cewa dokar kare 'yan mata da mata ta shekarar 1920 ta musamman ta kebance fyaden a aure daga cikin laifukan ta. <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Maza na kallon fyade a matsayin karamin laifi, ita kuma mace a matsayin abin kunya da suka gwammace kada su kai rahoto. Wasu masu ra'ayin mata na Swazi sun ji cewa ra'ayin mata da yawancin maza Swazi suka yi ya bayyana a wani shafi na ranar Lahadi na Disamba 2012 na Qalakaliboli Dlamini, wanda ya yi jayayya a ciki cewa yawancin matan da ake cin zarafi sun kawo wa kansu kuma "lokacin da mace ta kasance. da aka yi mata, ta yiwu ta yi illa ga namijin da zai yi mata illa a waje”. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Swaziland: Human Rights Groups Take On 'Times' |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201212130613.html |access-date=January 26, 2013 |website=allAfrica}}</ref> Rikicin cikin gida ya zama ruwan dare, amma ana kallonsa a matsayin karbuwa. Yayin da matan birni ke ba da rahoton tashin hankalin gida da wasu lokuta kuma a wasu lokuta kotuna irin ta Yamma suna ɗauka da muhimmanci, kotunan ƙabilanci a yankunan karkara ba sa jin tausayin waɗanda abin ya shafa. Dokar ta hada da kariya daga cin zarafin mata. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> A shekara ta 2010, babbar kotun Swazi ta yanke hukuncin cewa wani kaso na dokar rajistar ayyukan da mata ba za su iya rajistar kadarorin da sunayensu ba ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki, kuma Kotun Koli ta goyi bayan hukuncin, amma ba a kafa wata sabuwar doka ba, kuma dokar ta ci gaba da aiki. . <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> A cikin watan Yunin 2011, gwamnati ta gabatar da wani sabon Dokar Rajistar Ayyuka (gyara) a majalisa a cikin wani yunƙuri na yin aiki da hukuncin kotuna, amma har yanzu dokar ba ta zama doka ba a ƙarshen Satumba 2011. <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Dokokin kabilanci sun halatta maza su auri mata da yawa, amma dokar farar hula ta hana auren mace fiye da ɗaya. ’Ya’yan da aka haifa cikin auren gargajiya ana daukar su a matsayin dukiyar ubanninsu. 'Ya'yan maza ne kawai za su iya gado. Shugabannin kabilu na iya cin tarar matan da suka sanya wando. Duk da cewa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya bayyana cewa ba a wajabta mata su bi al'adun gargajiyar da suke adawa da su ba, <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Amnesty International ta nuna rashin amincewa da cewa wannan tsari na sanya wani nauyi da bai dace ba a kan mace guda, yayin da dokar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa ta nuna cewa alhakin kasa ne. don haramtawa da yin Allah wadai da duk wani nau'i na munanan ayyuka da ke cutar da mata." <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A kowane hali, duk da kariyar da tsarin mulki ya tanada, matan da suka ƙi yin zaman makoki na al'ada ana ɗaukar su a matsayin waɗanda ba a sani ba kuma suna iya rasa gidajensu da gadonsu. Matan da mazajensu suka mutu a cikin makoki ba za su bayyana a wasu wuraren jama'a ba kuma ba a yarda da su kusa da dangin sarki ba. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> == Hakkokin yara == 'Ya'yan ubanninsu na Swazi waɗanda suka amince da kasancewarsu a matsayin iyayensu kai tsaye suna zama ƴan ƙasar Swazi, haka ma yaran da aka haifa ba tare da aure ga matan Swazi ba kuma ubanninsu ba za su amince da iyayensu ba. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> Matar baƙon da ta auri ɗan ƙasar Swazi tana da haƙƙin zama ɗan ƙasar Swazi, kuma za a haifi 'ya'yansu ƴan ƙasar Swazi; duk da haka, yaron da wata mace Swazi ta auri wani baƙo, ko da ya sami ɗan ƙasar Swazi, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗan ƙasar uban haihuwa. Marayu da marasa galihu (OVC) sune kashi 70 cikin 100 na al'ummar Swazi kuma gwamnati ce ke tallafa musu kudaden makarantar firamare; makarantar sakandare ba wajibi ba ce. <ref name="US2021" /> Ana yawan cin zarafin yara a Eswatini, amma ba kasafai ake ba da rahoto ko hukunta su ba. Hukunce-hukuncen, idan sun faru, ba su da yawa, tare da masu cin zarafi da ke haifar da kisa yawanci ana ci tarar emalangeni 200 ($ 27). Yara da yawa suna kamuwa da cutar kanjamau sakamakon fyade. Daya daga cikin 'yan mata uku tsakanin 13 zuwa 24 an yi lalata da su. Ana ba wa malamai da shugabanni damar azabtar da yara ta jiki, kuma suna yin hakan akai-akai, tare da dukansu da sanduna. Samari da 'yan mata za su iya yin aure tun suna shekara 18, amma tare da izinin iyaye da amincewa daga ministan shari'a, 'yan mata na iya yin aure tun suna shekara 16. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> Akwai rahotannin da ke cewa ‘yan mata za su iya yin aure tun suna shekara 13 kuma “’yan mata da ‘yan mata ba su da isasshen kariya a karkashin doka daga tilastawa ko auren wuri”. <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Yara da yawa, musamman 'yan mata da ke OVCs, suna yin karuwanci, ana lalata da su a mashaya, gidajen karuwai, da manyan motoci; babu wata doka da ta hana karuwanci yara. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin 2010, da kuma a wannan shekarar ma, adadin yaran tituna a Mbabane da Manzini ya ƙaru a hankali. Eswatini ba ya cikin yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran farar hula na satar yara na duniya. <ref name="US2021" /> == Hakkokin nakasassu == Kundin tsarin mulki ya bukaci a kare nakasassu. Ci gaba a cikin faɗaɗa dama da samun damar yin amfani da sabis na jama'a ga nakasassu yana sannu a hankali kuma ayyukan ba su da kaɗan. A al'adance, masu nakasa bazai kasance a gaban sarki ba. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> == Hakkokin tsiraru == Wariya kan kabila, launi, asalin kabila, kabila, ko haihuwa ya sabawa tsarin mulki a fasahance, amma hukumomin gwamnati da sauran al’umma ne ke aiwatar da su a kan fararen fata da masu bambancin launin fata, wadanda ke fuskantar matsala wajen samun takaddun hukuma, daga fasfo zuwa izinin gini. . <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> == Hakkin LGBT == == Hakkin HIV/AIDS == Cin mutuncin masu dauke da cutar kanjamau bai kai yadda ake yi a baya ba. Mutanen da ke dauke da kwayar cutar HIV ba za su iya shiga aikin soja ba, amma yin aikin soja na iya zama a cikin ayyukansu idan aka gano suna da lafiya; banda wannan, haramun ne a nuna wariya ga masu cutar kanjamau. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> A cikin 2010 kusan kashi 26 na Swazis sun kamu da cutar kanjamau, amma magani bai isa sosai ba. <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> == Hakkokin 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka == Gwamnati na da wani tsari na taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira, da kare 'yan gudun hijirar da rayuwarsu ko 'yancinsu na iya fuskantar hadari idan an mayar da su wata kasa, da kuma hada kai da ofishin hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran kungiyoyin agaji don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijira da mafaka. masu neman. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> == Hakkokin mutanen da ake kamawa == [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|Kama da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida]] ba ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma yana faruwa akai-akai. Duka rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Royal Eswatini (REPS), wacce ke da alhakin tsaron cikin gida, da kuma Umbutfo Eswatini Defence Force (USDF), da ke kula da tsaron waje, “kwararu ne gaba daya”, a cewar ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, amma ba su da inganci, da cin hanci da rashawa., da rashin kayan aiki. Akwai kuma "'yan sandan al'umma" da ke karkashin ikon shugabannin kabilu. Wadanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu suna da damar samun lauya kyauta kawai idan suna fuskantar hukuncin kisa ko daurin rai da rai. Yawancin lokaci ana sanar da waɗanda ake tuhuma da sauri game da tuhumar, amma ba koyaushe ana tuhumar su a cikin awanni 48 da aka kayyade ba bayan kama su. Akwai tsarin beli. Wani lokaci ana kama ’yan adawar siyasa a tsare su ba tare da tuhumarsu ba. Tsarewar gaban shari'a na iya daɗe. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> == Hakkokin mutanen da ake shari'a == Kundin tsarin mulki da doka sun ba da tabbacin samun tsarin shari'a mai zaman kansa, amma tunda sarki ne ke nada alkalai 'yancinsu yana da iyaka. Akwai kotunan farar hula guda biyu, waɗanda suka zana bisa dokar Roman-Dutch da kuma waɗanda suka zana bisa ka'ida da al'ada. Na ƙarshe, wanda ba a ba wa waɗanda ake tuhuma izinin samun lauyoyi ba, za su iya gwada ƙananan laifuka kawai kuma suna da iyakacin ikon yanke hukunci. Ya rage ga Daraktan kararrakin jama’a ya zabi tsarin kotun da za a yi shari’a a karkashinsa. Haka kuma akwai kotunan soja da za a iya yanke wa wadanda ake tuhuma hukunci bisa ga ji-ji. Gabaɗaya ana mutunta haƙƙin yin shari'ar jama'a. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta lura da cewa "An yi watsi da damar yin adalci ga wadanda aka ci zarafinsu" tun daga watan Yunin 2011 "sakamakon sabon rikici a cikin tsarin doka. Wani babban alkalin Kotun Koli, Thomas Masuku, wanda hukuncin da ya dade ya ba da gudummawa wajen kare hakkin bil adama. 'yancin ɗan adam a Eswatini, <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> an fuskanci shari'ar cirewa ba tare da adalci ba .... Waɗannan ci gaban kuma sun kafa misali mai banƙyama ga sauran membobin shari'a kuma suna da tasiri kai tsaye ga 'yancin kai na aikin shari'a a Swaziland. " A cikin wata sanarwa da ta fitar a watan Maris na shekarar 2012, Amnesty International ta ce "makamaiman matakan tabbatar da 'yancin kai da nuna son kai na bangaren shari'a" da Eswatini ya yi alkawari "na cikin gaggawa", idan aka yi la'akari da cewa "kare hakkin dan Adam da samun adalci ga wadanda ake cin zarafi na ci gaba da tabarbarewa ta hanyar abin da ke haifar da rikici a cikin bin doka. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta bayyana cewa baya ga cire Thomas Masuku daga kan kujerar, gwamnatin Swazi ta kori ministan shari'a David Matse, "wanda ya ki shiga" wajen tsige Masuku. <ref name="Swaziland" /> Kungiyar Amnesty International ta kuma kara da cewa, matakin shari'a ga wadanda aka zalunta, da kuma wadanda ke neman yin amfani da bangaren shari'a don inganta kare hakkin bil'adama, "an kara yin kasa a gwiwa ta hanyar sabbin takunkumi, ta hanyar bin umarnin aiki, wadanda ake aiwatarwa. An aiwatar da shi a cikin manyan kotuna. Ɗaya daga cikin umarnin yana iyakancewa ko kuma ba zai yiwu ba don shiga cikin kotunan shari'ar da aka shafi Sarki kai tsaye ko a kaikaice a matsayin mai kara wadanda ke cikin gaggawa, musamman a hannun Alkalin Alkalai, akwai fargabar cewa wannan lamari ya haifar da rashin yarda da adalci a cikin shari’a. Amnesty International ta yi nuni da cewa kungiyar lauyoyi ta Eswatini ta kauracewa kotuna a watan Agustan 2011 "don nuna rashin amincewa da wadannan abubuwan da ke faruwa da kuma gazawar hukumomi na gabatar da kara kan korafe-korafenta game da tafiyar da kotuna". <ref name="Swaziland">{{Cite web |title=Swaziland |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/ |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Hakkokin fursunoni == A shekarar 2021, gidajen yarin Eswatini na iya rike mutane 2,838; duk da haka, jimilar mutane 3,362, ciki har da mutane sama da 800 da ke jiran shari'a. Fursunoni sun lalace, kodayake an inganta wasu sabbin gine-gine. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> A baya, yara suna zama tare da iyayensu mata a wurin da ake tsare da mata, ana tsare da wadanda ake tsare da su tare da wadanda aka yanke wa hukunci, da kuma masu laifin da ba su kai shekaru ba, ana tsare su tare da manya. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da sauran kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na cikin gida da na kasa da kasa ba a ba su damar sanya ido kan yanayi ba; haka ma kafafen yada labarai ba. An sami cunkoso sosai, wanda ya taimaka wajen yaɗuwar cutar tarin fuka, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, da sauran cututtuka. Samun dama ga baƙi ya isa. <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> == Hakkin ma'aikata == Yawancin ma'aikata, ban da waɗanda ke cikin "mahimman sabis", ana ba su damar haɗa kai, yajin aiki, da yin ciniki tare. Yin aikin tilas ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki, amma duk da haka ana tilasta mata da yara yin aikin gida, ’yan kwadago, da dillalai. Akwai mafi ƙarancin albashi na ayyuka daban-daban, amma ba su shafi ɓangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba. Akwai dokokin tsaro, amma kaɗan na binciken aminci. <ref name="US2021">[https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/eswatini US State Dept 2021 report on Eswatini]</ref> Har ila yau aikin yara haramun ne ga yara ‘yan kasa da shekaru 15, kuma doka ta kayyade lokacin aiki ga yara, amma hakan bai shafi yaran da ke aikin kiwo, noma da aikin gida ba. == Halin tarihi == Shafi na gaba yana nuna ƙimar Eswatini tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=[[Freedom House]] |year=2012 |title=Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls |access-date=2012-08-22 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 Freedom House ta canza tsarin tantancewa inda a shekarar 2023 ta ci Eswatini kamar haka; <ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/country/eswatini/freedom-world/2023 Freedom House website, Eswatini page, retrieved 2023-10-25]</ref> * Hakkin Siyasa = 1 cikin 40 * 'Yancin Jama'a = 16 cikin 60 * Jimlar = 17 cikin 100 Mafi girman maki shine na 'Yancin Addini, Shari'a da 'Yancin Motsawa (duk 2 cikin 4). == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Eswatini kan [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa]] sune kamar haka. == Minority rights == Nuna wariya bisa ga launin fata, launin fata, asalin ƙabila, ƙabila, ko haihuwa, ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki, amma hukumomin gwamnati da al'umma gabaɗaya suna yin hakan ne ga fararen fata da mutanen da ba su da launin fata daban-daban, waɗanda ke fuskantar wahalar samun takardu na hukuma, tun daga fasfo har zuwa izinin gini .<ref name="state.gov">{{cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Swaziland |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154372.htm |access-date=January 25, 2013 |work=US Department of State}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Fataucin mutane a Eswatini * Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Eswatini == Bayanan kula == : 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. : 2. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. : 3. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span><span> </span>Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar cirewa. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o2gurv70aunelqxnxl8ynzjopwddyag 0 81653 976083 678756 2026-11-05T10:05:57Z A Salisu 14655 976083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|Haƙƙin ɗan adam]] a [[Lesotho]]''', ƙasa mai mutane 2,067,000 gabaɗaya da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] gaba ɗaya, <ref name="unpop">{{Cite journal |last=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division |year=2009 |title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |format=PDF |series=2008 revision |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref> batu ne mai cike da cece-kuce. A cikin rahotonta na Freedom in the World na shekarar 2012, Freedom House ta ayyana kasar a matsayin "Yanci". <ref> name="FH 2012">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref> A cewar Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, '[['Yancin Dan Adam a Ukraine|Yancin Dan Adam]] da [[Kwada Joseph Ayuba|Kwadago]] na Amurka, wanda ke fitar da rahotannin kare hakkin bil'adama na shekara-shekara kan ƙasar, batutuwan da suka fi daukar hankalin '[[Yan-adam|yan Adam]] su ne amfani da [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]], rashin yanayin gidan yari, da cin zarafin mata da yara. <ref> name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> == Tarihi da yanayin siyasa == Lesotho ta sami 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya a cikin shekara ta 1966. Tsawon shekara ta 1998 ya ga jerin rugujewar zabe da juyin mulkin soji . <ref> name="FH 2012">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref> Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Lesotho tun a shekarar 1972 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref> name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Country ratings and status, FIW 1973–2012 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls |access-date=2012-08-22 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |+Historical ratings ! style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year ! style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] ! style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] ! style="width:3em;" |Status ! style="width:3em;" |Head of Government{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |4 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Justin Lekhanya |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Justin Lekhanya |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Justin Lekhanya |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Justin Lekhanya |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Justin Lekhanya |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Elias Phisoana Ramaema |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Elias Phisoana Ramaema |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ntsu Mokhehle |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ntsu Mokhehle |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ntsu Mokhehle |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ntsu Mokhehle |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ntsu Mokhehle |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |} A farkon shekarun 1970s aka ga tsare 'yan [[Hakkin Neman Mafaka|gudun hijirar siyasa]] na Pan Africanist Congress of Azania - kungiyar da ta balle ta National Congress Congress - daga Afirka ta Kudu. An kuma tsare Ntsu Mokhehle, shugaban jam'iyyar Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), a matsayin fursunan siyasa. <ref name="AI 1971">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> Ziyarar da Joan Lestor, Baroness Lestor na Eccles ta yi a madadin kungiyar Amnesty International (AI) ta nuna cewa ana tsare da mambobin BCP 90 - 100. <ref name="AI 1972">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> Yawancin an sake su a watan Janairu 1972. <ref name="AI 1973">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Janairun 1974, duk da haka an kama wasu mambobi 20. Bayan hare-haren da wasu gungun ‘yan bindiga suka kai wa ofisoshin ‘yan sanda washegari, an sake kama su, wanda ya kawo adadin sama da 170. <ref name="AI 1975">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> A kan wannan, BCP ta yi ikirarin cewa gwamnati ta kashe mutane sama da 80 a matsayin ramuwar gayya. <ref name="AI 1974">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> Yawancin wadanda aka kama ana tuhumar su ne da laifin cin amanar kasa. <ref name="AI 1975" /> Ya zuwa 1978 mambobi tara na BCP har yanzu suna tsare a [[Maseru Central Prison|gidan yari na Maseru]] . <ref name="AI 1978">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> Bayan arangama da fashewar bama-bamai a watan Mayun 1979, lamarin ya sake yin tsami tsakanin jam'iyyar BCP da jam'iyyar Basotho ta kasa mai mulki. Bayan da wasu mahara suka kashe ministar majalisar Cif Lepatoa Mou, rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Mobile Unit (PMU) ta fara kai hare-hare na ramuwar gayya, da kai hari da kashe fararen hula a gundumar Butha-Buthe . A karshen shekarar 1979 sama da mutane 600 ne suka yi gudun hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Wadannan 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa sun yi ikirarin cewa gwamnati ta kashe akalla mutane hamsin da ake zargin magoya bayan maharan ne. 1980 ya ga kama da yawa na siyasa, ciki har da aƙalla furofesoshi huɗu na Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Lesotho . Wani jerin fashe-fashe ya faru a 1981, ciki har da daya a filin jirgin sama na kasa . An dangana waɗannan ga reshen sojan da aka hana BCP, Lesotho Liberation Army (LLA). A cikin ramuwar gayya PMU a gwargwadon rahoto sun shiga gidan [[Benjamin Masilo]], shugaban Majalisar Kirista ta Lesotho . Da kyar ya kubuta daga mutuwa ya gudu kasar waje, amma an kashe jikansa. Daga nan sai PMU ta yi garkuwa da [[Edgar Motuba]], mai sukar gwamnati kuma editan jaridar mako-mako ''[[Leselinyana la Lesotho|ta Leselinyana la Lesotho]]'' . An same shi kwance da gawar wasu abokai biyu. Ziyarar AI a karshen wannan shekarar ta nuna cewa an kashe wasu 'yan kasar. <ref name="AI 1982">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> 1982 ya ga rahotannin azabtarwa ga fursunonin siyasa da kuma bullar sabuwar ƙungiyar mutuwa ta siyasa, da aka sani da ''Koeeoko'' . <ref name="AI 1983">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> A watan Disamba ne Dakarun tsaron Afirka ta Kudu suka shiga [[Maseru]] da daddare inda suka kashe jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dama, da kuma wasu 'yan kasar Lesotho goma sha biyu. Akalla kashe-kashe arba’in ne aka ce an yi ba bisa ka’ida ba, kuma akasarin wadanda ba su da makami ne. <ref name="AI 1983" /> Gwamnati, ta damu da yiwuwar sake kai hare-hare daga 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, ta fara jigilar 'yan gudun hijirar zuwa [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . <ref name="AI 1984">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> Rahotannin azabtarwa da kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba sun ci gaba da yawo ga kasashen waje cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa. <ref name="AI 1985">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> Bayan zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 1998 ya baiwa jam'iyyar Lesotho Congress for Democracy kujeru 79 daga cikin 80 da kashi 60.5% na kuri'un da aka kada, an yi zanga-zangar tarzoma sannan kungiyar raya kasashen kudancin Afirka ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar soji . <ref name="FH 2012">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref> An kafa [[Interim Political Authority|hukumar siyasa ta rikon kwarya]] tare da bullo da tsarin hada -hadar wakilcin da aka fara aiwatar da shi a zaben 2002 . <ref name="FH 2012" /> Ana ci gaba da tashe tashen hankulan siyasa. A watan Mayun 2011 ne aka yi zanga-zanga da zanga-zangar adawa da rashin tattalin arziki . <ref name="FH 2012">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=Freedom House}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFreedom_House2012">[[Freedom House]] (2012). [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho "Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho"]. Freedom House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu (2008-) == === 'Yan tsiraru da 'yancin mata === [[Fayil:National_Women's_Day.jpg|alt=A black and white photo of dozens of protesters, some holding placards.|right|thumb| Matan Lesotho sun yi zanga-zangar nuna [[Cin zarafin mata|adawa da cin zarafin mata]] a ranar mata ta kasa a jami'ar kasar Lesotho .]] Doka tana kiyaye haƙƙin waɗanda ke ɗauke da HIV/AIDS . [[Lesotho Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS|Cibiyar sadarwa ta Lesotho ta mutanen da ke fama da cutar HIV/AIDS]] ta yi iƙirarin cewa ana nuna wariya amma tana kan raguwa. <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> Daga cikin kujeru 120 na majalisar dokokin kasar, 29 mata ne suka mamaye ciki har da na shugaban majalisar da ministoci bakwai daga cikin 19. Sun kuma zama kujeru bakwai daga cikin 33 na Majalisar Dattawa . Rabin alkalan babbar kotuna guda goma mata ne. Akwai dokar luwadi amma ba a ba da rahoton aiwatar da ita ba. Ana ɗaukar luwadi da madigo, amma ƙungiyar goyon bayan LGBT, "Matrix", an ba da rahoton cewa tana aiki da yardar rai a duk faɗin ƙasar. <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> Yin aikin yara ya yadu. <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> === 'Yancin addini === Ana kiyaye 'yancin addini a wannan al'ummar Kirista. <ref name="FH 2012">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=Freedom House}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFreedom_House2012">[[Freedom House]] (2012). [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho "Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho"]. Freedom House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> === 'Yancin magana === Kundin tsarin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|mulki ya kare 'yancin fadin]] albarkacin baki . <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> ==== Kafofin watsa labarai da sa ido ==== Jaridu da gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu na iya sukar gwamnati ba tare da wani tasiri ba. <ref name="FH 2012">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=Freedom House}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFreedom_House2012">[[Freedom House]] (2012). [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho "Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho"]. Freedom House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> Gwamnati ce ke iko da gidan rediyo mafi girma kuma tashar talabijin tilo. <ref name="FH 2012" /> Jihar ta rufe watsa shirye-shiryen gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu guda hudu da ke ba da rahoto kan zanga-zangar da aka yi a watan Agustan 2011; daga baya aka dora laifin hakan akan kuskuren fasaha. <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana amfani da aikin tantance kai saboda cin mutuncin ministocin gwamnati lokaci-lokaci. Babu rahotannin hana intanet na gwamnati . <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> A baya-bayan nan dai ba a samu rahoton [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida]] ko kuma bacewar siyasa . <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> ==== Azaba ==== Yayin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya haramta amfani da azabtarwa, rahotanni na amfani da shi na ci gaba da fitowa fili. <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> Akalla fursunoni uku ne suka mutu a hannun ‘yan sanda a shekarar 2011. A ranar 3 ga Maris 2011 an kama matar Tseliso Thatjane na Lithoteng, wadda ake zargin ta saci na'urar talabijin da DVD, kuma ta gaya mata cewa za a sake ta kawai bayan ya mika wuya. Bayan ya ba da kansa, an ce an yi masa bulala, aka kuma shake shi da jakar leda. An biya cin hancin [[Lesotho loti|maloti]] 500 domin a sake shi. <ref name="State 2011" /> ==== Yanayin gidan yari ==== An samu karancin abinci [[Maseru Central Prison|a gidan yarin Maseru]] . Fyade gidan yari da ƙungiyoyi ke yi ya zama ruwan dare, kuma saboda yawan cutar kanjamau a ƙasar, ana ganin yana da haɗari musamman. A cewar Ma'aikatar Gyaran Lesotho, kashi 60% na fursunonin mata suna dauke da kwayar cutar HIV. <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Lesotho game da [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa]] sune kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |+International treaties !Treaty !Organization !Introduced !Signed !Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#9f9;" |1948 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1974 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2011 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=17 September 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1992 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=1 September 2010 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1992 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324125027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2019-03-24 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116072232/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2018-11-16 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1968 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=23 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1980 | style="background:#9f9;" |1995 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=8 November 2010 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2001 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara|Convention on the Rights of the Child]]<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2014 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1992 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |2004 | style="background:#9f9;" |2005 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040105/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2011-05-20 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1999 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2004 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425032942/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2016-04-25 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2003 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213004558/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2013-12-13 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2003 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin masu lalura ta musamman|Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=19 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2006 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2008 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113202037/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=13 January 2016 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717085558/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2019-07-17 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718111116/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2012-07-18 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure. New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |} == Duba kuma == * Yin aikin yara a Lesotho * Fataucin mutane a Lesotho == Bayanan kula == 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] o8rfa0i6ut8w3uanvawidq7y521hj3b 976084 976083 2026-11-05T10:06:17Z A Salisu 14655 976084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''[[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|Haƙƙin ɗan adam]] a [[Lesotho]]''', ƙasa mai mutane 2,067,000 gabaɗaya da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] gaba ɗaya, <ref name="unpop">{{Cite journal |last=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division |year=2009 |title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1 |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |format=PDF |series=2008 revision |publisher=United Nations |access-date=2009-03-12}}</ref> batu ne mai cike da cece-kuce. A cikin rahotonta na Freedom in the World na shekarar 2012, Freedom House ta ayyana kasar a matsayin "Yanci". <ref> name="FH 2012">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref> A cewar Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, '[['Yancin Dan Adam a Ukraine|Yancin Dan Adam]] da [[Kwada Joseph Ayuba|Kwadago]] na Amurka, wanda ke fitar da rahotannin kare hakkin bil'adama na shekara-shekara kan ƙasar, batutuwan da suka fi daukar hankalin '[[Yan-adam|yan Adam]] su ne amfani da [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]], rashin yanayin gidan yari, da cin zarafin mata da yara. <ref> name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> == Tarihi da yanayin siyasa == Lesotho ta sami ƴancin kai daga Burtaniya a cikin shekara ta 1966. Tsawon shekara ta 1998 ya ga jerin rugujewar zabe da juyin mulkin soji . <ref> name="FH 2012">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref> Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Lesotho tun a shekarar 1972 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref> name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Country ratings and status, FIW 1973–2012 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls |access-date=2012-08-22 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |+Historical ratings ! style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year ! style="width:3em;" |[[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Political Rights]] ! style="width:3em;" |[[Ƴancin Jama'a|Civil Liberties]] ! style="width:3em;" |Status ! style="width:3em;" |Head of Government{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |4 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Leabua Jonathan |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Justin Lekhanya |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Justin Lekhanya |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Justin Lekhanya |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Justin Lekhanya |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Justin Lekhanya |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Elias Phisoana Ramaema |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Elias Phisoana Ramaema |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ntsu Mokhehle |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ntsu Mokhehle |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ntsu Mokhehle |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ntsu Mokhehle |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ntsu Mokhehle |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#9f9;" |2 | style="background:#9f9;" |3 | style="background:#9f9;" |Free | style="background:#9f9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Pakalitha Mosisili |} A farkon shekarun 1970s aka ga tsare 'yan [[Hakkin Neman Mafaka|gudun hijirar siyasa]] na Pan Africanist Congress of Azania - kungiyar da ta balle ta National Congress Congress - daga Afirka ta Kudu. An kuma tsare Ntsu Mokhehle, shugaban jam'iyyar Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), a matsayin fursunan siyasa. <ref name="AI 1971">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> Ziyarar da Joan Lestor, Baroness Lestor na Eccles ta yi a madadin kungiyar Amnesty International (AI) ta nuna cewa ana tsare da mambobin BCP 90 - 100. <ref name="AI 1972">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> Yawancin an sake su a watan Janairu 1972. <ref name="AI 1973">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Janairun 1974, duk da haka an kama wasu mambobi 20. Bayan hare-haren da wasu gungun ‘yan bindiga suka kai wa ofisoshin ‘yan sanda washegari, an sake kama su, wanda ya kawo adadin sama da 170. <ref name="AI 1975">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> A kan wannan, BCP ta yi ikirarin cewa gwamnati ta kashe mutane sama da 80 a matsayin ramuwar gayya. <ref name="AI 1974">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> Yawancin wadanda aka kama ana tuhumar su ne da laifin cin amanar kasa. <ref name="AI 1975" /> Ya zuwa 1978 mambobi tara na BCP har yanzu suna tsare a [[Maseru Central Prison|gidan yari na Maseru]] . <ref name="AI 1978">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> Bayan arangama da fashewar bama-bamai a watan Mayun 1979, lamarin ya sake yin tsami tsakanin jam'iyyar BCP da jam'iyyar Basotho ta kasa mai mulki. Bayan da wasu mahara suka kashe ministar majalisar Cif Lepatoa Mou, rundunar ‘yan sanda ta Mobile Unit (PMU) ta fara kai hare-hare na ramuwar gayya, da kai hari da kashe fararen hula a gundumar Butha-Buthe . A karshen shekarar 1979 sama da mutane 600 ne suka yi gudun hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. Wadannan 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa sun yi ikirarin cewa gwamnati ta kashe akalla mutane hamsin da ake zargin magoya bayan maharan ne. 1980 ya ga kama da yawa na siyasa, ciki har da aƙalla furofesoshi huɗu na Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Lesotho . Wani jerin fashe-fashe ya faru a 1981, ciki har da daya a filin jirgin sama na kasa . An dangana waɗannan ga reshen sojan da aka hana BCP, Lesotho Liberation Army (LLA). A cikin ramuwar gayya PMU a gwargwadon rahoto sun shiga gidan [[Benjamin Masilo]], shugaban Majalisar Kirista ta Lesotho . Da kyar ya kubuta daga mutuwa ya gudu kasar waje, amma an kashe jikansa. Daga nan sai PMU ta yi garkuwa da [[Edgar Motuba]], mai sukar gwamnati kuma editan jaridar mako-mako ''[[Leselinyana la Lesotho|ta Leselinyana la Lesotho]]'' . An same shi kwance da gawar wasu abokai biyu. Ziyarar AI a karshen wannan shekarar ta nuna cewa an kashe wasu 'yan kasar. <ref name="AI 1982">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> 1982 ya ga rahotannin azabtarwa ga fursunonin siyasa da kuma bullar sabuwar ƙungiyar mutuwa ta siyasa, da aka sani da ''Koeeoko'' . <ref name="AI 1983">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> A watan Disamba ne Dakarun tsaron Afirka ta Kudu suka shiga [[Maseru]] da daddare inda suka kashe jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da dama, da kuma wasu 'yan kasar Lesotho goma sha biyu. Akalla kashe-kashe arba’in ne aka ce an yi ba bisa ka’ida ba, kuma akasarin wadanda ba su da makami ne. <ref name="AI 1983" /> Gwamnati, ta damu da yiwuwar sake kai hare-hare daga 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, ta fara jigilar 'yan gudun hijirar zuwa [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] . <ref name="AI 1984">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> Rahotannin azabtarwa da kamawa ba bisa ka'ida ba sun ci gaba da yawo ga kasashen waje cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa. <ref name="AI 1985">{{Cite book|last3=Amnesty International}}</ref> Bayan zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na 1998 ya baiwa jam'iyyar Lesotho Congress for Democracy kujeru 79 daga cikin 80 da kashi 60.5% na kuri'un da aka kada, an yi zanga-zangar tarzoma sannan kungiyar raya kasashen kudancin Afirka ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar soji . <ref name="FH 2012">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref> An kafa [[Interim Political Authority|hukumar siyasa ta rikon kwarya]] tare da bullo da tsarin hada -hadar wakilcin da aka fara aiwatar da shi a zaben 2002 . <ref name="FH 2012" /> Ana ci gaba da tashe tashen hankulan siyasa. A watan Mayun 2011 ne aka yi zanga-zanga da zanga-zangar adawa da rashin tattalin arziki . <ref name="FH 2012">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=Freedom House}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFreedom_House2012">[[Freedom House]] (2012). [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho "Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho"]. Freedom House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu (2008-) == === 'Yan tsiraru da 'yancin mata === [[Fayil:National_Women's_Day.jpg|alt=A black and white photo of dozens of protesters, some holding placards.|right|thumb| Matan Lesotho sun yi zanga-zangar nuna [[Cin zarafin mata|adawa da cin zarafin mata]] a ranar mata ta kasa a jami'ar kasar Lesotho .]] Doka tana kiyaye haƙƙin waɗanda ke ɗauke da HIV/AIDS . [[Lesotho Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS|Cibiyar sadarwa ta Lesotho ta mutanen da ke fama da cutar HIV/AIDS]] ta yi iƙirarin cewa ana nuna wariya amma tana kan raguwa. <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> Daga cikin kujeru 120 na majalisar dokokin kasar, 29 mata ne suka mamaye ciki har da na shugaban majalisar da ministoci bakwai daga cikin 19. Sun kuma zama kujeru bakwai daga cikin 33 na Majalisar Dattawa . Rabin alkalan babbar kotuna guda goma mata ne. Akwai dokar luwadi amma ba a ba da rahoton aiwatar da ita ba. Ana ɗaukar luwadi da madigo, amma ƙungiyar goyon bayan LGBT, "Matrix", an ba da rahoton cewa tana aiki da yardar rai a duk faɗin ƙasar. <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> Yin aikin yara ya yadu. <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> === 'Yancin addini === Ana kiyaye 'yancin addini a wannan al'ummar Kirista. <ref name="FH 2012">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=Freedom House}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFreedom_House2012">[[Freedom House]] (2012). [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho "Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho"]. Freedom House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> === 'Yancin magana === Kundin tsarin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|mulki ya kare 'yancin fadin]] albarkacin baki . <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> ==== Kafofin watsa labarai da sa ido ==== Jaridu da gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu na iya sukar gwamnati ba tare da wani tasiri ba. <ref name="FH 2012">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=Freedom House}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFreedom_House2012">[[Freedom House]] (2012). [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/lesotho "Freedom in the World 2012: Lesotho"]. Freedom House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> Gwamnati ce ke iko da gidan rediyo mafi girma kuma tashar talabijin tilo. <ref name="FH 2012" /> Jihar ta rufe watsa shirye-shiryen gidajen rediyo masu zaman kansu guda hudu da ke ba da rahoto kan zanga-zangar da aka yi a watan Agustan 2011; daga baya aka dora laifin hakan akan kuskuren fasaha. <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ana amfani da aikin tantance kai saboda cin mutuncin ministocin gwamnati lokaci-lokaci. Babu rahotannin hana intanet na gwamnati . <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> A baya-bayan nan dai ba a samu rahoton [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida]] ko kuma bacewar siyasa . <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> ==== Azaba ==== Yayin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya haramta amfani da azabtarwa, rahotanni na amfani da shi na ci gaba da fitowa fili. <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> Akalla fursunoni uku ne suka mutu a hannun ‘yan sanda a shekarar 2011. A ranar 3 ga Maris 2011 an kama matar Tseliso Thatjane na Lithoteng, wadda ake zargin ta saci na'urar talabijin da DVD, kuma ta gaya mata cewa za a sake ta kawai bayan ya mika wuya. Bayan ya ba da kansa, an ce an yi masa bulala, aka kuma shake shi da jakar leda. An biya cin hancin [[Lesotho loti|maloti]] 500 domin a sake shi. <ref name="State 2011" /> ==== Yanayin gidan yari ==== An samu karancin abinci [[Maseru Central Prison|a gidan yarin Maseru]] . Fyade gidan yari da ƙungiyoyi ke yi ya zama ruwan dare, kuma saboda yawan cutar kanjamau a ƙasar, ana ganin yana da haɗari musamman. A cewar Ma'aikatar Gyaran Lesotho, kashi 60% na fursunonin mata suna dauke da kwayar cutar HIV. <ref name="State 2011">{{Cite web |last=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |author-link=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor |year=2012 |title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 |access-date=2012-08-27 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor2012">[[Ofishin Dimokuradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kwadago|Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] (2012). [https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186209 "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Lesotho"]. [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka|United States Department of State]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Lesotho game da [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa]] sune kamar haka: {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |+International treaties !Treaty !Organization !Introduced !Signed !Ratified |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide<ref name="UN 1">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |[[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|United Nations]] | style="background:#9f9;" |1948 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1974 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<ref name="UN 2">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2011 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1971 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<ref name="UN 3">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=17 September 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1992 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 4">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=1 September 2010 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1992 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<ref name="UN 5">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324125027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2019-03-24 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1966 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity<ref name="UN 6">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116072232/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2018-11-16 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1968 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<ref name="UN 7">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=18 July 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1973 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |1983 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=23 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1979 | style="background:#9f9;" |1980 | style="background:#9f9;" |1995 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment<ref name="UN 9">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=8 November 2010 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1984 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2001 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara|Convention on the Rights of the Child]]<ref name="UN 11">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2014 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1989 | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |1992 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<ref name="UN 12">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |1989 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |[[Kariyar Ma'aikata Matafiya|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name="UN 13">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1990 | style="background:#9f9;" |2004 | style="background:#9f9;" |2005 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<ref name="UN 8b">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040105/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2011-05-20 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |1999 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2004 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<ref name="UN 11b">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425032942/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2016-04-25 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2003 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<ref name="UN 11c">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213004558/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2013-12-13 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2000 | style="background:#9f9;" |2003 |- align="center" | style="background:#9f9; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniya kan Haƙƙin masu lalura ta musamman|Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]<ref name="UN 15">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=19 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#9f9;" |United Nations | style="background:#9f9;" |2006 | style="background:#9f9;" | - | style="background:#9f9;" |2008 |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<ref name="UN 15a">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113202037/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=13 January 2016 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#ff9; align=left" |International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance<ref name="UN 16">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717085558/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2019-07-17 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#ff9;" |United Nations | style="background:#ff9;" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |[[Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Haƙƙin kula da Tattalin Arzikin Jama'a da Al'adun su|Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name="UN 3a">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718111116/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=2012-07-18 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |- align="center" | style="background:#99f; align=left" |Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure<ref name="UN 11d">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure. New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008 |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-29}}</ref> | style="background:#99f;" |United Nations | style="background:#99f;" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" | - | style="background:#99f;" | - |} == Duba kuma == * Yin aikin yara a Lesotho * Fataucin mutane a Lesotho == Bayanan kula == 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] dwn1wvdohw0wvpd06e0qrmpgrtii6uq 0 82503 975854 840485 2026-11-04T15:21:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kno, Inc.''' kamfani ne na software wanda ke aiki tare da hadin kan masu bugawa don bayar da littattafan dijital da sauran kayan ilimi.<ref name="digitalbookworld.com">{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2013 |title=Kno Partners With State University of New York Press to Bring Digital Content to Students - Digital Book World |url=http://www.digitalbookworld.com/2013/kno-partners-with-state-university-of-new-york-press-to-bring-digital-content-to-students/ |access-date=August 9, 2024 |archive-date=April 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411030009/http://www.digitalbookworld.com/2013/kno-partners-with-state-university-of-new-york-press-to-bring-digital-content-to-students/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2013, bayan da ya tara kusan dala miliyan 100 a cikin babban birnin kasuwanci, kamfanin ya sayi kamfanin. An dakatar da shafin [[yanar gizo]] kuma an sake sunan sabis ɗin zuwa nazarin Intel Education Sdaga baya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carrie Mihalcik |date=November 9, 2013 |title=Intel stuffs its backpack with high-tech textbooks in Kno deal |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-57611636-92/intel-stuffs-its-backpack-with-high-tech-textbooks-in-kno-deal/ |access-date=November 9, 2013 |website=[[CNET News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109224512/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-57611636-92/intel-stuffs-its-backpack-with-high-tech-textbooks-in-kno-deal/ |archive-date=November 9, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, Shugaba Osman Rashid ne ya jagoranci Kno, wanda ya kafa Chegg, da CTO Babur Habib, tsohon mai amfani da kayan lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 8, 2010 |title=Kno: Andreessen Horowitz, others invest $46M in digital textbook startup |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_16021119?nclick_check=1 |access-date=2010-11-19 |website=San Jose Mercury News}}</ref> Kamfanin ya sami tallafi daga Andreessen Horowitz, Intel Capital, Goldman Sachs, FLOODGATE da GSV Capital, kuma an kafa shi ne a Santa Clara, [[California]]. Da farko kamfanin ya sanar, a cikin watan Yuni Shekara ta 2010, layin kwamfutocin kwamfutar hannu.[5] Manufarta ita ce bayar da "littafin karatu na dijital / dandamali na ɗalibai" wanda ke nufin kasuwar [[ilimi]].[4] Tablet ɗin littafin yana samuwa ko dai tare da allon taɓawa guda ɗaya 14.1" ko tare da allon taɓawa guda biyu 14.1.[6] Tsarin aiki ya dogara ne akan Linux da Webkit. ----A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, kamfanin ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya ba da lasisi ga ƙirar kayan aikinsa ga Intel kuma a maimakon haka zai mai da hankali kan haɓaka software.<ref name="bw">{{Cite web |date=April 8, 2011 |title=Intel Capital, Advance Publications, Andreessen Horowitz, First Round Capital, FLOODGATE and SV Angels Invest $30 Million in Kno |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110408005601/en/Intel-Capital-Advance-Publications-Andreessen-Horowitz-Capital |access-date=2011-04-08 |website=Press release}}</ref> Watanni biyu bayan haka, kamfanin ya fitar da aikace-aikacen iPad, sannan kuma sassan Galaxy Note 10.1, Android Jelly Bean, Windows 7 & 8, da dandamali da na'urorin yanar gizo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2011 |title=Kno Unveils Beta Textbook App for iPad with World's Largest eTextbook Catalog |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110606005790/en/Kno-Unveils-Beta-Textbook-App-iPad-World%E2%80%99s |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2012 |title=Kno Education App and Samsung GALAXY Note 10.1 Bring Interactive Textbook Experience to Android |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120815005341/en/Kno-Education-App-Samsung-GALAXY-Note-10.1 |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Intel® Education Study App - Android Apps on Google Play |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kno.textbooks |website=play.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Buy Kno Textbooks - Microsoft Store |url=http://apps.microsoft.com/windows/en-US/app/kno-textbooks/c9ca3bf7-7379-4448-aeae-91a8e8d0c075 |website=Microsoft Store |access-date=2024-08-09 |archive-date=2024-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809222927/https://apps.microsoft.com/windows/en-us/app/kno-textbooks/c9ca3bf7-7379-4448-aeae-91a8e8d0c075 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kno.com/account/courseManager |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-08-09 |archive-date=2015-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429032216/http://www.kno.com/account/courseManager |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Agustan 2012, kamfanin ya fadada kundin sunayen sarauta daga littattafan kwaleji don haɗawa da kasuwar K-12.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2012 |title=Kno Launches K-12 Digital Textbooks, Empowering Parents to Go Digital at Home |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120807005373/en |website=www.businesswire.com}}</ref> Kamfanin Intel ne ya mallaki kamfanin a shekara mai zuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2013 |title=Intel Education Welcomes Kno to the Family - CSR@Intel |url=http://blogs.intel.com/csr/2013/11/intel-education-welcomes-kno-to-the-family/ |website=blogs.intel.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} iymbrv4ydp0d210lzw4e8vk2pagfz49 0 83699 976119 949782 2026-11-05T10:54:54Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 976119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ahmad Tijjani Yusuf Guruntum''' Ana masa lakabi da '''Likitan Zuciya''' (an haifi Guruntum a shekarar 1960) malamin addinin [[Musulunci]] ne a [[Najeriya]], wanda ya shahara wajen koyar da ilimin addinin Musulunci. An fi saninsa da sunan '''Sheikh Ahmad Tijjani Guruntum'''. Ya yi fice musamman a [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news|url =https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1697627-|date =18 February 2026|access-date =1 September 2026|title =Ramadan 2026: Jerin Manyan Malaman Najeriya da Wuraren Tafsirinsu|website =Legit.hausa.ng|last =Malumfashi|first =Muhammad}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Ahmad Tijjani Yusuf Guruntum a shekara ta alif 1960, a garin Guruntum, Jihar Bauchi, Najeriya. ==Ilimi== Guruntum fara karatun Alqu'rani tun yana ƙarami, inda daga baya ya faɗaɗa karatun littafai wajen malamai daban-daban. Ya yi karatu ƙasashen da suka haɗa da [[Nijar]], [[Libya]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da [[Sudan]]. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni :Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Bauchi]] [[Rukuni:Malamai]] px0g4jbewngwifh46e2eqyrgsq1ebhx 976120 976119 2026-11-05T10:58:12Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ Inganta shafi 976120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ahmad Tijjani Yusuf Guruntum''' Ana masa lakabi da '''Likitan Zuciya''' (an haifi Guruntum a shekarar 1960) malamin addinin [[Musulunci]] ne a [[Najeriya]], wanda ya shahara wajen koyar da ilimin addinin Musulunci. An fi saninsa da sunan '''Sheikh Ahmad Tijjani Guruntum'''. Ya yi fice musamman a [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da wasu sassan Najeriya. == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Ahmad Tijjani Yusuf Guruntum a shekara ta alif 1960, a garin Guruntum, Jihar Bauchi, Najeriya. ==Ilimi== Guruntum fara karatun Alqu'rani tun yana ƙarami, inda daga baya ya faɗaɗa karatun littafai wajen malamai daban-daban. Ya yi karatu ƙasashen da suka haɗa da [[Nijar]], [[Libya]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da [[Sudan]]. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni :Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Bauchi]] [[Rukuni:Malamai]] k5knapetf9b8bwuoz4ngpe2dtzwhx0s 976129 976120 2026-11-05T11:35:44Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ Sanya manazarta 976129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ahmad Tijjani Yusuf Guruntum''' Ana masa lakabi da '''Likitan Zuciya''' (an haifi Guruntum a shekarar 1960) malamin addinin [[Musulunci]] ne a [[Najeriya]], wanda ya shahara wajen koyar da ilimin addinin Musulunci. An fi saninsa da sunan '''Sheikh Ahmad Tijjani Guruntum'''. Ya yi fice musamman a [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1676680-sheikh-guruntum-ya-yi-magana-kan-zargin-batanci-ga-lawan-triumph/</ref> == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Ahmad Tijjani Yusuf Guruntum a shekara ta alif 1960, a garin Guruntum, Jihar Bauchi, Najeriya. ==Ilimi== Guruntum fara karatun Alqu'rani tun yana ƙarami, inda daga baya ya faɗaɗa karatun littafai wajen malamai daban-daban. Ya yi karatu ƙasashen da suka haɗa da [[Nijar]], [[Libya]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da [[Sudan]]. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni :Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Bauchi]] [[Rukuni:Malamai]] 1jsfmw9wmootnyjan4vdmzwq0bjrhqs 976132 976129 2026-11-05T11:39:10Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 976132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ahmad Tijjani Yusuf Guruntum''' Ana masa lakabi da '''Likitan Zuciya''' (an haifi Guruntum a shekarar 1960) malamin addinin [[Musulunci]] ne a [[Najeriya]], wanda ya shahara wajen koyar da ilimin addinin Musulunci. An fi saninsa da sunan '''Sheikh Ahmad Tijjani Guruntum'''. Ya yi fice musamman a [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1676680-sheikh-guruntum-ya-yi-magana-kan-zargin-batanci-ga-lawan-triumph/|date = 21 October 2024|accessdate = 5 November 2026|title = Sheikh Triumph: Guruntum Ya Magantu kan Zargin Batanci, Ya Yi Kira ga Gwamna Abba|publisher = legit.hausa.ng}}</ref> == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Ahmad Tijjani Yusuf Guruntum a shekara ta alif 1960, a garin Guruntum, Jihar Bauchi, Najeriya. ==Ilimi== Guruntum fara karatun Alqu'rani tun yana ƙarami, inda daga baya ya faɗaɗa karatun littafai wajen malamai daban-daban. Ya yi karatu ƙasashen da suka haɗa da [[Nijar]], [[Libya]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da [[Sudan]]. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni :Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Bauchi]] [[Rukuni:Malamai]] hcpu39ii0qrb1b35mq1iempxltzx9ut 976133 976132 2026-11-05T11:40:09Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 976133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ahmad Tijjani Yusuf Guruntum''' Ana masa lakabi da '''Likitan Zuciya''' (an haifi Guruntum a shekarar 1960) malamin addinin [[Musulunci]] ne a [[Najeriya]], wanda ya shahara wajen koyar da ilimin addinin Musulunci. An fi saninsa da sunan '''Sheikh Ahmad Tijjani Guruntum'''. Ya yi fice musamman a [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1676680-sheikh-guruntum-ya-yi-magana-kan-zargin-batanci-ga-lawan-triumph/|date = 2 October 2025|accessdate = 5 November 2026|title = Sheikh Triumph: Guruntum Ya Magantu kan Zargin Batanci, Ya Yi Kira ga Gwamna Abba|publisher = legit.hausa.ng}}</ref> == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Ahmad Tijjani Yusuf Guruntum a shekara ta alif 1960, a garin Guruntum, Jihar Bauchi, Najeriya. ==Ilimi== Guruntum fara karatun Alqu'rani tun yana ƙarami, inda daga baya ya faɗaɗa karatun littafai wajen malamai daban-daban. Ya yi karatu ƙasashen da suka haɗa da [[Nijar]], [[Libya]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da [[Sudan]]. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni :Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Bauchi]] [[Rukuni:Malamai]] tcic0be0vsxpkipihxjeyxb51e90n4r 976135 976133 2026-11-05T11:41:31Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 976135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ahmad Tijjani Yusuf Guruntum''' Ana masa lakabi da '''Likitan Zuciya''' (an haifi Guruntum a shekarar 1960) malamin addinin [[Musulunci]] ne a [[Najeriya]], wanda ya shahara wajen koyar da ilimin addinin Musulunci. An fi saninsa da sunan '''Sheikh Ahmad Tijjani Guruntum'''. Ya yi fice musamman a [[Arewacin Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da wasu sassan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1676680-sheikh-guruntum-ya-yi-magana-kan-zargin-batanci-ga-lawan-triumph/|date = 2 October 2025|accessdate = 5 November 2026|title = Sheikh Triumph: Guruntum Ya Magantu kan Zargin Batanci, Ya Yi Kira ga Gwamna Abba|publisher = legit.hausa.ng|last = Yusuf |first = Ibrahim}}</ref> == Rayuwarsa == An haifi Ahmad Tijjani Yusuf Guruntum a shekara ta alif 1960, a garin Guruntum, Jihar Bauchi, Najeriya. ==Ilimi== Guruntum fara karatun Alqu'rani tun yana ƙarami, inda daga baya ya faɗaɗa karatun littafai wajen malamai daban-daban. Ya yi karatu ƙasashen da suka haɗa da [[Nijar]], [[Libya]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] da [[Sudan]]. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni :Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Bauchi]] [[Rukuni:Malamai]] pf6al5jb822yndolh587ccbwotmk5jv 0 85536 976145 956344 2026-11-05T11:51:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976145 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Leslie Smith''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1982) ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta mata. Ta taba taka leda a Invicta FC inda ta kasance babban katin kungiyar, bayan da ta yi yaƙi a kan babban katin sau hudu a cikin wasanni biyar na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-20 |title=Leslie Smith Invicta FC Fighter Page |url=http://invictafc.com/leslie-smith/ |publisher=InvictaFC.com}}</ref> Ta kuma yi gasa a gasar Ultimate Fighting Championship. Smith ya yi yaƙi daga ƙungiyar Cesar Gracie Jiu-Jitsu kuma an lura da shi don irin wannan matakin babban murya da tashin hankali ga sauran membobin wannan sansanin. Smith kwanan nan ya yi gasa a gasar zakarun Bellator a nauyin gashin tsuntsaye. An fitar da wani shirin fim game da aikin farko na Smith, Fight For It, a cikin 2012. == Ayyukan zane-zane == === Invicta FC === Smith ya shiga Invicta Fighting Championships a matsayin mai yiwuwa tare da rikodin fasaha na 3-2. Ta fara bugawa Invicta FC 1: Coenen vs. Ruyssen a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 2012. A gwagwarmayarta ta farko tare da kungiyar, ta yi yaƙi da tsohuwar Kaitlin Young zuwa zane mai ban sha'awa, ta sami kyautar Fight of the Night (kyautar US $ 1,500 ga kowane mayaƙa). <ref name="Invicta 1 bonuses">{{Cite web |last=Sargent, Robert |date=2012-04-29 |title=Invicta FC 1 Bonuses: Young, Smith Win Fight Of The Night |url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2012/04/29/invicta-fc-1-bonuses-young-smith-win-fight-of-the-night/ |access-date=2013-04-20 |website=Articles |publisher=MMARising.com}}</ref> Amanda Nunes ta shirya ta yi yaƙi da Milana Dudieva a ''Invicta FC 2: Baszler vs. McMann'', amma Dudieва ya janye daga yaƙin a ranar 9 ga Yuli saboda rashin lafiya kuma Smith ya maye gurbinsa. Koyaya, a ranar 20 ga Yuli, Smith ta sami rauni a hannu wanda ya tilasta mata ta janye daga yakin. Daga nan ne Raquel Pa'aluhi ta maye gurbin ta a cikin yakin da Nunes. <ref name="Dudieva">{{Cite web |date=2012-07-09 |title=Dudieva Withdraws, Setting up Showdown between KO Artists Leslie Smith and Amanda Nunes |url=http://invictafc.com/2012/07/dudieva-withdraws-setting-up-showdown-between-ko-artists-leslie-smith-and-amanda-nunes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923060843/http://invictafc.com/2012/07/dudieva-withdraws-setting-up-showdown-between-ko-artists-leslie-smith-and-amanda-nunes/ |archive-date=2012-09-23 |access-date=2013-04-20 |website=News |publisher=InvictaFC.com}}</ref> An shirya Smith don yaƙi da Cat Zingano a ''Invicta FC 3: Penne vs. Sugiyama'', amma ci gaba ya ba Zingano damar janyewa daga yakin don ta iya karɓar yaƙi don Strikeforce. Zingano ya maye gurbin dan wasan dambe kuma mai fafatawa na MMA, Kim Connor-Hamby. Sarah Kaufman ta shirya don yaƙi da Kaitlin Young, amma rauni ya tilasta Kaufman ya janye daga yakin a ranar 17 ga Satumba. A sakamakon haka, an motsa Smith daga gwagwarmayarta da Connor-Hamby don fuskantar Young a cikin sakewa daga Fight of the Night a Invicta FC 1 don tantance mai nasara na ƙarshe. A wannan lokacin, Smith ta sami damar samun nasara daga Young kuma ta ci ta ta hanyar TKO a zagaye na biyu.<ref name="Invicta FC 3 Results">{{Cite web |last=Doyle, Dave |date=2012-07-09 |title=Invicta FC 3 Results: Penne vs. Sugiyama |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2012/10/6/3460420/invicta-fc-3-results-penne-vs-sugiyama |access-date=2013-04-20 |website=Results |publisher=MMAFighting.com}}</ref> Smith ya sake fafatawa da Invicta FC a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2013, a wannan lokacin a kan babban katin InvictaFC 4: Esparza vs. Hyatt da Raquel Pennington . Smith ya kayar da Pennington ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref name="Invicta FC 4 Results">{{Cite web |last=Sargent, Robert |date=2013-01-05 |title=Invicta FC 4 Results: Carla Esparza Wins Strawweight Title |url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2013/01/05/invicta-fc-4-results-carla-esparza-wins-strawweight-title/ |access-date=2013-05-01 |website=Articles |publisher=MMARising.com}}</ref> Bayan da ba a ci nasara ba a cikin fadace-fadace uku, Smith ta tashi a gasar a ''Invicta FC 5: Penne vs. Waterson'' lokacin da ta fuskanci tsohuwar Gwarzon Mata na Strikeforce Sarah Kaufman a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 2013.<ref name="Invicta FC 5 News">{{Cite web |last=Marrocco, Steven |date=2013-01-10 |title=Invicta FC 5 Targeted For April 13 In Cali, Champ Penne Meets Karate Hottie |url=http://www.mmajunkie.com/news/2013/01/invicta-fc-5-targeted-for-april-13-in-cali-champ-penne-meets-karate-hottie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415025058/http://www.mmajunkie.com/news/2013/01/invicta-fc-5-targeted-for-april-13-in-cali-champ-penne-meets-karate-hottie |archive-date=2013-04-15 |access-date=2013-04-20 |website=News |publisher=MMAjunkie.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chiappetta, Mike |date=2013-02-08 |title=Sarah Kaufman vs. Leslie Smith, Kaitlin Young vs. Amanda Nunes added to Invicta FC 5 |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2013/2/8/3968018/sarah-kaufman-vs-leslie-smith-kaitlin-young-vs-amanda-nunes-added-to |access-date=2013-04-20 |website=News |publisher=MMAFighting.com}}</ref> Smith ya rasa yanke shawara mai rikitarwa ga Kaufman, wanda ya jawo ihu daga taron. A lokacin yakin, Kaufman ya yi amfani da aikin ƙafa don zama a waje yayin da Smith ya buga mai kai hari kuma ya saita babban aikin aiki. Smith ya sami damar sauke Kaufman tare da kai a zagaye na biyu amma bai iya dakatar da karuwar Kaufman a zagaye ya ƙarshe ba.<ref name="Invicta FC 5 Results">{{Cite web |last=Doyle, Dave |date=2013-04-05 |title=Invicta FC 5 results: Sarah Kaufman wins thriller over Leslie Smith |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2013/4/5/4189208/invicta-fc-5-results-sarah-kaufman-wins-thriller-over-leslie-smith |access-date=2013-04-20 |website=Results |publisher=MMAFighting.com}}</ref> An ayyana ''Yakin Dare'' aka yi a cikin Night (na biyu na Smith) kuma an ba wa mayakan biyu kyaututtuka.<ref name="Invicta FC 5 Bonuses">{{Cite web |last=Sargent, Robert |date=2013-04-06 |title=Invicta FC 5 Bonuses: Kaufman vs Smith Wins Fight Of The Night |url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2013/04/06/invicta-fc-5-bonuses-kaufman-vs-smith-wins-fight-of-the-night/ |access-date=2013-05-01 |website=Articles |publisher=MMARising.com}}</ref> Smith ya koma yaƙi a ''Invicta FC 6: Coenen vs. Cyborg'' a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2013. <ref name="Invicta FC 6 News">{{Cite web |last=Bratcher, Jack |date=2013-04-19 |title=Invicta FC 6 full fight card announced for July 13 in Kansas City |url=http://prommanow.com/2013/04/19/invicta-fc-6-full-fight-card-announced-for-july-13-in-kansas-city/ |access-date=2013-04-20 |website=News |publisher=ProMMANow.com |archive-date=2013-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422224427/http://prommanow.com/2013/04/19/invicta-fc-6-full-fight-card-announced-for-july-13-in-kansas-city/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta yi wasan farko da Jennifer Maia ta yi a wasan da ta yi da ita.<ref name="vs Maia News">{{Cite web |last=Thomas, Luke |date=2013-05-01 |title=Leslie Smith signs multi-fight agreement with Invicta, faces Jennifer Maia in July |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2013/5/1/4289648/leslie-smith-signs-multi-fight-agreement-with-invicta-faces-jennifer |access-date=2013-05-01 |website=News |publisher=MMAFighting.com}}</ref> Smith ya lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref name="vs Maia Result - MMARising.com">{{Cite web |last=Sargent, Robert |date=2013-07-13 |title=Invicta FC 6 Results: Cris Cyborg Wins Featherweight Title |url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2013/07/13/invicta-fc-6-results-cris-cyborg-wins-featherweight-title/ |access-date=2013-07-20 |website=Articles |publisher=MMARising.com}}</ref><ref name="vs Maia Result - MMAjunkie.com">{{Cite web |last=MMAjunkie.com Staff |date=2013-07-13 |title=Invicta FC 6 results: Cris 'Cyborg' claims featherweight belt with TKO win |url=http://www.mmajunkie.com/news/2013/07/invicta-fc-6-live-results-and-fight-recaps |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717050058/http://www.mmajunkie.com/news/2013/07/invicta-fc-6-live-results-and-fight-recaps |archive-date=July 17, 2013 |access-date=2013-07-20 |website=News |publisher=MMAjunkie.com}}</ref> An kira ''Yakin Dare'' ake kira Fight of the Night . <ref name="Invicta FC 6 Bonuses">{{Cite web |last=Sargent, Robert |date=2013-07-13 |title=Invicta FC 6 Bonuses: Smith vs Maia Named Fight Of The Night |url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2013/07/13/invicta-fc-6-bonuses-smith-vs-maia-named-fight-of-the-night/ |access-date=2013-07-20 |website=Articles |publisher=MMARising.com}}</ref> Smith ya kalubalanci Barb Honchak don gasar ''Invicta FC 7'' InvictaFC 7 a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 2013. Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya kuma ta sami wani kyautar Fight of the Night . <ref name="Invicta FC 7 News - InvictaFC.com">{{Cite web |date=2013-10-11 |title=Invicta FC 7 Coming to Kansas City on December 7th |url=http://invictafc.com/2013/10/invicta-fc-7-coming-to-kansas-city-on-december-7th/ |access-date=2013-10-17 |website=News |publisher=InvictaFC.com}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="Invicta FC 7 News - MMARising.com">{{Cite web |last=Sargent, Robert |date=2013-10-11 |title=Barb Honchak vs Leslie Smith Title Bout Set For Invicta FC 7 |url=http://www.mmarising.com/news/2013/10/11/barb-honchak-vs-leslie-smith-title-bout-set-for-invicta-fc-7/ |access-date=2013-10-17 |website=News |publisher=MMARising.com}}</ref> === Gasar Gwagwarmaya ta Ƙarshe === A ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2014, an ba da sanarwar cewa Smith zai shiga don maye gurbin Amanda Nunes da ta ji rauni a kan Sarah Kaufman a The Ultimate Fighter Nations Finale a ranar 16 ga Afrilu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Karim Zidan |date=April 8, 2014 |title=Amanda Nunes out, Leslie Smith in TUF Nations Finale bout with Sarah Kaufman |url=http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2014/4/8/5594210/ufc-amanda-nunes-sarah-kaufman-injured-tuf-nations-finale-bout-ufc-news |publisher=bloodyelbow.com}}</ref> Ta rasa sakewa ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sargent |first=Robert |date=16 April 2014 |title=Sarah Kaufman Defeats Leslie Smith Again At TUF Nations Finale |url=https://www.mmarising.com/articles/2014/04/16/sarah-kaufman-defeats-leslie-smith-again-at-tuf-nations-finale/ |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=mmarising.com}}</ref> Smith ya fuskanci Jessamyn Duke a UFC Fight Night: Cerrone vs. Miller a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dave Doyle |date=2014-06-10 |title=Jessamyn Duke, Leslie Smith will face off at Atlantic City UFC Fight Night card |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2014/6/10/5797450/jessamyn-duke-leslie-smith-will-face-off-at-atlantic-city-ufc-fight |access-date=2014-06-10 |publisher=MMAfighting.com}}</ref> Smith ya lashe yakin ta hanyar TKO a zagaye na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Grant |date=16 July 2014 |title=Jessamyn Duke stopped by Leslie Smith in first round |url=https://www.latimes.com/socal/glendale-news-press/sports/tn-gnp-jessamyn-duke-stopped-by-leslie-smith-in-first-round-20140716-story.html |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=latimes.com}}</ref> Smith ya yi yaƙi da Jessica Eye a UFC 180. <ref>{{Cite web |last=MMAjunkie Staff |date=2014-09-25 |title=Jessica Eye vs. Leslie Smith booked for UFC 180 in Mexico City |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2014/09/jessica-eye-vs-leslie-smith-booked-for-ufc-180-in-mexico-city |access-date=2014-09-27 |publisher=MMAjunkie.com}}</ref> An dakatar da wasan a zagaye na 2 saboda dakatarwar likitan gefen cage, yayin da kunnen cauliflower na Smith ya rabu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marc Raimondi |date=2014-11-15 |title=Jessica Eye wins by TKO after Leslie Smith's ear gets split open |url=http://www.foxsports.com/ufc/story/jessica-eye-wins-by-tko-after-leslie-smith-s-ear-gets-split-open-111514 |access-date=2014-11-15 |website=foxsports.com}}</ref> Smith ya yi yaƙi da Rin Nakai a UFC Fight Night: Hunt vs. Mir a ranar 20 ga Maris, 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nocaute na Rede |date=11 February 2016 |title=Rin Nakai E Leslie Smith Se Enfrentam No UFC Fight Night: Hunt X Mir |url=https://nocautenarede.com.br/rin-nakai-e-leslie-smith-se-enfrentam-no-ufc-fight-night-hunt-x-mir/ |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=nocautenarede.com.br |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806040107/https://nocautenarede.com.br/rin-nakai-e-leslie-smith-se-enfrentam-no-ufc-fight-night-hunt-x-mir/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya (30-27, 29-28, da 29-28). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brookhouse |first=Brent |date=19 March 2016 |title=UFC Fight Night 85 results: Leslie Smith outlasts tough Rin Nakai for decision win |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2016/03/ufc-fight-night-85-results-leslie-smith-outlasts-tough-rin-nakai-for-decision-win |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com}}</ref> Smith ya yi yaƙi da Cris Cyborg a UFC 198 a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2016. Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar TKO a farkon zagaye na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brent Brookhouse |date=2016-05-14 |title=UFC 198 results: Cristiane Justino makes quick work of Leslie Smith |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/05/ufc-198-results-cristiane-justino-makes-quick-work-of-leslie-smith |access-date=2016-05-14 |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}</ref> Smith na gaba ya fuskanci Irene Aldana a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 2016, a UFC a kan Fox: VanZant vs. Waterson . Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya. Har ila yau, wasan ya ba Smith lambar yabo ta farko ta Fight of the Night a cikin UFC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=2016-12-17 |title=UFC on Fox 22 bonuses: Leslie Smith vs. Irene Aldana nabs 'Fight of the Night' honors |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/12/ufc-on-fox-22-bonuses-leslie-smith-vs-irene-aldana-nabs-fight-of-the-night-honors |access-date=2016-12-17 |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}</ref> Smith ta fuskanci Amanda Lemos a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 2017, a UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio . Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar TKO saboda haɗuwa da bugawa da wuyan hannu a zagaye na biyu. An shirya Smith don fuskantar Aspen Ladd a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2018, a UFC Fight Night 128. A ma'auni, Ladd ya auna a 137.8 fam, 1.8 fam a kan iyakar gwagwarmayar da ba ta da lakabi na 136 fam. Ladd ta ba Leslie ƙarin $ 5,000 a saman 20% na kudinta. Koyaya, an cire yakin daga katin bayan Smith ya ki yaƙi a nauyin kamawa. Daga baya, UFC ta biya Smith wasan kwaikwayon ta kuma ta lashe kudi amma sai ta sake ta daga ci gaba. === Bellator MMA === A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2019, an sanar da cewa Smith ya sanya hannu tare da Bellator MMA . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Guilherme |date=2019-04-16 |title=Leslie Smith signs with Bellator, moves up to featherweight |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/4/16/18411140/leslie-smith-featherweight-signs-bellator |access-date=2019-04-17 |website=MMA Fighting}}</ref> Ta fuskanci Sinead Kavanagh a karon farko a Bellator 224 a ranar 12 ga watan Yulin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peter Carroll |date=June 4, 2019 |title=Leslie Smith to face Sinead Kavanagh in promotional return at Bellator 224 |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/6/4/18651900/leslie-smith-to-face-sinead-kavanagh-in-promotional-debut-at-bellator-224 |publisher=mmafighting.com}}</ref> Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara mafi rinjaye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-13 |title=Bellator 224 results: Leslie Smith returns with majority decision win over Sinead Kavanagh |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/07/bellator-224-results-leslie-smith-majority-decision-sinead-kavanagh |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> Smith ta fuskanci Arlene Blencowe a Bellator 233 a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander K. Lee |date=October 14, 2019 |title=Leslie Smith vs. Arlene Blencowe set for Bellator 233 |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/10/14/20914168/leslie-smith-vs-arlene-blencowe-set-for-bellator-233 |publisher=mmafighting.com}}</ref> Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doyle |first=Dave |date=8 November 2019 |title=Bellator 233 results: Arlene Blencowe stymies Leslie Smith, earns decision |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/11/bellator-233-results-arlene-blencowe-stymies-leslie-smith-earns-decision |access-date=13 April 2022 |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com}}</ref> Ana sa ran Smith zai fuskanci Jessy Miele a Bellator 241 a ranar 13 ga Maris, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nolan King |date=February 14, 2020 |title=Bellator 241 adds Leslie Smith vs. Jessy Miele, Robson Gracie return, more to prelims |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/02/bellator-241-adds-leslie-smith-vs-jessy-miele-robson-gracie-return-more |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}</ref> Koyaya, an soke dukkan taron ne saboda annobar COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-13 |title=Bellator makes last-minute decision to cancel Friday's Bellator 241 {{!}} MMAWeekly.com |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/bellator-makes-last-minute-decision-to-cancel-fridays-bellator-241-coronavirus-covid-19 |access-date=2021-10-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> Smith ta yi gwagwarmaya don Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta Bellator da Cris Cyborg a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2021, a babban taron a Bellator 259. Sun taba haduwa a [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]]_198" id="mwrg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="UFC 198">UFC 198, wanda shine Cyborg ta farko a UFC, inda ta lashe ta hanyar TKO a zagaye na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2 April 2021 |title=Cris Cyborg vs. Leslie Smith 2 Announced for Bellator 259 |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/04/02/cris-cyborg-vs-leslie-smith-2-announced-bellator-259/ |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=Cageside Press}}</ref> Ta rasa wasan ta hanyar TKO bayan an buga ta kuma ta gama da bugawa a ƙarshen zagaye na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2021-05-22 |title=Bellator 259: Cris Cyborg Defends Title, Stops Leslie Smith In Fifth |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/05/22/bellator-259-cris-cyborg-vs-leslie-smith-2/ |access-date=2021-05-22 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Smith tana da digiri na Associate of Arts daga Kwalejin Al'umma ta Pikes Peak . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leslie Smith UFC Bio |url=http://www.ufc.com/fighter/Leslie-Smith |access-date=September 30, 2017}}</ref> Ta buga wasan polo na ruwa a makarantar sakandare ta Kudancin Pasadena, inda aka ba ta suna All-CIF da MVP na tawagar. A halin yanzu tana karatun digiri na farko a fannin aiki da alakar ma'aikata a Jami'ar Rutgers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander K. Lee |date=March 23, 2020 |title=Leslie Smith: Questionable title shots another way the UFC is 'screwing the fighters over' |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2020/3/23/21178806/leslie-smith-questionable-title-shots-another-way-the-ufc-is-screwing-the-fighters-over |publisher=mmafighting.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2016, Smith ta bayyana cewa tana da ciwon daji a cikinta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-16 |title=So about that tumor on Leslie Smith's stomach ... |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/08/so-about-that-tumor-on-leslie-smiths-stomach |access-date=2016-08-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=2016-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817065041/http://mmajunkie.com/2016/08/so-about-that-tumor-on-leslie-smiths-stomach |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2018, Smith ya fara Project Spearhead, ƙungiyar da ke ƙoƙarin haɗa mayakan UFC da MMA. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Raimondi |first=Marc |title=Leslie Smith launches Project Spearhead, a fighter-driven effort to get UFC athletes unionized |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2018/2/13/17006622/leslie-smith-launches-project-spearhead-a-fighter-driven-effort-to-get-ufc-athletes-unionized |access-date=20 December 2018 |website=MMA Fighting}}</ref> Smith kuma kwanan nan ya ba da jawabi yayin wani taro ga Cibiyar Manufofin Tattalin Arziki game da Project Spearhead . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leslie Smith • Project Spearhead |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ar45B91yKEc |access-date=19 January 2019 |website=Youtube.com |publisher=Economic Policy Institute}}</ref> == Gasar zakarun Turai da nasarorin da aka samu == * '''Kickdown MMA''' ** Kickdown Bantamweight na Mata (Wata lokaci) * '''Gasar Gwagwarmayar Invicta''' ** Yakin Dare (sau huɗu) da <small>Kaitlin Young, Sarah Kaufman, Jennifer Maia, Barb Honchak</small> * '''Gasar Gwagwarmaya ta Ƙarshe''' ** Yakin Dare (Wani lokaci) vs. Irene Aldana == Rubuce-rubucen zane-zane == {{MMArecordbox|ko-wins=5|ko-losses=3|sub-wins=0|sub-losses=0|dec-wins=7|dec-losses=6|draws=1}}{{MMA record start}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|12–9–1 |[[Cris Cyborg]] |TKO (punches) |[[Bellator 259]] |{{dts|2021|May|21}} |align=center|5 |align=center|4:51 |[[Uncasville, Connecticut]], United States |{{Small|For the [[List of Bellator MMA champions#Women's Featherweight World Championship|Bellator Women's Featherweight World Championship]].}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|12–8–1 |[[Amanda Bell]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[2019 in Bellator MMA#Bellator 245|Bellator 245]] |{{dts|2020|September|11}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Uncasville, Connecticut]], United States |{{Small|Catchweight (149 lb) bout; Bell missed weight.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|11–8–1 |[[Arlene Blencowe]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[2019 in Bellator MMA#Bellator 233|Bellator 233]] |{{dts|2019|November|8}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Thackerville, Oklahoma]], United States | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|11–7–1 |[[Sinead Kavanagh]] |Decision (majority) |[[2019 in Bellator MMA#Bellator 224|Bellator 224]] |{{dts|2019|July|12}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Thackerville, Oklahoma]], United States |{{Small|Return to Featherweight; Kavanagh missed weight (147.7 lb).}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|{{nowrap|10–7–1}} |[[Amanda Lemos]] |TKO (punches and elbows) |[[UFC Fight Night: Nelson vs. Ponzinibbio]] |{{dts|2017|July|16}} |align=center|2 |align=center|2:53 |[[Glasgow]], Scotland | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|9–7–1 |[[Irene Aldana]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC on Fox: VanZant vs. Waterson]] |{{dts|2016|December|17}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Sacramento, California]], United States |{{Small|Fight of the Night.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|8–7–1 |[[Cris Cyborg]] |TKO (punches) |[[UFC 198]] |{{dts|2016|May|14}} |align=center|1 |align=center|1:21 |[[Curitiba]], Brasil |{{Small|Catchweight (140 lbs) bout.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|8–6–1 |[[Rin Nakai]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC Fight Night: Hunt vs. Mir]] |{{dts|2016|March|20}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Brisbane]], Australia | |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|7–6–1 |[[Jessica Eye]] |TKO (doctor stoppage) |[[UFC 180]] |{{dts|2014|November|15}} |align=center|2 |align=center|1:30 |[[Mexico City]], Mexico | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|7–5–1 |[[Jessamyn Duke]] |TKO (punches) |[[UFC Fight Night: Cowboy vs. Miller]] |{{dts|2014|July|16}} |align=center|1 |align=center|2:24 |[[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], United States | |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|6–5–1 |[[Sarah Kaufman]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[The Ultimate Fighter Nations: Canada vs. Australia#The Ultimate Fighter Nations Finale: Bisping vs. Kennedy|The Ultimate Fighter Nations Finale: Bisping vs. Kennedy]] |{{dts|2014|April|16}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Quebec City, Quebec]], Canada |{{Small|Return to Bantamweight.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|6–4–1 |[[Barb Honchak]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 7: Honchak vs. Smith|Invicta FC 7: Honchak vs. Smith]] |{{dts|2013|December|7}} |align=center|5 |align=center|5:00 |[[Kansas City, Missouri]], United States |{{Small|For the [[Invicta Fighting Championships#Flyweight Championship|Invicta FC Flyweight Championship]]. Fight of the Night.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|6–3–1 |[[Jennifer Maia]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 6: Coenen vs. Cyborg|Invicta FC 6: Coenen vs. Cyborg]] |{{dts|2013|July|13}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Kansas City, Missouri]], United States |{{Small|Flyweight debut. Fight of the Night.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|5–3–1 |[[Sarah Kaufman]] |Decision (split) |[[Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 5: Penne vs. Waterson|Invicta FC 5: Penne vs. Waterson]] |{{dts|2013|April|5}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Kansas City, Missouri]], United States |{{Small|Fight of the Night.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|5–2–1 |[[Raquel Pennington]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 4: Esparza vs. Hyatt|Invicta FC 4: Esparza vs. Hyatt]] |{{dts|2013|January|5}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Kansas City, Kansas]], United States | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|4–2–1 |[[Kaitlin Young]] |TKO (punches) |[[Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 3: Penne vs. Sugiyama|Invicta FC 3: Penne vs. Sugiyama]] |{{dts|2012|October|6}} |align=center|2 |align=center|2:19 |[[Kansas City, Kansas]], United States | |- |{{draw}}Draw |align=center|3–2–1 |[[Kaitlin Young]] |Draw (split) |[[Invicta FC events#Invicta FC 1: Coenen vs. Ruyssen|Invicta FC 1: Coenen vs. Ruyssen]] |{{dts|2012|April|28}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Kansas City, Kansas]], United States |{{Small|Return to Bantamweight. Fight of the Night.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|3–2 |[[Ediane Gomes]] |Decision (unanimous) |BEP 5: Breast Cancer Beatdown |{{dts|2011|October|1}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Fletcher, North Carolina]], United States |{{Small|Featherweight debut.}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|3–1 |Julia Griffin |Decision (unanimous) |FE: Arctic Combat 2 |{{dts|2010|March|19}} |align=center|3 |align=center|3:00 |[[Fairbanks, Alaska]], United States | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|2–1 |Louise Johnson |TKO (punches) |Kickdown 74: Grudge |{{dts|2010|January|23}} |align=center|2 |align=center|1:35 |[[Denver, Colorado]], United States |{{Small|Won the Kickdown Women's Bantamweight Championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mixedmartialarts.com/mma.cfm?go=stats.fightCard&eid=D2D721AF-31D1-44E4-92F3-7A90F9BAF47D#fight_118264|title=Kickdown 74 Official Results|publisher=mixedmartialarts.com|accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref>}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|1–1 |Kerry Vera |Decision (unanimous) |[[Bellator Fighting Championships: Season One#Bellator VI|Bellator 7]] |{{dts|2009|May|15}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Chicago, Illinois]], United States | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|1–0 |Louise Johnson |TKO (punches) |Kickdown 61: Retaliation |{{dts|2009|March|6}} |align=center|3 |align=center|4:16 |[[Denver, Colorado]], United States |{{Small|Bantamweight debut.}} {{End}} == Dubi kuma == * List of female mixed martial artists == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.awakeningfighters.com/athletes/leslie-smith Leslie Smith] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107161654/https://www.awakeningfighters.com/athletes/leslie-smith/ |date=2024-11-07 }} a AwakeningFighters.com * Leslie SmithaUFC * [https://invictafc.com/portfolio-item/leslie-smith/ Leslie Smith] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203022754/https://invictafc.com/portfolio-item/leslie-smith/ |date=2024-12-03 }} a Invicta FC * Professional MMA record for Leslie SmithdagaSherdog * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241001163230/https://lastroundpod.com/] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gjy3ewj7i3gna6gmhwil6dcgv6vwdjf 0 86520 975846 536691 2026-11-04T14:46:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jumai''' sunan mata ne na Najeriya da aka fi amfani da shi a tsakanin Musulmi kuma na kowa a tsakanin Hausawa. ''Jumma'a'' ma'ana '''"Juma'a"''' (an asalin Larabci). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Mike |title=Meaning, origin and history of the name Jummai |url=https://www.behindthename.com/name/jummai |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=Behind the Name |language=en}}</ref> Sunan Jumai sunan mace ne da aka bayar wanda ke nufin "haife ta ranar Juma'a". <ref>{{Cite web |last=venere.it |date=2024-07-12 |title=The meaning and history of the name Jumai |url=https://venere.it/en/the-meaning-and-history-of-the-name-jumai/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Venere |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128031700/https://venere.it/en/the-meaning-and-history-of-the-name-jumai/ |archive-date=2025-01-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sunan Jumai diminutive na Jummai, Dan Juma, Jumaiah, Jumaiyah. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Mike |title=Meaning, origin and history of the name Jummai |url=https://www.behindthename.com/name/jummai |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Behind the Name |language=en}}</ref> Sauran siffofinsa na sunayen maza sune Ɗan Jummai, Jume, Jummah, Jimoh da dai sauransu. == Fitattun mutane masu suna == * [[Hajia Jumai Bello|Jumai Bello]] (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1941), Babban jami'in yada labaran Najeriya. * Jumai Bitrus (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. * [[Jummai Babangida Aliyu|Jumai Babangida Aliyu]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1959), Malamin Najeriya. * [[wikidata:Q123734302|Jummai Hannatu C. Sankey]] (an haife ta 1959), Alkalin Najeriya. == Duba == *[[Danjuma]] == Magana == [[Rukuni:Suna]] [[Rukuni:Sunayen Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Sunan mutane]] 87j91tuw5wxeok92g5fyvypvusthno5 0 87329 975998 829399 2026-11-05T01:34:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Koko_and_koose_joint.jpg|thumb|Koose]] '''Koose''' ( Dagbani ) wanda aka fi sani da '''Wake Cake''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boy Sent To Deliver 'Koose' Feared Drowned At Madina |url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/202005/408053.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027124243/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/202005/408053.php |archive-date=2022-10-27 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=Peacefmonline.com}}</ref> wani ɗanɗanon [[Fritter|wake]] ne mai [[Fis mai Baƙar ido|ɗanɗanon baki]] wanda ake ci a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] a matsayin abun ciye-ciye. Sau da yawa ana sha da porridge. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-18 |title=Ghanaian Breakfast: Koko with Koose/Bread - Sophia Apenkro Blog |url=https://www.sophiaapenkro.com/ghanaian-breakfast-koko-with-koose-bread/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211021855/https://www.sophiaapenkro.com/ghanaian-breakfast-koko-with-koose-bread/ |archive-date=2025-02-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wani lokaci ana saka shi a cikin burodi, ana kiransa "Koose Bread" ko "Paanu Kooshe". Ana cewa abincin ya bazu ne daga [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]] na Najeriya na yanzu waɗanda ke kiransa [[Ƙosai|akara.]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallin |first=Aimée |last2=Fagborun |first2=Tinuke |date=2025-04-01 |title=Giving akaras the respect they deserve |url=https://shado-mag.com/articles/opinion/giving-akaras-the-respect-they-deserve/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Shado Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rarrabawa == Koose ya zama ruwan dare a Yammacin Afirka tsakanin [[Hausawa]] na [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], mutanen [[Mutanen Dagomba|Dagomba]] da Hausawa na Ghana, <ref>{{Cite web |first= |date= |title=Ghana, Food & Drinks |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/food/index.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> da sauran sassan Yammacin Afirka, ciki har da [[Saliyo|Sierra Leone]] da [[Kamaru]] . Ana iya samun Koose a ƙasashen Caribbean kamar [[Cuba]] da kuma a ƙasashen Kudancin Amurka kamar [[Brazil]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> == Sunaye == A Ghana ana kiranta da "koose", "kooshe" ko "koosay" [ ana buƙatar ambato ] . A Najeriya, ana kiranta da "akara", a Brazil ana kiranta da " acaraje " a Cuba kuma ana kiranta da "bollitos de carita". Ga Dagbamba na Ghana ana kiranta da ] Kooshe [, Ewe suna kiranta "agawu" kuma ga wasu a cikin yankin Zongo a matsayin "koose tankuwa". [1] [2] == Abinci Mai Gina Jiki == Koose yana ɗauke da zare, antioxidants, da furotin daga wake mai duhu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=NEWS |url=http://miczd.gov.gh/news/91 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823075632/http://miczd.gov.gh/news/91 |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2020-06-07 |website=miczd.gov.gh}}</ref> == Manazarta == oaeent9mz70dfijy4zim0kv2j98sguf 0 88940 976147 860160 2026-11-05T11:52:26Z Zahrah0 14848 976147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Willie Howard Mays Jr'''. (Mayu 6, 1931 - Yuni 18, 2024), wanda ake yi wa lakabi da "Say Hey Kid", ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne Ba'amurke wanda ya buga wasanni 23 a Major League Baseball (MLB). An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa na kowane lokaci, Mays ya kasance dan wasa na kayan aiki biyar wanda ya fara aikinsa a gasar Negro, yana wasa a [[Birmingham]] Black Barons, kuma ya shafe sauran aikinsa a National League (NL). wasa don New York / San Francisco Giants da New York Mets. An haife shi a Westfield, Alabama, Mays ɗan wasa ne. Ya shiga Black Barons na Negro American League a cikin shekara ta 1948, yana wasa da su har sai da Giants suka sanya masa hannu bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare a shekarar alif 1950. Ya yi muhawara a cikin MLB tare da Giants kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Rookie na Year a cikin 1951 bayan buga tseren gida 20 don taimakawa Kattai su sami nasarar farko a cikin shekaru 14. A cikin 1954, ya ci lambar yabo ta NL Most Valuable Player (MVP), wanda ya jagoranci Giants zuwa taken Duniya na ƙarshe kafin ƙaura zuwa gabar Yamma. Kamun sama-da-fadansa a Wasan 1 na shekarar 1954 World Series yana ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wasan ƙwallon kwando na kowane lokaci. Bayan Kattai sun koma San Francisco, Mays ya ci gaba da lashe wani lambar yabo ta MVP a cikin shekarar 1965 kuma ya jagoranci Giants zuwa Gasar Duniya ta 1962, wannan lokacin ya sha kashi a New York Yankees. Ya ƙare aikinsa tare da komawa New York bayan cinikin farkon lokacin zuwa New York Mets a cikin shekarar 1972, ya yi ritaya bayan tafiyar ƙungiyar zuwa Gasar Duniya ta 1973. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da Mets na tsawon shekaru goma kafin ya koma ga Giants a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga shugaban kasa da babban manajan. Mays ya kasance Babban Tauraro sau 24, yana daure don fitowa na biyu mafi girma a tarihi. Mays ya kasance Babban Tauraro sau 24, yana daure don fitowa na biyu mafi girma a tarihi. Ya jagoranci NL a cikin gida yana gudu sau hudu kuma a cikin slugging kashi biyar yayin da yake yin batting a kan .300 da kuma buga 100 runs batted a (RBIs) sau goma kowanne. Mays kuma ya kasance a sahun gaba wajen sake dawo da saurin gudu a matsayin makami mai ban tsoro a shekarun 1950, inda ya jagoranci gasar cikin sansanonin sata har sau hudu, sau uku sau uku, kuma ya yi gudu sau biyu; Sata 179 da ya yi a cikin shekaru goma shi ne ya jagoranci manyan gasar. Shi ne dan wasan NL na farko da ya buga gudu 30 a gida kuma ya saci sansanonin 30 a cikin kakar wasa guda, dan wasa na farko a tarihi wanda ya kai duka 300 na gida da 300 da aka sace, kuma dan wasa na biyu kuma dan wasan dama na farko ya buga 600. gudu gida. Mays kuma sun kafa ma'auni don hazaka na tsaro, inda suka ci lambar yabo ta Zinare a jere guda 12 bayan ƙirƙirar su a 1957, har yanzu rikodin ga 'yan wasan waje; ya jagoranci 'yan wasan tsakiya na NL a wasanni biyu sau biyar kuma ya taimaka sau uku. Misali na al'ada na ɗan wasan kayan aiki biyar, Mays ya gama aikinsa tare da matsakaicin batting .302. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, ya riƙe rikodin NL don gudanar da ayyukan da ya zira kwallaye (2,062), kuma ya zama na biyu a tarihin gasar bayan Stan Musial a wasannin da aka buga (2,992), na uku a cikin gida (660), a jemagu (10,881), yana gudana cikin (1,903), jimillar sansanoni (6,066), karin-base hits (1,323) da tafiya (1,464), na hudu cikin hits (3,293), na biyar cikin kashi slugging (.557), na takwas a ninki biyu (523); 140 sau uku ya zama na hudu a cikin 'yan wasan da ke aiki bayan 1945. Yana riƙe da manyan rikodin gasar wasanni a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya (2,829), wanda ya zama ɗan wasan waje (7,095), kuma ya ƙare aikinsa a bayan Ty Cobb kawai a cikin jimlar wasannin a matsayin ɗan wasan waje (2,842), matsayi na bakwai a cikin taimako (188) da na uku. a cikin wasanni biyu (59) a filin tsakiya. An zabi Mays zuwa Gidan Wasan Kwallon Kafa a cikin 1979 a cikin shekararsa ta farko ta cancanta, kuma an nada shi cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Manyan Kwallon Kafa a 1999. Mays ta samu lambar yabo ta Shugaban kasa ta 'Yanci ta Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] a cikin 2015. ==Rayuwa== An haifi Willie Howard Mays Jr. a ranar 6 ga Mayu, shekara ta alif 1931, a Westfield, Alabama, babban kamfani na baƙar fata kusa da Fairfield.<ref>Mays and Sahadi, pp. 19.</ref> Mahaifinsa, Cat Mays, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne tare da ƙungiyar baƙar fata a shukar ƙarfe na gida.<ref>Hirsch, p. 11.</ref><ref>http://blog.al.com/spotnews/2013/08/new_documentary_film_remembers.html</ref> Annie Satterwhite, mahaifiyarsa, ƙwararriyar ƙwallon kwando ce da tauraruwar waƙa.<ref>Hirsch, p. 12.</ref> Ga danginsa da abokansa na kud da kud, kuma daga baya ga abokan wasansa, cikin ƙauna ana kiran Mays da "Buck."<ref>Hirsch, pp. 28, 405.</ref> Iyayensa ba su yi aure ba kuma sun rabu lokacin da Mays ke da shekaru uku.<ref>Mays and Sahadi, p. 18.</ref> Mahaifinsa da yayansa biyu, Sarah da Ernestine sun rene shi. Sarah ta kai matashi Willie zuwa Cocin Episcopal Methodist na Afirka kowace Lahadi.<ref>Hirsch, p. 22.</ref> Cat Mays ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan dako na jirgin ƙasa kuma daga baya a masana'antar ƙarfe a Westfield.<ref>Mays and Sahadi, pp. 18–25.</ref> Cat ya fallasa Willie zuwa wasan ƙwallon kwando tun yana ƙarami, yana wasa da shi yana ɗan shekara biyar kuma ya ba shi damar zama a kan benci tare da ƙungiyar masana'antar sa ta Birmingham yana da goma.<ref>Mays and Sahadi, pp. 16–17; Hirsch, pp. 14–15.</ref> Dan wasan kwallon kwando da ya fi so shi ne Joe DiMaggio; Sauran wadanda aka fi so su ne Ted Williams da Stan Musial.<ref>https://www.sfgate.com/sports/shea/article/MAYS-AT-75-The-Say-Hey-Kid-has-lots-of-fond-2498355.php</ref> Mays ya buga wasanni da yawa a makarantar Highfield Industrial High School. A ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando, ya jagoranci ƴan wasa a manyan makarantun baƙar fata a gundumar Jefferson wajen zira kwallaye.<ref>Barra, p. 54.</ref> Mays ya buga kwata-kwata, baya-baya da kuma punter ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa.<ref>Barra, pp. 49–51.</ref> Ko da yake ya cika shekara 18 a shekara ta 1949, Mays bai kammala karatunsa a Fairfield ba har zuwa 1950, wanda dan jarida Allen Barra ya kira "wani karamin asiri a rayuwar Willie"<ref>Barra, p. 101.</ref> ==Kwararren Sana'a== ===Negro da ƙananan wasanni=== Kwararren wasan ƙwallon kwando na Mays ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 1948 lokacin da ya taka leda a ɗan gajeren lokacin bazara tare da Chattanooga Choo-Choos, ƙaramin ƙungiyar Negro.<ref>Barra, pp. 76–77.</ref><ref>http://www.nlbemuseum.com/history/players/mays.html</ref> Daga baya waccan shekarar, Mays ya shiga Birmingham Black Barons na Negro American League, inda aka san shi da "Buck".<ref>https://nlbemuseum.com/history/players/mays.html</ref> Piper Davis, abokin aikin mahaifin Mays ne ya jagoranci Black Barons a ƙungiyar masana'antu.<ref>Barra, pp. 77–78.</ref> Lokacin da shugaban masana'antu na Fairfield E.T. Oliver yayi barazanar dakatar da Mays saboda buga ƙwallon ƙwararru, mahaifin Davis da Mays sunyi yarjejeniya. Mays za su buga wasannin gida don Black Barons kawai. A sakamakon haka, har yanzu yana iya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta makarantar sakandare.<ref>Mays and Sahadi, p. 32.</ref> Mays ya taimaka wa Birmingham ci gaba zuwa 1948 Negro World Series, wanda suka rasa 4 – 1 ga [[Homestead Grays]]. Ya buga .262 don kakar wasa kuma ya tsaya a waje saboda kyakkyawan filin wasa da gudu.<ref>Hirsch, pp. 38–48.</ref> A ranar 28 ga Mayu, 2024, Babban Baseball ta sanar da cewa ta haɗa kididdigar gasar Negro a cikin bayananta.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5525148/2024/05/28/mlb-negro-leagues-records-josh-gibson-ty-cobb/</ref> Kungiyoyin manyan kungiyoyin da dama sun yi sha'awar sanya hannu kan Mays, amma dole ne su jira har sai ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare don ba shi kwangila. The [[Boston]] Braves da Brooklyn Dodgers duka sun leko shi, amma New York Giants sun zazzage Eddie Montague ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar $ 4,000.<ref>Mays and Sahadi, pp. 44–45; Hirsch, pp. 58–61.</ref> Mays ya shafe sauran 1950 tare da Class B Trenton Giants na Interstate League, yana yin .353.<ref>Mays and Sahadi, pp. 45–46; Hirsch, pp. 65–66.</ref> An inganta shi zuwa Triple-A Minneapolis Millers na Ƙungiyar Amirka a 1951, ya yi wasa .477 a cikin wasanni 35.<ref>https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=mays--002wil</ref> ===New York / San Francisco Giants=== ====NL Rookie na Shekara==== Yin wasa da kyakkyawan tsaro, Giants ne suka kira Mays a ranar 24 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif 1951.<ref>https://archive.org/details/giantsofpologrou0000hynd</ref> Da farko, Mays ya yi jinkirin karɓar tallan don bai yarda cewa ya shirya fuskantar manyan ƴan wasan gasar ba. Cikin mamaki manajan Giants Leo Durocher ya kira Mays kai tsaye ya ce, "Ki daina kashe kudin kulob din kwallon da kiran waya mai nisa sannan ku shiga kungiyar."<ref>Barra, pp. 145–146.</ref> Har ila yau, a wannan lokacin ne aka bai wa Mays sanannen moniker: "The Say Hey Kid". Kattai sun yi fatan Mays za su taimaka musu ta hanyar tsaro a tsakiyar fili, da kuma kai hari.<ref>Koppett, Leonard (1967). A Thinking Man's Guide to Baseball. E. P. Dutton. pp. 226–27. ISBN 978-1199112378.</ref> Filin Polo ya nuna siffar takalmin dawaki wanda ba a saba gani ba, tare da ɗan gajeren filin hagu (ƙafa 280; 85 m) da filin dama (ƙafa 258; 79 m) amma filin tsakiya mafi zurfi a cikin ƙwallon kwando (ƙafa 483; 147 m).<ref>Hirsch, pp. 101–102, 195.</ref> Mays ya bayyana a wasansa na farko na babban gasar a ranar 25 ga Mayu da [[Philadelphia]] Phillies a Shibe Park, yana yin wasa na uku.<ref>Barra, p. 153.</ref> Ba shi da nasara a cikin 12 na farko a jemagu a cikin manyan wasanni, amma a cikin 13th a ranar Mayu 28, ya bugi tseren gida daga Warren Spahn a kan rufin filin hagu na Polo Grounds.<ref>https://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00016223.html</ref> Mays ya tafi ba tare da nasara ba a cikin 12 na gaba a jemagu, kuma Durocher ya jefa shi zuwa na takwas a cikin odar batting a ranar 2 ga Yuni, yana ba da shawarar cewa Mays ya daina ƙoƙarin cire kwallon kuma kawai ya tuntuɓa.<ref>Barra, pp. 154–155.</ref><ref>Hirsch, p. 104.</ref> Mays ya mayar da martani da buga hudu a wasanni biyu na gaba a ranar 2 da 3 ga watan Yuni. A karshen wata, ya tura matsakaicin batting dinsa zuwa sama da .300.<ref>https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id=mayswi01&t=b&year=1951</ref> Zai yi wasa kusa da .290 don sauran kakar wasa. Kodayake matsakaicin .274, 68 RBIs, da 20 na gida (a cikin wasanni na 121) zai kasance a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci na aikinsa, har yanzu ya lashe lambar yabo ta National League (NL) Rookie na Year Award.<ref>https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/mayswi01.shtml</ref> A watan Agusta 11, Giants sun sami kansu 13 + 1⁄2 wasanni a baya na Dodgers a cikin tseren NL; Manajan Brooklyn Charlie Dressen cikin nasara ya annabta, "Kattai sun mutu."<ref>Hirsch, p. 123.</ref> Koyaya, Kattai sun tafi 40 – 18 a wasannin 58 na ƙarshe na kakar wasa, inda suka lashe bakwai na ƙarshe na shekara don kammala kakar wasa ta yau da kullun tare da Dodgers.<ref>Hirsch, pp. 127–128.</ref> A lokacin tseren da ba a so, wasan Mays da kuma hannun jifa mai ƙarfi sun taimaka a cikin manyan nasarorin Kattai da yawa. Mays ya kasance a cikin da'irar kan bene a ranar 3 ga Oktoba lokacin da Bobby Thomson ya buge homer mai gudu uku don cin nasara a jerin fafatawa uku na NL da ci 2–1.<ref>Barra, p. 170.</ref> Giants sun sadu da Yankees na New York a cikin Tsarin Duniya na 1951.<ref>Schoor, pp. 226–229.</ref> A cikin Wasan 1, Mays, Hank Thompson, da Monte Irvin sun haɗa filin waje na farko baƙar fata a cikin manyan tarihin gasar. Don jerin abubuwan, Mays sun yi rauni yayin da Giants suka rasa jerin a cikin wasanni shida. A cikin Wasan 5, ya buga kwallon tashi mai ma'ana, wanda DiMaggio da Yankee rookie Mickey Mantle suka bi. DiMaggio ya kira Mantle a karshen daƙiƙa na ƙarshe; yayin da ya tsaya, Mantle ya makale a cikin buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa, yana fama da rauni a gwiwa wanda zai shafe shi da sauran aikinsa.<ref>Barra, pp. 173–174</ref> ====Sojojin Amurka==== Ba da daɗewa ba bayan lokacin 1951 ya ƙare, Mays ya fahimci Sojojin Amurka sun tsara shi don yin hidima a Yaƙin Koriya.<ref>Barra, pp. 175–177, 182.</ref> Kafin ya bar shiga Sojan, Mays ya buga makonni na farko na lokacin 1952 tare da Kattai. Ya yi wasa .236 da gudu hudu a gida a wasanni 34. Ya ba da mamaki ga marubutan wasanni irin su Red Smith lokacin da ya zana farin ciki daga magoya bayan Brooklyn Dodgers, masu kishin Giants, a wasansa na karshe kafin ya ba da rahoto.<ref>Barra, pp. 181–182.</ref> Bayan shigarsa cikin Sojoji a ranar 29 ga Mayu, Mays ya ba da rahoto ga Fort Eustis a Virginia, inda ya kwashe yawancin lokacinsa yana wasa da ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta Fort Eustis Wheels tare da (da kuma) sauran manyan ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙanana, da kuma yin hidima. malami mai koyar da wasanni a Sashen Koyar da Jiki.<ref>https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/willie-mays/</ref><ref>Barra, pp. 182–183.</ref><ref>https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2021/02/day-private-willie-mays-threw-out-my-dad/172187/</ref> A Fort Eustis ne Mays ya koyi kama kwandon daga wani dan wasan waje na Fort Eustis Al Fortunato. Mays, ta hanyar kiyasin nasa, ya buga wasanni 180 don Wheels, kuma ya rasa kusan wasanni 275 na Ƙungiyoyin saboda aikin soja. Lokacin wasan Mays na Wheels ya ƙare a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1953, bayan ya tsinke kashi a ƙafarsa ta hagu yayin da yake zamewa zuwa tushe na uku, yana buƙatar yin sati 6 a cikin simintin gyaran kafa.<ref>https://www.army.mil/article/200712/baseball_great_and_the_fort_eustis_connection</ref><ref>https://sabr.org/gamesproj/game/april-13-1954-willie-mays-returns-to-giants-after-service-in-army/</ref> An sallame shi a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1954, ya ba da rahoto ga sansanin horo na bazara na Giants washegari.<ref>Barra, p. 201.</ref> ====Zakaran Duniya da NL MVP==== Mays ya fara kakar 1954 akan Ranar Buɗewa tare da gudu na gida sama da ƙafa 414 (126 m) akan Carl Erskine.<ref>Barra, pp. 205–206.</ref> Bayan da ya yi wasa .250 a cikin wasanni na 20 na farko, Durocher ya motsa shi daga na uku zuwa na biyar a cikin tsari na batting kuma ya sake ƙarfafa shi ya daina ƙoƙarin cire kwallon kuma yayi ƙoƙarin samun nasara zuwa filin da ya dace. Mays ya sauya matsayinsa ya mik'e a plate, yana matso da k'afafunsa. Ya yi la'akari da waɗannan gyare-gyare tare da inganta matsakaicin batting, yayin da ya yi amfani da .450 tare da 25 RBIs a cikin wasanni na 20 na gaba.<ref>Hirsch, p. 185; Barra, p. 206.</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni, ya buga wasan gida na cikin-park a cikin nasara 6–2 akan Chicago Cubs.<ref>Barra, p. 207.</ref><ref>https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NY1/NY1195406250.shtml</ref> An zaɓi Mays don ƙungiyar NL All-Star; zai kasance wani ɓangare na 24 madaidaiciya NL All-Star teams a kan 20 yanayi.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_%26_Museum</ref> Mays ya zama dan wasa na farko a tarihi da ya buga gudun gida 30 kafin wasan All-Star.<ref>https://www.mlb.com/news/30-or-more-home-runs-before-mlb-all-star-game-c266214234</ref> Yana da gida 36 yana gudana har zuwa Yuli 28. A wannan lokacin, Durocher ya tambaye shi ya daina ƙoƙarin bugun su, yana bayyana ƙungiyar tana son ya isa tushe sau da yawa.<ref>Mays and Sahadi, pp. 112–113</ref><ref>https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id=mayswi01&t=b&year=1954</ref> Mays ya buga wasan gida biyar ne kawai bayan 28 ga Yuli amma ya haɓaka matsakaicin batting ɗinsa daga .326 zuwa .345 don lashe kambun batting na farko na ƙungiyar tun lokacin Bill Terry a 1930.<ref>https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.fcgi?id=mayswi01&t=b&year=1954</ref><ref>Mays and Sahadi, pp. 114.</ref> Buga 41 gida gudu, Mays lashe NL Mafi daraja Player Award da Hickok Belt.<ref>"Willie Mays (1954)". Hickok Belt. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020.</ref> Kattai sun yi nasara a gasar NL da 1954 na Duniya, suna share 'yan Cleveland a cikin wasanni hudu.<ref>Schoor, pp. 239–242.</ref> Wataƙila an fi tunawa da jerin 1954 don "The Catch", wani tseren kan-da-kafada ta Mays na dogon tuƙi daga bat na Vic Wertz kimanin ƙafa 425 (130 m) daga farantin gida a filin Polo a lokacin na takwas. Inning of Game 1. Kamun ya hana 'yan tseren Indiya biyu damar zura kwallo a raga, tare da kiyaye wasan kunnen doki. Barra ya rubuta cewa "Catch ya wuce wasan ƙwallon kwando," kuma Larry Schwartz na ESPN ya ce game da duk abubuwan da Mays ya yi, "ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi girma".<ref>Barra, pp. 212–216.</ref><ref>https://www.espn.com/sportscentury/features/00215053.html</ref><ref>Deane, Bill (October 2005). "Catching up with Vic Wertz's 1954 World Series Drive". Baseball Digest.</ref>Mays bai ko kalli kwallon kafa ashirin da suka wuce ba yayin da yake gudu, inda ya ce daga baya ya gane cewa zai ci gaba da gudu idan har zai samu kwallon.<ref>Mays and Sahadi, pp. 117–118; Barra, p. 218.</ref> Giants sun lashe wasan a cikin 10th inning a kan gida guda uku na Dusty Rhodes, tare da Mays ya zira kwallaye na nasara.<ref>Hirsch, p. 198.</ref> Mays ya kara satar tushe a cikin basirarsa, inda ya karu daga takwas a 1954 zuwa 24 a 1955. A tsakiyar watan Mayu, Durocher ya tambaye shi da ya gwada don ƙarin gudu na gida.<ref>Mays and Sahadi, pp. 128–129; Hirsch, p. 239.</ref> Mays ya jagoranci gasar da 51 amma ya kare a matsayi na hudu a zaben NL MVP.<ref>Barra, p. 229.</ref> Jagoranci gasar tare da kashi .659 slugging, Mays ya yi nasara .319 yayin da Giants suka ƙare a matsayi na uku.<ref>Barra, p. 228</ref> A lokacin wasan karshe na kakar wasa, Durocher, wanda ya goyi bayan Mays tun lokacin da ya fara aikinsa, ya gaya masa cewa ba zai dawo a matsayin manajan Giants ba. Lokacin da Mays ya amsa, "Amma Mista Leo, zai bambanta da ku da kuka tafi. Ba za ku kasance a nan don taimaka mini ba," Durocher ya gaya wa tauraronsa, "Willie Mays baya buƙatar taimako daga kowa."<ref>Hirsch, pp. 104–105, 244–246.</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sirri== Mays ya zama mijin Marghuerite Wendell Chapman na uku (1926–2010) a shekara ta 1956. Ma'auratan sun dauki wani jariri mai kwanaki biyar mai suna Michael a shekarar 1959.<ref>Mays and Sahadi, p. 152; Hirsch, p. 6.</ref> Sun rabu a 1962 kuma sun sake aure a 1963, tare da Marghuerite ya ɗauki Michael don mafi yawan lokaci.<ref>Mays and Sahadi, pp. 201–202.</ref> Shekaru takwas bayan haka, Mays ta auri Mae Louise Allen, ma'aikaciyar jin daɗin yara a San Francisco.<ref>Barra, p. 381.</ref> Wilt Chamberlain ya ba Mays lambar wayarta a 1961, kuma sun yi kwanan wata kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>Mays and Sahadi, pp. 248–249.</ref> A cikin 1997, an gano ta da cutar Alzheimer; Mays ta kula da ita har zuwa rasuwarta a ranar 19 ga Afrilu, 2013.<ref>http://blog.sfgate.com/giants/2013/04/19/willie-mays-wife-mae-dies-at-74/</ref><ref>Barra, p. 414.</ref> Mays shine uban gidan Barry Bonds, wanda mahaifinsa, Bobby Bonds, abokinsa ne lokacin da suke abokan wasan Giants.<ref>https://www.sfgate.com/sports/shea/article/MAYS-AT-75-The-Say-Hey-Kid-has-lots-of-fond-2498355.php</ref><ref>Hirsch, p. 480.</ref> Glaucoma ta tilasta Mays daina tuka mota da wasan golf bayan 2005.<ref>Mays and Sahadi, p. 276; Hirsch, pp. 549.</ref> A cikin 2018, makaho marubuci Ed Lucas ya rubuta cewa Mays ya gaya masa "'yan shekaru da suka wuce" cewa ya makanta.<ref>https://www.nj.com/hudson/2018/05/reflecting_on_the_legacy_of_willie_mays_lucas.html</ref> Koyaya, James S. Hirsch ya rubuta a cikin [[New York Times|The New York Times]] a cikin 2021, a lokacin bikin cikarsa shekaru 90, cewa hangen nesa kawai "lalata" kawai ta hanyar glaucoma kuma har yanzu yana iya kallon wasanni a talabijin, duk da wahala.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/sports/baseball/willie-mays-90.html</ref> A cikin 1957, lokacin da New York Giants suka koma San Francisco, Mays sun ba da tayin kan gida a cikin keɓantaccen yanki na Sherwood Forest. Mai siyar ya ki amincewa da tayin nasa bayan da maƙwabta suka koka game da wani dangin Baƙar fata da ke ƙaura zuwa yankin.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/sports/baseball/willie-mays-90.html</ref> Kusa da ƙarshen rayuwarsa, Mays ya zauna a Atherton, California, tare da mataimakinsa na sirri kuma mai kula da shi.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/sports/baseball/willie-mays-book.html</ref> ==Mutuwa== Mays ya mutu sakamakon raunin zuciya a wani gidan kulawa a Palo Alto, California, a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2024, yana da shekara 93.<ref>http://www.sfchronicle.com/sports/giants/article/willie-mays-dead-obituary-17815215.php</ref><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/18/sports/willie-mays-dead.html</ref>Ranar da ta gabata, ya fito da bayaninsa na ƙarshe na jama'a lokacin da ya ce ya zaɓi ya zauna a California kuma bai halarci MLB a wasan Rickwood Field tsakanin Giants da Cardinals daga baya a wannan makon a ranar 20 ga Yuni.<ref>https://www.sfchronicle.com/sports/giants/article/willie-mays-rickwood-game-19504800.php</ref><ref>https://apnews.com/article/rickwood-field-willie-mays-14d999da5a7fb363b43dce06df8f7577</ref> Yawancin 'yan siyasa da ƙwararrun 'yan wasa sun ba da girmamawa ga Mays, ciki har da Shugaba [[Joe Biden]] da tsohon shugaba Barack Obama, da magajin garin San Francisco London Breed, da gwamnan California Gavin Newsom.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/06/19/statement-from-president-joe-bidenon-the-passing-of-willie-mays/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-12 |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619175211/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/06/19/statement-from-president-joe-bidenon-the-passing-of-willie-mays/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.sfgate.com/giants/article/willie-mays-passes-away-sf-giants-tributes-19521436.php</ref><ref>https://www.sportingnews.com/us/mlb/news/willie-mays-dies-93-mlb-hall-fame/ca87c52cff9d9140df13811e</ref> Magoya bayan sun bar yabo kuma sun nuna girmamawa a gunkin Mays a wajen Oracle Park.<ref>https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/fans-memorial-willie-mays-statue/3570721/</ref> A ranar 20 ga Yuni, 2024, yayin wasan a filin Rickwood, San Francisco Giants sun sanya wani faci tare da "24" a kai don girmama Mays kuma an kawo plaque na Hall of Fame zuwa wurin da Mays ya fara aikinsa. Michael Mays, ɗansa, ya yi magana kafin wasan kuma an kunna bidiyon girmamawa a kan allon bidiyo kafin fara wasan farko ta Bill Greason, tsohon abokin wasan Mays a cikin wasannin Negro.<ref>https://www.mlb.com/news/giants-cardinals-honor-willie-mays-before-rickwood-field-game</ref> An gudanar da bikin tunawa da jama'a, karkashin jagorancin mai watsa labarai na Giants Jon Miller, a ranar 8 ga Yuli a Oracle Park. Tsofaffin abokan wasan Mays da dama ne suka halarci bikin, kuma daga cikin wadanda suka gabatar da jawabai akwai kwamishinan wasan kwallon baseball Rob Manfred, da tsaffin shugabannin kasar Bill Clinton da Barack Obama, da tsohon magajin garin San Francisco Willie Brown.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5625586/2024/07/09/willie-mays-celebration-of-life-sf-giants/</ref> Baya ga karramawar, an ba Mays lambar yabo ta karshe ta soja saboda hidimarsa a lokacin yakin Koriya, tare da wasu ma'aikatan hidima guda biyu suna wasa "Taps" kafin ya gabatar da dansa Michael tare da tutar Amurka.<ref>https://www.espn.in/mlb/story/_/id/40522640/giants-hold-public-memorial-service-willie-mays</ref> ==Manazarta== 9t91ahqwsepalovcj1bfeh89849csfr 0 89143 975850 599351 2026-11-04T14:57:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Justin Tyler Powell''' (an haife shi a watan Mayu 9, 2001) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|kwando]] ƙwararren ɗan Amurka ne don Sarakunan Stockton na NBA G League . Ya buga wasan kwando na kwaleji don Cougars na Jihar Washington, Masu ba da agaji na Tennessee da Auburn Tigers . == Aikin makarantar sakandare == Powell ya buga wasan kwando don Makarantar Sakandare ta Trinity a Louisville, Kentucky, inda ya kasance abokan aiki tare da Jay Scrubb da David Johnson . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Frakes |first=Jason |date=December 20, 2019 |title=North Oldham's Justin Powell shows why he's a Mr. Basketball contender |url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/sports/preps/kentucky/2019/12/20/king-bluegrass-justin-powell-mr-basketball-front-runner/2696937001/ |access-date=July 6, 2021 |website=[[The Courier-Journal]]}}</ref> Don ƙaramar kakarsa, ya koma Montverde Academy a Montverde, Florida, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Frakes |first=Jason |date=April 25, 2018 |title=Top basketball recruit Justin Powell leaving Trinity High School for Florida's Montverde |url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/sports/preps/kentucky/2018/04/25/top-basketball-recruit-justin-powell-leaving-trinity-high-school-floridas-montverde/550827002/ |access-date=July 6, 2021 |website=[[The Courier-Journal]]}}</ref> Powell ya koma jiharsa, ya koma North Oldham High School a Goshen, Kentucky, don babban lokacinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Woodson |first=Dyuce |date=December 14, 2019 |title=Auburn commit took a journey to get to North Oldham High School |url=https://www.wlky.com/article/auburn-commit-took-a-journey-to-get-to-north-oldham-high-school/30201065 |access-date=July 6, 2021 |website=[[WLKY]]}}</ref> Ya kai matsakaicin maki 22.2 da sake dawowa 8.5 a kowane wasa, amma an yanke kakarsa ta hanyar hernia na wasanni da ke buƙatar tiyata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Frakes |first=Jason |date=May 11, 2020 |title=North Oldham basketball star Justin Powell discusses life after surgery, heading to Auburn |url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/sports/preps/kentucky/2020/05/11/north-oldham-basketball-star-justin-powell-talks-life-after-surgery/3096555001/ |access-date=July 6, 2021 |website=[[The Courier-Journal]]}}</ref> Ya himmatu wajen buga wasan kwando na kwaleji don Auburn akan tayi daga Georgia Tech, Jihar Ohio da Xavier . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Frakes |first=Jason |date=June 7, 2019 |title=North Oldham's Justin Powell commits to Auburn basketball |url=https://www.courier-journal.com/story/sports/preps/kentucky/2019/06/07/north-oldhams-justin-powell-commits-auburn-basketball/1382969001/ |access-date=July 6, 2021 |website=[[The Courier-Journal]]}}</ref> == Aikin koleji == A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2020, Powell ya buga sabon kakar-maki 26, yana harbi 7-na-9 daga kewayon maki uku, kuma tara yana taimakawa a nasarar 90–81 akan Kudancin Alabama . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Mark |date=December 7, 2020 |title=Freshman Justin Powell trying to spark Auburn's offense |url=https://247sports.com/college/auburn/Article/Freshman-Justin-Powell-trying-to-spark-the-Auburn-basketballs-offense-156315892/ |access-date=July 7, 2021 |website=[[247Sports.com|247Sports]]}}</ref> A wasansa na gaba, a ranar 12 ga Disamba, ya rubuta maki 26 da sake dawowa takwas a nasarar 74–71 akan Memphis . An nada Powell Babban Taron Kudu maso Gabas (SEC) Freshman na Makon kwanaki biyu bayan haka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Han |first=Giana |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Justin Powell wins SEC Freshman of the Week |url=https://www.al.com/auburnbasketball/2020/12/justin-powell-wins-sec-freshman-of-the-week.html |access-date=July 7, 2021 |website=AL.com}}</ref> Yayin wasa da Texas A&amp;amp;M a ranar 2 ga Janairu, 2021, ya sha wahala mai tsanani, wanda ya sa ya rasa sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Borzello |first=Jeff |date=March 9, 2021 |title=Auburn's Justin Powell to transfer after injury-shortened freshman hoops season |url=https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/31034509/auburn-justin-powell-transfer-injury-shortened-freshman-hoops-season |access-date=July 7, 2021 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> A cikin wasanni 10 a matsayin sabon ɗan wasa, ya sami matsakaicin maki 11.7, 6.1 rebounds da 4.7 yana taimakawa kowane wasa. Domin lokacin sa na biyu, Powell ya koma Tennessee . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Jordan D. |date=April 3, 2021 |title=Former Auburn guard Justin Powell transfers to Tennessee |url=https://oanow.com/sports/college/auburn/former-auburn-guard-justin-powell-transfers-to-tennessee/article_a63c3c88-9486-11eb-b274-6791482bf7b9.html |access-date=July 7, 2021 |website=[[Opelika-Auburn News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191126/https://oanow.com/sports/college/auburn/former-auburn-guard-justin-powell-transfers-to-tennessee/article_a63c3c88-9486-11eb-b274-6791482bf7b9.html |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya sami matsakaicin maki 3.7 da sake dawowa 1.5 a kowane wasa. Powell ya koma Jihar Washington don ƙaramar kakarsa. Ya sami matsakaicin maki 10.4, 3.9 rebounds da babban taimako na 2.8 a kowane wasa. Bayan kakar wasa, ya ayyana don daftarin NBA na 2023 . == Sana'ar sana'a == === Cleveland Charge (2023-2024) === Bayan an cire shi a cikin daftarin NBA na 2023, Powell ya shiga Miami Heat don gasar bazara ta NBA . kuma a kan Satumba 13, 2023, ya sanya hannu tare da Cleveland Cavaliers . <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2023 |title=Cavaliers Sign Sharife Cooper, Pete Nance, and Justin Powell to Training Camp Roster |url=https://www.nba.com/cavaliers/news/releases-training-camp-signings-230913 |access-date=September 13, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> Duk da haka, an yi watsi da shi a kan Oktoba 21 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Arthur |date=October 21, 2023 |title=Cavaliers Waive Seven Players |url=https://www.hoopsrumors.com/2023/10/cavaliers-waive-seven-players.html |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=HoopsRumors.com}}</ref> kuma mako guda bayan haka, ya sanya hannu tare da Cleveland Charge na NBA G League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2023 |title=Cleveland Charge 2023 Training Camp Roster |url=https://cleveland.gleague.nba.com/news/cleveland-charge-2023-training-camp-roster |access-date=October 30, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> === Stockton Kings (2024-yanzu) === A kan Satumba 25, 2024, Powell ya sanya hannu tare da Sarakunan Sacramento, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Luke |date=September 25, 2024 |title=Kings Signing Justin Powell To Exhibit 10 Contract |url=https://www.hoopsrumors.com/2024/09/kings-signing-justin-powell-to-exhibit-10-contract.html |access-date=September 26, 2024 |website=HoopsRumors.com}}</ref> amma an yi watsi da shi a wannan rana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Tristan |date=September 25, 2024 |title=Bucks’ Alston, Hornets’ Battle Among Wednesday Cuts |url=https://www.hoopsrumors.com/2024/09/bucks-alston-headlines-wednesday-cuts.html |access-date=September 26, 2024 |website=HoopsRumors.com}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, ya shiga Sarakunan Stockton . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2024 |title=Stockton Kings Announce 2024-25 Training Camp Roster |url=https://stockton.gleague.nba.com/news/stockton-kings-announce-2024-25-training-camp-roster |access-date=October 27, 2024 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> == Kididdigar sana'a == {{NBA player statistics legend}} === Kwalejin === {{NBA player statistics start}} |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2020–21 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2020–21]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2020–21 Auburn Tigers men's basketball team|Auburn]] | 10 || 7 || 27.6 || '''.429''' || '''.442''' || .765 || '''6.1''' || '''4.7''' || '''.9''' || – || '''11.7''' |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2021–22 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2021–22]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2021–22 Tennessee Volunteers basketball team|Tennessee]] | 30 || 1 || 14.1 || .392 || .381 || .733 || 1.5 || .7 || .3 || '''.2''' || 3.7 |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[2022–23 NCAA Division I men's basketball season|2022–23]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[2022–23 Washington State Cougars men's basketball team|Washington State]] | '''34''' || '''34''' || '''33.8''' || .408 || .426 || '''.811''' || 3.9 || 2.8 || .7 || .1 || 10.4 |- class="sortbottom" | style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career | 74 || 42 || 25.0 || .408 || .419 || .779 || 3.2 || 2.2 || 0.6 || .1 || 7.8 {{S-end}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://utsports.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/justin-powell/13428 Tennessee Volunteers bio] * [https://auburntigers.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/justin-powell/16644 Auburn Tigers bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] qgmfcjgjobiv9ocyf06vjkh1uam3sca 0 90000 975890 970319 2026-11-04T18:49:50Z Zahrah0 14848 975890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lynn Ann Conway''' (An haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1938 zuwa ranar 9 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2024) 'yar Amurka ce, masaniyar kimiyyar kwamfuta, injiniyan lantarki, kuma mai fafutukar hakkin masu sauya jinsi. A cikin shekarun 1960s, yayin da take aiki a IBM, Conway ta ƙirƙiri na'urar sarrafa kasuwanci na gabaɗaya, babban ci gaba da aka yi amfani da shi wajen aiwatar da siyayya, wanda galibin na'urorin sarrafa kwamfuta na zamani ke amfani da su don bunkasa aiki. IBM ta kori Conway a shekarar 1968 bayan ta bayyana aniyar ta na sauya jinsi, wanda kamfanin ya nemi afuwar ta a shekarar 2020. Bayan canza jinsin ta, Conway ta karɓi sabon suna da ainihi kuma ta sake aiki daga farko. Ta yi aiki a Xerox PARC daga shekarar 1973 zuwa shekara ta 1983, inda ta jagoranci kungiyar "''LSI Systems''". Ta ƙaddamar da Mead–Conway VLSI, wani ingantaccen ƙirar microchip (VLSI), wanda ya sake fasalin filin ƙirar microchip a shekarun 1980s. Conway ta shiga Jami'ar [[Michigan]] a matsayin farfesa a fannin injiniyancin [[lantarki]] da kimiyyar [[kwamfuta]] a 1985. Ta yi ritaya daga aiki koyarwa da bincike a 1998 a matsayin farfesa Emerita. Conway ta fara tattaunawa a bainar jama'a game da canjin jinsi a cikin shekarar alif 1999 kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar canza [[jinsi]] har mutuwarta a shekara ta 2024. ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== An haifi Conway a Mount Vernon, [[New York]], a ranar 2 ga watan Janairu, a shekarar 1938 ga iyaye Christine Alice (née Burney) Savage (1904 – 1977) da Rufus Savage (1904 – 1966).<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/15/technology/lynn-conway-dead.html</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=8VVvtWrIxtAC</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20141110182854/http://computer.org/computer-pioneers/conway.html</ref><ref>https://archive.org/details/internationalbio00john</ref> An raine shi a matsayin yaro namiji, Conway ya girma a Hartsdale da White Plains, [[New York]], a matsayin yaro mai kunya wanda ya kuma fuskanci matsalolin jinsi. Bayan iyayenta sun rabu a cikin 1945, Conway da ƙanenta, Blair Savage (1941-2022), mahaifiyarsu ta girma. Ilimin falaki ya burge Conway (gina na'urar hangen nesa mai nuni da girman inci 6 (150 mm) a lokacin rani ɗaya) kuma ya yi fice a fannin lissafi da kimiyya a makaranta.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective1.html</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta White Plains a 1955, Conway ta shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta [[Massachusetts]] kuma ta fara yunƙurin sauye-sauyen jinsi a 1957. Ta fuskanci rashin tallafin zamantakewa da na likitanci, ta janye daga MIT a 1959 kuma daga ƙarshe ta daina canzawa.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective1.html</ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fasaha na lantarki na shekaru da yawa, Conway ya ci gaba da karatu a Makarantar Injiniya da Kimiyya ta Jami'ar [[Columbia]], yana samun BS. da M.S.E.E. digiri a 1962 da 1963.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective1.html</ref><ref>https://www.electronicdesign.com/news/products/article/21795291/lynn-conway-a-trailblazer-on-professional-personal-levels</ref> ==Binciken farko a IBM== [[Fayil:Lynn Conway July 2006.jpg|thumb]] IBM Research ta dauki Conway aiki a Yorktown Heights, [[New York]], a cikin 1964, kuma nan da nan aka zaɓe shi don shiga ƙungiyar gine-ginen da ke zayyana babban kwamfuta, tare da John Cocke, Brian Randell, Herbert Schorr, Ed Sussenguth, Fran Allen da sauran masu bincike na IBM. a kan Advanced Computing Systems (ACS), ƙirƙira batutuwa masu yawa daga cikin tsari mai ƙarfi tsarawa yayin aiki a can.<ref>http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/acs.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150103172210/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4Txvjia3p0</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233454/http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=D1E5F66F-2A45-4BF9-BE9E-001B49F7F67</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/ABC%20NEWS/ABCNEWS_com%20%20Wired%20Women%20Engineer%20Lynn%20Conway%27s%20Secret.htm</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Kwamfuta ya bayyana cewa "Tsarin gine-gine na ACS ... ya bayyana ya kasance farkon zane na 'superscalar' ".<ref>https://computerhistory.org/events/ibm-acs-system-pioneering-supercomputer/</ref> ==Canjin jinsi== Bayan koyo game da binciken farko na Harry Benjamin a fannin kiwon lafiya ga mata masu jima'i, wanda ya haɗa da yuwuwar tiyatar sake fasalin jima'i, Conway ya nemi taimakonsa. Yin gwagwarmaya tare da matsanancin damuwa na asibiti saboda dysphoria na jinsi, ta tuntubi Dr. Benjamin, wanda ya yarda ya ba da shawara da kuma maganin maye gurbin hormone, wanda Conway ya sake komawa a cikin 1967.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref> Yayin da yake fama da rayuwa a matsayin namiji, Conway ya auri mace a 1963 kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. A ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan shari'a a lokacin, an hana ta zuwa ga 'ya'yansu bayan canja wuri.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref> Ko da yake ta yi fatan za a ba ta damar yin sauyi kan aikin, IBM ta kori Conway a shekarar 1968 bayan ta bayyana aniyarta ta sauya sheka.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Lynn_Conway_VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf</ref> A cikin 2020, IBM a bainar jama'a ta nemi gafara ga Conway saboda harbe ta a wani taron jama'a tare da Diane Gherson, a lokacin babban mataimakiyar shugabar huldar dan Adam ta IBM. A wurin taron, an ba Conway lambar yabo ta IBM Lifetime Achievement Award saboda aikinta a IBM da kuma daga baya aiki.<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/?sh=25cf659667d5</ref><ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/</ref> ==Sana'ar canji== Bayan kammala canjin jinsinta a cikin 1968, Conway ta ɗauki sabon suna da ainihi kuma ta sake fara aikinta a yanayin ɓoyewa a matsayin mai tsara shirye-shiryen kwangila a Computer Applications, Inc. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara tsarin dijital da injiniyan kwamfuta a Memorex daga 1969 zuwa 1972.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Retrospective3.html</ref> Conway ta shiga Xerox PARC a cikin 1973, inda ta jagoranci rukunin "LSI Systems" a ƙarƙashin Bert Sutherland.<ref>Goldberg, Adele J. (September 1980). "About This Issue..." ACM Computing Surveys. 12 (3): 257–258. doi:10.1145/356819.356820. ISSN 0360-0300. S2CID 27661653. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2016.</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=XA9Zx1bMH-oC&q=lynn-conway+parc+sutherland&pg=PT206</ref> Lokacin yana cikin PARC, Conway ya kafa fasahar wafers multiproject (MPW).<ref>https://www.aaas.org/sense-wonder-motivates-vlsi-chip-revolutionary-lynn-conway</ref> Haɗin kai tare da Ivan Sutherland da Carver Mead akan tsarin ƙira mai girma-girma (VLSI), ta haɗu da Gabatarwa ga Tsarin VLSI, wani aiki mai fa'ida wanda ba da daɗewa ba zai zama daidaitaccen littafin rubutu a ƙirar guntu, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a kusan jami'o'i 120 nan da 1983.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/BackgroundContext/Sutherland_Letter.html</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20081226130335/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9046420</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20061028031127/http://www.sciamdigital.com/index.cfm?fa=Products.ViewIssuePreview&ARTICLEID_CHAR=D1E5F66F-2A45-4BF9-BE9E-001B49F7F67</ref> Tare da sayar da kwafi sama da 70,000, da sabon haɗin kai na sabbin abubuwan MPC79/MOSIS, juyin juya halin Mead da Conway ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙirar VLSI.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html</ref><ref>Miller, Chris (2022). Chip War: The Fight for the World's Most Critical Technology. Scribner. pp. 136–137, 140, 166, 378.</ref> A cikin 1978, Conway ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa mai ziyara a injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta a MIT, yana koyar da sanannen kwas ɗin ƙira na VLSI dangane da daftarin rubutu na Mead-Conway.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref> Kwas ɗin ya inganta sabbin hanyoyin ƙira da littafin karatu kuma ya kafa tsarin koyarwa da littafin jagora da ake amfani da shi a cikin darussa na gaba a duniya.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/InstGuide/InstGuide.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://issuu.com/miteecs/docs/connector2014_acc15802878d20 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-31 |archive-date=2014-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809200331/http://issuu.com/miteecs/docs/connector2014_acc15802878d20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga cikin gudummawar Conway akwai ƙirƙira ƙarancin ƙira, ƙa'idodin ƙira waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe ƙirar guntu da kayan aikin ƙira,<ref>https://www.electronicdesign.com/news/products/article/21795291/lynn-conway-a-trailblazer-on-professional-personal-levels</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150103172210/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway</ref><ref>Carliss Y. Baldwin and Kim B. Clark (2000). Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-02466-7.</ref> da ƙirƙira wani sabon nau'i na tushen abubuwan more rayuwa na intanet don saurin samfuri da ƙirƙira gajere adadi mai yawa na ƙirar guntu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150103172210/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway</ref><ref>National Research Council (1999), Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press (excerpt Archived February 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine)</ref> Sun yi niyya don magance haɓakar sarƙaƙƙiyar ƙirar guntu, kamar yadda hanyoyin gargajiya ke gwagwarmaya don tafiya daidai da dokar Moore.<ref>https://interfaces.che.wisc.edu/lynn-conway/</ref> An kafa sabon kayan aikin a matsayin tsarin Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service (MOSIS) a cikin 1981. Mead da Conway sun sami lambar yabo ta shekara-shekara na nasara a mujallar Electronics a 1981.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mosis.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-31 |archive-date=2008-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822001846/http://www.mosis.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mai bincike na VLSI Charles Seitz yayi sharhi cewa "MOSIS ya wakilci lokaci na farko tun bayan aikin majagaba na Eckert da Mauchley akan ENIAC a ƙarshen 1940s cewa jami'o'i da ƙananan kamfanoni sun sami damar yin amfani da fasahar dijital ta zamani."<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/FundingaRevolution.html#anchor200964</ref>. Tasiri da hanyoyin bincike da ke haifar da ci gaban tsarin tsarin Mead-Conway VLSI da kuma samfurin MOSIS an yi cikakken bayani a cikin rahoton Xerox na 1981,<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/MPCAdv/MPCAdv.pdf</ref> da Euromicro Journal,<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/VLSI/MPCAdv/MPCAdv-MM-TEJ.pdf</ref> da kuma tarihin tarihi da yawa na lissafi.<ref>National Research Council (1999), Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press (excerpt Archived February 17, 2023, at the Wayback Machine)</ref><ref>Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research</ref><ref>http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5040</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.II.13</ref><ref>http://www.nap.edu/catalog/4948.html</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.II.13</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Impact/Impact.html#Figure.1.2</ref> Hanyoyin Mead-Conway suma sun zo ƙarƙashin binciken ƙabilanci a cikin 1980 daga masanin ilimin ɗan adam na PARC Lucy Suchman, wacce ta buga tambayoyinta da Conway a cikin 2021.<ref>Suchman, Lucy (March 1, 2021). "A Sociotechnical Exchange, Redux". Backchannels | Reflections. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021.</ref><ref>https://conwaysuchman-conv.pubpub.org/pub/93808pq4/release/4</ref> A cikin 1983, Conway ta bar Xerox don shiga DARPA, inda ta kasance mahimmin ƙirar ƙirar ƙira ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka.<ref>https://www.electronicdesign.com/news/products/article/21795291/lynn-conway-a-trailblazer-on-professional-personal-levels</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/CSE/SCI/HighTechnology4-85.pdf</ref> A cikin labarin USA Today na zamani game da shigar Conway DARPA, Mark Stefik, masanin kimiyyar Xerox wanda ya yi aiki tare da ita, ya ce "Lynn na son yin rayuwa biyar a cikin rayuwar daya".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140420032946/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf.https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf</ref> Douglas Fairbairn, tsohon abokin tarayya na Xerox, ya ce "Ta gano hanyar da kowa zai yi nasara."<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf.https://web.archive.org/web/20140420032946/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/DARPA/USA_Today_6-07-83.pdf{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin Tasirin Net, masanin ilimin zamantakewa Thomas Streeter ya rubuta cewa shawarar Conway ta shiga DARPA ya nuna rashin amincewa da 'yancin kai na antiwar. Conway ya shiga Jami'ar Michigan a 1985 a matsayin farfesa a injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta da kuma mataimakin shugaban injiniya. A can, ta ƙware a hanyoyin sadarwa na gani da ƙirƙira tsarin sarrafawa don haɗaɗɗun intanet da mu'amalar masu amfani da kebul na broadband.<ref>"The Net Effect, Romanticism, Capitalism, and the Internet" Archived March 14, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Thomas Steeter, New York University Press, 2011, p, 101.</ref> Ta yi ritaya daga koyarwa da bincike a cikin 1998 a matsayin farfesa Emerita a Michigan.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20031205144225/https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Awards/Emerita.html</ref><ref>https://news.engin.umich.edu/2024/06/the-legacy-of-lynn-conway-chip-design-pioneer-and-transgender-rights-advocate/</ref> ==Ilimin na'ura mai kwakwalwa== Juyin juya halin guntu na Mead-Conway VLSI ya bazu cikin sauri ta hanyar jami'o'in bincike da masana'antar kwamfuta a cikin 1980s. Ya haɓaka haɓakar masana'antar ƙirar ƙirar lantarki, ta kafa ƙirar ƙira don ƙirar guntu da masana'anta, kuma ta haifar da tasirin farawar fasaha a cikin 1980s da 1990s.<ref>http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mark/acs.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150103172210/http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/conway</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i4Txvjia3p0</ref><ref>https://computerhistory.org/events/ibm-acs-system-pioneering-supercomputer/</ref><ref>Smotherman, Mark; Spicer, Dag (December 2010). "IBM's single-processor supercomputer efforts". Communications of the ACM. 53 (12): 28–30. doi:10.1145/1859204.1859216. Archived from the original on June 7, 2024. Retrieved June 7, 2024.</ref> A cikin faɗuwar 2012, IEEE ta buga fitowa ta musamman na IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine wanda aka keɓe ga aikin Conway,<ref>http://www.eecs.umich.edu/eecs/about/articles/2013/VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.eecs.umich.edu/eecs/about/articles/2013/Conway_VLSI_memoir.html</ref> gami da tarihin aikin Conway<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Lynn_Conway_VLSI_Reminiscences.pdf</ref> da sharhin takwarorinsu ta Chuck House,<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf</ref> tsohon Daraktan Injiniya a HP, Carlo Séquin,<ref>http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~sequin/PAPERS/2012_SSCM_VLSI.pdf</ref> da Kenneth L Shepard.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/Covering_by_Ken_Shepard.pdf</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf</ref> James F. Gibbons ya bayyana a cikin harajin nasa cewa Conway, daga hangen nesa, "shi ne karfi guda daya bayan dukkanin ci gaban 'kafa' wanda ya samo asali."<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/A_Paradigm_Shift_Was_Happening_by_Chuck_House.pdf</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Memoirs/VLSI/Commentaries/Covering_by_Ken_Shepard.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cacm.acm.org/news/231829-lynn-conway-and-the-vlsi-revolution-in-microchip-design/fulltext |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-31 |archive-date=2021-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418014046/https://cacm.acm.org/news/231829-lynn-conway-and-the-vlsi-revolution-in-microchip-design/fulltext |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Tun da ban #LookLikeanEngineer ba, mutane kaɗan sun kama abin da nake yi a cikin 70s da 80s," in ji Conway daga baya.<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/</ref> A cikin 2020, Shugaban Cibiyar Injiniya ta Kasa John L. Anderson ya bayyana cewa "Lynn Conway ba majagaba ne kawai na juyin juya hali a cikin tsara tsarin VLSI ba ... Amma kamar yadda yake da mahimmanci, Lynn ta kasance mai jajircewa wajen ba da labarinta, kuma ita Juriya ya kasance tunatarwa ga al'umma cewa kada ta kasance makantar da sabbin abubuwa na mata, mutane masu launi, ko wasu waɗanda ba su dace da zamani ba - amma abin takaici, dagewa - hasashe na yadda injiniya yake kama da shi."<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeremyalicandri/2020/11/18/ibm-apologizes-for-firing-computer-pioneer/</ref> Conway ta ba da sunan abin mamaki na mata da mutane masu launi da ba a kula da su a cikin asusun tarihi na sababbin abubuwa "Tasirin Conway."<ref>https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2018/10/mco2018100066/17D45WXIkDI</ref>tarin fa’ida daga wadanda ake tsammanin za su yi sabon abu.<ref>https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/co/2018/10/mco2018100066/17D45WXIkDI</ref> A cikin 2023, Lynn Conway ya haɗu tare da Jim Boulton don ƙirƙirar Layi a cikin Sand,<ref>Boulton, Jim (2024). Lines in the Sand, The Lynn Conway Story (Unsung Heroes of the Information Age). Unsung Heroes (published February 21, 2024). ASIN B0CW1LNGFD.</ref> ɗan gajeren littafin ban dariya wanda ke ba da labarin sabon VLSI. Taron ƙaddamarwa<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mw2jAZmnIqU</ref> ya faru ne a Cibiyar Tarihin Lissafi a kan Nuwamba 23, 2023. ==Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa== Conway ya auri mace a shekara ta 1963, kuma suna da ’ya’ya mata biyu tare. Bayan kisan aurensu a shekara ta 1968, an hana Conway shiga 'ya'yansu.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref> A cikin 1987, Conway ta sadu da mijinta Charles "Charlie" Rogers, ƙwararren injiniya wanda ya raba sha'awarta a waje, gami da kwale-kwalen ruwan farin ruwa da tseren motocross.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/ARTICLE.php?AID=44404 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-12-31 |archive-date=2014-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106121646/http://www.windycitymediagroup.com/ARTICLE.php?AID=44404 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba suka fara zama tare suka sayi gida mai kadada 24 (haɗin 9.7) na makiyaya, marsh, da ciyayi a cikin karkarar Jackson, Michigan a cikin 1994.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/Through%20the%20Gender%20Labyrinth.pdf</ref>. Sun yi aure a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2002.<ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/Media/ABC%20NEWS/ABCNEWS_com%20%20Wired%20Women%20Engineer%20Lynn%20Conway%27s%20Secret.htm</ref><ref>http://www.logoonline.com/shows/dyn/beautiful_daughters/personality.jhtml?personalityId=6829</ref><ref>https://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/MackinacIsland/MackinacIsland.html</ref> A cikin 2014, Mujallar tsofaffin ɗaliban Injiniya ta Jami'ar Michigan ta rubuta alaƙa tsakanin binciken injiniyan Conway da rayuwarta ta sirri.<ref>https://news.engin.umich.edu/2014/10/life-engineered/</ref><ref>Marcin Szczepanski and Evan Dougherty,"A Place to Be Wild Archived August 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine," Michigan Engineering, October 8, 2014.</ref> Conway ta mutu sakamakon ciwon zuciya a gidanta a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2024, tana da shekara 86.<ref>https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-06-11/lynn-conway-leading-computer-scientist-and-transgender-pioneer-dies-at-85</ref><ref>https://news.engin.umich.edu/2024/06/the-legacy-of-lynn-conway-chip-design-pioneer-and-transgender-rights-advocate/</ref> ==Manazarta== 35cx8h21dftglju19u7akqy8rfei7vj 0 90027 976117 836099 2026-11-05T10:41:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lawal Mohammed Alade Pedro SAN''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1961) [[lauya]] ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] kuma [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya]] (SAN). Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Lauyan da Kwamishinan Shari'a na [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] tun 2023. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2022 |title=Mr. Lawal Pedro (S.A.N) - Lagos State Ministry of Justice |url=https://lagosstatemoj.org/team_mf/lawalpedro/ |access-date=20 August 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Lawal Mohammed Alade Pedro a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 1961, a tsibirin Legas, Legas, [[Najeriya]] . Shi memba ne na reshen Libento Pedro da Ojutikuamose na dangin sarauta na Akinsemoyin . <ref>{{Cite web |title=EKO Foundation |url=https://www.eko.orbitalquest.com/mem9.html |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=www.eko.orbitalquest.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820063014/https://www.eko.orbitalquest.com/mem9.html |archive-date=20 August 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pedro ya halarci [[Makarantar Firamare]] ta Christ Church Cathedral, Broad Street, Legas; Kwalejin Ahamadiyya, Agege (yanzu Kwalejin Model Anwar-ul-Islam, Agege, Legas); da kuma makarantar sakandare ta Methodist Boys, Legas. Ya sami digiri na farko na Shari'a (LL.B) daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria, kuma an kira shi zuwa [[Kungiyar Layoyi ta Najeriya|Bar na Najeriya]] a shekarar 1986. <ref name=":0"/> == Ayyuka == Pedro ya fara aikin lauya tare da sabis na matasa (NYSC) a matsayin Jami'in Shari'a a Ofishin Yammacin [[First Bank (Nijeriya)|Bankin farko na Najeriya]] Plc a [[Ibadan]] . Ya shiga Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jihar Legas a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1987, yana aiki a cikin daraktoci daban-daban kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama Darakta na Shari'ar Jama'a.<ref name=":0"/> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, an nada shi Babban Lauyan da Sakatare na Dindindin na Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jihar Legas. A wannan shekarar, an ba shi matsayin Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN), ya zama Babban Lauyan Jiha na farko a Jihar Legas da duk wani aikin gwamnati ko gwamnati a Najeriya don karɓar wannan girmamawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=17 September 2023 |title=Attorney-General: The Return of Lawal Pedro, SAN |url=https://loyalnigerianlawyer.com/attorney-general-the-return-of-lawal-pedro-san/ |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=The Loyal Nigerian Lawyer |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a watan Agustan 2015, Pedro ya fara aiki na shari'a mai zaman kansa tare da kamfanin Lawal Pedro SAN & Associates, wanda ke da ofisoshi a Legas da Abuja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lawal Pedro SAN – Lawal Pedro and Associates |url=https://lawal-pedro.com/lawal-pedro-san/ |access-date=20 August 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=20 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820063013/https://lawal-pedro.com/lawal-pedro-san/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya (NBA), kungiyar lauyoyin kasa da kasa (IBA), kuma Fellow ne na Cibiyar Yarjejeniyar Arbitrators ta Najeriya (FCIArb). Har ila yau, shi ne mai sulhu na CEDR kuma marubucin. A ranar 13 ga Satumba 2023, Gwamna [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]] ya nada shi Babban Lauyan da Kwamishinan Shari'a na Jihar Legas. Wannan nadin ya nuna shi a matsayin mutum na farko da ya tashi daga matsayin mai ba da shawara na Jiha zuwa Kwamishina a cikin wannan Ma'aikatar.<ref name=":1"/> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Yarbawa]] [[Rukuni:Lauyoyi yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] osaqbkj7yk3vl3g8g0g2in73ihsjjyw 0 90160 975826 845863 2026-11-04T13:14:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  '''Josephine Koo Mei-Wah''' ko '''Gu Meihua''' ([[Sinima a Sin|Sinanci]]: 顧美華) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce daga kasar Sin. Ta fara fim da cikin sa'a, ta fito a cikin Yim Ho's Hong Kong New Wave classic Homecoming (1984). Fim din ya sama mata lambar yabo ta Sabuwar "yar FIm ta Musamman a Bikin Lambar Yabo ta ina-Finan Hong Kong ta shekarar 1985, sannan kuma an gabatar da ita a matsayin Jaruma ta Musamman, amma Siqin Gaowa ta doke ta, itama daga wannan fim din. <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:第四屆香港電影金像獎得獎名單 |url=http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_04.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085556/http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_04.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2010-03-03 |publisher=[[Hong Kong Film Awards]] |language=zh}}</ref> Bayan fim ɗin Homecoming, Koo ta bayyana a cikin Yim Ho's ''Red Dust'' (1990), Stanley Kwan's Full Moon a New York (1990) da [[Evans Chan]]'s To Live (e) (1992). Ta ɓace daga fina-finai a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 amma ba zato ba tsammani ta dawo a cikin shirin Peng Xiaolian mai suna Shanghai Story (2004). Don rawar da ta taka a wannan fim ɗin, an ba Koo lambar yabo ta ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta musamman a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Shanghai, inda ta doke Zhang Ziyi da Joey Wong . == Fina-finan ta == * ''<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Moon_in_New_York" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Full Moon in New York" class="cx-link" data-linkid="93">Full Moon in</a>New York'' (1989) * ''Missing'' (2019) * ''Cherry Returns'' (2016) * ''Helios'' (2015) * ''Labarai daga Duhu 1'' (2013) * ''Labarin Shanghai'' (2004)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=5435&display_set=eng |title=Josephine Koo at hkmdb.com |access-date=2025-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101054912/https://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=5435&display_set=eng |archive-date=2026-01-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>[http://chinesemov.com/actors/Josephine%20Koo.html Josephine Koo at chinesemov.com]</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Josephine KoaIMDb * [http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/people.asp?id=831 Shigar da fim na HK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003045009/http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/people.asp?id=831 |date=2023-10-03 }} {{GoldenHorseAwardBestSupportingActress}}{{Best New Performer HKFA}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 9mv7vgo3woxts7l4vdt426mbi6uuqbd 0 93863 976002 971697 2026-11-05T02:20:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Krystal Gabel''' (an Haife ta a watan Oktoba 14, 1984) ƴar fafutukar kare [[Ƴancin Kannabis|hakkin cannabis ne]] Ba'amurkiya, ƴar takara na dindindin, kuma marubuciya. Gabel, ƴar takarar gwamnan Nebraska a zaben 2018, tana da shekaru 33 ita ce mafi karancin shekaru a cikin adadin mata da suka yi takarar gwamna, a kasa. <ref> name="NationalJournal">{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2017 |title=Marijuana Advocate Challenges Ricketts: Krystal Gabel will run as a Republican |url=https://www.nationaljournal.com/s/655733/marijuana-advocate-challenges-ricketts |website=[[National Journal]] |quote=Writer Krystal Gabel will challenge Gov. Pete Rickets (R) in the 2018 Republican primary. (Nebraska.TV) Gabel “previously ran for a seat on ...}}</ref> <ref> name="UofMLibraries">{{Cite web |last=Ostermeier, Dr. Eric |date=February 13, 2018 |title=2018 Cycle Finds Many Young Women Gubernatorial Hopefuls: Six women under 40 are currently seeking major party gubernatorial nominations this year |url=http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2018/02/13/2018-cycle-turns-out-many-young-women-gubernatorial-hopefuls/ |website=[[University of Minnesota Libraries]] |quote=The youngest is Republican Krystal Gabel of Nebraska. Gabel, 33, is slated to be the lone GOP challenger to incumbent Governor Pete Ricketts. ... she placed third out of four candidates in the general election for the Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District – 1.2 points shy of winning one of two seats. In 2017, at the age of 32, Gabel ran for Omaha's 2nd District City Council seat and placed third in the primary with 10.3 percent of the vote – 3.2 points shy of making it to the general election. Gabel will be 33 when she faces Ricketts in Nebraska's May primary and while some parts of her platform conform with traditional GOP principles (e.g. lowering taxes), a strong focus of her campaign is on cannabis}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Gabel ta tsaya takarar Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta Nebraska a zaben fidda gwani [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|na Republican]] . <ref> name="2020ElectionResultsTelegram">{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2020 |title=Lincoln and Nebraska results for the 2020 general election: Public Service Commission |url=https://columbustelegram.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/elections/lincoln-and-nebraska-results-for-the-2020-general-election/collection_db5d2614-900f-586f-a250-ad1382e84de7.html#7 |website=[[Columbus Telegram]]}}</ref> Gabel ta jagoranci yunkurin koke na nasara don samun damar jefa kuri'a don reshen jam'iyyar marijuana na Nebraska Legal . <ref> name="LMNCertifiedOmahaWorldHerald">{{Cite web |last=Walton, Don |date=April 22, 2021 |title=Legal Marijuana Now Party gains ballot recognition in Nebraska |url=https://omaha.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/legal-marijuana-now-party-gains-ballot-recognition-in-nebraska/article_aa188849-7a8c-5cc1-8ab8-6467900a35dd.html |website=[[Omaha World-Herald]]}}</ref> <ref> name="Ganjapreneur">{{Cite web |last=Barfield, Lukas |date=April 26, 2021 |title=Legal Marijuana Now Becomes Official Political Party in Nebraska |url=https://www.ganjapreneur.com/legal-marijuana-now-officially-a-political-party-in-nebraska/ |website=Ganjapreneur |quote=“The voters of Nebraska have experienced many failed referendum petitions in the past and are currently witnessing a gridlocked Unicameral,” said Krystal Gabel, Legal Marijuana NOW's National Party Chair. “The process of obtaining ballot access with the LMN petition breaks a decades-long political stalemate with the State of Nebraska on the issue of cannabis.”}}</ref> Wani mazaunin Brush, Colorado, Gabel dan takarar magajin gari ne na Brush, a cikin 2021, da kuma Majalisar Birnin Brush, a cikin 2023. <ref> name="FortMorganTimes">{{Cite web |last=Olmstead, Maegan |date=August 11, 2021 |title=Two candidates announce their bids for mayor of Brush |url=https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2021/08/11/two-candidates-announce-their-bids-for-mayor-of-brush/ |website=[[Fort Morgan Times]] |quote=Krystal Gabel, an Independent, was the first to announce her candidacy for mayor. Gabel, 36 years old, states her goal as mayor is “to follow the Constitution, serve the people residing in Brush and focus on what the community needs to grow.” Her priorities are “to make the office work entirely for The People of Brush (and) build a viaduct on Clayton Street over the railroad for 24/7 passage to both sides of (the) city.” She also plans to “invite new businesses, tourism and medical and recreational dispensaries to reduce tax burden and create careers with good pay within (the) community.}}</ref> <ref name="FortMorganTimes23">{{Cite web |last=Reyez, Zant |date=September 10, 2023 |title=Krystal Gabel running for Brush City Council Ward 3 seat |url=https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2023/09/10/krystal-gabel-running-for-brush-city-council-ward-3-seat/ |website=[[Fort Morgan Times]] |quote=“Preparing for the future means we have to have some type of economic change that brings in funds so that us living here, retiring here, don't have to foot the bill. Someone else who has the money can.”}}</ref> == Farkon gwagwarmaya == [[Fayil:Krystal_Gabel_on_April_20,_2018.jpeg|right|thumb| Krystal Gabel a wani zanga-zanga a Omaha a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2018]] === Nebraska Legal Marijuana NOW === A cikin 2015-2016, Gabel ya nemi Jam'iyyar Marijuana ta [[Nebraska]] don a amince da ita a hukumance ta jihar. <ref name="KETV7ABC">{{Cite web |last=Roberts, Dave |date=April 21, 2016 |title=Medical marijuana supporters organizing to get legalization on the ballot |url=http://www.ketv.com/article/medical-marijuana-supporters-organizing-to-get-legalization-on-the-ballot-1/7659661 |website=[[KETV]] |quote="We are finishing the signatures and just getting padding now,” said Krystal Gabel, a candidate for the M.U.D. Board.}}</ref> Domin yin zaben, sun bukaci sa hannun mutane 5,397 a fadin jihar. A cikin Yuli 2016, jam'iyyar ta juya sa hannun 9,000 ga Sakataren Gwamnati na Nebraska . Sai dai sakataren harkokin wajen kasar ya ce rabin sa hannun ba su da inganci, inda ya gaza 5,397 da ake bukata. <ref> name="Hub">{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2015 |title=Activists petition for Marijuana Party of Nebraska |url=http://www.kearneyhub.com/news/local/activists-petition-for-marijuana-party-of-nebraska/article_145bd004-297e-11e5-b171-33563e187610.html |website=[[Kearney Hub]]}}</ref> <ref> name="Petition Denied by Nebraska Secretary">{{Cite web |last=[[Associated Press]] |date=August 5, 2016 |title=Marijuana Party petition drive fails to result in ballot placement |url=http://journalstar.com/news/local/marijuna-party-petition-drive-fails-to-result-in-ballot-placement/article_3a6ed5f8-327f-5e7e-99dd-3af5260c6d83.html |website=[[Lincoln Journal Star]] |access-date=February 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417183712/https://journalstar.com/news/local/marijuna-party-petition-drive-fails-to-result-in-ballot-placement/article_3a6ed5f8-327f-5e7e-99dd-3af5260c6d83.html |archive-date=April 17, 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Gabel da Mark Elworth sun canza sunan jam'iyyar Nebraska zuwa Marijuana ta Shari'a a YANZU, kuma a cikin Satumba 2016, sun fara zagaya koke don samun damar jefa kuri'a na 2020. <ref name="StarHerald">{{Cite web |last=Jordan, Spike |date=May 12, 2017 |title=Legalize Marijuana Now advocates petition to get pro-marijuana third-party on the ballot |url=http://www.starherald.com/news/local_news/legalize-marijuana-now-advocates-petition-to-get-pro-marijuana-third/article_2b9ce353-afad-5489-9675-6a1bd849d42e.html |website=Scottsbluff Star Herald}}</ref> Sun ce kungiyar ta yi shirin tara adadin sa hannun da ta gabatar a shekarar 2016 sau biyu, domin samun nasarar su. <ref>name="NorthPlatteBulletin">{{Cite web |last=Chitwood, Joe |date=July 12, 2017 |title=Pro-pot party petition drive reaches North Platte |url=http://www.northplattebulletin.com/index.asp?show=news&action=readStory&storyID=34348&pageID=3 |website=North Platte Bulletin |access-date=February 24, 2025 |archive-date=July 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717161138/http://www.northplattebulletin.com/index.asp?show=news&action=readStory&storyID=34348&pageID=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="2017 KETV7">{{Cite web |last=Ozaki, Andrew |date=September 29, 2017 |title=Medical marijuana advocates petition to form Nebraska political party |url=http://www.ketv.com/article/medical-marijuana-advocates-petition-to-form-nebraska-political-party/12664032 |access-date= |website=[[KETV]]}}</ref> === Dan takara mai zaman kansa === Gabel ya yi takara bai yi nasara ba a matsayin ɗan takara mai zaman kansa na Hukumar Makarantar Jama'a ta Omaha, a cikin 2016, da kuma magajin garin Lincoln, Nebraska, a cikin 2019. <ref>name="2017OmahaWorldHerald">{{Cite web |last=Burbach, Christopher |date=April 1, 2017 |title=Ben Gray faces crowded field in bid for City Council District 2 re-election |url=http://www.omaha.com/news/politics/city-election/ben-gray-faces-crowded-field-in-bid-for-city-council/article_863babbe-157b-11e7-87fa-e327d3411545.html |website=[[Omaha World-Herald]] |quote=If elected, Gabel said, she would advocate for legalization of cannabis in the city. She said the issue would attract more young people to vote and would be one source of something she said the city needs: "new tax revenue that doesn't affect working families or working individuals." Gabel ran for two elected offices in 2016: the Metropolitan Utilities District Board of Directors and the Omaha Public Schools Board. A longtime advocate for decriminalizing marijuana, Gabel is co-chair of Legal Marijuana Now Nebraska, an organization supporting medical marijuana legalization. |access-date=February 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210170538/https://omaha.com/news/politics/city-election/ben-gray-faces-crowded-field-in-bid-for-city-council/article_863babbe-157b-11e7-87fa-e327d3411545.html |archive-date=December 10, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="2019KFORNOW">{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2019 |title=Independent Candidate For Mayor Outlines Positions |url=https://www.kfornow.com/independent-candidate-for-mayor-outlines-positions/ |website=[[KFOR (AM)|KFOR]] |quote=“Our city spends hundreds of thousands of tax dollars each winter clearing snow from our streets, yet they are only half-plowed, the potholes are getting worse, and now officials are asking taxpayers for more money to throw at the problem.” Instead of using chemicals and plows, she says, power plant waste water would be diverted through a network of pipes installed under streets to melt snow and ice as it falls. She would provide free public transit for all residents “Not charging for the city bus is how Lincoln becomes more accessible and fair to all residents regardless of income. ... She contends more residents taking advantage of the free service would stimulate job creation, saying Cities that have implemented free bus services have seen ridership increase from 20 to 60 percent. She would decriminalize marijuana, would vote NO on the quarter-cent sales tax hike, zone for tiny homes, and lower the property tax levy to compensate for rises in property valuations. ... She would also Add an LGBTQ non-discrimination ordinance, promote more recycling, and provide more City support for electric vehicles}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Gabel ya sanya na uku cikin 'yan takara huɗu a cikin tseren kujeru biyu a gundumar Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District, 1.2 bisa dari na nasara. Kuma a cikin 2017, an sanya na uku a cikin firamare don majalisar birnin Omaha, 143 kuri'u daga yin shi zuwa babban zaben. <ref name="UofMLibraries">{{Cite web |last=Ostermeier, Dr. Eric |date=February 13, 2018 |title=2018 Cycle Finds Many Young Women Gubernatorial Hopefuls: Six women under 40 are currently seeking major party gubernatorial nominations this year |url=http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2018/02/13/2018-cycle-turns-out-many-young-women-gubernatorial-hopefuls/ |website=[[University of Minnesota Libraries]] |quote=The youngest is Republican Krystal Gabel of Nebraska. Gabel, 33, is slated to be the lone GOP challenger to incumbent Governor Pete Ricketts. ... she placed third out of four candidates in the general election for the Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District – 1.2 points shy of winning one of two seats. In 2017, at the age of 32, Gabel ran for Omaha's 2nd District City Council seat and placed third in the primary with 10.3 percent of the vote – 3.2 points shy of making it to the general election. Gabel will be 33 when she faces Ricketts in Nebraska's May primary and while some parts of her platform conform with traditional GOP principles (e.g. lowering taxes), a strong focus of her campaign is on cannabis}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOstermeier,_Dr._Eric2018">Ostermeier, Dr. Eric (February 13, 2018). [http://editions.lib.umn.edu/smartpolitics/2018/02/13/2018-cycle-turns-out-many-young-women-gubernatorial-hopefuls/ "2018 Cycle Finds Many Young Women Gubernatorial Hopefuls: Six women under 40 are currently seeking major party gubernatorial nominations this year"]. ''[[University of Minnesota Libraries]]''. <q>The youngest is Republican Krystal Gabel of Nebraska. Gabel, 33, is slated to be the lone GOP challenger to incumbent Governor Pete Ricketts. ... she placed third out of four candidates in the general election for the Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District – 1.2 points shy of winning one of two seats. In 2017, at the age of 32, Gabel ran for Omaha's 2nd District City Council seat and placed third in the primary with 10.3 percent of the vote – 3.2 points shy of making it to the general election. Gabel will be 33 when she faces Ricketts in Nebraska's May primary and while some parts of her platform conform with traditional GOP principles (e.g. lowering taxes), a strong focus of her campaign is on cannabis</q></cite></ref> <ref name="McCookGazette">{{Cite web |date=July 25, 2017 |title=Marijuana activist running for governor |url=http://www.mccookgazette.com/story/2430539.html |website=[[McCook Gazette]] |quote=In November 2016, Gabel advanced to the General Election for Metropolitan Utilities District (MUD), a race that spans three counties in the Omaha Metro area. She received approximately 86,000 votes and missed election by 1 percent of the vote. Most recently in the April 2017 Omaha City Primary, Gabel ran against the incumbent and six other candidates for the District 2 City Council seat. She missed moving to the General Election by 143 votes.}}</ref> === Dan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar Republican === A cikin 2018, Gabel ya tsaya takarar gwamna na Nebraska a matsayin dan jam'iyyar Republican. Ta gudu a kan wani dandamali mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wanda ya hada da halatta wiwi. <ref name="LincolnJournalStar2017">{{Cite web |last=Walton, Don |date=December 27, 2017 |title=GOP governor candidate would decriminalize marijuana |url=http://journalstar.com/news/local/gop-governor-candidate-would-decriminalize-marijuana/article_e95a82aa-3bf1-5b5a-a8c3-b58582b1c1f5.html |website=[[Lincoln Journal Star]] |quote=Krystal Gabel of Omaha has filed as a Republican candidate for governor and will campaign for full decriminalization of marijuana possession by adults, along with providing a pardon for people in Nebraska convicted of nonviolent cannabis crimes. Gabel said legalization of marijuana could "generate billions in property, sales and income taxes via industrial hemp production." Nebraska could become "the country's primary manufacturer of hemp bioethanol and biodiesel," she said. Gabel said she would also push for creation of "a robust, easy-to-access medical cannabis program" in Nebraska. If elected, she said, she would support lower taxes for families, small businesses, farmers and ranchers while investing in green, renewable energy sources and protecting the state's natural resources. Gabel, a freelance writer and editor, said she volunteers her time now petitioning for legal marijuana in Nebraska and building a free-food community garden in South Omaha.}}</ref> Yakin Gabel na kawar da Gwamna Pete Ricketts ya jawo hankali daga wajen Nebraska saboda 'yan takarar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] ta Amurka, a cikin 2018, ba su goyi bayan sake fasalin dokar miyagun ƙwayoyi ba.<ref name="CannabisNowMagazine">{{Cite web |last=Corcione, Danielle |date=December 8, 2017 |title=Cannabis Activist Krystal Gabel Runs for Nebraska Governor: A cannabis activist in Nebraska is running for governor as a Republican. |url=https://cannabisnow.com/cannabis-activist-krystal-gabel-runs-nebraska-governor/ |website=Cannabis Now |quote=“We have a high independent population, who just need to be persuaded to participate in a primary,” Gabel said. “For me, to run Republican, it's about getting people out in the primary like Bernie did.”}}</ref><ref name="PanAmPost">{{Cite web |last=Fiallo, Mamela |date=January 5, 2018 |title=Candidata republicana a gobernadora de Nebraska propone despenalizar la marihuana por completo |url=https://panampost.com/mamela-fiallo/2018/01/05/candidata-republicana-a-gobernadora-de-nebraska-propone-despenalizar-la-marihuana-por-completo/ |website=[[PanAm Post]] |quote=The Republican party has been historically recognized as the conservative party in the US. The current Republican candidate for governor of the state of Nebraska invites us to question what that means. The candidate promises to completely decriminalize marijuana, both its medical and recreational use, while seeking to reduce the penalties of those who have been deprived of their liberty for consuming the plant. The candidate, Krystal Gabel, offers to build a stronger Nebraska. She argues that Nebraska has the ability to be a leader in the US in the cultivation and production of hemp products}}</ref> Gabel ta ce ta zaɓi yin takara a zaben fidda gwani a matsayin 'yar jam'iyyar Republican saboda buƙatar sa hannu don yin takara mai zaman kanta ba zai yiwu ba ga mutanen da ke da ma'aikata, kamar kanta.<ref name="SiouxCityJournal2018">{{Cite web |last=Hayworth, Bret |date=March 4, 2018 |title=Northwest Iowa native Krystal Gabel running for Nebraska governor on shoestring budget |url=https://siouxcityjournal.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/northwest-iowa-native-krystal-gabel-running-for-nebraska-governor-on/article_631e750c-c34e-55c3-b508-371e34f3f2c4.html |website=[[Sioux City Journal]] |quote="Republican voters deserve to have choice on their ballots, especially for the primary," she said. Running as an independent, she unsuccessfully sought an Omaha City Council seat in 2017. Gabel said she thought of running for governor as an independent, but said the state's political system makes it easier for Republican and Democratic candidates, as it would have taken more than 100,000 petition signatures to qualify for the ballot as a no-party candidate. Therefore, Gabel became a Republican, since she said that party dominates politics in Nebraska. |access-date=February 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212115830/https://siouxcityjournal.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/northwest-iowa-native-krystal-gabel-running-for-nebraska-governor-on/article_631e750c-c34e-55c3-b508-371e34f3f2c4.html |archive-date=December 12, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Adadin mata da suka yi takarar neman manyan ofisoshi a Amurka, a cikin 2018, ciki har da mata shida ‘yan kasa da shekara 40 wadanda suka nemi takarar gwamna a jam’iyyar Democrat ko Republican. Gabel, yana da shekaru 33, ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin waɗannan 'yan takara. Da an zabe ta, da Gabel ta zama mata mafi karancin shekaru da aka zaba a matsayin gwamna a tarihin Amurka, inda ta karya tarihi, a 2011 ta Nikki Haley, mai shekaru 38. Yin takara da dan takara a zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican Nebraska ya kasance mai tsayi, kuma Gabel ya sha kaye a ranar 15 ga Mayu, inda ya samu kashi 19 cikin dari, kuri'u 31,300. == Aikin 2020 == === Jam'iyyar Republican Nebraska === Gabel ya tsaya takarar Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta Nebraska, a cikin 2020, kuma an sha kaye a zaben fidda gwani na Republican. Ta samu kuri'u 7,165, kashi 45 cikin dari. <ref name="2020ElectionResultsTelegram">{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2020 |title=Lincoln and Nebraska results for the 2020 general election: Public Service Commission |url=https://columbustelegram.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/elections/lincoln-and-nebraska-results-for-the-2020-general-election/collection_db5d2614-900f-586f-a250-ad1382e84de7.html#7 |website=[[Columbus Telegram]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://columbustelegram.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/elections/lincoln-and-nebraska-results-for-the-2020-general-election/collection_db5d2614-900f-586f-a250-ad1382e84de7.html#7 "Lincoln and Nebraska results for the 2020 general election: Public Service Commission"]. ''[[Columbus Telegram]]''. December 16, 2020.</cite></ref> === Colorado MAGA Patriot Party === A farkon 2021, Gabel ya gabatar da takarda don kafa MAGA Patriot Party, mai hedikwata a Brush, Colorado. Gabel ya ce bangarori na uku suna daukaka mutane na yau da kullun ta hanyar samar da wata hanyar da talakawan [[Amurkawa|Amurka]] ke bukata ko dai su zama dan takara, ko kuma su zama masu sa kai. Kuma gasa ta wasu ƴan takara na ƙarfafa tsarin dimokuradiyya. <ref name="PatriotsPartyTheBurlingtonRecord">{{Cite web |last=Harvel, Jack |date=March 5, 2021 |title=New political party forming in Brush: Organizer says MAGA Patriot Party will seek to elevate regular people through politics, instead of party insiders |url=https://www.burlington-record.com/2021/03/05/new-political-party-forming-in-brush-2/ |website=[[Burlington Record]] |quote=The Colorado MAGA Patriot Party Chair, Krystal Gabel, has been involved in grassroots politics for years. She was the co-chair of Legal Marijuana Now, a third party out of Minnesota, Iowa and Nebraska, and competed in the 2018 Nebraska Gubernatorial Republican Primary. “The MAGA Patriots Party really stemmed from our work there, and that the establishment, Democrats and Republicans alike, really don't represent the people. They're representing their party and the party's interests, which are special interests,” ... Gabel said the new party will seek to elevate real people through politics, rather than party insiders. ... Gabel said criticisms of third parties taking votes from either of the two major parties is framed poorly, and that additional voices would inevitably benefit the democratic process.}}</ref> === Legal Marijuana Yanzu Party === A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2021, Legal Marijuana NOW ta sami karbuwa a hukumance a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa ta jihar Nebraska, tana samun damar jefa kuri'ar jam'iyyar ga 'yan takararsu, da barin Legal Marijuana NOW Party ta yi rajistar masu jefa kuri'a . <ref name="NebraskaCertifiedAssociatedPress">{{Cite web |date=April 21, 2021 |title='Legal Marijuana NOW' now recognized as a party in Nebraska |url=https://apnews.com/article/marijuana-nebraska-government-and-politics-e3d973afccfe0e7990373ded0e3ac28f |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> <ref name="StarHeraldNebraskaLmnOfficial">{{Cite web |last=Garcia, Justin |date=May 3, 2021 |title=Legal Marijuana NOW party makes pitch to area voters |url=https://starherald.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/legal-marijuana-now-party-makes-pitch-to-area-voters/article_e7038cf0-ec26-5ad5-bd48-7435f1a166fe.html |website=[[Star-Herald]] |quote=LMN would have the same ballot access as Democrats and Republicans in Nebraska. That means they could run candidates without having to write in names on a ballot. ... Despite the namesake policy position of LMN, Gabel said the party's goals are raising voter turnout and running pro-marijuana candidates. But securing LMN as a permanent fixture on Nebraska ballots must come first. “We have party ballot access for four years. In that time frame, we have to get 10,000 registered voters to become a permanent fixture on the ballot for upcoming elections,” ... Gabel said some of the party's strongest support comes from Nebraska's deep-red Third District. Gabel attributed the support to a general feeling of disenfranchisement in rural Nebraska.}}</ref> Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now Party a baya ta cancanci zama babbar jam'iyya a hukumance a jihar [[Minnesota]] a zaben Nuwamba 6, 2018, lokacin da dan takararsu na Mai binciken Jiha ya samu fiye da kashi 5 cikin dari. <ref name="UofM">{{Cite web |last=Octavio, Miguel |last2=Tarala, Kassidy |date=January 15, 2019 |title=Midterms boost influence of pro-cannabis political parties |url=http://mnadwatch.sjmc.umn.edu/2019/01/15/midterms-boost-influence-of-pro-cannabis-political-parties/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024010609/http://mnadwatch.sjmc.umn.edu/2019/01/15/midterms-boost-influence-of-pro-cannabis-political-parties/ |archive-date=October 24, 2019 |access-date=June 18, 2021 |website=[[University of Minnesota]]}}</ref> Gabel, wanda ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Legal Marijuana Now Party daga 2021-2023, <ref name="Ganjapreneur">{{Cite web |last=Barfield, Lukas |date=April 26, 2021 |title=Legal Marijuana Now Becomes Official Political Party in Nebraska |url=https://www.ganjapreneur.com/legal-marijuana-now-officially-a-political-party-in-nebraska/ |website=Ganjapreneur |quote=“The voters of Nebraska have experienced many failed referendum petitions in the past and are currently witnessing a gridlocked Unicameral,” said Krystal Gabel, Legal Marijuana NOW's National Party Chair. “The process of obtaining ballot access with the LMN petition breaks a decades-long political stalemate with the State of Nebraska on the issue of cannabis.”}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBarfield,_Lukas2021">Barfield, Lukas (April 26, 2021). [https://www.ganjapreneur.com/legal-marijuana-now-officially-a-political-party-in-nebraska/ "Legal Marijuana Now Becomes Official Political Party in Nebraska"]. ''Ganjapreneur''. <q>"The voters of Nebraska have experienced many failed referendum petitions in the past and are currently witnessing a gridlocked Unicameral," said Krystal Gabel, Legal Marijuana NOW's National Party Chair. "The process of obtaining ballot access with the LMN petition breaks a decades-long political stalemate with the State of Nebraska on the issue of cannabis."</q></cite></ref> ya kasance dan takarar jam'iyyar Legal Marijuana Yanzu na Shugaban Amurka na 2024, amma ya janye kafin zaben fidda gwani . Duk da cewa ya janye, Gabel ya sami mafi yawan kuri'u a ranar 5 ga Maris. <ref name="ColoradoPublicRadio">{{Cite web |last=Estabrook, Rachel |last2=Warner, Ryan |date=January 29, 2024 |title='Don’t vote for me,' says Colorado woman on Minnesota's presidential primary ballot |url=https://www.cpr.org/2024/01/29/colorado-woman-on-minnesotas-2024-presidential-primary-ballot/ |access-date=January 29, 2024 |website=[[Colorado Public Radio]]}}</ref> === Colorado dan takara mai zaman kanta === Gabel ya tsaya takarar magajin gari na Brush, Colorado a cikin 2021, da kuma Ward 3 Brush City Council, a cikin 2023. <ref name="FortMorganTimes">{{Cite web |last=Olmstead, Maegan |date=August 11, 2021 |title=Two candidates announce their bids for mayor of Brush |url=https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2021/08/11/two-candidates-announce-their-bids-for-mayor-of-brush/ |website=[[Fort Morgan Times]] |quote=Krystal Gabel, an Independent, was the first to announce her candidacy for mayor. Gabel, 36 years old, states her goal as mayor is “to follow the Constitution, serve the people residing in Brush and focus on what the community needs to grow.” Her priorities are “to make the office work entirely for The People of Brush (and) build a viaduct on Clayton Street over the railroad for 24/7 passage to both sides of (the) city.” She also plans to “invite new businesses, tourism and medical and recreational dispensaries to reduce tax burden and create careers with good pay within (the) community.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOlmstead,_Maegan2021">Olmstead, Maegan (August 11, 2021). [https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2021/08/11/two-candidates-announce-their-bids-for-mayor-of-brush/ "Two candidates announce their bids for mayor of Brush"]. ''[[Fort Morgan Times]]''. <q>Krystal Gabel, an Independent, was the first to announce her candidacy for mayor. Gabel, 36 years old, states her goal as mayor is "to follow the Constitution, serve the people residing in Brush and focus on what the community needs to grow." Her priorities are "to make the office work entirely for The People of Brush (and) build a viaduct on Clayton Street over the railroad for 24/7 passage to both sides of (the) city." She also plans to "invite new businesses, tourism and medical and recreational dispensaries to reduce tax burden and create careers with good pay within (the) community.</q></cite></ref> <ref name="FortMorganTimes23"/> Yayin yakin neman zabe a watan Satumba, 2023, Gabel ya shiga cikin wata arangama da wani mazaunin garin. Jami’an ‘yan sandan Brush Cadet Raymond Wells, wanda aka kira wurin da lamarin ya faru, ya dakile lamarin, kuma daga karshe ba a gabatar da wani laifi a lamarin ba. Gabel da maƙwabcinsu sun yarda da juna don kauce wa juna, suna ci gaba. <ref name="FortMorganTimes23number2">{{Cite web |last=Reyez, Zant |date=October 18, 2023 |title=Brush City Council candidate threatened by resident while canvassing in neighborhood in September: BPD says case is closed; no criminal act committed |url=https://www.fortmorgantimes.com/2023/10/18/brush-city-council-candidate-threatened-by-resident-while-canvassing-in-neighborhood-in-september/ |website=[[Fort Morgan Times]] |quote=Gabel said, "He felt threatened in his home when I was on his porch and so [Brush Police Department] chose to protect him."}}</ref> == Ra'ayin Siyasa == Gabel yana goyan bayan halaltaccen marijuana don amfani da magani da marasa magani. A cikin 2017, yayin yakin neman zaben gwamna, Gabel ya ce, "Na yi imani… Gwamna Pete Ricketts na yanzu yana aikata laifin tabar wiwi da lalata da kuma lalata rayuwar 'yan Nebraskan da yawa. … Ina so a zabe ni domin siyasar jiharmu da dokokinmu su bauta wa Nebraskan kuma su kare haƙƙinsu, ba laifi ko hana su yin rayuwa mai kyau ba.” <ref name="Le Mars Sentinel">{{Cite web |last=Fickett, Kim |date=October 11, 2017 |title=Akron native vies for governor seat |url=http://www.lemarssentinel.com/story/2451244.html |website=Le Mars Sentinel |quote=Gabel is a 2005 graduate from Briar Cliff University and holds a bachelor of arts degree in writing. Her mom is Sue Baack-Gabel from Le Mars, and dad is Rick Gabel of Akron. Gabel currently resides in Omaha and is a professional writer who is employed as a technical writer at ACI Worldwide, Inc. in Elkhorn. }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gabel yana goyan bayan sake fasalin gidan yari, kuma zai yafe wa mutanen da aka yanke musu hukunci a baya don laifukan cannabis marasa tashin hankali. <ref name="LincolnJournalStar2017"/> <ref name="NebraskaRadioNetwork">{{Cite web |last=Loizzo, Mike |date=December 29, 2017 |title=Gabel for Governor campaign files to challenge Gov. Ricketts in GOP Primary |url=https://nebraskaradionetwork.com/2017/12/29/gabel-for-governor-campaign-files-to-challenge-gov-ricketts-in-gop-primary/ |website=Nebraska Radio Network |quote=Krystal Gabel says she is running a grassroots campaign based on government transparency, prison reform, and job creation. "Nebraskans really want an executive leader who serves, protects, and who respects their rights and freedoms as granted to them by the Constitution. ... Nebraskans also want prison reform. They want to see their money being spent, instead, on education and rehabilitation programs." }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta goyi bayan dokokin kare [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|haƙƙin LGBTQ]] . <ref name="2019KFORNOW"/> === Tattalin Arziki === A lokacin yakin neman zabe na 2017 da 2018, Gabel ya ki amincewa da kara [[haraji]] ga iyalai da kuma daidaikun mutane masu aiki. <ref name="UofMLibraries"/> <ref name="JournalStar2017Gabel">{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2017 |title=Omaha writer, marijuana advocate announces bid for governor as Republican |url=http://journalstar.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/omaha-writer-marijuana-advocate-announces-bid-for-governor-as-republican/article_1ff4b6c8-9235-5fba-a27b-9293329c118a.html |website=[[Lincoln Journal Star]] |quote=Gabel's platform includes addressing the state's tax dilemma by "making Nebraska the primary producer and manufacturer of hemp biofuel and biodiesel." She would support a medical marijuana program for use by adult patients, child patients with permission from a guardian and veterans with a medical card. As governor, she would reinvest in the state's public K-12 educational system.}}</ref> Ta ce kudaden shiga daga samar da hemp na masana'antu da sabbin masana'antu da aka samar da masu amfani da cannabis za su karfafa tattalin arzikin. <ref name="KFMTFMNews">{{Cite web |last=Swanson, Dan |date=September 9, 2017 |title=Governor Candidate Rallies Support For Industrial Hemp |url=http://www.thebestmix1055.com/featured-news/governor-candidate-rallies-support-for-industrial-hemp/ |website=[[KFMT-FM]] |quote="When I talk about hemp, I'm not just talking about hemp in our farm fields. I'm talking about us, as a workforce in this state, being able to produce products grown here, made here, sold here, so the money stays here." Gabel said Nebraska voters are increasingly seeking political candidates that share their values and are seeking solutions to issues Nebraskans have in common. Gabel: "It comes to issues. When you have issues that Nebraskans look up every day or are interested in, they are going to trust you. It's not about money anymore. They are starting to learn that money in politics actually is greed in politics." }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="2018NorfolkDailyNews">{{Cite web |last=Harris, Kathryn |date=April 18, 2018 |title=Ricketts facing challenger in Republican primary |url=http://norfolkdailynews.com/news/ricketts-facing-challenger-in-republican-primary/article_1531be66-4317-11e8-ac48-d7d162a2bfd5.html |website=[[Norfolk Daily News]] |quote=Gabel said she would like to expand the state's economy by legalizing medical cannabis and industrial hemp farming, which is another of Gabel's top priorities in the election. "Thousands of Nebraska patients are driving every month to purchase their natural medicine from Colorado," she said. "Nebraska farmers are losing money on each acre of biotechnology corn and soybeans they harvested this past fall." In addition to education and legalizing cannabis, Gabel said she believes it is a priority to serve, protect and respect the rights and freedoms of all Nebraskans.}}</ref> === Ilimi === Gabel ya nuna adawa da zabin makaranta yana mai cewa hakan yana cutar da ilimin al'umma . <ref name="NationalReviewGOP">{{Cite web |last=Hess, Frederick |last2=Gallo, Sofia |date=March 13, 2018 |title=GOP Gubernatorial Candidates Need to School Themselves on Education Policy |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/03/republican-governor-candidates-must-improve-education-policy-positions/ |website=[[National Review]] |quote=The only issue to muster support from even half of GOP candidates is school choice. Forty of the 75 candidates who addressed education on their websites mentioned choice, with 38 of those supportive and two – Steve Barlock of Colorado and Krystal Gabel of Nebraska – explicitly opposed on the grounds that they believe it hurts public education.}}</ref> Gabel yana goyan bayan faffadan K-12 da tallafin ilimi mafi girma, yana kiran shi saka hannun jari mai hikima. A shekarar 2018, ta ce, “Idan har jihar ba ta gyara kasafin kudinta ba domin ta biya wa makarantun gwamnati gaba daya, makarantunmu za su gaza, dalibai da masu biyan haraji za su kara biyan kudin ilimi, sannan garuruwan kwalejojinmu za su koma garuruwan fatalwa. Na yi imani da gaske cewa dalar harajin Nebraska ya kamata ta shiga cikin saka hannun jari na gaba-gaba wanda ke baiwa Nebraskans dama mafi kyawu." <ref name="KFMTFMNews"/> <ref name="2018NorfolkDailyNews"/> Gabel ya bayar da hujjar cewa rage tallafin jihohi don ilimi zai haifar da ƙarin haraji na gida. <ref name="KFMTFMNews" /> === Muhalli === Mai goyon bayan al'ummomin sharar gida da makamashi mai dorewa, Gabel zai bar [[manoma]] su shuka hemp don samar da man fetur na biodiesel . <ref name="KTIVNews">{{Cite web |last=Norquist, Carl |date=December 27, 2017 |title=Krystal Gabel enters Nebraska Governor race |url=http://www.ktiv.com/story/37149565/2017/12/Wednesday/krystal-gabel-enters-nebraska-governor-race |website=[[KTIV]] |quote=Her platform consists of decriminalizing cannabis for adults and revisiting laws which penalize those who possess cannabis. She also would like to invest in green renewable energy sources, fund education, reform prisons, and introduce rehabilitation programs. |access-date=February 24, 2025 |archive-date=December 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228061243/http://www.ktiv.com/story/37149565/2017/12/Wednesday/krystal-gabel-enters-nebraska-governor-race |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abokin hamayyarta a zaben 2018, Gwamna Ricketts, ya nuna adawa da ba da izinin noman hemp a cikin jihar, kuma a maimakon haka ya goyi bayan Nebraska na yanzu, binciken hemp na tushen jami'a . <ref name="NetNebraska2018">{{Cite web |last=Knapp, Fred |date=May 2, 2018 |title=Krystal Gabel challenging Gov. Pete Ricketts For Republican Nomination |url=http://netnebraska.org/article/news/1127546/krystal-gabel-challenging-gov-pete-ricketts-republican-nomination |website=[[NET Nebraska]] |quote="This is the way to get medical in the state – industrial hemp. Pete Ricketts needs to go if we want that. He means 'no' to that," she said. Ricketts' campaign declined to make him available for this story. But in an email, the campaign confirmed Ricketts supports the current, university-based industrial hemp research. The governor has consistently opposed legislative efforts to legalize medical marijuana at the state level. |access-date=February 24, 2025 |archive-date=January 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108142222/http://netnebraska.org/article/news/1127546/krystal-gabel-challenging-gov-pete-ricketts-republican-nomination |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gabel ya yarda da sake rubuta dokokin yanki wanda ke hana ƙananan gidaje, yana goyan bayan amfani da motocin lantarki, yana ba da shawarar tsarin tituna masu zafi ta hanyar amfani da ruwan sharar wutar lantarki, ya yi imanin sabis ɗin bas na birni kyauta zai haifar da samar da ayyukan yi. <ref name="2019KFORNOW"/> <ref name="HicksLincolnJournalStar">{{Cite web |last=Hicks, Nancy |date=October 26, 2018 |title=Marijuana activist Krystal Gabel to run for Lincoln mayor |url=https://journalstar.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/marijuana-activist-krystal-gabel-to-run-for-lincoln-mayor/article_83a39bbe-8308-5cfa-be69-5d010d2a4244.html |website=[[Lincoln Journal Star]] |quote=Krystal Gabel, a marijuana legalization activist, has announced she is a candidate for Lincoln mayor. In a news release, Gabel outlined a lengthy platform that includes legalizing cannabis possession in the city limits, working to become a zero-waste community, rezoning to allow tiny homes and providing free bus service citywide. Gabel, 34, is registered as a nonpartisan. She said young adults need to step up and come up with new solutions to politics, and that political parties aren't working.}}</ref> === Kiwon lafiya === Gabel yana goyan bayan kiwon lafiya mai araha, ingantattun ayyukan tashin hankalin gida, gyaran inshorar lafiya . <ref name="McCookGazette"/> <ref name="Le Mars Sentinel"/> A cikin 2018, ta ce shawarwarin rage kudaden jama'a don Tsare-tsaren Iyaye za su cutar da daidaikun mutane da iyalai, da talakawa masu aiki. <ref name="NetNebraska2018"/> A cikin 2018, Gabel ya ce haramcin Nebraska kan cannabis na likitanci yana haifar da marasa lafiya da ke fita daga jihar don siyan magani " na halitta ". <ref name="2018NorfolkDailyNews"/> Tun da farko, a cikin 2017, Gabel ya zargi Ricketts da hana marasa lafiya zaɓi don kula da lafiyarsu. Gabel ya ce marijuana ba ta da haɗari kamar opioids, da sauran magunguna, waɗanda likitoci suka tsara. <ref name="KFMTFMNews"/> === Tsaron jama'a === Wata mai kare hakki na farko da na biyu na Amurka, Gabel ta ce idan aka zabe ta za ta sake duba dokokin da suka tarar, hukunta su, daure su, da hukunta mutanen da suka mallaki tabar wiwi, ta kuma ce ta yi imanin cewa abu ne mai muhimmanci a yi hidima, da kare da mutunta duk wani hakki na mutane. <ref name="McCookGazette"/> <ref name="2018NorfolkDailyNews"/> Gabel ta ce za ta inganta kudade don shirye-shiryen farfado da muggan kwayoyi. <ref name="KTIVNews"/> Gabel ta ce tana daraja amanar da aka kirkira ta hanyar fahimtar dabi'u gama gari da kowa ya raba, kuma matakin kawo karshen haramcin zai taimaka wajen sake tabbatar da amincewar jama'a . <ref name="KFMTFMNews"/> === Adalci na zamantakewa === A zaben gwamnan Nebraska na 2018, Gabel ya ce jama'a ne ke son tafiyar da gwamnati, ba manyan mutane ba. Ta ce, "An tsara ofishin gwamna don zama na kowa a Nebraskan." <ref name="2018NorfolkDailyNews"/> Gabel ta gudanar da yakin neman zabenta akan kasafin kasa da $5,000. Ricketts ya ba da rahoton tara dala 600,000 don gudanar da yakin neman zabensa, da $1.7&nbsp;miliyan tsabar kudi. <ref name="SiouxCityJournal2018"/> <ref name="NetNebraska2018"/> Dandalin Gabel ya haɗa da gina shirin Manoman Farko don daidaikun mutane, iyalai, ƙananan kasuwanci, makiyaya, manoma. <ref name="McCookGazette"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Gabel, wanda ya sauke karatu daga Akron – Westfield Senior High School yana da shekaru 17, kuma yana da digiri a rubuce daga Jami'ar Briar Cliff a Sioux City, Iowa, ya yi aikin lambun al'umma kyauta a Kudancin Omaha, Nebraska . <ref name="LincolnJournalStar2017"/> <ref name="SiouxCityJournal2018"/> Gabel ya girma a Akron, Iowa, ya zauna a Nebraska a lokacin 2010s, kuma ya koma [[Colorado]] a cikin 2020. <ref name="Le Mars Sentinel"/> == Takarar siyasa == Gabel ya yi gudu sau da yawa don ofisoshin daban-daban, ciki har da: * Hukumar Makarantun Jama'a ta Omaha, yanki na 1, da Gundumar Utilities, a cikin 2016 * Majalisar Birnin Omaha, Gundumar 2, a cikin 2017 * Gwamnan Nebraska a cikin 2018 * Magajin garin Lincoln, Nebraska, a cikin 2019 * Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta Nebraska, Gundumar 2, a cikin 2020 * Magajin garin Brush, Colorado, a cikin 2021 * Majalisar Birnin Brush, Ward 3, a cikin 2023 == Kara karantawa == * Roberts, Dave (Afrilu 21, 2016) [http://www.ketv.com/article/medical-marijuana-supporters-organizing-to-get-legalization-on-the-ballot-1/7659661 Magoya bayan marijuana na likitanci suna shirya don samun halatta akan katin zabe] KETV 7 Labaran ABC * Walton, Don (Disamba 27, 2017) [http://journalstar.com/news/local/gop-governor-candidate-would-decriminalize-marijuana/article_e95a82aa-3bf1-5b5a-a8c3-b58582b1c1f5.html Dan takarar gwamna na GOP zai lalata marijuana] ''Lincoln Journal Star'' * Hayworth, Bret (Maris 4, 2018) [http://siouxcityjournal.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/northwest-iowa-native-krystal-gabel-running-for-nebraska-governor-on/article_631e750c-c34e-55c3-b508-371e34f3f2c4.html Krystal Gabel ɗan asalin Iowa na Arewa maso yamma yana neman gwamnan Nebraska akan kasafin kuɗin takalmi na] ''Sioux City Journal'' * Knapp, Fred (Mayu 2, 2018) [http://netnebraska.org/article/news/1127546/krystal-gabel-challenging-gov-pete-ricketts-republican-nomination Krystal Gabel yana kalubalantar Gwamna Pete Ricketts na Republican] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108142222/http://netnebraska.org/article/news/1127546/krystal-gabel-challenging-gov-pete-ricketts-republican-nomination |date=2020-01-08 }} NET Nebraska == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 831qempta03tlnwkot05mcty3yjagmc 0 93966 975904 971584 2026-11-04T19:30:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Katie Elizabeth Boyd Britt''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senator Katie Boyd Britt |url=https://www.congress.gov/member/katie-britt/B001319 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119061153/https://www.congress.gov/member/katie-britt/B001319 |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |website=[[congress.gov]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=BRITT, Katie Boyd (1982 –) |url=https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B001319 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119060937/https://bioguide.congress.gov/search/bio/B001319 |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |access-date=January 19, 2025 |publisher=[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]]}}</ref> (née '''Boyd''' ; an haife ta a watan Fabrairu 2, 1982) yar siyasan Amurka ce kuma lauya wacce ke aiki tun 2023 a matsayin [[Seniority a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka|ƙaramar]] ƴar majalisar dattawan Amurka daga [[Alabama]] . 'Yar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]], Britt ita ce mace ta farko da aka zaba a majalisar dattawan Amurka daga Alabama kuma 'yar jam'iyyar Republican mafi karancin shekaru da aka zaba a majalisar dattawa. <ref name="Cason 2022">{{Cite web |last=Cason |first=Mike |date=2022-11-09 |title=Katie Britt wins: Makes history, becomes Alabama's 1st woman elected to U.S. Senate |url=https://al.com/election/2022/11/katie-britt-can-make-history-as-alabamas-1st-woman-elected-to-us-senate.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=[[AL.com]] |archive-date=2024-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005100522/https://www.al.com/election/2022/11/katie-britt-can-make-history-as-alabamas-1st-woman-elected-to-us-senate.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kasance shugabar kuma Shugaba na Majalisar Kasuwancin Alabama daga 2019 zuwa 2021, kuma ita ce shugabar ma'aikata ga magajinta na Majalisar Dattawa, Richard Shelby, daga 2016 zuwa 2018. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Britt Katie Elizabeth Boyd <ref name="SESun" /> a ranar Fabrairu 2, 1982, ga Julian da Debra Boyd <ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Quin Hillyer]] |date=June 30, 2021 |title=Katie Britt is a bright new face in Alabama Senate race |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/katie-britt-is-a-bright-new-face-in-alabama-senate-race |access-date=May 10, 2022 |website=Washington Examiner}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=KatieBrittforAL|title=It's @KatieBoydBritt's birthday today! 🎉🎊🎂 Wish her a happy 40th below ⬇️ #alsen #alpolitics|date=February 2, 2022|access-date=May 10, 2022}}</ref> a Enterprise, Alabama . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brand |first=Carole |title=Enterprise Claims Proud Daughter: Katie Boyd wins first runner-up in America's Junior Miss |url=https://www.southeastsun.com/home/article_fcf3a903-1886-5123-ae4a-7d5e9224d1b5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183007/https://www.southeastsun.com/home/article_fcf3a903-1886-5123-ae4a-7d5e9224d1b5.html |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=The Southeast Sun |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin kuruciyarta ta yi aiki a kasuwancin danginta. Iyalinta sun zauna kusa da Fort Novosel (tsohon Fort Rucker) a Dale County, Alabama . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Lauren |date=March 2022 |title='We need new blood': U.S. Senate candidate Rep. Katie Britt speaks in Opelika |url=https://oanow.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/we-need-new-blood-u-s-senate-candidate-rep-katie-britt-speaks-in-opelika/article_76f9c96c-99a9-11ec-8452-e77de3aa7949.html |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=OANow.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322141356/https://oanow.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/we-need-new-blood-u-s-senate-candidate-rep-katie-britt-speaks-in-opelika/article_76f9c96c-99a9-11ec-8452-e77de3aa7949.html |archive-date=2022-03-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mahaifinta ya mallaki kantin sayar da kayan masarufi, daga baya kuma ya mallaki dillalin kwale-kwale; mahaifiyarta tana da gidan rawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyman |first=Brian |title=Katie Boyd Britt wants to solve the state's problems, but is that what Alabama wants? |url=https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/2021/07/26/katie-boyd-britt-us-senate-race-wants-solve-alabamas-problems-what-alabama-wants-richard-shelby/5310697001/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Montgomery Advertiser |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kammala karatun sakandare na Enterprise, Britt ya kasance mai fara'a kuma ƙwararren malami. Bayan ta kammala a shekara ta 2000 <ref name="SESun">{{Cite web |last=Kirkland |first=Kay |date=May 17, 2000 |title=Enterprise High School Valedictorians Share Desire for Success |url=https://www.southeastsun.com/home/article_669a908e-0be0-530d-9752-d22107925eef.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183000/https://www.southeastsun.com/home/article_669a908e-0be0-530d-9752-d22107925eef.html |archive-date=November 8, 2022 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |website=The Southeast Sun}}</ref> ta yi karatun [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a Jami'ar Alabama . An zabe ta shugabar kungiyar gwamnatin daliban jami'a <ref name="ALProfile22">{{Cite web |last=Whites-Koditschek |first=Sarah |date=May 9, 2022 |title=Election 2022: Katie Britt on 'Christian conservative principles' and U.S. Senate race |url=https://www.al.com/news/2022/05/election-2022-katie-britt-on-christian-conservative-principles-and-us-senate-race.html |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=AL.com}}</ref> kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a 2004 tare da Bachelor of Science . Daga baya ta halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Alabama, ta kammala karatun digiri a 2013 tare da Likitan Juris . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cason |first=Mike |date=June 13, 2021 |title=Katie Britt says close call with Tuscaloosa tornado taught her that every day is gift |url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/06/katie-britt-says-close-call-with-tuscaloosa-tornado-taught-her-that-every-day-is-gift.html |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=AL.com}}</ref> <ref> name="FlowersLeads">{{Cite web |last=[[Steve Flowers]] |date=February 26, 2019 |title=Alabama leads the way with female government leadership: Kay Ivey, Katie Britt, and Twinkle Cavanaugh |url=https://issuu.com/makf/docs/ttb_022019_au_web |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=The Trussville Tribune}}</ref> == Aikin shari'a da harkokin jama'a == Bayan ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Alabama, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oganovich |first=Nancy |date=July 21, 2021 |title=Former Alabama Senate Staffer Gives Mo Brooks Run for His Money |url=https://about.bgov.com/news/former-alabama-senate-staffer-gives-mo-brooks-run-for-his-money/ |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=Bloomberg Government |archive-date=August 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813224055/https://about.bgov.com/news/former-alabama-senate-staffer-gives-mo-brooks-run-for-his-money/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Britt ta shiga ma'aikatan Sanata Richard Shelby na Amurka a watan Mayu 2004 a matsayin mataimakin sakataren yada labarai . An kara mata girma zuwa sakatariyar yada labarai a can. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Patton |first=Elizabeth |date=December 7, 2018 |title=Personnel note: Katie Britt leaves Richard Shelby's office to lead Business Council of Alabama |url=https://altoday.com/archives/27759-personnel-note-katie-britt-leaves-richard-shelbys-office-to-lead-business-council-of-alabama |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=Alabama Today |archive-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026104052/https://altoday.com/archives/27759-personnel-note-katie-britt-leaves-richard-shelbys-office-to-lead-business-council-of-alabama |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2007, ta bar ma'aikatan Shelby kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga shugaban Jami'ar Alabama Robert Witt . A Jami'ar Alabama School of Law, ta shiga Kotun Tax Moot . <ref> name="APR18">{{Cite web |last=Moseley |first=Brandon |date=December 7, 2018 |title=Shelby's Chief of Staff Katie Britt chosen to lead Business Council of Alabama |url=https://www.alreporter.com/2018/12/07/shelbys-chief-of-staff-katie-britt-chosen-to-lead-business-council-of-alabama/ |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=Alabama Political Reporter}}</ref> Bayan makarantar shari'a, Britt ta fara aiki a Johnston Barton Proctor & Rose LLP a Birmingham . <ref> name="APR18">{{Cite web |last=Moseley |first=Brandon |date=December 7, 2018 |title=Shelby's Chief of Staff Katie Britt chosen to lead Business Council of Alabama |url=https://www.alreporter.com/2018/12/07/shelbys-chief-of-staff-katie-britt-chosen-to-lead-business-council-of-alabama/ |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=Alabama Political Reporter}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMoseley2018">Moseley, Brandon (December 7, 2018). [https://www.alreporter.com/2018/12/07/shelbys-chief-of-staff-katie-britt-chosen-to-lead-business-council-of-alabama/ "Shelby's Chief of Staff Katie Britt chosen to lead Business Council of Alabama"]. ''Alabama Political Reporter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Lokacin da kamfanin ya rufe a cikin Maris 2014, Britt da tsoffin ma'aikata 17 sun shiga ofishin Birmingham na Butler Snow LLP. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Faulk |first=Kent |date=March 5, 2014 |title=Turn out the lights: Birmingham's Johnston Barton Proctor and Rose law firm shutting down |url=https://www.al.com/spotnews/2014/03/turn_out_the_lights_birmingham.html |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=AL.com}}</ref> Ta fara reshen harkokin gwamnati na kamfanin. A cikin Nuwamba 2015, Britt ya ɗauki hutu daga Butler Snow don komawa ma'aikatan Shelby, yana aiki a kan yakin neman zabensa a matsayin mataimakin manajan yakin neman zabe da daraktan sadarwa. <ref name="Impact19">{{Cite web |last=Brown Hollis |first=Erin |date=April 18, 2019 |title=Katie Boyd Britt is a 2019 Woman of Impact |url=https://yellowhammernews.com/katie-boyd-britt-is-a-2019-woman-of-impact/ |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=Yellowhammer News}}</ref> <ref name="LymanSolve">{{Cite web |last=Lyman |first=Brian |date=July 25, 2021 |title=Katie Boyd Britt wants to solve the state's problems, but is that what Alabama wants? |url=https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/2021/07/26/katie-boyd-britt-us-senate-race-wants-solve-alabamas-problems-what-alabama-wants-richard-shelby/5310697001/ |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=The Montgomery Advertiser}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Shelby ya nada Britt shugaban ma'aikatansa, <ref name="LymanSolve"/> da kuma shugaban Kwamitin Zaben nadin shari'a. <ref name="FlowersLeads">{{Cite web |last=[[Steve Flowers]] |date=February 26, 2019 |title=Alabama leads the way with female government leadership: Kay Ivey, Katie Britt, and Twinkle Cavanaugh |url=https://issuu.com/makf/docs/ttb_022019_au_web |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=The Trussville Tribune}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSteve_Flowers2019">[[Steve Flowers]] (February 26, 2019). [https://issuu.com/makf/docs/ttb_022019_au_web "Alabama leads the way with female government leadership: Kay Ivey, Katie Britt, and Twinkle Cavanaugh"]. ''The Trussville Tribune''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin Mayu 2016, ''Yellowhammer News'' ya yi hasashen Britt a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "mutanen da za su gudanar da Alabama a cikin 'yan shekaru". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sims |first=Cliff |author-link=Cliff Sims |date=May 3, 2016 |title=Who's Next? Meet the people who will be running Alabama in a few years |url=https://yellowhammernews.com/meet-alabama-politics-next-generation-power-players/ |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=Yellowhammer News}}</ref> A cikin Disamba 2018, an zaɓi Britt a matsayin shugaba da Shugaba na Majalisar Kasuwancin Alabama, mai tasiri ga Janairu 2, <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2018 |title=Business group taps new leader |url=https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/local/2018/12/07/alabama-alumna-katie-boyd-britt-to-lead-business-council-of-alabama/6747759007/ |access-date=March 18, 2023 |website=[[The Tuscaloosa News]] |language=en}}</ref> mace ta farko da ta jagoranci ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2018 |title=Katie Britt chosen as first woman to lead BCA |url=https://www.al.com/news/2018/12/katie-britt-chosen-as-first-woman-to-lead-business-council-of-alabama.html |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=AL.com |language=en}}</ref> A matsayinta na shugabar abin da ''Alabama Daily News'' ta kira daya daga cikin "kungiyoyin siyasa masu tasiri" a jihar, ta mai da hankali kan ma'aikata da ci gaban tattalin arziki ta hanyar karfafa haraji, kuma ta yi magana game da tsarin gidan yari na jihar da shiga cikin kidayar Amurka ta 2020 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stacy |first=Todd |date=December 19, 2019 |title=BCA's Katie Britt talks priorities and pitfalls for 2020 |url=https://www.aldailynews.com/bcas-katie-britt-talks-priorities-and-pitfalls-for-2020/ |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=Alabama Daily News}}</ref> A yayin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|bala'in COVID-19]] a cikin 2020, ta jagoranci ƙoƙari na "Ci gaba da Alabama Buɗe" don harkokin kasuwanci na mulkin kai ta hanyar guje wa rufewa da kuma ci gaba da aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Sean |date=November 17, 2020 |title=BCA's Katie Boyd Britt spearheading 'Keep Alabama Open' campaign as other states shut down |url=https://yellowhammernews.com/bcas-katie-boyd-britt-spearheading-keep-alabama-open-campaign-as-other-states-shut-down/ |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=Yellowhammer News}}</ref> A cikin Afrilu 2021, an zabe ta a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Dabbobin Dabbobi ta Alabama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2021 |title=BCA's Katie Boyd Britt elected to Alabama Wildlife Federation Board of Directors |url=https://www.alreporter.com/2021/04/27/bcas-katie-boyd-britt-elected-to-alabama-wildlife-federation-board/ |access-date=June 11, 2022 |website=Alabama Political Reporter}}</ref> Britt ta yi murabus daga mukamanta a Majalisar Kasuwanci ta Alabama a watan Yunin 2021, a cikin rade-radin kafafen yada labarai na cewa za ta tsaya takarar Majalisar Dattawan Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2021 |title=Katie Boyd Britt, possible U.S. Senate candidate, resigns as president of BCA |url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/06/katie-britt-boyd-possible-us-senate-candidate-resigns-as-president-of-bca.html |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=AL.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2021 |title=Business president resigns, could seek US Senate seat |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-government-and-politics-720b2cfc981837f24c03ba3702187be2 |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=apnews.com |publisher=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2021 |title=Katie Boyd Britt Resigns as President & CEO of the Business Council of Alabama, Is U.S. Senate Bid Next? |url=https://www.alabamanews.net/2021/06/01/katie-boyd-britt-resigns-at-president-ceo-of-the-business-council-of-alabama/ |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=Alabama News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Majalisar Dattawan Amurka == [[Fayil:Katie_Britt_inauguration_2023.jpg|thumb| Britt da danginta a bikin rantsar da ita tare da Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa [[Kamala Harris]], 2023]] === zaben 2022 === A ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2021, Britt ta sanar da takararta a cikin fidda gwani na Republican don zaben Sanata na 2022 a Alabama . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Charlie |date=June 8, 2021 |title=Katie Britt announces U.S. Senate candidacy |url=https://www.alreporter.com/2021/06/08/katie-britt-announces-u-s-senate-candidacy/ |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=Alabama Political Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2021 |title=Katie Britt officially announces she's running for Alabama Senate seat |url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/06/katie-britt-announces-shes-running-for-alabama-senate-seat.html |access-date=March 18, 2022 |website=AL.com |language=en}}</ref> A baya dai ba ta taba tsayawa takarar kujerar gwamnati ba kuma a hankali ta hau kada kuri’a yayin da ake ci gaba da fafatawa. <ref name="SwetlikDec22">{{Cite web |last=Swetlik |first=Sara |date=December 7, 2022 |title=Katie Britt, the 'girl from the Wiregrass,' on being first Alabama woman elected to US Senate |url=https://www.al.com/news/2022/12/katie-britt-the-girl-from-the-wiregrass-as-the-first-alabama-woman-elected-to-us-senate.html |access-date=December 8, 2022 |website=AL.com}}</ref> A matsayinta na ‘yar takarar majalisar dattawa, Britt ta fito fili ta hada kai da tsohon shugaban kasar [[Donald Trump]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orr |first=Gabby |last2=Zanona |first2=Melanie |date=February 25, 2022 |title=Trump may offer help to Katie Britt in Alabama Senate primary – even though he's already endorsed Mo Brooks |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/25/politics/alabama-senate-race-trump-brooks-britt/index.html |access-date=March 23, 2022 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Ta ba da tabbaci ga ikirarin karya na Trump na zamba a zaben shugaban kasa na 2020 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2022 |title=Katie Britt sees 'fraud' in Trump's election loss, vows to work for Alabama if elected to Senate |url=https://www.al.com/news/2022/03/katie-britt-sees-fraud-in-trumps-election-loss-vows-to-work-for-alabama-if-elected-to-senate.html |access-date=March 24, 2022 |website=AL.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na biyu na zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican da Wakilai Mo Brooks . Trump ya amince da Britt a hukumance a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2022, yana mai kiranta "Jarumi Amurka Farko mara tsoro". A baya ya janye amincewar Brooks. Britt ta doke Brooks a zagaye na biyu na zaben ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2022, da kashi 63% na kuri'un da aka kada. Sannan da hannu ta ci zaben gama-gari a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba. <ref name="SwetlikNov9">{{Cite web |last=Swetlik |first=Sara |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Who is Katie Britt, Alabama's newest senator? What are her plans in Congress? |url=https://www.al.com/election/2022/11/election-2022-who-is-katie-britt-alabamas-newest-senator-what-are-her-plans-in-congress.html |access-date=November 9, 2022 |website=AL.com}}</ref> <ref name="U.S. Senate 2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-24 |title=U.S. Senate: When a New Congress Begins |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/senate-stories/when-a-new-congress-begins.htm |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=U.S. Senate}}</ref> Bayan lashe zaben, Britt ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama ‘yar majalisar dattijai ta Amurka daga Alabama (an nada mata ‘yan majalisar dattawan Amurka a baya daga Alabama kan mukamin). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Whites-Koditschek |first=Sarah |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Katie Britt wins runoff, stands to become first woman elected senator in Alabama |url=https://www.al.com/news/2022/06/katie-britt-on-her-way-to-becoming-the-first-woman-to-be-elected-senator-in-alabama.html |access-date=June 24, 2022 |website=AL.com}}</ref> Ita ce kuma 'yar jam'iyyar Republican mafi karancin shekaru da aka zaba a matsayin 'yar majalisar dattijai na Amurka kuma mace ta biyu mafi karancin shekaru gaba daya (Democrat Blanche Lincoln ita ce mafi karancin shekaru). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Dylan |date=November 8, 2022 |title='Mama on a mission': Katie Britt elected Alabama's next U.S. senator |url=https://yellowhammernews.com/mama-on-a-mission-katie-britt-elected-alabamas-next-u-s-senator/ |access-date=November 9, 2022 |website=Yellowhammer News}}</ref> === Lokaci === Britt ya fara aiki a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2023. Bayan zabukan shugabancin majalisar dokokin Amurka na 118, ba ta bayyana ko tana goyon bayan Mitch McConnell ko Rick Scott na shugaban marasa rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa ba . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blakely |first=Will |date=November 16, 2022 |title=McConnell wins Senate Minority Leader re-election; Britt noncommittal on support |url=https://1819news.com/news/item/mcconnell-wins-senate-minority-leader-katie-britt-unclear-about-who-she-voted-for |access-date=November 20, 2022 |website=[[1819 News]]}}</ref> Kafin ta hau kan karagar mulki, an zabe ta a matsayin ‘yar majalisar dattijai daya tilo da za ta yi aiki a sabuwar Majalisar Shawarwari ta Jam’iyyar Republican ta Kwamitin Kasa na Jam’iyyar Republican . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Monger |first=Craig |date=November 29, 2022 |title=Katie Britt tapped to serve on new Republican Advisory Council |url=https://1819news.com/news/item/katie-britt-tapped-to-serve-on-newly-formed-republican-advisory-council |access-date=December 8, 2022}}</ref> Kuri'ar farko ta Britt a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka tana adawa da wanda gwamnatin Biden ta zaba a matsayin Ma'aikatar Tsaro . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Daniel |date=January 23, 2023 |title=Katie Britt casts first vote as a U.S. Senator against Biden nominee for DoD post |url=https://1819news.com/news/item/katie-britt-casts-first-vote-as-a-u-s-senator-against-biden-nominee-for-dod-post |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=1819 News}}</ref> A cikin watan farko da ta yi a ofis, ta ba da gudummawar kudade takwas kuma ta ziyarci iyakar Mexico da Amurka sau biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shipley |first=Austin |date=February 10, 2023 |title=Britt 'hits the ground running' in first month |url=https://yellowhammernews.com/britt-hits-the-ground-running-in-first-month/ |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=Yellowhammer News}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da ziyartar kan iyaka yayin da take ba da gudummawar kudade don takaita shige da fice ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma tallafin katangar kan iyaka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gattis |first=Paul |date=March 2, 2023 |title=Sen. Katie Britt making 3rd border visit in less than 2 months in office |url=https://www.al.com/news/2023/03/sen-katie-britt-making-3rd-border-visit-in-less-than-2-months-in-office.html |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=AL.com}}</ref> A cikin Fabrairu 2023, ''CoinDesk'' ya ruwaito cewa Britt na ɗaya daga cikin mambobi uku na wakilai na majalisar wakilai na Alabama waɗanda suka karɓi kuɗi daga FTX, musayar cryptocurrency da ba ta dace ba, tare da Robert Aderholt da Gary Palmer . Ofishinta ya amsa wani bincike daga ''CoinDesk'' inda ya bayyana cewa an bayar da kudin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Daniel |date=February 6, 2023 |title=Aderholt, Britt, Palmer among 196 U.S. Congress members who received funds from FTX |url=https://1819news.com/news/item/aderholt-britt-palmer-among-196-u-s-congress-members-who-receive-funds-from-ftx |access-date=February 6, 2023 |website=1819 News}}</ref> A matsayinta na memba na Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai kan Kasafin Kudi, Britt ya bi sahun wasu Sanatoci 22 a cikin Maris 2023 wajen yin kira da a yi gyara ga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka da ke bukatar daidaiton kasafin kudin kowace shekara, yayin da kuma ya soki tsare-tsaren kasafin kudi na gwamnatin Biden. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Erica |date=March 15, 2023 |title=U.S. Sen. Britt blasts Biden's 'unserious budget,' joins forces to require balanced budget every year |url=https://1819news.com/news/item/us-sen-britt-blasts-bidens-unserious-budget-joins-forces-to-require-balanced-budget-every-year |website=1819 News}}</ref> A cikin Maris 2023, bayan jami'an tsaro na Mexico sun mamaye tashar jiragen ruwa a Quintana Roo mallakin Kamfanin Vulcan Materials na Birmingham, Britt ya bi sahun sauran mambobin wakilan majalisar Alabama wajen yin shawarwarin janye sojojin. <ref name="Vulcan">{{Cite web |last=Monger |first=Craig |date=March 28, 2023 |title=Alabama's congressional delegation meets with Mexican officials; Vulcan port no longer under control of Mexican military or police |url=https://1819news.com/news/item/alabamas-congressional-delegation-meets-with-mexican-officials-vulcan-port-no-longer-under-control-of-mexican-military-or-police |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=1819 News}}</ref> Ta kira kwace haramtacciyar hanya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Daniel |date=March 20, 2023 |title=Britt decries 'unlawful' seizure of Birmingham-based Vulcan Materials' facility in Mexico – 'Mexico should be more focused on going after the cartels than law-abiding businesses' |url=https://1819news.com/news/item/britt-decries-unlawful-seizure-of-birmingham-based-vulcan-materials-facility-in-mexico-mexico-should-be-more-focused-on-going-after-the-cartels-than-law-abiding-businesses |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=1819 News}}</ref> kuma ta gana da jami'an Mexico a ofishin jakadancin na Washington, DC, inda ta yi Allah wadai da matakin da aka dauka a tashar jiragen ruwa. <ref name="Vulcan" /> Ma'aikatan Mexico sun janye daga tashar a karshen wata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stacy |first=Todd |date=March 28, 2023 |title=Mexican authorities withdraw from Vulcan facility |url=https://aldailynews.com/mexican-authorities-withdraw-from-vulcan-facility/ |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=Alabama Daily News}}</ref> Nazarin 2024 da McCourt School of Public Policy na Jami'ar Georgetown ya sanya Britt a matsayin mafi ƙarancin ɗan majalisar dattawan Amurka a 2023. ==== Martani ga adireshin 2024 na Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar ==== {{External media|float=right|video1=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?534120-1/republican-response-state-union-address Republican Response to the State of the Union Address, March 7, 2024], [[C-SPAN]]}} A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2024, Britt ya ba da martanin Republican ga Shugaba [[Joe Biden]] na Jihar Jawabin Tarayyar, wanda ya gabatar a farkon wannan dare. Ta soki manufofin Biden game da shige da fice da tattalin arziki, wanda ta kira Biden "raguwa da raguwa", kuma ta ce 'yan Republican "suna matukar goyon bayan ci gaba da samun takin in vitro a kasar baki daya". Bayan da ta zargi Biden da karuwar bakin haure a kan iyaka da kuma cewa ta ziyarci kan iyakar jim kadan bayan hawanta karagar mulki, Britt ta ambaci wata mata da ta shaida mata cewa "wadanda suka yi safarar jima'i ne tun tana shekara 12". Britt ta ce "[w] ba zai yi kyau ba da wannan abin da ke faruwa a cikin kasa ta uku ta duniya. Wannan ita ce Amurka ta Amurka, kuma lokaci ya wuce, a ganina, da za mu fara aiki kamar haka. Manufofin Shugaba Biden na kan iyaka abin kunya ne." Ta bayyana a fili cewa an ci zarafin matar kwanan nan a Amurka saboda manufofin Biden. ===== Binciken gaskiya na yaudarar labarin fataucin jima'i ===== A cikin wani sakon TikTok da ya yi ta yaduwa, dan jarida Jonathan M. Katz shi ne mutum na farko da ya bayyana matar Britt da ba a bayyana sunanta ba da Karla Jacinto Romero. Jacinto ta kasance 12 a cikin 2004 lokacin da aka tilasta mata yin karuwanci a gidajen karuwai na Mexico; ta tsere bayan shekaru hudu. Ba a yi safarar Jacinto zuwa Amurka ba, wanda shugabansa a lokacin [[George W. Bush]] ne, ba Biden ba. <ref name="Kessler" /> Daga baya darektan sadarwa na Britt ya tabbatar wa ''Washington Post'' cewa Britt na nufin Jacinto. <ref name="Kessler" /> Jacinto ta ce masu safarar kwayoyi ba su da hannu a cikin kwarewarta, kodayake Britt a wani lokaci ta ce sun kasance. <ref name="Kessler" /> Jaridar ''[[New York Times]]'' ta buga waya ga Jacinto a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] kuma an gaya mata cewa ta sami labarin a shafukan sada zumunta game da Britt ta ba da labarinta yayin jawabin. Jacinto ta ce "ta yi tunanin abu ne mai ban mamaki" kuma ta gwammace ta hana siyasa aiki don ta daina fataucin. The ''Times'' ta kira asusun Britt "mai ruɗi sosai da kuma yanayin da ba daidai ba". Jacinto ta fadawa [[CNN]] cewa Britt "ya kamata ta fara la'akari da ainihin abin da ke faruwa kafin ta ba da labarin girman wannan" kuma ba ta gana da Britt a daidaikunsu ba, kamar yadda Britt ta fada, amma a wani taron da wasu masu fafutuka da jami'an gwamnati suka yi. Jacinto ta ba da labarinta ga wani kwamitin Majalisa a Washington a cikin 2015, wanda ba shi da alaƙa da iyakar Amurka ko kuma "cartels". Wani mai magana da yawun fadar White House ya lura cewa Britt ta kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da kudirin shige da fice na shekarar 2024, kin amincewa da shi ya zo ne bayan da Trump ya kwadaitar da 'yan Republican da su yi watsi da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Foran |first=Clare |last2=Iyer |first2=Kaanita |date=March 7, 2024 |title=Alabama Sen. Katie Britt says 'the American dream has turned into a nightmare' in GOP rebuttal to Biden's State of the Union |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/07/politics/katie-britt-republican-response-sotu/index.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=cnn.com |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Daga karshe Britt ya yarda cewa kwarewar Jacinto ta riga ta shugabantar Biden amma ya ci gaba da sukar manufofinsa na shige da fice. ===== Martani ===== Jawabin na Britt ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban da suka hada da rudani zuwa ban tsoro, gami da daga 'yan Republican. Trump ya yaba da hakan kuma ya rubuta, "Katie Britt ta kasance babban bambanci ga mai fushi, kuma a fili ta damu, 'Shugaba'" a dandalin sa na sada zumunta, Truth Social . Sanata Mitch McConnell ya yaba wa jawabin nata yana mai cewa: "Ba ni da sukar aikinta. Ina tsammanin ya yi fice." Tsohuwar mataimakiyar Trump Alyssa Farah Griffin ta kira shawarar da Britt ta yanke na gabatar da jawabinta daga wani wurin dafa abinci "abin mamaki", kuma wakilin Democrat Brendan Boyle ya soki Britt "fin karfin hali". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Al |date=March 8, 2024 |title=Britt goes after 'dithering, diminished' Biden in State of the Union rebuttal |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/4518129-britt-goes-after-dithering-diminished-biden-in-state-of-the-union-rebuttal/ |access-date=March 8, 2024 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Brendan |date=Mar 7, 2024 |title=This speech by Katie Britt is the worst overacting since Ishtar. Even Bobby Jindal and Marco Rubio are laughing. #SOTU24 |url=https://twitter.com/RepBrendanBoyle/status/1765951251986993574}}</ref> <nowiki><i id="mwAZ4">Masanin Intelligencer</i></nowiki> na Mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwAZ0">New York</i></nowiki> ya bayyana jawabin a matsayin "lalata da banal" kuma an gabatar da shi tare da "yawan kewayon motsin rai"; The ''Independent'' ya rubuta cewa 'yan jarida sun yi masa ba'a a kan layi a matsayin "mai ban mamaki", "mai ban tsoro", da "marasa gaskiya". Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, ''Asabar Night Live'' ta ba da amsa a cikin abin da ''Washington Post'' ta kira "mai ban tsoro" wanda Britt (wanda [[Scarlett Johansson]] ya zana) ya duba sashin "Mama mai ban tsoro". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ted |date=March 10, 2024 |title=Scarlett Johansson Plays 'Scary Mom' Katie Britt In 'Saturday Night Live' Cold Open Spoof Of GOP Senator's Bizarre State Of The Union Response |url=https://deadline.com/2024/03/saturday-night-live-cold-open-4-1235851900/ |access-date=March 10, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=nbcsnl|title=Sen. Katie Britt delivers the Republican response to President Biden's State of the Union Address|date=March 10, 2024}}</ref> ==== Ayyukan kwamitin ==== * Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi ** Karamin Kwamitin Kasuwanci, Adalci, Kimiyya, da Hukumomin da ke da alaƙa ** Komiti kan Ciki, Muhalli, da Ma'aikatun da ke da alaƙa ** Karamin Kwamitin Tsaron Gida ** Kwamitin Karamin Makamashi da Raya Ruwa ** Karamin Kwamitin Kwadago, Lafiya da Sabis na Jama'a, Ilimi, da Hukumomin da ke da alaƙa * Kwamitin Banki, Gidaje, da Harkokin Birane ** Kwamitin Karamin kan Cibiyoyin Kudi da Kariyar Mabukaci ** Karamin Kwamitin Gidaje, Sufuri da Ci gaban Al'umma ** Kwamitin Tsaro na Kasa da Kasuwanci da Kudi na Duniya * Kwamitin Shari'a * Kwamitin Dokoki da Gudanarwa == Matsayin siyasa == [[Fayil:Katie_Britt_and_Joey_Clark_2021.jpg|right|thumb| Britt tare da mai watsa shiri na rediyo Joey Clark a cikin 2021]] Britt yana da ra'ayi na mazan jiya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Whites-Koditschek |first=Sarah |date=2022-06-06 |title=Experts: Katie Britt in 'driver's seat' in Alabama runoff against Mo Brooks |url=https://dothaneagle.com/news/state-and-regional/experts-katie-britt-in-driver-s-seat-in-alabama-runoff-against-mo-brooks/article_3b1f267a-4b9c-5dd1-8126-8583a38081ec.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=Dothan Eagle |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-08 |title=CNN Projection: Republican Katie Britt will win Alabama's Senate race |url=https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/midterm-election-results-livestream-voting-11-08-2022/h_f56ea57d5e97aa1f61573d46e89fbec5 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112131836/https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/midterm-election-results-livestream-voting-11-08-2022/h_f56ea57d5e97aa1f61573d46e89fbec5 |archive-date=2022-11-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Zubar da ciki === Britt ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai goyon bayan rayuwa, matakin da aka bincika yayin zaɓen Majalisar Dattijan Amurka na 2022. Tallace-tallacen da ta yi a gidan talabijin na farko sun jaddada ra'ayinta game da zubar da ciki, tana mai cewa rayuwa tana farawa ne daga cikin ciki da kuma daidaita zubar da ciki a ƙarshen lokaci zuwa kisa. A watan Mayun 2022, gabanin zagayen farko na zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Republican, dan takara mai hamayya Michael Durant ya soki matakin zubar da ciki na Britt. Ya yi nuni da wani kudiri da Majalisar Dalibai ta zartar a lokacin da take shugabar kungiyar daliban Jami’ar Alabama, inda ta bukaci a rika samar da kwayoyin cutar da safe a kantin magani na cibiyar kula da lafiya ta jami’ar, wanda tuni aka tsara magungunan a lokacin. A mayar da martani, kamfen na Britt ya yi ikirarin cewa ba ta goyi bayan ko kada kuri'a kan kudurin ba kuma ba ta iya yin watsi da shi ba saboda gazawar matsayinta. Mai ba da rahoton Siyasa na Alabama ya tabbatar da waɗannan kalaman bisa ga labarin The Crimson White daga lokacin shugabancin Britt. Bugu da ƙari kuma, kamfen na Britt ya nace cewa za ta "ɗorawa tsarkin rai" idan aka zabe ta a matsayin Sanata. Britt ta mayar da martani ga hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Alabama a shekarar 2024 cewa ya kamata a yi la'akari da embryos masu rai da cewa "kare rayuwa da tabbatar da ci gaba da samun damar yin amfani da sabis na IVF ga iyaye masu ƙauna ba su bambanta da juna ba". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Republicans block Senate bill to protect nationwide access to IVF treatments |url=https://apnews.com/article/congress-ivf-access-abortion-alabama-bill-ruling-7f68248f36900d4583d9b181f3b4e380 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ta ba da shawarar samar da lissafin jihohi da na ƙasa don kare haƙƙin iyalai na neman sabis na IVF. <ref name=":0" /> Britt ta tsaya tsayin daka kan shirin [[Donald Trump]] na barin zubar da ciki a matsayin batun jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lotz |first=Avery |last2=Daher |first2=Natalie |date=July 15, 2024 |title=Exclusive: Sen. Britt says Trump has "set the agenda" on abortion |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/07/15/katie-britt-trump-abortion-rnc-2024 |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=Axios}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 087308xpg7esovv747gysf7u7v3kbsx 0 97463 975869 676045 2026-11-04T17:56:49Z M Bash Ne 12403 975869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Di'ja nation3.jpg|thumbs|150|Di'ja_nation3]] ''' Hadiza Blell''', yanzu '''Hadiza Blell-Olo''', wacce aka fi sani da sunanta '''Di'Ja''', mawaƙiya ce ta Najeriya. An sanya hannu a kan Mavin Records . A shekara ta 2009, ta fitar da waƙarta ta farko "Rock Steady", wanda aka zaba don Mafi Kyawun Urban / R & B Single a 2009 Canadian Radio Music Awards . Bugu da ƙari, ta lashe kyautar Best New Artist a 2008 Beat Music Awards . <ref name="Premium Times">{{Cite web |last=Abimboye, Micheal |date=15 February 2014 |title=Nigerian Entertainment Round-up: Donjazzy's Mavin Records signs on new artiste' Di'Ja |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/155169-nigerian-entertainment-round-donjazzys-mavin-records-signs-new-artiste-dija.html |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Daily Post Newspaper">{{Cite web |last=Filani, Omotola |date=14 February 2014 |title=Don Jazzy signs female act Di'Ja to Mavin Records |url=http://dailypost.ng/2014/02/14/don-jazzy-signs-female-act-dija-mavin-records/ |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Daily Post Newspaper}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Di'Ja ya zauna a [[Najeriya]], [[Saliyo]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Kanada]]. Mahaifiyarta, Asma'u Blell ta fito ne daga [[Najeriya]] kuma mahaifinta, Amb Joseph Blell ya fito ne daga [[Saliyo]] . Di'Ja ta sami digiri na hadin gwiwa a [[Biology|ilmin halitta]] da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]].<ref name="NETNG">{{Cite web |last=Alonge, Osagie |date=14 February 2014 |title=Don Jazzy signs new act Di'ja to Mavin Records, 2 more to follow |url=https://thenet.ng/don-jazzy-signs-new-act-dija-to-mavin-records-2-more-to-follow/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310194152/http://thenet.ng/2014/02/don-jazzy-signs-new-act-dija-to-mavin-records-2-more-to-follow/ |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Nigerian Entertainment Today}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ta fara aikin kiɗa ne a shekara ta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2014 |title=Mavin Boss Don Jazzy Signs New Act Di'ja to Mavin Records, 2 more to follow |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/02/mavin-boss-don-jazzy-signs-new-act-dija-to-mavin-records-2-more-to-follow.html |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Information Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin 2012, Di'Ja ya fitar da waƙoƙi da yawa, ciki har da "Dan'Iska (Rudebwoy) ", "Hold On (Ba Damuwa) " da "Yaya Za Mu Iya Zama Abokai".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2013 |title=Must Listen! Di'Ja presents "Dan'Iska (Rudebwoy)" and "Hold On (Ba Damuwa)" |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/02/05/must-listen-dija-presents-daniska-rudebwoy-and-hold-on-ba-damuwa/ |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Bellanaija}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2014, Di'Ja ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da Don Jazzy's Mavin Records . <ref name="NETNG"/> "Yaro", ta farko hukuma guda a karkashin lakabin kuma an sake ta a wannan rana. Yana ba da yarukan [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da [[Yaren Krio|Krio]] don girmama asalin Najeriya da Saliyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S, Deji |date=14 February 2014 |title=Introducing Don Jazzy's New Artiste Di'ja! Listen to Her New Single – Yaro |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/14/introducing-don-jazzys-new-artiste-dija-listen-to-her-new-single-yaro/ |access-date=14 February 2014 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, Di'Ja ya fito a kan "Dorobucci" tare da abokan lakabi Don Jazzy, Dr SID, Tiwa Savage, D'Prince, Korede Bello da Reekado Banks.<ref>{{cite web|title=MUSIC: Mavins – Dorobucci ft Don Jazzy, Dr Sid, Tiwa Savage, Dprince, Di'Ja, Korede Bello, Reekado Banks|url=http://www.360nobs.com/2014/05/music-mavins-dorobucci-ft-don-jazzy-dr-sid-tiwa-savage-dprince-dija-korede-bello-reekado-banks/|publisher=360nobs|date=1 May 2014|access-date=11 May 2014|author=S, Quedy|archive-date=10 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510183437/http://www.360nobs.com/2014/05/music-mavins-dorobucci-ft-don-jazzy-dr-sid-tiwa-savage-dprince-dija-korede-bello-reekado-banks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kuma nuna ta a kan "Arise", tare da Don Jazzy da Reekado Banks . A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, Di'Ja ta fitar da wasan kwaikwayonta mai suna Aphrodija, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi wakokin baƙi daga Tiwa Savage da Reekado Banks.<ref>{{cite web|title="Aphrodija" Offers a More Complete Expressive Di'ja|date=18 December 2017|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/ep-review-dija-aphrodija-id7744757.html|publisher=Pulse|access-date=24 March 2025|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215155749/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/ep-review-dija-aphrodija-id7744757.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Mavins – Arise Ft. Don Jazzy, Reekado Banks & Di'Ja|url=http://www.view.com.ng/new-music-the-mavins-arise-ft-don-jazzy-reekado-banks-dija//|publisher=View Nigeria|date=21 September 2014|access-date=21 September 2014|author=View Nigeria|archive-date=30 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930155703/http://www.view.com.ng/new-music-the-mavins-arise-ft-don-jazzy-reekado-banks-dija/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta sauke waƙar da ake kira "magana daya" a Calabar edition na Mega Music Nationwide Tour wanda [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] Telecommunication Company ta shirya. a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2017 |title=Di'ja drops new hit track at Calabar Glo Mega Music Tour |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/dija-drops-new-hit-track-calabar-glo-mega-music-tour/ |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Abin da ya faru !Kyautar !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2014 |[[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] |Dokar da ta fi Alkawari da za a Kula |Shi da kansa|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abimboye, Micheal |date=31 May 2014 |title=Pop duo, Skuki, reject Nigerian Entertainment Awards nomination |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/161770-pop-duo-skuki-reject-nigerian-entertainment-awards-nomination.html |access-date=1 June 2014 |publisher=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> |- |2009 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Rediyon Kanada |Mafi kyawun Urban / R&B Single |Dutse mai tsauri|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref name="Premium Times"/><ref name="Daily Post Newspaper"/> |- |2008 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Beat |Mafi Kyawun Sabon Mai Fasaha |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |} == Waƙoƙi == === Ma'aurata === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Album |- | rowspan="1" |2008 |"Rock Steady"|rowspan="11" {{N/a|Non-album single}} |- | rowspan="1" |2012 |"Yaya Za Mu Iya Zama Abokai" |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |"Dan'Iska (Rudebwoy) " |- |"Sanya (Ba Damuwa) " |- | rowspan="4" |2014 |"Yaro" |- |"Dorobucci" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Opeoluwani, Akintayo |date=10 May 2014 |title=MUSIC REVIEW: 'Dorobucci' Could Have Been Better With D'Banj |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/music-review-dorobucci-could-have-been-better-dbanj |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522051126/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/music-review-dorobucci-could-have-been-better-dbanj |archive-date=22 May 2014 |access-date=21 May 2014 |publisher=Daily Times of Nigeria}}</ref> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (tare da Don Jazzy, [[Tiwa Savage]], Dr SID, D'Prince, Reekado Banks, da Korede Bello) </span> <br /> |- |"Awww" |- |"Adaobi" <span style="font-size:85%;"> (tare da Reekado Banks, Korede Bello, da Don Jazzy) </span> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2014 |title=New Music: Mavins Feat. Di'Ja, Reekado Banks, Korede Bello – Adaobi |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/05/27/new-music-mavins-feat-dija-reekado-banks-korede-bello-adaobi/ |access-date=1 June 2014 |publisher=Bellanaija}}</ref><br /> |- |2015 |"Looku Looku" |- |2016 |"Ku yi sumba" <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=New Music Di'Ja – 'Take Kiss' ft. BabyFresh |url=http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-di-ja-take-kiss-ft-babyfresh-id4603639.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129013252/http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-di-ja-take-kiss-ft-babyfresh-id4603639.html |archive-date=29 January 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=Pulse.ng |publisher=Joey Akan}}</ref> |- |2017 |"Air" |- |2019 |"Omotena" |"Di"Ja EP" |- |2024 |"Soyaya" |Ɗaya daga cikin |} == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Album !Daraktan !Ref |- |2016 |"Ku yi sumba"|rowspan="3" {{N/a|Non-album single}} |Adasa Cookey |<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=Di'Ja Singer is playful and adorable in 'Take kiss' video |url=http://pulse.ng/music_videos/dija-singer-is-playful-and-adorable-in-take-kiss-video-id4603476.html |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=Pulse.ng |publisher=Joay Akan |archive-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129013144/http://pulse.ng/music_videos/dija-singer-is-playful-and-adorable-in-take-kiss-video-id4603476.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2016 |"Faduwa domin Kai" |Unlimited L.A. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2015 |title=Di'Ja, Patoranking Stars become colourful lovers in 'Falling for you' video |url=http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/dija-patoranking-stars-become-colourful-lovers-in-falling-for-you-video-id4224455.html |access-date=3 February 2016 |website=Pulse.com.gh |publisher=David Mawuli |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311121935/http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/dija-patoranking-stars-become-colourful-lovers-in-falling-for-you-video-id4224455.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2014 |"Aww" |Unlimited L.A. | |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] owlf44sv28dunc4uu6dtg8hcjwg8lyo 975870 975869 2026-11-04T17:57:51Z M Bash Ne 12403 975870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Di'ja nation3.jpg|thumbs|250|Di'ja_nation3]] ''' Hadiza Blell''', yanzu '''Hadiza Blell-Olo''', wacce aka fi sani da sunanta '''Di'Ja''', mawaƙiya ce ta Najeriya. An sanya hannu a kan Mavin Records . A shekara ta 2009, ta fitar da waƙarta ta farko "Rock Steady", wanda aka zaba don Mafi Kyawun Urban / R & B Single a 2009 Canadian Radio Music Awards . Bugu da ƙari, ta lashe kyautar Best New Artist a 2008 Beat Music Awards . <ref name="Premium Times">{{Cite web |last=Abimboye, Micheal |date=15 February 2014 |title=Nigerian Entertainment Round-up: Donjazzy's Mavin Records signs on new artiste' Di'Ja |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/155169-nigerian-entertainment-round-donjazzys-mavin-records-signs-new-artiste-dija.html |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Daily Post Newspaper">{{Cite web |last=Filani, Omotola |date=14 February 2014 |title=Don Jazzy signs female act Di'Ja to Mavin Records |url=http://dailypost.ng/2014/02/14/don-jazzy-signs-female-act-dija-mavin-records/ |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Daily Post Newspaper}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Di'Ja ya zauna a [[Najeriya]], [[Saliyo]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Kanada]]. Mahaifiyarta, Asma'u Blell ta fito ne daga [[Najeriya]] kuma mahaifinta, Amb Joseph Blell ya fito ne daga [[Saliyo]] . Di'Ja ta sami digiri na hadin gwiwa a [[Biology|ilmin halitta]] da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]].<ref name="NETNG">{{Cite web |last=Alonge, Osagie |date=14 February 2014 |title=Don Jazzy signs new act Di'ja to Mavin Records, 2 more to follow |url=https://thenet.ng/don-jazzy-signs-new-act-dija-to-mavin-records-2-more-to-follow/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310194152/http://thenet.ng/2014/02/don-jazzy-signs-new-act-dija-to-mavin-records-2-more-to-follow/ |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Nigerian Entertainment Today}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ta fara aikin kiɗa ne a shekara ta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2014 |title=Mavin Boss Don Jazzy Signs New Act Di'ja to Mavin Records, 2 more to follow |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/02/mavin-boss-don-jazzy-signs-new-act-dija-to-mavin-records-2-more-to-follow.html |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Information Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin 2012, Di'Ja ya fitar da waƙoƙi da yawa, ciki har da "Dan'Iska (Rudebwoy) ", "Hold On (Ba Damuwa) " da "Yaya Za Mu Iya Zama Abokai".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2013 |title=Must Listen! Di'Ja presents "Dan'Iska (Rudebwoy)" and "Hold On (Ba Damuwa)" |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/02/05/must-listen-dija-presents-daniska-rudebwoy-and-hold-on-ba-damuwa/ |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Bellanaija}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2014, Di'Ja ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da Don Jazzy's Mavin Records . <ref name="NETNG"/> "Yaro", ta farko hukuma guda a karkashin lakabin kuma an sake ta a wannan rana. Yana ba da yarukan [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da [[Yaren Krio|Krio]] don girmama asalin Najeriya da Saliyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S, Deji |date=14 February 2014 |title=Introducing Don Jazzy's New Artiste Di'ja! Listen to Her New Single – Yaro |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/14/introducing-don-jazzys-new-artiste-dija-listen-to-her-new-single-yaro/ |access-date=14 February 2014 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, Di'Ja ya fito a kan "Dorobucci" tare da abokan lakabi Don Jazzy, Dr SID, Tiwa Savage, D'Prince, Korede Bello da Reekado Banks.<ref>{{cite web|title=MUSIC: Mavins – Dorobucci ft Don Jazzy, Dr Sid, Tiwa Savage, Dprince, Di'Ja, Korede Bello, Reekado Banks|url=http://www.360nobs.com/2014/05/music-mavins-dorobucci-ft-don-jazzy-dr-sid-tiwa-savage-dprince-dija-korede-bello-reekado-banks/|publisher=360nobs|date=1 May 2014|access-date=11 May 2014|author=S, Quedy|archive-date=10 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510183437/http://www.360nobs.com/2014/05/music-mavins-dorobucci-ft-don-jazzy-dr-sid-tiwa-savage-dprince-dija-korede-bello-reekado-banks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kuma nuna ta a kan "Arise", tare da Don Jazzy da Reekado Banks . A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, Di'Ja ta fitar da wasan kwaikwayonta mai suna Aphrodija, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi wakokin baƙi daga Tiwa Savage da Reekado Banks.<ref>{{cite web|title="Aphrodija" Offers a More Complete Expressive Di'ja|date=18 December 2017|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/ep-review-dija-aphrodija-id7744757.html|publisher=Pulse|access-date=24 March 2025|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215155749/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/ep-review-dija-aphrodija-id7744757.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Mavins – Arise Ft. Don Jazzy, Reekado Banks & Di'Ja|url=http://www.view.com.ng/new-music-the-mavins-arise-ft-don-jazzy-reekado-banks-dija//|publisher=View Nigeria|date=21 September 2014|access-date=21 September 2014|author=View Nigeria|archive-date=30 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930155703/http://www.view.com.ng/new-music-the-mavins-arise-ft-don-jazzy-reekado-banks-dija/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta sauke waƙar da ake kira "magana daya" a Calabar edition na Mega Music Nationwide Tour wanda [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] Telecommunication Company ta shirya. a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2017 |title=Di'ja drops new hit track at Calabar Glo Mega Music Tour |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/dija-drops-new-hit-track-calabar-glo-mega-music-tour/ |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Abin da ya faru !Kyautar !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2014 |[[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] |Dokar da ta fi Alkawari da za a Kula |Shi da kansa|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abimboye, Micheal |date=31 May 2014 |title=Pop duo, Skuki, reject Nigerian Entertainment Awards nomination |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/161770-pop-duo-skuki-reject-nigerian-entertainment-awards-nomination.html |access-date=1 June 2014 |publisher=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> |- |2009 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Rediyon Kanada |Mafi kyawun Urban / R&B Single |Dutse mai tsauri|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref name="Premium Times"/><ref name="Daily Post Newspaper"/> |- |2008 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Beat |Mafi Kyawun Sabon Mai Fasaha |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |} == Waƙoƙi == === Ma'aurata === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Album |- | rowspan="1" |2008 |"Rock Steady"|rowspan="11" {{N/a|Non-album single}} |- | rowspan="1" |2012 |"Yaya Za Mu Iya Zama Abokai" |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |"Dan'Iska (Rudebwoy) " |- |"Sanya (Ba Damuwa) " |- | rowspan="4" |2014 |"Yaro" |- |"Dorobucci" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Opeoluwani, Akintayo |date=10 May 2014 |title=MUSIC REVIEW: 'Dorobucci' Could Have Been Better With D'Banj |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/music-review-dorobucci-could-have-been-better-dbanj |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522051126/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/music-review-dorobucci-could-have-been-better-dbanj |archive-date=22 May 2014 |access-date=21 May 2014 |publisher=Daily Times of Nigeria}}</ref> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (tare da Don Jazzy, [[Tiwa Savage]], Dr SID, D'Prince, Reekado Banks, da Korede Bello) </span> <br /> |- |"Awww" |- |"Adaobi" <span style="font-size:85%;"> (tare da Reekado Banks, Korede Bello, da Don Jazzy) </span> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2014 |title=New Music: Mavins Feat. Di'Ja, Reekado Banks, Korede Bello – Adaobi |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/05/27/new-music-mavins-feat-dija-reekado-banks-korede-bello-adaobi/ |access-date=1 June 2014 |publisher=Bellanaija}}</ref><br /> |- |2015 |"Looku Looku" |- |2016 |"Ku yi sumba" <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=New Music Di'Ja – 'Take Kiss' ft. BabyFresh |url=http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-di-ja-take-kiss-ft-babyfresh-id4603639.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129013252/http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-di-ja-take-kiss-ft-babyfresh-id4603639.html |archive-date=29 January 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=Pulse.ng |publisher=Joey Akan}}</ref> |- |2017 |"Air" |- |2019 |"Omotena" |"Di"Ja EP" |- |2024 |"Soyaya" |Ɗaya daga cikin |} == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Album !Daraktan !Ref |- |2016 |"Ku yi sumba"|rowspan="3" {{N/a|Non-album single}} |Adasa Cookey |<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=Di'Ja Singer is playful and adorable in 'Take kiss' video |url=http://pulse.ng/music_videos/dija-singer-is-playful-and-adorable-in-take-kiss-video-id4603476.html |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=Pulse.ng |publisher=Joay Akan |archive-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129013144/http://pulse.ng/music_videos/dija-singer-is-playful-and-adorable-in-take-kiss-video-id4603476.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2016 |"Faduwa domin Kai" |Unlimited L.A. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2015 |title=Di'Ja, Patoranking Stars become colourful lovers in 'Falling for you' video |url=http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/dija-patoranking-stars-become-colourful-lovers-in-falling-for-you-video-id4224455.html |access-date=3 February 2016 |website=Pulse.com.gh |publisher=David Mawuli |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311121935/http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/dija-patoranking-stars-become-colourful-lovers-in-falling-for-you-video-id4224455.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2014 |"Aww" |Unlimited L.A. | |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] phx73m8htbpaa2px51ma7mw0myvwhph 975871 975870 2026-11-04T17:59:21Z M Bash Ne 12403 975871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Di'ja nation3.jpg|thumbs|250×|Di'ja_nation3]] ''' Hadiza Blell''', yanzu '''Hadiza Blell-Olo''', wacce aka fi sani da sunanta '''Di'Ja''', mawaƙiya ce ta Najeriya. An sanya hannu a kan Mavin Records . A shekara ta 2009, ta fitar da waƙarta ta farko "Rock Steady", wanda aka zaba don Mafi Kyawun Urban / R & B Single a 2009 Canadian Radio Music Awards . Bugu da ƙari, ta lashe kyautar Best New Artist a 2008 Beat Music Awards . <ref name="Premium Times">{{Cite web |last=Abimboye, Micheal |date=15 February 2014 |title=Nigerian Entertainment Round-up: Donjazzy's Mavin Records signs on new artiste' Di'Ja |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/155169-nigerian-entertainment-round-donjazzys-mavin-records-signs-new-artiste-dija.html |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Daily Post Newspaper">{{Cite web |last=Filani, Omotola |date=14 February 2014 |title=Don Jazzy signs female act Di'Ja to Mavin Records |url=http://dailypost.ng/2014/02/14/don-jazzy-signs-female-act-dija-mavin-records/ |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Daily Post Newspaper}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Di'Ja ya zauna a [[Najeriya]], [[Saliyo]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Kanada]]. Mahaifiyarta, Asma'u Blell ta fito ne daga [[Najeriya]] kuma mahaifinta, Amb Joseph Blell ya fito ne daga [[Saliyo]] . Di'Ja ta sami digiri na hadin gwiwa a [[Biology|ilmin halitta]] da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]].<ref name="NETNG">{{Cite web |last=Alonge, Osagie |date=14 February 2014 |title=Don Jazzy signs new act Di'ja to Mavin Records, 2 more to follow |url=https://thenet.ng/don-jazzy-signs-new-act-dija-to-mavin-records-2-more-to-follow/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310194152/http://thenet.ng/2014/02/don-jazzy-signs-new-act-dija-to-mavin-records-2-more-to-follow/ |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Nigerian Entertainment Today}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ta fara aikin kiɗa ne a shekara ta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2014 |title=Mavin Boss Don Jazzy Signs New Act Di'ja to Mavin Records, 2 more to follow |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/02/mavin-boss-don-jazzy-signs-new-act-dija-to-mavin-records-2-more-to-follow.html |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Information Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin 2012, Di'Ja ya fitar da waƙoƙi da yawa, ciki har da "Dan'Iska (Rudebwoy) ", "Hold On (Ba Damuwa) " da "Yaya Za Mu Iya Zama Abokai".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2013 |title=Must Listen! Di'Ja presents "Dan'Iska (Rudebwoy)" and "Hold On (Ba Damuwa)" |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/02/05/must-listen-dija-presents-daniska-rudebwoy-and-hold-on-ba-damuwa/ |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Bellanaija}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2014, Di'Ja ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da Don Jazzy's Mavin Records . <ref name="NETNG"/> "Yaro", ta farko hukuma guda a karkashin lakabin kuma an sake ta a wannan rana. Yana ba da yarukan [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da [[Yaren Krio|Krio]] don girmama asalin Najeriya da Saliyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S, Deji |date=14 February 2014 |title=Introducing Don Jazzy's New Artiste Di'ja! Listen to Her New Single – Yaro |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/14/introducing-don-jazzys-new-artiste-dija-listen-to-her-new-single-yaro/ |access-date=14 February 2014 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, Di'Ja ya fito a kan "Dorobucci" tare da abokan lakabi Don Jazzy, Dr SID, Tiwa Savage, D'Prince, Korede Bello da Reekado Banks.<ref>{{cite web|title=MUSIC: Mavins – Dorobucci ft Don Jazzy, Dr Sid, Tiwa Savage, Dprince, Di'Ja, Korede Bello, Reekado Banks|url=http://www.360nobs.com/2014/05/music-mavins-dorobucci-ft-don-jazzy-dr-sid-tiwa-savage-dprince-dija-korede-bello-reekado-banks/|publisher=360nobs|date=1 May 2014|access-date=11 May 2014|author=S, Quedy|archive-date=10 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510183437/http://www.360nobs.com/2014/05/music-mavins-dorobucci-ft-don-jazzy-dr-sid-tiwa-savage-dprince-dija-korede-bello-reekado-banks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kuma nuna ta a kan "Arise", tare da Don Jazzy da Reekado Banks . A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, Di'Ja ta fitar da wasan kwaikwayonta mai suna Aphrodija, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi wakokin baƙi daga Tiwa Savage da Reekado Banks.<ref>{{cite web|title="Aphrodija" Offers a More Complete Expressive Di'ja|date=18 December 2017|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/ep-review-dija-aphrodija-id7744757.html|publisher=Pulse|access-date=24 March 2025|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215155749/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/ep-review-dija-aphrodija-id7744757.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Mavins – Arise Ft. Don Jazzy, Reekado Banks & Di'Ja|url=http://www.view.com.ng/new-music-the-mavins-arise-ft-don-jazzy-reekado-banks-dija//|publisher=View Nigeria|date=21 September 2014|access-date=21 September 2014|author=View Nigeria|archive-date=30 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930155703/http://www.view.com.ng/new-music-the-mavins-arise-ft-don-jazzy-reekado-banks-dija/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta sauke waƙar da ake kira "magana daya" a Calabar edition na Mega Music Nationwide Tour wanda [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] Telecommunication Company ta shirya. a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2017 |title=Di'ja drops new hit track at Calabar Glo Mega Music Tour |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/dija-drops-new-hit-track-calabar-glo-mega-music-tour/ |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Abin da ya faru !Kyautar !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2014 |[[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] |Dokar da ta fi Alkawari da za a Kula |Shi da kansa|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abimboye, Micheal |date=31 May 2014 |title=Pop duo, Skuki, reject Nigerian Entertainment Awards nomination |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/161770-pop-duo-skuki-reject-nigerian-entertainment-awards-nomination.html |access-date=1 June 2014 |publisher=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> |- |2009 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Rediyon Kanada |Mafi kyawun Urban / R&B Single |Dutse mai tsauri|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref name="Premium Times"/><ref name="Daily Post Newspaper"/> |- |2008 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Beat |Mafi Kyawun Sabon Mai Fasaha |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |} == Waƙoƙi == === Ma'aurata === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Album |- | rowspan="1" |2008 |"Rock Steady"|rowspan="11" {{N/a|Non-album single}} |- | rowspan="1" |2012 |"Yaya Za Mu Iya Zama Abokai" |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |"Dan'Iska (Rudebwoy) " |- |"Sanya (Ba Damuwa) " |- | rowspan="4" |2014 |"Yaro" |- |"Dorobucci" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Opeoluwani, Akintayo |date=10 May 2014 |title=MUSIC REVIEW: 'Dorobucci' Could Have Been Better With D'Banj |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/music-review-dorobucci-could-have-been-better-dbanj |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522051126/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/music-review-dorobucci-could-have-been-better-dbanj |archive-date=22 May 2014 |access-date=21 May 2014 |publisher=Daily Times of Nigeria}}</ref> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (tare da Don Jazzy, [[Tiwa Savage]], Dr SID, D'Prince, Reekado Banks, da Korede Bello) </span> <br /> |- |"Awww" |- |"Adaobi" <span style="font-size:85%;"> (tare da Reekado Banks, Korede Bello, da Don Jazzy) </span> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2014 |title=New Music: Mavins Feat. Di'Ja, Reekado Banks, Korede Bello – Adaobi |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/05/27/new-music-mavins-feat-dija-reekado-banks-korede-bello-adaobi/ |access-date=1 June 2014 |publisher=Bellanaija}}</ref><br /> |- |2015 |"Looku Looku" |- |2016 |"Ku yi sumba" <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=New Music Di'Ja – 'Take Kiss' ft. BabyFresh |url=http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-di-ja-take-kiss-ft-babyfresh-id4603639.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129013252/http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-di-ja-take-kiss-ft-babyfresh-id4603639.html |archive-date=29 January 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=Pulse.ng |publisher=Joey Akan}}</ref> |- |2017 |"Air" |- |2019 |"Omotena" |"Di"Ja EP" |- |2024 |"Soyaya" |Ɗaya daga cikin |} == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Album !Daraktan !Ref |- |2016 |"Ku yi sumba"|rowspan="3" {{N/a|Non-album single}} |Adasa Cookey |<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=Di'Ja Singer is playful and adorable in 'Take kiss' video |url=http://pulse.ng/music_videos/dija-singer-is-playful-and-adorable-in-take-kiss-video-id4603476.html |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=Pulse.ng |publisher=Joay Akan |archive-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129013144/http://pulse.ng/music_videos/dija-singer-is-playful-and-adorable-in-take-kiss-video-id4603476.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2016 |"Faduwa domin Kai" |Unlimited L.A. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2015 |title=Di'Ja, Patoranking Stars become colourful lovers in 'Falling for you' video |url=http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/dija-patoranking-stars-become-colourful-lovers-in-falling-for-you-video-id4224455.html |access-date=3 February 2016 |website=Pulse.com.gh |publisher=David Mawuli |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311121935/http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/dija-patoranking-stars-become-colourful-lovers-in-falling-for-you-video-id4224455.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2014 |"Aww" |Unlimited L.A. | |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2m0mzmntu76mi8oiuimmcgviymfu4s0 975872 975871 2026-11-04T18:18:10Z M Bash Ne 12403 975872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} ''' Hadiza Blell''', yanzu '''Hadiza Blell-Olo''', wacce aka fi sani da sunanta '''Di'Ja''', mawaƙiya ce ta Najeriya. An sanya hannu a kan Mavin Records . A shekara ta 2009, ta fitar da waƙarta ta farko "Rock Steady", wanda aka zaba don Mafi Kyawun Urban / R & B Single a 2009 Canadian Radio Music Awards . Bugu da ƙari, ta lashe kyautar Best New Artist a 2008 Beat Music Awards . <ref name="Premium Times">{{Cite web |last=Abimboye, Micheal |date=15 February 2014 |title=Nigerian Entertainment Round-up: Donjazzy's Mavin Records signs on new artiste' Di'Ja |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/155169-nigerian-entertainment-round-donjazzys-mavin-records-signs-new-artiste-dija.html |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Daily Post Newspaper">{{Cite web |last=Filani, Omotola |date=14 February 2014 |title=Don Jazzy signs female act Di'Ja to Mavin Records |url=http://dailypost.ng/2014/02/14/don-jazzy-signs-female-act-dija-mavin-records/ |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Daily Post Newspaper}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Di'Ja ya zauna a [[Najeriya]], [[Saliyo]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Kanada]]. Mahaifiyarta, Asma'u Blell ta fito ne daga [[Najeriya]] kuma mahaifinta, Amb Joseph Blell ya fito ne daga [[Saliyo]] . Di'Ja ta sami digiri na hadin gwiwa a [[Biology|ilmin halitta]] da [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]].<ref name="NETNG">{{Cite web |last=Alonge, Osagie |date=14 February 2014 |title=Don Jazzy signs new act Di'ja to Mavin Records, 2 more to follow |url=https://thenet.ng/don-jazzy-signs-new-act-dija-to-mavin-records-2-more-to-follow/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310194152/http://thenet.ng/2014/02/don-jazzy-signs-new-act-dija-to-mavin-records-2-more-to-follow/ |archive-date=10 March 2014 |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Nigerian Entertainment Today}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ta fara aikin kiɗa ne a shekara ta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2014 |title=Mavin Boss Don Jazzy Signs New Act Di'ja to Mavin Records, 2 more to follow |url=http://www.informationng.com/2014/02/mavin-boss-don-jazzy-signs-new-act-dija-to-mavin-records-2-more-to-follow.html |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Information Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin 2012, Di'Ja ya fitar da waƙoƙi da yawa, ciki har da "Dan'Iska (Rudebwoy) ", "Hold On (Ba Damuwa) " da "Yaya Za Mu Iya Zama Abokai".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2013 |title=Must Listen! Di'Ja presents "Dan'Iska (Rudebwoy)" and "Hold On (Ba Damuwa)" |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/02/05/must-listen-dija-presents-daniska-rudebwoy-and-hold-on-ba-damuwa/ |access-date=19 March 2014 |publisher=Bellanaija}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2014, Di'Ja ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da Don Jazzy's Mavin Records . <ref name="NETNG"/> "Yaro", ta farko hukuma guda a karkashin lakabin kuma an sake ta a wannan rana. Yana ba da yarukan [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] da [[Yaren Krio|Krio]] don girmama asalin Najeriya da Saliyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S, Deji |date=14 February 2014 |title=Introducing Don Jazzy's New Artiste Di'ja! Listen to Her New Single – Yaro |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/02/14/introducing-don-jazzys-new-artiste-dija-listen-to-her-new-single-yaro/ |access-date=14 February 2014 |publisher=bellanaija}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2014, Di'Ja ya fito a kan "Dorobucci" tare da abokan lakabi Don Jazzy, Dr SID, Tiwa Savage, D'Prince, Korede Bello da Reekado Banks.<ref>{{cite web|title=MUSIC: Mavins – Dorobucci ft Don Jazzy, Dr Sid, Tiwa Savage, Dprince, Di'Ja, Korede Bello, Reekado Banks|url=http://www.360nobs.com/2014/05/music-mavins-dorobucci-ft-don-jazzy-dr-sid-tiwa-savage-dprince-dija-korede-bello-reekado-banks/|publisher=360nobs|date=1 May 2014|access-date=11 May 2014|author=S, Quedy|archive-date=10 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510183437/http://www.360nobs.com/2014/05/music-mavins-dorobucci-ft-don-jazzy-dr-sid-tiwa-savage-dprince-dija-korede-bello-reekado-banks/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kuma nuna ta a kan "Arise", tare da Don Jazzy da Reekado Banks . A ranar 15 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, Di'Ja ta fitar da wasan kwaikwayonta mai suna Aphrodija, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi wakokin baƙi daga Tiwa Savage da Reekado Banks.<ref>{{cite web|title="Aphrodija" Offers a More Complete Expressive Di'ja|date=18 December 2017|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/ep-review-dija-aphrodija-id7744757.html|publisher=Pulse|access-date=24 March 2025|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215155749/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/ep-review-dija-aphrodija-id7744757.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Mavins – Arise Ft. Don Jazzy, Reekado Banks & Di'Ja|url=http://www.view.com.ng/new-music-the-mavins-arise-ft-don-jazzy-reekado-banks-dija//|publisher=View Nigeria|date=21 September 2014|access-date=21 September 2014|author=View Nigeria|archive-date=30 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930155703/http://www.view.com.ng/new-music-the-mavins-arise-ft-don-jazzy-reekado-banks-dija/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta sauke waƙar da ake kira "magana daya" a Calabar edition na Mega Music Nationwide Tour wanda [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] Telecommunication Company ta shirya. a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2017 |title=Di'ja drops new hit track at Calabar Glo Mega Music Tour |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/dija-drops-new-hit-track-calabar-glo-mega-music-tour/ |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Abin da ya faru !Kyautar !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2014 |[[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya]] |Dokar da ta fi Alkawari da za a Kula |Shi da kansa|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abimboye, Micheal |date=31 May 2014 |title=Pop duo, Skuki, reject Nigerian Entertainment Awards nomination |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/161770-pop-duo-skuki-reject-nigerian-entertainment-awards-nomination.html |access-date=1 June 2014 |publisher=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> |- |2009 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Rediyon Kanada |Mafi kyawun Urban / R&B Single |Dutse mai tsauri|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref name="Premium Times"/><ref name="Daily Post Newspaper"/> |- |2008 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Beat |Mafi Kyawun Sabon Mai Fasaha |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |} == Waƙoƙi == === Ma'aurata === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Album |- | rowspan="1" |2008 |"Rock Steady"|rowspan="11" {{N/a|Non-album single}} |- | rowspan="1" |2012 |"Yaya Za Mu Iya Zama Abokai" |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |"Dan'Iska (Rudebwoy) " |- |"Sanya (Ba Damuwa) " |- | rowspan="4" |2014 |"Yaro" |- |"Dorobucci" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Opeoluwani, Akintayo |date=10 May 2014 |title=MUSIC REVIEW: 'Dorobucci' Could Have Been Better With D'Banj |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/music-review-dorobucci-could-have-been-better-dbanj |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522051126/http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/music-review-dorobucci-could-have-been-better-dbanj |archive-date=22 May 2014 |access-date=21 May 2014 |publisher=Daily Times of Nigeria}}</ref> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (tare da Don Jazzy, [[Tiwa Savage]], Dr SID, D'Prince, Reekado Banks, da Korede Bello) </span> <br /> |- |"Awww" |- |"Adaobi" <span style="font-size:85%;"> (tare da Reekado Banks, Korede Bello, da Don Jazzy) </span> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2014 |title=New Music: Mavins Feat. Di'Ja, Reekado Banks, Korede Bello – Adaobi |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/05/27/new-music-mavins-feat-dija-reekado-banks-korede-bello-adaobi/ |access-date=1 June 2014 |publisher=Bellanaija}}</ref><br /> |- |2015 |"Looku Looku" |- |2016 |"Ku yi sumba" <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=New Music Di'Ja – 'Take Kiss' ft. BabyFresh |url=http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-di-ja-take-kiss-ft-babyfresh-id4603639.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129013252/http://pulse.ng/new_music/new-music-di-ja-take-kiss-ft-babyfresh-id4603639.html |archive-date=29 January 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=Pulse.ng |publisher=Joey Akan}}</ref> |- |2017 |"Air" |- |2019 |"Omotena" |"Di"Ja EP" |- |2024 |"Soyaya" |Ɗaya daga cikin |} == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Album !Daraktan !Ref |- |2016 |"Ku yi sumba"|rowspan="3" {{N/a|Non-album single}} |Adasa Cookey |<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2016 |title=Di'Ja Singer is playful and adorable in 'Take kiss' video |url=http://pulse.ng/music_videos/dija-singer-is-playful-and-adorable-in-take-kiss-video-id4603476.html |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=Pulse.ng |publisher=Joay Akan |archive-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129013144/http://pulse.ng/music_videos/dija-singer-is-playful-and-adorable-in-take-kiss-video-id4603476.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2016 |"Faduwa domin Kai" |Unlimited L.A. |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2015 |title=Di'Ja, Patoranking Stars become colourful lovers in 'Falling for you' video |url=http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/dija-patoranking-stars-become-colourful-lovers-in-falling-for-you-video-id4224455.html |access-date=3 February 2016 |website=Pulse.com.gh |publisher=David Mawuli |archive-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311121935/http://pulse.com.gh/music-videos/dija-patoranking-stars-become-colourful-lovers-in-falling-for-you-video-id4224455.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2014 |"Aww" |Unlimited L.A. | |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3oyvq9r67dbvgpnu4x0ute23njoddv0 0 99590 975859 880436 2026-11-04T16:19:12Z Nura Bello 24854 975859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sharon Louden''' (an haife ta ne a shekara ta 1964) yar wasan gani ce ta Ba'amurkiya, wacce aka sani da ita don amfani da layinta na zane. Ƙananan zane-zanenta da zane-zane sun rikiɗe a cikin shekaru zuwa wasu kafofin watsa labaru (animation, sassaka, da shigarwa), ana bayyana su a matsayin "zane-zane-zane-zane." Har ila yau, ta fadada zuwa amfani da launi mai fadi. Dangane da ƙananan zane-zanenta, an kira Louden "Robert Ryman na ƙarni na 21." == Sanannen ayyuka == Louden ya zama sananne ga nau'ikan kayan aiki masu girma da yawa waɗanda ke amfani da dakatarwar aluminum, fiber optics tare da sandunan gilashi, da vinyl kala-kala. Bayan kammala wani nunin da aka dakatar da aluminum a farkon shekarar 2017 mai suna, "Windows," a Tweed Museum of Art, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tweed Museum of Art |url=https://www.d.umn.edu/tma/exhibitions/Sharon_Louden_2015/Louden2015.html |website=D.umn.edu}}</ref> an ba ta izini don shigarwa na dindindin ta amfani da aluminum da aka dakatar a harabar ginin jama'a a Houston, [[Texas]]. An kammala maimaita "Windows" na gaba a Jami'ar Wyoming Museum of Art (2018-2020), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transforming Spaces &#124; Art Museum &#124; University of Wyoming |url=http://www.uwyo.edu/artmuseum/exhibitions/current/transforming-spaces/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411223750/http://www.uwyo.edu/artmuseum/exhibitions/current/transforming-spaces/index.html |archive-date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2020-04-11}}</ref> Philbrook Museum of Art (2019-2020), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharon Louden |url=https://philbrook.org/exhibitions/sharon-louden/ |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Philbrook.org |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017034746/https://philbrook.org/exhibitions/sharon-louden/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma shigarwa na dindindin a harabar sabon ginin jama'a a Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. A cikin bazara na shekarar 2023 a Breck Create (Breckenridge, CO), ta dakatar da aluminum, ta sanya vinyl mai launi a bango da benaye, kuma ta rataye ayyuka akan takarda a cikin shigarwa wanda ke magance shingen al'umma a tarihi yana hana mata da marasa galihu ci gaba da cikas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharon Louden: Barriers to Entry |url=https://breckcreate.org/exhibitions/sharon-louden-barriers-to-entry#:~:text=Sharon%20Louden%20is%20an%20artist,Creative%20Life%20series%20of%20books./ |website=/breckcreate.org}}</ref> A lokacin bala'in cutar, ta yi aiki tare da ɗaliban fasaha don ƙirƙirar shigarwa na waje na gilashin launi da dutsen da ke bikin cika shekaru 100 na cin zarafin mata a Amurka, nunin da kuma ya nuna sabon raye-raye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UCA to Host Sharon Louden as Artist in Residence |url=https://uca.edu/news/uca-to-host-sharon-louden-as-artist-in-residence/ |website=/uca.edu}}</ref> A cikin Oktoban shekarar 2011, Louden ta shigarwa ''Merge'' bude a Weisman Art Museum a Minneapolis, [[Minnesota]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sympathies: Producing, Experiencing, Interpreting Art |url=http://weisman.umn.edu/event/sympathies |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Weisman.umn.edu}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri ''haɗin kai'' a cikin tattaunawa tare da sabon ƙari zuwa gidan kayan tarihi na Weisman wanda Frank Gehry ya ƙera a Minneapolis, Minnesota. An baje kolin farko na ''Haɗuwa'' a Gidan Tarihi na Munson Williams Proctor Institute of Art a cikin 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dimensional Line: Recent work by Sharon Louden and Creighton Michael |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/592b51c18419c2e1dd15123b/t/5a31c0c5c830251c926fe1c9/1513210058292/2004_DimensionalLine-sm.pdf |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Static1.squarespace.com}}</ref> kuma ya samo asali tun daga lokacin. Na ''Haɗa'', Janet Koplos na ''Art a Amurka'' ya rubuta "... da ''kuzari'' mai kuzari, watakila Louden mafi kyawun aikin har zuwa yau, a fili ya yi nasara a kan kansa kuma zai zama mai gamsarwa a ko'ina." <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2012 |title=Sharon Louden |url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/sharon-louden/ |website=Artinamericamagazine.com}}</ref> Ana gudanar da aikin Louden a cikin manyan tarin jama'a da masu zaman kansu ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Whitney na Art American, National Gallery of Art, Neuberger Museum of Art, [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]] Arts Center, Yale Art Gallery, Weatherspoon Art Museum, da Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Ta sami kyauta daga Gidauniyar Elizabeth, [[New York Foundation for the Arts|Gidauniyar New York don Arts]], da [[Ford Foundation|Gidauniyar Ford]] kuma ta shiga cikin zama a [[Tamarind Institute|Cibiyar Tamarind]], Gilashin Urban, [[Omi International Arts Center|Art Omi]], da Marie Walsh Sharpe Art Foundation. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharon Louden Resume |url=https://www.sharonlouden.com/resume |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Sharonlouden.com}}</ref> Ayyukanta suna wakilta ta Ayyukan Ayyuka a Chicago, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Engage Projects - artists |url=https://www.engage-projects.com/sharon-louden-bio.html |website=Engage-Projects.com}}</ref> Alamu & Alamu Gallery a Birnin New York, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Signs and symbols - artists |url=http://www.signsandsymbols.art/artists |website=Signsandsymbols.art}}</ref> Patrick Heide Contemporary Art a London, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artists: Collaborating &#124; Patrick Heide Contemporary Art |url=https://www.patrickheide.com/artists/collaborating |website=Patrickheide.com}}</ref> da Holly Johnson Gallery a Dallas, Texas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharon Louden &#124; Eventing &#124; 2011 |url=https://hollyjohnsongallery.com/exhibition/75/exhibition_works/945 |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Hollyjohnsongallery.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Sharon Louden a [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, kuma ya girma a Olney, Maryland . Louden yana da 'yan'uwa uku: Mimi Louden, Karen Louden Allanach, da Jill Louden. Louden ya sauke karatu daga Sherwood High School a Sandy Spring, Maryland . Ta karɓi BFA daga Makarantar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago (SAIC) a cikin shekarar 1988, inda ta yi karatu tare da Dan Gustin da Susanna Coffey . Louden ta karɓi MFA daga Makarantar Yale ta Art a cikin 1991. A Yale, mashawarta sune Mel Bochner, William Bailey, Andrew Forge, da Frances Barth . Ta sami lambar yabo ta Yale's Schickle-Collingwood a cikin 1990. Louden ya yi karatun zanen hoto a SAIC. A lokacin karatunta a Yale, aikinta ya haɗu zuwa abstraction. == Sana'a == === Zaɓaɓɓun nune-nunen nune-nunen solo === [[File:MergeUconn09.jpg|right|thumb| "Haɗa" - Jami'ar Connecticut, Storrs, CT - 2013]] Breck Create, Breckenridge, CO Aikin Shiga, Chicago, IL Gidan kayan tarihi na Philbrook na Art, Tulsa, Ok Hotunan Alamomi & Alamu, New York, NY Jami'ar Wyoming Art Museum, Laramie, WY Tweed Museum of Art, Duluth, MN Morgan Lehman Gallery, New York, NY Holly Johnson Gallery, Dallas, TX Weisman Art Museum, Minneapolis, MN Weatherspoon Art Museum, Greensboro, NC Neuberger Museum of Art, Sayayya, NY DiverseWorks ArtSpace, Houston, TX === Tarin da aka zaɓa === Ana gudanar da aikin Louden a cikin manyan tarin jama'a da masu zaman kansu a ko'ina cikin ƙasar Amurka, Asiya da Turai gami da: * Arkansas Arts Center * Birmingham Museum of Art * Cleveland Clinic * Delaware Art Museum * Janar Mills * Hallmark Cards Corporation girma * Kamfanin Microsoft * Museum of Fine Arts, Houston * Gidan Gallery na Fasaha na Kasa * National Museum of Women in Arts * Neuberger Museum of Art * Panasonic Amurka * Pfizer, Inc., Hedikwatar Duniya * Kamfanin Progressive Corporation * Babban Asibitin San Francisco * Weatherspoon Art Museum * Weisman Art Museum * Whitney Museum of American Art * Gallery Art Gallery na Jami'ar Yale * Werner H. Kramarsky <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barbara Weidle |title=Letter from Berlin |url=http://www.artnet.com/magazine_pre2000/reviews/weidle/weidle4-5-99.asp |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Artnet.com}}</ref> === raye-raye === [[File:SharonLouden_CarrierAnimationStill.jpg|right|thumb| "Dauke" - har yanzu harbi animation - 2011]] Sharon Louden ta baje kolin raye-rayen ta a gidajen tarihi, gidajen tarihi, da bukukuwan fina-finai a duk fadin kasar. Ƙwararrunta sun haɗa da Shel Silverstein . Jerin abubuwan raye-rayenta na farko sun haɗa a cikin nunin solo na shekarar 2006 mai taken "Character," wanda bincike ne na zane-zane, zane-zane, kayan aiki, bugu, da raye-raye a gidan kayan tarihi na Neuberger, wanda Dede Young ya tsara. Har ila yau, a cikin shekarar 2006, "Pool" an haɗa shi a cikin zane-zane na Falo na Bidiyo na Art da Michael Rush ya shirya don Base Basel Miami Art Fair. An yi nazari da yawa daga cikin raye-rayenta a cikin bukukuwan fina-finai na yara daban-daban a Amurka daga shekara ta 2008–2009. Musamman, "The Bridge," wanda aka kammala a 2008, an nuna shi a gidan kayan gargajiya na Birmingham, Weatherspoon Art Museum, Johnson Museum of Art a Jami'ar Cornell, da Gallery Joe a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. An kuma nuna shi a Bikin Fim na Duniya na Queens da Zabin Zabin Masu Sauraron Fina-Finai na New York a cikin 2009. Saboda kyakkyawar amsawar masu sauraro a wurin nunin, an zaɓi "The Bridge" don haɗawa a cikin Bikin Fim na Downtown New York a shekara ta 2010. Har ila yau, an nuna raye-rayen ta a bikin fina-finai na Athens International da Bidiyo a Athens, Ohio, da kuma bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Honolulu, inda ta sami lambar yabo don Ƙarfafawa a Fim a shekara ta 2009. A cikin 2010, Louden ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Bronze Palm Award daga bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Mexico don "The Bridge." Tsakanin shekarar 2011 da 2017, Louden ya ba da izini ta National Gallery of Art don ƙirƙirar sabbin raye-raye da kuma taimakawa wajen tsara hotunan fina-finai guda uku na raye-raye: ''Ciné-Concert: Art in Motion!'' (2011), ''Ciné-Concert: Abstract Film Tun daga 1970'' (2013), da ''Ciné-Concert: Gwaje-gwajen Zamani a Animation'' (2017). "Sawun ƙafa", "Hedge", "The Bridge", da "Daukewa" an nuna su a zauren taron Wing na Gabas a 2011; "Al'umma a cikin 2013; da" Untitled (a cikin tattaunawa tare da Len Lye, "Free Radicals") a cikin shekara ta 2017. A cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen, an nuna raye-rayen Louden tare da wasu manyan ayyuka, kamar "Lines Horizontal" na Norman McLaren (1962); "Two Space" na Larry Cuba (197 Freen Cuba ); (1958); " Symphonie Diagonal" Viking Eggeling (1924); "Silence" Jules Engel (1968); "The Bridge". An haɗa raye-raye goma (2005-2011) a cikin tarin ɗakin karatu na Cibiyar Iota. === Ayyukan jama'a === [[File:SharonLouden_ReflectingTips-Yahoo-2001.jpg|right|thumb| "Nasihu Masu Tunani" - Yahoo! Babban Ofishin Kamfanin, Sunnyvale, CA - 2001]] Louden ya yi aiki a fagen fasahar jama'a tun shekarun 1998. Ayyukanta sau da yawa sun haɗa da kayan masana'antu waɗanda aka canza zuwa kamanni a cikin yanayi, gami da motsi wanda ke nunin jikin ɗan adam. Ayyukan Art na Jama'a sun haɗa da "Nasihu masu Tunani" a Sunnyvale, California (1999-2008), "Shag Pools" a Shafer, Minnesota (2015), "Ba a yi suna" a Houston, Texas (2017), da "Windows: Tunanin Mabrey" a Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (2020). A cikin 2013, Ma'aikatar Al'umma da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙi na Connecticut ta ba da izini ga Louden a cikin Shirin Fannin Fannin Jama'a don ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun shigarwar da ke cikin Oak Hall a Jami'ar Connecticut, mai suna "Haɗa a Jami'ar Connecticut". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Economic Community Development |url=http://www.cultureandtourism.org/cct/cwp/view.asp?a=2214&Q=526728&PM=1 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813123645/http://www.cultureandtourism.org/cct/cwp/view.asp?a=2214&Q=526728&PM=1 |archive-date=August 13, 2017 |website=Cultureandtourism.org}}</ref> Louden ya kuma yi na wucin gadi na jama'a art shigarwa, kamar "Tangled Tips" a Metro Tech kasuwanci shakatawa a Brooklyn, NY, ta hanyar Public Art Fund a 2000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Atlanta, Office of Cultural Affairs &#124; Sharon Louden |url=http://ocaatlanta.com/artist-gallery/sharon-louden |website=Ocaatlanta.com}}</ref> === Ayyukan littattafai === Louden shi ne editan littattafai guda biyu: ''Rayuwa da Dorewa da Halittar Rayuwa: Rubuce-rubuce ta 40 Masu Ma'aikata Masu Aiki'' da ''Mawallafi a matsayin Mai Shirye-shiryen Al'adu: Rayuwa da Tsayar da Rayuwa mai Ƙarfafa,'' dukansu sun buga ta Littattafan Hankali <ref>{{Cite web |title=Intellect Ltd |url=https://www.intellectbooks.co.uk/books/view-Author,a=L/view-Contact-Page,id=32009/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303111114/https://www.intellectbooks.co.uk/books/view-Author,a=L/view-Contact-Page,id=32009/ |archive-date=2018-03-03 |access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> kuma Jami'ar Chicago Press ta rarraba. Littafin farko ya hada da rubutun da masu zane-zane Julie Blackmon, Sharon Butler, Amanda Church, Maureen Connor, Will Cotton, Blane de St. Croix, Jennifer Dalton, Karin Davie, Peter Drake, Carson Fox, Michelle Grabner, da Art Guys , Ellen Harvey , Julie Richard Kfery, David Huffery, Jenny Marketou, Maggie Michael, Adrienne Outlaw, Amy Pleasant, Melissa Potter, Justin Quinn, da [[Kate Shepherd]], da kuma kalmar gaba ta Carter Foster, mataimakin darekta na Blanton Museum of Art da kuma ƙarshe ta Ed Winkleman da Bill Carroll, darektan Cibiyar Elizabeth Foundation for the Arts Studio Program. Masu ba da gudummawa ga "Mai fasaha a matsayin mai samar da al'adu" Louden sun hada da Alec Soth (Little Brown Mushroom), Alison Wong (Butter Projects), Andrea Zittel, Carrie Moyer ( Dyke Action Machine ), Chloe Bass, Edgar Arceneaux, Mark Tribe, Matthew Deleget ( Minus Space ), Morehshin Allahya Butter, Morehshin Allahya Butter Paint ), Steve Lambert (Cibiyar Ayyukan Fasaha), Tim Doud da Zoë Charlton ('sindikit), Wendy Red Star, William Powhida . Ƙarin masu ba da gudummawa sun haɗa da: Hrag Vartanian, babban editan da kuma co-kafa Hyperallergic (gabatarwa), Deana Haggag, darektan Amurka Artists a Chicago, Courtney Fink, co-kafa Common Field, da Chen Tamir Curator a Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani a Tel Aviv, Isra'ila (Kammala). Yawon shakatawa na Tsayawa 164 ya goyi bayan littattafan biyu tsakanin 2013-2018. Littafinta na uku, mai suna "Mawallafin Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe: Rayuwa da Dorewa da Halittar Rayuwa sama da 50," za a buga shekara mai zuwa ta Littattafan Hankali. Bugu da ƙari, ita ce Babban Editan jerin littattafai na "Rayuwa da Ci gaba da Ƙirƙirar Rayuwa" kuma ta zaɓi wasu masu gyara da suka shafi batutuwa daban-daban, kamar "Masu labarun Tarihi na Art: Rayuwa da Dorewa da Halittar Rayuwa." ."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Storytellers of Art Histories (Book) |url=https://www.intellectbooks.com/storytellers-of-art-histories |website=IntellectBooks.com}}</ref> === Kwarewar sana'a === Sharon Louden ya koyar da azuzuwan aikin studio da ƙwararru ga ɗalibai na kowane matakai a kwalejoji da jami'o'i a ko'ina cikin Amurka tun daga 1991, gami da Kansas City Art Institute, Kwalejin Saint Rose, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Massachusetts, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Maryland, New York Academy of Art, Jami'ar North Texas, Jami'ar Vanderbilt da Makarantar Art Tyler . Tana gudanar da bita na kwararru na kan layi don masu fasaha tare da haɗin gwiwar kungiyoyi marasa riba, kamar su Amurkawa don Arts, kuma majalisar fasahar Brooklyn. Tsakanin 2018 da 2022, ta zama daraktan gawarwar mata na farko na fasahar gani a cikin cibiyar Chautauqua a yammacin New York. Tun 1999 Louden ya jagoranci wani taron zane-zane na yara mai taken "Glowtown". Wuraren baje kolin sun haɗa da gidajen tarihi, cibiyoyin fasaha masu zaman kansu, da makarantun jama'a: Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum (1999), Katonah Museum of Art (2005), Peekskill High School a Peekskill, New York (2005), Birmingham Museum of Art (2008), da 5.4.7 Arts Center, da Library Community a cikin Green0burg10, Ida (2 Library a cikin Green0burg, Ida). (2011), Pelham Arts Center <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2012 |title=Town Lights up at Pelham Art Center |url=http://pelham.patch.com/articles/town-lights-up-at-pelham-art-center#photo-9905094 |website=Pelham.patch.com}}</ref> a Pelham, New York (2012), Weisman Art Museum a Minneapolis, Minnesota (2016), Philbrook Museum of Art a Tulsa, Oklahoma (2019), da Breck Create a Breckenridge, CO (2023). Daga Fabrairun shekara ta 2012 zuwa Fabrairu 2014, Louden ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sabis ga Kwamitin Mawaƙa na Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Kwalejin. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa a matsayin memba na hukumar don kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu daban-daban, ciki har da Seed Space, Visual Arts a Chautauqua Institution, [[Elizabeth Foundation for the Arts|Elizabeth Foundation for Arts]], da Franconia Sculpture Park . === Kungiyar lacca === Tsakanin shekarar 2009 da 2019, daurin kai da kuma matsakaitan kwararru na kwararru na aikin karatun New York, wanda ya hada da Jerry Johnson, da Paddy Johnson . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta yi aure da furodusan watsa labarai, mawaƙin jazz kuma mai fafutuka Vinson Valega kuma tana zaune kuma tana aiki a birnin New York. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2022 |title=Deck The Halls With Artwork by DUMBO Artists! |url=https://www.bkreader.com/arts-entertainment/deck-the-halls-with-artwork-by-dumbo-artists-6550334 |website=BKReader.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|https://www.sharonlouden.com|Sharon Louden website}} * [https://www.engage-projects.com/sharon-louden-bio.html Sharon Louden at Engage Projects] * [https://www.signsandsymbols.art/artists/sharon-louden Sharon Louden at signs & symbols] * [https://www.patrickheide.com/artists/sharon-louden Sharon Louden at Patrick Heide Contemporary] * [https://www.hollyjohnsongallery.com/exhibition/75/exhibition_works/945 Sharon Louden at Holly Johnson Gallery] * [https://livesustain.org Sharon Louden Books] * {{IMDb name|3283343}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5mknj03morhyontnxu4lz2bk0cbgo1m 0 100678 975988 930190 2026-11-04T23:37:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kishna Ram Nai''' (1 ga watan Janairun 1935 - 7 ga watan Afrilu 2025) ɗan siyasan Indiya ne daga [[Rajasthan]] . An zaɓe shi sau uku a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Rajasthan daga Mazaɓar Dungargarh . == Tarihin Rayuwar sa == An haifi Kishnaram Nai a Sridungargarh a cikin iyalin aski mai sauƙi ga Bastiram Nai da Chanda Devi . Ya auri Mukna Devi. Yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu Madan, Jivraj da' ya'ya mata hudu Sita, Sharda, Bhanwari, Liksma . Ɗansa Jeevraj Nai ya mutu a hatsarin hanya a watan Agusta 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2018 |title=BJP MLA Kishna Ram Nai's son dies in road accident |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjp-mla-kishna-ram-nai-s-son-dies-in-road-accident-118081300516_1.html |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> == Ayyukan sa == Kishnaram Nai ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matsayin mai ba da shawara na gari na Sridungargarh a shekarar 1956 kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa da shugaban ƙasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=Kishna Ram Nai Passes Away: Veteran BJP Leader And Three-Time MLA - Niharika Times |url=https://english.niharikatimes.com/kishna-ram-nai-passes-away/ |access-date=8 April 2025 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kasance tare da Jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1980 kuma, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, babban ministan lokacin ya nemi ya kula da Churu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban gundumar jam'iyyar a duka Churu da Bikaner . <ref name=":0" /> Ya yi takara a matsayin MLA a karo na farko a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1980 kuma ya rasa a matsayin dan takarar BJP daga Mazabar Dungargarh . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=Veteran BJP Leader Kishanaram Nai Passes Away at 94 |url=https://www.patrika.com/en/special-news/veteran-bjp-leader-kisha-passes-away-at-94-19515928 |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=Patrika News |language=en}}</ref> Ya yi takara a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1985 bayan BJP ta hana shi tikiti kuma ya rasa zaɓen. Ya lashe gasar a karo na farko a kan tikitin BJP a zaben Majalisar Dokokin Rajasthan na 1990 kuma ya kayar da tsohon shugaban Kumbha Ram Arya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=बीजेपी के दिग्गज नेता किशनाराम का निधन, शेखावत राज में बने थे संकट मोचक, जानें कैसा रहा इनका सियासी सफर {{!}} Veteran BJP leader and Former MLA Of Sridungargarh Krishna Ram Nai Passed Away |url=https://www.patrika.com/bikaner-news/veteran-bjp-leader-and-former-mla-of-sridungargarh-krishna-ram-nai-passed-away-19515707?amp=1 |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref> Ya riƙe kujerar BJP a zaɓen majalisa na 1993 inda ya kayar da abokin hamayyarsa mafi kusa Daulat Ram Saran . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dungargarh Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/dungargarh-rajasthan-assembly-constituency |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> Daga baya, ya rasa zaben 1998 da 2003. A shekara ta 2008, BJP ta hana shi tikiti kuma ya rasa shi a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa. Ya lashe gasar a karo na uku a zaɓen 2013 a kan tikitin BJP inda ya doke MLA Mangalaram Godara sau uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dungargarh Constituency Election Results 2023: Dungargarh Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/dungargarh |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> BJP ta dakatar da shi a shekarar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan assembly polls 2018: Denied tickets, rebels look to derail plans of BJP, Congress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/rajasthan-elections/rajasthan-assembly-polls-2018-denied-tickets-rebels-look-to-derail-plans-of-bjp-congress/story-A9sGYIL7csPXDJ95OHuEaN.html |access-date=8 March 2023 |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Kishnaram Nai ya mutu a gidansa a Sri Dungargarh, a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2025, yana da shekaru 90. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2025 |title=Rajasthan : 94 वर्ष की उम्र में बीजेपी के दिग्गज नेता किशनाराम का निधन, शेखावत राज में बने थे संकट मोचक, जानें कैसा उनका पूरा सियासी सफर |url=https://thebikanernews.in/bikaner/at-the-age-of-94-the-death-of-bjp-veteran-kishanaram-passed/cid16529134.htm |access-date=8 April 2025 |website=thebikanernews.in |language=hi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408100510/https://thebikanernews.in/bikaner/at-the-age-of-94-the-death-of-bjp-veteran-kishanaram-passed/cid16529134.htm |archive-date=8 April 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Kishna Ram Naia kanTwitter [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] iafkjuudnujmo6ltz3d1ej2dkx5uml6 0 101895 976091 684629 2026-11-05T10:08:56Z A Salisu 14655 976091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hakkokin dan Adam a Saliyo''' ba su da kyau amma sannu a hankali sun inganta tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasa a shekara ta 2002. Daga cikin manyan matsalolin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|kare hakkin bil'adama]] a [[Saliyo]] a yau, bisa ga rahoton ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2011, sun hada da "ci zarafin jami'an tsaro da kuma amfani da karfi fiye da kima tare da fursunoni, ciki har da yara kanana; matsanancin yanayi a gidajen yari da gidajen yari; hukumcin hukumci; [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba]]; tsawaita tsare, beli mai yawa, da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|rashin]] isashen wakilci na shari'a; tsoma baki kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai; wariya da cin zarafin al’umma da ake yi wa mata, nuna wariya kan yanayin jima’i; <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=US State Department}}</ref> Saliyo ta amince ko ta amince da [[Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa|yarjejeniyar]] kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR), Yarjejeniyar Yaki da azabtarwa da sauran muggan laifuka, rashin mutuntaka da wulakanci ko azabtarwa, Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata, da kuma Yarjejeniya ta Afirka game da 'yancin ɗan adam da jama'a. <ref name="Sierra Leone">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone |url=http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030747/http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=International Centre for Transitional Justice}}</ref> A cikin Satumba shekara ta 2011, Saliyo na farko rahoton UPR ya samu karbuwa daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Human Rights Council (HRC) a [[Geneva]] . Daga cikin shawarwarin 129 da kwamitin bita ya bayar a ranar 5 ga Mayu shekara ta 2011, gwamnatin Saliyo ta lura cewa ta riga ta aiwatar da 57. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights in the Administration of Justice |url=http://hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/SOHR%20Report%202011%20p%2039-61.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003827/http://hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/SOHR%20Report%202011%20p%2039-61.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=The State of Human Rights in Sierra Leone}}</ref> A watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2012, aka zaɓi Saliyo a matsayin kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Elected Member At the UN Human Rights Council |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201211141395.html |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=allAfrica}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wani bayyani na 2001 ya nuna cewa an yi “mummunan take haƙƙin ɗan adam” a Saliyo tun lokacin da aka fara yaƙin basasa a 1991. 'Yan tawayen, Revolutionary United Front (RUF), sun yi "mummunan cin zarafi", ciki har da fyade da kuma yanke gabobin jiki. Rahoton ya ce an riga an kashe mutane 25 a Saliyo fiye da wadanda aka kashe a Kosovo a daidai lokacin da kasashen duniya suka yanke shawarar daukar mataki. "Hakika, mutane da yawa sun nuna cewa ta'asar da ake yi a Saliyo ya fi yadda aka gani a Kosovo." Laifukan da aka aikata a lokacin yakin sun hada da yanke sassan jikinsu, da tilastawa yara shiga kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, da yawaitar fyade da tilastawa mata da 'yan mata a matsayin 'matan daji' na mayaka, kona gidaje, da kashewa da raunata fararen hula. An kiyasta cewa an kashe fiye da mutane 200,000, kuma an kashe daruruwan dubbai a fadin kasar." <ref name="Sierra Leone">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone |url=http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030747/http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=International Centre for Transitional Justice}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030747/http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf "Sierra Leone"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''International Centre for Transitional Justice''. Archived from [http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na sojojin da ke aiki a cikin sojojin gwamnati a lokacin yakin basasa ba su kai shekaru 18 ba. <ref name="Shah">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Anup |title=Sierra Leone |url=http://www.globalissues.org/article/88/sierra-leone |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=Global Issues}}</ref> "Hanyoyin daukar ma'aikata abu ne mai muni - wani lokaci ana sace yara, wani lokacin kuma a tilasta musu kashe 'yan uwansu don a mayar da su saniyar ware, wani lokaci ana amfani da kwayoyi, wani lokacin kuma a tilasta musu shiga aikin soja ta hanyar yi wa 'yan uwa barazana." Da gangan aka mamaye yara sojoji da tashin hankali "domin a hana su gaba daya da mai da su injinan kashe kashe marasa hankali". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone - Human Rights |url=http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art24082.asp |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=Bella Online}}</ref> Yakin basasar Saliyo ya kawo karshe a watan Janairun shekara ta 2002 bayan da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta kafa wata babbar rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya da ta taimaka wajen dawo da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali. An kafa hukumar gaskiya da sulhu (TRC), kuma a cikin 2004 ta fitar da rahotonta na ƙarshe, wanda ya haɗa da jerin shawarwari masu tsawo da aka tsara don magance "wasu matsalolin da suka shafi yakin da TRC ta gano a matsayin musabbabin yakin ciki har da batutuwan da suka shafi kare hakkin bil'adama, yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, da bukatar sake fasalin tsarin shari'a da tsaro, da kuma inganta tsarin dimokuradiyya na mata da matasa". <ref name="Sierra Leone - Human Rights">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone - Human Rights |url=http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030747/http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=International Center for Transitional Justice}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004 dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun mika tsaro ga sojojin kasar Saliyo da 'yan sanda, inda aka maye gurbinsu da tawagar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta MDD mai suna UNIOSIL, wanda a shekara ta 2008 aka maye gurbinsa da ofishin samar da zaman lafiya na MDD a Saliyo (UNIPSIL), wanda ke da alhakin sa ido da kuma kiyaye hakkin dan Adam da bin doka da oda. <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=US State Department}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm "2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone"]. ''US State Department''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> A cewar [[Amnesty International]], "kwanciyar hankali da tsaro sun karu a Saliyo tun 2002". <ref name="Sierra Leone Human Rights">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/sierra-leone |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta hakkin dan Adam ta bangarori daban-daban, da kafa "tsarin daukar nauyin hakkin dan Adam da take hakkin bil'adama da aka yi a lokacin rikici, da inganta tsarin doka da mulkin dimokuradiyya", a cewar rahoton na 2010 na Cibiyar Shari'a ta kasa da kasa. Duk da haka, kasar ta yi kasa a gwiwa sosai ta hanyar mafi yawan matakan kare hakkin bil'adama, kuma ICTJ ta lura cewa duk da "ci gaba kan wajibcinta na samar da adalci ga wadanda aka yi musu munanan take hakkin bil'adama", Saliyo "na bukatar kara himma" wajen aiwatar da shawarwarin TRC. <ref name="Sierra Leone - Human Rights">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone - Human Rights |url=http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030747/http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=International Center for Transitional Justice}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030747/http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf "Sierra Leone - Human Rights"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''International Center for Transitional Justice''. Archived from [http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Saliyo tun 1972 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls |access-date=2012-08-22 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |Political Rights | style="width:3em;" |Civil Liberties | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |President{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Joseph Saidu Momoh |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Joseph Saidu Momoh |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Joseph Saidu Momoh |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Joseph Saidu Momoh |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Joseph Saidu Momoh |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Joseph Saidu Momoh |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Joseph Saidu Momoh |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Valentine Strasser |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Valentine Strasser |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |7 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Valentine Strasser |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Valentine Strasser |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Johnny Paul Koroma |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ernest Bai Koroma |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ernest Bai Koroma |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ernest Bai Koroma |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ernest Bai Koroma |} |} == Hakkoki na asali == Ko da yake dokar ta haramta wariya dangane da kabila, kabila, jima'i, da wasu halaye da yawa, son zuciya ya yaɗu kuma dokokin al'ada sun haɗa da nuna wariya iri-iri. Har ila yau, ana hana zama ɗan ƙasa ga mutanen da ba na "zuriyar Negro- [[Afirka|Afrika ba]]". Ko da yake an ba da yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da na ’yan jarida a hukumance, galibi ana takura su kuma [[Journalism|’yan jarida]] suna tauye kansu. A matsayinka na mai mulki, 'yan jarida ba su da kwarewa, kayan aiki, da da'a na sana'a. Laifukan cin mutunci ba safai ba ne. gwamnati ta rufe gidajen rediyo mallakar jam'iyyun siyasa bayan tarzoma. Babu wani hani kan shiga Intanet, 'yancin ilimi, al'adu, ko 'yancin yin taro, kodayake 'yan sanda a wasu lokuta suna fasa zanga-zangar. <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=US State Department}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm "2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone"]. ''US State Department''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 16-18 ga Afrilu, 2012, alal misali, 'yan sanda sun mayar da martani da karfin tuwo a zanga-zangar da ma'aikatan ma'adinai na Afirka suka yi a garin Bumbuna, inda suka kashe daya tare da jikkata wasu da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amadu |first=Sandy |title=Sierra Leone: Report on Alleged Gross Human Rights Violations Out |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201210030240.html?viewall=1 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=allAfrica}}</ref> ’Yancin yin yawo cikin walwala a cikin qasar nan, fita waje, fita waje, da komawa qasar, an tabbatar da su, duk da cewa ‘yan sanda na neman cin hanci a shingaye. Yayin da aka bude iyakar Laberiya a hukumance, jami’an kan iyaka suna karbar cin hanci daga matafiya. Bugu da kari, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, sojojin Guinea da ke kan iyakar kasar da wannan kasa suna addabar al'ummar Saliyo. A cikin birane, ana yawan cin zarafin masu bi bashi, da ake zargin barayi, da sauran su. <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=US State Department}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm "2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone"]. ''US State Department''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Rahoton na watan Disamba na shekarar 2012 da Amnesty International ta fitar ya bayyana kasar Saliyo a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe uku a duniya da ke zama mafaka ga wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifukan yaki, yana mai cewa yayin da wasu laifuffuka a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa kuma ake bayyana su a matsayin laifuffuka a Saliyo, kasar "ba ta bayyana wadannan laifuffukan ba daidai da tsauraran sharuddan dokokin kasa da kasa". Har ila yau, "mafi yawan laifuffuka a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa ... sun kasance a waje da iyakokin kotunan Saliyo". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanuatu, Sierra Leone and Ghana: Safe havens for war crimes suspects |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/news-item/vanuatu-sierra-leone-and-ghana-safe-havens-for-war-crimes-suspects |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> ==Hakkin Mata== Akwai wariya mai yawa da ake yi wa mata a Saliyo, inda ake hana su damar samun ilimi, kulawar lafiya, aikin yi, da rance. A shekarar 2007, kashi 43 cikin 100 na mata a Saliyo sun auri mazajen da ke da mata fiye da ɗaya. Mata na fuskantar matsanancin koma baya a ƙarƙashin dokokin kabilanci da ke aiki a ko'ina banda babban birnin. Wadannan dokoki, alal misali, suna hana mata mallakar ƙasa. Sarakunan gargajiya wani lokaci kan tsare mata da yara ko kuma su kore su daga gidajensu tare da haɗin gwiwar mazajensu. Matsayin mata a wasu kabilu yafi muni fiye da wasu, ko da yake gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar su matsayin ‘yan biyun ƙasa a tsakanin dukan kabilun. Kungiyoyin asiri na gargajiya a yankunan karkara suna gudanar da tilas na shiga kungiya, wanda ga mata ya haɗa da yankan gindi. Sai dai, ana ganin yawan irin waɗannan tarukan yana raguwa. Fyade abu ne da aka saba da shi kuma ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin wani abu na al’ada fiye da laifi. Sabuwar dokar Laifukan Jima’i, wadda ta sa shekarar yarda a 18 da kuma haramta fyaden cikin aure ta fara aiki a 2012. Ana ɗan bayar da rahoto kan fyade, kuma ana yawan tilasta wa waɗanda aka yi wa fyade su auri masu fyade. Cin zarafin mata a gida laifi ne a ƙarƙashin dokar Cin Zarafi ta Gida ta 2007, amma ana yawan ƙi gurfanar da masu laifi. Sabuwar dokar Laifukan Jima’i ta haramta cin zarafin jima’i. <ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#section6women United States Department of State]</ref> Bugun mata ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin wani ɓangare na rayuwa, kuma yawancin mata suna ganin yana da kyau a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka irin su kone abinci ko fita daga gida ba tare da izini ba. Yankan gindi ga mata a Saliyo (FGM), wanda mafi yawanci kungiyoyin asirin mata ke aiwatarwa, yana raguwa saboda ana kallonsa da ƙyama, amma har yanzu matsala ce babba. A cewar rahoton UNICEF na shekarar 2013,<ref name=UNICEF2013p27>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |date=2015-04-05 }}, p. 27.</ref> kashi 88 cikin 100 na mata a Saliyo sun fuskanci yankan gindi. Duk da haka, ana samun ƙaruwa wajen adawa da wannan al’ada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/07/communities-sierra-leone-turn-their-backs-female-genital-mutilation/|title=Communities in Sierra Leone turn their backs on female genital mutilation|website=www.amnesty.org|language=en|access-date=2019-07-10}}</ref> "Hawan mace a lokacin haihuwa a Saliyo na ɗaya daga cikin mafi muni a duniya," in ji Amnesty International.<ref name="Sierra Leone Human Rights"/> A shekarar 2009, wani rahoton kungiyar ya bayyana hawan mace da jarirai a matsayin "gaggawar kare hakkin dan Adam", inda ya lura cewa ɗaya cikin mata takwas na fuskantar haɗarin mutuwa yayin juna biyu ko haihuwa. Rahoton ya jawo hankalin duniya sosai, inda wata makala a jaridar ''The Guardian'' ta ce yawancin mata a ƙasar "suna da talauci har ba za su iya biyan kuɗin magani ba... Dubban mata na zubar da jini har su mutu bayan haihuwa. Mafi yawan su na mutuwa a gidajensu. Wasu na mutuwa a hanyarsu ta zuwa asibiti – a cikin taksi, kan babur ko a kafa. Ƙasa da rabin haihuwar na samun kulawa daga ƙwararren jami’in lafiya kuma ƙasa da ɗaya cikin biyar ake yi a cibiyoyin lafiya."<ref>{{cite news|title=Vanuatu, Sierra Leone and Ghana: Safe havens for war crimes suspects|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/22/sierra-leone-human-rights-emergency|work=Amnesty International|access-date=January 12, 2013|location=London|first=David|last=Smith|date=22 September 2009}}</ref> A watan Satumba 2011, Amnesty International ta lura cewa duk da kaddamar da shirin Kula da Lafiya Kyauta a Saliyo shekara guda da ta gabata, wanda ya kamata ya bai wa mata masu juna biyu da masu shayarwa magani kyauta, har yanzu ana "bukatar su biya kudin magani, wanda ba za su iya biya ba". Wani jami’in Amnesty International ya bayyana tsarin lafiya a Saliyo da cewa "yana da matsaloli masu yawa", inda ya ce mata da ‘yan mata masu karamin karfi ba su da cikakken dama wajen samun kulawar lafiya yayin ciki da haihuwa. Haka kuma, babu wani ingantaccen tsarin kai ƙara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone: Pregnant women still denied lifesaving medical care|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/sierra-leone-pregnant-women-still-denied-lifesaving-medical-care|work=Amnesty International|access-date=January 12, 2013}}</ref> Dokar Cin Zarafi ta Gida ta 2007, Dokar Rabon Gado ta 2007 da kuma Dokar Rajistar Aure da Sakin Aure na Al’ada ta 2009, wanda aka fi sani da "dokokin jinsi", an tsara su ne don ƙarfafa matsayi na doka da na kuɗi na mata, kuma a 2010 Ma’aikatar Jin Dadin Jama’a, Harkokin Mata da Yara ta fara aiwatar da Tsarin Dabarun Jinsi na Ƙasa na tsawon shekaru huɗu tare da taimakon hukumomin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Sai dai, saboda ƙarancin albarkatu da rashin haɗin kai daga wasu hukumomin gwamnati, ƙoƙarin ma’aikatar wajen kare haƙƙin mata bai sami nasara sosai ba.<ref name="state.gov"/> == Hakkokin yara == Makarantar firamare kyauta ce amma makarantu suna buƙatar kuɗi kuma suna biyan yunifom da littattafai. Cin zarafi da yara kanana babban lamari ne kuma yana kara girma, kuma gwamnati ba ta dauki mataki kadan ba. Saliyo ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara ta kasa da kasa, amma ba yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran farar hula na satar yara na kasa da kasa ba. Tana da Dokar 'Yancin Yara tun 2007, amma dokar ba ta cika aiwatar da ita ba. Auren ‘yan mata ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 ya sabawa doka, amma auren dole ya zama ruwan dare, inda fiye da rabin mata ke yin aure tun kafin su kai shekara 18. Haka nan karuwancin yara yana karuwa, inda akasarin yaran da ke kan tituna a garuruwan suke yin karuwanci. Babu wani yunƙuri da gwamnati ke yi na yin wani abu game da wannan hali. Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Saliyo ta bayyana damuwarta a shekara ta 2011 cewa an cire 'yan mata masu juna biyu daga dakin jarrabawa a lokacin gudanar da wani muhimmin jarrabawa, wato jarrabawar kammala karatun boko, matakin da ta bayyana a matsayin "tauye hakkin ilimi". == Fataucin Mutane == Rahoton da Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekarar 2012 kan fataucin bil-Adama ya bayyana kasar Saliyo a matsayin “madogara, hanyar wucewa, da kuma inda maza da mata da yara kanana suka yi aikin tilastawa da safarar jima’i”. An tilasta wa mutane yin aiki a cikin "karuwanci, bautar gida, da hidimar tilastawa ko aiki a cikin lu'u-lu'u da ma'adinai na granite, cinikin kananan yara, dakon kaya, fasa dutse, laifuffukan titi, da bara", da kuma "a cikin sassan kamun kifi da noma". Wasu mutane kuma suna yin aikin dole ne sakamakon auren dole. Rahoton ya kara da cewa, ‘yan kasar Sierra Leone na yin hijira ne da radin kansu zuwa wasu kasashen yammacin Afirka da suka hada da Mauritania da Guinea, da kuma yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai, inda daga baya aka tilasta musu yin karuwanci da karuwanci. Rahoton na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ya kara da cewa, yayin da gwamnatin Saliyo "ba ta cika ka'idojin kawar da fataucin ba", "tana yin gagarumin kokarin yin hakan", ko da yake kokarinta na aiwatar da dokokin yaki da fataucin mutane ya ragu sosai a shekarar 2011. shekarar da ta gabata". == Manazarta == 83h1b3eok1w0jj7l400m8oc6djhklum 976092 976091 2026-11-05T10:09:12Z A Salisu 14655 976092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hakkokin dan Adam a Saliyo''' ba su da kyau amma sannu a hankali sun inganta tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasa a shekara ta 2002. Daga cikin manyan matsalolin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|kare hakkin bil'adama]] a [[Saliyo]] a yau, bisa ga rahoton ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2011, sun hada da "ci zarafin jami'an tsaro da kuma amfani da karfi fiye da kima tare da fursunoni, ciki har da yara kanana; matsanancin yanayi a gidajen yari da gidajen yari; hukumcin hukumci; [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba]]; tsawaita tsare, beli mai yawa, da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|rashin]] isashen wakilci na shari'a; tsoma baki kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai; wariya da cin zarafin al’umma da ake yi wa mata, nuna wariya kan yanayin jima’i; <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=US State Department}}</ref> Saliyo ta amince ko ta amince da [[Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa|yarjejeniyar]] kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR), Yarjejeniyar Yaki da azabtarwa da sauran muggan laifuka, rashin mutuntaka da wulakanci ko azabtarwa, Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata, da kuma Yarjejeniya ta Afirka game da 'yancin ɗan adam da jama'a. <ref name="Sierra Leone">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone |url=http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030747/http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=International Centre for Transitional Justice}}</ref> A cikin Satumba shekara ta 2011, Saliyo na farko rahoton UPR ya samu karbuwa daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Human Rights Council (HRC) a [[Geneva]] . Daga cikin shawarwarin 129 da kwamitin bita ya bayar a ranar 5 ga Mayu shekara ta 2011, gwamnatin Saliyo ta lura cewa ta riga ta aiwatar da 57. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights in the Administration of Justice |url=http://hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/SOHR%20Report%202011%20p%2039-61.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003827/http://hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/SOHR%20Report%202011%20p%2039-61.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=The State of Human Rights in Sierra Leone}}</ref> A watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2012, aka zaɓi Saliyo a matsayin kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Elected Member At the UN Human Rights Council |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201211141395.html |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=allAfrica}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wani bayyani na shekarar 2001 ya nuna cewa an yi “mummunan take haƙƙin ɗan adam” a Saliyo tun lokacin da aka fara yaƙin basasa a shekarar 1991. 'Yan tawayen, Revolutionary United Front (RUF), sun yi "mummunan cin zarafi", ciki har da fyade da kuma yanke gabobin jiki. Rahoton ya ce an riga an kashe mutane 25 a Saliyo fiye da wadanda aka kashe a Kosovo a daidai lokacin da kasashen duniya suka yanke shawarar daukar mataki. "Hakika, mutane da yawa sun nuna cewa ta'asar da ake yi a Saliyo ya fi yadda aka gani a Kosovo." Laifukan da aka aikata a lokacin yakin sun hada da yanke sassan jikinsu, da tilastawa yara shiga kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, da yawaitar fyade da tilastawa mata da 'yan mata a matsayin 'matan daji' na mayaka, kona gidaje, da kashewa da raunata fararen hula. An kiyasta cewa an kashe fiye da mutane 200,000, kuma an kashe daruruwan dubbai a fadin kasar." <ref name="Sierra Leone">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone |url=http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030747/http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=International Centre for Transitional Justice}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030747/http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf "Sierra Leone"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''International Centre for Transitional Justice''. Archived from [http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na sojojin da ke aiki a cikin sojojin gwamnati a lokacin yakin basasa ba su kai shekaru 18 ba. <ref name="Shah">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Anup |title=Sierra Leone |url=http://www.globalissues.org/article/88/sierra-leone |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=Global Issues}}</ref> "Hanyoyin daukar ma'aikata abu ne mai muni - wani lokaci ana sace yara, wani lokacin kuma a tilasta musu kashe 'yan uwansu don a mayar da su saniyar ware, wani lokaci ana amfani da kwayoyi, wani lokacin kuma a tilasta musu shiga aikin soja ta hanyar yi wa 'yan uwa barazana." Da gangan aka mamaye yara sojoji da tashin hankali "domin a hana su gaba daya da mai da su injinan kashe kashe marasa hankali". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone - Human Rights |url=http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art24082.asp |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=Bella Online}}</ref> Yakin basasar Saliyo ya kawo karshe a watan Janairun shekara ta 2002 bayan da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta kafa wata babbar rundunar kiyaye zaman lafiya da ta taimaka wajen dawo da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali. An kafa hukumar gaskiya da sulhu (TRC), kuma a cikin 2004 ta fitar da rahotonta na ƙarshe, wanda ya haɗa da jerin shawarwari masu tsawo da aka tsara don magance "wasu matsalolin da suka shafi yakin da TRC ta gano a matsayin musabbabin yakin ciki har da batutuwan da suka shafi kare hakkin bil'adama, yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, da bukatar sake fasalin tsarin shari'a da tsaro, da kuma inganta tsarin dimokuradiyya na mata da matasa". <ref name="Sierra Leone - Human Rights">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone - Human Rights |url=http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030747/http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=International Center for Transitional Justice}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004 dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun mika tsaro ga sojojin kasar Saliyo da 'yan sanda, inda aka maye gurbinsu da tawagar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta MDD mai suna UNIOSIL, wanda a shekara ta 2008 aka maye gurbinsa da ofishin samar da zaman lafiya na MDD a Saliyo (UNIPSIL), wanda ke da alhakin sa ido da kuma kiyaye hakkin dan Adam da bin doka da oda. <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=US State Department}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm "2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone"]. ''US State Department''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> A cewar [[Amnesty International]], "kwanciyar hankali da tsaro sun karu a Saliyo tun 2002". <ref name="Sierra Leone Human Rights">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/sierra-leone |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Gwamnati ta yi kokarin inganta hakkin dan Adam ta bangarori daban-daban, da kafa "tsarin daukar nauyin hakkin dan Adam da take hakkin bil'adama da aka yi a lokacin rikici, da inganta tsarin doka da mulkin dimokuradiyya", a cewar rahoton na 2010 na Cibiyar Shari'a ta kasa da kasa. Duk da haka, kasar ta yi kasa a gwiwa sosai ta hanyar mafi yawan matakan kare hakkin bil'adama, kuma ICTJ ta lura cewa duk da "ci gaba kan wajibcinta na samar da adalci ga wadanda aka yi musu munanan take hakkin bil'adama", Saliyo "na bukatar kara himma" wajen aiwatar da shawarwarin TRC. <ref name="Sierra Leone - Human Rights">{{Cite web |title=Sierra Leone - Human Rights |url=http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030747/http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=International Center for Transitional Justice}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030747/http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf "Sierra Leone - Human Rights"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''International Center for Transitional Justice''. Archived from [http://www.hrcsl.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-SierraLeone-Periodic-Review-2010-English.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Saliyo tun 1972 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2012 |title=Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%20All%20Scores%2C%20Countries%2C%201973-2012%20%28FINAL%29.xls |access-date=2012-08-22 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Historical ratings |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Year | style="width:3em;" |Political Rights | style="width:3em;" |Civil Liberties | style="width:3em;" |Status | style="width:3em;" |President{{ref|b|2}} |- align="center" | align="left" |1972 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1973 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1974 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1975 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1976 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1977 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1978 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1979 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1980 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1981 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1982{{ref|c|3}} | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1983 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1984 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1985 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Siaka Stevens |- align="center" | align="left" |1986 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Joseph Saidu Momoh |- align="center" | align="left" |1987 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Joseph Saidu Momoh |- align="center" | align="left" |1988 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Joseph Saidu Momoh |- align="center" | align="left" |1989 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Joseph Saidu Momoh |- align="center" | align="left" |1990 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Joseph Saidu Momoh |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Joseph Saidu Momoh |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Joseph Saidu Momoh |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Valentine Strasser |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Valentine Strasser |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |7 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Valentine Strasser |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Valentine Strasser |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Not Free | style="background:#99f;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Johnny Paul Koroma |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmad Tejan Kabbah |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ernest Bai Koroma |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ernest Bai Koroma |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ernest Bai Koroma |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free | style="background:#ff9;" |Ernest Bai Koroma |} |} == Hakkoki na asali == Ko da yake dokar ta haramta wariya dangane da kabila, kabila, jima'i, da wasu halaye da yawa, son zuciya ya yaɗu kuma dokokin al'ada sun haɗa da nuna wariya iri-iri. Har ila yau, ana hana zama ɗan ƙasa ga mutanen da ba na "zuriyar Negro- [[Afirka|Afrika ba]]". Ko da yake an ba da yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da na ’yan jarida a hukumance, galibi ana takura su kuma [[Journalism|’yan jarida]] suna tauye kansu. A matsayinka na mai mulki, 'yan jarida ba su da kwarewa, kayan aiki, da da'a na sana'a. Laifukan cin mutunci ba safai ba ne. gwamnati ta rufe gidajen rediyo mallakar jam'iyyun siyasa bayan tarzoma. Babu wani hani kan shiga Intanet, 'yancin ilimi, al'adu, ko 'yancin yin taro, kodayake 'yan sanda a wasu lokuta suna fasa zanga-zangar. <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=US State Department}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm "2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone"]. ''US State Department''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 16-18 ga Afrilu, 2012, alal misali, 'yan sanda sun mayar da martani da karfin tuwo a zanga-zangar da ma'aikatan ma'adinai na Afirka suka yi a garin Bumbuna, inda suka kashe daya tare da jikkata wasu da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amadu |first=Sandy |title=Sierra Leone: Report on Alleged Gross Human Rights Violations Out |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201210030240.html?viewall=1 |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=allAfrica}}</ref> ’Yancin yin yawo cikin walwala a cikin qasar nan, fita waje, fita waje, da komawa qasar, an tabbatar da su, duk da cewa ‘yan sanda na neman cin hanci a shingaye. Yayin da aka bude iyakar Laberiya a hukumance, jami’an kan iyaka suna karbar cin hanci daga matafiya. Bugu da kari, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, sojojin Guinea da ke kan iyakar kasar da wannan kasa suna addabar al'ummar Saliyo. A cikin birane, ana yawan cin zarafin masu bi bashi, da ake zargin barayi, da sauran su. <ref name="state.gov">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=US State Department}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm "2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone"]. ''US State Department''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Rahoton na watan Disamba na shekarar 2012 da Amnesty International ta fitar ya bayyana kasar Saliyo a matsayin daya daga cikin kasashe uku a duniya da ke zama mafaka ga wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifukan yaki, yana mai cewa yayin da wasu laifuffuka a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa kuma ake bayyana su a matsayin laifuffuka a Saliyo, kasar "ba ta bayyana wadannan laifuffukan ba daidai da tsauraran sharuddan dokokin kasa da kasa". Har ila yau, "mafi yawan laifuffuka a karkashin dokokin kasa da kasa ... sun kasance a waje da iyakokin kotunan Saliyo". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanuatu, Sierra Leone and Ghana: Safe havens for war crimes suspects |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/news-item/vanuatu-sierra-leone-and-ghana-safe-havens-for-war-crimes-suspects |access-date=January 12, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> ==Hakkin Mata== Akwai wariya mai yawa da ake yi wa mata a Saliyo, inda ake hana su damar samun ilimi, kulawar lafiya, aikin yi, da rance. A shekarar 2007, kashi 43 cikin 100 na mata a Saliyo sun auri mazajen da ke da mata fiye da ɗaya. Mata na fuskantar matsanancin koma baya a ƙarƙashin dokokin kabilanci da ke aiki a ko'ina banda babban birnin. Wadannan dokoki, alal misali, suna hana mata mallakar ƙasa. Sarakunan gargajiya wani lokaci kan tsare mata da yara ko kuma su kore su daga gidajensu tare da haɗin gwiwar mazajensu. Matsayin mata a wasu kabilu yafi muni fiye da wasu, ko da yake gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar su matsayin ‘yan biyun ƙasa a tsakanin dukan kabilun. Kungiyoyin asiri na gargajiya a yankunan karkara suna gudanar da tilas na shiga kungiya, wanda ga mata ya haɗa da yankan gindi. Sai dai, ana ganin yawan irin waɗannan tarukan yana raguwa. Fyade abu ne da aka saba da shi kuma ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin wani abu na al’ada fiye da laifi. Sabuwar dokar Laifukan Jima’i, wadda ta sa shekarar yarda a 18 da kuma haramta fyaden cikin aure ta fara aiki a 2012. Ana ɗan bayar da rahoto kan fyade, kuma ana yawan tilasta wa waɗanda aka yi wa fyade su auri masu fyade. Cin zarafin mata a gida laifi ne a ƙarƙashin dokar Cin Zarafi ta Gida ta 2007, amma ana yawan ƙi gurfanar da masu laifi. Sabuwar dokar Laifukan Jima’i ta haramta cin zarafin jima’i. <ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#section6women United States Department of State]</ref> Bugun mata ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin wani ɓangare na rayuwa, kuma yawancin mata suna ganin yana da kyau a matsayin hukunci ga laifuka irin su kone abinci ko fita daga gida ba tare da izini ba. Yankan gindi ga mata a Saliyo (FGM), wanda mafi yawanci kungiyoyin asirin mata ke aiwatarwa, yana raguwa saboda ana kallonsa da ƙyama, amma har yanzu matsala ce babba. A cewar rahoton UNICEF na shekarar 2013,<ref name=UNICEF2013p27>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |date=2015-04-05 }}, p. 27.</ref> kashi 88 cikin 100 na mata a Saliyo sun fuskanci yankan gindi. Duk da haka, ana samun ƙaruwa wajen adawa da wannan al’ada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/07/communities-sierra-leone-turn-their-backs-female-genital-mutilation/|title=Communities in Sierra Leone turn their backs on female genital mutilation|website=www.amnesty.org|language=en|access-date=2019-07-10}}</ref> "Hawan mace a lokacin haihuwa a Saliyo na ɗaya daga cikin mafi muni a duniya," in ji Amnesty International.<ref name="Sierra Leone Human Rights"/> A shekarar 2009, wani rahoton kungiyar ya bayyana hawan mace da jarirai a matsayin "gaggawar kare hakkin dan Adam", inda ya lura cewa ɗaya cikin mata takwas na fuskantar haɗarin mutuwa yayin juna biyu ko haihuwa. Rahoton ya jawo hankalin duniya sosai, inda wata makala a jaridar ''The Guardian'' ta ce yawancin mata a ƙasar "suna da talauci har ba za su iya biyan kuɗin magani ba... Dubban mata na zubar da jini har su mutu bayan haihuwa. Mafi yawan su na mutuwa a gidajensu. Wasu na mutuwa a hanyarsu ta zuwa asibiti – a cikin taksi, kan babur ko a kafa. Ƙasa da rabin haihuwar na samun kulawa daga ƙwararren jami’in lafiya kuma ƙasa da ɗaya cikin biyar ake yi a cibiyoyin lafiya."<ref>{{cite news|title=Vanuatu, Sierra Leone and Ghana: Safe havens for war crimes suspects|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/22/sierra-leone-human-rights-emergency|work=Amnesty International|access-date=January 12, 2013|location=London|first=David|last=Smith|date=22 September 2009}}</ref> A watan Satumba 2011, Amnesty International ta lura cewa duk da kaddamar da shirin Kula da Lafiya Kyauta a Saliyo shekara guda da ta gabata, wanda ya kamata ya bai wa mata masu juna biyu da masu shayarwa magani kyauta, har yanzu ana "bukatar su biya kudin magani, wanda ba za su iya biya ba". Wani jami’in Amnesty International ya bayyana tsarin lafiya a Saliyo da cewa "yana da matsaloli masu yawa", inda ya ce mata da ‘yan mata masu karamin karfi ba su da cikakken dama wajen samun kulawar lafiya yayin ciki da haihuwa. Haka kuma, babu wani ingantaccen tsarin kai ƙara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone: Pregnant women still denied lifesaving medical care|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/research/reports/sierra-leone-pregnant-women-still-denied-lifesaving-medical-care|work=Amnesty International|access-date=January 12, 2013}}</ref> Dokar Cin Zarafi ta Gida ta 2007, Dokar Rabon Gado ta 2007 da kuma Dokar Rajistar Aure da Sakin Aure na Al’ada ta 2009, wanda aka fi sani da "dokokin jinsi", an tsara su ne don ƙarfafa matsayi na doka da na kuɗi na mata, kuma a 2010 Ma’aikatar Jin Dadin Jama’a, Harkokin Mata da Yara ta fara aiwatar da Tsarin Dabarun Jinsi na Ƙasa na tsawon shekaru huɗu tare da taimakon hukumomin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Sai dai, saboda ƙarancin albarkatu da rashin haɗin kai daga wasu hukumomin gwamnati, ƙoƙarin ma’aikatar wajen kare haƙƙin mata bai sami nasara sosai ba.<ref name="state.gov"/> == Hakkokin yara == Makarantar firamare kyauta ce amma makarantu suna buƙatar kuɗi kuma suna biyan yunifom da littattafai. Cin zarafi da yara kanana babban lamari ne kuma yana kara girma, kuma gwamnati ba ta dauki mataki kadan ba. Saliyo ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kare hakkin yara ta kasa da kasa, amma ba yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran farar hula na satar yara na kasa da kasa ba. Tana da Dokar 'Yancin Yara tun 2007, amma dokar ba ta cika aiwatar da ita ba. Auren ‘yan mata ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 ya sabawa doka, amma auren dole ya zama ruwan dare, inda fiye da rabin mata ke yin aure tun kafin su kai shekara 18. Haka nan karuwancin yara yana karuwa, inda akasarin yaran da ke kan tituna a garuruwan suke yin karuwanci. Babu wani yunƙuri da gwamnati ke yi na yin wani abu game da wannan hali. Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Saliyo ta bayyana damuwarta a shekara ta 2011 cewa an cire 'yan mata masu juna biyu daga dakin jarrabawa a lokacin gudanar da wani muhimmin jarrabawa, wato jarrabawar kammala karatun boko, matakin da ta bayyana a matsayin "tauye hakkin ilimi". == Fataucin Mutane == Rahoton da Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekarar 2012 kan fataucin bil-Adama ya bayyana kasar Saliyo a matsayin “madogara, hanyar wucewa, da kuma inda maza da mata da yara kanana suka yi aikin tilastawa da safarar jima’i”. An tilasta wa mutane yin aiki a cikin "karuwanci, bautar gida, da hidimar tilastawa ko aiki a cikin lu'u-lu'u da ma'adinai na granite, cinikin kananan yara, dakon kaya, fasa dutse, laifuffukan titi, da bara", da kuma "a cikin sassan kamun kifi da noma". Wasu mutane kuma suna yin aikin dole ne sakamakon auren dole. Rahoton ya kara da cewa, ‘yan kasar Sierra Leone na yin hijira ne da radin kansu zuwa wasu kasashen yammacin Afirka da suka hada da Mauritania da Guinea, da kuma yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai, inda daga baya aka tilasta musu yin karuwanci da karuwanci. Rahoton na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ya kara da cewa, yayin da gwamnatin Saliyo "ba ta cika ka'idojin kawar da fataucin ba", "tana yin gagarumin kokarin yin hakan", ko da yake kokarinta na aiwatar da dokokin yaki da fataucin mutane ya ragu sosai a shekarar 2011. shekarar da ta gabata". == Manazarta == nr3nhmdpzfckwwyurrpubc02vs8bgly 0 101907 976105 838508 2026-11-05T10:15:32Z A Salisu 14655 976105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hakkokin dan Adam a Laberiya''' ya zama abin daukar hankali a duniya lokacin da aka nada shugabar ƙasar, [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], daya daga cikin mata uku da suka samu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekara ta 2011, waɗanda dukkansu an ba da misali da su "saboda gwagwarmayar da suke yi na kare lafiyar mata da kuma hakkin mata na samun cikakkiyar damar shiga aikin samar da zaman lafiya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/johnson_sirleaf.html |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Nobel Prize Website}}</ref> Amma duk da haka, kamar yadda Guardian ta bayyana a watan Oktoban 2012, "ba a yi maraba da lambar yabo ga shugaba Sirleaf baki daya ba a kasarta", kuma shekara guda bayan sanar da kyautar, daya daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara a gasar Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee, 'yar gwagwarmayar Laberiya, ta bayyana ra'ayoyin da dama daga cikin masu sukar Sirleaf, da zargin shugaban kasa da nuna rashin amincewa da gwamnatin Sirleaf, da kuma wasu manyan mukamai na gwamnatin Sirleaf, da dai sauransu. 'ya'ya uku. A watan Nuwamban 2012, wata lauya mai rajin kare hakkin dan Adam ta Laberiya, Tiawan Saye Gongloe, ita ma ta soki yadda Sirleaf ke nuna son kai tare da yin kira gare ta da ta yi murabus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia: Prominent human rights lawyer calls for Ellen's resignation |url=http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/22810.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528015907/http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/22810.html |archive-date=May 28, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Council for Africa}}</ref> Dukkanin son zuciya da cin hanci da rashawa sun yadu a Laberiya. Daga cikin sauran manyan matsalolin da suka shafi kare hakkin bil adama a kasar sun hada da kashe-kashen al'ada, cin zarafin 'yan sanda, abubuwan da ake kira "gwaji ta hanyar gwaji", [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|kame ba bisa ka'ida ba]], rashin bin doka, cin zarafin mata, cin zarafin gida, kaciya, cin zarafin yara, safarar mutane, da kuma aikin yara. Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasa a shekara ta 2003, duk da haka, an samu gagarumin aiki daga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama da nufin tabbatar da dimokuradiyya mai inganci a kasar Laberiya bisa hakkin dan Adam. Laberiya ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata, Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata, yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin dan Adam ko wulakanta magani ko hukuncin da aka yi wa yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Action for Community and Human Development Inc. |url=http://www.ned.org/node/169 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142702/http://www.ned.org/node/169 |archive-date=March 12, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=National Endowment for Democracy}}</ref> == Yakin Basasa Bayan Yakin Basasa == Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 2003 wadda ta kawo karshen yakin basasa ta bukaci gwamnatin Laberiya ta kafa wata hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa mai zaman kanta. Duk da cewa an zartar da dokar kafa irin wannan hukumar a hukumance a shekara ta 2008, an dage kafa hukumar na tsawon shekaru da dama. Amnesty International ta lura a cikin 2013 cewa Laberiya na matukar bukatar irin wannan kwamiti, kuma ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta sanya kafa irin wannan hukumar a gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/liberia |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2009 an kafa hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa mai zaman kanta, amma duk da haka zabar mambobinta, a cewar kungiyar Human Rights Watch, an lalata ta da "hanyar tantancewa mara kyau, rashin shigar kungiyoyin fararen hula, da kuma zaben farko na memba dake da kusanci da shugaban kasa, da sauran mambobin da ba su da masaniya game da 'yancin kai na hukumar da kuma game da sadaukarwarta ga Sirle. <ref name="World Report 2011: Liberia">{{Cite web |title=World Report 2011: Liberia |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124060348/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/liberia |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Human Rights Watch ta lura cewa a cikin 2010 Laberiya "ba ta sami wani ci gaba ba wajen tabbatar da hukunta wadanda ke da alhakin aikata laifukan yaki a lokacin yakin basasa" bisa ga rahoton karshe na 2009 na kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu. <ref name="World Report 2011: Liberia"/> Rahoton da Amnesty ta fitar a shekarar 2012 ya yi korafin cewa har yanzu ba a gurfanar da mutanen da suka aikata manyan laifukan take hakkin bil’adama a lokacin yakin basasa ba, kuma har yanzu ba a yi kunnen uwar shegu da kiran da hukumar gaskiya da sasantawa ta yi na a kafa kotun hukunta masu laifi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama guda biyar sun kafa Coalition for Justice a Laberiya (CJL) a watan Oktoban 2012 "domin bayar da shawarar tabbatar da adalci, samar da wayar da kan jama'a, da fafutukar kafa kotun kasa da kasa don hukunta wadanda suka aikata laifukan yaki a Laberiya". Har ila yau, tana neman, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, don taimakawa "gina da ƙarfafa cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya na kasa da kuma bin doka a Laberiya wanda zai hada da sa ido, rubutawa da kuma ba da shawarar gudanar da ayyukansu masu tasiri a matsayin cibiyoyin shari'a na jama'a da ke tabbatar da doka da mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam". CJL ta ce tsarin kasuwancinta na farko zai kasance "suna da kunya" wadanda suka keta hakkin dan adam a lokacin yakin "da kuma tabbatar da cewa Amurka ba mafaka ce a gare su ba ko kuma wurin hutu inda suke balaguro da jin dadin dukiyarsu ta jini ba tare da wani nau'i na lissafi ba". Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasar Laberiya a shekara ta 2002, dakarun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ke kula da harkokin tsaro, kuma suna horar da sojoji da 'yan sanda na Laberiya. Wani shirin da Amurka ta jagoranta na daukar sabbin sojojin Laberiya da horar da su ya kammala aikinsa a watan Disamba na 2009, kodayake sojojin Amurka sun ci gaba da horar da jami'an sojan Laberiya a cikin 2010. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Jami’an tsaro, duk da cewa suna kai rahoto ga jami’an farar hula, wani lokacin ma suna yin aikin kansu. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia" /> == Hakkoki na asali == A bisa ka’ida, gwamnati na mutunta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yan jarida, duk da cewa gwamnati ta kai karar jaridu da sauran jama’a saboda bata-gari. 'Yan jarida sukan buga labarai don biyan kuɗi. Samun Intanet ba shi da ƙuntatawa, kodayake ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na ƴan ƙasar Laberiya suna kan layi. Cibiyoyin ilimi suna aiki kyauta. Ana mutunta haƙƙin yin taro kyauta, kodayake akwai keɓantacce. 'Yan Liberia suna more 'yancin yin addini. Har ila yau, suna samun ’yancin yin tafiye-tafiye cikin gida da waje, da kuma ’yancin yin ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje, amma a lokacin balaguro, wani lokaci ana gudanar da bincike ba bisa ka’ida ba da ‘yan sanda da jami’an shige da fice. Wariya dangane da kabilanci, jima'i, addini, nakasa, da sauran irin waɗannan halayen haramun ne, amma galibi yana faruwa duk da haka. Wariyar launin fata doka ce, duk da haka. Baƙar fata kawai, alal misali, na iya zama ƴan ƙasar Laberiya ko kuma masu mallakar filaye. Mutanen Laberiya da ke zaune a wajen Monrovia suna da iyakacin damar samun sabis na gwamnati. Kashe-kashen ibada, wanda ya hada da cire gawar wanda aka kashen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ibadar kabilanci, wanda kuma rahotannin ‘yan sanda kan bayyana su a matsayin hadari ko kashe kansa, lamarin da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Hakanan ana yawan yin zanga-zangar adawa da waɗannan kashe-kashen, kuma a wasu lokuta kan haifar da rauni da mutuwa <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Cin hanci da rashawa == Cin hanci da rashawa ya zama ruwan dare a kowane mataki na gwamnatin Laberiya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Cin hanci da rashawa, don haka, ba laifi ba ne da za a hukunta shi a ƙarƙashin dokar Laberiya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia" /> Akwai Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Laberiya da ba ta da kuɗaɗe, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2008, wadda ake zaton tana da ikon hukunta laifukan da suka kai ga cin hanci da rashawa. Human Rights Watch ta lura a cikin 2011 cewa ko da yake an sami yawaitar badakalar cin hanci da rashawa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, sun haifar da "bincike kaɗan da yanke hukunci guda biyu kawai". Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa, HRW ta yi korafin cewa, “rashin isassun kudade [da] ma’aikata ne ke kawo cikas” kuma a zahiri ba ta da “hukunce-hukuncen shari’a da kanta”, kuma kasantuwar Sirleaf ta shawo kan wannan batu ya sa “a tunanin cewa shugaban kasa ba shi da niyyar magance matsalar”. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkokin mata == Mata suna da matsayin doka iri ɗaya da maza. Fyade da tashin hankalin cikin gida ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma ya yadu, kuma ba a aiwatar da dokokin da aka yi musu yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=[[US Department of State]]}}</ref> Fyade da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafi na jima'i sun kasance daga cikin laifukan da aka fi aikatawa akai-akai. Ba a laifin fyaden ma'aurata . <ref name="Liberia Human Rights">{{Cite web |title=Liberia Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/liberia |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Ci gaban da aka samu na baya-bayan nan a wannan fanni ya hada da kafa kotun shari'ar jinsi da cin zarafin mata, bude wani gidan kariyar da MDD ke tallafawa a Monrovia, don ceto wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin mata, da tallafin da MDD ta bayar na shirin aiwatar da ayyukan kasa kan cin zarafin mata, da kuma amincewa da Laberiya na Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'yancin dan Adam da al'umma kan 'yancin mata a Afirka . <ref name="Liberia Human Rights"/> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta lura cewa a cikin 2010, rahotannin fyade da kuma martanin 'yan sanda game da wadannan rahotanni sun inganta, amma sun raina kafa kotun cin zarafin jima'i "nakasu a cikin tsarin shari'a da rashin son ba da shaida ya kawo cikas ga kokarin gurfanar da laifuka". <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Cin zarafin jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma yana da yawa. [[Auren mata da yawa|Auren fiye da ɗaya]] ba bisa doka ba ne, amma maza da yawa suna da mata da yawa, daidai da al'adun gida. Ma’aikatar Jin Dadi da Raya Kasa tana da alhakin kare ‘yancin mata. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna wariya ga mata, a cikin wani rahoto na 2009, ya yi kira ga Laberiya "ta kafa ba tare da bata lokaci ba, kuma a matsayin dokar da ta ba da fifiko kan haramta kaciyar mata da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gurfanar da masu laifin tare da hukunta su daidai da tsananin wannan cin zarafi". Har ila yau, ta yi kira ga Laberiya da "ta gaggauta dakatar da ba da izini ga ma'aikata, kamar yadda ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ke yi a halin yanzu", da aiwatar da kuma karfafa shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don canza dabi'u game da aikin. Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci Laberiya da "ta magance duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata", da ta yi amfani da dukkan hanyoyin da za a iya "don isar da sakon cewa ba za a amince da duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata ba, ciki har da cin zarafi a cikin gida", da kuma tabbatar da cewa tsarin shari'a ya magance irin wannan cin zarafi. Fataucin mata matsala ce, kuma kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da wariya ga mata ya yi kira ga kasar Laberiya da ta aiwatar da aiwatar da dokar yaki da fataucin bil adama ta shekara ta 2005 yadda ya kamata, don ba da tallafi ga matan da lamarin ya shafa, da kuma magance tushen matsalar. == Hakkokin yara == A Laberiya, yaro ya zama ɗan ƙasa idan aƙalla iyaye ɗaya ɗan Laberiya ne ko kuma idan yaron baƙar fata ne kuma aka haife shi a ƙasar. Yaran da ba bakar fata da aka haifa a Laberiya ba su cancanci zama dan kasa ba, manufar da ke nuna matukar damuwa game da hakkokinsu da kariyar su. Ko da yake ilimi kyauta ne a fasaha, iyalai ne ke da alhakin samar da riguna, littattafai, da kayayyaki. Yawancin makarantu kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin "kudade" don biyan kuɗin aiki da albashi, wanda zai iya zama shinge ga iyalai masu karamin karfi. Cin zarafin yara, gami da cin zarafin jima'i, ya zama ruwan dare, kuma ayyuka irin su kaciyar mata (FGM) sun kasance gama gari kuma na doka. Har ila yau, karuwancin 'yan mata wani lamari ne mai mahimmanci, tare da fataucin yara, tare da kasancewar yara da yawa a kan tituna a cikin birane kamar Monrovia. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a baya-bayan nan, akwai dubban yara kanana a Laberiya, wadanda yawancinsu marayu ne ko kuma sun fito ne daga yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali na iyali. Wadannan yaran galibi basu da damar samun kayan masarufi, da suka hada da abinci, wurin kwana, da ilimi. Gidajen marayu a Laberiya suna aiki da ƙaramin tsari, wanda ke haifar da rashin isassun kayan abinci, rashin yanayin tsafta, da ƙarancin kulawar lafiya. Yawancin gidajen marayu sun dogara da tallafin waje daga kungiyoyi irin su UNICEF don taimakon kuɗi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, an yi kiyasin cewa akwai marayu sama da 30,000 a Laberiya, lamarin da ya ta’azzara sakamakon yakin basasa da rikicin lafiya, wato barkewar cutar Ebola. Dangane da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa, Laberiya ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar Hague ta shekarar 1980 kan al'amuran da suka shafi satar yara na kasa da kasa a shekarar 1980, wanda ke nuna damuwa game da kare hakkin yara a lokuta da ake takaddama a kan tsare yara a duniya. Asusun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Norwegian "yana goyon bayan wasu tsare-tsare na gida don kare hakkin yara da kuma inganta 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin tsarin makarantar Laberiya", gami da shirye-shiryen hana cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin ɗalibai a makarantu. Ya taimaka wajen kafa kungiyoyin kula da ‘yan wasa da “kwamitocin gyara” wadanda ke ba da rahoton irin wannan cin zarafi da ya kai ga korar malamai da dama. Wani memba na daya daga cikin wadannan kulake na makaranta ya ce ayyukansa "ya taimaka wajen kara mutunta hakkin dalibai a makarantar. Misali, dabi'ar rashin lokaci tsakanin malamai da dalibai ya ragu sosai tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar shekaru biyu da suka wuce." Kokarin da hukumar ta NHRF ta tallafawa a wani bangare ya taimaka wajen kawar da azabtarwa ta jiki a makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children's rights in Liberia |url=http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/student-rights-in-liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430224714/http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/student-rights-in-liberia |archive-date=April 30, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Human Rights Fund}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin 2010 na Hukumar Ci Gaban Taimakon Kai da Taimakon da ke neman inganta yanayin kare hakkin bil adama ga daliban makarantun sakandare a kudu maso gabashin Laberiya, "fiye da dalibai da malamai 3000 sun halarci zaman horo kan batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama". Dalibai sun yi muhawara game da 'yancin ɗan adam tare da kafa kwamitoci "don ganowa da kuma nuna yadda ake cin zarafi da nemo kayan aikin da za a bi da masu laifi". Shirin ya samu nasara ta hanyoyi da dama, inda ya taimaka wajen kawar da dadaddiyar dabi'u kamar "Yaran da ke aiki a gonakin malamai da sayen dabino a matsayin kudin makaranta" da kuma tilasta wa iyaye biyan kudin makaranta na makarantun kyauta. "An kuma samu ci gaba ta fuskar cin zarafi da cin zarafi ga dalibai, a mafi yawan makarantun da ake kaiwa hari, an aiwatar da dokar hana dukan daliban da aka yi musu ba daidai ba, ko kuma sun gaza, a wani hali kuma an hana yiwa dalibai bulala sakamakon shiga tsakani na SHDRA." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Protecting children`s rights in rural schools |url=http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/protecting-childrens-rights-in-rural-schools |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717062343/http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/protecting-childrens-rights-in-rural-schools |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Human Rights Fund}}</ref> UNESCO ta hannun asusun samar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta hada kai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta Laberiya don aiwatar da shirin "Peace, Human Rights and Citizenship Education" a makarantun kasar. Hakan ya hada da horar da malamai 1,300 don baiwa dalibai ilimi da dabarun magance rikice-rikice domin bunkasa zaman lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia: Promoting peace and reconciliation through curriculum reform |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/themes/pcpd/unesco-in-post-crisis-situations/peace-and-reconciliation/ |access-date=2013-01-10 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Daga karshe, yayin da ake shirin inganta halin da marayu da kananan yara masu rauni a Laberiya, akwai gagarumin kalubale. Magance wadannan batutuwa na bukatar hada kai daga gwamnati, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran kasashen duniya don tabbatar da cewa dukkan yara, musamman marayu, za su iya samun hakkinsu na ilimi, tsaro da tallafi. == Hakkokin nakasassu == Wariya ga nakasassu haramun ne amma ya yadu musamman a karkara. Yawancin gine-ginen jama'a ba sa isa ga nakasassu, kuma babu wata doka da ta bukaci a samu su. Sakamakon yakin basasa, akwai 'yan kasar Laberiya da dama masu nakasa. Akwai Hukumar Nakasassu ta Kasa amma ba ta da tasiri wajen kare hakkin nakasassu. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkokin tsiraru == Laberiya na da kabilu daban-daban 16, kowannensu yana da yarensa, kuma rashin hakuri da juna a tsakaninsu ya ci gaba. Mutanen da ba baƙar fata ba a ba su izinin mallakar dukiya a Laberiya kuma ba su cancanci neman zama ɗan ƙasa ba. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkin LGBT == Ayyukan jima'i iri ɗaya haramun ne a Laberiya. Babu sanannun ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin LGBT. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Lokacin da Sirleaf ta lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel kuma aka yaba mata a matsayin jarumar kare hakkin bil'adama, mutane da yawa sun lura da wannan rashin jituwa, amma Sirleaf ta tsaya tsayin daka kan 'yancin 'yan luwadi. Tattaunawar hadin gwiwa a watan Maris na 2012 da Tony Blair ta yi kanun labaran duniya saboda goyon bayan Sirleaf ga dokar hana luwadi a kasarta da kuma saboda kin kalubalantarta da Blair ya yi kan batun. "Muna da wasu dabi'u na gargajiya a cikin al'ummarmu da muke son kiyayewa," in ji Sirleaf. == Ƙungiyar kwadago da haƙƙin ƙwadago == Ma'aikata a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna da 'yancin shiga ƙungiyoyi kuma an ba su izinin shiga yajin aiki da kuma yin ciniki tare. An hana ma'aikatan gwamnati shiga kungiyoyin kwadago. Yin aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma yana faruwa, tare da iyalai na karkara galibi suna aika mata da yara zuwa birane don yin aiki a gidaje ko kuma masu sayar da titi. Yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 16 ba a yarda su yi aiki ba, amma wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata ba kuma aikin yara ya kasance a kusan ko'ina, tare da ƙananan yara suna aiki a kasuwannin birane, gonaki da gonaki, da sauran ayyukan, wasu daga cikinsu suna da haɗari. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Ya kamata Hukumar Kwadago ta kare yara daga aiki, amma ba ta da isassun ma'aikata da kuma samun kudade. Dokoki daban-daban suna iyakance lokutan aiki, kafa buƙatun fa'ida, da saita ƙa'idodin lafiya da aminci. Akwai mafi karancin albashi amma bai shafi ma’aikata da yawa ba. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Wani aiki a Laberiya na Action for Community and Human Development ya nemi "inganta karfin kungiyoyin ma'aikatan masana'antu don yin aiki tare da gudanarwa da kare hakkin ma'aikata, gina karfin tsarin ci gaban al'umma a cikin shugabanci da yanke shawara, da kuma taimakawa mazabar tare da haɗin gwiwarsu da hukumomin gida". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=http://www.ned.org/node/169 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142702/http://www.ned.org/node/169 |archive-date=March 12, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=National Endowment For Democracy}}</ref> == Shari'a da tsarin hukunci == === Hakkokin mutanen da ake shari'a === Ma'aikatar shari'a ta Laberiya tana da rashin iya aiki, cin hanci da rashawa, lauyoyi da alkalai da ba su cancanta ba, da rashin isasshen wuraren kotuna, sufuri, da sauran kayan aiki. Ko da yake waɗanda ake tuhuma suna da ’yancin halartar nasu shari’o’in, da tuntuɓar lauya, don duba shaidu, da kuma ɗaukaka hukunci, ana hana waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ga mutanen da ba su ba da cin hanci ko kuma ba su da lauya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Amnesty International ta bayyana matsalolin da ke tattare da shari'ar Laberiya kamar haka a shekara ta 2012: "Rashin isassun binciken 'yan sanda, karancin masu kare jama'a, rashin gudanar da shari'a, cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma bangaren shari'a da ba shi da ikon sauraron kararraki a kan lokaci ya taimaka wajen samun koma baya a tsarin shari'ar laifuka. Kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na fursunoni suna jiran a yi musu shari'a, wasu kuma ana bukatar a yi musu shari'a na tsawon shekaru. don samun 'yanci, misali 'yan sanda su gudanar da bincike a kai a kai sun ki bayar da belinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Alkalai suna yawan bayar da diyya, su yi shari'a, sakin fursunonin, da yanke hukunci ba tare da laifi ba, a matsayin cin hanci, kuma sau da yawa lauyoyin su kan shawarci wadanda ake kara da su biya alkalai, alkalai, da sauran su. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> === Hakkin mutanen da ke gidan yari === Yanayin gidajen yari a Laberiya ba su da kyau, tare da cunkoso, rashin isasshen abinci da ruwan sha, rashin tsafta da iska, da rashin kula da lafiya. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasance tana taimakawa wajen inganta samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a wurare da dama, yayin da MDD da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke ba da ayyukan jinya da kuma aikin da suka shafi tsaftar muhalli. A wasu lokuta, maza da mata, manya da yara, da waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci da waɗanda ake tuhuma suna jiran shari'a ana tsare su tare. Ana barin fursunonin su karɓi baƙi da yin addininsu. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin sa ido kan yanayin kurkuku daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, da kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 2008 mafi yawan fursunoni a gidan yarin Monrovia, a cewar Amnesty International, ana tsare da su ba tare da tuhuma ba, wasu na tsawon shekaru biyu. A cikin 2010, a cewar Human Rights Watch, "fiye da kashi 10 cikin 100 na kusan mutane 1,700 da ake tsare da su a gidajen yarin Laberiya an same su da laifi". Sirleaf ta sanya hannu kan wata doka a shekara ta 2008 wacce ta sake haifar da hukuncin kisa. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya lura da damuwa da cewa, hakan na wakiltar saba wa ka'ida ta zabi ta biyu ga yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, wadda Laberiya ta rattaba hannu a kai. == Halin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Laberiya tun 1972 a cikin rahotannin Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Laberiya game da [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa]] sune kamar haka. == Magana == {{reflist|2}} ==Mahaɗa== ===Rahoto=== *[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186212 Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2011] by the [[United States Department of State]] * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 2012 Annual Report], by [[Amnesty International]] (also available in [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/liberia/report-2010 Arabic], [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/liberia/report-2010 French], and [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/liberia/report-2010 Spanish]) * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/liberia Freedom in the World 2011 Report], by [[Freedom House]] ===Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa=== *[https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia Liberia] at [[Amnesty International]] (also available in [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/liberia Arabic], [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/liberia French], and [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/liberia Spanish]) *[https://www.hrw.org/africa/liberia Liberia] at [[Human Rights Watch]] *[http://www.fidh.org/-Liberia,206- Liberia]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[FIDH]] (More information on the [http://www.fidh.org/-Liberia,68- French site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602092045/http://fidh.org/-Liberia,68- |date=2013-06-02 }}) *[http://ohchr.org/EN/countries/AfricaRegion/Pages/LRIndex.aspx Liberia] at the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) *[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia.html Liberia] at [[UNICEF]] *[http://www.ifex.org/liberia/ Liberia] at the [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]] (IFEX) ===Ƙungiyoyin cikin gida=== *[http://rwhr.org Regional Watch for Human Rights]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] s4c4yn0mw73lb6p465o6b3sg678o0k8 976106 976105 2026-11-05T10:15:47Z A Salisu 14655 976106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hakkokin dan Adam a Laberiya''' ya zama abin daukar hankali a duniya lokacin da aka nada shugabar ƙasar, [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], daya daga cikin mata uku da suka samu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekara ta 2011, waɗanda dukkansu an ba da misali da su "saboda gwagwarmayar da suke yi na kare lafiyar mata da kuma hakkin mata na samun cikakkiyar damar shiga aikin samar da zaman lafiya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/johnson_sirleaf.html |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Nobel Prize Website}}</ref> Amman kuma duk da haka, kamar yadda Guardian ta bayyana a watan Oktoban 2012, "ba a yi maraba da lambar yabo ga shugaba Sirleaf baki daya ba a kasarta", kuma shekara guda bayan sanar da kyautar, daya daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara a gasar Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee, 'yar gwagwarmayar Laberiya, ta bayyana ra'ayoyin da dama daga cikin masu sukar Sirleaf, da zargin shugaban kasa da nuna rashin amincewa da gwamnatin Sirleaf, da kuma wasu manyan mukamai na gwamnatin Sirleaf, da dai sauransu. 'ya'ya uku. A watan Nuwamban 2012, wata lauya mai rajin kare hakkin dan Adam ta Laberiya, Tiawan Saye Gongloe, ita ma ta soki yadda Sirleaf ke nuna son kai tare da yin kira gare ta da ta yi murabus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia: Prominent human rights lawyer calls for Ellen's resignation |url=http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/22810.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528015907/http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/22810.html |archive-date=May 28, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Council for Africa}}</ref> Dukkanin son zuciya da cin hanci da rashawa sun yadu a Laberiya. Daga cikin sauran manyan matsalolin da suka shafi kare hakkin bil adama a kasar sun hada da kashe-kashen al'ada, cin zarafin 'yan sanda, abubuwan da ake kira "gwaji ta hanyar gwaji", [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|kame ba bisa ka'ida ba]], rashin bin doka, cin zarafin mata, cin zarafin gida, kaciya, cin zarafin yara, safarar mutane, da kuma aikin yara. Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasa a shekara ta 2003, duk da haka, an samu gagarumin aiki daga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama da nufin tabbatar da dimokuradiyya mai inganci a kasar Laberiya bisa hakkin dan Adam. Laberiya ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata, Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata, yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin dan Adam ko wulakanta magani ko hukuncin da aka yi wa yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Action for Community and Human Development Inc. |url=http://www.ned.org/node/169 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142702/http://www.ned.org/node/169 |archive-date=March 12, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=National Endowment for Democracy}}</ref> == Yakin Basasa Bayan Yakin Basasa == Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 2003 wadda ta kawo karshen yakin basasa ta bukaci gwamnatin Laberiya ta kafa wata hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa mai zaman kanta. Duk da cewa an zartar da dokar kafa irin wannan hukumar a hukumance a shekara ta 2008, an dage kafa hukumar na tsawon shekaru da dama. Amnesty International ta lura a cikin 2013 cewa Laberiya na matukar bukatar irin wannan kwamiti, kuma ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta sanya kafa irin wannan hukumar a gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/liberia |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2009 an kafa hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa mai zaman kanta, amma duk da haka zabar mambobinta, a cewar kungiyar Human Rights Watch, an lalata ta da "hanyar tantancewa mara kyau, rashin shigar kungiyoyin fararen hula, da kuma zaben farko na memba dake da kusanci da shugaban kasa, da sauran mambobin da ba su da masaniya game da 'yancin kai na hukumar da kuma game da sadaukarwarta ga Sirle. <ref name="World Report 2011: Liberia">{{Cite web |title=World Report 2011: Liberia |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124060348/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/liberia |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Human Rights Watch ta lura cewa a cikin 2010 Laberiya "ba ta sami wani ci gaba ba wajen tabbatar da hukunta wadanda ke da alhakin aikata laifukan yaki a lokacin yakin basasa" bisa ga rahoton karshe na 2009 na kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu. <ref name="World Report 2011: Liberia"/> Rahoton da Amnesty ta fitar a shekarar 2012 ya yi korafin cewa har yanzu ba a gurfanar da mutanen da suka aikata manyan laifukan take hakkin bil’adama a lokacin yakin basasa ba, kuma har yanzu ba a yi kunnen uwar shegu da kiran da hukumar gaskiya da sasantawa ta yi na a kafa kotun hukunta masu laifi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama guda biyar sun kafa Coalition for Justice a Laberiya (CJL) a watan Oktoban 2012 "domin bayar da shawarar tabbatar da adalci, samar da wayar da kan jama'a, da fafutukar kafa kotun kasa da kasa don hukunta wadanda suka aikata laifukan yaki a Laberiya". Har ila yau, tana neman, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, don taimakawa "gina da ƙarfafa cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya na kasa da kuma bin doka a Laberiya wanda zai hada da sa ido, rubutawa da kuma ba da shawarar gudanar da ayyukansu masu tasiri a matsayin cibiyoyin shari'a na jama'a da ke tabbatar da doka da mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam". CJL ta ce tsarin kasuwancinta na farko zai kasance "suna da kunya" wadanda suka keta hakkin dan adam a lokacin yakin "da kuma tabbatar da cewa Amurka ba mafaka ce a gare su ba ko kuma wurin hutu inda suke balaguro da jin dadin dukiyarsu ta jini ba tare da wani nau'i na lissafi ba". Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasar Laberiya a shekara ta 2002, dakarun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ke kula da harkokin tsaro, kuma suna horar da sojoji da 'yan sanda na Laberiya. Wani shirin da Amurka ta jagoranta na daukar sabbin sojojin Laberiya da horar da su ya kammala aikinsa a watan Disamba na 2009, kodayake sojojin Amurka sun ci gaba da horar da jami'an sojan Laberiya a cikin 2010. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Jami’an tsaro, duk da cewa suna kai rahoto ga jami’an farar hula, wani lokacin ma suna yin aikin kansu. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia" /> == Hakkoki na asali == A bisa ka’ida, gwamnati na mutunta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yan jarida, duk da cewa gwamnati ta kai karar jaridu da sauran jama’a saboda bata-gari. 'Yan jarida sukan buga labarai don biyan kuɗi. Samun Intanet ba shi da ƙuntatawa, kodayake ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na ƴan ƙasar Laberiya suna kan layi. Cibiyoyin ilimi suna aiki kyauta. Ana mutunta haƙƙin yin taro kyauta, kodayake akwai keɓantacce. 'Yan Liberia suna more 'yancin yin addini. Har ila yau, suna samun ’yancin yin tafiye-tafiye cikin gida da waje, da kuma ’yancin yin ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje, amma a lokacin balaguro, wani lokaci ana gudanar da bincike ba bisa ka’ida ba da ‘yan sanda da jami’an shige da fice. Wariya dangane da kabilanci, jima'i, addini, nakasa, da sauran irin waɗannan halayen haramun ne, amma galibi yana faruwa duk da haka. Wariyar launin fata doka ce, duk da haka. Baƙar fata kawai, alal misali, na iya zama ƴan ƙasar Laberiya ko kuma masu mallakar filaye. Mutanen Laberiya da ke zaune a wajen Monrovia suna da iyakacin damar samun sabis na gwamnati. Kashe-kashen ibada, wanda ya hada da cire gawar wanda aka kashen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ibadar kabilanci, wanda kuma rahotannin ‘yan sanda kan bayyana su a matsayin hadari ko kashe kansa, lamarin da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Hakanan ana yawan yin zanga-zangar adawa da waɗannan kashe-kashen, kuma a wasu lokuta kan haifar da rauni da mutuwa <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Cin hanci da rashawa == Cin hanci da rashawa ya zama ruwan dare a kowane mataki na gwamnatin Laberiya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Cin hanci da rashawa, don haka, ba laifi ba ne da za a hukunta shi a ƙarƙashin dokar Laberiya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia" /> Akwai Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Laberiya da ba ta da kuɗaɗe, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2008, wadda ake zaton tana da ikon hukunta laifukan da suka kai ga cin hanci da rashawa. Human Rights Watch ta lura a cikin 2011 cewa ko da yake an sami yawaitar badakalar cin hanci da rashawa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, sun haifar da "bincike kaɗan da yanke hukunci guda biyu kawai". Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa, HRW ta yi korafin cewa, “rashin isassun kudade [da] ma’aikata ne ke kawo cikas” kuma a zahiri ba ta da “hukunce-hukuncen shari’a da kanta”, kuma kasantuwar Sirleaf ta shawo kan wannan batu ya sa “a tunanin cewa shugaban kasa ba shi da niyyar magance matsalar”. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkokin mata == Mata suna da matsayin doka iri ɗaya da maza. Fyade da tashin hankalin cikin gida ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma ya yadu, kuma ba a aiwatar da dokokin da aka yi musu yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=[[US Department of State]]}}</ref> Fyade da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafi na jima'i sun kasance daga cikin laifukan da aka fi aikatawa akai-akai. Ba a laifin fyaden ma'aurata . <ref name="Liberia Human Rights">{{Cite web |title=Liberia Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/liberia |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Ci gaban da aka samu na baya-bayan nan a wannan fanni ya hada da kafa kotun shari'ar jinsi da cin zarafin mata, bude wani gidan kariyar da MDD ke tallafawa a Monrovia, don ceto wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin mata, da tallafin da MDD ta bayar na shirin aiwatar da ayyukan kasa kan cin zarafin mata, da kuma amincewa da Laberiya na Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'yancin dan Adam da al'umma kan 'yancin mata a Afirka . <ref name="Liberia Human Rights"/> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta lura cewa a cikin 2010, rahotannin fyade da kuma martanin 'yan sanda game da wadannan rahotanni sun inganta, amma sun raina kafa kotun cin zarafin jima'i "nakasu a cikin tsarin shari'a da rashin son ba da shaida ya kawo cikas ga kokarin gurfanar da laifuka". <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Cin zarafin jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma yana da yawa. [[Auren mata da yawa|Auren fiye da ɗaya]] ba bisa doka ba ne, amma maza da yawa suna da mata da yawa, daidai da al'adun gida. Ma’aikatar Jin Dadi da Raya Kasa tana da alhakin kare ‘yancin mata. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna wariya ga mata, a cikin wani rahoto na 2009, ya yi kira ga Laberiya "ta kafa ba tare da bata lokaci ba, kuma a matsayin dokar da ta ba da fifiko kan haramta kaciyar mata da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gurfanar da masu laifin tare da hukunta su daidai da tsananin wannan cin zarafi". Har ila yau, ta yi kira ga Laberiya da "ta gaggauta dakatar da ba da izini ga ma'aikata, kamar yadda ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ke yi a halin yanzu", da aiwatar da kuma karfafa shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don canza dabi'u game da aikin. Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci Laberiya da "ta magance duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata", da ta yi amfani da dukkan hanyoyin da za a iya "don isar da sakon cewa ba za a amince da duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata ba, ciki har da cin zarafi a cikin gida", da kuma tabbatar da cewa tsarin shari'a ya magance irin wannan cin zarafi. Fataucin mata matsala ce, kuma kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da wariya ga mata ya yi kira ga kasar Laberiya da ta aiwatar da aiwatar da dokar yaki da fataucin bil adama ta shekara ta 2005 yadda ya kamata, don ba da tallafi ga matan da lamarin ya shafa, da kuma magance tushen matsalar. == Hakkokin yara == A Laberiya, yaro ya zama ɗan ƙasa idan aƙalla iyaye ɗaya ɗan Laberiya ne ko kuma idan yaron baƙar fata ne kuma aka haife shi a ƙasar. Yaran da ba bakar fata da aka haifa a Laberiya ba su cancanci zama dan kasa ba, manufar da ke nuna matukar damuwa game da hakkokinsu da kariyar su. Ko da yake ilimi kyauta ne a fasaha, iyalai ne ke da alhakin samar da riguna, littattafai, da kayayyaki. Yawancin makarantu kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin "kudade" don biyan kuɗin aiki da albashi, wanda zai iya zama shinge ga iyalai masu karamin karfi. Cin zarafin yara, gami da cin zarafin jima'i, ya zama ruwan dare, kuma ayyuka irin su kaciyar mata (FGM) sun kasance gama gari kuma na doka. Har ila yau, karuwancin 'yan mata wani lamari ne mai mahimmanci, tare da fataucin yara, tare da kasancewar yara da yawa a kan tituna a cikin birane kamar Monrovia. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a baya-bayan nan, akwai dubban yara kanana a Laberiya, wadanda yawancinsu marayu ne ko kuma sun fito ne daga yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali na iyali. Wadannan yaran galibi basu da damar samun kayan masarufi, da suka hada da abinci, wurin kwana, da ilimi. Gidajen marayu a Laberiya suna aiki da ƙaramin tsari, wanda ke haifar da rashin isassun kayan abinci, rashin yanayin tsafta, da ƙarancin kulawar lafiya. Yawancin gidajen marayu sun dogara da tallafin waje daga kungiyoyi irin su UNICEF don taimakon kuɗi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, an yi kiyasin cewa akwai marayu sama da 30,000 a Laberiya, lamarin da ya ta’azzara sakamakon yakin basasa da rikicin lafiya, wato barkewar cutar Ebola. Dangane da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa, Laberiya ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar Hague ta shekarar 1980 kan al'amuran da suka shafi satar yara na kasa da kasa a shekarar 1980, wanda ke nuna damuwa game da kare hakkin yara a lokuta da ake takaddama a kan tsare yara a duniya. Asusun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Norwegian "yana goyon bayan wasu tsare-tsare na gida don kare hakkin yara da kuma inganta 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin tsarin makarantar Laberiya", gami da shirye-shiryen hana cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin ɗalibai a makarantu. Ya taimaka wajen kafa kungiyoyin kula da ‘yan wasa da “kwamitocin gyara” wadanda ke ba da rahoton irin wannan cin zarafi da ya kai ga korar malamai da dama. Wani memba na daya daga cikin wadannan kulake na makaranta ya ce ayyukansa "ya taimaka wajen kara mutunta hakkin dalibai a makarantar. Misali, dabi'ar rashin lokaci tsakanin malamai da dalibai ya ragu sosai tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar shekaru biyu da suka wuce." Kokarin da hukumar ta NHRF ta tallafawa a wani bangare ya taimaka wajen kawar da azabtarwa ta jiki a makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children's rights in Liberia |url=http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/student-rights-in-liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430224714/http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/student-rights-in-liberia |archive-date=April 30, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Human Rights Fund}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin 2010 na Hukumar Ci Gaban Taimakon Kai da Taimakon da ke neman inganta yanayin kare hakkin bil adama ga daliban makarantun sakandare a kudu maso gabashin Laberiya, "fiye da dalibai da malamai 3000 sun halarci zaman horo kan batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama". Dalibai sun yi muhawara game da 'yancin ɗan adam tare da kafa kwamitoci "don ganowa da kuma nuna yadda ake cin zarafi da nemo kayan aikin da za a bi da masu laifi". Shirin ya samu nasara ta hanyoyi da dama, inda ya taimaka wajen kawar da dadaddiyar dabi'u kamar "Yaran da ke aiki a gonakin malamai da sayen dabino a matsayin kudin makaranta" da kuma tilasta wa iyaye biyan kudin makaranta na makarantun kyauta. "An kuma samu ci gaba ta fuskar cin zarafi da cin zarafi ga dalibai, a mafi yawan makarantun da ake kaiwa hari, an aiwatar da dokar hana dukan daliban da aka yi musu ba daidai ba, ko kuma sun gaza, a wani hali kuma an hana yiwa dalibai bulala sakamakon shiga tsakani na SHDRA." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Protecting children`s rights in rural schools |url=http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/protecting-childrens-rights-in-rural-schools |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717062343/http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/protecting-childrens-rights-in-rural-schools |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Human Rights Fund}}</ref> UNESCO ta hannun asusun samar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta hada kai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta Laberiya don aiwatar da shirin "Peace, Human Rights and Citizenship Education" a makarantun kasar. Hakan ya hada da horar da malamai 1,300 don baiwa dalibai ilimi da dabarun magance rikice-rikice domin bunkasa zaman lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia: Promoting peace and reconciliation through curriculum reform |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/themes/pcpd/unesco-in-post-crisis-situations/peace-and-reconciliation/ |access-date=2013-01-10 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Daga karshe, yayin da ake shirin inganta halin da marayu da kananan yara masu rauni a Laberiya, akwai gagarumin kalubale. Magance wadannan batutuwa na bukatar hada kai daga gwamnati, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran kasashen duniya don tabbatar da cewa dukkan yara, musamman marayu, za su iya samun hakkinsu na ilimi, tsaro da tallafi. == Hakkokin nakasassu == Wariya ga nakasassu haramun ne amma ya yadu musamman a karkara. Yawancin gine-ginen jama'a ba sa isa ga nakasassu, kuma babu wata doka da ta bukaci a samu su. Sakamakon yakin basasa, akwai 'yan kasar Laberiya da dama masu nakasa. Akwai Hukumar Nakasassu ta Kasa amma ba ta da tasiri wajen kare hakkin nakasassu. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkokin tsiraru == Laberiya na da kabilu daban-daban 16, kowannensu yana da yarensa, kuma rashin hakuri da juna a tsakaninsu ya ci gaba. Mutanen da ba baƙar fata ba a ba su izinin mallakar dukiya a Laberiya kuma ba su cancanci neman zama ɗan ƙasa ba. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkin LGBT == Ayyukan jima'i iri ɗaya haramun ne a Laberiya. Babu sanannun ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin LGBT. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Lokacin da Sirleaf ta lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel kuma aka yaba mata a matsayin jarumar kare hakkin bil'adama, mutane da yawa sun lura da wannan rashin jituwa, amma Sirleaf ta tsaya tsayin daka kan 'yancin 'yan luwadi. Tattaunawar hadin gwiwa a watan Maris na 2012 da Tony Blair ta yi kanun labaran duniya saboda goyon bayan Sirleaf ga dokar hana luwadi a kasarta da kuma saboda kin kalubalantarta da Blair ya yi kan batun. "Muna da wasu dabi'u na gargajiya a cikin al'ummarmu da muke son kiyayewa," in ji Sirleaf. == Ƙungiyar kwadago da haƙƙin ƙwadago == Ma'aikata a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna da 'yancin shiga ƙungiyoyi kuma an ba su izinin shiga yajin aiki da kuma yin ciniki tare. An hana ma'aikatan gwamnati shiga kungiyoyin kwadago. Yin aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma yana faruwa, tare da iyalai na karkara galibi suna aika mata da yara zuwa birane don yin aiki a gidaje ko kuma masu sayar da titi. Yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 16 ba a yarda su yi aiki ba, amma wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata ba kuma aikin yara ya kasance a kusan ko'ina, tare da ƙananan yara suna aiki a kasuwannin birane, gonaki da gonaki, da sauran ayyukan, wasu daga cikinsu suna da haɗari. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Ya kamata Hukumar Kwadago ta kare yara daga aiki, amma ba ta da isassun ma'aikata da kuma samun kudade. Dokoki daban-daban suna iyakance lokutan aiki, kafa buƙatun fa'ida, da saita ƙa'idodin lafiya da aminci. Akwai mafi karancin albashi amma bai shafi ma’aikata da yawa ba. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Wani aiki a Laberiya na Action for Community and Human Development ya nemi "inganta karfin kungiyoyin ma'aikatan masana'antu don yin aiki tare da gudanarwa da kare hakkin ma'aikata, gina karfin tsarin ci gaban al'umma a cikin shugabanci da yanke shawara, da kuma taimakawa mazabar tare da haɗin gwiwarsu da hukumomin gida". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=http://www.ned.org/node/169 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142702/http://www.ned.org/node/169 |archive-date=March 12, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=National Endowment For Democracy}}</ref> == Shari'a da tsarin hukunci == === Hakkokin mutanen da ake shari'a === Ma'aikatar shari'a ta Laberiya tana da rashin iya aiki, cin hanci da rashawa, lauyoyi da alkalai da ba su cancanta ba, da rashin isasshen wuraren kotuna, sufuri, da sauran kayan aiki. Ko da yake waɗanda ake tuhuma suna da ’yancin halartar nasu shari’o’in, da tuntuɓar lauya, don duba shaidu, da kuma ɗaukaka hukunci, ana hana waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ga mutanen da ba su ba da cin hanci ko kuma ba su da lauya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Amnesty International ta bayyana matsalolin da ke tattare da shari'ar Laberiya kamar haka a shekara ta 2012: "Rashin isassun binciken 'yan sanda, karancin masu kare jama'a, rashin gudanar da shari'a, cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma bangaren shari'a da ba shi da ikon sauraron kararraki a kan lokaci ya taimaka wajen samun koma baya a tsarin shari'ar laifuka. Kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na fursunoni suna jiran a yi musu shari'a, wasu kuma ana bukatar a yi musu shari'a na tsawon shekaru. don samun 'yanci, misali 'yan sanda su gudanar da bincike a kai a kai sun ki bayar da belinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Alkalai suna yawan bayar da diyya, su yi shari'a, sakin fursunonin, da yanke hukunci ba tare da laifi ba, a matsayin cin hanci, kuma sau da yawa lauyoyin su kan shawarci wadanda ake kara da su biya alkalai, alkalai, da sauran su. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> === Hakkin mutanen da ke gidan yari === Yanayin gidajen yari a Laberiya ba su da kyau, tare da cunkoso, rashin isasshen abinci da ruwan sha, rashin tsafta da iska, da rashin kula da lafiya. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasance tana taimakawa wajen inganta samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a wurare da dama, yayin da MDD da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke ba da ayyukan jinya da kuma aikin da suka shafi tsaftar muhalli. A wasu lokuta, maza da mata, manya da yara, da waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci da waɗanda ake tuhuma suna jiran shari'a ana tsare su tare. Ana barin fursunonin su karɓi baƙi da yin addininsu. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin sa ido kan yanayin kurkuku daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, da kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 2008 mafi yawan fursunoni a gidan yarin Monrovia, a cewar Amnesty International, ana tsare da su ba tare da tuhuma ba, wasu na tsawon shekaru biyu. A cikin 2010, a cewar Human Rights Watch, "fiye da kashi 10 cikin 100 na kusan mutane 1,700 da ake tsare da su a gidajen yarin Laberiya an same su da laifi". Sirleaf ta sanya hannu kan wata doka a shekara ta 2008 wacce ta sake haifar da hukuncin kisa. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya lura da damuwa da cewa, hakan na wakiltar saba wa ka'ida ta zabi ta biyu ga yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, wadda Laberiya ta rattaba hannu a kai. == Halin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Laberiya tun 1972 a cikin rahotannin Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Laberiya game da [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa]] sune kamar haka. == Magana == {{reflist|2}} ==Mahaɗa== ===Rahoto=== *[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186212 Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2011] by the [[United States Department of State]] * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 2012 Annual Report], by [[Amnesty International]] (also available in [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/liberia/report-2010 Arabic], [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/liberia/report-2010 French], and [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/liberia/report-2010 Spanish]) * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/liberia Freedom in the World 2011 Report], by [[Freedom House]] ===Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa=== *[https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia Liberia] at [[Amnesty International]] (also available in [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/liberia Arabic], [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/liberia French], and [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/liberia Spanish]) *[https://www.hrw.org/africa/liberia Liberia] at [[Human Rights Watch]] *[http://www.fidh.org/-Liberia,206- Liberia]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[FIDH]] (More information on the [http://www.fidh.org/-Liberia,68- French site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602092045/http://fidh.org/-Liberia,68- |date=2013-06-02 }}) *[http://ohchr.org/EN/countries/AfricaRegion/Pages/LRIndex.aspx Liberia] at the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) *[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia.html Liberia] at [[UNICEF]] *[http://www.ifex.org/liberia/ Liberia] at the [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]] (IFEX) ===Ƙungiyoyin cikin gida=== *[http://rwhr.org Regional Watch for Human Rights]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] l58gp1zrogvjq8m3chgcdjsn8tlq01u 976107 976106 2026-11-05T10:16:13Z A Salisu 14655 976107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hakkokin dan Adam a Laberiya''' ya zama abin daukar hankali a duniya lokacin da aka nada shugabar ƙasar, [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], daya daga cikin mata uku da suka samu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekara ta 2011, waɗanda dukkansu an ba da misali da su "saboda gwagwarmayar da suke yi na kare lafiyar mata da kuma hakkin mata na samun cikakkiyar damar shiga aikin samar da zaman lafiya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/johnson_sirleaf.html |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Nobel Prize Website}}</ref> Amman kuma duk da haka, kamar yadda Guardian ta bayyana a watan Oktoban 2012, "ba a yi maraba da lambar yabo ga shugaba Sirleaf baki daya ba a kasarta", kuma shekara guda bayan sanar da kyautar, daya daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara a gasar Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee, 'yar gwagwarmayar Laberiya, ta bayyana ra'ayoyin da dama daga cikin masu sukar Sirleaf, da zargin shugaban kasa da nuna rashin amincewa da gwamnatin Sirleaf, da kuma wasu manyan mukamai na gwamnatin Sirleaf, da dai sauransu. 'ya'ya uku. A watan Nuwamban 2012, wata lauya mai rajin kare hakkin dan Adam ta Laberiya, Tiawan Saye Gongloe, ita ma ta soki yadda Sirleaf ke nuna son kai tare da yin kira gare ta da ta yi murabus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia: Prominent human rights lawyer calls for Ellen's resignation |url=http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/22810.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528015907/http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/22810.html |archive-date=May 28, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Council for Africa}}</ref> Dukkanin son zuciya da cin hanci da rashawa sun yadu a Laberiya. Daga cikin sauran manyan matsalolin da suka shafi kare haƙƙin bil adama a kasar sun hada da kashe-kashen al'ada, cin zarafin ƴan sanda, abubuwan da ake kira "gwaji ta hanyar gwaji", [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|kame ba bisa ka'ida ba]], rashin bin doka, cin zarafin mata, cin zarafin gida, kaciya, cin zarafin yara, safarar mutane, da kuma aikin yara. Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasa a shekara ta 2003, duk da haka, an samu gagarumin aiki daga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama da nufin tabbatar da dimokuradiyya mai inganci a kasar Laberiya bisa hakkin dan Adam. Laberiya ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata, Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata, yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin dan Adam ko wulakanta magani ko hukuncin da aka yi wa yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Action for Community and Human Development Inc. |url=http://www.ned.org/node/169 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142702/http://www.ned.org/node/169 |archive-date=March 12, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=National Endowment for Democracy}}</ref> == Yakin Basasa Bayan Yakin Basasa == Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 2003 wadda ta kawo karshen yakin basasa ta bukaci gwamnatin Laberiya ta kafa wata hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa mai zaman kanta. Duk da cewa an zartar da dokar kafa irin wannan hukumar a hukumance a shekara ta 2008, an dage kafa hukumar na tsawon shekaru da dama. Amnesty International ta lura a cikin 2013 cewa Laberiya na matukar bukatar irin wannan kwamiti, kuma ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta sanya kafa irin wannan hukumar a gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/liberia |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2009 an kafa hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa mai zaman kanta, amma duk da haka zabar mambobinta, a cewar kungiyar Human Rights Watch, an lalata ta da "hanyar tantancewa mara kyau, rashin shigar kungiyoyin fararen hula, da kuma zaben farko na memba dake da kusanci da shugaban kasa, da sauran mambobin da ba su da masaniya game da 'yancin kai na hukumar da kuma game da sadaukarwarta ga Sirle. <ref name="World Report 2011: Liberia">{{Cite web |title=World Report 2011: Liberia |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124060348/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/liberia |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Human Rights Watch ta lura cewa a cikin 2010 Laberiya "ba ta sami wani ci gaba ba wajen tabbatar da hukunta wadanda ke da alhakin aikata laifukan yaki a lokacin yakin basasa" bisa ga rahoton karshe na 2009 na kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu. <ref name="World Report 2011: Liberia"/> Rahoton da Amnesty ta fitar a shekarar 2012 ya yi korafin cewa har yanzu ba a gurfanar da mutanen da suka aikata manyan laifukan take hakkin bil’adama a lokacin yakin basasa ba, kuma har yanzu ba a yi kunnen uwar shegu da kiran da hukumar gaskiya da sasantawa ta yi na a kafa kotun hukunta masu laifi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama guda biyar sun kafa Coalition for Justice a Laberiya (CJL) a watan Oktoban 2012 "domin bayar da shawarar tabbatar da adalci, samar da wayar da kan jama'a, da fafutukar kafa kotun kasa da kasa don hukunta wadanda suka aikata laifukan yaki a Laberiya". Har ila yau, tana neman, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, don taimakawa "gina da ƙarfafa cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya na kasa da kuma bin doka a Laberiya wanda zai hada da sa ido, rubutawa da kuma ba da shawarar gudanar da ayyukansu masu tasiri a matsayin cibiyoyin shari'a na jama'a da ke tabbatar da doka da mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam". CJL ta ce tsarin kasuwancinta na farko zai kasance "suna da kunya" wadanda suka keta hakkin dan adam a lokacin yakin "da kuma tabbatar da cewa Amurka ba mafaka ce a gare su ba ko kuma wurin hutu inda suke balaguro da jin dadin dukiyarsu ta jini ba tare da wani nau'i na lissafi ba". Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasar Laberiya a shekara ta 2002, dakarun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ke kula da harkokin tsaro, kuma suna horar da sojoji da 'yan sanda na Laberiya. Wani shirin da Amurka ta jagoranta na daukar sabbin sojojin Laberiya da horar da su ya kammala aikinsa a watan Disamba na 2009, kodayake sojojin Amurka sun ci gaba da horar da jami'an sojan Laberiya a cikin 2010. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Jami’an tsaro, duk da cewa suna kai rahoto ga jami’an farar hula, wani lokacin ma suna yin aikin kansu. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia" /> == Hakkoki na asali == A bisa ka’ida, gwamnati na mutunta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yan jarida, duk da cewa gwamnati ta kai karar jaridu da sauran jama’a saboda bata-gari. 'Yan jarida sukan buga labarai don biyan kuɗi. Samun Intanet ba shi da ƙuntatawa, kodayake ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na ƴan ƙasar Laberiya suna kan layi. Cibiyoyin ilimi suna aiki kyauta. Ana mutunta haƙƙin yin taro kyauta, kodayake akwai keɓantacce. 'Yan Liberia suna more 'yancin yin addini. Har ila yau, suna samun ’yancin yin tafiye-tafiye cikin gida da waje, da kuma ’yancin yin ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje, amma a lokacin balaguro, wani lokaci ana gudanar da bincike ba bisa ka’ida ba da ‘yan sanda da jami’an shige da fice. Wariya dangane da kabilanci, jima'i, addini, nakasa, da sauran irin waɗannan halayen haramun ne, amma galibi yana faruwa duk da haka. Wariyar launin fata doka ce, duk da haka. Baƙar fata kawai, alal misali, na iya zama ƴan ƙasar Laberiya ko kuma masu mallakar filaye. Mutanen Laberiya da ke zaune a wajen Monrovia suna da iyakacin damar samun sabis na gwamnati. Kashe-kashen ibada, wanda ya hada da cire gawar wanda aka kashen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ibadar kabilanci, wanda kuma rahotannin ‘yan sanda kan bayyana su a matsayin hadari ko kashe kansa, lamarin da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Hakanan ana yawan yin zanga-zangar adawa da waɗannan kashe-kashen, kuma a wasu lokuta kan haifar da rauni da mutuwa <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Cin hanci da rashawa == Cin hanci da rashawa ya zama ruwan dare a kowane mataki na gwamnatin Laberiya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Cin hanci da rashawa, don haka, ba laifi ba ne da za a hukunta shi a ƙarƙashin dokar Laberiya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia" /> Akwai Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Laberiya da ba ta da kuɗaɗe, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2008, wadda ake zaton tana da ikon hukunta laifukan da suka kai ga cin hanci da rashawa. Human Rights Watch ta lura a cikin 2011 cewa ko da yake an sami yawaitar badakalar cin hanci da rashawa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, sun haifar da "bincike kaɗan da yanke hukunci guda biyu kawai". Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa, HRW ta yi korafin cewa, “rashin isassun kudade [da] ma’aikata ne ke kawo cikas” kuma a zahiri ba ta da “hukunce-hukuncen shari’a da kanta”, kuma kasantuwar Sirleaf ta shawo kan wannan batu ya sa “a tunanin cewa shugaban kasa ba shi da niyyar magance matsalar”. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkokin mata == Mata suna da matsayin doka iri ɗaya da maza. Fyade da tashin hankalin cikin gida ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma ya yadu, kuma ba a aiwatar da dokokin da aka yi musu yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=[[US Department of State]]}}</ref> Fyade da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafi na jima'i sun kasance daga cikin laifukan da aka fi aikatawa akai-akai. Ba a laifin fyaden ma'aurata . <ref name="Liberia Human Rights">{{Cite web |title=Liberia Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/liberia |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Ci gaban da aka samu na baya-bayan nan a wannan fanni ya hada da kafa kotun shari'ar jinsi da cin zarafin mata, bude wani gidan kariyar da MDD ke tallafawa a Monrovia, don ceto wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin mata, da tallafin da MDD ta bayar na shirin aiwatar da ayyukan kasa kan cin zarafin mata, da kuma amincewa da Laberiya na Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'yancin dan Adam da al'umma kan 'yancin mata a Afirka . <ref name="Liberia Human Rights"/> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta lura cewa a cikin 2010, rahotannin fyade da kuma martanin 'yan sanda game da wadannan rahotanni sun inganta, amma sun raina kafa kotun cin zarafin jima'i "nakasu a cikin tsarin shari'a da rashin son ba da shaida ya kawo cikas ga kokarin gurfanar da laifuka". <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Cin zarafin jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma yana da yawa. [[Auren mata da yawa|Auren fiye da ɗaya]] ba bisa doka ba ne, amma maza da yawa suna da mata da yawa, daidai da al'adun gida. Ma’aikatar Jin Dadi da Raya Kasa tana da alhakin kare ‘yancin mata. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna wariya ga mata, a cikin wani rahoto na 2009, ya yi kira ga Laberiya "ta kafa ba tare da bata lokaci ba, kuma a matsayin dokar da ta ba da fifiko kan haramta kaciyar mata da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gurfanar da masu laifin tare da hukunta su daidai da tsananin wannan cin zarafi". Har ila yau, ta yi kira ga Laberiya da "ta gaggauta dakatar da ba da izini ga ma'aikata, kamar yadda ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ke yi a halin yanzu", da aiwatar da kuma karfafa shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don canza dabi'u game da aikin. Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci Laberiya da "ta magance duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata", da ta yi amfani da dukkan hanyoyin da za a iya "don isar da sakon cewa ba za a amince da duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata ba, ciki har da cin zarafi a cikin gida", da kuma tabbatar da cewa tsarin shari'a ya magance irin wannan cin zarafi. Fataucin mata matsala ce, kuma kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da wariya ga mata ya yi kira ga kasar Laberiya da ta aiwatar da aiwatar da dokar yaki da fataucin bil adama ta shekara ta 2005 yadda ya kamata, don ba da tallafi ga matan da lamarin ya shafa, da kuma magance tushen matsalar. == Hakkokin yara == A Laberiya, yaro ya zama ɗan ƙasa idan aƙalla iyaye ɗaya ɗan Laberiya ne ko kuma idan yaron baƙar fata ne kuma aka haife shi a ƙasar. Yaran da ba bakar fata da aka haifa a Laberiya ba su cancanci zama dan kasa ba, manufar da ke nuna matukar damuwa game da hakkokinsu da kariyar su. Ko da yake ilimi kyauta ne a fasaha, iyalai ne ke da alhakin samar da riguna, littattafai, da kayayyaki. Yawancin makarantu kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin "kudade" don biyan kuɗin aiki da albashi, wanda zai iya zama shinge ga iyalai masu karamin karfi. Cin zarafin yara, gami da cin zarafin jima'i, ya zama ruwan dare, kuma ayyuka irin su kaciyar mata (FGM) sun kasance gama gari kuma na doka. Har ila yau, karuwancin 'yan mata wani lamari ne mai mahimmanci, tare da fataucin yara, tare da kasancewar yara da yawa a kan tituna a cikin birane kamar Monrovia. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a baya-bayan nan, akwai dubban yara kanana a Laberiya, wadanda yawancinsu marayu ne ko kuma sun fito ne daga yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali na iyali. Wadannan yaran galibi basu da damar samun kayan masarufi, da suka hada da abinci, wurin kwana, da ilimi. Gidajen marayu a Laberiya suna aiki da ƙaramin tsari, wanda ke haifar da rashin isassun kayan abinci, rashin yanayin tsafta, da ƙarancin kulawar lafiya. Yawancin gidajen marayu sun dogara da tallafin waje daga kungiyoyi irin su UNICEF don taimakon kuɗi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, an yi kiyasin cewa akwai marayu sama da 30,000 a Laberiya, lamarin da ya ta’azzara sakamakon yakin basasa da rikicin lafiya, wato barkewar cutar Ebola. Dangane da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa, Laberiya ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar Hague ta shekarar 1980 kan al'amuran da suka shafi satar yara na kasa da kasa a shekarar 1980, wanda ke nuna damuwa game da kare hakkin yara a lokuta da ake takaddama a kan tsare yara a duniya. Asusun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Norwegian "yana goyon bayan wasu tsare-tsare na gida don kare hakkin yara da kuma inganta 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin tsarin makarantar Laberiya", gami da shirye-shiryen hana cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin ɗalibai a makarantu. Ya taimaka wajen kafa kungiyoyin kula da ‘yan wasa da “kwamitocin gyara” wadanda ke ba da rahoton irin wannan cin zarafi da ya kai ga korar malamai da dama. Wani memba na daya daga cikin wadannan kulake na makaranta ya ce ayyukansa "ya taimaka wajen kara mutunta hakkin dalibai a makarantar. Misali, dabi'ar rashin lokaci tsakanin malamai da dalibai ya ragu sosai tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar shekaru biyu da suka wuce." Kokarin da hukumar ta NHRF ta tallafawa a wani bangare ya taimaka wajen kawar da azabtarwa ta jiki a makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children's rights in Liberia |url=http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/student-rights-in-liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430224714/http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/student-rights-in-liberia |archive-date=April 30, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Human Rights Fund}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin 2010 na Hukumar Ci Gaban Taimakon Kai da Taimakon da ke neman inganta yanayin kare hakkin bil adama ga daliban makarantun sakandare a kudu maso gabashin Laberiya, "fiye da dalibai da malamai 3000 sun halarci zaman horo kan batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama". Dalibai sun yi muhawara game da 'yancin ɗan adam tare da kafa kwamitoci "don ganowa da kuma nuna yadda ake cin zarafi da nemo kayan aikin da za a bi da masu laifi". Shirin ya samu nasara ta hanyoyi da dama, inda ya taimaka wajen kawar da dadaddiyar dabi'u kamar "Yaran da ke aiki a gonakin malamai da sayen dabino a matsayin kudin makaranta" da kuma tilasta wa iyaye biyan kudin makaranta na makarantun kyauta. "An kuma samu ci gaba ta fuskar cin zarafi da cin zarafi ga dalibai, a mafi yawan makarantun da ake kaiwa hari, an aiwatar da dokar hana dukan daliban da aka yi musu ba daidai ba, ko kuma sun gaza, a wani hali kuma an hana yiwa dalibai bulala sakamakon shiga tsakani na SHDRA." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Protecting children`s rights in rural schools |url=http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/protecting-childrens-rights-in-rural-schools |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717062343/http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/protecting-childrens-rights-in-rural-schools |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Human Rights Fund}}</ref> UNESCO ta hannun asusun samar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta hada kai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta Laberiya don aiwatar da shirin "Peace, Human Rights and Citizenship Education" a makarantun kasar. Hakan ya hada da horar da malamai 1,300 don baiwa dalibai ilimi da dabarun magance rikice-rikice domin bunkasa zaman lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia: Promoting peace and reconciliation through curriculum reform |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/themes/pcpd/unesco-in-post-crisis-situations/peace-and-reconciliation/ |access-date=2013-01-10 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Daga karshe, yayin da ake shirin inganta halin da marayu da kananan yara masu rauni a Laberiya, akwai gagarumin kalubale. Magance wadannan batutuwa na bukatar hada kai daga gwamnati, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran kasashen duniya don tabbatar da cewa dukkan yara, musamman marayu, za su iya samun hakkinsu na ilimi, tsaro da tallafi. == Hakkokin nakasassu == Wariya ga nakasassu haramun ne amma ya yadu musamman a karkara. Yawancin gine-ginen jama'a ba sa isa ga nakasassu, kuma babu wata doka da ta bukaci a samu su. Sakamakon yakin basasa, akwai 'yan kasar Laberiya da dama masu nakasa. Akwai Hukumar Nakasassu ta Kasa amma ba ta da tasiri wajen kare hakkin nakasassu. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkokin tsiraru == Laberiya na da kabilu daban-daban 16, kowannensu yana da yarensa, kuma rashin hakuri da juna a tsakaninsu ya ci gaba. Mutanen da ba baƙar fata ba a ba su izinin mallakar dukiya a Laberiya kuma ba su cancanci neman zama ɗan ƙasa ba. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkin LGBT == Ayyukan jima'i iri ɗaya haramun ne a Laberiya. Babu sanannun ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin LGBT. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Lokacin da Sirleaf ta lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel kuma aka yaba mata a matsayin jarumar kare hakkin bil'adama, mutane da yawa sun lura da wannan rashin jituwa, amma Sirleaf ta tsaya tsayin daka kan 'yancin 'yan luwadi. Tattaunawar hadin gwiwa a watan Maris na 2012 da Tony Blair ta yi kanun labaran duniya saboda goyon bayan Sirleaf ga dokar hana luwadi a kasarta da kuma saboda kin kalubalantarta da Blair ya yi kan batun. "Muna da wasu dabi'u na gargajiya a cikin al'ummarmu da muke son kiyayewa," in ji Sirleaf. == Ƙungiyar kwadago da haƙƙin ƙwadago == Ma'aikata a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna da 'yancin shiga ƙungiyoyi kuma an ba su izinin shiga yajin aiki da kuma yin ciniki tare. An hana ma'aikatan gwamnati shiga kungiyoyin kwadago. Yin aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma yana faruwa, tare da iyalai na karkara galibi suna aika mata da yara zuwa birane don yin aiki a gidaje ko kuma masu sayar da titi. Yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 16 ba a yarda su yi aiki ba, amma wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata ba kuma aikin yara ya kasance a kusan ko'ina, tare da ƙananan yara suna aiki a kasuwannin birane, gonaki da gonaki, da sauran ayyukan, wasu daga cikinsu suna da haɗari. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Ya kamata Hukumar Kwadago ta kare yara daga aiki, amma ba ta da isassun ma'aikata da kuma samun kudade. Dokoki daban-daban suna iyakance lokutan aiki, kafa buƙatun fa'ida, da saita ƙa'idodin lafiya da aminci. Akwai mafi karancin albashi amma bai shafi ma’aikata da yawa ba. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Wani aiki a Laberiya na Action for Community and Human Development ya nemi "inganta karfin kungiyoyin ma'aikatan masana'antu don yin aiki tare da gudanarwa da kare hakkin ma'aikata, gina karfin tsarin ci gaban al'umma a cikin shugabanci da yanke shawara, da kuma taimakawa mazabar tare da haɗin gwiwarsu da hukumomin gida". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=http://www.ned.org/node/169 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142702/http://www.ned.org/node/169 |archive-date=March 12, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=National Endowment For Democracy}}</ref> == Shari'a da tsarin hukunci == === Hakkokin mutanen da ake shari'a === Ma'aikatar shari'a ta Laberiya tana da rashin iya aiki, cin hanci da rashawa, lauyoyi da alkalai da ba su cancanta ba, da rashin isasshen wuraren kotuna, sufuri, da sauran kayan aiki. Ko da yake waɗanda ake tuhuma suna da ’yancin halartar nasu shari’o’in, da tuntuɓar lauya, don duba shaidu, da kuma ɗaukaka hukunci, ana hana waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ga mutanen da ba su ba da cin hanci ko kuma ba su da lauya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Amnesty International ta bayyana matsalolin da ke tattare da shari'ar Laberiya kamar haka a shekara ta 2012: "Rashin isassun binciken 'yan sanda, karancin masu kare jama'a, rashin gudanar da shari'a, cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma bangaren shari'a da ba shi da ikon sauraron kararraki a kan lokaci ya taimaka wajen samun koma baya a tsarin shari'ar laifuka. Kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na fursunoni suna jiran a yi musu shari'a, wasu kuma ana bukatar a yi musu shari'a na tsawon shekaru. don samun 'yanci, misali 'yan sanda su gudanar da bincike a kai a kai sun ki bayar da belinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Alkalai suna yawan bayar da diyya, su yi shari'a, sakin fursunonin, da yanke hukunci ba tare da laifi ba, a matsayin cin hanci, kuma sau da yawa lauyoyin su kan shawarci wadanda ake kara da su biya alkalai, alkalai, da sauran su. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> === Hakkin mutanen da ke gidan yari === Yanayin gidajen yari a Laberiya ba su da kyau, tare da cunkoso, rashin isasshen abinci da ruwan sha, rashin tsafta da iska, da rashin kula da lafiya. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasance tana taimakawa wajen inganta samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a wurare da dama, yayin da MDD da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke ba da ayyukan jinya da kuma aikin da suka shafi tsaftar muhalli. A wasu lokuta, maza da mata, manya da yara, da waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci da waɗanda ake tuhuma suna jiran shari'a ana tsare su tare. Ana barin fursunonin su karɓi baƙi da yin addininsu. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin sa ido kan yanayin kurkuku daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, da kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 2008 mafi yawan fursunoni a gidan yarin Monrovia, a cewar Amnesty International, ana tsare da su ba tare da tuhuma ba, wasu na tsawon shekaru biyu. A cikin 2010, a cewar Human Rights Watch, "fiye da kashi 10 cikin 100 na kusan mutane 1,700 da ake tsare da su a gidajen yarin Laberiya an same su da laifi". Sirleaf ta sanya hannu kan wata doka a shekara ta 2008 wacce ta sake haifar da hukuncin kisa. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya lura da damuwa da cewa, hakan na wakiltar saba wa ka'ida ta zabi ta biyu ga yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, wadda Laberiya ta rattaba hannu a kai. == Halin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Laberiya tun 1972 a cikin rahotannin Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Laberiya game da [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa]] sune kamar haka. == Magana == {{reflist|2}} ==Mahaɗa== ===Rahoto=== *[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186212 Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2011] by the [[United States Department of State]] * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 2012 Annual Report], by [[Amnesty International]] (also available in [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/liberia/report-2010 Arabic], [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/liberia/report-2010 French], and [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/liberia/report-2010 Spanish]) * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/liberia Freedom in the World 2011 Report], by [[Freedom House]] ===Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa=== *[https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia Liberia] at [[Amnesty International]] (also available in [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/liberia Arabic], [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/liberia French], and [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/liberia Spanish]) *[https://www.hrw.org/africa/liberia Liberia] at [[Human Rights Watch]] *[http://www.fidh.org/-Liberia,206- Liberia]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[FIDH]] (More information on the [http://www.fidh.org/-Liberia,68- French site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602092045/http://fidh.org/-Liberia,68- |date=2013-06-02 }}) *[http://ohchr.org/EN/countries/AfricaRegion/Pages/LRIndex.aspx Liberia] at the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) *[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia.html Liberia] at [[UNICEF]] *[http://www.ifex.org/liberia/ Liberia] at the [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]] (IFEX) ===Ƙungiyoyin cikin gida=== *[http://rwhr.org Regional Watch for Human Rights]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] gohbsab962z19m6qin12v5ejhhkzbdh 976108 976107 2026-11-05T10:16:40Z A Salisu 14655 976108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hakkokin dan Adam a Laberiya''' ya zama abin daukar hankali a duniya lokacin da aka nada shugabar ƙasar, [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], daya daga cikin mata uku da suka samu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekara ta 2011, waɗanda dukkansu an ba da misali da su "saboda gwagwarmayar da suke yi na kare lafiyar mata da kuma hakkin mata na samun cikakkiyar damar shiga aikin samar da zaman lafiya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/johnson_sirleaf.html |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Nobel Prize Website}}</ref> Amman kuma duk da haka, kamar yadda Guardian ta bayyana a watan Oktoban 2012, "ba a yi maraba da lambar yabo ga shugaba Sirleaf baki daya ba a kasarta", kuma shekara guda bayan sanar da kyautar, daya daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara a gasar Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee, 'yar gwagwarmayar Laberiya, ta bayyana ra'ayoyin da dama daga cikin masu sukar Sirleaf, da zargin shugaban kasa da nuna rashin amincewa da gwamnatin Sirleaf, da kuma wasu manyan mukamai na gwamnatin Sirleaf, da dai sauransu. 'ya'ya uku. A watan Nuwamban 2012, wata lauya mai rajin kare hakkin dan Adam ta Laberiya, Tiawan Saye Gongloe, ita ma ta soki yadda Sirleaf ke nuna son kai tare da yin kira gare ta da ta yi murabus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia: Prominent human rights lawyer calls for Ellen's resignation |url=http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/22810.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528015907/http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/22810.html |archive-date=May 28, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Council for Africa}}</ref> Dukkanin son zuciya da cin hanci da rashawa sun yadu a Laberiya. Daga cikin sauran manyan matsalolin da suka shafi kare haƙƙin bil adama a kasar sun hada da kashe-kashen al'ada, cin zarafin ƴan sanda, abubuwan da ake kira "gwaji ta hanyar gwaji", [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|kame ba bisa ka'ida ba]], rashin bin doka, cin zarafin mata, cin zarafin gida, kaciya, cin zarafin yara, safarar mutane, da kuma aikin yara. Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasa a shekara ta 2003, duk da haka, an samu gagarumin aiki daga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama da nufin tabbatar da dimokuradiyya mai inganci a kasar Laberiya bisa hakkin dan Adam. Laberiya ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan ƴancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata, Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata, yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin dan Adam ko wulakanta magani ko hukuncin da aka yi wa yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Action for Community and Human Development Inc. |url=http://www.ned.org/node/169 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142702/http://www.ned.org/node/169 |archive-date=March 12, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=National Endowment for Democracy}}</ref> == Yakin Basasa Bayan Yakin Basasa == Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 2003 wadda ta kawo karshen yakin basasa ta bukaci gwamnatin Laberiya ta kafa wata hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa mai zaman kanta. Duk da cewa an zartar da dokar kafa irin wannan hukumar a hukumance a shekara ta 2008, an dage kafa hukumar na tsawon shekaru da dama. Amnesty International ta lura a cikin 2013 cewa Laberiya na matukar bukatar irin wannan kwamiti, kuma ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta sanya kafa irin wannan hukumar a gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/liberia |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2009 an kafa hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa mai zaman kanta, amma duk da haka zabar mambobinta, a cewar kungiyar Human Rights Watch, an lalata ta da "hanyar tantancewa mara kyau, rashin shigar kungiyoyin fararen hula, da kuma zaben farko na memba dake da kusanci da shugaban kasa, da sauran mambobin da ba su da masaniya game da 'yancin kai na hukumar da kuma game da sadaukarwarta ga Sirle. <ref name="World Report 2011: Liberia">{{Cite web |title=World Report 2011: Liberia |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124060348/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/liberia |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Human Rights Watch ta lura cewa a cikin 2010 Laberiya "ba ta sami wani ci gaba ba wajen tabbatar da hukunta wadanda ke da alhakin aikata laifukan yaki a lokacin yakin basasa" bisa ga rahoton karshe na 2009 na kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu. <ref name="World Report 2011: Liberia"/> Rahoton da Amnesty ta fitar a shekarar 2012 ya yi korafin cewa har yanzu ba a gurfanar da mutanen da suka aikata manyan laifukan take hakkin bil’adama a lokacin yakin basasa ba, kuma har yanzu ba a yi kunnen uwar shegu da kiran da hukumar gaskiya da sasantawa ta yi na a kafa kotun hukunta masu laifi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama guda biyar sun kafa Coalition for Justice a Laberiya (CJL) a watan Oktoban 2012 "domin bayar da shawarar tabbatar da adalci, samar da wayar da kan jama'a, da fafutukar kafa kotun kasa da kasa don hukunta wadanda suka aikata laifukan yaki a Laberiya". Har ila yau, tana neman, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, don taimakawa "gina da ƙarfafa cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya na kasa da kuma bin doka a Laberiya wanda zai hada da sa ido, rubutawa da kuma ba da shawarar gudanar da ayyukansu masu tasiri a matsayin cibiyoyin shari'a na jama'a da ke tabbatar da doka da mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam". CJL ta ce tsarin kasuwancinta na farko zai kasance "suna da kunya" wadanda suka keta hakkin dan adam a lokacin yakin "da kuma tabbatar da cewa Amurka ba mafaka ce a gare su ba ko kuma wurin hutu inda suke balaguro da jin dadin dukiyarsu ta jini ba tare da wani nau'i na lissafi ba". Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasar Laberiya a shekara ta 2002, dakarun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ke kula da harkokin tsaro, kuma suna horar da sojoji da 'yan sanda na Laberiya. Wani shirin da Amurka ta jagoranta na daukar sabbin sojojin Laberiya da horar da su ya kammala aikinsa a watan Disamba na 2009, kodayake sojojin Amurka sun ci gaba da horar da jami'an sojan Laberiya a cikin 2010. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Jami’an tsaro, duk da cewa suna kai rahoto ga jami’an farar hula, wani lokacin ma suna yin aikin kansu. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia" /> == Hakkoki na asali == A bisa ka’ida, gwamnati na mutunta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yan jarida, duk da cewa gwamnati ta kai karar jaridu da sauran jama’a saboda bata-gari. 'Yan jarida sukan buga labarai don biyan kuɗi. Samun Intanet ba shi da ƙuntatawa, kodayake ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na ƴan ƙasar Laberiya suna kan layi. Cibiyoyin ilimi suna aiki kyauta. Ana mutunta haƙƙin yin taro kyauta, kodayake akwai keɓantacce. 'Yan Liberia suna more 'yancin yin addini. Har ila yau, suna samun ’yancin yin tafiye-tafiye cikin gida da waje, da kuma ’yancin yin ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje, amma a lokacin balaguro, wani lokaci ana gudanar da bincike ba bisa ka’ida ba da ‘yan sanda da jami’an shige da fice. Wariya dangane da kabilanci, jima'i, addini, nakasa, da sauran irin waɗannan halayen haramun ne, amma galibi yana faruwa duk da haka. Wariyar launin fata doka ce, duk da haka. Baƙar fata kawai, alal misali, na iya zama ƴan ƙasar Laberiya ko kuma masu mallakar filaye. Mutanen Laberiya da ke zaune a wajen Monrovia suna da iyakacin damar samun sabis na gwamnati. Kashe-kashen ibada, wanda ya hada da cire gawar wanda aka kashen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ibadar kabilanci, wanda kuma rahotannin ‘yan sanda kan bayyana su a matsayin hadari ko kashe kansa, lamarin da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Hakanan ana yawan yin zanga-zangar adawa da waɗannan kashe-kashen, kuma a wasu lokuta kan haifar da rauni da mutuwa <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Cin hanci da rashawa == Cin hanci da rashawa ya zama ruwan dare a kowane mataki na gwamnatin Laberiya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Cin hanci da rashawa, don haka, ba laifi ba ne da za a hukunta shi a ƙarƙashin dokar Laberiya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia" /> Akwai Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Laberiya da ba ta da kuɗaɗe, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2008, wadda ake zaton tana da ikon hukunta laifukan da suka kai ga cin hanci da rashawa. Human Rights Watch ta lura a cikin 2011 cewa ko da yake an sami yawaitar badakalar cin hanci da rashawa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, sun haifar da "bincike kaɗan da yanke hukunci guda biyu kawai". Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa, HRW ta yi korafin cewa, “rashin isassun kudade [da] ma’aikata ne ke kawo cikas” kuma a zahiri ba ta da “hukunce-hukuncen shari’a da kanta”, kuma kasantuwar Sirleaf ta shawo kan wannan batu ya sa “a tunanin cewa shugaban kasa ba shi da niyyar magance matsalar”. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkokin mata == Mata suna da matsayin doka iri ɗaya da maza. Fyade da tashin hankalin cikin gida ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma ya yadu, kuma ba a aiwatar da dokokin da aka yi musu yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=[[US Department of State]]}}</ref> Fyade da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafi na jima'i sun kasance daga cikin laifukan da aka fi aikatawa akai-akai. Ba a laifin fyaden ma'aurata . <ref name="Liberia Human Rights">{{Cite web |title=Liberia Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/liberia |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Ci gaban da aka samu na baya-bayan nan a wannan fanni ya hada da kafa kotun shari'ar jinsi da cin zarafin mata, bude wani gidan kariyar da MDD ke tallafawa a Monrovia, don ceto wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin mata, da tallafin da MDD ta bayar na shirin aiwatar da ayyukan kasa kan cin zarafin mata, da kuma amincewa da Laberiya na Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'yancin dan Adam da al'umma kan 'yancin mata a Afirka . <ref name="Liberia Human Rights"/> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta lura cewa a cikin 2010, rahotannin fyade da kuma martanin 'yan sanda game da wadannan rahotanni sun inganta, amma sun raina kafa kotun cin zarafin jima'i "nakasu a cikin tsarin shari'a da rashin son ba da shaida ya kawo cikas ga kokarin gurfanar da laifuka". <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Cin zarafin jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma yana da yawa. [[Auren mata da yawa|Auren fiye da ɗaya]] ba bisa doka ba ne, amma maza da yawa suna da mata da yawa, daidai da al'adun gida. Ma’aikatar Jin Dadi da Raya Kasa tana da alhakin kare ‘yancin mata. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna wariya ga mata, a cikin wani rahoto na 2009, ya yi kira ga Laberiya "ta kafa ba tare da bata lokaci ba, kuma a matsayin dokar da ta ba da fifiko kan haramta kaciyar mata da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gurfanar da masu laifin tare da hukunta su daidai da tsananin wannan cin zarafi". Har ila yau, ta yi kira ga Laberiya da "ta gaggauta dakatar da ba da izini ga ma'aikata, kamar yadda ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ke yi a halin yanzu", da aiwatar da kuma karfafa shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don canza dabi'u game da aikin. Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci Laberiya da "ta magance duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata", da ta yi amfani da dukkan hanyoyin da za a iya "don isar da sakon cewa ba za a amince da duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata ba, ciki har da cin zarafi a cikin gida", da kuma tabbatar da cewa tsarin shari'a ya magance irin wannan cin zarafi. Fataucin mata matsala ce, kuma kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da wariya ga mata ya yi kira ga kasar Laberiya da ta aiwatar da aiwatar da dokar yaki da fataucin bil adama ta shekara ta 2005 yadda ya kamata, don ba da tallafi ga matan da lamarin ya shafa, da kuma magance tushen matsalar. == Hakkokin yara == A Laberiya, yaro ya zama ɗan ƙasa idan aƙalla iyaye ɗaya ɗan Laberiya ne ko kuma idan yaron baƙar fata ne kuma aka haife shi a ƙasar. Yaran da ba bakar fata da aka haifa a Laberiya ba su cancanci zama dan kasa ba, manufar da ke nuna matukar damuwa game da hakkokinsu da kariyar su. Ko da yake ilimi kyauta ne a fasaha, iyalai ne ke da alhakin samar da riguna, littattafai, da kayayyaki. Yawancin makarantu kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin "kudade" don biyan kuɗin aiki da albashi, wanda zai iya zama shinge ga iyalai masu karamin karfi. Cin zarafin yara, gami da cin zarafin jima'i, ya zama ruwan dare, kuma ayyuka irin su kaciyar mata (FGM) sun kasance gama gari kuma na doka. Har ila yau, karuwancin 'yan mata wani lamari ne mai mahimmanci, tare da fataucin yara, tare da kasancewar yara da yawa a kan tituna a cikin birane kamar Monrovia. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a baya-bayan nan, akwai dubban yara kanana a Laberiya, wadanda yawancinsu marayu ne ko kuma sun fito ne daga yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali na iyali. Wadannan yaran galibi basu da damar samun kayan masarufi, da suka hada da abinci, wurin kwana, da ilimi. Gidajen marayu a Laberiya suna aiki da ƙaramin tsari, wanda ke haifar da rashin isassun kayan abinci, rashin yanayin tsafta, da ƙarancin kulawar lafiya. Yawancin gidajen marayu sun dogara da tallafin waje daga kungiyoyi irin su UNICEF don taimakon kuɗi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, an yi kiyasin cewa akwai marayu sama da 30,000 a Laberiya, lamarin da ya ta’azzara sakamakon yakin basasa da rikicin lafiya, wato barkewar cutar Ebola. Dangane da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa, Laberiya ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar Hague ta shekarar 1980 kan al'amuran da suka shafi satar yara na kasa da kasa a shekarar 1980, wanda ke nuna damuwa game da kare hakkin yara a lokuta da ake takaddama a kan tsare yara a duniya. Asusun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Norwegian "yana goyon bayan wasu tsare-tsare na gida don kare hakkin yara da kuma inganta 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin tsarin makarantar Laberiya", gami da shirye-shiryen hana cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin ɗalibai a makarantu. Ya taimaka wajen kafa kungiyoyin kula da ‘yan wasa da “kwamitocin gyara” wadanda ke ba da rahoton irin wannan cin zarafi da ya kai ga korar malamai da dama. Wani memba na daya daga cikin wadannan kulake na makaranta ya ce ayyukansa "ya taimaka wajen kara mutunta hakkin dalibai a makarantar. Misali, dabi'ar rashin lokaci tsakanin malamai da dalibai ya ragu sosai tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar shekaru biyu da suka wuce." Kokarin da hukumar ta NHRF ta tallafawa a wani bangare ya taimaka wajen kawar da azabtarwa ta jiki a makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children's rights in Liberia |url=http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/student-rights-in-liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430224714/http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/student-rights-in-liberia |archive-date=April 30, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Human Rights Fund}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin 2010 na Hukumar Ci Gaban Taimakon Kai da Taimakon da ke neman inganta yanayin kare hakkin bil adama ga daliban makarantun sakandare a kudu maso gabashin Laberiya, "fiye da dalibai da malamai 3000 sun halarci zaman horo kan batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama". Dalibai sun yi muhawara game da 'yancin ɗan adam tare da kafa kwamitoci "don ganowa da kuma nuna yadda ake cin zarafi da nemo kayan aikin da za a bi da masu laifi". Shirin ya samu nasara ta hanyoyi da dama, inda ya taimaka wajen kawar da dadaddiyar dabi'u kamar "Yaran da ke aiki a gonakin malamai da sayen dabino a matsayin kudin makaranta" da kuma tilasta wa iyaye biyan kudin makaranta na makarantun kyauta. "An kuma samu ci gaba ta fuskar cin zarafi da cin zarafi ga dalibai, a mafi yawan makarantun da ake kaiwa hari, an aiwatar da dokar hana dukan daliban da aka yi musu ba daidai ba, ko kuma sun gaza, a wani hali kuma an hana yiwa dalibai bulala sakamakon shiga tsakani na SHDRA." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Protecting children`s rights in rural schools |url=http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/protecting-childrens-rights-in-rural-schools |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717062343/http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/protecting-childrens-rights-in-rural-schools |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Human Rights Fund}}</ref> UNESCO ta hannun asusun samar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta hada kai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta Laberiya don aiwatar da shirin "Peace, Human Rights and Citizenship Education" a makarantun kasar. Hakan ya hada da horar da malamai 1,300 don baiwa dalibai ilimi da dabarun magance rikice-rikice domin bunkasa zaman lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia: Promoting peace and reconciliation through curriculum reform |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/themes/pcpd/unesco-in-post-crisis-situations/peace-and-reconciliation/ |access-date=2013-01-10 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Daga karshe, yayin da ake shirin inganta halin da marayu da kananan yara masu rauni a Laberiya, akwai gagarumin kalubale. Magance wadannan batutuwa na bukatar hada kai daga gwamnati, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran kasashen duniya don tabbatar da cewa dukkan yara, musamman marayu, za su iya samun hakkinsu na ilimi, tsaro da tallafi. == Hakkokin nakasassu == Wariya ga nakasassu haramun ne amma ya yadu musamman a karkara. Yawancin gine-ginen jama'a ba sa isa ga nakasassu, kuma babu wata doka da ta bukaci a samu su. Sakamakon yakin basasa, akwai 'yan kasar Laberiya da dama masu nakasa. Akwai Hukumar Nakasassu ta Kasa amma ba ta da tasiri wajen kare hakkin nakasassu. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkokin tsiraru == Laberiya na da kabilu daban-daban 16, kowannensu yana da yarensa, kuma rashin hakuri da juna a tsakaninsu ya ci gaba. Mutanen da ba baƙar fata ba a ba su izinin mallakar dukiya a Laberiya kuma ba su cancanci neman zama ɗan ƙasa ba. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkin LGBT == Ayyukan jima'i iri ɗaya haramun ne a Laberiya. Babu sanannun ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin LGBT. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Lokacin da Sirleaf ta lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel kuma aka yaba mata a matsayin jarumar kare hakkin bil'adama, mutane da yawa sun lura da wannan rashin jituwa, amma Sirleaf ta tsaya tsayin daka kan 'yancin 'yan luwadi. Tattaunawar hadin gwiwa a watan Maris na 2012 da Tony Blair ta yi kanun labaran duniya saboda goyon bayan Sirleaf ga dokar hana luwadi a kasarta da kuma saboda kin kalubalantarta da Blair ya yi kan batun. "Muna da wasu dabi'u na gargajiya a cikin al'ummarmu da muke son kiyayewa," in ji Sirleaf. == Ƙungiyar kwadago da haƙƙin ƙwadago == Ma'aikata a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna da 'yancin shiga ƙungiyoyi kuma an ba su izinin shiga yajin aiki da kuma yin ciniki tare. An hana ma'aikatan gwamnati shiga kungiyoyin kwadago. Yin aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma yana faruwa, tare da iyalai na karkara galibi suna aika mata da yara zuwa birane don yin aiki a gidaje ko kuma masu sayar da titi. Yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 16 ba a yarda su yi aiki ba, amma wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata ba kuma aikin yara ya kasance a kusan ko'ina, tare da ƙananan yara suna aiki a kasuwannin birane, gonaki da gonaki, da sauran ayyukan, wasu daga cikinsu suna da haɗari. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Ya kamata Hukumar Kwadago ta kare yara daga aiki, amma ba ta da isassun ma'aikata da kuma samun kudade. Dokoki daban-daban suna iyakance lokutan aiki, kafa buƙatun fa'ida, da saita ƙa'idodin lafiya da aminci. Akwai mafi karancin albashi amma bai shafi ma’aikata da yawa ba. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Wani aiki a Laberiya na Action for Community and Human Development ya nemi "inganta karfin kungiyoyin ma'aikatan masana'antu don yin aiki tare da gudanarwa da kare hakkin ma'aikata, gina karfin tsarin ci gaban al'umma a cikin shugabanci da yanke shawara, da kuma taimakawa mazabar tare da haɗin gwiwarsu da hukumomin gida". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=http://www.ned.org/node/169 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142702/http://www.ned.org/node/169 |archive-date=March 12, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=National Endowment For Democracy}}</ref> == Shari'a da tsarin hukunci == === Hakkokin mutanen da ake shari'a === Ma'aikatar shari'a ta Laberiya tana da rashin iya aiki, cin hanci da rashawa, lauyoyi da alkalai da ba su cancanta ba, da rashin isasshen wuraren kotuna, sufuri, da sauran kayan aiki. Ko da yake waɗanda ake tuhuma suna da ’yancin halartar nasu shari’o’in, da tuntuɓar lauya, don duba shaidu, da kuma ɗaukaka hukunci, ana hana waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ga mutanen da ba su ba da cin hanci ko kuma ba su da lauya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Amnesty International ta bayyana matsalolin da ke tattare da shari'ar Laberiya kamar haka a shekara ta 2012: "Rashin isassun binciken 'yan sanda, karancin masu kare jama'a, rashin gudanar da shari'a, cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma bangaren shari'a da ba shi da ikon sauraron kararraki a kan lokaci ya taimaka wajen samun koma baya a tsarin shari'ar laifuka. Kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na fursunoni suna jiran a yi musu shari'a, wasu kuma ana bukatar a yi musu shari'a na tsawon shekaru. don samun 'yanci, misali 'yan sanda su gudanar da bincike a kai a kai sun ki bayar da belinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Alkalai suna yawan bayar da diyya, su yi shari'a, sakin fursunonin, da yanke hukunci ba tare da laifi ba, a matsayin cin hanci, kuma sau da yawa lauyoyin su kan shawarci wadanda ake kara da su biya alkalai, alkalai, da sauran su. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> === Hakkin mutanen da ke gidan yari === Yanayin gidajen yari a Laberiya ba su da kyau, tare da cunkoso, rashin isasshen abinci da ruwan sha, rashin tsafta da iska, da rashin kula da lafiya. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasance tana taimakawa wajen inganta samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a wurare da dama, yayin da MDD da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke ba da ayyukan jinya da kuma aikin da suka shafi tsaftar muhalli. A wasu lokuta, maza da mata, manya da yara, da waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci da waɗanda ake tuhuma suna jiran shari'a ana tsare su tare. Ana barin fursunonin su karɓi baƙi da yin addininsu. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin sa ido kan yanayin kurkuku daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, da kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 2008 mafi yawan fursunoni a gidan yarin Monrovia, a cewar Amnesty International, ana tsare da su ba tare da tuhuma ba, wasu na tsawon shekaru biyu. A cikin 2010, a cewar Human Rights Watch, "fiye da kashi 10 cikin 100 na kusan mutane 1,700 da ake tsare da su a gidajen yarin Laberiya an same su da laifi". Sirleaf ta sanya hannu kan wata doka a shekara ta 2008 wacce ta sake haifar da hukuncin kisa. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya lura da damuwa da cewa, hakan na wakiltar saba wa ka'ida ta zabi ta biyu ga yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, wadda Laberiya ta rattaba hannu a kai. == Halin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Laberiya tun 1972 a cikin rahotannin Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Laberiya game da [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa]] sune kamar haka. == Magana == {{reflist|2}} ==Mahaɗa== ===Rahoto=== *[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186212 Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2011] by the [[United States Department of State]] * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 2012 Annual Report], by [[Amnesty International]] (also available in [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/liberia/report-2010 Arabic], [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/liberia/report-2010 French], and [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/liberia/report-2010 Spanish]) * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/liberia Freedom in the World 2011 Report], by [[Freedom House]] ===Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa=== *[https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia Liberia] at [[Amnesty International]] (also available in [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/liberia Arabic], [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/liberia French], and [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/liberia Spanish]) *[https://www.hrw.org/africa/liberia Liberia] at [[Human Rights Watch]] *[http://www.fidh.org/-Liberia,206- Liberia]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[FIDH]] (More information on the [http://www.fidh.org/-Liberia,68- French site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602092045/http://fidh.org/-Liberia,68- |date=2013-06-02 }}) *[http://ohchr.org/EN/countries/AfricaRegion/Pages/LRIndex.aspx Liberia] at the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) *[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia.html Liberia] at [[UNICEF]] *[http://www.ifex.org/liberia/ Liberia] at the [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]] (IFEX) ===Ƙungiyoyin cikin gida=== *[http://rwhr.org Regional Watch for Human Rights]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] 3h6erm9o85o0lsjntw0zfffvyct63i3 976109 976108 2026-11-05T10:17:02Z A Salisu 14655 976109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hakkokin dan Adam a Laberiya''' ya zama abin daukar hankali a duniya lokacin da aka nada shugabar ƙasar, [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], daya daga cikin mata uku da suka samu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekara ta 2011, waɗanda dukkansu an ba da misali da su "saboda gwagwarmayar da suke yi na kare lafiyar mata da kuma hakkin mata na samun cikakkiyar damar shiga aikin samar da zaman lafiya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/johnson_sirleaf.html |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Nobel Prize Website}}</ref> Amman kuma duk da haka, kamar yadda Guardian ta bayyana a watan Oktoban 2012, "ba a yi maraba da lambar yabo ga shugaba Sirleaf baki daya ba a kasarta", kuma shekara guda bayan sanar da kyautar, daya daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara a gasar Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee, 'yar gwagwarmayar Laberiya, ta bayyana ra'ayoyin da dama daga cikin masu sukar Sirleaf, da zargin shugaban kasa da nuna rashin amincewa da gwamnatin Sirleaf, da kuma wasu manyan mukamai na gwamnatin Sirleaf, da dai sauransu. 'ya'ya uku. A watan Nuwamban 2012, wata lauya mai rajin kare hakkin dan Adam ta Laberiya, Tiawan Saye Gongloe, ita ma ta soki yadda Sirleaf ke nuna son kai tare da yin kira gare ta da ta yi murabus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia: Prominent human rights lawyer calls for Ellen's resignation |url=http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/22810.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528015907/http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/22810.html |archive-date=May 28, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Council for Africa}}</ref> Dukkanin son zuciya da cin hanci da rashawa sun yadu a Laberiya. Daga cikin sauran manyan matsalolin da suka shafi kare haƙƙin bil adama a kasar sun hada da kashe-kashen al'ada, cin zarafin ƴan sanda, abubuwan da ake kira "gwaji ta hanyar gwaji", [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|kame ba bisa ka'ida ba]], rashin bin doka, cin zarafin mata, cin zarafin gida, kaciya, cin zarafin yara, safarar mutane, da kuma aikin yara. Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasa a shekara ta 2003, duk da haka, an samu gagarumin aiki daga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama da nufin tabbatar da dimokuradiyya mai inganci a kasar Laberiya bisa hakkin dan Adam. Laberiya ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan ƴancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata, Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata, yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin dan Adam ko wulakanta magani ko hukuncin da aka yi wa yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Action for Community and Human Development Inc. |url=http://www.ned.org/node/169 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142702/http://www.ned.org/node/169 |archive-date=March 12, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=National Endowment for Democracy}}</ref> == Yakin Basasa Bayan Yakin Basasa == Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 2003 wadda ta kawo karshen yakin basasa ta bukaci gwamnatin Laberiya ta kafa wata hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta kasa mai zaman kanta. Duk da cewa an zartar da dokar kafa irin wannan hukumar a hukumance a shekara ta 2008, an dage kafa hukumar na tsawon shekaru da dama. Amnesty International ta lura a cikin 2013 cewa Laberiya na matukar bukatar irin wannan kwamiti, kuma ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta sanya kafa irin wannan hukumar a gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/liberia |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2009 an kafa hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa mai zaman kanta, amma duk da haka zabar mambobinta, a cewar kungiyar Human Rights Watch, an lalata ta da "hanyar tantancewa mara kyau, rashin shigar kungiyoyin fararen hula, da kuma zaben farko na memba dake da kusanci da shugaban kasa, da sauran mambobin da ba su da masaniya game da 'yancin kai na hukumar da kuma game da sadaukarwarta ga Sirle. <ref name="World Report 2011: Liberia">{{Cite web |title=World Report 2011: Liberia |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124060348/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/liberia |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Human Rights Watch ta lura cewa a cikin 2010 Laberiya "ba ta sami wani ci gaba ba wajen tabbatar da hukunta wadanda ke da alhakin aikata laifukan yaki a lokacin yakin basasa" bisa ga rahoton karshe na 2009 na kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu. <ref name="World Report 2011: Liberia"/> Rahoton da Amnesty ta fitar a shekarar 2012 ya yi korafin cewa har yanzu ba a gurfanar da mutanen da suka aikata manyan laifukan take hakkin bil’adama a lokacin yakin basasa ba, kuma har yanzu ba a yi kunnen uwar shegu da kiran da hukumar gaskiya da sasantawa ta yi na a kafa kotun hukunta masu laifi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama guda biyar sun kafa Coalition for Justice a Laberiya (CJL) a watan Oktoban 2012 "domin bayar da shawarar tabbatar da adalci, samar da wayar da kan jama'a, da fafutukar kafa kotun kasa da kasa don hukunta wadanda suka aikata laifukan yaki a Laberiya". Har ila yau, tana neman, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, don taimakawa "gina da ƙarfafa cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya na kasa da kuma bin doka a Laberiya wanda zai hada da sa ido, rubutawa da kuma ba da shawarar gudanar da ayyukansu masu tasiri a matsayin cibiyoyin shari'a na jama'a da ke tabbatar da doka da mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam". CJL ta ce tsarin kasuwancinta na farko zai kasance "suna da kunya" wadanda suka keta hakkin dan adam a lokacin yakin "da kuma tabbatar da cewa Amurka ba mafaka ce a gare su ba ko kuma wurin hutu inda suke balaguro da jin dadin dukiyarsu ta jini ba tare da wani nau'i na lissafi ba". Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasar Laberiya a shekara ta 2002, dakarun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ke kula da harkokin tsaro, kuma suna horar da sojoji da 'yan sanda na Laberiya. Wani shirin da Amurka ta jagoranta na daukar sabbin sojojin Laberiya da horar da su ya kammala aikinsa a watan Disamba na 2009, kodayake sojojin Amurka sun ci gaba da horar da jami'an sojan Laberiya a cikin 2010. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Jami’an tsaro, duk da cewa suna kai rahoto ga jami’an farar hula, wani lokacin ma suna yin aikin kansu. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia" /> == Hakkoki na asali == A bisa ka’ida, gwamnati na mutunta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yan jarida, duk da cewa gwamnati ta kai karar jaridu da sauran jama’a saboda bata-gari. 'Yan jarida sukan buga labarai don biyan kuɗi. Samun Intanet ba shi da ƙuntatawa, kodayake ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na ƴan ƙasar Laberiya suna kan layi. Cibiyoyin ilimi suna aiki kyauta. Ana mutunta haƙƙin yin taro kyauta, kodayake akwai keɓantacce. 'Yan Liberia suna more 'yancin yin addini. Har ila yau, suna samun ’yancin yin tafiye-tafiye cikin gida da waje, da kuma ’yancin yin ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje, amma a lokacin balaguro, wani lokaci ana gudanar da bincike ba bisa ka’ida ba da ‘yan sanda da jami’an shige da fice. Wariya dangane da kabilanci, jima'i, addini, nakasa, da sauran irin waɗannan halayen haramun ne, amma galibi yana faruwa duk da haka. Wariyar launin fata doka ce, duk da haka. Baƙar fata kawai, alal misali, na iya zama ƴan ƙasar Laberiya ko kuma masu mallakar filaye. Mutanen Laberiya da ke zaune a wajen Monrovia suna da iyakacin damar samun sabis na gwamnati. Kashe-kashen ibada, wanda ya hada da cire gawar wanda aka kashen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ibadar kabilanci, wanda kuma rahotannin ‘yan sanda kan bayyana su a matsayin hadari ko kashe kansa, lamarin da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Hakanan ana yawan yin zanga-zangar adawa da waɗannan kashe-kashen, kuma a wasu lokuta kan haifar da rauni da mutuwa <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Cin hanci da rashawa == Cin hanci da rashawa ya zama ruwan dare a kowane mataki na gwamnatin Laberiya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Cin hanci da rashawa, don haka, ba laifi ba ne da za a hukunta shi a ƙarƙashin dokar Laberiya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia" /> Akwai Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Laberiya da ba ta da kuɗaɗe, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2008, wadda ake zaton tana da ikon hukunta laifukan da suka kai ga cin hanci da rashawa. Human Rights Watch ta lura a cikin 2011 cewa ko da yake an sami yawaitar badakalar cin hanci da rashawa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, sun haifar da "bincike kaɗan da yanke hukunci guda biyu kawai". Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa, HRW ta yi korafin cewa, “rashin isassun kudade [da] ma’aikata ne ke kawo cikas” kuma a zahiri ba ta da “hukunce-hukuncen shari’a da kanta”, kuma kasantuwar Sirleaf ta shawo kan wannan batu ya sa “a tunanin cewa shugaban kasa ba shi da niyyar magance matsalar”. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkokin mata == Mata suna da matsayin doka iri ɗaya da maza. Fyade da tashin hankalin cikin gida ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma ya yadu, kuma ba a aiwatar da dokokin da aka yi musu yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=[[US Department of State]]}}</ref> Fyade da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafi na jima'i sun kasance daga cikin laifukan da aka fi aikatawa akai-akai. Ba a laifin fyaden ma'aurata . <ref name="Liberia Human Rights">{{Cite web |title=Liberia Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/liberia |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Ci gaban da aka samu na baya-bayan nan a wannan fanni ya hada da kafa kotun shari'ar jinsi da cin zarafin mata, bude wani gidan kariyar da MDD ke tallafawa a Monrovia, don ceto wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin mata, da tallafin da MDD ta bayar na shirin aiwatar da ayyukan kasa kan cin zarafin mata, da kuma amincewa da Laberiya na Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'yancin dan Adam da al'umma kan 'yancin mata a Afirka . <ref name="Liberia Human Rights"/> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta lura cewa a cikin 2010, rahotannin fyade da kuma martanin 'yan sanda game da wadannan rahotanni sun inganta, amma sun raina kafa kotun cin zarafin jima'i "nakasu a cikin tsarin shari'a da rashin son ba da shaida ya kawo cikas ga kokarin gurfanar da laifuka". <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Cin zarafin jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma yana da yawa. [[Auren mata da yawa|Auren fiye da ɗaya]] ba bisa doka ba ne, amma maza da yawa suna da mata da yawa, daidai da al'adun gida. Ma’aikatar Jin Dadi da Raya Kasa tana da alhakin kare ‘yancin mata. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna wariya ga mata, a cikin wani rahoto na 2009, ya yi kira ga Laberiya "ta kafa ba tare da bata lokaci ba, kuma a matsayin dokar da ta ba da fifiko kan haramta kaciyar mata da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gurfanar da masu laifin tare da hukunta su daidai da tsananin wannan cin zarafi". Har ila yau, ta yi kira ga Laberiya da "ta gaggauta dakatar da ba da izini ga ma'aikata, kamar yadda ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ke yi a halin yanzu", da aiwatar da kuma karfafa shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don canza dabi'u game da aikin. Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci Laberiya da "ta magance duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata", da ta yi amfani da dukkan hanyoyin da za a iya "don isar da sakon cewa ba za a amince da duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata ba, ciki har da cin zarafi a cikin gida", da kuma tabbatar da cewa tsarin shari'a ya magance irin wannan cin zarafi. Fataucin mata matsala ce, kuma kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da wariya ga mata ya yi kira ga kasar Laberiya da ta aiwatar da aiwatar da dokar yaki da fataucin bil adama ta shekara ta 2005 yadda ya kamata, don ba da tallafi ga matan da lamarin ya shafa, da kuma magance tushen matsalar. == Hakkokin yara == A Laberiya, yaro ya zama ɗan ƙasa idan aƙalla iyaye ɗaya ɗan Laberiya ne ko kuma idan yaron baƙar fata ne kuma aka haife shi a ƙasar. Yaran da ba bakar fata da aka haifa a Laberiya ba su cancanci zama dan kasa ba, manufar da ke nuna matukar damuwa game da hakkokinsu da kariyar su. Ko da yake ilimi kyauta ne a fasaha, iyalai ne ke da alhakin samar da riguna, littattafai, da kayayyaki. Yawancin makarantu kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin "kudade" don biyan kuɗin aiki da albashi, wanda zai iya zama shinge ga iyalai masu karamin karfi. Cin zarafin yara, gami da cin zarafin jima'i, ya zama ruwan dare, kuma ayyuka irin su kaciyar mata (FGM) sun kasance gama gari kuma na doka. Har ila yau, karuwancin 'yan mata wani lamari ne mai mahimmanci, tare da fataucin yara, tare da kasancewar yara da yawa a kan tituna a cikin birane kamar Monrovia. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a baya-bayan nan, akwai dubban yara kanana a Laberiya, wadanda yawancinsu marayu ne ko kuma sun fito ne daga yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali na iyali. Wadannan yaran galibi basu da damar samun kayan masarufi, da suka hada da abinci, wurin kwana, da ilimi. Gidajen marayu a Laberiya suna aiki da ƙaramin tsari, wanda ke haifar da rashin isassun kayan abinci, rashin yanayin tsafta, da ƙarancin kulawar lafiya. Yawancin gidajen marayu sun dogara da tallafin waje daga kungiyoyi irin su UNICEF don taimakon kuɗi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, an yi kiyasin cewa akwai marayu sama da 30,000 a Laberiya, lamarin da ya ta’azzara sakamakon yakin basasa da rikicin lafiya, wato barkewar cutar Ebola. Dangane da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa, Laberiya ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar Hague ta shekarar 1980 kan al'amuran da suka shafi satar yara na kasa da kasa a shekarar 1980, wanda ke nuna damuwa game da kare hakkin yara a lokuta da ake takaddama a kan tsare yara a duniya. Asusun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Norwegian "yana goyon bayan wasu tsare-tsare na gida don kare hakkin yara da kuma inganta 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin tsarin makarantar Laberiya", gami da shirye-shiryen hana cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin ɗalibai a makarantu. Ya taimaka wajen kafa kungiyoyin kula da ‘yan wasa da “kwamitocin gyara” wadanda ke ba da rahoton irin wannan cin zarafi da ya kai ga korar malamai da dama. Wani memba na daya daga cikin wadannan kulake na makaranta ya ce ayyukansa "ya taimaka wajen kara mutunta hakkin dalibai a makarantar. Misali, dabi'ar rashin lokaci tsakanin malamai da dalibai ya ragu sosai tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar shekaru biyu da suka wuce." Kokarin da hukumar ta NHRF ta tallafawa a wani bangare ya taimaka wajen kawar da azabtarwa ta jiki a makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children's rights in Liberia |url=http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/student-rights-in-liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430224714/http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/student-rights-in-liberia |archive-date=April 30, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Human Rights Fund}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin 2010 na Hukumar Ci Gaban Taimakon Kai da Taimakon da ke neman inganta yanayin kare hakkin bil adama ga daliban makarantun sakandare a kudu maso gabashin Laberiya, "fiye da dalibai da malamai 3000 sun halarci zaman horo kan batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama". Dalibai sun yi muhawara game da 'yancin ɗan adam tare da kafa kwamitoci "don ganowa da kuma nuna yadda ake cin zarafi da nemo kayan aikin da za a bi da masu laifi". Shirin ya samu nasara ta hanyoyi da dama, inda ya taimaka wajen kawar da dadaddiyar dabi'u kamar "Yaran da ke aiki a gonakin malamai da sayen dabino a matsayin kudin makaranta" da kuma tilasta wa iyaye biyan kudin makaranta na makarantun kyauta. "An kuma samu ci gaba ta fuskar cin zarafi da cin zarafi ga dalibai, a mafi yawan makarantun da ake kaiwa hari, an aiwatar da dokar hana dukan daliban da aka yi musu ba daidai ba, ko kuma sun gaza, a wani hali kuma an hana yiwa dalibai bulala sakamakon shiga tsakani na SHDRA." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Protecting children`s rights in rural schools |url=http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/protecting-childrens-rights-in-rural-schools |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717062343/http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/protecting-childrens-rights-in-rural-schools |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Human Rights Fund}}</ref> UNESCO ta hannun asusun samar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta hada kai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta Laberiya don aiwatar da shirin "Peace, Human Rights and Citizenship Education" a makarantun kasar. Hakan ya hada da horar da malamai 1,300 don baiwa dalibai ilimi da dabarun magance rikice-rikice domin bunkasa zaman lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia: Promoting peace and reconciliation through curriculum reform |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/themes/pcpd/unesco-in-post-crisis-situations/peace-and-reconciliation/ |access-date=2013-01-10 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Daga karshe, yayin da ake shirin inganta halin da marayu da kananan yara masu rauni a Laberiya, akwai gagarumin kalubale. Magance wadannan batutuwa na bukatar hada kai daga gwamnati, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran kasashen duniya don tabbatar da cewa dukkan yara, musamman marayu, za su iya samun hakkinsu na ilimi, tsaro da tallafi. == Hakkokin nakasassu == Wariya ga nakasassu haramun ne amma ya yadu musamman a karkara. Yawancin gine-ginen jama'a ba sa isa ga nakasassu, kuma babu wata doka da ta bukaci a samu su. Sakamakon yakin basasa, akwai 'yan kasar Laberiya da dama masu nakasa. Akwai Hukumar Nakasassu ta Kasa amma ba ta da tasiri wajen kare hakkin nakasassu. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkokin tsiraru == Laberiya na da kabilu daban-daban 16, kowannensu yana da yarensa, kuma rashin hakuri da juna a tsakaninsu ya ci gaba. Mutanen da ba baƙar fata ba a ba su izinin mallakar dukiya a Laberiya kuma ba su cancanci neman zama ɗan ƙasa ba. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkin LGBT == Ayyukan jima'i iri ɗaya haramun ne a Laberiya. Babu sanannun ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin LGBT. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Lokacin da Sirleaf ta lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel kuma aka yaba mata a matsayin jarumar kare hakkin bil'adama, mutane da yawa sun lura da wannan rashin jituwa, amma Sirleaf ta tsaya tsayin daka kan 'yancin 'yan luwadi. Tattaunawar hadin gwiwa a watan Maris na 2012 da Tony Blair ta yi kanun labaran duniya saboda goyon bayan Sirleaf ga dokar hana luwadi a kasarta da kuma saboda kin kalubalantarta da Blair ya yi kan batun. "Muna da wasu dabi'u na gargajiya a cikin al'ummarmu da muke son kiyayewa," in ji Sirleaf. == Ƙungiyar kwadago da haƙƙin ƙwadago == Ma'aikata a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna da 'yancin shiga ƙungiyoyi kuma an ba su izinin shiga yajin aiki da kuma yin ciniki tare. An hana ma'aikatan gwamnati shiga kungiyoyin kwadago. Yin aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma yana faruwa, tare da iyalai na karkara galibi suna aika mata da yara zuwa birane don yin aiki a gidaje ko kuma masu sayar da titi. Yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 16 ba a yarda su yi aiki ba, amma wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata ba kuma aikin yara ya kasance a kusan ko'ina, tare da ƙananan yara suna aiki a kasuwannin birane, gonaki da gonaki, da sauran ayyukan, wasu daga cikinsu suna da haɗari. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Ya kamata Hukumar Kwadago ta kare yara daga aiki, amma ba ta da isassun ma'aikata da kuma samun kudade. Dokoki daban-daban suna iyakance lokutan aiki, kafa buƙatun fa'ida, da saita ƙa'idodin lafiya da aminci. Akwai mafi karancin albashi amma bai shafi ma’aikata da yawa ba. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Wani aiki a Laberiya na Action for Community and Human Development ya nemi "inganta karfin kungiyoyin ma'aikatan masana'antu don yin aiki tare da gudanarwa da kare hakkin ma'aikata, gina karfin tsarin ci gaban al'umma a cikin shugabanci da yanke shawara, da kuma taimakawa mazabar tare da haɗin gwiwarsu da hukumomin gida". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=http://www.ned.org/node/169 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142702/http://www.ned.org/node/169 |archive-date=March 12, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=National Endowment For Democracy}}</ref> == Shari'a da tsarin hukunci == === Hakkokin mutanen da ake shari'a === Ma'aikatar shari'a ta Laberiya tana da rashin iya aiki, cin hanci da rashawa, lauyoyi da alkalai da ba su cancanta ba, da rashin isasshen wuraren kotuna, sufuri, da sauran kayan aiki. Ko da yake waɗanda ake tuhuma suna da ’yancin halartar nasu shari’o’in, da tuntuɓar lauya, don duba shaidu, da kuma ɗaukaka hukunci, ana hana waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ga mutanen da ba su ba da cin hanci ko kuma ba su da lauya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Amnesty International ta bayyana matsalolin da ke tattare da shari'ar Laberiya kamar haka a shekara ta 2012: "Rashin isassun binciken 'yan sanda, karancin masu kare jama'a, rashin gudanar da shari'a, cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma bangaren shari'a da ba shi da ikon sauraron kararraki a kan lokaci ya taimaka wajen samun koma baya a tsarin shari'ar laifuka. Kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na fursunoni suna jiran a yi musu shari'a, wasu kuma ana bukatar a yi musu shari'a na tsawon shekaru. don samun 'yanci, misali 'yan sanda su gudanar da bincike a kai a kai sun ki bayar da belinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Alkalai suna yawan bayar da diyya, su yi shari'a, sakin fursunonin, da yanke hukunci ba tare da laifi ba, a matsayin cin hanci, kuma sau da yawa lauyoyin su kan shawarci wadanda ake kara da su biya alkalai, alkalai, da sauran su. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> === Hakkin mutanen da ke gidan yari === Yanayin gidajen yari a Laberiya ba su da kyau, tare da cunkoso, rashin isasshen abinci da ruwan sha, rashin tsafta da iska, da rashin kula da lafiya. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasance tana taimakawa wajen inganta samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a wurare da dama, yayin da MDD da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke ba da ayyukan jinya da kuma aikin da suka shafi tsaftar muhalli. A wasu lokuta, maza da mata, manya da yara, da waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci da waɗanda ake tuhuma suna jiran shari'a ana tsare su tare. Ana barin fursunonin su karɓi baƙi da yin addininsu. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin sa ido kan yanayin kurkuku daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, da kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 2008 mafi yawan fursunoni a gidan yarin Monrovia, a cewar Amnesty International, ana tsare da su ba tare da tuhuma ba, wasu na tsawon shekaru biyu. A cikin 2010, a cewar Human Rights Watch, "fiye da kashi 10 cikin 100 na kusan mutane 1,700 da ake tsare da su a gidajen yarin Laberiya an same su da laifi". Sirleaf ta sanya hannu kan wata doka a shekara ta 2008 wacce ta sake haifar da hukuncin kisa. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya lura da damuwa da cewa, hakan na wakiltar saba wa ka'ida ta zabi ta biyu ga yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, wadda Laberiya ta rattaba hannu a kai. == Halin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Laberiya tun 1972 a cikin rahotannin Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Laberiya game da [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa]] sune kamar haka. == Magana == {{reflist|2}} ==Mahaɗa== ===Rahoto=== *[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186212 Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2011] by the [[United States Department of State]] * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 2012 Annual Report], by [[Amnesty International]] (also available in [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/liberia/report-2010 Arabic], [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/liberia/report-2010 French], and [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/liberia/report-2010 Spanish]) * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/liberia Freedom in the World 2011 Report], by [[Freedom House]] ===Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa=== *[https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia Liberia] at [[Amnesty International]] (also available in [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/liberia Arabic], [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/liberia French], and [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/liberia Spanish]) *[https://www.hrw.org/africa/liberia Liberia] at [[Human Rights Watch]] *[http://www.fidh.org/-Liberia,206- Liberia]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[FIDH]] (More information on the [http://www.fidh.org/-Liberia,68- French site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602092045/http://fidh.org/-Liberia,68- |date=2013-06-02 }}) *[http://ohchr.org/EN/countries/AfricaRegion/Pages/LRIndex.aspx Liberia] at the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) *[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia.html Liberia] at [[UNICEF]] *[http://www.ifex.org/liberia/ Liberia] at the [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]] (IFEX) ===Ƙungiyoyin cikin gida=== *[http://rwhr.org Regional Watch for Human Rights]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] g4z29ynes425zlmjh6ypanhfjzgmovt 976110 976109 2026-11-05T10:17:24Z A Salisu 14655 976110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hakkokin dan Adam a Laberiya''' ya zama abin daukar hankali a duniya lokacin da aka nada shugabar ƙasar, [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], daya daga cikin mata uku da suka samu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel a shekara ta 2011, waɗanda dukkansu an ba da misali da su "saboda gwagwarmayar da suke yi na kare lafiyar mata da kuma hakkin mata na samun cikakkiyar damar shiga aikin samar da zaman lafiya". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellen Johnson Sirleaf |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2011/johnson_sirleaf.html |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Nobel Prize Website}}</ref> Amman kuma duk da haka, kamar yadda Guardian ta bayyana a watan Oktoban 2012, "ba a yi maraba da lambar yabo ga shugaba Sirleaf baki daya ba a kasarta", kuma shekara guda bayan sanar da kyautar, daya daga cikin wadanda suka yi nasara a gasar Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee, 'yar gwagwarmayar Laberiya, ta bayyana ra'ayoyin da dama daga cikin masu sukar Sirleaf, da zargin shugaban kasa da nuna rashin amincewa da gwamnatin Sirleaf, da kuma wasu manyan mukamai na gwamnatin Sirleaf, da dai sauransu. 'ya'ya uku. A watan Nuwamban 2012, wata lauya mai rajin kare hakkin dan Adam ta Laberiya, Tiawan Saye Gongloe, ita ma ta soki yadda Sirleaf ke nuna son kai tare da yin kira gare ta da ta yi murabus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia: Prominent human rights lawyer calls for Ellen's resignation |url=http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/22810.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528015907/http://www.afrika.no/Detailed/22810.html |archive-date=May 28, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Council for Africa}}</ref> Dukkanin son zuciya da cin hanci da rashawa sun yadu a Laberiya. Daga cikin sauran manyan matsalolin da suka shafi kare haƙƙin bil adama a kasar sun hada da kashe-kashen al'ada, cin zarafin ƴan sanda, abubuwan da ake kira "gwaji ta hanyar gwaji", [[Kamu da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba|kame ba bisa ka'ida ba]], rashin bin doka, cin zarafin mata, cin zarafin gida, kaciya, cin zarafin yara, safarar mutane, da kuma aikin yara. Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasa a shekara ta 2003, duk da haka, an samu gagarumin aiki daga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama da nufin tabbatar da dimokuradiyya mai inganci a kasar Laberiya bisa hakkin dan Adam. Laberiya ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan ƴancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na wariyar launin fata, Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata, yarjejeniyar yaki da azabtarwa da sauran zalunci, rashin dan Adam ko wulakanta magani ko hukuncin da aka yi wa yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Action for Community and Human Development Inc. |url=http://www.ned.org/node/169 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142702/http://www.ned.org/node/169 |archive-date=March 12, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=National Endowment for Democracy}}</ref> == Yakin Basasa Bayan Yakin Basasa == Yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 2003 wadda ta kawo karshen yakin basasa ta bukaci gwamnatin Laberiya ta kafa wata hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta kasa mai zaman kanta. Duk da cewa an zartar da dokar kafa irin wannan hukumar a hukumance a shekara ta 2008, an dage kafa hukumar na tsawon shekaru da dama. Amnesty International ta lura a cikin 2013 cewa Laberiya na matukar bukatar irin wannan kwamiti, kuma ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta sanya kafa irin wannan hukumar a gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/liberia |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A watan Satumba na shekarar 2009 an kafa hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa mai zaman kanta, amma duk da haka zabar mambobinta, a cewar ƙungiyar Human Rights Watch, an lalata ta da "hanyar tantancewa mara kyau, rashin shigar ƙungiyoyin fararen hula, da kuma zaben farko na memba dake da kusanci da shugaban kasa, da sauran mambobin da ba su da masaniya game da 'yancin kai na hukumar da kuma game da sadaukarwarta ga Sirle. <ref name="World Report 2011: Liberia">{{Cite web |title=World Report 2011: Liberia |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124060348/http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2011/liberia |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Human Rights Watch ta lura cewa a cikin 2010 Laberiya "ba ta sami wani ci gaba ba wajen tabbatar da hukunta wadanda ke da alhakin aikata laifukan yaki a lokacin yakin basasa" bisa ga rahoton karshe na 2009 na kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu. <ref name="World Report 2011: Liberia"/> Rahoton da Amnesty ta fitar a shekarar 2012 ya yi korafin cewa har yanzu ba a gurfanar da mutanen da suka aikata manyan laifukan take hakkin bil’adama a lokacin yakin basasa ba, kuma har yanzu ba a yi kunnen uwar shegu da kiran da hukumar gaskiya da sasantawa ta yi na a kafa kotun hukunta masu laifi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama guda biyar sun kafa Coalition for Justice a Laberiya (CJL) a watan Oktoban 2012 "domin bayar da shawarar tabbatar da adalci, samar da wayar da kan jama'a, da fafutukar kafa kotun kasa da kasa don hukunta wadanda suka aikata laifukan yaki a Laberiya". Har ila yau, tana neman, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, don taimakawa "gina da ƙarfafa cibiyoyin dimokuradiyya na kasa da kuma bin doka a Laberiya wanda zai hada da sa ido, rubutawa da kuma ba da shawarar gudanar da ayyukansu masu tasiri a matsayin cibiyoyin shari'a na jama'a da ke tabbatar da doka da mutunta 'yancin ɗan adam". CJL ta ce tsarin kasuwancinta na farko zai kasance "suna da kunya" wadanda suka keta hakkin dan adam a lokacin yakin "da kuma tabbatar da cewa Amurka ba mafaka ce a gare su ba ko kuma wurin hutu inda suke balaguro da jin dadin dukiyarsu ta jini ba tare da wani nau'i na lissafi ba". Tun bayan kawo karshen yakin basasar Laberiya a shekara ta 2002, dakarun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne ke kula da harkokin tsaro, kuma suna horar da sojoji da 'yan sanda na Laberiya. Wani shirin da Amurka ta jagoranta na daukar sabbin sojojin Laberiya da horar da su ya kammala aikinsa a watan Disamba na 2009, kodayake sojojin Amurka sun ci gaba da horar da jami'an sojan Laberiya a cikin 2010. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia">{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Jami’an tsaro, duk da cewa suna kai rahoto ga jami’an farar hula, wani lokacin ma suna yin aikin kansu. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia" /> == Hakkoki na asali == A bisa ka’ida, gwamnati na mutunta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yan jarida, duk da cewa gwamnati ta kai karar jaridu da sauran jama’a saboda bata-gari. 'Yan jarida sukan buga labarai don biyan kuɗi. Samun Intanet ba shi da ƙuntatawa, kodayake ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na ƴan ƙasar Laberiya suna kan layi. Cibiyoyin ilimi suna aiki kyauta. Ana mutunta haƙƙin yin taro kyauta, kodayake akwai keɓantacce. 'Yan Liberia suna more 'yancin yin addini. Har ila yau, suna samun ’yancin yin tafiye-tafiye cikin gida da waje, da kuma ’yancin yin ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje, amma a lokacin balaguro, wani lokaci ana gudanar da bincike ba bisa ka’ida ba da ‘yan sanda da jami’an shige da fice. Wariya dangane da kabilanci, jima'i, addini, nakasa, da sauran irin waɗannan halayen haramun ne, amma galibi yana faruwa duk da haka. Wariyar launin fata doka ce, duk da haka. Baƙar fata kawai, alal misali, na iya zama ƴan ƙasar Laberiya ko kuma masu mallakar filaye. Mutanen Laberiya da ke zaune a wajen Monrovia suna da iyakacin damar samun sabis na gwamnati. Kashe-kashen ibada, wanda ya hada da cire gawar wanda aka kashen da aka yi amfani da shi wajen ibadar kabilanci, wanda kuma rahotannin ‘yan sanda kan bayyana su a matsayin hadari ko kashe kansa, lamarin da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Hakanan ana yawan yin zanga-zangar adawa da waɗannan kashe-kashen, kuma a wasu lokuta kan haifar da rauni da mutuwa <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Cin hanci da rashawa == Cin hanci da rashawa ya zama ruwan dare a kowane mataki na gwamnatin Laberiya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Cin hanci da rashawa, don haka, ba laifi ba ne da za a hukunta shi a ƙarƙashin dokar Laberiya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia" /> Akwai Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Laberiya da ba ta da kuɗaɗe, wadda aka ƙirƙira a shekarar 2008, wadda ake zaton tana da ikon hukunta laifukan da suka kai ga cin hanci da rashawa. Human Rights Watch ta lura a cikin 2011 cewa ko da yake an sami yawaitar badakalar cin hanci da rashawa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, sun haifar da "bincike kaɗan da yanke hukunci guda biyu kawai". Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa, HRW ta yi korafin cewa, “rashin isassun kudade [da] ma’aikata ne ke kawo cikas” kuma a zahiri ba ta da “hukunce-hukuncen shari’a da kanta”, kuma kasantuwar Sirleaf ta shawo kan wannan batu ya sa “a tunanin cewa shugaban kasa ba shi da niyyar magance matsalar”. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkokin mata == Mata suna da matsayin doka iri ɗaya da maza. Fyade da tashin hankalin cikin gida ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma ya yadu, kuma ba a aiwatar da dokokin da aka yi musu yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154354.htm |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=[[US Department of State]]}}</ref> Fyade da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafi na jima'i sun kasance daga cikin laifukan da aka fi aikatawa akai-akai. Ba a laifin fyaden ma'aurata . <ref name="Liberia Human Rights">{{Cite web |title=Liberia Human Rights |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/our-work/countries/africa/liberia |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Ci gaban da aka samu na baya-bayan nan a wannan fanni ya hada da kafa kotun shari'ar jinsi da cin zarafin mata, bude wani gidan kariyar da MDD ke tallafawa a Monrovia, don ceto wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin mata, da tallafin da MDD ta bayar na shirin aiwatar da ayyukan kasa kan cin zarafin mata, da kuma amincewa da Laberiya na Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'yancin dan Adam da al'umma kan 'yancin mata a Afirka . <ref name="Liberia Human Rights"/> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ta lura cewa a cikin 2010, rahotannin fyade da kuma martanin 'yan sanda game da wadannan rahotanni sun inganta, amma sun raina kafa kotun cin zarafin jima'i "nakasu a cikin tsarin shari'a da rashin son ba da shaida ya kawo cikas ga kokarin gurfanar da laifuka". <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Cin zarafin jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma yana da yawa. [[Auren mata da yawa|Auren fiye da ɗaya]] ba bisa doka ba ne, amma maza da yawa suna da mata da yawa, daidai da al'adun gida. Ma’aikatar Jin Dadi da Raya Kasa tana da alhakin kare ‘yancin mata. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da nuna wariya ga mata, a cikin wani rahoto na 2009, ya yi kira ga Laberiya "ta kafa ba tare da bata lokaci ba, kuma a matsayin dokar da ta ba da fifiko kan haramta kaciyar mata da kuma tabbatar da cewa an gurfanar da masu laifin tare da hukunta su daidai da tsananin wannan cin zarafi". Har ila yau, ta yi kira ga Laberiya da "ta gaggauta dakatar da ba da izini ga ma'aikata, kamar yadda ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ke yi a halin yanzu", da aiwatar da kuma karfafa shirye-shiryen da aka tsara don canza dabi'u game da aikin. Kwamitin ya kuma bukaci Laberiya da "ta magance duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata", da ta yi amfani da dukkan hanyoyin da za a iya "don isar da sakon cewa ba za a amince da duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata ba, ciki har da cin zarafi a cikin gida", da kuma tabbatar da cewa tsarin shari'a ya magance irin wannan cin zarafi. Fataucin mata matsala ce, kuma kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da wariya ga mata ya yi kira ga kasar Laberiya da ta aiwatar da aiwatar da dokar yaki da fataucin bil adama ta shekara ta 2005 yadda ya kamata, don ba da tallafi ga matan da lamarin ya shafa, da kuma magance tushen matsalar. == Hakkokin yara == A Laberiya, yaro ya zama ɗan ƙasa idan aƙalla iyaye ɗaya ɗan Laberiya ne ko kuma idan yaron baƙar fata ne kuma aka haife shi a ƙasar. Yaran da ba bakar fata da aka haifa a Laberiya ba su cancanci zama dan kasa ba, manufar da ke nuna matukar damuwa game da hakkokinsu da kariyar su. Ko da yake ilimi kyauta ne a fasaha, iyalai ne ke da alhakin samar da riguna, littattafai, da kayayyaki. Yawancin makarantu kuma suna buƙatar ƙarin "kudade" don biyan kuɗin aiki da albashi, wanda zai iya zama shinge ga iyalai masu karamin karfi. Cin zarafin yara, gami da cin zarafin jima'i, ya zama ruwan dare, kuma ayyuka irin su kaciyar mata (FGM) sun kasance gama gari kuma na doka. Har ila yau, karuwancin 'yan mata wani lamari ne mai mahimmanci, tare da fataucin yara, tare da kasancewar yara da yawa a kan tituna a cikin birane kamar Monrovia. Bisa kididdigar da aka yi a baya-bayan nan, akwai dubban yara kanana a Laberiya, wadanda yawancinsu marayu ne ko kuma sun fito ne daga yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali na iyali. Wadannan yaran galibi basu da damar samun kayan masarufi, da suka hada da abinci, wurin kwana, da ilimi. Gidajen marayu a Laberiya suna aiki da ƙaramin tsari, wanda ke haifar da rashin isassun kayan abinci, rashin yanayin tsafta, da ƙarancin kulawar lafiya. Yawancin gidajen marayu sun dogara da tallafin waje daga kungiyoyi irin su UNICEF don taimakon kuɗi. Ya zuwa shekarar 2023, an yi kiyasin cewa akwai marayu sama da 30,000 a Laberiya, lamarin da ya ta’azzara sakamakon yakin basasa da rikicin lafiya, wato barkewar cutar Ebola. Dangane da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa, Laberiya ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar Hague ta shekarar 1980 kan al'amuran da suka shafi satar yara na kasa da kasa a shekarar 1980, wanda ke nuna damuwa game da kare hakkin yara a lokuta da ake takaddama a kan tsare yara a duniya. Asusun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Norwegian "yana goyon bayan wasu tsare-tsare na gida don kare hakkin yara da kuma inganta 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin tsarin makarantar Laberiya", gami da shirye-shiryen hana cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin ɗalibai a makarantu. Ya taimaka wajen kafa kungiyoyin kula da ‘yan wasa da “kwamitocin gyara” wadanda ke ba da rahoton irin wannan cin zarafi da ya kai ga korar malamai da dama. Wani memba na daya daga cikin wadannan kulake na makaranta ya ce ayyukansa "ya taimaka wajen kara mutunta hakkin dalibai a makarantar. Misali, dabi'ar rashin lokaci tsakanin malamai da dalibai ya ragu sosai tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar shekaru biyu da suka wuce." Kokarin da hukumar ta NHRF ta tallafawa a wani bangare ya taimaka wajen kawar da azabtarwa ta jiki a makarantu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Children's rights in Liberia |url=http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/student-rights-in-liberia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430224714/http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/student-rights-in-liberia |archive-date=April 30, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Human Rights Fund}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin 2010 na Hukumar Ci Gaban Taimakon Kai da Taimakon da ke neman inganta yanayin kare hakkin bil adama ga daliban makarantun sakandare a kudu maso gabashin Laberiya, "fiye da dalibai da malamai 3000 sun halarci zaman horo kan batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama". Dalibai sun yi muhawara game da 'yancin ɗan adam tare da kafa kwamitoci "don ganowa da kuma nuna yadda ake cin zarafi da nemo kayan aikin da za a bi da masu laifi". Shirin ya samu nasara ta hanyoyi da dama, inda ya taimaka wajen kawar da dadaddiyar dabi'u kamar "Yaran da ke aiki a gonakin malamai da sayen dabino a matsayin kudin makaranta" da kuma tilasta wa iyaye biyan kudin makaranta na makarantun kyauta. "An kuma samu ci gaba ta fuskar cin zarafi da cin zarafi ga dalibai, a mafi yawan makarantun da ake kaiwa hari, an aiwatar da dokar hana dukan daliban da aka yi musu ba daidai ba, ko kuma sun gaza, a wani hali kuma an hana yiwa dalibai bulala sakamakon shiga tsakani na SHDRA." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Protecting children`s rights in rural schools |url=http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/protecting-childrens-rights-in-rural-schools |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717062343/http://www.nhrf.no/index.php/focus/stories/protecting-childrens-rights-in-rural-schools |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=The Norwegian Human Rights Fund}}</ref> UNESCO ta hannun asusun samar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta hada kai da ma'aikatar ilimi ta Laberiya don aiwatar da shirin "Peace, Human Rights and Citizenship Education" a makarantun kasar. Hakan ya hada da horar da malamai 1,300 don baiwa dalibai ilimi da dabarun magance rikice-rikice domin bunkasa zaman lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia: Promoting peace and reconciliation through curriculum reform |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/themes/pcpd/unesco-in-post-crisis-situations/peace-and-reconciliation/ |access-date=2013-01-10 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Daga karshe, yayin da ake shirin inganta halin da marayu da kananan yara masu rauni a Laberiya, akwai gagarumin kalubale. Magance wadannan batutuwa na bukatar hada kai daga gwamnati, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran kasashen duniya don tabbatar da cewa dukkan yara, musamman marayu, za su iya samun hakkinsu na ilimi, tsaro da tallafi. == Hakkokin nakasassu == Wariya ga nakasassu haramun ne amma ya yadu musamman a karkara. Yawancin gine-ginen jama'a ba sa isa ga nakasassu, kuma babu wata doka da ta bukaci a samu su. Sakamakon yakin basasa, akwai 'yan kasar Laberiya da dama masu nakasa. Akwai Hukumar Nakasassu ta Kasa amma ba ta da tasiri wajen kare hakkin nakasassu. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkokin tsiraru == Laberiya na da kabilu daban-daban 16, kowannensu yana da yarensa, kuma rashin hakuri da juna a tsakaninsu ya ci gaba. Mutanen da ba baƙar fata ba a ba su izinin mallakar dukiya a Laberiya kuma ba su cancanci neman zama ɗan ƙasa ba. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> == Hakkin LGBT == Ayyukan jima'i iri ɗaya haramun ne a Laberiya. Babu sanannun ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin LGBT. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Lokacin da Sirleaf ta lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel kuma aka yaba mata a matsayin jarumar kare hakkin bil'adama, mutane da yawa sun lura da wannan rashin jituwa, amma Sirleaf ta tsaya tsayin daka kan 'yancin 'yan luwadi. Tattaunawar hadin gwiwa a watan Maris na 2012 da Tony Blair ta yi kanun labaran duniya saboda goyon bayan Sirleaf ga dokar hana luwadi a kasarta da kuma saboda kin kalubalantarta da Blair ya yi kan batun. "Muna da wasu dabi'u na gargajiya a cikin al'ummarmu da muke son kiyayewa," in ji Sirleaf. == Ƙungiyar kwadago da haƙƙin ƙwadago == Ma'aikata a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna da 'yancin shiga ƙungiyoyi kuma an ba su izinin shiga yajin aiki da kuma yin ciniki tare. An hana ma'aikatan gwamnati shiga kungiyoyin kwadago. Yin aikin tilas ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma yana faruwa, tare da iyalai na karkara galibi suna aika mata da yara zuwa birane don yin aiki a gidaje ko kuma masu sayar da titi. Yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 16 ba a yarda su yi aiki ba, amma wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata ba kuma aikin yara ya kasance a kusan ko'ina, tare da ƙananan yara suna aiki a kasuwannin birane, gonaki da gonaki, da sauran ayyukan, wasu daga cikinsu suna da haɗari. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Ya kamata Hukumar Kwadago ta kare yara daga aiki, amma ba ta da isassun ma'aikata da kuma samun kudade. Dokoki daban-daban suna iyakance lokutan aiki, kafa buƙatun fa'ida, da saita ƙa'idodin lafiya da aminci. Akwai mafi karancin albashi amma bai shafi ma’aikata da yawa ba. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Wani aiki a Laberiya na Action for Community and Human Development ya nemi "inganta karfin kungiyoyin ma'aikatan masana'antu don yin aiki tare da gudanarwa da kare hakkin ma'aikata, gina karfin tsarin ci gaban al'umma a cikin shugabanci da yanke shawara, da kuma taimakawa mazabar tare da haɗin gwiwarsu da hukumomin gida". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=http://www.ned.org/node/169 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312142702/http://www.ned.org/node/169 |archive-date=March 12, 2013 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=National Endowment For Democracy}}</ref> == Shari'a da tsarin hukunci == === Hakkokin mutanen da ake shari'a === Ma'aikatar shari'a ta Laberiya tana da rashin iya aiki, cin hanci da rashawa, lauyoyi da alkalai da ba su cancanta ba, da rashin isasshen wuraren kotuna, sufuri, da sauran kayan aiki. Ko da yake waɗanda ake tuhuma suna da ’yancin halartar nasu shari’o’in, da tuntuɓar lauya, don duba shaidu, da kuma ɗaukaka hukunci, ana hana waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ga mutanen da ba su ba da cin hanci ko kuma ba su da lauya. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> Amnesty International ta bayyana matsalolin da ke tattare da shari'ar Laberiya kamar haka a shekara ta 2012: "Rashin isassun binciken 'yan sanda, karancin masu kare jama'a, rashin gudanar da shari'a, cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma bangaren shari'a da ba shi da ikon sauraron kararraki a kan lokaci ya taimaka wajen samun koma baya a tsarin shari'ar laifuka. Kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na fursunoni suna jiran a yi musu shari'a, wasu kuma ana bukatar a yi musu shari'a na tsawon shekaru. don samun 'yanci, misali 'yan sanda su gudanar da bincike a kai a kai sun ki bayar da belinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2012 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 |access-date=January 10, 2013 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> Alkalai suna yawan bayar da diyya, su yi shari'a, sakin fursunonin, da yanke hukunci ba tare da laifi ba, a matsayin cin hanci, kuma sau da yawa lauyoyin su kan shawarci wadanda ake kara da su biya alkalai, alkalai, da sauran su. <ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Liberia"/> === Hakkin mutanen da ke gidan yari === Yanayin gidajen yari a Laberiya ba su da kyau, tare da cunkoso, rashin isasshen abinci da ruwan sha, rashin tsafta da iska, da rashin kula da lafiya. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasance tana taimakawa wajen inganta samar da ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli a wurare da dama, yayin da MDD da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke ba da ayyukan jinya da kuma aikin da suka shafi tsaftar muhalli. A wasu lokuta, maza da mata, manya da yara, da waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci da waɗanda ake tuhuma suna jiran shari'a ana tsare su tare. Ana barin fursunonin su karɓi baƙi da yin addininsu. Gwamnati ta ba da izinin sa ido kan yanayin kurkuku daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, da kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin 2008 mafi yawan fursunoni a gidan yarin Monrovia, a cewar Amnesty International, ana tsare da su ba tare da tuhuma ba, wasu na tsawon shekaru biyu. A cikin 2010, a cewar Human Rights Watch, "fiye da kashi 10 cikin 100 na kusan mutane 1,700 da ake tsare da su a gidajen yarin Laberiya an same su da laifi". Sirleaf ta sanya hannu kan wata doka a shekara ta 2008 wacce ta sake haifar da hukuncin kisa. Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya lura da damuwa da cewa, hakan na wakiltar saba wa ka'ida ta zabi ta biyu ga yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, wadda Laberiya ta rattaba hannu a kai. == Halin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Laberiya tun 1972 a cikin rahotannin Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". <ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 == Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya == Matsayin Laberiya game da [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa]] sune kamar haka. == Magana == {{reflist|2}} ==Mahaɗa== ===Rahoto=== *[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186212 Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2011] by the [[United States Department of State]] * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia/report-2012 2012 Annual Report], by [[Amnesty International]] (also available in [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/liberia/report-2010 Arabic], [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/liberia/report-2010 French], and [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/liberia/report-2010 Spanish]) * [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/liberia Freedom in the World 2011 Report], by [[Freedom House]] ===Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa=== *[https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/liberia Liberia] at [[Amnesty International]] (also available in [https://www.amnesty.org/ar/region/liberia Arabic], [https://www.amnesty.org/fr/region/liberia French], and [https://www.amnesty.org/es/region/liberia Spanish]) *[https://www.hrw.org/africa/liberia Liberia] at [[Human Rights Watch]] *[http://www.fidh.org/-Liberia,206- Liberia]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[FIDH]] (More information on the [http://www.fidh.org/-Liberia,68- French site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602092045/http://fidh.org/-Liberia,68- |date=2013-06-02 }}) *[http://ohchr.org/EN/countries/AfricaRegion/Pages/LRIndex.aspx Liberia] at the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (OHCHR) *[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/liberia.html Liberia] at [[UNICEF]] *[http://www.ifex.org/liberia/ Liberia] at the [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]] (IFEX) ===Ƙungiyoyin cikin gida=== *[http://rwhr.org Regional Watch for Human Rights]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam a Afirka]] izdk60jmr4czve1ugevft85wibiw6en 0 104179 976072 920330 2026-11-05T10:02:22Z A Salisu 14655 976072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox military unit|unit_name=406th Air Expeditionary Wing [[File:United States Air Forces in Africa.svg|center|60px]]|image=230618-F-TO545-1429 Guardian Angels hone their skills in joint personnel recovery exercise.jpg|image_size=300|caption=A [[pararescueman]] from the wing's 82nd Expeditionary Rescue Squadron drags a litter during an exercise in Djibouti, 2023|dates=1952–1958; 1972–1992; 2011–2011; 2023–present|country={{USA}}|allegiance=|branch={{air force|USA}}|type=Air Expeditionary|role=|size=|command_structure=[[United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa]] *[[Third Air Force]]|current_commander=|garrison=[[Ramstein Air Base]], Germany|ceremonial_chief=|nickname=|patron=|motto=''Ascende et Defende''<br/>([[Latin]]: "Rise and Defend")|colors=|march=|mascot=|battles=|anniversaries=|decorations=[[File:Air Force Outstanding Unit Award Streamer.jpg|150px]]<br/>[[Air Force Outstanding Unit Award]] (6x)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Force Recognition Programs |url=https://access.afpc.af.mil/AwardsDMZNet40/SearchAwards.aspx |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Air Force Personnel Services}}</ref>|identification_symbol=[[File:406th Air Expeditionary Wg.png|165px]]|identification_symbol_label=406th Air Expeditionary Wing emblem}} '''406th Air Expeditionary Wing''' (406 AEW) wani sashi ne na wucin gadi wanda aka sanya wa Sojojin Sama na Uku na Amurka, wanda aka ajiye a Ramstein Air Base, kasar Jamus. Abubuwan da ke ciki suna gudanar da jigilar jiragen sama, dawo da ma'aikata, kwashe wadanda suka mutu, da kuma hare-hare don tallafawa Kwamandan Afirka da ke a Amurka. An kuma fara kunna reshen ne a matsayin rukunin masu kai harin bam a farkon [[Cold War|yakin cacar baka]] a shekarar 1952 kuma an ajiye shi a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] tsawon shekaru shida har zuwa lokacin da aka fara aiki a shekarar 1958. Daga 1972 zuwa 1992, reshe ya yi aiki a matsayin rukunin horo yayin da yake zaune a [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. A cikin shekarar 2001, an ba da reshe ga Sojojin Sama na Amurka a Turai a matsayin rukunin wucin gadi. An kunna naúrar kwanan nan akan 9 ga Yuni 2023, tare da ɗaukan ikon sassan na 435th Air Expeditionary Wing . == Tarihi == === 406th Fighter-Bomber Wing === [[Fayil:406_fighter-interceptor_wg.jpg|left|thumb|145x145px| Alamar 406th Fighter-Bomber Wing]] [[Fayil:Republic_F-84E-1-RE_Thunderjet_49-2066.jpg|thumb| Jamhuriyar F-84E-1-RE Thunderjets na 512th Fighter-Bomber Squadron. Serial 49-2066 yana cikin gaba.]] [[Fayil:F_86d_512fis_52_4063_phal_1958.jpg|thumb| Arewacin Amurka F-86D-45-NA Saber Serial 52-4063 na 513th Fighter Interceptor Squadron]] A ranar 10 ga Yuli 1952, 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing a RAF Manston, Ingila an sake shi daga sabis na tarayya kuma ya koma [[Kentucky]] Air Guard, yayin da ma'aikatansa da kayan aiki suka koma zuwa sabuwar 406th Fighter-Bomber Wing . Rundunar mayakan da aka maye gurbinsu da 512th, 513th da 514th bi da bi, F-84G Thunderjets da goyan bayan jiragen sama na ANG an sanya su zuwa 406th Fighter-Bomber Group . FBW na 406 ya ba da umarnin ayyuka na ƙungiyoyin tallafi da kuma yaƙi na 406 na FBG. ’Yan tsirarun jami’an tsaro na kasa da ke da reshe sun tafi kuma na karshe an sake su daga bakin aiki a ranar 9 ga Yuli, kodayake wasu ‘yan ajiyar sun kasance a bakin aiki na karin watanni shida zuwa goma sha biyu. A ranar 1 ga Mayu 1956, lokacin da FIW na 406 ya canza zuwa ƙungiyar Tri-Deputate, yana ba da ƙungiyoyi masu aiki kai tsaye zuwa reshe. Kungiyar Fighter-Bomber ta 406 ba ta aiki. A cikin Yuni 1956 F-86D Saber interceptors sun zo daga CONUS don ba da 87th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron wanda aka canjawa wuri zuwa 406th daga 81st FBW da aka sanya wa RAF Shepherds Grove . FIS ta 87, duk da haka, ta kasance a jiki a Shepherds Grove, amma tana ƙarƙashin umarnin ƙungiya na 406th a Manston. A cikin Satumba 1955, an sake fasalin 87th na 512th FIS. A cikin watan Mayu 1958, an kashe 406th a wurin, tare da tura dakarun tsaron iska guda uku zuwa nahiyar Turai a karkashin Rundunar Tsaro ta 86 (Mai tsaro) a Ramstein Air Base West Jamus. An mayar da tawagar zuwa sansanoni masu zuwa: * FIS na 512 zuwa Sembach Air Base, Jamus ta Yamma * FIS na 513 zuwa Filin Jirgin Sama na Phalsbourg-Bourscheid na Faransa * 514th FIS zuwa Ramstein Air Base, Jamus ta Yamma A ƙarshe an janye F-86D daga Turai a cikin 1961, kuma 512th, 513th da 514th ba a kunna su ba. === 406th dabaran Fighter Training Wing === [[Fayil:406th_tactical_fighter_wg-patch.jpg|left|thumb|127x127px| Alamar 406th Dabarar Horon Fighter Wing]] A cikin Fabrairu 1970 Project CREEK STEP ya yi kira ga gina Zaragoza Air Base a matsayin wurin horar da makamai na USAFE, tare da yin amfani da Bardenas Reales Air-to-Ground Bombing da Gunnery Range (kimanin 45).&nbsp;mi/70&nbsp;km arewa maso yamma na tushe) ya fara a watan Maris. Tare da rufe Wheelus Air Base a [[Libya]], Zaragoza ya koma aiki a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1970 tare da kunna na 86 Air Division . An ɗaukaka na 406th zuwa matsayin Wing akan 21 ga Yuli 1972. Kodayake 406th ba shi da wani jirgin sama na dindindin, Wing ya ba da tallafi ga duk jiragen sama na dabara na USAFE waɗanda suka yi amfani da kewayon Zaragoza, da kuma tura sassan SAC da TAC, da kuma ƙungiyoyin NATO masu haɗin gwiwa. Tun daga watan Satumba na 1972, na 406th kuma yana gudanar da Makarantar Koyon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta USAFE, kuma a cikin Mayu 1976, ya fara aiki da Makarantar Koyarwa ta USAFE. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kean |first=Connor |title=Tactical Air Control Party Specialist (TACP) |url=http://www.airforce.com/careers/detail/tactical-air-control-party-specialist-tacp-males-only/ |access-date=16 March 2013 |publisher=United States Air Force |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308073354/https://www.airforce.com/careers/detail/tactical-air-control-party-specialist-tacp-males-only/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Makamai na horar da makamai sune F-4 Phantom II jirgin sama, kodayake F-111 sun yi amfani da jeri na reshe na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 1974, kuma Navy A-7 Corsairs na Amurka sun yi amfani da kewayon wurare a watan Yuni 1974. A cikin Nuwamba 1976, 406th TFTW ya fara cikakken goyon bayan kulawar SAC KC-135 na tanki na dindindin. A ranar 12 ga Satumbar 1977, an ƙara wani fanni a cikin ayyukan horo na reshe lokacin da ya gudanar da horon yaƙin iska na farko (DACT) tare da jiragen sama na AmurkaF da na Amurka. A cikin 1979, an rufe Makarantar Pilot mai koyarwa a cikin Yuli, saboda manyan canje-canje a cikin manufofin USAFE da tsare kasafin kuɗi. A ranar 1 ga Janairu 1980, aikin tallafi ya faɗaɗa lokacin da 406th ya ɗauki alhakin wurare daban-daban na ayyuka don tallafawa rukunin radar na AmurkaF guda huɗu a Humosa, Mencora, Soller, da Inoges. Reshe ya ba da wannan tallafi tare da haɗin gwiwar 401st Tactical Fighter Wing da aka ba Torrejon AB . Babban daga cikin abubuwan da aka cimma na TFTW na 406 a lokacin 1981 shine shirye-shirye da tsara shirye-shiryen liyafar Ƙungiyoyin Horar da Makamai na F-16 wanda ya fara a 1982. TFS na 512 na 86th Tactical Fighter Wing a Ramstein AB, Jamus ta Yamma ya yi rikodin aika jirgin F-16C na farko zuwa Bardenas Reales Range akan 3 Afrilu 1986. Wannan ya wakilci farkon amfani da jirgin C-model F-16 a kewayon tun lokacin da aka gabatar da sabbin F-16 zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai. A cikin sauran shekarun 1980, na 406th ya ci gaba da ba da tallafi ga horar da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na USAFE da kuma horo na horo. Agusta 1990 ya kawo wani lokaci mai tsanani, yayin da 406th da Zaragoza suka ba da babban tallafi na iska da ƙasa don Operation Desert Shield, wanda aka gudanar a matsayin mayar da martani ga mamayar [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] . Dubban jami'an soji da tarin kayan aiki ne suka bi ta Zaragoza a kan hanyar da za a shawo kan rikicin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Tushen da reshe ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin babban tashar jiragen ruwa na samar da tallafi a lokacin da kuma bayan Operation Desert Storm . Dangane da irin tanadin da ke buƙatar cire wasu raka'a daga Spain, 406th ya fara ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen ayyukansa da mayar da Zaragoza ga Gwamnatin Spain a cikin 1992. Amfani da kewayon horo ya ƙare a watan Disamba 1991, sannan juyar da ayyukan tushe ga Mutanen Espanya a cikin Afrilu 1992. An kunna Wing na 406th Tactical Fighter Training Wing a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1994 lokacin da USAFE ta ƙare gabanta kuma ta mayar da ikon Zaragoza Air Base ga gwamnatin Spain. === 406th Air Expeditionary Wing === A cikin 2001, an canza reshe zuwa matsayi na wucin gadi azaman '''406th Air Expeditionary Wing''' . <ref name="406LH">{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Carl E. |date=2001-02-05 |title=Lineage and Honors History of the 406 Air Expeditionary Wing (USAFE) |url=http://www.foia.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090702-014.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717075915/http://www.foia.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090702-014.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=[[Air Force Historical Research Agency]]}}</ref> A cikin wannan damar, an kunna reshen a farkon 2003 a matsayin reshe na wucin gadi da za a yi amfani da shi a matsayin wani bangare na Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), wanda ke da tushe a [[Turkiyya]] . Lokacin da Turkiyya ta ƙi yarda a yi amfani da ƙasarta a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayewar Iraki na Maris 2003, da alama an dakatar da 406 AEW jim kaɗan bayan haka.{{or|date=June 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (June 2023)">bincike na asali?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An kunna shi a ranar 30 ga Maris 2011 a Moron Air Base, Spain don tallafawa Operation Odyssey Dawn, manufa don tilasta dokar hana zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da aka sanya don kare fararen hula a Libya yayin yakin basasar Libya . Aikin harhada wani jirgin sama mai dakon mai da farko ya fado ne a kan 171st Air Refueling Wing of the [[Pennsylvania]] Air National Guard da Birgediya Janar Roy E. Uptegraff III, wanda ya fara da jiragen ruwa guda biyu da suka rigaya a Moron don tallafawa jiragen da ke jujjuyawa zuwa da kuma daga Gabas ta Tsakiya. Jiragen tanka guda hudu na farko na 171 sun isa da safiyar ranar 20 ga Maris. A rana mai zuwa, reshen da ba a tsara ba tukuna ya girma zuwa gaurayawan Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers goma sha biyar da McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extenders guda hudu, wanda aka zana daga fikafikai 14 na runduna ta yau da kullun, Dokar Reserve na Sojan Sama, da Tsaron Sama . Da yake duban yadda ratsin wutsiya a cikin jiragen da ya umarta, Brig. Janar Uptegraff ya sanya wa sashinsa suna "Calico Wing." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Uptegraff |first=B.G. Roy E. III |date=22 August 2011 |title=Answering the call: The birth of a 'Calico' wing |url=https://www.amc.af.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/149491/answering-the-call-the-birth-of-a-calico-wing/ |access-date=21 January 2018 |publisher=Air Mobility Command Public Affairs}}</ref> Saboda Majalisa ba ta amince da aikin ba, yawancin aikin reshe yana kan sansanonin sa kai, tare da samun kuɗaɗen kuɗin da aka tsara don wasu dalilai. Yayin da aka ba da ikon sarrafa reshe zuwa Rundunar Sojan Sama na Amurka a Turai (USAFE) na Sojan Sama na Goma sha bakwai, ƙarancin aiki da ƙwarewa tare da ayyukan motsa jiki na iska ya haifar da haɗakar sarrafawa tsakanin USAFE (don sarrafa dabara) da Dokar Motsawa ta Air Motsi (AMC). A ranar 31 ga Maris, Odyssey Dawn ne [[NATO]] ta karbe shi, wacce ta sanya mata suna Operation Unified Protector . A wannan rana, an jaddada yanayin ruɗewar umarnin umarni lokacin da umarni guda ɗaya daga USAFE da AMC suka naɗa reshen Uptegraff duka 406th AEW (USAFE), da 313th Air Expeditionary Wing (AMC). Bayanan daga baya sun jaddada cewa Uptegraff ya mayar da hankali kan tabbatar da cewa an ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka, da kuma cewa AEW na 406 ya wanzu a taƙaice. Ba a bayyana ba lokacin da aka rushe 406 AEW bisa hukuma. Sabanin haka, 313 AEW ya wanzu har zuwa Oktoba 2011.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ranar 9 ga Yuni 2023, an kunna naúrar yayin wani biki a Ramstein Air Base, ya sami abubuwan da ke cikin 435th Air Expeditionary Wing, wanda aka kunna a wannan rana. Wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi biyu, waɗanda su kuma suka ƙunshi jimillar runduna 10, ƙungiyar ita ce kawai reshen iska da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka na Afirka . Yin aiki daga filayen jiragen sama guda huɗu, aikin reshe ya ƙunshi tashin jirgin sama na dabara, farfaɗowar ma'aikata, korar waɗanda suka mutu, da ayyukan kai hari. <ref name="Jordan">{{Cite web |last=Jordan |first=Miquel |date=2023-06-12 |title=4-part ceremony equips 406th AEW to continue 435th AEW legacy |url=https://www.usafe.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3424284/4-part-ceremony-equips-406th-aew-to-continue-435th-aew-legacy/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |publisher=[[United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623150729/https://www.usafe.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3424284/4-part-ceremony-equips-406th-aew-to-continue-435th-aew-legacy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Zuri'a == * An kafa shi azaman '''406th Fighter-Bomber Wing''' akan 25 Yuni 1952 : An fara aiki a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1952 : An sake fasalin '''406th Fighter-Interceptor Wing''' akan 1 Afrilu 1954 : Ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1958 * An Sake Sake Shafi '''Na 406th Tactical Fighter Wing''' akan 20 Yuni 1972 * RAF Manston, Ingila, 10 Yuli 1952 - 15 Mayu 1958 * Zaragoza Air Base, Spain, 15 Yuli 1972 - 31 Oktoba 1992 <ref name="406LH"/> * Ramstein Air Base, Jamus, 9 Yuni 2023 - yanzu <ref name="Jordan"/> == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] otdem561fcqaq7hnflsz5oeni309owf 976073 976072 2026-11-05T10:02:34Z A Salisu 14655 976073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox military unit|unit_name=406th Air Expeditionary Wing [[File:United States Air Forces in Africa.svg|center|60px]]|image=230618-F-TO545-1429 Guardian Angels hone their skills in joint personnel recovery exercise.jpg|image_size=300|caption=A [[pararescueman]] from the wing's 82nd Expeditionary Rescue Squadron drags a litter during an exercise in Djibouti, 2023|dates=1952–1958; 1972–1992; 2011–2011; 2023–present|country={{USA}}|allegiance=|branch={{air force|USA}}|type=Air Expeditionary|role=|size=|command_structure=[[United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa]] *[[Third Air Force]]|current_commander=|garrison=[[Ramstein Air Base]], Germany|ceremonial_chief=|nickname=|patron=|motto=''Ascende et Defende''<br/>([[Latin]]: "Rise and Defend")|colors=|march=|mascot=|battles=|anniversaries=|decorations=[[File:Air Force Outstanding Unit Award Streamer.jpg|150px]]<br/>[[Air Force Outstanding Unit Award]] (6x)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Force Recognition Programs |url=https://access.afpc.af.mil/AwardsDMZNet40/SearchAwards.aspx |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Air Force Personnel Services}}</ref>|identification_symbol=[[File:406th Air Expeditionary Wg.png|165px]]|identification_symbol_label=406th Air Expeditionary Wing emblem}} '''406th Air Expeditionary Wing''' (406 AEW) wani sashi ne na wucin gadi wanda aka sanya wa Sojojin Sama na Uku na Amurka, wanda aka ajiye a Ramstein Air Base, kasar Jamus. Abubuwan da ke ciki suna gudanar da jigilar jiragen sama, dawo da ma'aikata, kwashe wadanda suka mutu, da kuma hare-hare don tallafawa Kwamandan Afirka da ke a Amurka. An kuma fara kunna reshen ne a matsayin rukunin masu kai harin bam a farkon [[Cold War|yakin cacar baka]] a shekarar 1952 kuma an ajiye shi a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] tsawon shekaru shida har zuwa lokacin da aka fara aiki a shekarar 1958. Daga 1972 zuwa 1992, reshe ya yi aiki a matsayin rukunin horo yayin da yake zaune a [[Ispaniya|Spain]]. A cikin shekarar 2001, an ba da reshe ga Sojojin Sama na Amurka a Turai a matsayin rukunin wucin gadi. An kunna naúrar kwanan nan akan 9 ga Yunin shekarar 2023, tare da ɗaukan ikon sassan na 435th Air Expeditionary Wing . == Tarihi == === 406th Fighter-Bomber Wing === [[Fayil:406_fighter-interceptor_wg.jpg|left|thumb|145x145px| Alamar 406th Fighter-Bomber Wing]] [[Fayil:Republic_F-84E-1-RE_Thunderjet_49-2066.jpg|thumb| Jamhuriyar F-84E-1-RE Thunderjets na 512th Fighter-Bomber Squadron. Serial 49-2066 yana cikin gaba.]] [[Fayil:F_86d_512fis_52_4063_phal_1958.jpg|thumb| Arewacin Amurka F-86D-45-NA Saber Serial 52-4063 na 513th Fighter Interceptor Squadron]] A ranar 10 ga Yuli 1952, 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing a RAF Manston, Ingila an sake shi daga sabis na tarayya kuma ya koma [[Kentucky]] Air Guard, yayin da ma'aikatansa da kayan aiki suka koma zuwa sabuwar 406th Fighter-Bomber Wing . Rundunar mayakan da aka maye gurbinsu da 512th, 513th da 514th bi da bi, F-84G Thunderjets da goyan bayan jiragen sama na ANG an sanya su zuwa 406th Fighter-Bomber Group . FBW na 406 ya ba da umarnin ayyuka na ƙungiyoyin tallafi da kuma yaƙi na 406 na FBG. ’Yan tsirarun jami’an tsaro na kasa da ke da reshe sun tafi kuma na karshe an sake su daga bakin aiki a ranar 9 ga Yuli, kodayake wasu ‘yan ajiyar sun kasance a bakin aiki na karin watanni shida zuwa goma sha biyu. A ranar 1 ga Mayu 1956, lokacin da FIW na 406 ya canza zuwa ƙungiyar Tri-Deputate, yana ba da ƙungiyoyi masu aiki kai tsaye zuwa reshe. Kungiyar Fighter-Bomber ta 406 ba ta aiki. A cikin Yuni 1956 F-86D Saber interceptors sun zo daga CONUS don ba da 87th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron wanda aka canjawa wuri zuwa 406th daga 81st FBW da aka sanya wa RAF Shepherds Grove . FIS ta 87, duk da haka, ta kasance a jiki a Shepherds Grove, amma tana ƙarƙashin umarnin ƙungiya na 406th a Manston. A cikin Satumba 1955, an sake fasalin 87th na 512th FIS. A cikin watan Mayu 1958, an kashe 406th a wurin, tare da tura dakarun tsaron iska guda uku zuwa nahiyar Turai a karkashin Rundunar Tsaro ta 86 (Mai tsaro) a Ramstein Air Base West Jamus. An mayar da tawagar zuwa sansanoni masu zuwa: * FIS na 512 zuwa Sembach Air Base, Jamus ta Yamma * FIS na 513 zuwa Filin Jirgin Sama na Phalsbourg-Bourscheid na Faransa * 514th FIS zuwa Ramstein Air Base, Jamus ta Yamma A ƙarshe an janye F-86D daga Turai a cikin 1961, kuma 512th, 513th da 514th ba a kunna su ba. === 406th dabaran Fighter Training Wing === [[Fayil:406th_tactical_fighter_wg-patch.jpg|left|thumb|127x127px| Alamar 406th Dabarar Horon Fighter Wing]] A cikin Fabrairu 1970 Project CREEK STEP ya yi kira ga gina Zaragoza Air Base a matsayin wurin horar da makamai na USAFE, tare da yin amfani da Bardenas Reales Air-to-Ground Bombing da Gunnery Range (kimanin 45).&nbsp;mi/70&nbsp;km arewa maso yamma na tushe) ya fara a watan Maris. Tare da rufe Wheelus Air Base a [[Libya]], Zaragoza ya koma aiki a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1970 tare da kunna na 86 Air Division . An ɗaukaka na 406th zuwa matsayin Wing akan 21 ga Yuli 1972. Kodayake 406th ba shi da wani jirgin sama na dindindin, Wing ya ba da tallafi ga duk jiragen sama na dabara na USAFE waɗanda suka yi amfani da kewayon Zaragoza, da kuma tura sassan SAC da TAC, da kuma ƙungiyoyin NATO masu haɗin gwiwa. Tun daga watan Satumba na 1972, na 406th kuma yana gudanar da Makarantar Koyon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta USAFE, kuma a cikin Mayu 1976, ya fara aiki da Makarantar Koyarwa ta USAFE. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kean |first=Connor |title=Tactical Air Control Party Specialist (TACP) |url=http://www.airforce.com/careers/detail/tactical-air-control-party-specialist-tacp-males-only/ |access-date=16 March 2013 |publisher=United States Air Force |archive-date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308073354/https://www.airforce.com/careers/detail/tactical-air-control-party-specialist-tacp-males-only/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Makamai na horar da makamai sune F-4 Phantom II jirgin sama, kodayake F-111 sun yi amfani da jeri na reshe na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin 1974, kuma Navy A-7 Corsairs na Amurka sun yi amfani da kewayon wurare a watan Yuni 1974. A cikin Nuwamba 1976, 406th TFTW ya fara cikakken goyon bayan kulawar SAC KC-135 na tanki na dindindin. A ranar 12 ga Satumbar 1977, an ƙara wani fanni a cikin ayyukan horo na reshe lokacin da ya gudanar da horon yaƙin iska na farko (DACT) tare da jiragen sama na AmurkaF da na Amurka. A cikin 1979, an rufe Makarantar Pilot mai koyarwa a cikin Yuli, saboda manyan canje-canje a cikin manufofin USAFE da tsare kasafin kuɗi. A ranar 1 ga Janairu 1980, aikin tallafi ya faɗaɗa lokacin da 406th ya ɗauki alhakin wurare daban-daban na ayyuka don tallafawa rukunin radar na AmurkaF guda huɗu a Humosa, Mencora, Soller, da Inoges. Reshe ya ba da wannan tallafi tare da haɗin gwiwar 401st Tactical Fighter Wing da aka ba Torrejon AB . Babban daga cikin abubuwan da aka cimma na TFTW na 406 a lokacin 1981 shine shirye-shirye da tsara shirye-shiryen liyafar Ƙungiyoyin Horar da Makamai na F-16 wanda ya fara a 1982. TFS na 512 na 86th Tactical Fighter Wing a Ramstein AB, Jamus ta Yamma ya yi rikodin aika jirgin F-16C na farko zuwa Bardenas Reales Range akan 3 Afrilu 1986. Wannan ya wakilci farkon amfani da jirgin C-model F-16 a kewayon tun lokacin da aka gabatar da sabbin F-16 zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai. A cikin sauran shekarun 1980, na 406th ya ci gaba da ba da tallafi ga horar da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na USAFE da kuma horo na horo. Agusta 1990 ya kawo wani lokaci mai tsanani, yayin da 406th da Zaragoza suka ba da babban tallafi na iska da ƙasa don Operation Desert Shield, wanda aka gudanar a matsayin mayar da martani ga mamayar [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] na [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] . Dubban jami'an soji da tarin kayan aiki ne suka bi ta Zaragoza a kan hanyar da za a shawo kan rikicin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Tushen da reshe ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin babban tashar jiragen ruwa na samar da tallafi a lokacin da kuma bayan Operation Desert Storm . Dangane da irin tanadin da ke buƙatar cire wasu raka'a daga Spain, 406th ya fara ƙoƙarin kawo ƙarshen ayyukansa da mayar da Zaragoza ga Gwamnatin Spain a cikin 1992. Amfani da kewayon horo ya ƙare a watan Disamba 1991, sannan juyar da ayyukan tushe ga Mutanen Espanya a cikin Afrilu 1992. An kunna Wing na 406th Tactical Fighter Training Wing a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1994 lokacin da USAFE ta ƙare gabanta kuma ta mayar da ikon Zaragoza Air Base ga gwamnatin Spain. === 406th Air Expeditionary Wing === A cikin 2001, an canza reshe zuwa matsayi na wucin gadi azaman '''406th Air Expeditionary Wing''' . <ref name="406LH">{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Carl E. |date=2001-02-05 |title=Lineage and Honors History of the 406 Air Expeditionary Wing (USAFE) |url=http://www.foia.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090702-014.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717075915/http://www.foia.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090702-014.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2011 |publisher=[[Air Force Historical Research Agency]]}}</ref> A cikin wannan damar, an kunna reshen a farkon 2003 a matsayin reshe na wucin gadi da za a yi amfani da shi a matsayin wani bangare na Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), wanda ke da tushe a [[Turkiyya]] . Lokacin da Turkiyya ta ƙi yarda a yi amfani da ƙasarta a matsayin wani ɓangare na mamayewar Iraki na Maris 2003, da alama an dakatar da 406 AEW jim kaɗan bayan haka.{{or|date=June 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (June 2023)">bincike na asali?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An kunna shi a ranar 30 ga Maris 2011 a Moron Air Base, Spain don tallafawa Operation Odyssey Dawn, manufa don tilasta dokar hana zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da aka sanya don kare fararen hula a Libya yayin yakin basasar Libya . Aikin harhada wani jirgin sama mai dakon mai da farko ya fado ne a kan 171st Air Refueling Wing of the [[Pennsylvania]] Air National Guard da Birgediya Janar Roy E. Uptegraff III, wanda ya fara da jiragen ruwa guda biyu da suka rigaya a Moron don tallafawa jiragen da ke jujjuyawa zuwa da kuma daga Gabas ta Tsakiya. Jiragen tanka guda hudu na farko na 171 sun isa da safiyar ranar 20 ga Maris. A rana mai zuwa, reshen da ba a tsara ba tukuna ya girma zuwa gaurayawan Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers goma sha biyar da McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extenders guda hudu, wanda aka zana daga fikafikai 14 na runduna ta yau da kullun, Dokar Reserve na Sojan Sama, da Tsaron Sama . Da yake duban yadda ratsin wutsiya a cikin jiragen da ya umarta, Brig. Janar Uptegraff ya sanya wa sashinsa suna "Calico Wing." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Uptegraff |first=B.G. Roy E. III |date=22 August 2011 |title=Answering the call: The birth of a 'Calico' wing |url=https://www.amc.af.mil/News/Commentaries/Display/Article/149491/answering-the-call-the-birth-of-a-calico-wing/ |access-date=21 January 2018 |publisher=Air Mobility Command Public Affairs}}</ref> Saboda Majalisa ba ta amince da aikin ba, yawancin aikin reshe yana kan sansanonin sa kai, tare da samun kuɗaɗen kuɗin da aka tsara don wasu dalilai. Yayin da aka ba da ikon sarrafa reshe zuwa Rundunar Sojan Sama na Amurka a Turai (USAFE) na Sojan Sama na Goma sha bakwai, ƙarancin aiki da ƙwarewa tare da ayyukan motsa jiki na iska ya haifar da haɗakar sarrafawa tsakanin USAFE (don sarrafa dabara) da Dokar Motsawa ta Air Motsi (AMC). A ranar 31 ga Maris, Odyssey Dawn ne [[NATO]] ta karbe shi, wacce ta sanya mata suna Operation Unified Protector . A wannan rana, an jaddada yanayin ruɗewar umarnin umarni lokacin da umarni guda ɗaya daga USAFE da AMC suka naɗa reshen Uptegraff duka 406th AEW (USAFE), da 313th Air Expeditionary Wing (AMC). Bayanan daga baya sun jaddada cewa Uptegraff ya mayar da hankali kan tabbatar da cewa an ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka, da kuma cewa AEW na 406 ya wanzu a taƙaice. Ba a bayyana ba lokacin da aka rushe 406 AEW bisa hukuma. Sabanin haka, 313 AEW ya wanzu har zuwa Oktoba 2011.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ranar 9 ga Yuni 2023, an kunna naúrar yayin wani biki a Ramstein Air Base, ya sami abubuwan da ke cikin 435th Air Expeditionary Wing, wanda aka kunna a wannan rana. Wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi biyu, waɗanda su kuma suka ƙunshi jimillar runduna 10, ƙungiyar ita ce kawai reshen iska da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Amurka na Afirka . Yin aiki daga filayen jiragen sama guda huɗu, aikin reshe ya ƙunshi tashin jirgin sama na dabara, farfaɗowar ma'aikata, korar waɗanda suka mutu, da ayyukan kai hari. <ref name="Jordan">{{Cite web |last=Jordan |first=Miquel |date=2023-06-12 |title=4-part ceremony equips 406th AEW to continue 435th AEW legacy |url=https://www.usafe.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3424284/4-part-ceremony-equips-406th-aew-to-continue-435th-aew-legacy/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |publisher=[[United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623150729/https://www.usafe.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3424284/4-part-ceremony-equips-406th-aew-to-continue-435th-aew-legacy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Zuri'a == * An kafa shi azaman '''406th Fighter-Bomber Wing''' akan 25 Yuni 1952 : An fara aiki a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 1952 : An sake fasalin '''406th Fighter-Interceptor Wing''' akan 1 Afrilu 1954 : Ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1958 * An Sake Sake Shafi '''Na 406th Tactical Fighter Wing''' akan 20 Yuni 1972 * RAF Manston, Ingila, 10 Yuli 1952 - 15 Mayu 1958 * Zaragoza Air Base, Spain, 15 Yuli 1972 - 31 Oktoba 1992 <ref name="406LH"/> * Ramstein Air Base, Jamus, 9 Yuni 2023 - yanzu <ref name="Jordan"/> == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sil7mfm9c91akxkqetfqa3594jbhbi6 0 104730 975824 909844 2026-11-04T12:06:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jonathan Paul Clegg''', (7 Yuni 1953 - 16 Yuli 2019) ya kasance mawaƙi na Afirka ta Kudu, mawaƙi-marubucin waƙa, mai rawa, masanin ilimin ɗan adam kuma Mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata.{{Spaced en dash}} Ya fara aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na duo - ''Johnny & Sipho'' - tare da Sipho Mchunu wanda ya fitar da sautin farko, '''Woza Jumma'a''' a 1976. Daga nan sai su biyu suka ci gaba da kafa ƙungiyar Juluka wacce ta fitar da kundi na farko a shekarar 1979. A shekara ta 1986, Clegg ya kafa ƙungiyar Savuka, kuma an yi rikodin shi a matsayin aikin solo, a wasu lokuta yana haɗuwa da abokan ƙungiyarsa na baya. Wani lokaci ana kiransa Le Zoulou Blanc ({{IPA|fr|lə zulu blɑ̃|lang}}{{IPA|fr|lə zulu blɑ̃|lang}} [lə Zulu blɑ̃], don "The White Zulu"), ya kasance muhimmiyar adadi a cikin shahararrun kiɗa na Afirka ta Kudu kuma sanannen farar fata ne a cikin [[Kiɗa a cikin yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata|juriya ga wariyar launin fata]], <ref name="LeMonde-Jul2019">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=16 July 2019 |title=Mort du chanteur sud-africain Johnny Clegg, "&nbsp;le Zoulou blanc&nbsp;" qui combattait l'apartheid |trans-title=Death of South African singer Johnny Clegg, the "white Zulu" who fought apartheid |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2019/07/16/mort-du-chanteur-sud-africain-johnny-clegg-le-zoulou-blanc-qui-combattait-l-apartheid_5490110_3382.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716212749/https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2019/07/16/mort-du-chanteur-sud-africain-johnny-clegg-le-zoulou-blanc-qui-combattait-l-apartheid_5490110_3382.html |archive-date=16 July 2019 |access-date=3 April 2020 |website=Le Monde |language=fr |agency=AFP}}</ref> ya zama batun bincike na reshen tsaro na 'yan sanda na Afirka ta Kudancin. {{IPA|fr|lə zulu blɑ̃|lang}}Waƙoƙinsa sun haɗu da Turanci tare da kalmomin [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]], kuma sun haɗu le kiɗa na Afirka tare da nau'o'i daban-daban na kiɗa na Yamma.<ref name="Cartwright-Jul2019">{{Cite web |last=Cartwright |first=Gareth |date=24 July 2019 |title=Johnny Clegg: South African singer whose cross-cultural music was a direct challenge to apartheid |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/johnny-clegg-death-singer-south-africa-apartheid-nelson-mandela-obituary-a9008716.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725142755/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/johnny-clegg-death-singer-south-africa-apartheid-nelson-mandela-obituary-a9008716.html |archive-date=25 July 2019 |access-date=3 April 2020 |website=The Independent}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haifi Clegg a ranar 7 ga Yunin shekarar 1953 a Bacup, Lancashire, <ref name="official">{{Cite web |title=JOHNNY CLEGG BIOGRAPHY AND AWARDS |url=http://www.johnnyclegg.com/biog.html |access-date=2 July 2015 |publisher=JohnnyClegg.com |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825104344/http://www.johnnyclegg.com/biog.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ga mahaifin Ingilishi na zuriyar Scotland, Dennis Clegg, da mahaifiyar Rhodesian, Muriel (Braudo). <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=22 July 2006 |title=White Zulu is making a comeback |url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/white-zulu-is-making-a-comeback-940896 |access-date=16 April 2020 |website=Independent Online (IOL)}}</ref> Iyalin mahaifiyar Clegg baƙi ne na Yahudawa daga [[Belarus]] da [[Poland]] kuma Clegg yana da ilimin Yahudawa na duniya, yana koyo game da [[Dokokin nan goma|Dokoki Goma]] amma ya ƙi samun ''bar mitzvah'' - har sai daga baya a rayuwa, lokacin da ya zama uba kuma ya yanke shawarar samun bar mitzavah "biyu" tare da ɗansa Jesse . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-01 |title=Change matters: The power of Johnny Clegg |url=https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/change-matters-the-power-of-johnny-clegg-597237 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya koma tare da mahaifiyarsa zuwa Rhodesia (yanzu [[Zimbabwe]]) yana da watanni 6, kuma iyayensa sun sake aure ba da daɗewa ba. Lokacin da yake da shekaru shida, ya koma Afirka ta Kudu tare da mahaifiyarsa, kuma ya kwashe wani ɓangare na shekara guda a Isra'ila a lokacin yaro. <ref name="people">{{Cite web |last=Freeman |first=Patricia |last2=McCoy |first2=Melissa |date=24 October 1988 |title=Black and White and Heard All Over, Johnny Clegg and Savuka Cross South Africa's Color Barrier |url=https://people.com/archive/black-and-white-and-heard-all-over-johnny-clegg-and-savuka-cross-south-africas-color-barrier-vol-30-no-17/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610105846/https://people.com/archive/black-and-white-and-heard-all-over-johnny-clegg-and-savuka-cross-south-africas-color-barrier-vol-30-no-17/ |archive-date=10 June 2017 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=People}}</ref> Ya girma a Yeoville, sannan unguwar da yawancin Yahudawa ke zaune a cikin birnin [[Johannesburg]]. Ya haɗu da rabin duniya na kiɗa da rawa na ma'aikatan ƙaura na Zulu na birnin. A karkashin kulawar Charlie Mzila, mai tsabtace rana kuma mai kiɗa da dare, Clegg ya ƙware duka [[Harshen Zulu]] da guitar maskandi da salon rawa na isishameni na baƙi.<ref name="Wits-2019">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2019 |title=Johnny Clegg (1953–2019) |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/news/sources/alumni-news/2019/johnny-clegg-1953-2019.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718104727/https://www.wits.ac.za/news/sources/alumni-news/2019/johnny-clegg-1953-2019.html |archive-date=18 July 2019 |access-date=17 April 2020 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> Haɗin Clegg tare da mawaƙa baƙar fata sau da yawa ya haifar da kamawa don shiga cikin dukiyar gwamnati da kuma keta Dokar Yankin Ƙungiya. An fara kama shi ne yana da shekaru 15 saboda keta dokokin zamanin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu da ke hana mutane na kabilu daban-daban taruwa tare bayan sa'o'in hana fita. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, ya sadu da Sipho Mchunu, ma'aikacin ƙaura na Zulu wanda ya fara yin kiɗa tare da shi.<ref name="people"/> Haɗin gwiwar, wanda suka kira Juluka, ya fara ne a shekarar 1969, kuma an bayyana shi a cikin shirin talabijin na 1970s Beats of the Heart: Rhythm of Resistance . Bayan kammala karatunsa tare da BA (Hons) a cikin Social Anthropology daga [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]], Clegg ya bi aikin ilimi na tsawon shekaru hudu inda ya ba da lacca kuma ya rubuta takardun ilimi da yawa a kan kiɗa da rawa na Zulu.<ref name="Wits-2019"/> A farkon matakan aikinsa na kiɗa, Clegg ya haɗu da kiɗansa tare da nazarin [[ilimin ɗan adam]] a Wits, inda aikin David Webster, masanin ilimin ɗan adam na zamantakewa wanda daga baya aka kashe shi a 1989 ya rinjaye shi. Ya riga kowane waƙa tare da raguwa na al'adun Zulu, bayanai, sharhi, ban dariya da labarai na sirri da suka dace da wannan waƙar, <ref name="Wits-2019"/> wani lokaci kuma yana haɗa fannoni na asalin Yahudawa a cikin waƙoƙi kamar "Jericho", "Jarusalem" da "Warsaw 1943". ==Juluka== Juluka wata haɗin gwiwar kiɗa ce ta ban mamaki a lokacin a Afirka ta Kudu, inda farar fata (Clegg) da bakar fata (Mchunu) ke rera waƙa tare. Rukunin, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa mutane shida (masu kiɗa fararen fata uku da bakar fata uku) kafin su saki kundin waƙarsu ta farko ''Universal Men'' a 1979, ya fuskanci tsangwama da toshewar baka, inda daga baya Clegg ya bayyana cewa yana da "wuya" su rera waƙa a bainar jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name="carnival">{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1996/07/18/clegg-leads-carnival-of-creativity/|title=Clegg leads carnival of creativity|work=The Baltimore Sun|date=18 July 1996|access-date=2 July 2015|first=Brian|last=Byrnes}}</ref> Rukunin ya kalubalanci dokokin mulkin wariya na lokacin, suna yawon shakatawa da rera waƙa a wurare masu zaman kansu, ciki har da jami’o’i, coci-coci, ɗakunan kwana, da gidaje don jawo hankalin masu saurare, saboda kafafen yaɗa labarai na ƙasa ba su yarda da waƙarsu ba.<ref name="official"/> Hakazalika, kiɗan rukunin ya haɗa salon Zulu, Celtic, da kuma rock, tare da waƙoƙin da ke da Turanci da Zulu.<ref name="carnival"/> Waƙoƙin su galibi suna ɗauke da saƙonnin siyasa da suka ɓoye da nuni ga yaki da mulkin wariyar launi,<ref name="Korpe2004">{{cite book |last=Drewett |first=Michael |date=2004 |editor-last=Korpe |editor-first=Marie |title=Shoot the Singer!: Music Censorship Today |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781842775059 |chapter=Reinventing Subversion: Resisting Censorship in Apartheid South Africa |publisher=Zed Books |location=London/New York |isbn=1842775057 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781842775059/page/89 89]}}</ref> ko da yake Clegg ya jaddada cewa Juluka ba a yi shi da niyyar siyasa ba. "Siyasa ce ta same mu," in ji shi ga ''The Baltimore Sun'' a 1996.<ref name="carnival"/> A cikin wata hira da ''Sunday Times'' a 1989, Clegg ya ƙi a kira shi dan gwagwarmayar siyasa. "A wurina, ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa mutum ne da ya ɗaura damarar bin wata manufa. Ni ba na cikin kowace jam'iyyar siyasa. Ina goyon bayan haƙƙin ɗan adam."<ref>Allan, Jani. Vive le Zoulou Blanc! Haka ne Faransawa ke yabon Johnny suna ɗora shi saman ginshiƙi. ''Sunday Times'' (Afirka ta Kudu). 3 July 1988</ref> Kiɗan Juluka yana da saƙonni na siyasa a bayyane da cikin ɓoye; ba wai kawai nasarar rukunin (wanda ke buɗe girmamawa ga al’adun Afirka a cikin rukunin da ya haɗu launin fata biyu) ta zama kalubale ga tsarin siyasa mai nuna wariya ba, har ila yau sun fitar da waƙoƙin siyasa a fili. Alal misali, kundin waƙa ''Work for All'' (wanda ke ɗauke da waƙa mai suna iri ɗaya) ya ɗauki taken ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Afirka ta Kudu a tsakiyar shekarun 1980.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://host.madison.com/news/opinion/column/john_nichols/john-nichols-the-singer-who-danced-with-mandela-returning-to/article_c6c8e086-6da9-54bc-af9b-dd2712cfbf4d.html|title=The singer who danced with Mandela returning to Madison|date=16 April 2014|access-date=2 July 2015|work=The Cap Times|first=John|last=Nichols}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sakamakon waɗannan saƙonni da haɗin kai tsakanin launuka daban-daban, Clegg da sauran mambobin rukunin sun sha kama kuma an ruguza taron su a kai a kai.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=7 November 2010 |url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-11-07-white-father-of-african-rock-marks-anniversary |title=White father of African rock marks anniversary |website=Mail & Guardian |location=Johannesburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109003643/https://mg.co.za/article/2010-11-07-white-father-of-african-rock-marks-anniversary/ |archive-date=9 November 2010 |access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref> Duk da cewa gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ba ta kula da su kuma tana tsananta musu, Juluka sun yi nasarar yin rangadi a ƙasashen waje, suna waƙa a Turai, Kanada, da Amurka,<ref name="official"/> kuma sun sami kundin waƙa biyu masu darajar platinum da guda biyar masu zinariya,<ref name="carnival"/> inda suka zama shahara a duniya. An tarwatsa rukunin a 1985, lokacin da Mchunu ya daina kiɗa ya koma gonar iyalinsa domin komawa rayuwar gargajiya na kiwon shanu.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/16/johnny-clegg-south-african-singer-and-activist-dies-aged-66|title=Johnny Clegg, South African singer and activist, dies aged 66|date=16 July 2019|access-date=17 July 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Sun sake haɗuwa da Clegg a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, kuma suka saki kundin waƙarsu ta ƙarshe a 1997 kafin su rabu har abada.<ref name=LeMonde-Jul2019/> ==Savuka== [[File:Johnny Clegg (cropped).jpg|thumb|Clegg a shekara ta 1992]] Tare da mawaki kuma mai rawa bakar fata Dudu Mntowaziwayo Ndlovu (wanda aka fi sani da Dudu Zulu), Clegg ya kafa rukunsa na biyu da ya hada launuka daban-daban, Savuka, a shekara ta 1986, inda suka ci gaba da hada wakokin Afirka da tasirin Turai. <ref name="people"/><ref name="sassen"/><ref name="carnival"/> Kundin waƙarsu na farko, ''Third World Child'', ya karya tarihi ta fuskar siyarwa a ƙasashen Turai da dama, ciki har da Faransa. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wingate.edu/about-wingate/news/south-africas-johnny-clegg-brings-high-energy-music-to-wingate-university |title=South Africa's Johnny Clegg brings high-energy music to Wingate University |website=Wingate University |location=Wingate, NC |date=17 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721113125/http://www.wingate.edu/about-wingate/news/south-africas-johnny-clegg-brings-high-energy-music-to-wingate-university |archive-date=21 July 2014 |access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> Rukunin ya ci gaba da fitar da wasu kundin waƙa, ciki har da ''Heat, Dust and Dreams'', wanda aka nada don samun lambar yabo ta Grammy Award. <ref name=Appleseed>{{cite web |title=Johnny Clegg |url=http://www.appleseedmusic.com/johnnyclegg/ |website=Appleseed Recordings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703200442/http://www.appleseedmusic.com/johnnyclegg/ |archive-date=3 July 2015 |access-date=3 July 2015}}</ref> Johnny Clegg da Savuka sun yi waƙa a cikin gida da kuma ƙasashen waje, kodayake kin dainawa Clegg daga rawa a lokacin tsarin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu ya haifar da sabani da ƙungiyoyin yaki da wariyar launi na duniya. Duk da irin shahararsa da kuma haɗarin da ya fuskanta wajen sukar gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu, hakan ya janyo korarsa daga ƙungiyar British Musicians' Union, <ref name="people"/> kamar yadda wani marubuci ya bayyana a matsayin "hankoron fushi". <ref name=Cartwright-Jul2019/> A wani lokaci, rukunin ya tara mutane da yawa a Lyon har Michael Jackson ya soke wakarsa a can, yana ƙorafi cewa Clegg da tawagarsa sun “kwashe masa masoya”. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.networkmedien.de/119-0-South-Africa-Cologne-Zulu-Festival-CD.html|title=Cologne Zulu Festival|agency=Works of Music - Network Medien|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702220115/http://www.networkmedien.de/119-0-South-Africa-Cologne-Zulu-Festival-CD.html|archive-date=2 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 1993, rukunin ya tarwatse bayan Dudu Zulu ya rasa ransa lokacin da yake ƙoƙarin sasanta rikicin direbobin haya. <ref name="sassen"/><ref name="wbur"/><ref name="carnival"/> == Juluka == Juluka wata ƙungiya ce ta kiɗa mai ban mamaki a lokacin a Afirka ta Kudu, tare da fari (Clegg) da baƙar fata (Mchunu) suna yin aiki tare. Kungiyar, wacce ta girma zuwa rukuni na mambobi shida (tare da fararen mawaƙa uku da baƙar fata mawaƙa uku) a lokacin da ta saki kundi na farko na Universal Men a 1979, ta fuskanci tsangwama da tantancewa, tare da Clegg daga baya ta ce "ba zai yiwu ba" a yi a bainar jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu. Kungiyar ta gwada dokokin zamanin wariyar launin fata, yawon shakatawa da yin wasan kwaikwayo a wuraren masu zaman kansu, gami da jami'o'i, majami'u, masauki, har ma da gidaje masu zaman kansu don jawo hankalin masu sauraro, kamar yadda masu watsa shirye-shiryen kasa ba za su buga kiɗan su ba.<ref name="official"/> Kamar yadda ba a saba gani ba, waƙoƙin ƙungiyar sun haɗu da [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]], Celtic, da abubuwan dutse, tare da kalmomin Turanci da Zulu. Wadannan kalmomin galibi suna dauke da sakonnin siyasa da nassoshi game da yakin da ake yi da wariyar launin fata, kodayake Clegg ya ci gaba da cewa ba a yi niyyar Juluka don zama ƙungiyar siyasa ba. "Siyayya ta same mu," ya gaya wa The Baltimore Sun a shekarar 1996.<ref name="carnival" /> A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 1989 tare da jaridar Sunday Times, Clegg ya musanta lakabin "mai fafutukar siyasa". "A gare ni mai fafutukar siyasar wani ne wanda ya sadaukar da kansa ga wani akidar. Ba na cikin wata jam'iyya ce ta siyasa ba. Ina tsayawa ga 'yancin ɗan adam". Waƙoƙin Juluka sun kasance a bayyane kuma a bayyane na siyasa; ba wai kawai gaskiyar nasarar ƙungiyar ba (wanda a bayyane ya yi bikin al'adun Afirka a cikin ƙungiyar launin fata biyu) ƙaya ce a cikin jiki na tsarin siyasa wanda ya dogara da rarrabe launin fata, ƙungiyar ta kuma samar da wasu waƙoƙin siyasa a bayyane. Misali, kundin Work for All (wanda ya hada da waƙar da ke da taken iri ɗaya) ya ɗauki taken [[Kungiyoyin kasuwanci a Afirka ta Kudu|Kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu]] a tsakiyar shekarun 1980. A sakamakon sakonnin siyasa da haɗin kai na launin fata, an kama Clegg da sauran mambobin ƙungiyar sau da yawa kuma kide-kide sun rabu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=7 November 2010 |title=White father of African rock marks anniversary |url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2010-11-07-white-father-of-african-rock-marks-anniversary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109003643/https://mg.co.za/article/2010-11-07-white-father-of-african-rock-marks-anniversary/ |archive-date=9 November 2010 |access-date=7 May 2012 |website=Mail & Guardian}}</ref> Duk da cewa gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta yi watsi da shi kuma sau da yawa ta tsananta masa a gida, Juluka sun sami damar yawon shakatawa a duniya, suna wasa a Turai, Kanada, da Amurka, kuma suna da platinum guda biyu da kundin zinariya guda biyar, sun zama nasarar duniya. An rushe kungiyar a shekarar 1985, lokacin da Mchunu ya yi ritaya daga kiɗa kuma ya koma gonar iyalinsa don komawa rayuwar gargajiya ta mutanensa ta kiwon shanu.[3] An sake sake shi a takaice lokacin da Mchunu da Clegg suka sake haɗuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, suka saki kundi na karshe a cikin 1997 kafin su rabu har abada. ==Sake Haduwar Juluka da Rayuwar Kanta== [[File:JohnnyClegg Huma.jpg|thumb|Johnny Clegg a ''la fête de l'Humanité'', Faransa, 2007]] A takaice, sun sake haduwa a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, Clegg da Mchunu sun sake kafa Juluka, suka fitar da wani sabon kundin wakoki,<ref name=Appleseed/> kuma suka yi rangadi a fadin duniya a shekarar 1996 tare da King Sunny Adé.<ref name="tour">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-08-01-ca-29967-story.html|title=Band, in Tune With Politics, Back on Tour|date=1 August 1996|access-date=2 July 2015|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Bill|last=Locey}}</ref> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Clegg ya fitar da kundin wakoki da dama na kansa. A wani kide-kide a shekarar 1999, shugaban kasar Afirka ta Kudu, Nelson Mandela, ya hau mataki tare da shi, inda ya taka rawa yayin da Johnny Clegg ke rera wakar adawa "Asimbonanga" wadda Savuka ta keɓe wa Mandela. Asimbonanga ta zama taken adawa ga ƙungiyar Mass Democratic Movement, ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar United Democratic Front. Lokacin rashin lafiya da rasuwar Mandela a shekarar 2013, bidiyon kide-kiden ya jawo hankalin kafafen watsa labarai na duniya.<ref name="wbur"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/06/25/195472719/video-for-nelson-mandela-johnny-cleggs-asimbonanga|title=VIDEO For Nelson Mandela: Johnny Clegg's 'Asimbonanga'|date=25 June 2013|access-date=2 July 2015|agency=National Public Radio}}</ref> Tsarin rangadinsa ya ragu a 2017 bayan an yi masa tiyata saboda cutar sankarar hanta, kuma Clegg ya gabatar da kide-kidensa na ƙarshe a Harare, Zimbabwe a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2018.<ref name="official"/><ref name="wbur"/>[[File:Johnny Clegg .jpg|thumb|Clegg yana kan mataki a 2013]] ==A cikin al'adu masu shahara== Wakar Clegg "Scatterlings of Africa" ita ce kadai da ta kai matsayin shiga cikin jadawalin UK Singles Chart, inda ta kai lamba ta 44 a watan Fabrairu 1983 tare da Juluka da kuma lamba ta 75 a watan Mayu 1987 a matsayin Johnny Clegg da Savuka. Shekara ta gaba an saka wakar a cikin waƙoƙin fim ɗin da ya ci kyautar Oscar a 1988 mai suna ''Rain Man''.<ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums">{{cite book | first= David | last= Roberts | year= 2006 | title= British Hit Singles & Albums | edition= 19th | publisher= Guinness World Records Limited | location= London | isbn= 1-904994-10-5 | page= 110}}</ref> Wakarsa "Life is a Magic Thing" an saka ta a cikin fim ɗin ''FernGully: The Last Rainforest''.<ref name="syracuse071719">{{cite news|url=https://www.syracuse.com/celebrity-news/2019/07/johnny-clegg-dead-south-african-singer-heard-in-george-of-the-jungle-ferngully-was-66.html|agency=syracuse.com|title=Johnny Clegg dead: South African singer heard in 'George of the Jungle,' 'FernGully' was 66|date=17 July 2019|access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> Wakar Savuka "Dela" ta fito a cikin waƙoƙin fim ɗin 1997 ''George of the Jungle'' da kuma ci gaban fim ɗin na 2003,<ref name="syracuse071719"/> yayin da "Great Heart" ta kasance taken fim ɗin 1986 ''Jock of the Bushveld'' da kuma waƙar ƙarshe a fim ɗin 2000 ''Whispers: An Elephant's Tale''. "Cruel, Crazy, Beautiful World" ta fito a cikin fim ɗin 1990 ''Opportunity Knocks'' da kuma fim ɗin 1991 ''Career Opportunities''.<ref name="syracuse071719"/> Jimmy Buffett ya rera "Great Heart" don kundinsa na 1988 mai suna ''Hot Water''.<ref name=sexton>{{cite news|last=Sexton|first=Paul|url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/johnny-clegg-dies-at-66/|agency=uDiscover Music|title=Johnny Clegg, South African Musical Hero And Anthropologist, Dies At 66|date=17 July 2019|access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref> ==Rashin lafiya da mutuwa== An gano Johnny Clegg da ciwon daji na pancreatic a shekara ta 2015,<ref name=Lewis-2017>{{cite web |last=Lewis |first=Randy |date=16 August 2017 |title=South Africa's Johnny Clegg, with cancer in remission, to embark the Final Journey U.S. tour |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-johnny-clegg-cancer-final-journey-us-tour-20170816-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816205243/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-johnny-clegg-cancer-final-journey-us-tour-20170816-story.html |archive-date=16 August 2017 |access-date=14 November 2017}}</ref> wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da mutuwarsa a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2019. Ya rasu a gidansa da ke Johannesburg yana kewaye da masoyansa, kuma an binne shi washegari a makabartar Westpark a Johannesburg.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=16 July 2019 |title=Legendary artist Johnny Clegg dies at 66 |url= https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/legendary-artist-johnny-clegg-dies-at-66-29321787 |website=Independent Online (IOL) |location=Cape Town |access-date=17 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering a legend: 9 of Johnny Clegg's biggest hits |url=https://www.channel24.co.za/Music/News/remembering-a-legend-9-of-johnny-cleggs-biggest-hits-20190716? |access-date=16 July 2019 |work=Channel |date=16 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Clegg ya bar matar sa, Jenny, da 'ya'yansa biyu, Jesse (wanda shi ma mawaki ne)<ref>{{cite web |last=Thakurdin |first=Karishma |date=17 July 2019 |title=Jesse Clegg on his Dad's Death: I struggle to imagine a world without you |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-07-17-jesse-clegg-on-his-dads-death-i-struggle-to-imagine-a-world-without-you/ |website=TimesLIVE |location=Johannesburg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717134645/https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-07-17-jesse-clegg-on-his-dads-death-i-struggle-to-imagine-a-world-without-you/ |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref> da Jaron. A shekarar 2018, yayin da Clegg ke fama da rashin lafiya, fiye da mawakan Afirka ta Kudu 50 sun haɗu don su rera wakar Clegg mai suna "The Crossing" a matsayin girmamawa ga Clegg da gudunmawarsa ga waƙoƙin Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodthingsguy.com/lifestyle/friends-of-johnny-clegg/|title=50 South African musicians came together to honour Johnny Clegg|first=Brent|last=Lindeque|date=6 December 2018|publisher=Good Things Guy|access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> Asalin wakar Clegg ya rubuta ce domin tunawa da abokin aikinsa Dudu Zulu wanda aka kashe a shekara ta 1992, kuma tana nuni da shigowa daga rayuwa zuwa mutuwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://capeculturalcollective.org.za/the-crossing-by-johnny-clegg-a-song-of-reflection-and-tribute/|title=The Crossing by Johnny Clegg: A Song of Reflection and Tribute|first=Chadwin|last=Nel|date=28 May 2024|publisher=Cape Cultural Collective|access-date=21 August 2024|archive-date=8 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908071130/https://capeculturalcollective.org.za/the-crossing-by-johnny-clegg-a-song-of-reflection-and-tribute/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ayyuka == ===Wallafe-wallafen kimiyya=== *{{cite book |last=Clegg |first=Jonathan |year=1981 |chapter=Ukubuyisa Isidumbu – "Mayar da Gawa": Bincike kan akidar daukar fansa a yankunan karkara na Msinga da Mpofana (1882–1944) |editor-last=Bonner |editor-first=P. |title=Working Papers in Southern African Studies |volume=2 |publisher=Ravan Press (tare da Hadin Gwiwar Cibiyar Nazarin Afrika) |location=Johannesburg |pages=164–198 |isbn=0854946446 |oclc=243478214}} *{{cite journal|last=Clegg|first=Jonathan|year=1981|title=Wakar Ma'aikatan Zulu Ƴan Hijira a Johannesburg: Mayar da hankali kan Concertina da Guitar|journal=Papers Presented at the Symposium on Ethnomusicology|publisher=International Library of African Music|location=Grahamstown|editor-link=Andrew Tracey|editor-first=Andrew |editor-last=Tracey}} *{{cite journal|last=Clegg|first=Jonathan|year=1982|title=Fahimtar Raye-raye na Afrika: Salon Zulu Isishameni|journal=Papers Read at Second Symposium on Ethnomusicology, 24–26 Satumba 1981, Jami'ar Rhodes, Grahamstown, Afrika ta Kudu|publisher=Institute of Social and Economic Research|location=Grahamstown|editor-link=Andrew Tracey|editor-first=Andrew |editor-last=Tracey}} *{{cite conference |last=Clegg |first=Jonathan |date=1984 |title=Bincike kan salon rawa na Umzansi |book-title=Papers presented at the Third and Fourth symposia on Ethnomusicology: Sashen Kida, Jami'ar Natal, Durban, 16 zuwa 19 Satumba 1982; Sashen Kida, Jami'ar Rhodes, 7 zuwa 8 Oktoba 1983 |publisher=Institute of Social and Economic Research |location=Grahamstown |editor-link=Andrew Tracey |editor-first=Andrew |editor-last=Tracey |oclc=13658380 |isbn=086810096X}} * {{cite book |last1=Clegg |first1=Johnny |last2=Drewett |first2=Michael |name-list-style=and |editor-last1=Drewett |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last2=Cloonan |editor-first2=Martin |date=2006 |chapter=Me yasa ba ku rera waƙa kan Ganyaye da Mafarkai ba? Tunanin Takurawa waƙoƙi a zamanin wariyar launin fata a Afrika ta Kudu |title=Popular Music Censorship in Africa |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/popularmusiccens0000unse/page/126/mode/1up |url=https://archive.org/details/popularmusiccens0000unse/mode/1up |url-access=registration |location=Aldershot |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |pages=127–136 |isbn=9780754652915 |via=Internet Archive}} === Tarihin Rayuwa === *{{cite book |last1=Clegg |first1=Johnny |title=Scatterling of Africa - My Early Years |date=2021 |publisher=Pan Macmillian |location=Johannesburg |isbn=9781770107588}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Scatterling of Africa, Johnny Clegg's Early Years |url=https://www.panmacmillan.co.za/blogs/news/scatterling-of-africa-johnny-clegg-s-early-years |website=Pan Macmillian South Africa |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref> ==Discography== ===[[Juluka]]=== *1979 ''[[Universal Men]]'' *1981 ''[[African Litany]]'' *1982 ''[[Ubuhle Bemvelo]]'' *1982 ''[[Scatterlings]]'' *1983 ''[[Work For All]]'' *1984 ''[[Stand Your Ground (Juluka album)]]'' *1984 ''[[Musa Ukungilandela]]'' *1984 ''[[The International Tracks]]'' *1986 ''Juluka Live: [[The Good Hope Concerts]]'' *1991 ''The Best of Juluka'' *1992 ''South Africa 9: Johnny Clegg & Sipho Mchunu (Duo Juluka) + [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]]: Cologne Zulu Festival'' (recorded 1977 & 1981) *1996 ''Putumayo Presents A Johnny Clegg & Juluka Collection'' *1997 ''[[Crocodile Love]]'' (released in South Africa as ''Ya Vuka Inkunzi'') ===[[Savuka]]=== * 1986 ''Johnny Clegg and Savuka EP'' *1987 ''[[Third World Child]]'' *1988 ''[[Shadow Man (Johnny Clegg & Savuka album)|Shadow Man]]'' *1989 ''[[Cruel, Crazy, Beautiful World]]'' *1993 ''[[Heat, Dust and Dreams]]'' *2001 ''Live and Rarities'' ===Solo=== *1985 ''Third World Child'' *2002 ''New World Survivor'' *2003 ''A South African Story - Live at the [[Nelson Mandela]] Theatre'' *2006 ''One Life'' *2010 ''Human'' *2010 ''My Favourite Zulu Street Guitar Songs'' *2014 ''Best, Live & Unplugged: Clegg at the Baxter Theatre Cape Town'' *2017 ''King of Time'' ===Compilation=== *2008 ''Power of One: the Songs of Johnny Clegg''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.discogs.com/release/15760976-Various-Power-Of-One-The-Songs-Of-Johnny-Clegg | title=Various - Power of One the Songs of Johnny Clegg | website=[[Discogs]] | date=13 August 2023 }}</ref> ===DVD=== *2003 ''Johnny Clegg Live at the Nelson Mandela Theatre'' *2004 ''Live! and more...''<ref>{{cite book |last=Cliff |first=Jimmy |editor-last=Larkin |editor-first=Colin |date=2011 |chapter=Clegg, Johnny |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_NNmFiUnSmUC&pg=PA183 |edition=5th Concise |title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music |publisher=Omnibus Press |location=London |author-link=Jimmy Cliff |editor-link=Colin Larkin |pages=183–185 |isbn=9780857125958 |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> *2010 ''Johnny Clegg 30th Anniversary Concert at Emmarentia Dam''<ref name="fr">{{cite web | url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Johnny+Clegg | title=Johnny Clegg discography | publisher=Hung Medien | work=lescharts.com |access-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hxw486gyoilxomuhlv0q0o0l3fh7e8l 0 106004 975847 662154 2026-11-04T14:55:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''#JusticeForCwecwe''' kamfen ne na kafofin sada zumunta na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da kuma yunkurin jama'a wanda ya fito ne bayan zargin cin zarafin yarinya mai shekaru bakwai, wanda aka sani da Cwecwe, a Kwalejin Bergview, makarantar masu zaman kansu a Matatiele, Gabashin Cape, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Kamfen ɗin yana neman adalci ga wanda aka azabtar, yana buƙatar lissafi daga makarantar da hukumomin da ke da hannu. == Abin da ake zargin ya faru == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, an yi wa Cwecwe, <ref>{{Cite web |title=UDM Eastern Cape calls for justice for Cwecwe and accountability in schools {{!}} UDM {{!}} South Africa |url=https://udm.org.za/post/udm-eastern-cape-calls-for-justice-for-cwecwe-and-accountability-in-schools |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=udm.org.za |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331175853/https://udm.org.za/post/udm-eastern-cape-calls-for-justice-for-cwecwe-and-accountability-in-schools |archive-date=2025-03-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref> wata yarinya mai shekaru bakwai, hari a filin Kwalejin Bergview yayin jiran sufuri bayan makaranta. Iyalin wanda aka azabtar daga baya sun ba da rahoton lamarin, suna mai cewa makarantar ta kasa daukar mataki mai dacewa don mayar da martani ga lamarin. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa, maimakon taimakawa da binciken ko gano wanda ake zargi da aikata laifin, an ruwaito makarantar ta ba wa dangin wasikar canja wuri, wanda ba su nema ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntanzi |first=Hope |title=Justice for Cwecwe: Nation calls for law enforcement to act with urgency |url=https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/justice-for-cwecwe-nation-calls-for-law-enforcement-to-act-with-urgency-a5abaade-5660-42b5-9d15-734bbcf7eb98 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> == Halin jama'a da kamfen din kafofin sada zumunta == Da'awar fyade na "Cwecwe" mai shekaru bakwai a Kwalejin Bergview da ke Matatiele, Gabashin Cape, ya haifar da zanga-zanga a duk faɗin [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda ya haifar da yawan [[Zanga-zanga|zanga-zangar]], kamfen na [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]], da kuma kira ga adalci. A Gabashin London, masu zanga-zangar, wadanda galibi suna sanye da baƙar fata, sun yi tafiya zuwa Kotun Majalisa don gabatar da wata yarjejeniya da ke buƙatar a kula da shari'o'in cin zarafin jima'i da gaggawa. Loyiso Lindani, shugaban Gidauniyar Loyiso Lindini, ya nuna gajiya da takaici game da yanayin maimaita irin waɗannan abubuwan, yana jaddada buƙatar mataki nan take. Hakazalika, a Braamfontein, Gauteng, mazauna sun tafi kan tituna cikin hadin kai tare da Cwecwe, suna nuna bukatar hadin gwiwa don lissafi da yanayin ilimi mafi aminci. Kungiyar bayar da shawarwari Not In My Name International ta yi Allah wadai da yadda makarantar ke kula da halin da ake ciki kuma ta bukaci tilasta wa masu aiwatar da doka da su hanzarta binciken su, suna jaddada bukatar samun samfurori na DNA daga dukkan ma'aikatan don gano mai aikata laifin. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Gabashin Cape ta amsa ta hanyar cire rajistar Kwalejin Bergview, tana mai nuna gazawarta na samar da yanayin ilmantarwa mai aminci da rashin hadin kai tare da hukumomi. Bugu da ƙari, wata takarda da ke neman adalci ta sami sa hannu sama da 1 077 361, wanda ke nuna goyon bayan jama'a ga wanda aka azabtar da iyalinsa. Wannan tattarawar ta gaba ɗaya tana jaddada rashin haƙuri na al'ummar ga tashin hankali na jinsi da kuma kira na gaggawa don sake fasalin tsarin don kare mutane masu rauni a cikin cibiyoyin ilimi. Halin da makarantar ke yi game da lamarin ya haifar da fushin jama'a. Hashtag #JusticeForCwecwe ya sami gagarumin tasiri a kafofin sada zumunta, tare da mutane da yawa suna kira ga lissafi da cikakken bincike game da zarge-zargen. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya nuna damuwa game da kula da waɗanda ke fama da tashin hankali da kuma alhakin cibiyoyin ilimi don kare ɗaliban su. == Amsar gwamnati == Wannan shari'ar nan da nan ta sami hankalin jami'an gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mtembu |first=Xolile |title=Justice for Cwecwe {{!}} AfriForum says it will never defend anyone accused of rape |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-and-courts/justice-for-cwecwe-afriforum-says-it-will-never-defend-anyone-accused-of-rape-1e18724a-5656-4297-896a-4bc91d6a4c88 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Siviwe Gwarube, Ministan Ilimi na asali, ta nuna damuwarta game da lamarin kuma ta tabbatar da cewa ta kasance cikin hulɗa da jami'an lardin don neman cikakken bincike. Ministan Gwarube ya jaddada muhimmancin tabbatar da cewa dangin wanda aka azabtar sun sami adalci da suka cancanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sgqolana |first=Tembile |title=Mchunu assures justice for Cwecwe! |url=https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/news/eastern-cape-education-department-deregisters-bergview-college-after-7-year-old-cwecwe-raped-at-matatiele-school-20250401 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Daily Sun |language=en-US}}</ref> Fundile Gade, MEC na Ilimi na Gabashin Cape, ya kuma yi alkawarin cewa sashen lardin zai dauki mataki mai dacewa. A karkashin matsin lamba na jama'a, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Gabashin Cape ta ba da sanarwar kawar da kwalejin Bergview, inda ta yi nuni da gazawarta na samar da yanayi mai aminci ga ɗalibai da gazawarta don bin ka'idodin da ake buƙata don makarantu masu zaman kansu. Ma'aikatar ta kuma bayyana cewa shugaban makarantar bai yi aiki tare da tilasta bin doka ba, yana jinkirta binciken. An bude shari'ar a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, amma rashin hadin kan makarantar ya hana ci gaba. == Rashin rajista na Kwalejin Bergview == A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2025, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Gabashin Cape <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahamba |first=Chulumanco |date=2025-03-28 |title=Justice for Cwecwe: Eastern Cape school deregistered after pupil's alleged rape |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/justice-for-cwecwe-eastern-cape-school-deregistered-after-pupils-alleged-rape/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> ta sanar da sokewa na Kwalejin Bergview. Shawarwarin ya biyo bayan bita na ciki game da yadda makarantar ke kula da lamarin. Ma'aikatar ta fitar da wata sanarwa ta musamman da ke jaddada muhimmancin lafiyar dalibai kuma ta tabbatar da cewa ana yin shirye-shirye don sanya daliban da abin ya shafa a wasu makarantu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matlala |first=Keamogetswe |title=#JusticeForCwecwe: National shutdown looms as civil groups take to the streets |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/local/justiceforcwecwe-national-shutdown-looms-as-civil-groups-take-to-the-streets-20250401 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref> Rashin rajista ya nuna jajircewar sashen don tabbatar da cewa duk cibiyoyin ilimi sun cika ka'idodin da ake buƙata don kare yara da lafiyar ɗalibai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tlhoaele |first=Kgalalelo |title=ANCYL's wrath: Justice demanded for Cwecwe! |url=https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/news/african-national-congress-youth-league-ancyl-demands-justice-for-cwecwe-20250330 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Daily Sun |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bincike da ke ci gaba da tallafin jama'a == Har ila yau, shari'ar ta kasance a karkashin bincike ta hanyar tilasta bin doka. A mayar da martani ga damuwar jama'a, Ministan 'yan sanda Senzo Mchunu ya tabbatar da cewa ana daukar matakai don hanzarta binciken da kuma tabbatar da cewa an yi adalci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Booi |first=Silindokuhle |date=2025-04-01 |title=Celebrities who are standing up for Cwecwe |url=https://www.bona.co.za/entertainment/celebrities-who-are-standing-up-for-cwecwe/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Bona Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Kamfen ɗin #JusticeForCwecwe ya ci gaba da samun tallafi daga mutane da kungiyoyi daban-daban da ke ba da shawara don lissafi. An shirya zanga-zangar jama'a, gami da tafiya a Cape Town wanda ya faru a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2025, don wayar da kan jama'a game da muhimmancin kariya ta yara a makarantu da kuma yin kira ga adalci ga wanda aka azabtar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mphoshomane |first=Unarine |title=Celebs call for justice for Cwecwe |url=https://www.snl24.com/dailysun/celebs/mzansi-entertainment-industry-calls-for-justice-for-little-cwecwe-20250331 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Daily Sun |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Majadibodu |first=Simon |title=Minister Gwarube calls for justice in the case of seven-year-old Cwecwe |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/education/minister-gwarube-calls-for-justice-in-the-case-of-seven-year-old-cwecwe-f469a080-110c-4f59-8b1b-a7a8d4f38d2b |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Falithenjwa |first=Qaqamba |date=2025-03-31 |title=TikTok influencers and celebrities in solidarity to find justice for Cwecwe |url=https://www.bona.co.za/entertainment/tiktok-influencers-and-celebrities-in-solidarity-to-find-justice-for-cwecwe/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Bona Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngeno |first=Noluthando |title=Calls for justice grow in rape of girl (7) at EC school |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/03/31/calls-for-justice-grow-in-rape-of-girl-7-at-ec-school |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=EWN |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 73kh7cc442eeoq9rkojdis7r846dd9b 0 106868 975868 734350 2026-11-04T17:54:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''[[karuwanci]] a Eritrea''' doka ce <ref name="ochchr">{{Cite web |date=26 February 2015 |title=OHCHR Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women considers the reports of Eritrea |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=15617&LangID=E |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=[[OHCHR]]}}</ref> kuma ana tsara shi. <ref name="arshad">{{Cite web |last=Arshad |first=Dr. Md. |date=March 2012 |title=Prostitution in Africa: A sociological Study of Eritrea (North East Africa) |url=http://oldisrj.lbp.world/UploadedData/814.pdf |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Indian Streams Research Journal |archive-date=2 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202025039/http://oldisrj.lbp.world/UploadedData/814.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adadin hukuma sun bayyana cewa akwai kusan karuwai 2,000 a kasar, <ref name="ochchr" /> wadanda ba a yarda su yi aiki a kusa da makarantu, asibitoci, da majami'u. <ref name="arshad" /> A cewar Rahotanni na 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2009, jami'an tsaro a wasu lokuta suna bin [[Mace|mata]] da ke karuwanci kuma suna kama wadanda suka kwashe [[dare]] tare da Baƙo. Wasu mata sun shiga karuwanci saboda talauci.<ref name="unive">{{Cite journal |last=Chiara Volpato |year=2009 |title=La violenza contro le donne nelle colonie italiane. |url=https://www.unive.it/pag/fileadmin/user_upload/dipartimenti/DSLCC/documenti/DEP/numeri/n10/10_Dep_010Volpato.pdf |journal=DEP (Deportate, Esuli, Profughe) |volume=10 |issn=1824-4483 |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="walnet.">{{Cite web |last=Matsuoka |first=Taro |date=21 November 2002 |title=Poverty forces some Eritreans into prostitution |url=https://www.walnet.org/csis/news/world_2002/reuters-021121.html |access-date=7 January 2018 |website=Walnet |archive-date=11 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111231208/http://www.walnet.org/csis/news/world_2002/reuters-021121.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana san karuwai a cikin gida kamar "shermuta" a cikin Larabci, ko "mnzerma" da "me'amn" a cikin Tigrinya. == Tarihi == Akwai 'Yan majalisa da Ƙwaraƙwarai a cikin al'adun Habesha na ƙarni da yawa. Bayan mulkin mallaka ta Italiya a cikin 1880 an sami karuwar karuwanci da sojoji na Italiya suka tilasta, an kiyasta yawan Italiya a sojoji da fararen hula 8,000, tare da zuwan fascism a lokacin [[Yaƙin Italiya da Habasha na Biyu]] a cikin 1935 karuwar karuwa don buƙatun aikin jima'i daga hukumomin soja na Italiya tare da karuwar cin zarafin jima'i da fyade mata da yara tare da karuwa a cikin masu lalata da yara. An karfafa karuwanci tare da zuwan Dokokin launin fata na Italiya ta hukumomi kuma sun hana auren da aka haɗu (a lokuta da yawa auren tilasta) tsakanin Italiyawa da mazauna yankin.<ref name="actamedicamediterranea.com">{{Cite web |title=www.actamedicamediterranea.com/archive/2019/medica-2/sexually-transmitted-diseases-at-the-time-of-italian-colonies-historical-ethi-cal-and-medical-implications/pdf |url=https://www.actamedicamediterranea.com/archive/2019/medica-2/sexually-transmitted-diseases-at-the-time-of-italian-colonies-historical-ethi-cal-and-medical-implications/pdf |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=actamedicamediterranea.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711060817/https://www.actamedicamediterranea.com/archive/2019/medica-2/sexually-transmitted-diseases-at-the-time-of-italian-colonies-historical-ethi-cal-and-medical-implications/pdf |archive-date=11 July 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An buɗe gidajen karuwai kuma an dauki mata na cikin gida, idan ya cancanta da tilasta, don yin aiki a cikinsu.<ref name="limoncelli" /><ref name="actamedicamediterranea.com" /> Hukumomi sun ba da tallafi ga waɗannan gidajen karuwai.<ref name="actamedicamediterranea.com" /> Mata ma sun fito ne daga yankunan karkara na Eritrea da karfi suka yi hijira mafi yawansu 'yan mata ne masu shekaru 12 da sama. A cikin manyan birane kamar Assab, [[Asmara]] da Massawa, karuwanci ya zama ruwan dare a mashaya a cikin "ƙauyuka na asali". <ref name="dic" /> Wannan abin da ya faru ya ci gaba da raguwa sosai a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] tare da [[Yakin Gabashin Afirka (Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu)|yaƙin da aka rasa]] a cikin 41 ba za a iya amfani da shi ta hanyar makamai ba.[5]<ref name="actamedicamediterranea.com" /> Bayan hadin gwiwa tare da [[Itofiya|Habasha]] a 1950, sojojin Habasha da aka ajiye a Eritrea, kuma sojojin Amurka a Tashar Kagnew sun ci gaba da bukatar karuwanci. Karuwanci ya karu a cikin shekarun 1970s tare da gina garuruwan Habasha a yankin. A cikin shekarun 1980 akwai karuwanci ɗari tsakanin Assab, Asmara da Massawa. Mutane da yawa sun yi aiki a mashaya mallakar karuwai masu cin nasara.<ref name="dic" /> A lokacin yakin 'yancin kai na Eritriya, 'yan matan Eritriya a yankunan da aka mamaye mun bukaci su shiga cikin soja a 16. Akwai shaidu da yawa da sojoji suka yi amfani da su a matsayin karuwanci. A lokacin 'yantar da 'yantar da jama'ar Eritrea da 'yancin kai, akwai karuwai 4,000 a cikin kasar, da kuma 2,000 matan Habasha an kori su a wani yunƙuri na hana karuwanci. Tare da yaduwar kwayar cutar HIV a cikin 1990s, an tsara karuwanci kuma ana buƙatar ma'aikatan jima'i su yi gwajin lafiyar kowane wata Karuwanci ya karu a Asmara bayan isowar Ofishin Jakadancin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a Habasha da Eritrea a cikin shekara ta 2000. == Hanyoyin karuwanci == * Masu tafiya a kan titi: Wadannan karuwai suna aiki galibi da dare suna neman abokan ciniki a kan titi.<ref name="arshad"/> * Masu karuwanci na gida: Wadannan masu karuwanci suna karɓar abokan ciniki a gidajensu.<ref name="arshad" /> * Masu mallakar mashaya: Wadannan suna yin karuwanci a matsayin ƙarin hanyar samun kudin shiga a mashaya da suke da shi.<ref name="arshad" /> * Mata masu shayarwa: Suna neman abokan ciniki a cikin mashaya da suke aiki. Masu mashaya na iya biyan su ko a'a.<ref name="arshad" /> * Ƙananan masu karuwanci na gidan shan giya: Suna aiki a gidajen shan giya ko ɗakunan shayi kuma suna amfani da karuwanci don ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga.<ref name="arshad" /> * Gidajen karuwai: Akwai gidajen karuwai da yawa, waɗanda yawanci gidajen shan giya ne.<ref name="arshad" /> * Kira 'yan mata: A cikin kwanan nan, tare da fitowar wayoyin salula, kira' yan mata yanzu suna aiki a kasar.<ref name="arshad" /> mbicbrxzuaypvp03yiws3u9imgqnwyo 0 107103 975967 975591 2026-11-04T21:54:59Z Alfurqan 14918 975967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Greenhouse Development Rights (GDRs) tsari ne na raba ƙoƙarin adalci wanda aka tsara don nuna yadda za'a iya raba farashin daidaita yanayin yanayi da kyau, tsakanin dukkan ƙasashe. Fiye da haka, GDRs suna neman lissafin "kasuwanci mai kyau" na kasa a bayyane a cikin farashin gaggawa na duniya, a hanyar da ke la'akari da gaskiyar cewa, kamar yadda abubuwa ke tsaye yanzu, rayuwar siyasa da tattalin arziki ta duniya ta raba tare da Arewa / Kudu da masu arziki / matalauta. A takaice dai, GDRs suna kusantar kariya ta yanayi da ci gaban tattalin arziki a matsayin bangarori biyu na tsabar kudi daya. Manufarta ita ce [[Developmental justice|adalci na ci gaba]], kamar yadda zai iya kasancewa har ma a cikin duniyar da aka tilasta ta rage saurin fitar da iskar gas zuwa kusan matsakaicin matsakaici. Binciken GDRs ya nuna cewa saurin daidaita yanayin yanayi zai zama ba zai yiwu ba tare da wani karfi mai karfi ba - dama - zuwa matakin girmamawa na ci gaban ɗan adam mai ɗorewa (mutumi). Hakkin rayuwa ba tare da talauci ba. Hanyar GDR tana gina, a duk lokacin da ya yiwu, a kan fahimtar kimiyya da siyasa. Musamman, a bayyane yake ya tsara kiran tushe na Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi, wanda ke neman "mafi girman hadin gwiwa da dukkan kasashe suka yi da kuma shiga cikin amsa mai tasiri da dacewa na kasa da kasa, daidai da nauyin da suka bambanta da kuma iyawa. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/background/items/1350.php |access-date=May 28, 2010}}</ref> Dabarun GDR shine a bayyane lissafa alhakin da iyawa ga dukkan kasashe, dangane da bayyane da abubuwan da za a iya yin muhawara, kuma, idan ya cancanta, canzawa. Ta hanyar yin haka, yana neman samar da hanyar da ta dace, a bayyane, da kuma tilasta hanyar lissafi da kwatanta "kasuwanci mai kyau" na kasa - wanda aka bayyana sosai - na farashin sauyin yanayi na duniya. Manufar kokarin GDR shine tattarawa mai ɗorewa wanda za'a iya karɓa a matsayin mai adalci a duniya. Ana lissafin wajibai na ƙasa a matsayin hannun jari na wajibai na duniya wanda ya haɗa da [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] da kuma [[Rage canjin yanayi|ragewa]]. Hanyar da ke nan ba ta nuna Gaskiyar siyasa ba, domin wannan kalmar ana fahimtar ta gabaɗaya don nuna hanyar da ta fara da abin da ke da ma'anar siyasa a yau. Hanyar GDR, akasin haka, tana neman tsara hanyar da ta dace da bukatun kimiyyar yanayi. A cikin tsarin GDR, wajibi ne ga kasar ta yi aiki ya dogara ne akan bashin yanayi - alhakinta na ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi - kuma daidai da ikon yin aiki. An bayyana alhakin da iyawa dangane da "ƙofar ci gaba" wanda ke cire nauyin da albarkatun matalauta - albarkatun rayuwa da samun kudin shiga na rayuwa - daga la'akari yayin lissafin wajibai na ƙasa. Don haka, ana iya ganin GDRs a matsayin tsarin tunani wanda aka nufa don tallafawa bayyane, tunani mai amfani game da "kwatanta ƙoƙari," har ma tsakanin kasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa. A ƙarshe, GDRs ba aikin ilimi ba ne. Tsayawawar yanayi matsala ce ta duniya, wacce aka bayyana ta hanyar matsalar amfani mai kyau. GDRs, ta hanyar lissafin ka'idojin ka'idoji don kare tsarin yanayi na duniya, sun tsara tsarin da za a iya bayyana haƙƙin fitarwa mai kyau, lissafawa, fahimta, muhawara, da kuma tattauna. Saboda haka, yana tsara tsarin da a zahiri yarjejeniyar yanayi da dabarun - har ma da "al'amuran ƙasa" kamar waɗanda Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ta maraba - za a iya kimanta su a bayyane kuma a kwatanta su. == Tarihi == Paul Baer, Tom Athanasiou na EcoEquity, Sivan Kartha da Eric Kemp-Benedict na Cibiyar Muhalli ta Stockholm ne suka haɓaka tsarin haƙƙin ci gaban Greenhouse. GDRs sun samo asali ne daga tsarin mutum-mutumin da ke tunanin rabawa na duniya dangane da daidaito don fitar da iskar gas. Mafi sanannun waɗannan shine shawarar Anil Agarwal da Sunita Narain (1991), Kungiyar marubuta ta GDR ta ji cewa tsarin haƙƙin fitarwa na kowane mutum ba shi da tsarin kula da "yanayin ƙasa", kuma sun yi ƙoƙari su warware wannan matsala tare da hanyar "Per-capita Plus". Daga ƙarshe sun kammala cewa, duk da muhimmancin ka'idar mutum-mutum, ba tushe ne mai inganci ba don ingantaccen tsarin yanayi mai kyau, ba, aƙalla, a cikin duniya inda aka riga an cinye mafi yawan "sararin sararin samaniya". An yi watsi da tsarin Per-capita Plus don goyon bayan GDRs (wanda ba ya dogara da haƙƙin kowane mutum ba amma ka'idodin UNFCCC na alhakin da iyawa). GDRs sun fara fitowa a wani taron gefe a Taron Kasuwanci na goma (COP10) a Argentina a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004, tare da takarda da gabatarwa mai taken Cutting the Gordian Knot . An buga na karshe, wanda aka sake yin gyare-gyare na wannan takarda a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2005, a ƙarƙashin taken Cutting the Knot: Climate Protection, Political Realism, and Equity as Requirements of a Post-Kyoto Regime . An buga bugu na farko na littafin GDR da samfurin a cikin 2007 ta Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll, kuma an gabatar da shi a COP-13 a Bali. An saki [http://www.gdrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/.../gdrs_execsummary.pdf Littafin GDR na biyu]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [maɓallin matattu na dindindin] da samfurin a COP 14 a Poznan. Tsarin GDR ya ci gaba da canzawa. Za'a iya bin diddigin sa a [http://www.gdrights.org shafin yanar gizon] aikin.  == Ƙofar ci gaba == A matsayin mataki na farko, GDRs ya tsara haƙƙin ci gaba a matsayin ''Ƙofar ci gaba'' − matakin jin daɗi a ƙasa wanda ba a sa ran mutane su raba farashin sauyin yanayi. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa wannan ƙofar ba layin talauci ba ne, wanda yawanci aka bayyana shi a matsayin ƙasa ($ 1 ko $ 2 a rana) don a kira shi da kyau "layin talauci. " Maimakon haka, an saita shi sama da layin talaucin duniya (kimanin $ 16 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana, a cikin sharuddan Sayen Power Parity), kuma don nuna matakin jin daɗi wanda ya wuce buƙatu na asali, amma har yanzu bai da matakan amfani mai wadata ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lant |first=Pritchett |date=Spring 2006 |title=Who is Not Poor? Dreaming of a World Truly Free of Poverty |journal=The World Bank Research Observer |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=23 |doi=10.1093/wbro/lkj002 |hdl-access=free}} and {{Cite journal |last=Lant |first=Pritchett |date=November 2003 |title=Who is not Poor? Proposing A Higher International Standard for Poverty |journal=Center for Global Development}} Pritchett concluded that the use of an elevated poverty line is "justifiable, more consistent with international fairness, and is a better foundation for the World Bank's organizational mission of poverty reduction” and that “If the poverty line were defined as the level of income at which people typically achieve acceptable levels of the Millennium Development Goal indicators (such as universal primary school completion), it would be set at about [$16] a day.”</ref> Matakin da za a saita ƙofar ci gaba shine batun muhawara. A cikin yanayin GDRs, an saita shi don zama mai ladabi (25%) sama da layin talauci na duniya, a kusan $ 20 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana ($ 7,500 a kowace shekara). Wannan adadi yana nuna bincike na zahiri game da matakan samun kudin shiga inda annoba ta talauci - rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan mutuwar jarirai, ƙarancin ilimi, babban kuɗin abinci na dangi - ya fara ɓacewa, ko aƙalla ya zama banda ga mulkin. Har ila yau, yana nuna matakin da "tsakiyar tsakiya" ta kudu ta fara fitowa. Matsala, ba shakka, tana ci gaba da samun kudin shiga sama da $ 7,500 a kowace shekara, kuma ana iya kare ƙofar ci gaba mafi girma (kuma ta haka ne aikin raba ƙoƙari mai ci gaba). Amma, don dalilai na gabatarwa, al'amarin GDR yana ɗaukar mutanen da suke samun kuɗi sama da $ 20 a kowace rana - ko su kasance ƙananan matsakaicin matsayi ko matsakaicin aji ko masu arziki - don su "ci gaba," a cikin ma'anar ma'anar kalmar. Mutanen da suka fi talauci, yayin da suke gwagwarmaya don samun rayuwa mafi kyau, ana ɗaukar su da ƙarancin alhakin matsalar yanayi (kimanin kashi 70 cikin 100 na bil'adama da ke zaune a ƙasa da ƙofar ci gaba suna da alhakin kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 na duk hayaki da aka tara) da kuma ƙarancin damar saka hannun jari wajen warware shi. Ana ɗaukar mutane masu arziki kamar yadda suka fahimci haƙƙinsu na ci gaba kuma suna ɗauke da alhakin kiyaye wannan haƙƙin ga wasu. Yayin da kudaden shiga suka karu, suna ɗaukar babban bangare na farashin hana hayaki da ke da alaƙa da amfani da kansu, da kuma farashin tabbatar da cewa, yayin da waɗanda har yanzu suke zaune a ƙasa da ƙofar suka tashi zuwa kuma sama da shi, suna iya yin hakan tare da hanyoyin da ke da ɗorewa, ƙananan hayaki. Bugu da ƙari, kuma abin takaici, ana ɗaukar waɗannan wajibai na duk waɗanda ke sama da ƙofar ci gaba, ko sun faru suna zaune a Arewa ko a Kudu. == Hakki da iyawa == Dangane da ƙofar ci gaban duniya, da tarihin fitar da hayaki na ƙasa da ba''iyawa'' rarraba kuɗin shiga, yana yiwuwa a lissafa ''alhakin'' kowace ƙasa da ƙarfin. * An bayyana ''alhakin'' al'umma a matsayin gudummawar da ta bayar ga canjin yanayi, kuma an ƙayyade shi a cikin yanayin GDRs kamar yadda yake fitarwa tun daga 1990. An cire fitarwa da ta dace da amfani a ƙasa da ƙofar ci gaba daga lissafin. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tsarin GDR ba ya daidaita shekarar 1990 . Kwanakin da suka gabata ma masu yiwuwa ne, kuma a aikace za a gyara "ranar da aka ba da alhakin" ta hanyar tattaunawa. * An bay''iyawa'' ikon al'umma a matsayin kudin shiga na kasa wanda ba a buƙata ta rayuwar yau da kullun. Don haka, duk wani kudin shiga sama da ƙofar ci gaba yana samuwa don a "buɗe" don saka hannun jari a cikin sauƙaƙe yanayi da daidaitawa. Ana iya fassara wannan a matsayin cikakkiyar kuɗin shiga, ban da kuɗin shiga a ƙasa da ƙofar ci gaba. Wadannan matakan alhakin da iyawa za a iya haɗawa (ta hanyar matsakaici, a cikin yanayin GDRs) don ƙayyade wajibin ƙasar don ɗaukar ƙalubalen yanayi, wanda aka wakilta a matsayin Ƙididdigar Hakki da Capacity (RCI). Ana yin wannan lissafi ga dukkan ƙasashe. Sakamakon lambobi daidai ya dogara, ba shakka, akan takamaiman dabi'u da aka zaba don sigogi masu mahimmanci, kamar ƙofar ci gaba da ranar farawa. A cikin daidaitattun yanayin 2010, Amurka, tare da yawan mutanen da ke da kudaden shiga sama da ƙofar ci gaban $ 7,500 (ƙwarewa) da kuma mafi girman rabon duniya na yawan hayaki tun daga 1990 (hakkin), yana da mafi girman rabawa guda (32 cikin dari) na RCI na duniya. Tarayyar Turai ta biyo baya da kashi 25 cikin 100 na RCI na duniya. Kasar Sin, duk da cewa tana da talauci, tana da yawan mutanen da ke zaune sama da ƙofar ci gaba, kuma tana da kashi 6.6 cikin dari na RCI na duniya, wanda ke sanya shi kusa da [[Japan]] tare da kashi 7.4. Indiya ma tana da girma amma mafi talauci, tana sanya shi da nisa da kashi 0.8 cikin dari. == Hanyoyin rage fitarwa == GDRs tsari ne na tunani. Babban burinta shine ya nuna rarrabawar adalci na kokarin (ko "nauyi") na sarrafa sauyin yanayi na duniya tsakanin kasashe. A cikin sharuddan ragewa, ana iya bayyana girman wannan ƙoƙari a matsayin karuwa mai faɗi (wanda aka auna a cikin tan) wanda ke bayyana "rashin raguwa" tsakanin hanyar fitar da hayaki ta kasuwanci da "hanyar gaggawa" wanda aka bayyana a cikin sharuddin kimiyya (duba Hanyar Gaggawa ta 2 ° C da aka nuna a Hoto na 2). &nbsp; Ana bayyana wajibai na ragewa na ƙasa a kowace shekara a matsayin hannun jari na raguwar duniya, wanda aka rarraba tsakanin ƙasashe daidai da RCI. Amurka, alal misali (duba Hoto na 2) an yi hasashen samun nauyin ragewa na 2020 daidai da 29.1% na kusan Gigatonnes 4 na rage carbon wanda za'a buƙaci. Gabaɗaya, ana ba kowace ƙasa burin fitarwa daidai da hanyar da take magana ban da rabo na rabon da ya dace na raguwar duniya. Rarraba gibin ragewa na duniya ta wannan hanyar yana samar da wasu sakamako masu ban mamaki. Ga abu daya, a bayyane yake cewa babban sadaukarwa ga hadin gwiwar Arewa da Kudu - gami da canja wurin kudi da fasaha - wani bangare ne da ba za a iya gujewa ba na duk wani tsarin daidaita yanayin duniya. Wannan shi ne saboda wajibai na ragewa na ƙasa na ƙasashe masu girma na RCI na Arewa sun wuce raguwar da za su iya yi a gida. A zahiri, a shekara ta 2030, wajibai na ragewa na arewa yawanci sun wuce ko da jimlar fitar da su na cikin gida. Wannan yana nufin cewa kasashe masu arziki da mafi girma za su sami "rashin daidaituwa," kamar yadda ya zama dole don buɗe isasshen sararin samaniya ga kasashe masu tasowa. Irin wannan rabon mara kyau ba zai iya tasowa ba a ƙarƙashin tsarin da ke neman rarraba "yancin fitarwa". == Tasirin ma'aikata == A tsarin, akwai hanyoyi da yawa da za a iya aiwatar da tsarin kamar GDRs. Misali, ana iya amfani da asusun kasa da kasa don tallafawa duka ragewa da daidaitawa. A wannan yanayin, RCI zai zama tushen ƙayyade gudummawar kuɗi da kowace ƙasa ke sa ran ga wannan asusun. Gabaɗaya, yana da amfani a yi tunani game da RCI a matsayin, a zahiri, tushen ci gaba na " harajin yanayi" na duniya - ba harajin carbon ba, da kansa (harajin carbon ne, duk sauran suna daidai, masu koma baya) amma ''alhakin'' da harajin ''iyawa''. A madadin haka, ana iya aiwatar da GDRs ta hanyar kasuwannin fitarwa na duniya. A wannan yanayin, za a yi amfani da RCIs na ƙasa don lissafin rabon kuɗi, a cikin tan, kuma za a sayar da waɗannan don samar da kudaden kuɗi na duniya da ake buƙata don tallafawa tsarin yanayi na duniya. Gaskiyar batun a nan shi ne cewa sikelin da yanayin hadin gwiwar kudi da fasaha da rikicin yanayi ya buƙaci ba a taɓa gani ba, kuma ba za a iya gujewa ba zai haɗa da fadadawa da sake fasalin cibiyoyin da ke akwai, da kuma ƙirƙirar sabbin gaba ɗaya. Kowane adadin na'urori na iya zama da amfani: haraji na ci gaba na nau'o'i daban-daban, haraji masu alaƙa da kasuwanci, siyarwa, raguwa, yarjejeniyar bangarori, kudade masu yawa, haƙƙin mallaka na duniya, da sauransu. Bayan wadannan, sabbin tashoshin da ba a san su ba don canja wurin albarkatun kasa da kasa da lissafi za a buƙaci a ɗauka kuma a aiwatar da su, ba tare da gujewa ba suna haifar da ƙalubale masu ban sha'awa: Ta yaya za a haɓaka cikin sauri? Ta yaya za a gina ƙarfin sha da rarrabawa? Ta yaya za a tabbatar da inganci da guje wa sharar gida? Ta yaya za a kafa tsarin mulki mai gaskiya da dimokuradiyya? == Zuwa ga ka'idojin da aka yi ƙoƙari == Duk abin da zai iya amfani da tsarin tsarin kamar GDRs, babu tsarin raba kokarin da zai sanya alkawura a kan kasashe masu tasowa da za a iya karɓa a kowane lokaci nan ba da daɗewa ba. Muddin kasashe masu tasowa har yanzu ba su da tabbacin tabbatar da cewa ana iya samun kawar da talauci da ci gaban ɗan adam a lokaci guda tare da decarbonization, alkawura masu ɗaurewa za su bayyana a gare su a matsayin haɗari mai girma. Canjin zuwa rabawa da ke bisa ka'ida zai buƙaci kasashe masu masana'antu su rungumi jajircewarsu a ƙarƙashin UNFCCC don "sanya kan gaba wajen yaki da canjin yanayi da mummunan tasirinsa", kuma a cikin yin hakan ya nuna cewa akwai wata hanyar ci gaba. Lokacin gina amincewa da haɓaka ƙarfin (na dindindin, a ce, zuwa 2020) lokacin da ƙasashe masu masana'antu suka tabbatar da yiwuwar fasaha da siyasa na ci gaban yanayi zai buɗe yiwuwar tsarin mulki na duniya bisa ga ka'idojin ƙoƙarin raba. == Sauran hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su wajen raba kokarin da aka yi amfani da su == Duk da yake tsarin GDR yana inganta tsarin rarraba alhakin da iyawa, akwai wasu hanyoyin da ke da niyyar bayyana adalci daban-daban ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban. * Sauƙin kowane mutum yana ɗaukar matakan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa na iskar gas a matsayin maɓallin ma'auni. Bambanci tsakanin GDRs da hanya ''Mai sauƙi ga kowane mutum'' shine cewa ƙarshen ba ya lissafin hayaki na tarihi ko kuma alaƙar da ke da ƙarfi ga ci gaban ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, ƙasashe masu ƙarancin hayaki sune ƙasashe masu arziki tare da ƙarin kayan aikin ci gaba, kuma hanyoyin kowane mutum na iya hana adalci na ci gaba. * Hanyoyin tarawa na kowane mutum suna bayyana [[Adalci na yanayi]] a matsayin haɗuwa da, ba mutum ba, amma maimakon fitarwa na kowane a tsawon lokaci. A cikin, watakila, na dogon lokaci. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin ana ɗaukar su da ma'ana ga masu sharhi da yawa na ƙasashe masu tasowa. Masu sharhi na kasar Sin, musamman, suna ganin su a matsayin martani kai tsaye ga shawarwarin kowane mutum. Irin wannan tsarin yana nunawa a cikin sha'awa da kuma shahararren kwanan nan na tsarin [[Carbon debt|bashin carbon]] ga adalci na yanayi na duniya.<ref>This upsurge of interest in climate debt began in early 2009, accelerated at the Copenhagen Conference of Parties, and became institutionalized as a pillar of climate-movement radicalism at the World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth held in Cochabamba, Bolivia between April 19 and 22, 2010. For more information, see {{Cite web |title=The Archives of Working Group 8 on Climate Debt |url=http://pwccc.wordpress.com/category/working-groups/08-climate-debt |access-date=2010-05-31 |publisher=Working Grouping 8 of the World People's Conference}}</ref> Manufofin yakin basasar carbon da aikin GDRs suna da alaƙa sosai. Hanyoyin biyu suna da irin wannan ra'ayi na daidaito da raba nauyi, tare da bambance-bambance waɗanda suke da ƙanƙanta, har ma da taimako, idan ya zo ga muhawara mai amfani da ilimin jama'a. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ehj38ad9fkrg6pzyzwrqg20042zzh8a 0 107153 976074 713717 2026-11-05T10:03:02Z A Salisu 14655 976074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A cewar RFE/RL, gwamnatin Azerbaijan "tana da dogon tarihi na yin amfani da tsarin shari'ar laifuka don rufe bakin abokan hamayyar siyasa da 'yan jarida da ke sukar cin hanci da rashawa da ya wadata 'yan uwan Aliyev da na cikin gida na cikin gida". Mulkin Aliyev na kama-karya ya rufe kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu tare da murkushe jam'iyyun adawa yayin gudanar da zaben da kungiyoyin sa ido na kasa da kasa suka yi la'akari da cewa ba gaskiya ba ne. Baku ya kuma haramtawa masu sa ido na kasa da kasa daga kungiyoyi kamar Human Rights Watch da Amnesty International "wadanda suka rubuta yadda hukumomi ke amfani da azabtarwa akai-akai don fitar da ikirari na karya daga fursunonin siyasa da aka daure kan tuhume-tuhume". A cewar Reporters Without Borders, Shugaba Ilham Aliyev ya kaddamar da "sabon guguwar mummunar zalunci a kan sauran 'yan jarida na kasar" a ƙarshen 2023. An gurfanar da 'yan jarida daga Abzas Media mai zaman kanta, Toplum TV, da Meydan TV a cikin 2024 da 2025 a cikin fitina da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya suka bayyana a matsayin marasa adalci. An tsare dukkan ma'aikatan gidan labarai na Meydan TV a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024. A ranar 20 ga Yuni 2025, an yanke wa 'yan jarida bakwai daga Abzas Media da Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty (RFE / RL) hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na dogon lokaci a Azerbaijan. Marie Struthers, Darakta na Gabashin Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya na Amnesty International, ta ce: "Ta hanyar matsawa da aka ƙirƙiri zargin tattalin arziki a kan 'yan jarida da suka fallasa cin hanci da rashawa, hukumomin Azerbaijan suna aika saƙo mai ban tsoro ga duk wanda ke cikin ƙasar da ya yi ƙarfin hali ya kalubalanci su. ... Rashin siyasa a Azerbaijan a yau yana da ban tsoro, duk da haka ba mu da haka muna da haɗin kai, ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida game da shi daga al'ummar duniya, don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Cin hanci da rashawa ==   [[Fayil:Ilham_Aliyev_and_Mehriban_Aliyeva_-_2024.jpg|thumb|An bayyana mai mulkin kama-karya na Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev da matarsa Mehriban Aliyeva a matsayin "ƙaddamar da nepotism da kleptocracy" a Azerbaijan.]] Cin hanci da rashawa a Azerbaijan an dauke shi a duk fannoni na siyasar Azerbaijan. Iyalin da ke mulki sun haifar da tuhuma daga kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu daban-daban game da dukiyarsu mai yawa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da sayen kadarorin miliyoyin daloli a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]]. An dauki wasu matakai game da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-corruption policy in Azerbaijan |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222957/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |quote=Azerbaijan has made progress in preventing corruption in several sectors, such as public services delivery, traffic police and public education. Reforms have started in customs and business licensing. However, serious and complex corruption challenges have yet to be tackled. Addressing the corruption-prone areas requires stronger political will, efforts, and a healthy environment for broad stakeholder participation in the fight against corruption.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-corruption policy in Azerbaijan |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222957/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |quote=Awareness of various forms of corruption and public trust towards selected institutions increased in Azerbaijan since the previous monitoring. ACD in cooperation with the Commission on Combating Corruption (CCC) has engaged in awareness-raising activities. Azerbaijan is encouraged to use a systematic and targeted approach to anti-corruption awareness, plan measures for the corruption-prone sectors, adapt the activities to various target groups and allocate budget for implementation of the measures foreseen by the Action Plan.}}</ref> Batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa a cikin isar da sabis na jama'a sun k[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Asan_service" id="mwAoc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="ASAN service">ASAN] ɗaya daga cikin yankuna masu matsala a cikin ɓangaren jama'a. Don kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin isar da sabis na jama'a, an kafa sabon ma'aikatar rigakafi, wato, cibiyar kimanta sabis ta Azerbaijan (ASAN) (asan na nufin "mai sauƙi" a cikin Azerbaijani) ta hanyar Dokar Shugaban kasa a cikin 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jafarov |first=Kamal |date=31 July 2013 |title=Azerbaijan's one-stop public service shop is driving up efficiency |url=https://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2013/jul/31/azerbaijan-public-service-assessment-network |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131054047/https://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2013/jul/31/azerbaijan-public-service-assessment-network |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=27 November 2018 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu, wannan ma'aikatar tana ba da sabis 34 ga hukumomin jihohi 10. Ita ce samfurin isar da sabis na shagon farko a duniya don samar da sabis na hukumomin jihohi daban-daban maimakon kawai ayyukan jikin jihar ɗaya. Azerbaijan ta sanya hannu kan [[Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action Plan|Shirin Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa na Istanbul]] (Istanbul Action Plan, ko IAP) wanda ya shafi Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, da Uzbekistan da sauran kasashen ACN a shekara ta 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-Corruption Reforms in AZERBAIJAN |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222957/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |quote=The Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action Plan (Istanbul Action Plan, or IAP) was endorsed in 2003. It is the main sub-regional initiative in the framework of the OECD Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ACN). The Istanbul Action Plan covers Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan; the other ACN countries participate in its implementation.}}</ref> Aiwatar da shirin ya haɗa da bita na yau da kullun da tsarin tsarin shari'a da tsarin don yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin ƙasashen da aka rufe ta bangarorin da suka sanya hannu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Azerbaijan ta shiga cikin sa ido. Don bayanan rahotanni da sabuntawa duba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Istanbul Anti-corruption Action Plan country reports |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/acn/istanbulactionplancountryreports.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616165354/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/acn/istanbulactionplancountryreports.htm |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> == Kashewa da tilasta == A cewar Human Rights Watch, tun daga shekarar 2008, a wani bangare na yakin sabunta birane a Baku, an kori dubban masu gidaje daga gidajensu a sassa da dama na birnin domin samar da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren kasuwanci, da wuraren zama. Hakimin Baku ne ya tsara wannan tsari kuma ana gudanar da shi ba tare da gargadin da ya dace ba. Diyya da aka bayar sun yi ƙasa da ƙimar kasuwa. Mazauna yankin sun kuma ji cewa ba su da zabin samun nasara a kara a kotu idan sun shigar da kara. A wasu lokuta, ana ci gaba da rusa gidaje ba tare da la’akari da umarnin kotu da aka haramta yin hakan ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2012 |title=Azerbaijan: Rights Abuse Stains International Standing |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/01/22/azerbaijan-rights-abuse-stains-international-standing |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=hrw.org |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Kisan da aka tilasta ya kara muni a shekara ta 2011 bayan Azerbaijan ta lashe gasar Eurovision Song ta 2011, kuma tare da ita, haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin 2012. Wadannan korar sun fusata mutane da yawa kuma an fallasa su sosai a cikin manema labarai bayan an kori daruruwan don a gina Crystal Hall. == Hakkin LGBT == [[Fayil:Azerbaijan_in_LGBT_Pride_Germany.jpg|thumb|Masu fafutuka sun nuna rashin amincewa da cin zarafin LGBT a Azerbaijan a lokacin wani taro na 2015 a Jamus.]] Kamar a yawancin jihohin bayan Tarayyar Soviet, mutanen LGBT suna fuskantar ƙalubale da ba mazauna LGBT ba. Yayin da jima'i na jima'i ya kasance doka tun bayan soke dokokin hana luwadi na zamanin Soviet a cikin 2000, Azerbaijan ba ta da wata doka da ke kare mutanen LGBT, kuma yarda da jama'a na mutanen LGBT ya ragu. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta ILGA-Turai ta sanya Azerbaijan a matsayin kasa mafi muni a Turai don kare haƙƙin LGBT kowace shekara tun 2015. <ref name="ILGA-report-Azerbaijan">{{Cite web |title=Rainbow Europe - Azerbaijan |url=https://rainbow-europe.org/#8622/0/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105055156/https://rainbow-europe.org/#8622/0/0 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=29 December 2017 |publisher=ILGA}}</ref>{{excerpt|Labour rights in Azerbaijan}} == Rahotanni na kasa da kasa == A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2011, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta zartar da ƙuduri da ke Allah wadai da "rashin cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam" da kuma "matsi da sojojin adawa".<ref name="EP">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2011 |title=European Parliament resolution of 12 May 2011 on Azerbaijan |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P7-TA-2011-0243+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529030409/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT+TA+P7-TA-2011-0243+0+DOC+XML+V0%2F%2FEN&language=EN |archive-date=29 May 2012 |access-date=15 May 2011 |publisher=European Parliament}}</ref> Kudurin ya ambaci damuwa ga Eynulla Fatullaev, Jabbar Savalan, da sauran fursunoni da sunayensu, da kuma damuwar gaba daya game da "yawan yawan al'amura na musgunawa, hare-hare da cin zarafi ga kungiyoyin farar hula da masu fafutuka na sada zumunta da 'yan jarida a Azerbaijan". Duk da haka, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yaba da sakin masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo guda biyu tare da samar da sabbin kwamitoci na kwamitin hadin gwiwa na EU da Azerbaijan a fannin shari'a, 'yancin dan adam da dimokiradiyya, tare da mika godiyarta ga kasar Azerbaijan bisa gudummawar da ta bayar ga kawancen Gabas.<ref name="EP" /> A cikin watan Agustan 2017, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan tsare tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba ta buga rahoton aikinta ga Azerbaijan. Bisa gayyatar da gwamnati ta yi masa, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata akan tsarewar ba bisa ka'ida ba ta ziyarci Azerbaijan daga ranar 16 zuwa 25 ga Mayu 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention on itsmission to Azerbaijan |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/230/23/PDF/G1723023.pdf?OpenElement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829033631/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/230/23/PDF/G1723023.pdf?OpenElement |archive-date=29 August 2017 |access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref> A cikin watan Agustan 2022, kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da wariyar launin fata ya bayyana cin zarafin bil'adama da jami'an sojan Azabaijan suka yi kan mutanen kabilar Armeniya yayin rikicin Nagorno-Karabagh na 2020. Kwamitin ya bayyana matukar damuwarsa game da "mummunan take hakkin dan Adam da aka yi a lokacin yakin 2020 da kuma bayan da sojojin Azerbaijan suka yi a kan fursunonin yaki da sauran mutanen da ke da kariya daga kabila ko 'yan asalin Armeniya, ciki har da kisan gilla, azabtarwa da sauran cin zarafi da tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma lalata gidaje, makarantu, da sauran wuraren farar hula. " <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2022 |title=Concluding observations on the combined tenth to twelfth reports of Azerbaijan |url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/AZE/CERD_C_AZE_CO_10-12_49770_E.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003055825/https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/AZE/CERD_C_AZE_CO_10-12_49770_E.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin da ke cikin Nakhchivan == Ana ɗaukar haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin matalauta sosai a yankin Azerbaijan na Nakhchivan, wanda aka kira "[[Koriya ta Arewa]] ta Azerbaijan" ta Rediyo Free Europe / Radio Liberty a cikin 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2007 |title=In 'Azerbaijan's North Korea,' Journalist Crackdown Continues |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1079243.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811035211/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1079243.html |archive-date=11 August 2013 |access-date=10 March 2013 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> Nakhchivan jamhuriya ce mai cin gashin kanta, wacce a baya take karkashin gwamnan Vasif Talibov sama da shekaru 17 kafin ya yi murabus a shekarar 2022. An nuna damuwa game da zalunci na 'yan sanda, rashin hukunci, iyakancewa mai yawa kan' yanci na jama'a, da cin hanci da rashawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2010 |title=Azerbaijan's Dark Island: Human Rights Violations in Nakhchivan |url=http://nhc.no/filestore/Publikasjoner/Rapporter/2009/Azerbaijan_final_version.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719175422/http://www.nhc.no/filestore/Publikasjoner/Rapporter/2009/Azerbaijan_final_version.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2012 |access-date=10 March 2013 |publisher=Norwegian Helsinki Committee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aliyev |first=Kenan |date=8 July 2008 |title=Jailed For Not Paying A Bribe |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Jailed_For_Not_Taking_A_Bribe/1182518.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116072013/http://www.rferl.org/content/Jailed_For_Not_Taking_A_Bribe/1182518.html |archive-date=16 November 2011 |access-date=10 March 2013 |website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2011 |title=Impunity for torture in Nakhchivan |url=http://humanrightshouse.org/Articles/17398.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403154149/http://humanrightshouse.org/Articles/17398.html |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=10 March 2013 |publisher=Human Rights house}}</ref> An bayyana Nakhchivan a matsayin "dakunan gwaje-gwaje na danniya" wanda aka gwada hanyoyin danniya sannan kuma a yi amfani da su a kan babban sikeli a sauran Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journalist beaten unconscious in Azerbaijani exclave - Reporters Without Borders |url=http://en.rsf.org/azerbaijan-journalist-beaten-unconscious-in-23-08-2014,46836.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318210938/http://en.rsf.org/azerbaijan-journalist-beaten-unconscious-in-23-08-2014,46836.html |archive-date=18 March 2015 |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> == Yanayin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Azerbaijan tun 1991 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Tarihin tarihi |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Shekara | style="width:3em;" |'Yancin Siyasa | style="width:3em;" |'Yancin Jama'a | style="width:3em;" |Matsayi | style="width:3em;" |Shugaban kasa2 |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Ayaz Mutallibov |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Ayaz Mutallibov |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Abulfaz Elchibey |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2014 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2015 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2016 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2017 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2018 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2019 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2020 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2021 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2022 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2023 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |} |} == Dubi kuma == * Azerbaijan a cikin Majalisar Turai * 'Yanci na addini a Azerbaijan * Hakkin LGBT a Azerbaijan * zanga-zangar Baku ta 2019 * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Turai : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Ya zuwa 1 ga Janairu. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == mqd08f7akoe2llk4cd0s7agc06itam5 976076 976074 2026-11-05T10:03:23Z A Salisu 14655 976076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A cewar RFE/RL, gwamnatin Azerbaijan "tana da dogon tarihi na yin amfani da tsarin shari'ar laifuka don rufe bakin abokan hamayyar siyasa da 'yan jarida da ke sukar cin hanci da rashawa da ya wadata 'yan uwan Aliyev da na cikin gida na cikin gida". Mulkin Aliyev na kama-karya ya rufe kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu tare da murkushe jam'iyyun adawa yayin gudanar da zaben da ƙungiyoyin sa ido na kasa da kasa suka yi la'akari da cewa ba gaskiya ba ne. Baku ya kuma haramtawa masu sa ido na kasa da kasa daga kungiyoyi kamar Human Rights Watch da Amnesty International "wadanda suka rubuta yadda hukumomi ke amfani da azabtarwa akai-akai don fitar da ikirari na karya daga fursunonin siyasa da aka daure kan tuhume-tuhume". A cewar Reporters Without Borders, Shugaba Ilham Aliyev ya kaddamar da "sabon guguwar mummunar zalunci a kan sauran 'yan jarida na kasar" a ƙarshen shekarar 2023. An gurfanar da 'yan jarida daga Abzas Media mai zaman kanta, Toplum TV, da Meydan TV a cikin 2024 da 2025 a cikin fitina da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya suka bayyana a matsayin marasa adalci. An tsare dukkan ma'aikatan gidan labarai na Meydan TV a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024. A ranar 20 ga Yuni 2025, an yanke wa 'yan jarida bakwai daga Abzas Media da Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty (RFE / RL) hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na dogon lokaci a Azerbaijan. Marie Struthers, Darakta na Gabashin Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya na Amnesty International, ta ce: "Ta hanyar matsawa da aka ƙirƙiri zargin tattalin arziki a kan 'yan jarida da suka fallasa cin hanci da rashawa, hukumomin Azerbaijan suna aika saƙo mai ban tsoro ga duk wanda ke cikin ƙasar da ya yi ƙarfin hali ya kalubalanci su. ... Rashin siyasa a Azerbaijan a yau yana da ban tsoro, duk da haka ba mu da haka muna da haɗin kai, ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida game da shi daga al'ummar duniya, don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Cin hanci da rashawa ==   [[Fayil:Ilham_Aliyev_and_Mehriban_Aliyeva_-_2024.jpg|thumb|An bayyana mai mulkin kama-karya na Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev da matarsa Mehriban Aliyeva a matsayin "ƙaddamar da nepotism da kleptocracy" a Azerbaijan.]] Cin hanci da rashawa a Azerbaijan an dauke shi a duk fannoni na siyasar Azerbaijan. Iyalin da ke mulki sun haifar da tuhuma daga kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu daban-daban game da dukiyarsu mai yawa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da sayen kadarorin miliyoyin daloli a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]]. An dauki wasu matakai game da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-corruption policy in Azerbaijan |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222957/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |quote=Azerbaijan has made progress in preventing corruption in several sectors, such as public services delivery, traffic police and public education. Reforms have started in customs and business licensing. However, serious and complex corruption challenges have yet to be tackled. Addressing the corruption-prone areas requires stronger political will, efforts, and a healthy environment for broad stakeholder participation in the fight against corruption.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-corruption policy in Azerbaijan |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222957/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |quote=Awareness of various forms of corruption and public trust towards selected institutions increased in Azerbaijan since the previous monitoring. ACD in cooperation with the Commission on Combating Corruption (CCC) has engaged in awareness-raising activities. Azerbaijan is encouraged to use a systematic and targeted approach to anti-corruption awareness, plan measures for the corruption-prone sectors, adapt the activities to various target groups and allocate budget for implementation of the measures foreseen by the Action Plan.}}</ref> Batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa a cikin isar da sabis na jama'a sun k[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Asan_service" id="mwAoc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="ASAN service">ASAN] ɗaya daga cikin yankuna masu matsala a cikin ɓangaren jama'a. Don kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin isar da sabis na jama'a, an kafa sabon ma'aikatar rigakafi, wato, cibiyar kimanta sabis ta Azerbaijan (ASAN) (asan na nufin "mai sauƙi" a cikin Azerbaijani) ta hanyar Dokar Shugaban kasa a cikin 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jafarov |first=Kamal |date=31 July 2013 |title=Azerbaijan's one-stop public service shop is driving up efficiency |url=https://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2013/jul/31/azerbaijan-public-service-assessment-network |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131054047/https://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2013/jul/31/azerbaijan-public-service-assessment-network |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=27 November 2018 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu, wannan ma'aikatar tana ba da sabis 34 ga hukumomin jihohi 10. Ita ce samfurin isar da sabis na shagon farko a duniya don samar da sabis na hukumomin jihohi daban-daban maimakon kawai ayyukan jikin jihar ɗaya. Azerbaijan ta sanya hannu kan [[Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action Plan|Shirin Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa na Istanbul]] (Istanbul Action Plan, ko IAP) wanda ya shafi Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, da Uzbekistan da sauran kasashen ACN a shekara ta 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-Corruption Reforms in AZERBAIJAN |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222957/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |quote=The Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action Plan (Istanbul Action Plan, or IAP) was endorsed in 2003. It is the main sub-regional initiative in the framework of the OECD Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ACN). The Istanbul Action Plan covers Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan; the other ACN countries participate in its implementation.}}</ref> Aiwatar da shirin ya haɗa da bita na yau da kullun da tsarin tsarin shari'a da tsarin don yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin ƙasashen da aka rufe ta bangarorin da suka sanya hannu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Azerbaijan ta shiga cikin sa ido. Don bayanan rahotanni da sabuntawa duba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Istanbul Anti-corruption Action Plan country reports |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/acn/istanbulactionplancountryreports.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616165354/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/acn/istanbulactionplancountryreports.htm |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> == Kashewa da tilasta == A cewar Human Rights Watch, tun daga shekarar 2008, a wani bangare na yakin sabunta birane a Baku, an kori dubban masu gidaje daga gidajensu a sassa da dama na birnin domin samar da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren kasuwanci, da wuraren zama. Hakimin Baku ne ya tsara wannan tsari kuma ana gudanar da shi ba tare da gargadin da ya dace ba. Diyya da aka bayar sun yi ƙasa da ƙimar kasuwa. Mazauna yankin sun kuma ji cewa ba su da zabin samun nasara a kara a kotu idan sun shigar da kara. A wasu lokuta, ana ci gaba da rusa gidaje ba tare da la’akari da umarnin kotu da aka haramta yin hakan ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2012 |title=Azerbaijan: Rights Abuse Stains International Standing |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/01/22/azerbaijan-rights-abuse-stains-international-standing |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=hrw.org |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Kisan da aka tilasta ya kara muni a shekara ta 2011 bayan Azerbaijan ta lashe gasar Eurovision Song ta 2011, kuma tare da ita, haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin 2012. Wadannan korar sun fusata mutane da yawa kuma an fallasa su sosai a cikin manema labarai bayan an kori daruruwan don a gina Crystal Hall. == Hakkin LGBT == [[Fayil:Azerbaijan_in_LGBT_Pride_Germany.jpg|thumb|Masu fafutuka sun nuna rashin amincewa da cin zarafin LGBT a Azerbaijan a lokacin wani taro na 2015 a Jamus.]] Kamar a yawancin jihohin bayan Tarayyar Soviet, mutanen LGBT suna fuskantar ƙalubale da ba mazauna LGBT ba. Yayin da jima'i na jima'i ya kasance doka tun bayan soke dokokin hana luwadi na zamanin Soviet a cikin 2000, Azerbaijan ba ta da wata doka da ke kare mutanen LGBT, kuma yarda da jama'a na mutanen LGBT ya ragu. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta ILGA-Turai ta sanya Azerbaijan a matsayin kasa mafi muni a Turai don kare haƙƙin LGBT kowace shekara tun 2015. <ref name="ILGA-report-Azerbaijan">{{Cite web |title=Rainbow Europe - Azerbaijan |url=https://rainbow-europe.org/#8622/0/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105055156/https://rainbow-europe.org/#8622/0/0 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=29 December 2017 |publisher=ILGA}}</ref>{{excerpt|Labour rights in Azerbaijan}} == Rahotanni na kasa da kasa == A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2011, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta zartar da ƙuduri da ke Allah wadai da "rashin cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam" da kuma "matsi da sojojin adawa".<ref name="EP">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2011 |title=European Parliament resolution of 12 May 2011 on Azerbaijan |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P7-TA-2011-0243+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529030409/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT+TA+P7-TA-2011-0243+0+DOC+XML+V0%2F%2FEN&language=EN |archive-date=29 May 2012 |access-date=15 May 2011 |publisher=European Parliament}}</ref> Kudurin ya ambaci damuwa ga Eynulla Fatullaev, Jabbar Savalan, da sauran fursunoni da sunayensu, da kuma damuwar gaba daya game da "yawan yawan al'amura na musgunawa, hare-hare da cin zarafi ga kungiyoyin farar hula da masu fafutuka na sada zumunta da 'yan jarida a Azerbaijan". Duk da haka, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yaba da sakin masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo guda biyu tare da samar da sabbin kwamitoci na kwamitin hadin gwiwa na EU da Azerbaijan a fannin shari'a, 'yancin dan adam da dimokiradiyya, tare da mika godiyarta ga kasar Azerbaijan bisa gudummawar da ta bayar ga kawancen Gabas.<ref name="EP" /> A cikin watan Agustan 2017, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan tsare tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba ta buga rahoton aikinta ga Azerbaijan. Bisa gayyatar da gwamnati ta yi masa, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata akan tsarewar ba bisa ka'ida ba ta ziyarci Azerbaijan daga ranar 16 zuwa 25 ga Mayu 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention on itsmission to Azerbaijan |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/230/23/PDF/G1723023.pdf?OpenElement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829033631/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/230/23/PDF/G1723023.pdf?OpenElement |archive-date=29 August 2017 |access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref> A cikin watan Agustan 2022, kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da wariyar launin fata ya bayyana cin zarafin bil'adama da jami'an sojan Azabaijan suka yi kan mutanen kabilar Armeniya yayin rikicin Nagorno-Karabagh na 2020. Kwamitin ya bayyana matukar damuwarsa game da "mummunan take hakkin dan Adam da aka yi a lokacin yakin 2020 da kuma bayan da sojojin Azerbaijan suka yi a kan fursunonin yaki da sauran mutanen da ke da kariya daga kabila ko 'yan asalin Armeniya, ciki har da kisan gilla, azabtarwa da sauran cin zarafi da tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma lalata gidaje, makarantu, da sauran wuraren farar hula. " <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2022 |title=Concluding observations on the combined tenth to twelfth reports of Azerbaijan |url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/AZE/CERD_C_AZE_CO_10-12_49770_E.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003055825/https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/AZE/CERD_C_AZE_CO_10-12_49770_E.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin da ke cikin Nakhchivan == Ana ɗaukar haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin matalauta sosai a yankin Azerbaijan na Nakhchivan, wanda aka kira "[[Koriya ta Arewa]] ta Azerbaijan" ta Rediyo Free Europe / Radio Liberty a cikin 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2007 |title=In 'Azerbaijan's North Korea,' Journalist Crackdown Continues |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1079243.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811035211/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1079243.html |archive-date=11 August 2013 |access-date=10 March 2013 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> Nakhchivan jamhuriya ce mai cin gashin kanta, wacce a baya take karkashin gwamnan Vasif Talibov sama da shekaru 17 kafin ya yi murabus a shekarar 2022. An nuna damuwa game da zalunci na 'yan sanda, rashin hukunci, iyakancewa mai yawa kan' yanci na jama'a, da cin hanci da rashawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2010 |title=Azerbaijan's Dark Island: Human Rights Violations in Nakhchivan |url=http://nhc.no/filestore/Publikasjoner/Rapporter/2009/Azerbaijan_final_version.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719175422/http://www.nhc.no/filestore/Publikasjoner/Rapporter/2009/Azerbaijan_final_version.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2012 |access-date=10 March 2013 |publisher=Norwegian Helsinki Committee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aliyev |first=Kenan |date=8 July 2008 |title=Jailed For Not Paying A Bribe |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Jailed_For_Not_Taking_A_Bribe/1182518.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116072013/http://www.rferl.org/content/Jailed_For_Not_Taking_A_Bribe/1182518.html |archive-date=16 November 2011 |access-date=10 March 2013 |website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2011 |title=Impunity for torture in Nakhchivan |url=http://humanrightshouse.org/Articles/17398.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403154149/http://humanrightshouse.org/Articles/17398.html |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=10 March 2013 |publisher=Human Rights house}}</ref> An bayyana Nakhchivan a matsayin "dakunan gwaje-gwaje na danniya" wanda aka gwada hanyoyin danniya sannan kuma a yi amfani da su a kan babban sikeli a sauran Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journalist beaten unconscious in Azerbaijani exclave - Reporters Without Borders |url=http://en.rsf.org/azerbaijan-journalist-beaten-unconscious-in-23-08-2014,46836.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318210938/http://en.rsf.org/azerbaijan-journalist-beaten-unconscious-in-23-08-2014,46836.html |archive-date=18 March 2015 |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> == Yanayin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Azerbaijan tun 1991 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Tarihin tarihi |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Shekara | style="width:3em;" |'Yancin Siyasa | style="width:3em;" |'Yancin Jama'a | style="width:3em;" |Matsayi | style="width:3em;" |Shugaban kasa2 |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Ayaz Mutallibov |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Ayaz Mutallibov |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Abulfaz Elchibey |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2014 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2015 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2016 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2017 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2018 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2019 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2020 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2021 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2022 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2023 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |} |} == Dubi kuma == * Azerbaijan a cikin Majalisar Turai * 'Yanci na addini a Azerbaijan * Hakkin LGBT a Azerbaijan * zanga-zangar Baku ta 2019 * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Turai : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Ya zuwa 1 ga Janairu. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == nn36phcoi8p2xbbzoggsdzzrityx84v 976078 976076 2026-11-05T10:03:42Z A Salisu 14655 976078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A cewar RFE/RL, gwamnatin Azerbaijan "tana da dogon tarihi na yin amfani da tsarin shari'ar laifuka don rufe bakin abokan hamayyar siyasa da 'yan jarida da ke sukar cin hanci da rashawa da ya wadata 'yan uwan Aliyev da na cikin gida na cikin gida". Mulkin Aliyev na kama-karya ya rufe kafafen yada labarai masu zaman kansu tare da murkushe jam'iyyun adawa yayin gudanar da zaben da ƙungiyoyin sa ido na kasa da kasa suka yi la'akari da cewa ba gaskiya ba ne. Baku ya kuma haramtawa masu sa ido na kasa da kasa daga kungiyoyi kamar Human Rights Watch da Amnesty International "wadanda suka rubuta yadda hukumomi ke amfani da azabtarwa akai-akai don fitar da ikirari na karya daga fursunonin siyasa da aka daure kan tuhume-tuhume". A cewar Reporters Without Borders, Shugaba Ilham Aliyev ya kaddamar da "sabon guguwar mummunar zalunci a kan sauran 'yan jarida na kasar" a ƙarshen shekarar 2023. An gurfanar da 'yan jarida daga Abzas Media mai zaman kanta, Toplum TV, da Meydan TV a cikin 2024 da 2025 a cikin fitina da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na duniya suka bayyana a matsayin marasa adalci. An tsare dukkan ma'aikatan gidan labarai na Meydan TV a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024. A ranar 20 ga Yunin shekarar 2025, an yanke wa 'yan jarida bakwai daga Abzas Media da Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty (RFE / RL) hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na dogon lokaci a Azerbaijan. Marie Struthers, Darakta na Gabashin Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya na Amnesty International, ta ce: "Ta hanyar matsawa da aka ƙirƙiri zargin tattalin arziki a kan 'yan jarida da suka fallasa cin hanci da rashawa, hukumomin Azerbaijan suna aika saƙo mai ban tsoro ga duk wanda ke cikin ƙasar da ya yi ƙarfin hali ya kalubalanci su. ... Rashin siyasa a Azerbaijan a yau yana da ban tsoro, duk da haka ba mu da haka muna da haɗin kai, ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida game da shi daga al'ummar duniya, don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Cin hanci da rashawa ==   [[Fayil:Ilham_Aliyev_and_Mehriban_Aliyeva_-_2024.jpg|thumb|An bayyana mai mulkin kama-karya na Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev da matarsa Mehriban Aliyeva a matsayin "ƙaddamar da nepotism da kleptocracy" a Azerbaijan.]] Cin hanci da rashawa a Azerbaijan an dauke shi a duk fannoni na siyasar Azerbaijan. Iyalin da ke mulki sun haifar da tuhuma daga kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu daban-daban game da dukiyarsu mai yawa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar da sayen kadarorin miliyoyin daloli a [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]]. An dauki wasu matakai game da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-corruption policy in Azerbaijan |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222957/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |quote=Azerbaijan has made progress in preventing corruption in several sectors, such as public services delivery, traffic police and public education. Reforms have started in customs and business licensing. However, serious and complex corruption challenges have yet to be tackled. Addressing the corruption-prone areas requires stronger political will, efforts, and a healthy environment for broad stakeholder participation in the fight against corruption.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-corruption policy in Azerbaijan |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222957/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |quote=Awareness of various forms of corruption and public trust towards selected institutions increased in Azerbaijan since the previous monitoring. ACD in cooperation with the Commission on Combating Corruption (CCC) has engaged in awareness-raising activities. Azerbaijan is encouraged to use a systematic and targeted approach to anti-corruption awareness, plan measures for the corruption-prone sectors, adapt the activities to various target groups and allocate budget for implementation of the measures foreseen by the Action Plan.}}</ref> Batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa a cikin isar da sabis na jama'a sun k[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Asan_service" id="mwAoc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="ASAN service">ASAN] ɗaya daga cikin yankuna masu matsala a cikin ɓangaren jama'a. Don kawar da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin isar da sabis na jama'a, an kafa sabon ma'aikatar rigakafi, wato, cibiyar kimanta sabis ta Azerbaijan (ASAN) (asan na nufin "mai sauƙi" a cikin Azerbaijani) ta hanyar Dokar Shugaban kasa a cikin 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jafarov |first=Kamal |date=31 July 2013 |title=Azerbaijan's one-stop public service shop is driving up efficiency |url=https://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2013/jul/31/azerbaijan-public-service-assessment-network |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131054047/https://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2013/jul/31/azerbaijan-public-service-assessment-network |archive-date=31 January 2017 |access-date=27 November 2018 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu, wannan ma'aikatar tana ba da sabis 34 ga hukumomin jihohi 10. Ita ce samfurin isar da sabis na shagon farko a duniya don samar da sabis na hukumomin jihohi daban-daban maimakon kawai ayyukan jikin jihar ɗaya. Azerbaijan ta sanya hannu kan [[Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action Plan|Shirin Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa na Istanbul]] (Istanbul Action Plan, ko IAP) wanda ya shafi Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, da Uzbekistan da sauran kasashen ACN a shekara ta 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-Corruption Reforms in AZERBAIJAN |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813222957/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/anti-bribery/Azerbaijan-Round-4-Monitoring-Report-ENG.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2017 |quote=The Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action Plan (Istanbul Action Plan, or IAP) was endorsed in 2003. It is the main sub-regional initiative in the framework of the OECD Anti-Corruption Network for Eastern Europe and Central Asia (ACN). The Istanbul Action Plan covers Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan; the other ACN countries participate in its implementation.}}</ref> Aiwatar da shirin ya haɗa da bita na yau da kullun da tsarin tsarin shari'a da tsarin don yaki da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin ƙasashen da aka rufe ta bangarorin da suka sanya hannu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Azerbaijan ta shiga cikin sa ido. Don bayanan rahotanni da sabuntawa duba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Istanbul Anti-corruption Action Plan country reports |url=http://www.oecd.org/corruption/acn/istanbulactionplancountryreports.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616165354/http://www.oecd.org/corruption/acn/istanbulactionplancountryreports.htm |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> == Kashewa da tilasta == A cewar Human Rights Watch, tun daga shekarar 2008, a wani bangare na yakin sabunta birane a Baku, an kori dubban masu gidaje daga gidajensu a sassa da dama na birnin domin samar da wuraren shakatawa, wuraren kasuwanci, da wuraren zama. Hakimin Baku ne ya tsara wannan tsari kuma ana gudanar da shi ba tare da gargadin da ya dace ba. Diyya da aka bayar sun yi ƙasa da ƙimar kasuwa. Mazauna yankin sun kuma ji cewa ba su da zabin samun nasara a kara a kotu idan sun shigar da kara. A wasu lokuta, ana ci gaba da rusa gidaje ba tare da la’akari da umarnin kotu da aka haramta yin hakan ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2012 |title=Azerbaijan: Rights Abuse Stains International Standing |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/01/22/azerbaijan-rights-abuse-stains-international-standing |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=hrw.org |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Kisan da aka tilasta ya kara muni a shekara ta 2011 bayan Azerbaijan ta lashe gasar Eurovision Song ta 2011, kuma tare da ita, haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin 2012. Wadannan korar sun fusata mutane da yawa kuma an fallasa su sosai a cikin manema labarai bayan an kori daruruwan don a gina Crystal Hall. == Hakkin LGBT == [[Fayil:Azerbaijan_in_LGBT_Pride_Germany.jpg|thumb|Masu fafutuka sun nuna rashin amincewa da cin zarafin LGBT a Azerbaijan a lokacin wani taro na 2015 a Jamus.]] Kamar a yawancin jihohin bayan Tarayyar Soviet, mutanen LGBT suna fuskantar ƙalubale da ba mazauna LGBT ba. Yayin da jima'i na jima'i ya kasance doka tun bayan soke dokokin hana luwadi na zamanin Soviet a cikin 2000, Azerbaijan ba ta da wata doka da ke kare mutanen LGBT, kuma yarda da jama'a na mutanen LGBT ya ragu. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta ILGA-Turai ta sanya Azerbaijan a matsayin kasa mafi muni a Turai don kare haƙƙin LGBT kowace shekara tun 2015. <ref name="ILGA-report-Azerbaijan">{{Cite web |title=Rainbow Europe - Azerbaijan |url=https://rainbow-europe.org/#8622/0/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105055156/https://rainbow-europe.org/#8622/0/0 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |access-date=29 December 2017 |publisher=ILGA}}</ref>{{excerpt|Labour rights in Azerbaijan}} == Rahotanni na kasa da kasa == A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2011, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta zartar da ƙuduri da ke Allah wadai da "rashin cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam" da kuma "matsi da sojojin adawa".<ref name="EP">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2011 |title=European Parliament resolution of 12 May 2011 on Azerbaijan |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P7-TA-2011-0243+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529030409/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT+TA+P7-TA-2011-0243+0+DOC+XML+V0%2F%2FEN&language=EN |archive-date=29 May 2012 |access-date=15 May 2011 |publisher=European Parliament}}</ref> Kudurin ya ambaci damuwa ga Eynulla Fatullaev, Jabbar Savalan, da sauran fursunoni da sunayensu, da kuma damuwar gaba daya game da "yawan yawan al'amura na musgunawa, hare-hare da cin zarafi ga kungiyoyin farar hula da masu fafutuka na sada zumunta da 'yan jarida a Azerbaijan". Duk da haka, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta yaba da sakin masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo guda biyu tare da samar da sabbin kwamitoci na kwamitin hadin gwiwa na EU da Azerbaijan a fannin shari'a, 'yancin dan adam da dimokiradiyya, tare da mika godiyarta ga kasar Azerbaijan bisa gudummawar da ta bayar ga kawancen Gabas.<ref name="EP" /> A cikin watan Agustan 2017, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan tsare tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba ta buga rahoton aikinta ga Azerbaijan. Bisa gayyatar da gwamnati ta yi masa, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata akan tsarewar ba bisa ka'ida ba ta ziyarci Azerbaijan daga ranar 16 zuwa 25 ga Mayu 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention on itsmission to Azerbaijan |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/230/23/PDF/G1723023.pdf?OpenElement |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829033631/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/230/23/PDF/G1723023.pdf?OpenElement |archive-date=29 August 2017 |access-date=28 August 2017}}</ref> A cikin watan Agustan 2022, kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da wariyar launin fata ya bayyana cin zarafin bil'adama da jami'an sojan Azabaijan suka yi kan mutanen kabilar Armeniya yayin rikicin Nagorno-Karabagh na 2020. Kwamitin ya bayyana matukar damuwarsa game da "mummunan take hakkin dan Adam da aka yi a lokacin yakin 2020 da kuma bayan da sojojin Azerbaijan suka yi a kan fursunonin yaki da sauran mutanen da ke da kariya daga kabila ko 'yan asalin Armeniya, ciki har da kisan gilla, azabtarwa da sauran cin zarafi da tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma lalata gidaje, makarantu, da sauran wuraren farar hula. " <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2022 |title=Concluding observations on the combined tenth to twelfth reports of Azerbaijan |url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/AZE/CERD_C_AZE_CO_10-12_49770_E.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003055825/https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/AZE/CERD_C_AZE_CO_10-12_49770_E.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |website=UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin da ke cikin Nakhchivan == Ana ɗaukar haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin matalauta sosai a yankin Azerbaijan na Nakhchivan, wanda aka kira "[[Koriya ta Arewa]] ta Azerbaijan" ta Rediyo Free Europe / Radio Liberty a cikin 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2007 |title=In 'Azerbaijan's North Korea,' Journalist Crackdown Continues |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1079243.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811035211/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1079243.html |archive-date=11 August 2013 |access-date=10 March 2013 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> Nakhchivan jamhuriya ce mai cin gashin kanta, wacce a baya take karkashin gwamnan Vasif Talibov sama da shekaru 17 kafin ya yi murabus a shekarar 2022. An nuna damuwa game da zalunci na 'yan sanda, rashin hukunci, iyakancewa mai yawa kan' yanci na jama'a, da cin hanci da rashawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2010 |title=Azerbaijan's Dark Island: Human Rights Violations in Nakhchivan |url=http://nhc.no/filestore/Publikasjoner/Rapporter/2009/Azerbaijan_final_version.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719175422/http://www.nhc.no/filestore/Publikasjoner/Rapporter/2009/Azerbaijan_final_version.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2012 |access-date=10 March 2013 |publisher=Norwegian Helsinki Committee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aliyev |first=Kenan |date=8 July 2008 |title=Jailed For Not Paying A Bribe |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Jailed_For_Not_Taking_A_Bribe/1182518.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116072013/http://www.rferl.org/content/Jailed_For_Not_Taking_A_Bribe/1182518.html |archive-date=16 November 2011 |access-date=10 March 2013 |website=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2011 |title=Impunity for torture in Nakhchivan |url=http://humanrightshouse.org/Articles/17398.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403154149/http://humanrightshouse.org/Articles/17398.html |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=10 March 2013 |publisher=Human Rights house}}</ref> An bayyana Nakhchivan a matsayin "dakunan gwaje-gwaje na danniya" wanda aka gwada hanyoyin danniya sannan kuma a yi amfani da su a kan babban sikeli a sauran Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Journalist beaten unconscious in Azerbaijani exclave - Reporters Without Borders |url=http://en.rsf.org/azerbaijan-journalist-beaten-unconscious-in-23-08-2014,46836.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318210938/http://en.rsf.org/azerbaijan-journalist-beaten-unconscious-in-23-08-2014,46836.html |archive-date=18 March 2015 |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> == Yanayin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Azerbaijan tun 1991 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Tarihin tarihi |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Shekara | style="width:3em;" |'Yancin Siyasa | style="width:3em;" |'Yancin Jama'a | style="width:3em;" |Matsayi | style="width:3em;" |Shugaban kasa2 |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Ayaz Mutallibov |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Ayaz Mutallibov |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Abulfaz Elchibey |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |6 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Heydar Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2014 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2015 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2016 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2017 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2018 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2019 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2020 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2021 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2022 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |- align="center" | align="left" |2023 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |7 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |Ilham Aliyev |} |} == Dubi kuma == * Azerbaijan a cikin Majalisar Turai * 'Yanci na addini a Azerbaijan * Hakkin LGBT a Azerbaijan * zanga-zangar Baku ta 2019 * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Turai : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Ya zuwa 1 ga Janairu. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == 76jwquyrp3ddlv70u3gj09a7ntmx3wn 0 107325 976068 867822 2026-11-05T09:58:12Z A Salisu 14655 976068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kundin Tsarin mulki na kasar ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a [[Georgia]]. Akwai mai kare hakkin dan adam mai zaman kansa na Georgia wanda majalisar ta zaba don tabbatar da cewa ana aiwatar da irin waɗannan hakkoki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=საქართველოს სახალხო დამცველი |url=https://ombudsman.ge/ |website=ombudsman.ge}}</ref> Koyaya, [[Amnesty International]] ta yi zargin cewa, <ref>[http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/europe-central-asia/georgia Amnesty International on Georgia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724095941/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/europe-central-asia/georgia|date=July 24, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Georgia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/eastern-europe-and-central-asia/georgia/ |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|''Human Rights Watch'']],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/georgia|title=Share this via Facebook|chapter=Georgia: Events of 2022|date=January 12, 2023|via=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da 'yan adawar Georgia<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090226174937/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eur/119080.htm US State Department ''Human rights report on Georgia 2009'']</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgia Media Centre |url=http://georgiamediacentre.com/search/node/human%20rights |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225234540/http://georgiamediacentre.com/search/node/human%20rights |archive-date=February 25, 2012}}</ref> galibi ana keta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgia Media Centre |url=http://georgiamediacentre.com/search/node/human%20rights |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225234540/http://georgiamediacentre.com/search/node/human%20rights |archivedate=February 25, 2012}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 20% na yankin abin da ya kasance SSR ta Georgia yana cikin rikici (an gan shi kamar yadda aka shagaltar da shi a ra'ayin gwamnatin Georgia a Tbilisi, da kuma wasu ƙasashe da yawa); <ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional risks - Georgia travel advice |url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/georgia/regional-risks |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> akwai zarge-zargen cin zarafin ɗan adam a waɗannan yankuna na [[Abkhazia]] da Ossetia ta Kudu. == 'Yancin' yan tsiraru == Gwamnatin Georgia ta ɗauki matakai masu kyau don kare tsirarun addinai. Tun bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci, hare-haren da ake kai wa mabambantan addinai ya ragu, kuma mahukunta sun kama wani jagoran wadannan hare-haren Basil Mkalavishvili tare da tsare shi. Firayim Minista Zurab Jvania ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan ba wa ƙungiyoyin addini damar karɓuwa daga jihar, amma ya fuskanci adawa mai yawa daga gwamnatinsa: nasa shugaban ya ce ya kamata jihar ta yi abin da za ta iya don 'kare Jojiya daga mummunan tasirin baƙi.' Duk da gyare-gyaren da ya ba wa tsirarun majami'u damar yin rajistar kansu a shekara ta 2005, cocin Orthodox na Jojiya yana da rinjaye mai yawa a Jojiya, yayin da ƙungiyoyin tsiraru ke da wuya su gina wuraren ibada. Yarjejeniyar 2002 tsakanin G.O.C. kuma gwamnatin Jojiya tana kan aiki, wanda ke ba Cocin Orthodox na Jojiya matsayi mai gata a Jojiya, kuma ya ba ta iko a kan dukan al'amuran addini. Ikklisiya ce kaɗai ke da matsayin ba tare da biyan haraji ba, kuma galibi ana tuntuɓar ta a cikin lamuran gwamnati. Tare da kasancewa ba tare da haraji ba, Cocin Orthodox na Jojiya kuma yana samun wasu kudade daga gwamnati kuma. Babban dalilin haka shi ne, Cocin ya kasance mai himma sosai wajen raya al'adun kasar kuma kamar yadda a yawancin kasashen Gabashin Orthodox, layin da ke tsakanin al'adu da addini ya dushe. Jojiya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Tsare-tsare na Kariya na Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa (FCNM) a cikin 2005. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu "Haƙuri" sun nuna a cikin 2008 cewa yawancin batutuwa na FCPNM an kebe su daga cikakken aiwatarwa ta majalisar dokokin Jojiya. Musamman, tanade-tanade game da cikakken magana a cikin harsunan tsiraru a cikin al'amuran al'adu, ilimi da gudanarwa sun lalace, iƙirarin haƙuri. Alal misali, adadin makarantun Azarbaijan ya ragu, kuma an ba da misali da batun naɗa shugabanni a makarantun Azabaijan waɗanda ba sa jin Azabaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alternative report on the implementation by Georgia of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in the region of Kvemo Kartli - Tbilisi, 2008 - p. 58-59 |url=http://www.minelres.lv/reports/georgia/Shadow_Report_Georgia_2008.pdf}}</ref> An aiwatar da dabarun kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Maris 2023. <ref name="EC">{{Cite web |title=Press corner |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/QANDA_23_5626 |website=European Commission - European Commission}}</ref> == 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki da na kafofin watsa labarai == '‘Yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai gaba daya ana bayar da su ne a Jojiya amma kash akwai lokutan da ba musamman a lokacin zanga-zangar Georgian ta 2007, ‘yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma sun kai hari a hedkwatar tashar Imedi, lamarin da ya kai ga harabar zanga-zangar.<ref>CNN, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071109102405/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/11/07/georgia.crisis.ap/index.html Georgia: State of emergency called], 7.11.2007</ref> A shekarar 2023, kasar ta inganta matsayinta a kididdigar 'yancin 'yan jarida ta duniya daga lamba 89 zuwa lamba 77.<ref name="EC">{{Cite web |title=Press corner |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/QANDA_23_5626 |website=European Commission - European Commission}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/QANDA_23_5626 "Press corner"]. ''European Commission - European Commission''.</cite></ref> == Cin zarafin fursunoni == Tsawon shekaru, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun bukaci shugaba Saakashvili da gwamnatinsa da su duba irin ta'asar da ake zarginsu da aikatawa a gidajen yarin Jojiya. A shekara ta 2010 Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Turai ta ba da rahoton "Yanayin rayuwa a gidajen yari da sansanonin fursunoni na Georgia - wanda kuma aka fi sani da suna a matsayin "kayan gyaran fuska" - ba su haifar da ingantacciyar sakamako ga fursunoni ba. suna guje wa sunaye masu azabtarwa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, wadatar kula da lafiya a cikin kurkuku da sansanoni ba ta isa ba wanda ya haifar da mace-mace mai yawa a cikin kurkukun Georgia. Ana watsi da haƙƙin ɗan adam na fursunoni kawai. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davitaia |first=Prof. Dr. Avtandil |title=ISHR Georgia Report 2010: Prison Conditions in the Republic of Georgia |url=http://www.ishr.org/ISHR-Georgia-Report-2010-Prison-Conditions-in-the-Republic-of-G.1367.0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101214018/http://www.ishr.org/ISHR-Georgia-Report-2010-Prison-Conditions-in-the-Republic-of-G.1367.0.html |archive-date=2015-01-01 |access-date= |publisher=International Society for Human Rights (ISHR)}}</ref> Sauran kungiyoyi da yawa sun gargadi gwamnatin Saakashvili, gami da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a cikin 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 Human Rights Report: Georgia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eur/119080.htm |access-date=February 25, 2009 |website=2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices |publisher=US Department of State}}</ref> Duk da gargaɗin da duniya ta yi wa gwamnatin Saakashvili, Jam'iyyar United National Movement Party game da 'yancin ɗan adam a gidajen yarin Jojiya, ƙungiyoyin sa ido sun ba da rahoton kaɗan ko babu wani ci gaba.<ref>[https://civil.ge/archives/430964 Opposition, Activists, Tbilisi Pride Hold Silent Rally ‘for Freedom’], 7 July 2021</ref> Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta yi kakkausar suka ga cin zarafin fursunoni tare da yin kira ga hukumomin Jojiya da su hukunta masu laifin. A cikin wata sanarwa da ta fitar, Catherine Ashton, jami'ar kula da harkokin wajen EU ta ce ta yi matukar kaduwa da faifan bidiyo masu ban mamaki na cin zarafin da aka yi wa fursunonin da ke gidan yarin Gldani. Yana da matukar muhimmanci a gudanar da bincike kan wadannan da sauran abubuwan da suka faru cikin tsanaki tare da hukunta wadanda ke da hannu a lamarin. <ref name="www.un.org">{{Cite web |title=Georgia: UN condemns prisoner abuses exposed in television footage |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42949&Cr=Georgia&Cr1= |access-date=21 September 2012 |website=UN News Centre |publisher=www.un.org}}</ref> Rupert Colville, mai magana da yawun ofishin kare hakkin bil'adama na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a Geneva, ya bukaci Jojiya da ta "gazawa, ba tare da nuna son kai ba kuma cikin inganci" ta binciki dukkan lamuran cin zarafi tare da daukar matakai "don tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da gidajen yari da wuraren tsare mutane daidai da dokokin kasa da kasa da ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama".<ref name="www.un.org">{{Cite web |title=Georgia: UN condemns prisoner abuses exposed in television footage |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42949&Cr=Georgia&Cr1= |access-date=21 September 2012 |website=UN News Centre |publisher=www.un.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42949&Cr=Georgia&Cr1= "Georgia: UN condemns prisoner abuses exposed in television footage"]. ''UN News Centre''. www.un.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> Tambayoyin kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama a duniya sun zo ne bayan damuwar kasa da kasa game da zabukan gaskiya da adalci a Jojiya a shekara ta 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EU newcomers urge fair polls in Georgia |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/georgia-politics.idr |access-date=17 September 2012 |publisher=www.eubusiness.com}}</ref> == 2013 sakin fursunonin siyasa == A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2013 mutane 190 da Majalisar Jojiya ta ayyana fursunonin siyasa ne aka saki daga gidan yari a karkashin wata dokar afuwa da 'yan majalisar dokokin Georgian Dream suka dauki nauyin yi, wadda ta zartar a shekarar 2012 kan veto na shugaban kasar mai barin gado Mikheil Saakashvili.<ref name="NYT011313">{{cite news |author=Olesya Vartanyan |date=January 13, 2013 |title=Georgia Frees 190 Inmates Deemed Political Prisoners |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/14/world/europe/georgia-frees-190-inmates-deemed-political-prisoners.html |access-date=January 14, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> == Rikicin adawa da LGBT da zanga-zangar adawa == [[File:Georgians_protesting_against_homophobia_in_downtown_Tbilisi.jpg|thumb|'Yan Georgia suna zanga-zanga game da wariyar launin fata a gaban majalisa bayan tashin hankali na LGBT]] A lokacin watan alfahari na 2021, masu gwagwarmayar LGBTQ na Georgia sun dakatar da wani shirin alfahari bayan masu zanga-zangar adawa da LGBT sun mamaye hedikwatar Tbilisi Pride kuma sun kai hari kan kimanin 'yan jarida 50.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=6 July 2021 |title=Georgian LGBT Activists Call Off Pride March After Violent Attacks |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-lgbt-pride-attacks/31342136.html |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref> Masu zanga-zangar adawa da LGBT sun zargi 'yan jarida da cin zarafin al'adun gargajiya na Georgia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ჟურნალისტების სია, რომლებსაც ძალადობრივი ჯგუფები თავს დაესხნენ |url=https://www.mediachecker.ge/ka/mediagaremo/article/88604-dashavebuli-zhurnalistebis-sia |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=www.mediachecker.ge |language=ka}}</ref> Tbilisi Pride ta zargi gwamnati da coci da karfafa "babban gwagwarmaya" a kan al'ummar lesbian, gay, bisexual, da transgender (LGBT) da kuma kasa kare haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa.<ref name=":02" /> Bayan wata rana da aka yi ta nuna bacin ransu kan tashe-tashen hankula, dubban mutane ne suka taru domin nuna adawa da nuna kyama a gaban majalisar dokokin kasar Georgia, inda suka kaddamar da tutar bakan gizo a yayin da mahalarta taron ke murna da rera taken kasar Georgia.<ref>[https://civil.ge/archives/430964 Opposition, Activists, Tbilisi Pride Hold Silent Rally ‘for Freedom’], 7 July 2021</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/netgazeti/status/1412523047769280522 Netgazeti], 7 July 2021</ref> Gabaɗaya, gwamnatin Georgia ta kama mutane 102 dangane da rikice-rikicen adawa da LGBT; 68 daga cikinsu an sake su a kan beli kuma an bar sauran a tsare har sai an yi musu shari'a.<ref>[https://civil.ge/archives/430994 102 Detained as Far-Right Rallies Again], Civil Georgia, 07/07/2021</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin 2021, Kotun Birnin Tbilisi ta musanta belin kuma ta ba da umarnin tsare ƙarin mambobi 4 na kungiyar ta'addanci kafin shari'a. A lokacin sauraron farko, alƙalin ya yanke shawarar cewa ayyukan waɗannan masu gwagwarmayar adawa da LGBT "banda kasancewa mai laifi, suna lalata kwanciyar hankali na jihar. Suna da duhu da kunya..."<ref>[https://jam-news.net/judge-denies-bail-to-those-accused-of-attacking-journalists-in-georgia/ Judge denies bail to those accused of attacking journalists in Georgia ], JAM News, 09.07.2021</ref> == Georgia ta gabatar da lissafin don cire duk kariya ta LGBT == Wani lissafin da aka gabatar a cikin 2024 yana neman cire duk kariya ga mutanen LGBT, haramta "ma'aurata na daban," yin zama ba bisa ka'ida ba, cire duk sanarwa ga masu canza launin fata a kan takardun ainihi, da kuma haramta duk nuni na jama'a na LGBT.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=September 20, 2024 |title=Press Review - Georgia transgender model murdered as lawmakers pass anti LGBTQ bill |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/press-review/20240920-georgia-transgender-model-murdered-as-lawmakers-pass-anti-lgbtq-bill |website=France 24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansford |first=Amelia |date=September 19, 2024 |title=Trans model found dead in Georgia's capital Tbilisi |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/09/19/georgia-kesaria-abdramidze-found-dead/ |website=PinkNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Service |first=RFE/RL's Georgian |title=Well-Known Georgian Transgender Model Stabbed To Death |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kesaria-abramidze-killing-lgbt-rights-georgia/33126132.html |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref> Majalisar dokokin Georgia ta zartar da dokar a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba. [[Tarayyar Turai]], da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam daban-daban sun yi Allah wadai da hukuncin.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgia's parliament approves law curbing LGBTQ rights |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/17/georgias-parliament-approves-law-curbing-lgbtq-rights |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2024 |title=Georgia: Halt legislative assault on LGBTI rights |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/03/georgia-halt-legislative-assault-on-lgbti-rights/ |website=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2024 |title=Georgia: Halt legislative assault on LGBTI rights |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/03/georgia-halt-legislative-assault-on-lgbti-rights/ |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Yanayin tarihi == Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar Georgia tun daga 1 a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga kowace shekara. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Tarihin tarihi |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Shekara | style="width:3em;" |'Yancin Siyasa | style="width:3em;" |'Yancin Jama'a | style="width:3em;" |Matsayi | style="width:3em;" |Shugaban kasa / Shugaban kasa2 |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |[[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Zviad Gamsakhurdia |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Nino Burjanadze <small>'' (aiki) ''</small> |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Mikheil Saakashvili]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Mikheil Saakashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Mikheil Saakashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Nino Burjanadze <small>'' (aiki) ''</small> |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Mikheil Saakashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Mikheil Saakashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Mikheil Saakashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Mikheil Saakashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Mikheil Saakashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2014 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Giorgi Margvelashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2015 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Giorgi Margvelashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2016 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Giorgi Margvelashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2017 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Giorgi Margvelashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2018 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Giorgi Margvelashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2019 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Salome Zourabichvili|Salome Zurabishvili]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2020 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Salome Zurabishvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2021 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Salome Zurabishvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2022 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Salome Zurabishvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2023 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Salome Zurabishvili |} |} == Dubi kuma == * Tsayar da Intanet da sa ido a Georgia * Hakkin LGBT a Georgia (ƙasa) * Harin 2021 a kan Tbilisi Pride * Shari'ar kisan kai ta Sandro Girgvliani == Bayani == : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Ya zuwa Janairu 1. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == cl5pjarz68i2aoj6maaluonbdg2r95h 976069 976068 2026-11-05T09:59:44Z A Salisu 14655 976069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kundin Tsarin mulki na kasar ya tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a [[Georgia]]. Akwai mai kare hakkin dan adam mai zaman kansa na Georgia wanda majalisar ta zaba don tabbatar da cewa ana aiwatar da irin waɗannan hakkoki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=საქართველოს სახალხო დამცველი |url=https://ombudsman.ge/ |website=ombudsman.ge}}</ref> Koyaya, [[Amnesty International]] ta yi zargin cewa, <ref>[http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/europe-central-asia/georgia Amnesty International on Georgia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724095941/http://thereport.amnesty.org/en/regions/europe-central-asia/georgia|date=July 24, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Georgia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/eastern-europe-and-central-asia/georgia/ |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|''Human Rights Watch'']],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/georgia|title=Share this via Facebook|chapter=Georgia: Events of 2022|date=January 12, 2023|via=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da 'yan adawar Georgia<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090226174937/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eur/119080.htm US State Department ''Human rights report on Georgia 2009'']</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgia Media Centre |url=http://georgiamediacentre.com/search/node/human%20rights |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225234540/http://georgiamediacentre.com/search/node/human%20rights |archive-date=February 25, 2012}}</ref> galibi ana keta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgia Media Centre |url=http://georgiamediacentre.com/search/node/human%20rights |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225234540/http://georgiamediacentre.com/search/node/human%20rights |archivedate=February 25, 2012}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, kusan kashi 20% na yankin abin da ya kasance SSR ta Georgia yana cikin rikici (an gan shi kamar yadda aka shagaltar da shi a ra'ayin gwamnatin Georgia a Tbilisi, da kuma wasu ƙasashe da yawa); <ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional risks - Georgia travel advice |url=https://www.gov.uk/foreign-travel-advice/georgia/regional-risks |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> akwai zarge-zargen cin zarafin ɗan adam a waɗannan yankuna na [[Abkhazia]] da Ossetia ta Kudu. == 'Yancin' yan tsiraru == Gwamnatin Georgia ta ɗauki matakai masu kyau don kare tsirarun addinai. Tun bayan juyin juya halin Musulunci, hare-haren da ake kai wa mabambantan addinai ya ragu, kuma mahukunta sun kama wani jagoran wadannan hare-haren Basil Mkalavishvili tare da tsare shi. Firayim Minista Zurab Jvania ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan ba wa ƙungiyoyin addini damar karɓuwa daga jihar, amma ya fuskanci adawa mai yawa daga gwamnatinsa: nasa shugaban ya ce ya kamata jihar ta yi abin da za ta iya don 'kare Jojiya daga mummunan tasirin baƙi.' Duk da gyare-gyaren da ya ba wa tsirarun majami'u damar yin rajistar kansu a shekara ta 2005, cocin Orthodox na Jojiya yana da rinjaye mai yawa a Jojiya, yayin da ƙungiyoyin tsiraru ke da wuya su gina wuraren ibada. Yarjejeniyar shekarar 2002 tsakanin G.O.C. kuma gwamnatin Jojiya tana kan aiki, wanda ke ba Cocin Orthodox na Jojiya matsayi mai gata a Jojiya, kuma ya ba ta iko a kan dukan al'amuran addini. Ikklisiya ce kaɗai ke da matsayin ba tare da biyan haraji ba, kuma galibi ana tuntuɓar ta a cikin lamuran gwamnati. Tare da kasancewa ba tare da haraji ba, Cocin Orthodox na Jojiya kuma yana samun wasu kudade daga gwamnati kuma. Babban dalilin haka shi ne, Cocin ya kasance mai himma sosai wajen raya al'adun kasar kuma kamar yadda a yawancin kasashen Gabashin Orthodox, layin da ke tsakanin al'adu da addini ya dushe. Jojiya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Tsare-tsare na Kariya na Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa (FCNM) a cikin 2005. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu "Haƙuri" sun nuna a cikin 2008 cewa yawancin batutuwa na FCPNM an kebe su daga cikakken aiwatarwa ta majalisar dokokin Jojiya. Musamman, tanade-tanade game da cikakken magana a cikin harsunan tsiraru a cikin al'amuran al'adu, ilimi da gudanarwa sun lalace, iƙirarin haƙuri. Alal misali, adadin makarantun Azarbaijan ya ragu, kuma an ba da misali da batun naɗa shugabanni a makarantun Azabaijan waɗanda ba sa jin Azabaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alternative report on the implementation by Georgia of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in the region of Kvemo Kartli - Tbilisi, 2008 - p. 58-59 |url=http://www.minelres.lv/reports/georgia/Shadow_Report_Georgia_2008.pdf}}</ref> An aiwatar da dabarun kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Maris 2023. <ref name="EC">{{Cite web |title=Press corner |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/QANDA_23_5626 |website=European Commission - European Commission}}</ref> == 'Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki da na kafofin watsa labarai == '‘Yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai gaba daya ana bayar da su ne a Jojiya amma kash akwai lokutan da ba musamman a lokacin zanga-zangar Georgian ta 2007, ‘yan sandan kwantar da tarzoma sun kai hari a hedkwatar tashar Imedi, lamarin da ya kai ga harabar zanga-zangar.<ref>CNN, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071109102405/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/11/07/georgia.crisis.ap/index.html Georgia: State of emergency called], 7.11.2007</ref> A shekarar 2023, kasar ta inganta matsayinta a kididdigar 'yancin 'yan jarida ta duniya daga lamba 89 zuwa lamba 77.<ref name="EC">{{Cite web |title=Press corner |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/QANDA_23_5626 |website=European Commission - European Commission}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/QANDA_23_5626 "Press corner"]. ''European Commission - European Commission''.</cite></ref> == Cin zarafin fursunoni == Tsawon shekaru, kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun bukaci shugaba Saakashvili da gwamnatinsa da su duba irin ta'asar da ake zarginsu da aikatawa a gidajen yarin Jojiya. A shekara ta 2010 Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Turai ta ba da rahoton "Yanayin rayuwa a gidajen yari da sansanonin fursunoni na Georgia - wanda kuma aka fi sani da suna a matsayin "kayan gyaran fuska" - ba su haifar da ingantacciyar sakamako ga fursunoni ba. suna guje wa sunaye masu azabtarwa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, wadatar kula da lafiya a cikin kurkuku da sansanoni ba ta isa ba wanda ya haifar da mace-mace mai yawa a cikin kurkukun Georgia. Ana watsi da haƙƙin ɗan adam na fursunoni kawai. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davitaia |first=Prof. Dr. Avtandil |title=ISHR Georgia Report 2010: Prison Conditions in the Republic of Georgia |url=http://www.ishr.org/ISHR-Georgia-Report-2010-Prison-Conditions-in-the-Republic-of-G.1367.0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101214018/http://www.ishr.org/ISHR-Georgia-Report-2010-Prison-Conditions-in-the-Republic-of-G.1367.0.html |archive-date=2015-01-01 |access-date= |publisher=International Society for Human Rights (ISHR)}}</ref> Sauran kungiyoyi da yawa sun gargadi gwamnatin Saakashvili, gami da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a cikin 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 Human Rights Report: Georgia |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eur/119080.htm |access-date=February 25, 2009 |website=2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices |publisher=US Department of State}}</ref> Duk da gargaɗin da duniya ta yi wa gwamnatin Saakashvili, Jam'iyyar United National Movement Party game da 'yancin ɗan adam a gidajen yarin Jojiya, ƙungiyoyin sa ido sun ba da rahoton kaɗan ko babu wani ci gaba.<ref>[https://civil.ge/archives/430964 Opposition, Activists, Tbilisi Pride Hold Silent Rally ‘for Freedom’], 7 July 2021</ref> Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta yi kakkausar suka ga cin zarafin fursunoni tare da yin kira ga hukumomin Jojiya da su hukunta masu laifin. A cikin wata sanarwa da ta fitar, Catherine Ashton, jami'ar kula da harkokin wajen EU ta ce ta yi matukar kaduwa da faifan bidiyo masu ban mamaki na cin zarafin da aka yi wa fursunonin da ke gidan yarin Gldani. Yana da matukar muhimmanci a gudanar da bincike kan wadannan da sauran abubuwan da suka faru cikin tsanaki tare da hukunta wadanda ke da hannu a lamarin. <ref name="www.un.org">{{Cite web |title=Georgia: UN condemns prisoner abuses exposed in television footage |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42949&Cr=Georgia&Cr1= |access-date=21 September 2012 |website=UN News Centre |publisher=www.un.org}}</ref> Rupert Colville, mai magana da yawun ofishin kare hakkin bil'adama na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a Geneva, ya bukaci Jojiya da ta "gazawa, ba tare da nuna son kai ba kuma cikin inganci" ta binciki dukkan lamuran cin zarafi tare da daukar matakai "don tabbatar da cewa an gudanar da gidajen yari da wuraren tsare mutane daidai da dokokin kasa da kasa da ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama".<ref name="www.un.org">{{Cite web |title=Georgia: UN condemns prisoner abuses exposed in television footage |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42949&Cr=Georgia&Cr1= |access-date=21 September 2012 |website=UN News Centre |publisher=www.un.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42949&Cr=Georgia&Cr1= "Georgia: UN condemns prisoner abuses exposed in television footage"]. ''UN News Centre''. www.un.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> Tambayoyin kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama a duniya sun zo ne bayan damuwar kasa da kasa game da zabukan gaskiya da adalci a Jojiya a shekara ta 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=EU newcomers urge fair polls in Georgia |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/georgia-politics.idr |access-date=17 September 2012 |publisher=www.eubusiness.com}}</ref> == 2013 sakin fursunonin siyasa == A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2013 mutane 190 da Majalisar Jojiya ta ayyana fursunonin siyasa ne aka saki daga gidan yari a karkashin wata dokar afuwa da 'yan majalisar dokokin Georgian Dream suka dauki nauyin yi, wadda ta zartar a shekarar 2012 kan veto na shugaban kasar mai barin gado Mikheil Saakashvili.<ref name="NYT011313">{{cite news |author=Olesya Vartanyan |date=January 13, 2013 |title=Georgia Frees 190 Inmates Deemed Political Prisoners |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/14/world/europe/georgia-frees-190-inmates-deemed-political-prisoners.html |access-date=January 14, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> == Rikicin adawa da LGBT da zanga-zangar adawa == [[File:Georgians_protesting_against_homophobia_in_downtown_Tbilisi.jpg|thumb|'Yan Georgia suna zanga-zanga game da wariyar launin fata a gaban majalisa bayan tashin hankali na LGBT]] A lokacin watan alfahari na 2021, masu gwagwarmayar LGBTQ na Georgia sun dakatar da wani shirin alfahari bayan masu zanga-zangar adawa da LGBT sun mamaye hedikwatar Tbilisi Pride kuma sun kai hari kan kimanin 'yan jarida 50.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=6 July 2021 |title=Georgian LGBT Activists Call Off Pride March After Violent Attacks |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-lgbt-pride-attacks/31342136.html |access-date=2021-07-06 |language=en |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref> Masu zanga-zangar adawa da LGBT sun zargi 'yan jarida da cin zarafin al'adun gargajiya na Georgia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ჟურნალისტების სია, რომლებსაც ძალადობრივი ჯგუფები თავს დაესხნენ |url=https://www.mediachecker.ge/ka/mediagaremo/article/88604-dashavebuli-zhurnalistebis-sia |access-date=2021-07-06 |website=www.mediachecker.ge |language=ka}}</ref> Tbilisi Pride ta zargi gwamnati da coci da karfafa "babban gwagwarmaya" a kan al'ummar lesbian, gay, bisexual, da transgender (LGBT) da kuma kasa kare haƙƙin 'yan ƙasa.<ref name=":02" /> Bayan wata rana da aka yi ta nuna bacin ransu kan tashe-tashen hankula, dubban mutane ne suka taru domin nuna adawa da nuna kyama a gaban majalisar dokokin kasar Georgia, inda suka kaddamar da tutar bakan gizo a yayin da mahalarta taron ke murna da rera taken kasar Georgia.<ref>[https://civil.ge/archives/430964 Opposition, Activists, Tbilisi Pride Hold Silent Rally ‘for Freedom’], 7 July 2021</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/netgazeti/status/1412523047769280522 Netgazeti], 7 July 2021</ref> Gabaɗaya, gwamnatin Georgia ta kama mutane 102 dangane da rikice-rikicen adawa da LGBT; 68 daga cikinsu an sake su a kan beli kuma an bar sauran a tsare har sai an yi musu shari'a.<ref>[https://civil.ge/archives/430994 102 Detained as Far-Right Rallies Again], Civil Georgia, 07/07/2021</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin 2021, Kotun Birnin Tbilisi ta musanta belin kuma ta ba da umarnin tsare ƙarin mambobi 4 na kungiyar ta'addanci kafin shari'a. A lokacin sauraron farko, alƙalin ya yanke shawarar cewa ayyukan waɗannan masu gwagwarmayar adawa da LGBT "banda kasancewa mai laifi, suna lalata kwanciyar hankali na jihar. Suna da duhu da kunya..."<ref>[https://jam-news.net/judge-denies-bail-to-those-accused-of-attacking-journalists-in-georgia/ Judge denies bail to those accused of attacking journalists in Georgia ], JAM News, 09.07.2021</ref> == Georgia ta gabatar da lissafin don cire duk kariya ta LGBT == Wani lissafin da aka gabatar a cikin 2024 yana neman cire duk kariya ga mutanen LGBT, haramta "ma'aurata na daban," yin zama ba bisa ka'ida ba, cire duk sanarwa ga masu canza launin fata a kan takardun ainihi, da kuma haramta duk nuni na jama'a na LGBT.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=September 20, 2024 |title=Press Review - Georgia transgender model murdered as lawmakers pass anti LGBTQ bill |url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/press-review/20240920-georgia-transgender-model-murdered-as-lawmakers-pass-anti-lgbtq-bill |website=France 24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansford |first=Amelia |date=September 19, 2024 |title=Trans model found dead in Georgia's capital Tbilisi |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2024/09/19/georgia-kesaria-abdramidze-found-dead/ |website=PinkNews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Service |first=RFE/RL's Georgian |title=Well-Known Georgian Transgender Model Stabbed To Death |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kesaria-abramidze-killing-lgbt-rights-georgia/33126132.html |newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref> Majalisar dokokin Georgia ta zartar da dokar a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba. [[Tarayyar Turai]], da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam daban-daban sun yi Allah wadai da hukuncin.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Georgia's parliament approves law curbing LGBTQ rights |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/17/georgias-parliament-approves-law-curbing-lgbtq-rights |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2024 |title=Georgia: Halt legislative assault on LGBTI rights |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/03/georgia-halt-legislative-assault-on-lgbti-rights/ |website=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2024 |title=Georgia: Halt legislative assault on LGBTI rights |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/03/georgia-halt-legislative-assault-on-lgbti-rights/ |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> == Yanayin tarihi == Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar Georgia tun daga 1 a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga kowace shekara. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; " !Tarihin tarihi |- | style="padding:0; border:none;" | {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border-collapse:collapse;" width="100%" |- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;" | style="width:3em; text-align:left;" |Shekara | style="width:3em;" |'Yancin Siyasa | style="width:3em;" |'Yancin Jama'a | style="width:3em;" |Matsayi | style="width:3em;" |Shugaban kasa / Shugaban kasa2 |- align="center" | align="left" |1991 | style="background:#99f;" |6 | style="background:#99f;" |5 | style="background:#99f;" |Ba 'Yanci ba | style="background:#99f;" |[[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]] |- align="center" | align="left" |1992 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Zviad Gamsakhurdia |- align="center" | align="left" |1993 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |1994 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |1995 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |5 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |1996 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |1997 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |1998 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |1999 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |2000 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |2001 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |2002 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |2003 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Eduard Shevardnadze |- align="center" | align="left" |2004 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Nino Burjanadze <small>'' (aiki) ''</small> |- align="center" | align="left" |2005 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Mikheil Saakashvili]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2006 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Mikheil Saakashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2007 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Mikheil Saakashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2008 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Nino Burjanadze <small>'' (aiki) ''</small> |- align="center" | align="left" |2009 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Mikheil Saakashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2010 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Mikheil Saakashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2011 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Mikheil Saakashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2012 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Mikheil Saakashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2013 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Mikheil Saakashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2014 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Giorgi Margvelashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2015 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Giorgi Margvelashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2016 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Giorgi Margvelashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2017 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Giorgi Margvelashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2018 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Giorgi Margvelashvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2019 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |[[Salome Zourabichvili|Salome Zurabishvili]] |- align="center" | align="left" |2020 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Salome Zurabishvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2021 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Salome Zurabishvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2022 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Salome Zurabishvili |- align="center" | align="left" |2023 | style="background:#ff9;" |4 | style="background:#ff9;" |3 | style="background:#ff9;" |Wani bangare na 'yanci | style="background:#ff9;" |Salome Zurabishvili |} |} == Dubi kuma == * Tsayar da Intanet da sa ido a Georgia * Hakkin LGBT a Georgia (ƙasa) * Harin 2021 a kan Tbilisi Pride * Shari'ar kisan kai ta Sandro Girgvliani == Bayani == : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Ya zuwa Janairu 1. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == q0yd9c9dew1nswz6addeybkly07ekm1 0 107636 975963 890608 2026-11-04T21:51:55Z Alfurqan 14918 /* Bautar */ 975963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Hakkin dan adam a Afghanistan a karkashin mulkin [[Taliban]] an hana shi sosai kuma an dauke shi daga cikin mafi munin duniya. Dangane da rahoton 2024 na Freedom House, 'Yancin Siyasa an kiyasta shi da 1 daga cikin 40 tare da' Yancin Bil'adama a 5 daga cikin 60, tare da jimlar 6 daga cikin 100 saboda dalilai daban-daban ciki har da amma ba a iyakance su ba: haƙƙin mata, haƙƙin LGBTQ +, haƙƙin' yan tsiraru, azabtarwa, da' yancin magana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Afghanistan |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/afghanistan/report-afghanistan/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/afghanistan/freedom-world/2024 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Hakkin mata da 'yanci an hana su sosai, saboda an haramta su daga mafi yawan wuraren jama'a da aiki. Afghanistan ita ce kadai kasar a duniya da ta haramta ilimi ga mata sama da shekaru goma sha ɗaya. Manufofin Taliban game da mata an rarraba su a matsayin wariyar launin fata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Taliban’s Rule Is Fueling the Movement to End Gender Apartheid {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-talibans-rule-fueling-movement-end-gender-apartheid |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru kamar Hazaras, Uzbek, Turkmen, da Tajik suna fuskantar tsanantawa da fitarwa daga ƙasashensu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Afghanistan |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/afghanistan/report-afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> Hukumomi sun yi amfani da tashin hankali na jiki, hare-hare, kamawa da tsare-tsare, azabtarwa, tilasta bacewar masu gwagwarmaya da abokan adawar siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2022 |title=One year of the Taliban's broken promises, draconian restrictions and violence |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/08/afghanistan-one-year-of-the-talibans-broken-promises-draconian-restrictions-and-violence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204161214/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/08/afghanistan-one-year-of-the-talibans-broken-promises-draconian-restrictions-and-violence/ |archive-date=4 Feb 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fetrat |first=Sahar |title=One Year On, the Taliban Still Attacking Girls' Right to Education |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/24/one-year-taliban-still-attacking-girls-right-education |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325030259/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/24/one-year-taliban-still-attacking-girls-right-education |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Afghanistan: Taliban Forcibly Evict Minority Shia |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/22/afghanistan-taliban-forcibly-evict-minority-shia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022034417/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/22/afghanistan-taliban-forcibly-evict-minority-shia |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Joint Statement: Marking 3 Years of Taliban Oppression {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/16/joint-statement-marking-3-years-taliban-oppression |access-date=2024-10-25 |language=en}}</ref> Ana sarrafa kafofin watsa labarai sosai ba tare da kusan 'yanci ba, tare da sa ido mai zurfi da tsauri a cikin wasa. == Tarihi == A karkashin mulkin Zahir Shah, ana yawan girmama haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ya zuwa 1949,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Last King of Afghanistan Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/23/AR2007072300138.html |access-date=2020-10-20 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Firayim Ministan Afghanistan Shah Mahmud Khan, ya kara 'yancin' yan jarida, amma nan da nan aka juya waɗannan matakai. Dokar 'yan jarida wacce aka aiwatar a watan Yulin 1965, ta ba da 'yanci ga' yan jarida a karon farko.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvO-DAAAQBAJ&q=afghanistan+japan+germany+partition&pg=PA58|title=Afghanistan under Soviet Domination, 1964–91|last=Hyman|first=Anthony|date=2016-07-27|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349219483|language=en}}</ref> Yayin da ‘yan jaridu galibi ke da ‘yanci, a wasu lokutan Sarkin ya rufe kafafen yada labarai daga ‘yan adawa da ake ganin barazana ce. Jamhuriyyar Khalq ta gurguzu wacce ta mulki Afganistan bayan juyin juya halin Saur a shekara ta 1978 ta kasance mummunan hali, tare da murkushe adawa da karfi. Gwamnati ta sace tare da kashe dubban fursunoni, 'yan adawa farar hula na karkara.<ref>''Derailing Democracy in Afghanistan: Elections in an Unstable Political Landscape'' by Noah Coburn, Anna Larson.</ref> A cikin Afrilu 1987, Afghanistan ta amince da Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (CAT), wanda ke hana jihar azabtar da kowane mutum. Sabon shugaban Babrak Karmal ya yi alkawarin kawo karshen zaluncin Khalq, wanda wani bangare ya yi, amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da take hakkin dan Adam. Gwamnati tare da Soviets (a lokacin yakin Soviet-Afganistan) sun yi niyya ga matsugunan farar hula a yankunan karkara. A karkashin sauye-sauyen da Shugaba Mohammad Najibullah ya yi, an kara inganta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki amma duk da haka an tauye hakkin bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASW |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/WR92/ASW-01.htm |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990, an tafka ta'asa da dama daga wasu tsageru a kan fararen hula. Hare-haren rokoki ba gaira ba dalili a lokacin yakin Kabul, musamman wadanda mayakan Gulbuddin Hekmatyar suka kai, ya kashe dubban fararen hula. Kungiyar Taliban da ke mulki tun daga shekarar 1996 ta kakaba mata takunkumi mai tsauri, da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a bainar jama'a, tare da hana agajin kasa da kasa shiga kasar saboda yunwar da fararen hula ke fuskanta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-07-06 |title=Blood-Stained Hands {{!}} Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2005/07/06/blood-stained-hands/past-atrocities-kabul-and-afghanistans-legacy-impunity |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin shugaban kasa ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afganistan, wacce a baya ta yi mulkin Afganistan daga shekara ta 2004 har zuwa lokacin da kungiyar Taliban ta hambarar da ita a shekara ta 2021, tana da tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama mai karfi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta. An tanadi daftarin doka a babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afghanistan na 2004. 'Yancin rayuwa da 'yanci an kiyaye su bisa tsarin mulki, haka kuma 'yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya da kuma ɗaukan rashin laifi ga kowane mutum. Wanda hakan ya bai wa Jamhuriyar Musulunci wani tsari mai karfi na hakkin dan Adam wanda ya tabbata ga dukkan 'yan kasa.<ref name=":1" /> == Batutuwan 'Yancin Dan Adam na zamani == [[Fayil:Afghans_at_Ghazi_Stadium_in_2011.jpg|thumb|Magoya bayan Kwallon ƙafa a cikin Filin wasa na Ghazi a babban birnin [[Kabul]], wanda ke da kabilanci da yawa kuma birni mafi girma a Afghanistan.]] Yarjejeniyar Bonn ta 2001 ta kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Afganistan (AIHRC) a matsayin cibiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta kasa don karewa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma bincikar take haƙƙin ɗan adam da laifukan yaƙi. Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afghanistan na 2004 ya ƙarfafa kasancewar AIHRC. A yayin da ake ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula, tashe-tashen hankula da sake gina kasar, sau da yawa kan yi wuya a iya fahimtar hakikanin abin da ke faruwa, rahotanni daban-daban daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun zargi bangarori daban-daban na gwamnatin Afganistan da aikata laifukan take hakkin dan Adam.<ref name="Afghan abuse sentence 'lenient'">{{cite news |date=25 August 2005 |title=Afghan abuse sentence 'lenient' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4182952.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> Har ila yau, an yi amfani da wasu cin zarafin 'yan adam da sojoji na Amurka suka yi wa fararen hula na Afghanistan, musamman a cikin kurkukun Baghram inda fararen hula marasa laifi suka jimre da azabtarwa, yanayi na wulakanci, da kuma rashin mutunci. An soki Amurka sosai saboda yanke hukunci ga sojoji da ke da alhakin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=Afghanistan - Hagar USA |url=https://hagarusa.org/afghanistan/ |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=hagarusa.org |language=en-US}}</ref>Tsoffin shugabannin yaƙi na Afghanistan da manyan 'yan siyasa da Amurka ke tallafawa yayin korar Taliban suna da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa a shekara ta 2003 ciki har da satar mutane, fyade, fashi, da cin hanci da rashawa.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/press/2003/07/afghan072903.htm Afghanistan: Warlords Implicated in New Abuses] 29 July 2003</ref> Wasu daga cikin jami'an tsaron kasar Afganistan na da hannu wajen kashe fararen hula a hare-haren kasa da kuma hare-hare ta sama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan officials sanctioned murder, torture and rape, says report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/03/afghanistan-allies-sanctioned-torture-murder-report-human-rights-watch |access-date=3 March 2015 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is the Afghan air force trigger happy? Here's what the numbers say |url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2017/02/08/is-the-afghan-air-force-trigger-happy-here-s-what-the-numbers-say/ |access-date=8 February 2017 |publisher=Military Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan forces 'kill civilians' in ground raid and air strike |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-attacks/afghan-forces-kill-civilians-in-ground-raid-and-air-strike-idUSKBN1K310I |access-date=13 July 2018 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="Pajhwok">{{cite news |title=Khogyani elders claim 160 civilians killed in night riads |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/09/25/khogyani-elders-claim-160-civilians-killed-night-riads |access-date=26 September 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Social activists, residents seek halt to airstrikes targeting civilians |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/09/28/social-activists-residents-seek-halt-airstrikes-targeting-civilians |access-date=28 September 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Civilian casualties blamed on security operations |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/10/02/civilian-casualties-blamed-security-operations |access-date=2 October 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref> === Yarjejeniyar azabtarwa === A cikin Maris 2002, ABC News sun yi iƙirarin cewa manyan jami'ai a CIA sun ba da izini ga gardama, dabarun tambayoyi.<ref name="abc">{{Cite web |title=ABC News: CIA's Harsh Interrogation Techniques Described |url=https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/Investigation/story?id=1322866 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> Hanyoyin tambayoyin da za a iya yi sun hada da girgiza da mari, daure fursunoni a tsaye, ajiye fursunoni a cikin dakin sanyi da shayar da su da ruwa, da hawan ruwa.<ref name="abc" /> Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar a shekara ta 2011 ya bayar da rahoton hirarrakin da aka yi da fursunoni 379. An gano wadanda 'yan sanda ko jami'an leken asiri ke tsare da su ana yi musu dukan tsiya, cire farce da kuma girgizar wutar lantarki.<ref name="guardian systematically tortured">{{cite news |author=Kelly, Jeremy |date=10 October 2011 |title=Afghanistan officials 'systematically tortured' detainees, says UN report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/10/afghanistan-torture |access-date=10 October 2011 |work=The Guardian |quote=Interviews with 379 people held by police or intelligence services describe beatings, removing toenails and electric shocks |location=Kabul}}</ref> === Zaben a lokacin yaƙi === An gudanar da zabe da yawa a Afghanistan tun shekara ta 2001. An gudanar da zaben kwanan nan a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2010, don Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa tare da rahoton 'yan takara 2,499 da ke fafatawa don kujeru 250. A lokacin zaben Taliban ta kai hari da yawa daga cikin wadanda ke da hannu, inda ta kashe fararen hula 11 da 'yan sanda 3 na Afghanistan a cikin hare-hare sama da 300 a zaben. Rashin yawan wadanda suka mutu a hannun Taliban za a iya danganta su da ayyukan da aka kara musamman da shugabannin masu tayar da kayar baya da ke shirin kai hare-hare a kwanakin da suka kai ga zaben, wanda ya kama daruruwan masu tayar baya da fashewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2010 |title=War In Afghanistan News |url=http://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/18-afghanistan-news.html |access-date=3 August 2011 |publisher=Waronterrornews.typepad.com |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921220351/https://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/18-afghanistan-news.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2010 |title=War In Afghanistan News 17 September 2010 |url=http://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/17-afghanistan-news.html |access-date=3 August 2011 |publisher=Waronterrornews.typepad.com |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921232110/https://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/17-afghanistan-news.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu jefa kuri'a a zaben sun kai kashi 40%. == Tsarin adalci == Afganistan tana da manyan tsare-tsare na adalci guda biyu: tsarin mulkin kasa da tsarin gargajiya na yau da kullun. Duk da kasancewar tsarin shari'a na yau da kullun misali; Kotun Koli, Kotun Tsaro ta kasa (ma'amala da shari'o'in da suka shafi ta'addanci), kotunan shari'ar farko da ta biyu, "jirga" da "shura" - cibiyoyin gargajiya suna aiki.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}} A karkashin gwamnatin Taliban a Afganistan, tsarin shari'a ya kasance yana da tsauraran fassarar shari'ar Musulunci. A watan Afrilun 2025, shugaban Taliban Hibatullah Akhundzada ya kare hukuncin kisa, yana mai cewa wani bangare ne na Musulunci. Wannan bayani ya biyo bayan hukuncin kisa da aka yi wa wasu mutane hudu da aka samu da laifin kisan kai, wanda aka yi a filayen wasanni; Kisa mafi girma irin wannan tun bayan da kungiyar Taliban ta sake samun madafan iko a shekarar 2021. Kotun kolin kasar ta Afganistan ta amince da hukuncin kisa bayan da iyalan wadanda aka kashe din suka ki yin afuwa. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi Allah wadai da hukuncin kisa. Akhundzada ya jaddada mahimmancin aiwatar da dukkan dokokin Ubangiji tare da yin watsi da tsarin dokokin kasashen yamma, yana mai da hankalin Taliban kan tabbatar da shari'ar Musulunci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title=The Taliban leader says executions are part of Islam |url=https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-taliban-leader-execution-human-rights-39a39a979ae226f2c1bbcf8e51dddbb8 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Shari'a da tsari == Ana zargin wasu jami'an hukumar tsaron kasar ta Afganistan da gudanar da nasu gidajen yari,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-02-04 |title=Afghanistan's Justice System - The Asia Foundation |url=https://asiafoundation.org/2009/02/04/afghanistans-justice-system/ |access-date=2018-02-17 |work=The Asia Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> da azabtar da wadanda ake tuhuma, da kuma cin zarafin 'yan jarida. Ana kuma zarginsu da kashe fararen hula da gangan yayin farmakin da gwamnati ta kai.<ref name="Pajhwok2">{{cite news |title=Khogyani elders claim 160 civilians killed in night riads |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/09/25/khogyani-elders-claim-160-civilians-killed-night-riads |access-date=26 September 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=14 civilians killed in special forces raid in Nangarhar |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/10/24/14-civilians-killed-special-forces-raid-nangarhar |access-date=26 October 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NDS forces beaten up journalists, smashed their cameras |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/07/26/nds-forces-beaten-journalists-smashed-their-cameras |access-date=26 July 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. had advance warning of abuse at Afghan prisons, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/us-had-advance-warning-of-abuse-at-afghan-prisons-officials-say/2011/10/21/gIQA7Dg2VM_story.html |access-date=30 October 2011 |publisher=The Washington Times}}</ref> Ana zargin jami’an tsaron ‘yan sa-kai na yankin, wadanda kuma ke da nasu gidajen yari, da azabtarwa da kuma kashe-kashen ba gaira ba dalili. Sarakunan yaki a arewacin kasar sun yi amfani da lalata dukiya, fyade, da kisa don hana Pashtun da suka rasa matsugunansu kwato gidajensu. Yin aikin yara da fataucin mutane ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a wajen Kabul. An kashe fararen hula akai-akai a fadan da ake yi tsakanin dakarun yakin. Rashin kyawun yanayin da ake samu a gidajen yari ya haifar da rashin lafiya da mutuwa a tsakanin fursunoni. Don dakatar da shi, an fara shirin gyaran gidan yari a shekara ta 2003. Idan babu ingantaccen tsarin shari'a na kasa, an tauye hakkin kare shari'a saboda rashin daidaiton ka'idoji na cikin gida sun yi galaba a cikin shari'ar laifuka. Ka'idojin shari'a na gaskiya suna kunshe a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Afganistan da tsarin aikata laifuka amma ana keta su akai-akai saboda dalilai daban-daban, ciki har da rashin ilimi, kwararrun ma'aikata (musamman lauyoyin tsaro), rashin kayan aiki, cin hanci da rashawa da tsangwama ba bisa ka'ida ba daga shugabannin yaki da 'yan siyasa. Dubban mutane a Afghanistan sun kasance wadanda ke fama da bacewar da aka tilasta a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata. A ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2020, an kashe wasu masu kare hakkin bil adama biyu da ke da alaƙa da Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Afghanistan (AIHRC) a wani harin bam. Sun mutu ne bayan wani bam da aka makala a motarsu ya tashi. Harin dai ya zo ne kasa da mako guda bayan da wasu 'yan bindiga suka harbe masu gabatar da kara biyu da wasu ma'aikata uku daga ofishin babban lauyan gwamnati a Kabul.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2020 |title=Bomb attack kills two human rights workers in Kabul |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/27/roadside-bomb-kills-two-human-rights-workers-in-kabul |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2020, kwararrun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun bukaci gwamnatin Afghanistan da ta dauki matakin da ya dace don hana kisan masu kare hakkin dan Adam. An kashe masu kare hakkin bil adama tara tun daga farkon shekarar 2020. Tuni adadin ya zarce na 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2020 |title=Afghanistan: More action needed to stop killings of human rights defenders |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/08/1070232 |access-date=14 August 2020 |website=UN News |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817043546/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/08/1070232 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga 2021, lokacin da Taliban ta kafa Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan, an kashe tsoffin jami'an gwamnati 100 da masu alaƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=Afghanistan: Taliban Kill, 'Disappear' Ex-Officials |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/30/afghanistan-taliban-kill-disappear-ex-officials |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam, masu gwagwarmaya da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da ma'aikatan yada labarai suna ƙarƙashin "harin kai tsaye" (tsoro da tsoratarwa) a ƙarƙashin wannan sabuwar gwamnati. == 'Yanci na magana da kafofin watsa labarai == Mataki na 34 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afganistan ya ba da damar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai, duk da cewa akwai takunkumi kan kafafen yada labarai da za su iya yin amfani da shari'ar Musulunci ko kuma su kasance masu cin zarafi ga wasu kungiyoyi. Sai dai ana ci gaba da cin zarafi da barazana ga 'yan jarida da masana harkokin shari'a musamman a wajen birnin Kabul. Shugaba Hamid Karzai na rikon kwarya ne ya ba da yancin 'yan jarida a watan Fabrairun 2002. Karzai ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Media ta 2004 a shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan: Mass Media Law Comes Under Scrutiny |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1074472.html |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, an kama mai shirya fina-finai Nasir Fayaz saboda sukar 'yan siyasa daga majalisar ministocin shugaban kasa a shirinsa na mako-mako a gidan talabijin na Ariana. Kamawar ta haifar da kuka daga 'yan jarida kuma ta keta Mataki na 34 wanda ya karanta "Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki zai kasance mai tsayayya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghans urge probe into TV host's arrest - CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/30/afghan.arrest/index.html |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Nasir Fayyaz, Ariana TV Journalist Detained by Afghan Intelligence Service |url=https://www.kabulpress.tv/article2034.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203723/https://www.kabulpress.tv/article2034.html |archive-date=2019-11-28 |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=Kabul Press کابل پرس |language=en}}</ref> Afghanistan ta kasance ta 122 a cikin 2020 ta sauka da maki 2 daga matsayi na 120 a cikin 2017 bisa ga Press Freedom Index. Amma har yanzu, yana cikin matsayi mafi kyau fiye da duk maƙwabtanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 World Press Freedom Index {{!}} Reporters Without Borders |url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=RSF |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan jarida a Afganistan na fuskantar barazana daga jami'an tsaro da masu tada kayar baya. Jami'an Afganistan da shugabannin yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya na barazana da cin zarafi da kashe 'yan jarida don hana su ba da rahoto. Bugu da kari, rahoton [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ya yi iƙirarin cewa yawancin 'yan jaridun Afghanistan suna yin katsalandan da kansu ta hanyar kawar da rahotanni kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci. Kwamitin Tsaro na 'Yan Jarida na Afghanistan (AJSC) a cikin 2017 ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin Afghanistan ta kai kashi 46% na hare-haren da aka kai wa' yan jarida na Afghanistan. Yayinda masu tayar da kayar baya ke da alhakin sauran hare-haren. == 'Yanci na addini == Ba a buƙatar rajista na kungiyoyin addini; tsirarun kungiyoyin addini suna iya yin addininsu cikin 'yanci amma ba a basu damar shigar da su addini ba. Musulunci shi ne addini na hukuma; Wajibi ne dukkan dokoki su dace da kyawawan dabi'un Musulunci, kuma shugaban kasa da mataimakinsa dole ne su kasance musulmi. A hukumance, ridda ya kasance hukuncin kisa, bisa ga kundin tsarin mulkin Afghanistan. A shekara ta 2006, Abdul Rahman, wani musulmi dan kasar Afganistan da aka kama saboda ya koma Kiristanci, an ba shugaban kasa izinin barin kasar, kuma ya koma Italiya, inda ya samu mafaka. A shekara ta 2014, wani musulmi dan kasar Afganistan da ya yi watsi da addinin musulunci, kuma ya zama wanda bai yarda da Allah ba, ya samu mafaka a kasar Birtaniya, bisa hujjar cewa zai iya fuskantar kisa idan ya koma kasarsa ta asali. A cikin 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta 'yancin addini na Afghanistan a matsayin 1 daga cikin 4. == 'Yancin mata ==   [[Fayil:Women_of_Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|265x265px|Mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki ga maza a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afghanistan na 2004]] Kundin tsarin mulkin Afganistan na shekara ta 2004 ya yi alkawarin daidaita hakki ga maza da mata, ciki har da mata da aka ba su damar yin aiki a wajen gida, don shiga harkokin siyasa, da kuma bukatar kowace jam'iyyar siyasa ta zabi wasu adadin 'yan takara mata. A lokacin farko na mulkin Taliban, kusan mata sun kwace dukkan hakkokinsu. Batutuwan da suka hada da sanya gogen farce zuwa damar aiki an takaita sosai. Ta hanyar ajiye mata a gida, Taliban ta yi ikirarin tana kiyaye su daga cutarwa. A ƙarshen Maris 2009, Shugaban Afghanistan Hamid Karzai ya rattaba hannu kan wata doka ta duniya da ta yi Allah wadai da "Dokar Iyali ta [[Shi'a]]" wadda ta amince da zargin fyade ga ma'aurata (a cikin Mataki na 132), auren yara da kuma sanya haramtacciyar doka a kan matan Afganistan masu aure. Ko da yake an ce dokar da ta saba wa doka ta shafe shekara guda tana kwance, amma shugaba Karzai na kokarin samun goyon bayan 'yan majalisar dokokin Shi'a na arewacin Afganistan da makwabciyarta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta [[Iran]], wadda mabiya Shi'a ke da rinjaye. A cewar jaridar Independent ta Biritaniya, ba a karanta ‘code code’ a Majalisar Dattawa/Majalisar Dattawa ba, sannan kuma ta tanadi nuna wariyar jinsi a dokar gado da saki ga mata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-30 |title=Afghan leader accused of bid to 'legalise rape' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/afghan-leader-accused-of-bid-to-legalise-rape-1658049.html |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Duk da alkawura daban-daban da gwamnati ta yi na aiwatar da kuduri mai lamba 1325 na kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ba a iya aiwatar da dokar ba. Tattaunawar zaman lafiyar Kabul da aka gudanar a watan Yunin 2017, ta kunshi mata biyu ne kawai a cikin wakilan gwamnati da na kasa da kasa 47.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=World Report: Afghanistan Events of 2017 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/afghanistan |access-date=31 January 2025 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020, Shugaba Ashraf Ghani ya rattaba hannu kan wata sabuwar doka da ta sanya sunayen iyaye mata a cikin takardun haihuwar 'ya'yansu da katunan shaida. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata na Afganistan sun shafe shekaru da dama suna yakin neman zabe a kafafen sada zumunta na zamani don sanya sunan iyayen biyu, karkashin maudu'in #WhereIsMyName. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2020 |title=Afghan Women Win Fight for Their Own Identity |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/18/afghan-women-win-fight-their-own-identity |access-date=18 September 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A cikin watan Mayu 2022, Ma'aikatar Yada Nagarta da Rigakafin Ma'aikatar Taliban ta buga wata doka da ke buƙatar duk mata a Afganistan su sanya cikakken suturar jiki yayin da suke cikin jama'a (ko dai burqa ko abaya da aka haɗa tare da niqāb, wanda ke barin idanu kawai). A watan Agustan 2024, Taliban ta tsara dokar Taliban ta 2022 ta hanyar buga Dokar kan Inganta Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar da Rigakafin Mataimakin ta hanyar hukumomi a cikin gwamnatin Afghanistan. Dokar ta tabbatar da manufofi da aka bayyana a baya da tilasta wa mata tawali'u; kamar buƙatar mata su fito da cikakken rufe jiki kamar burqa ko [[Abaya]] tare da niqāb. Har ila yau, yana fadada kan ɓoyewa da kuma hana mata ta hanyar kafa cewa mata ba za su iya magana da maza a waje da dangi na kusa ba. Wannan dokar ba wai kawai ta shafi magana kai tsaye ba, amma ta hana mata yin magana da ƙarfi da raira waƙa don kauce wa haɗarin namiji ya ji su.<ref name=":0" /> An kuma hana mata kallon maza a waje da iyalansu.<ref name=":0" /> Dokar kan Inganta Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar da Rigakafin Mataci ba wai kawai tana ci gaba da hana mata ba, amma tana ba da ikon matsayin maza a matsayin "masu tilasta" ɗabi'a. Dokar kan Inganta kyawawan halaye da Rigakafin Mataimakin a bayyane ta bayyana mai aiwatar da shi a matsayin kowane mutum mai girma na Islama tare da kamfas na ɗabi'a da ya tsara kansa.<ref name=":0" /> A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2025, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta ba da sammaci biyu a kan shugaban kungiyar Taliban Haibatullah Akhundzada da babban alkalin kotun, Abdul Hakim Haqqani, kan aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama tare da zalunci da tsananta wa mata da 'yan matan Afganistan, wadanda aka tauye 'yancin yin motsi, 'yancin sarrafa jikinsu, ilimi, rayuwa da kuma 'yan adawa. an danne su da kisan kai, dauri, azabtarwa, fyade, da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i, tun daga 2021. Kasashe mambobin ICC sun wajaba su kama wadanda ake nema idan suna yankinsu. == Wayar da kai kan jima'i == Tsakanin jinsi guda a halin yanzu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Afghanistan. Dangane da Dokar Shari'ar Afghanistan ta 2017, aikin jima'i guda ɗaya yana ƙarƙashin matsakaicin hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku, dangane da girman aikin jima'in.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}</ref> Sashe na 647 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka ya bayyana cewa, matan da suka shiga cikin Musahaqah, saduwa da maza a tsakanin mata, za su yi zaman gidan yari na shekara guda. Sashi na 649 ya shafi jima'i na maza da ake kira Tafkhiz, wanda shine jima'i wanda bai hada da shiga ba. Mutanen da aka kama suna halartar Tafkhiz ana iya daure su daga watanni uku zuwa shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin Sashe na Penal Code Sashe na 646 game da luwaɗi, tuhumar luwaɗi ba ta iyakance ga daidaikun LGBTQ+ ba kuma yana shafar masu madigo su ma. Duk mutumin da aka kama yana shiga cikin tsurar za a iya tuhumarsa har tsawon shekaru biyu a gidan yari. Sashe na 646 kuma ya wuce zuwa ga ciwon daji, wanda shine kawai laifi a wajen luwadi da aka haɗa a cikin wannan sashe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}</ref> Duk da yake dokar a bayyane ta tsara hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku, ba ta magance cin zarafin jama'a da kuma kula da mutanen LGBTQ+ a Afghanistan a ƙarƙashin mulkin Taliban. Tun daga shekarar 2021 Taliban Offensive, laifuka masu cin zarafi ga mutanen LGBTQ+ sun karu. Idan an kama mutum ko kuma ana zarginsa da sha'awar jima'i ko kuma ya shiga tsakani, akwai yiwuwar 'yan sanda su kai masa hari kuma su kashe shi kafin a yi masa shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, an yi wa mutane tara bulala a bainar jama'a saboda karkatar da jima'i kafin shari'arsu. Bayan 'yan watanni da suka gabata a watan Yunin 2024, Taliban ta yi wa mutane 63 bulala a bainar jama'a saboda "ayyukan lalata" ciki har da jima'i da zina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taliban publicly flog 9 Afghan men, women despite UN outcry |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-publicly-flog-9-afghan-men-women-despite-un-outcry/7816230.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=voanews.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tsanantawa ga Ƙungiyoyin Ƙananan == Hazaras suna daya daga cikin kabilun Afghanistan. Bayan da Taliban ta mamaye, an kori Hazaras da yawa daga gidajensu. Wani rahoto daga [[Amnesty International]] ya ba da rahoton cewa Taliban suna gurfanar da su, azabtarwa da kuma kashe Hazaras ba bisa ka'ida ba. == Manazarta == {{Excerpt|Slavery in Afghanistan}} 3k6fkf2vck9sc7130ot7v22qoptakxp 975964 975963 2026-11-04T21:53:07Z Alfurqan 14918 975964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Afghanistan a ƙarƙashin mulkin [[Taliban]] an hana shi sosai kuma an dauke shi daga cikin mafi munin duniya. Dangane da rahoton shekarar 2024 na Freedom House, 'Yancin Siyasa an kiyasta shi da 1 daga cikin 40 tare da' Yancin Bil'adama a 5 daga cikin 60, tare da jimlar 6 daga cikin 100 saboda dalilai daban-daban ciki har da amma ba a iyakance su ba: haƙƙin mata, haƙƙin LGBTQ +, haƙƙin' yan tsiraru, azabtarwa, da' yancin magana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Afghanistan |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/afghanistan/report-afghanistan/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/afghanistan/freedom-world/2024 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Hakkin mata da 'yanci an hana su sosai, saboda an haramta su daga mafi yawan wuraren jama'a da aiki. Afghanistan ita ce kadai kasar a duniya da ta haramta ilimi ga mata sama da shekaru goma sha ɗaya. Manufofin Taliban game da mata an rarraba su a matsayin wariyar launin fata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Taliban’s Rule Is Fueling the Movement to End Gender Apartheid {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-talibans-rule-fueling-movement-end-gender-apartheid |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru kamar Hazaras, Uzbek, Turkmen, da Tajik suna fuskantar tsanantawa da fitarwa daga ƙasashensu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Afghanistan |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/afghanistan/report-afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> Hukumomi sun yi amfani da tashin hankali na jiki, hare-hare, kamawa da tsare-tsare, azabtarwa, tilasta bacewar masu gwagwarmaya da abokan adawar siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2022 |title=One year of the Taliban's broken promises, draconian restrictions and violence |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/08/afghanistan-one-year-of-the-talibans-broken-promises-draconian-restrictions-and-violence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204161214/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/08/afghanistan-one-year-of-the-talibans-broken-promises-draconian-restrictions-and-violence/ |archive-date=4 Feb 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fetrat |first=Sahar |title=One Year On, the Taliban Still Attacking Girls' Right to Education |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/24/one-year-taliban-still-attacking-girls-right-education |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325030259/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/24/one-year-taliban-still-attacking-girls-right-education |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2021 |title=Afghanistan: Taliban Forcibly Evict Minority Shia |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/22/afghanistan-taliban-forcibly-evict-minority-shia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022034417/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/22/afghanistan-taliban-forcibly-evict-minority-shia |archive-date=22 October 2021 |access-date=29 November 2023 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=Joint Statement: Marking 3 Years of Taliban Oppression {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/16/joint-statement-marking-3-years-taliban-oppression |access-date=2024-10-25 |language=en}}</ref> Ana sarrafa kafofin watsa labarai sosai ba tare da kusan 'yanci ba, tare da sa ido mai zurfi da tsauri a cikin wasa. == Tarihi == A karkashin mulkin Zahir Shah, ana yawan girmama haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ya zuwa 1949,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Last King of Afghanistan Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/23/AR2007072300138.html |access-date=2020-10-20 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Firayim Ministan Afghanistan Shah Mahmud Khan, ya kara 'yancin' yan jarida, amma nan da nan aka juya waɗannan matakai. Dokar 'yan jarida wacce aka aiwatar a watan Yulin 1965, ta ba da 'yanci ga' yan jarida a karon farko.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvO-DAAAQBAJ&q=afghanistan+japan+germany+partition&pg=PA58|title=Afghanistan under Soviet Domination, 1964–91|last=Hyman|first=Anthony|date=2016-07-27|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781349219483|language=en}}</ref> Yayin da ‘yan jaridu galibi ke da ‘yanci, a wasu lokutan Sarkin ya rufe kafafen yada labarai daga ‘yan adawa da ake ganin barazana ce. Jamhuriyyar Khalq ta gurguzu wacce ta mulki Afganistan bayan juyin juya halin Saur a shekara ta 1978 ta kasance mummunan hali, tare da murkushe adawa da karfi. Gwamnati ta sace tare da kashe dubban fursunoni, 'yan adawa farar hula na karkara.<ref>''Derailing Democracy in Afghanistan: Elections in an Unstable Political Landscape'' by Noah Coburn, Anna Larson.</ref> A cikin Afrilu 1987, Afghanistan ta amince da Yarjejeniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (CAT), wanda ke hana jihar azabtar da kowane mutum. Sabon shugaban Babrak Karmal ya yi alkawarin kawo karshen zaluncin Khalq, wanda wani bangare ya yi, amma har yanzu ana ci gaba da take hakkin dan Adam. Gwamnati tare da Soviets (a lokacin yakin Soviet-Afganistan) sun yi niyya ga matsugunan farar hula a yankunan karkara. A karkashin sauye-sauyen da Shugaba Mohammad Najibullah ya yi, an kara inganta 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki amma duk da haka an tauye hakkin bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASW |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/WR92/ASW-01.htm |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990, an tafka ta'asa da dama daga wasu tsageru a kan fararen hula. Hare-haren rokoki ba gaira ba dalili a lokacin yakin Kabul, musamman wadanda mayakan Gulbuddin Hekmatyar suka kai, ya kashe dubban fararen hula. Kungiyar Taliban da ke mulki tun daga shekarar 1996 ta kakaba mata takunkumi mai tsauri, da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a bainar jama'a, tare da hana agajin kasa da kasa shiga kasar saboda yunwar da fararen hula ke fuskanta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-07-06 |title=Blood-Stained Hands {{!}} Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2005/07/06/blood-stained-hands/past-atrocities-kabul-and-afghanistans-legacy-impunity |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin shugaban kasa ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afganistan, wacce a baya ta yi mulkin Afganistan daga shekara ta 2004 har zuwa lokacin da kungiyar Taliban ta hambarar da ita a shekara ta 2021, tana da tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama mai karfi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta. An tanadi daftarin doka a babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afghanistan na 2004. 'Yancin rayuwa da 'yanci an kiyaye su bisa tsarin mulki, haka kuma 'yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya da kuma ɗaukan rashin laifi ga kowane mutum. Wanda hakan ya bai wa Jamhuriyar Musulunci wani tsari mai karfi na hakkin dan Adam wanda ya tabbata ga dukkan 'yan kasa.<ref name=":1" /> == Batutuwan 'Yancin Dan Adam na zamani == [[Fayil:Afghans_at_Ghazi_Stadium_in_2011.jpg|thumb|Magoya bayan Kwallon ƙafa a cikin Filin wasa na Ghazi a babban birnin [[Kabul]], wanda ke da kabilanci da yawa kuma birni mafi girma a Afghanistan.]] Yarjejeniyar Bonn ta 2001 ta kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Afganistan (AIHRC) a matsayin cibiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta kasa don karewa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma bincikar take haƙƙin ɗan adam da laifukan yaƙi. Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afghanistan na 2004 ya ƙarfafa kasancewar AIHRC. A yayin da ake ci gaba da tashe-tashen hankula, tashe-tashen hankula da sake gina kasar, sau da yawa kan yi wuya a iya fahimtar hakikanin abin da ke faruwa, rahotanni daban-daban daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun zargi bangarori daban-daban na gwamnatin Afganistan da aikata laifukan take hakkin dan Adam.<ref name="Afghan abuse sentence 'lenient'">{{cite news |date=25 August 2005 |title=Afghan abuse sentence 'lenient' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4182952.stm |work=BBC News}}</ref> Har ila yau, an yi amfani da wasu cin zarafin 'yan adam da sojoji na Amurka suka yi wa fararen hula na Afghanistan, musamman a cikin kurkukun Baghram inda fararen hula marasa laifi suka jimre da azabtarwa, yanayi na wulakanci, da kuma rashin mutunci. An soki Amurka sosai saboda yanke hukunci ga sojoji da ke da alhakin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=Afghanistan - Hagar USA |url=https://hagarusa.org/afghanistan/ |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=hagarusa.org |language=en-US}}</ref>Tsoffin shugabannin yaƙi na Afghanistan da manyan 'yan siyasa da Amurka ke tallafawa yayin korar Taliban suna da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa a shekara ta 2003 ciki har da satar mutane, fyade, fashi, da cin hanci da rashawa.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/press/2003/07/afghan072903.htm Afghanistan: Warlords Implicated in New Abuses] 29 July 2003</ref> Wasu daga cikin jami'an tsaron kasar Afganistan na da hannu wajen kashe fararen hula a hare-haren kasa da kuma hare-hare ta sama.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan officials sanctioned murder, torture and rape, says report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/03/afghanistan-allies-sanctioned-torture-murder-report-human-rights-watch |access-date=3 March 2015 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Is the Afghan air force trigger happy? Here's what the numbers say |url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2017/02/08/is-the-afghan-air-force-trigger-happy-here-s-what-the-numbers-say/ |access-date=8 February 2017 |publisher=Military Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Afghan forces 'kill civilians' in ground raid and air strike |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-attacks/afghan-forces-kill-civilians-in-ground-raid-and-air-strike-idUSKBN1K310I |access-date=13 July 2018 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="Pajhwok">{{cite news |title=Khogyani elders claim 160 civilians killed in night riads |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/09/25/khogyani-elders-claim-160-civilians-killed-night-riads |access-date=26 September 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Social activists, residents seek halt to airstrikes targeting civilians |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/09/28/social-activists-residents-seek-halt-airstrikes-targeting-civilians |access-date=28 September 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Civilian casualties blamed on security operations |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/10/02/civilian-casualties-blamed-security-operations |access-date=2 October 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref> === Yarjejeniyar azabtarwa === A cikin Maris 2002, ABC News sun yi iƙirarin cewa manyan jami'ai a CIA sun ba da izini ga gardama, dabarun tambayoyi.<ref name="abc">{{Cite web |title=ABC News: CIA's Harsh Interrogation Techniques Described |url=https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/Investigation/story?id=1322866 |website=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> Hanyoyin tambayoyin da za a iya yi sun hada da girgiza da mari, daure fursunoni a tsaye, ajiye fursunoni a cikin dakin sanyi da shayar da su da ruwa, da hawan ruwa.<ref name="abc" /> Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar a shekara ta 2011 ya bayar da rahoton hirarrakin da aka yi da fursunoni 379. An gano wadanda 'yan sanda ko jami'an leken asiri ke tsare da su ana yi musu dukan tsiya, cire farce da kuma girgizar wutar lantarki.<ref name="guardian systematically tortured">{{cite news |author=Kelly, Jeremy |date=10 October 2011 |title=Afghanistan officials 'systematically tortured' detainees, says UN report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/10/afghanistan-torture |access-date=10 October 2011 |work=The Guardian |quote=Interviews with 379 people held by police or intelligence services describe beatings, removing toenails and electric shocks |location=Kabul}}</ref> === Zaben a lokacin yaƙi === An gudanar da zabe da yawa a Afghanistan tun shekara ta 2001. An gudanar da zaben kwanan nan a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2010, don Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa tare da rahoton 'yan takara 2,499 da ke fafatawa don kujeru 250. A lokacin zaben Taliban ta kai hari da yawa daga cikin wadanda ke da hannu, inda ta kashe fararen hula 11 da 'yan sanda 3 na Afghanistan a cikin hare-hare sama da 300 a zaben. Rashin yawan wadanda suka mutu a hannun Taliban za a iya danganta su da ayyukan da aka kara musamman da shugabannin masu tayar da kayar baya da ke shirin kai hare-hare a kwanakin da suka kai ga zaben, wanda ya kama daruruwan masu tayar baya da fashewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2010 |title=War In Afghanistan News |url=http://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/18-afghanistan-news.html |access-date=3 August 2011 |publisher=Waronterrornews.typepad.com |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921220351/https://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/18-afghanistan-news.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2010 |title=War In Afghanistan News 17 September 2010 |url=http://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/17-afghanistan-news.html |access-date=3 August 2011 |publisher=Waronterrornews.typepad.com |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921232110/https://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/17-afghanistan-news.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu jefa kuri'a a zaben sun kai kashi 40%. == Tsarin adalci == Afganistan tana da manyan tsare-tsare na adalci guda biyu: tsarin mulkin kasa da tsarin gargajiya na yau da kullun. Duk da kasancewar tsarin shari'a na yau da kullun misali; Kotun Koli, Kotun Tsaro ta kasa (ma'amala da shari'o'in da suka shafi ta'addanci), kotunan shari'ar farko da ta biyu, "jirga" da "shura" - cibiyoyin gargajiya suna aiki.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}} A karkashin gwamnatin Taliban a Afganistan, tsarin shari'a ya kasance yana da tsauraran fassarar shari'ar Musulunci. A watan Afrilun 2025, shugaban Taliban Hibatullah Akhundzada ya kare hukuncin kisa, yana mai cewa wani bangare ne na Musulunci. Wannan bayani ya biyo bayan hukuncin kisa da aka yi wa wasu mutane hudu da aka samu da laifin kisan kai, wanda aka yi a filayen wasanni; Kisa mafi girma irin wannan tun bayan da kungiyar Taliban ta sake samun madafan iko a shekarar 2021. Kotun kolin kasar ta Afganistan ta amince da hukuncin kisa bayan da iyalan wadanda aka kashe din suka ki yin afuwa. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi Allah wadai da hukuncin kisa. Akhundzada ya jaddada mahimmancin aiwatar da dukkan dokokin Ubangiji tare da yin watsi da tsarin dokokin kasashen yamma, yana mai da hankalin Taliban kan tabbatar da shari'ar Musulunci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title=The Taliban leader says executions are part of Islam |url=https://apnews.com/article/afghanistan-taliban-leader-execution-human-rights-39a39a979ae226f2c1bbcf8e51dddbb8 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Shari'a da tsari == Ana zargin wasu jami'an hukumar tsaron kasar ta Afganistan da gudanar da nasu gidajen yari,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-02-04 |title=Afghanistan's Justice System - The Asia Foundation |url=https://asiafoundation.org/2009/02/04/afghanistans-justice-system/ |access-date=2018-02-17 |work=The Asia Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> da azabtar da wadanda ake tuhuma, da kuma cin zarafin 'yan jarida. Ana kuma zarginsu da kashe fararen hula da gangan yayin farmakin da gwamnati ta kai.<ref name="Pajhwok2">{{cite news |title=Khogyani elders claim 160 civilians killed in night riads |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/09/25/khogyani-elders-claim-160-civilians-killed-night-riads |access-date=26 September 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=14 civilians killed in special forces raid in Nangarhar |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/10/24/14-civilians-killed-special-forces-raid-nangarhar |access-date=26 October 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=NDS forces beaten up journalists, smashed their cameras |url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2018/07/26/nds-forces-beaten-journalists-smashed-their-cameras |access-date=26 July 2018 |publisher=Pajhwok}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. had advance warning of abuse at Afghan prisons, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/us-had-advance-warning-of-abuse-at-afghan-prisons-officials-say/2011/10/21/gIQA7Dg2VM_story.html |access-date=30 October 2011 |publisher=The Washington Times}}</ref> Ana zargin jami’an tsaron ‘yan sa-kai na yankin, wadanda kuma ke da nasu gidajen yari, da azabtarwa da kuma kashe-kashen ba gaira ba dalili. Sarakunan yaki a arewacin kasar sun yi amfani da lalata dukiya, fyade, da kisa don hana Pashtun da suka rasa matsugunansu kwato gidajensu. Yin aikin yara da fataucin mutane ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a wajen Kabul. An kashe fararen hula akai-akai a fadan da ake yi tsakanin dakarun yakin. Rashin kyawun yanayin da ake samu a gidajen yari ya haifar da rashin lafiya da mutuwa a tsakanin fursunoni. Don dakatar da shi, an fara shirin gyaran gidan yari a shekara ta 2003. Idan babu ingantaccen tsarin shari'a na kasa, an tauye hakkin kare shari'a saboda rashin daidaiton ka'idoji na cikin gida sun yi galaba a cikin shari'ar laifuka. Ka'idojin shari'a na gaskiya suna kunshe a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Afganistan da tsarin aikata laifuka amma ana keta su akai-akai saboda dalilai daban-daban, ciki har da rashin ilimi, kwararrun ma'aikata (musamman lauyoyin tsaro), rashin kayan aiki, cin hanci da rashawa da tsangwama ba bisa ka'ida ba daga shugabannin yaki da 'yan siyasa. Dubban mutane a Afghanistan sun kasance wadanda ke fama da bacewar da aka tilasta a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata. A ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2020, an kashe wasu masu kare hakkin bil adama biyu da ke da alaƙa da Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Afghanistan (AIHRC) a wani harin bam. Sun mutu ne bayan wani bam da aka makala a motarsu ya tashi. Harin dai ya zo ne kasa da mako guda bayan da wasu 'yan bindiga suka harbe masu gabatar da kara biyu da wasu ma'aikata uku daga ofishin babban lauyan gwamnati a Kabul.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2020 |title=Bomb attack kills two human rights workers in Kabul |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/27/roadside-bomb-kills-two-human-rights-workers-in-kabul |access-date=27 June 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2020, kwararrun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun bukaci gwamnatin Afghanistan da ta dauki matakin da ya dace don hana kisan masu kare hakkin dan Adam. An kashe masu kare hakkin bil adama tara tun daga farkon shekarar 2020. Tuni adadin ya zarce na 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2020 |title=Afghanistan: More action needed to stop killings of human rights defenders |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/08/1070232 |access-date=14 August 2020 |website=UN News |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817043546/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/08/1070232 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga 2021, lokacin da Taliban ta kafa Masarautar Musulunci ta Afghanistan, an kashe tsoffin jami'an gwamnati 100 da masu alaƙa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=Afghanistan: Taliban Kill, 'Disappear' Ex-Officials |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/30/afghanistan-taliban-kill-disappear-ex-officials |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam, masu gwagwarmaya da masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da ma'aikatan yada labarai suna ƙarƙashin "harin kai tsaye" (tsoro da tsoratarwa) a ƙarƙashin wannan sabuwar gwamnati. == 'Yanci na magana da kafofin watsa labarai == Mataki na 34 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afganistan ya ba da damar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai, duk da cewa akwai takunkumi kan kafafen yada labarai da za su iya yin amfani da shari'ar Musulunci ko kuma su kasance masu cin zarafi ga wasu kungiyoyi. Sai dai ana ci gaba da cin zarafi da barazana ga 'yan jarida da masana harkokin shari'a musamman a wajen birnin Kabul. Shugaba Hamid Karzai na rikon kwarya ne ya ba da yancin 'yan jarida a watan Fabrairun 2002. Karzai ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Media ta 2004 a shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan: Mass Media Law Comes Under Scrutiny |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1074472.html |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, an kama mai shirya fina-finai Nasir Fayaz saboda sukar 'yan siyasa daga majalisar ministocin shugaban kasa a shirinsa na mako-mako a gidan talabijin na Ariana. Kamawar ta haifar da kuka daga 'yan jarida kuma ta keta Mataki na 34 wanda ya karanta "Yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki zai kasance mai tsayayya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghans urge probe into TV host's arrest - CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/30/afghan.arrest/index.html |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammad Nasir Fayyaz, Ariana TV Journalist Detained by Afghan Intelligence Service |url=https://www.kabulpress.tv/article2034.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203723/https://www.kabulpress.tv/article2034.html |archive-date=2019-11-28 |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=Kabul Press کابل پرس |language=en}}</ref> Afghanistan ta kasance ta 122 a cikin 2020 ta sauka da maki 2 daga matsayi na 120 a cikin 2017 bisa ga Press Freedom Index. Amma har yanzu, yana cikin matsayi mafi kyau fiye da duk maƙwabtanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 World Press Freedom Index {{!}} Reporters Without Borders |url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=RSF |language=en}}</ref> 'Yan jarida a Afganistan na fuskantar barazana daga jami'an tsaro da masu tada kayar baya. Jami'an Afganistan da shugabannin yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya na barazana da cin zarafi da kashe 'yan jarida don hana su ba da rahoto. Bugu da kari, rahoton [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] ya yi iƙirarin cewa yawancin 'yan jaridun Afghanistan suna yin katsalandan da kansu ta hanyar kawar da rahotanni kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci. Kwamitin Tsaro na 'Yan Jarida na Afghanistan (AJSC) a cikin 2017 ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin Afghanistan ta kai kashi 46% na hare-haren da aka kai wa' yan jarida na Afghanistan. Yayinda masu tayar da kayar baya ke da alhakin sauran hare-haren. == 'Yanci na addini == Ba a buƙatar rajista na kungiyoyin addini; tsirarun kungiyoyin addini suna iya yin addininsu cikin 'yanci amma ba a basu damar shigar da su addini ba. Musulunci shi ne addini na hukuma; Wajibi ne dukkan dokoki su dace da kyawawan dabi'un Musulunci, kuma shugaban kasa da mataimakinsa dole ne su kasance musulmi. A hukumance, ridda ya kasance hukuncin kisa, bisa ga kundin tsarin mulkin Afghanistan. A shekara ta 2006, Abdul Rahman, wani musulmi dan kasar Afganistan da aka kama saboda ya koma Kiristanci, an ba shugaban kasa izinin barin kasar, kuma ya koma Italiya, inda ya samu mafaka. A shekara ta 2014, wani musulmi dan kasar Afganistan da ya yi watsi da addinin musulunci, kuma ya zama wanda bai yarda da Allah ba, ya samu mafaka a kasar Birtaniya, bisa hujjar cewa zai iya fuskantar kisa idan ya koma kasarsa ta asali. A cikin 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta 'yancin addini na Afghanistan a matsayin 1 daga cikin 4. == 'Yancin mata ==   [[Fayil:Women_of_Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|265x265px|Mata suna da daidaitattun hakkoki ga maza a karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afghanistan na 2004]] Kundin tsarin mulkin Afganistan na shekara ta 2004 ya yi alkawarin daidaita hakki ga maza da mata, ciki har da mata da aka ba su damar yin aiki a wajen gida, don shiga harkokin siyasa, da kuma bukatar kowace jam'iyyar siyasa ta zabi wasu adadin 'yan takara mata. A lokacin farko na mulkin Taliban, kusan mata sun kwace dukkan hakkokinsu. Batutuwan da suka hada da sanya gogen farce zuwa damar aiki an takaita sosai. Ta hanyar ajiye mata a gida, Taliban ta yi ikirarin tana kiyaye su daga cutarwa. A ƙarshen Maris 2009, Shugaban Afghanistan Hamid Karzai ya rattaba hannu kan wata doka ta duniya da ta yi Allah wadai da "Dokar Iyali ta [[Shi'a]]" wadda ta amince da zargin fyade ga ma'aurata (a cikin Mataki na 132), auren yara da kuma sanya haramtacciyar doka a kan matan Afganistan masu aure. Ko da yake an ce dokar da ta saba wa doka ta shafe shekara guda tana kwance, amma shugaba Karzai na kokarin samun goyon bayan 'yan majalisar dokokin Shi'a na arewacin Afganistan da makwabciyarta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta [[Iran]], wadda mabiya Shi'a ke da rinjaye. A cewar jaridar Independent ta Biritaniya, ba a karanta ‘code code’ a Majalisar Dattawa/Majalisar Dattawa ba, sannan kuma ta tanadi nuna wariyar jinsi a dokar gado da saki ga mata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-30 |title=Afghan leader accused of bid to 'legalise rape' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/afghan-leader-accused-of-bid-to-legalise-rape-1658049.html |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Duk da alkawura daban-daban da gwamnati ta yi na aiwatar da kuduri mai lamba 1325 na kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ba a iya aiwatar da dokar ba. Tattaunawar zaman lafiyar Kabul da aka gudanar a watan Yunin 2017, ta kunshi mata biyu ne kawai a cikin wakilan gwamnati da na kasa da kasa 47.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=World Report: Afghanistan Events of 2017 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/afghanistan |access-date=31 January 2025 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2020, Shugaba Ashraf Ghani ya rattaba hannu kan wata sabuwar doka da ta sanya sunayen iyaye mata a cikin takardun haihuwar 'ya'yansu da katunan shaida. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata na Afganistan sun shafe shekaru da dama suna yakin neman zabe a kafafen sada zumunta na zamani don sanya sunan iyayen biyu, karkashin maudu'in #WhereIsMyName. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2020 |title=Afghan Women Win Fight for Their Own Identity |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/09/18/afghan-women-win-fight-their-own-identity |access-date=18 September 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A cikin watan Mayu 2022, Ma'aikatar Yada Nagarta da Rigakafin Ma'aikatar Taliban ta buga wata doka da ke buƙatar duk mata a Afganistan su sanya cikakken suturar jiki yayin da suke cikin jama'a (ko dai burqa ko abaya da aka haɗa tare da niqāb, wanda ke barin idanu kawai). A watan Agustan 2024, Taliban ta tsara dokar Taliban ta 2022 ta hanyar buga Dokar kan Inganta Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar da Rigakafin Mataimakin ta hanyar hukumomi a cikin gwamnatin Afghanistan. Dokar ta tabbatar da manufofi da aka bayyana a baya da tilasta wa mata tawali'u; kamar buƙatar mata su fito da cikakken rufe jiki kamar burqa ko [[Abaya]] tare da niqāb. Har ila yau, yana fadada kan ɓoyewa da kuma hana mata ta hanyar kafa cewa mata ba za su iya magana da maza a waje da dangi na kusa ba. Wannan dokar ba wai kawai ta shafi magana kai tsaye ba, amma ta hana mata yin magana da ƙarfi da raira waƙa don kauce wa haɗarin namiji ya ji su.<ref name=":0" /> An kuma hana mata kallon maza a waje da iyalansu.<ref name=":0" /> Dokar kan Inganta Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar da Rigakafin Mataci ba wai kawai tana ci gaba da hana mata ba, amma tana ba da ikon matsayin maza a matsayin "masu tilasta" ɗabi'a. Dokar kan Inganta kyawawan halaye da Rigakafin Mataimakin a bayyane ta bayyana mai aiwatar da shi a matsayin kowane mutum mai girma na Islama tare da kamfas na ɗabi'a da ya tsara kansa.<ref name=":0" /> A ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2025, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta ba da sammaci biyu a kan shugaban kungiyar Taliban Haibatullah Akhundzada da babban alkalin kotun, Abdul Hakim Haqqani, kan aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama tare da zalunci da tsananta wa mata da 'yan matan Afganistan, wadanda aka tauye 'yancin yin motsi, 'yancin sarrafa jikinsu, ilimi, rayuwa da kuma 'yan adawa. an danne su da kisan kai, dauri, azabtarwa, fyade, da sauran nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i, tun daga 2021. Kasashe mambobin ICC sun wajaba su kama wadanda ake nema idan suna yankinsu. == Wayar da kai kan jima'i == Tsakanin jinsi guda a halin yanzu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Afghanistan. Dangane da Dokar Shari'ar Afghanistan ta 2017, aikin jima'i guda ɗaya yana ƙarƙashin matsakaicin hukuncin shekaru biyu a kurkuku, dangane da girman aikin jima'in.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}</ref> Sashe na 647 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka ya bayyana cewa, matan da suka shiga cikin Musahaqah, saduwa da maza a tsakanin mata, za su yi zaman gidan yari na shekara guda. Sashi na 649 ya shafi jima'i na maza da ake kira Tafkhiz, wanda shine jima'i wanda bai hada da shiga ba. Mutanen da aka kama suna halartar Tafkhiz ana iya daure su daga watanni uku zuwa shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin Sashe na Penal Code Sashe na 646 game da luwaɗi, tuhumar luwaɗi ba ta iyakance ga daidaikun LGBTQ+ ba kuma yana shafar masu madigo su ma. Duk mutumin da aka kama yana shiga cikin tsurar za a iya tuhumarsa har tsawon shekaru biyu a gidan yari. Sashe na 646 kuma ya wuce zuwa ga ciwon daji, wanda shine kawai laifi a wajen luwadi da aka haɗa a cikin wannan sashe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}</ref> Duk da yake dokar a bayyane ta tsara hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku, ba ta magance cin zarafin jama'a da kuma kula da mutanen LGBTQ+ a Afghanistan a ƙarƙashin mulkin Taliban. Tun daga shekarar 2021 Taliban Offensive, laifuka masu cin zarafi ga mutanen LGBTQ+ sun karu. Idan an kama mutum ko kuma ana zarginsa da sha'awar jima'i ko kuma ya shiga tsakani, akwai yiwuwar 'yan sanda su kai masa hari kuma su kashe shi kafin a yi masa shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/afghanistan/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Human Dignity Trust |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, an yi wa mutane tara bulala a bainar jama'a saboda karkatar da jima'i kafin shari'arsu. Bayan 'yan watanni da suka gabata a watan Yunin 2024, Taliban ta yi wa mutane 63 bulala a bainar jama'a saboda "ayyukan lalata" ciki har da jima'i da zina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taliban publicly flog 9 Afghan men, women despite UN outcry |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-publicly-flog-9-afghan-men-women-despite-un-outcry/7816230.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=voanews.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tsanantawa ga Ƙungiyoyin Ƙananan == Hazaras suna daya daga cikin kabilun Afghanistan. Bayan da Taliban ta mamaye, an kori Hazaras da yawa daga gidajensu. Wani rahoto daga [[Amnesty International]] ya ba da rahoton cewa Taliban suna gurfanar da su, azabtarwa da kuma kashe Hazaras ba bisa ka'ida ba. == Manazarta == {{Excerpt|Slavery in Afghanistan}} 9iyvewtqk7d5z4lo43imte6vdgqexym 0 107669 976093 953340 2026-11-05T10:11:23Z A Salisu 14655 976093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Somaliya a cikin ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da farkon ƙarni na 21st an ɗauke su cikin mawuyacin hali, amma sannu a hankali sun inganta cikin shekaru masu zuwa. An tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya, wanda aka amince da shi a watan Agustan 2012. Suna ƙarƙashin ma'aikatar kare hakkin ɗan adam da aka kafa a watan Agusta 2013. Hukumomin tsakiya a lokaci guda sun kaddamar da Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kasa, sun amince da taswirar' yancin dan Adam ta hukuma, kuma sun kammala Manufar Jima'i ta farko ta Somalia.<ref name="Sasrracptrwvms">{{Cite web |title=SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society |url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014 |publisher=AMISOM}}</ref> An kafa rundunar kare hakkin dan adam a watan Fabrairun 2013 don tabbatar da kare hakkin mutum. Gwamnatin tarayya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 ta shirya kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a, ta zartar da sabuwar dokar kare yara ta kasa mai maki 54, kuma ta kammala doka a kan dokar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam. <ref name="Prbtshrwgohrd">{{Cite web |title=Press release by the Somalia Human Rights Working Group on the occasion of International Human Rights Day |url=http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214210747/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-14 |access-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=Somalia Human Rights Working Group}}</ref> A cewar Masanin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan Somaliya, kariya ta kare hakkin dan adam ta cikin gida ta inganta a hankali yayin da tsarin gwamnati da sake fasalin majalisa suka samo tushe. == Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam == A farkon watan Fabrairun 2013, tsohon Firayim Minista Abdi Farah Shirdon ya kaddamar da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta kan kare hakkin bil'adama domin tabbatar da kare hakkin dan adam. An kafa kwamitin na masu sa kai mai mambobi 13 bayan tattaunawa mai zurfi da kungiyoyin fararen hula da kuma shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar Mohamed Osman Jawari. A karkashin jagorancin fitacciyar lauya mai kare hakkin bil’adama Maryam Yusuf Sheikh Ali, daya daga cikin mata hudu da ke cikin kwamitin, kwamitin ya hada da malami, mai fafutukar zaman lafiya, shugabannin kungiyoyin mata na Somaliya, manyan jami’an ‘yan sanda, mai fafutukar jin kai, shugaban addini, da kuma wakilin yada labarai. An dorawa alhakin gudanar da bincike kan zarge-zargen cin zarafin dan Adam da kuma tsoratar da 'yan jarida. A karshen wa'adinsa na watanni uku, kwamitin ya shirya fitar da rahoto kan sakamakon bincikensa da kuma shawarwarin da aka ba shi. A karshe dai rundunar za ta ba da dama ga hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta majalisar dokoki ta dindindin, wacce za ta iya gudanar da bincike kan zarge-zargen na tsawon lokaci mai tsawo. == Ma'aikatar 'Yancin Dan Adam == A ƙarshen watan Agustan 2013 Firayim Minista Shirdon ya kafa ma'aikatar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta farko ta ƙasa. Hukumomin tarayya a lokaci guda sun ayyana ranar 27 ga Agusta a matsayin ranar 'yancin ɗan adam ta ƙasar Somaliya. Har ila yau, ta amince da taswirar haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ke bayyana ayyukan gwamnati da kuma tsara takamaiman ma'auni da za a cimma a cikin wa'adin shekaru biyu. A ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2014, sabon Firayim Minista Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ya shiga cikin kundin kare hakkin bil adama tare da harkokin mata don kafa Ma'aikatar Mata da 'Yancin Dan Adam. Khadijo Mohamed Diriye ce ke jagoranta. == 'Yancin mata == A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2012, an amince da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya, wanda ya ƙunshi dokoki da yawa da suka shafi daidaito kamar yadda Kwamitin Kwararru (CoE) ya gabatar.<ref name="Prsgecoeodc">{{Cite web |title=Press Release - Somali Government establishes Committee of Experts on Draft Constitution |url=http://somalitalkradio.com/2011/sept/26092011_Press_Release.pdf |access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> Mataki na 11 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya ya ba da tabbacin daidaito ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba.<ref name="Frspc">{{Cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Hanan_Ibrahim4.jpg|thumb|Shugabar Kungiyar Mata Musulmi ta Barnet Hanan Ibrahim tana jawabi ga kungiyar ISSAT (2013).]] Mata tun daga lokacin sun sami wakilci mafi girma a cikin jama'a. A cewar kungiyar Inter-Parliamentary Union, kashi 30% na kujerun a Majalisar Tarayya Somaliya an tanada su ne ga mata.<ref name="Ipu">{{Cite web |title=Somalia (House of the People) |url=http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2380.htm |access-date=6 September 2013 |publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> Wannan adadin ya samo asali ne daga mai ba da shawara ga 'yan majalisa na Somalia [[Hodan Ahmed]] da sauran shugabannin siyasa mata.<ref name="Mlcpp">{{Cite web |title=April 12-13, 2013 - Preliminary Program |url=http://webapps.marietta.edu/~lead/sites/default/files/McDonough%20Leadership%20Conference%20Program%20(2013)_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051738/http://webapps.marietta.edu/~lead/sites/default/files/McDonough%20Leadership%20Conference%20Program%20(2013)_1.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 April 2014 |publisher=McDonough Leadership Center}}</ref> Ahmed ta kuma taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar mata ta Somalia a shekarar 2009 a majalisar dokokin tarayya ta baya.<ref name="Ndiha">{{Cite web |title=Hodan Ahmed |url=https://www.ndi.org/hodan-ahmed-2013-apf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084212/https://www.ndi.org/hodan-ahmed-2013-apf |archive-date=2014-04-07 |access-date=2 April 2014 |publisher=National Democratic Institute}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Firayim Minista Shirdon ya nada mata biyu a majalisar ministoci, Fowsiyo Yussuf Haji Aadan a matsayin mace ta farko ta Ministan Harkokin Waje da Maryam Qassim a matsayin Ministan Ci gaban Jama'a. A cikin watan Yunin 2013, gwamnatin tarayya ta fara tsara manufofin jinsi na farko na ƙasar. A karkashin jagorancin minista Maryam Qassim, an kammala shirin ne a watan Agusta da nufin karfafawa mata, karfafa daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kuma kare hakkin mata.<ref name="Sasrracptrwvms">{{Cite web |title=SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society |url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014 |publisher=AMISOM}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ "SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society"]. AMISOM. Archived from [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ the original] on 2 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A cewar UNDP, nau'in tashin hankali da aka fi sani da mata da maza a cikin 2012 sune hare-hare ta jiki (kashi 50% na laifukan da aka ruwaito) sannan kuma laifukan dukiya (32%). An sami raguwar adadin yawan tashin hankali na jima'i, tare da rahoton yaɗuwar yawan al'ummar ƙasar daga kashi 2% zuwa 13%. Hukumar ta UNDP ta ce mai yiyuwa ne hakan ya samo asali ne sakamakon rashin son matasa mata na bayar da rahoton irin wannan lamari saboda kazancewar al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma, duk da cewa matasa maza sun fi kai rahoton aikata laifuka gaba daya.<ref name="Shdrt">{{Cite web |title=Somalia Human Development Report 2012 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/242/somalia_report_2012.pdf |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNDP |page=71}}</ref> Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafin jima'i sun faru ne a cikin mahallin tawaye a kudancin Somaliya. A cikin kwata na farko na shekara ta 2013, [[Amnesty International]] ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 56.7% na wadanda abin ya shafa a [[Mogadishu]] mutane ne da suka rasa muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rape and sexual violence in Somalia - An ongoing epidemic |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr52/009/2013/en/ |access-date=25 June 2014 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> A cewar Human Rights Watch, gwamnati a cikin 2013 ta samar da cikakkun shirye-shiryen sake fasalin shari'a da tsaro, amma har yanzu ba ta bi waɗannan alkawurran ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somalia: Big Promises, Scant Change |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/21/somalia-big-promises-scant-change |access-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Akalla mata biyu da suka bayar da rahoton fyade an kuma gurfanar da su saboda cin zarafi, amma daga baya aka sake su bayan daukaka kara. Don magance matsalar, tun daga watan Disambar 2013 hukumomin tsakiya ke ci gaba da kafa wata kungiya ta musamman da za ta gudanar da bincike da kuma yaki da cin zarafin mata, tare da gina wani asibitin da aka kebe domin wadanda aka yi wa fyade. Hukumomin shari'a na kasa, jami'an tsaro da na 'yan sanda duk a lokaci guda suna karbar horo na musamman kan jinsi a wani bangare na kokarin kawo sauyi. A watan Yunin 2014, gwamnatin Somaliya ta kuma kaddamar da Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa game da cin zarafin jima'i tare da kungiyoyin farar hula na gida. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, Ma'aikatar Mata da 'Yancin Dan Adam a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 ta shirya kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a a babban birnin game da muhimmancin' yancin ɗan adam da kuma yadda' yan ƙasa za su iya tabbatar da kariya. Har ila yau, ya kammala doka a kan sabon dokar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam.<ref name="Prbtshrwgohrd">{{Cite web |title=Press release by the Somalia Human Rights Working Group on the occasion of International Human Rights Day |url=http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214210747/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-14 |access-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=Somalia Human Rights Working Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141214210747/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf "Press release by the Somalia Human Rights Working Group on the occasion of International Human Rights Day"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Somalia Human Rights Working Group. Archived from [http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Dangane da ƙididdigar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta 2005, kusan kashi 97.9% na mata da 'yan mata na Somaliya sun sha wahala daga yankan mata, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-09 |title=Prevalence of FGM |url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716094114/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/index.html |archive-date=July 16, 2009 |access-date=2010-12-30 |website=Who.int}}</ref> al'adar kafin aure da ta fi zama a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka da sassa na Gabas ta Tsakiya. <ref name="Rohayes">{{Cite journal |last=Hayes |first=Rose Oldfield |year=1975 |title=Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: a functional analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ethnologist_1975-11_2_4/page/617 |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=617–633 |doi=10.1525/ae.1975.2.4.02a00030 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mata a cikin al'umma ne ke ƙarfafa shi, an yi niyya ne da farko don hana lalata da kuma ba da kariya daga hari. A shekara ta 2013, UNICEF tare da hukumomin Somaliya sun ba da rahoton cewa yawan yaduwar 'yan mata masu shekaru 1 zuwa 14 a yankunan arewacin Puntland da Somaliland masu cin gashin kansu sun ragu zuwa kashi 25% biyo bayan kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a da addini. Mataki na 15 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya ya kuma haramta aikin a hukumance.<ref name="Frspc">{{Cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf "The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Fitattun masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil’adama sun hada da ‘yar kwamitin kwararrun tsarin mulki Hanan Ibrahim, wacce ke rike da mukamin shugabar kungiyar mata musulmi ta Barnet; Hawa Aden Mohamed, Shugabar Cibiyar Ilimi ta Gaalkacyo don zaman lafiya da ci gaba; da Fartuun Adan da diyarta Ilwad Elman, wadanda suka kafa cibiyar zaman lafiya da kare hakkin dan Adam ta Elman dake Mogadishu. == Hakkin yara == Mataki na 29 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Somaliya ya ayyana yaro a matsayin duk wanda bai kai shekara 18 ba, ya kuma bayyana cewa "kowane yaro yana da hakkin a kare shi daga wulakanci, sakaci, cin zarafi, ko wulakanci." <ref name="Frspc">{{Cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf "The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Fartuunadan.jpg|thumb|[[Fartuun Adan]], Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Elman.]] A cewar UNICEF, kashi 82 cikin 100 na yara a Somaliya a shekara ta 2006 sun ba da rahoton cewa suna cikin koshin lafiya a yankunansu da rana. 13% sun ji lafiya, 4% sun nuna cewa ba su sani ba/ya dogara, yayin da 0% ya ruwaito jin rashin tsaro. Game da aminci na lokacin dare, 53% na yara sun ba da rahoton jin kwanciyar hankali a yankunansu, tare da 25% suna jin kwanciyar hankali, 4% yana nuna cewa suna jin rashin tsaro, 1% suna ba da rahoton cewa suna jin rashin tsaro, yayin da 16% suka bayyana cewa ba su sani ba/ya dogara.<ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> Dangane da abin da ya faru na tashin hankali tsakanin dangi/abokai da yara, kashi 72% na yaran birane ba su bayar da rahoton faruwar irin wannan lamari ba, yayin da kashi 20% suka amsa da gaske. Kashi 90% na yara sun nuna cewa ba su kansu ne rikicin ya rutsa da su ba, yayin da kashi 10% suka ruwaito cewa. Daga cikin nau'o'in tashin hankali da dangi / abokai da yara suka fuskanta, yawancin sun hada da fashi (37%), sai kuma hari (28%), fyade (19%), kashe dangi (11%), cin zarafi (11%), kisan kare dangi / yaki (8%), sace (6%), duka / kwando da gaske (4%), rashin tabbas%) (3%), rashin tabbas.<ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf "What Children and Youth Think - Somalia"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. Archived from [http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Game da girman amanar da suke da ita a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a daban-daban, yaran sun nuna cewa sun fi amincewa da mahaifiyarsu (kashi 85% gaba ɗaya; 7% quite) da mahaifinsu (71% gaba ɗaya; 15% quite). Sun kuma tabbatar da cewa ba su amince da 'yan sanda ba (3% ba sosai ba; 7% ba kwata-kwata) da kuma kafofin watsa labarai (3% ba sosai; 5% ba kwata-kwata). Bugu da ƙari, yawancin yara sun ba da rahoton sanin haƙƙinsu (78%), tare da 'yancinsu na ilimi (72%), hakkin kada a cutar da su ko zalunta (63%), da 'yancin samun lafiya (62%) da aka fi sani.<ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf "What Children and Youth Think - Somalia"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. Archived from [http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Game da yadda ake girmama hakkoki daban-daban a Somaliya, yawancin yara sun ji cewa ana girmama manyan hakkinsu, gami da haƙƙin ilimi (58% gaba ɗaya; 19% gaba ɗaya; 3% ba cikakke ba; 1% ba cikakke bane; 11% ba su sani ba; 7% babu amsa), haƙƙin kada a wulakanta su (46% gaba ɗaya; 24% gaba ɗaya; 5% ba cikakke; 14% ba su sani bane; 8% babu amsa), da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya (52% gaba ɗaya; 22% gaba ɗaya; 2% ba cikakke babu cikakke; 3% ba su sani; 12% ba; babu amsa ba; 7% ba su sani). Game da yanayin farin ciki, kashi 86% na yara sun ba da rahoton jin daɗi, kashi 10% ba su da farin ciki ko rashin farin ciki, kuma kashi 3% ba su daɗi. Yawancin yara sun kuma nuna cewa ingancin dangantakarsu da iyayensu yana da kyau sosai (72%), sannan ya biyo baya da kyau (17%). <ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf "What Children and Youth Think - Somalia"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. Archived from [http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Dangane da adadin yaran da ke aiki don kuɗi, kashi 93% sun ba da rahoton cewa ba sa aiki. 6% sun nuna cewa suna gudanar da aikin wucin gadi na yau da kullun, 6% sun bayyana cewa suna gudanar da aikin lokaci-lokaci ko na ɗan lokaci, kuma 4% sun tabbatar da cewa suna gudanar da aikin cikakken lokaci. Kashi 64% na yara sun bayar da rahoton cewa ba sa yin aikin da ba a biya ba, kashi 20 cikin 100 sun nuna cewa suna gudanar da aikin wucin gadi na yau da kullun, 15% sun bayyana cewa suna gudanar da aikin na lokaci-lokaci ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba, kuma 0% sun nuna cewa suna gudanar da aikin cikakken lokaci ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba.<ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf "What Children and Youth Think - Somalia"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. Archived from [http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Firayim Minista Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ya tabbatar da manyan tarurruka uku na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya a madadin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Somaliya, gami da Kundin Kwadago mafi Girma na Kwadago na Yara. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Majalisar Tarayya ta kuma zartar da sabuwar Dokar Kare Yara ta Kasa mai maki 54, wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tsara. Bugu da ƙari, majalisa a lokaci guda ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara. Shugaba Hassan Sheikh Mohamud daga baya ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a watan Janairun 2015, wanda ya sanya Somaliya jam'iyyar jihar ta 195 da ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Duniya.<ref name="Gosrucotrc">{{Cite web |title=Government of Somalia ratifies UN Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_78732.html?p=printme |access-date=22 January 2015 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> == Hakkin 'yan tsiraru == Sashe na 11 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasa ya tanadi cewa, kasa ba za ta yi wa wani mutum wariya ba saboda kabila, launi, kabila ko kabila.<ref name="Frspc">{{Cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf "The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Ƙungiyoyin sana'a na Gabboye, waɗanda suka haɗa da 'yan Madhibaan, Yibir da Tumaal (wanda ake kira sab) da kuma dangin Wardei, sun sami ɗan wakilci na siyasa a cikin Somaliya tsawon shekaru. Matsayinsu na zamantakewa gabaɗaya ya inganta daidai da fadada cibiyoyin birane. Koyaya, saboda asalin su na ƙasashen waje, waɗanda ba na Somali ba, mutane daga ƙabilu na Bantu da Wardei har yanzu suna fuskantar warewar al'umma.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> A cikin 2013, gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta kafa Darakta Janar na 'Yancin Dan Adam da 'Yan tsiraru da Doka a cikin Ofishin Firayim Minista. <ref name="Atsitfohr">{{Cite web |title=Assistance to Somalia in the Field of Human Rights |url=http://blog.unwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/Somalia-Resolution.pdf |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UN Watch}}</ref> Ta hannun ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida da ta tarayya, ta kuma kaddamar da sabuwar hukumar kula da ‘yan gudun hijira da ‘yan gudun hijira ta kasa, wadda ke da alhakin tafiyar da dokoki, shirye-shiryen mayar da martani, bayar da shawarwari da aiwatarwa ba tare da iznin dawowa da ‘yan gudun hijirar cikin gida ba. == 'Yanci na addini == {{Excerpt|Freedom of religion in Somalia}} == Lissafin Freedom House == Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar Somaliya tun daga 1 a kan Freedom House na shekara-shekara Freedom in the World index. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 == Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa == Yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa da Somaliya ta sanya hannu ko ta tabbatar sun hada da: == Bayani == : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Rahoton 1982 ya rufe shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton 1984 mai zuwa ya rufe rabi na biyu na 1982 da dukan 1983. Don sauƙaƙewa, an raba waɗannan rahotanni biyu na "shekara da rabi" zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == 245hi1e8r8hr0hqp9iwdpd5206xpj1c 976094 976093 2026-11-05T10:11:42Z A Salisu 14655 976094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Somaliya a cikin ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da farkon ƙarni na 21st an ɗauke su cikin mawuyacin hali, amma sannu a hankali sun inganta cikin shekaru masu zuwa. An tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya, wanda aka amince da shi a watan Agustan 2012. Suna ƙarƙashin ma'aikatar kare hakkin ɗan adam da aka kafa a watan Agustan shekarar 2013. Hukumomin tsakiya a lokaci guda sun kaddamar da Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kasa, sun amince da taswirar' yancin dan Adam ta hukuma, kuma sun kammala Manufar Jima'i ta farko ta Somalia.<ref name="Sasrracptrwvms">{{Cite web |title=SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society |url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014 |publisher=AMISOM}}</ref> An kafa rundunar kare hakkin dan adam a watan Fabrairun 2013 don tabbatar da kare hakkin mutum. Gwamnatin tarayya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 ta shirya kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a, ta zartar da sabuwar dokar kare yara ta kasa mai maki 54, kuma ta kammala doka a kan dokar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam. <ref name="Prbtshrwgohrd">{{Cite web |title=Press release by the Somalia Human Rights Working Group on the occasion of International Human Rights Day |url=http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214210747/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-14 |access-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=Somalia Human Rights Working Group}}</ref> A cewar Masanin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan Somaliya, kariya ta kare hakkin dan adam ta cikin gida ta inganta a hankali yayin da tsarin gwamnati da sake fasalin majalisa suka samo tushe. == Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam == A farkon watan Fabrairun 2013, tsohon Firayim Minista Abdi Farah Shirdon ya kaddamar da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta kan kare hakkin bil'adama domin tabbatar da kare hakkin dan adam. An kafa kwamitin na masu sa kai mai mambobi 13 bayan tattaunawa mai zurfi da kungiyoyin fararen hula da kuma shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar Mohamed Osman Jawari. A karkashin jagorancin fitacciyar lauya mai kare hakkin bil’adama Maryam Yusuf Sheikh Ali, daya daga cikin mata hudu da ke cikin kwamitin, kwamitin ya hada da malami, mai fafutukar zaman lafiya, shugabannin kungiyoyin mata na Somaliya, manyan jami’an ‘yan sanda, mai fafutukar jin kai, shugaban addini, da kuma wakilin yada labarai. An dorawa alhakin gudanar da bincike kan zarge-zargen cin zarafin dan Adam da kuma tsoratar da 'yan jarida. A karshen wa'adinsa na watanni uku, kwamitin ya shirya fitar da rahoto kan sakamakon bincikensa da kuma shawarwarin da aka ba shi. A karshe dai rundunar za ta ba da dama ga hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta majalisar dokoki ta dindindin, wacce za ta iya gudanar da bincike kan zarge-zargen na tsawon lokaci mai tsawo. == Ma'aikatar 'Yancin Dan Adam == A ƙarshen watan Agustan 2013 Firayim Minista Shirdon ya kafa ma'aikatar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta farko ta ƙasa. Hukumomin tarayya a lokaci guda sun ayyana ranar 27 ga Agusta a matsayin ranar 'yancin ɗan adam ta ƙasar Somaliya. Har ila yau, ta amince da taswirar haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ke bayyana ayyukan gwamnati da kuma tsara takamaiman ma'auni da za a cimma a cikin wa'adin shekaru biyu. A ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2014, sabon Firayim Minista Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ya shiga cikin kundin kare hakkin bil adama tare da harkokin mata don kafa Ma'aikatar Mata da 'Yancin Dan Adam. Khadijo Mohamed Diriye ce ke jagoranta. == 'Yancin mata == A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2012, an amince da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya, wanda ya ƙunshi dokoki da yawa da suka shafi daidaito kamar yadda Kwamitin Kwararru (CoE) ya gabatar.<ref name="Prsgecoeodc">{{Cite web |title=Press Release - Somali Government establishes Committee of Experts on Draft Constitution |url=http://somalitalkradio.com/2011/sept/26092011_Press_Release.pdf |access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> Mataki na 11 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya ya ba da tabbacin daidaito ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba.<ref name="Frspc">{{Cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Hanan_Ibrahim4.jpg|thumb|Shugabar Kungiyar Mata Musulmi ta Barnet Hanan Ibrahim tana jawabi ga kungiyar ISSAT (2013).]] Mata tun daga lokacin sun sami wakilci mafi girma a cikin jama'a. A cewar kungiyar Inter-Parliamentary Union, kashi 30% na kujerun a Majalisar Tarayya Somaliya an tanada su ne ga mata.<ref name="Ipu">{{Cite web |title=Somalia (House of the People) |url=http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2380.htm |access-date=6 September 2013 |publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> Wannan adadin ya samo asali ne daga mai ba da shawara ga 'yan majalisa na Somalia [[Hodan Ahmed]] da sauran shugabannin siyasa mata.<ref name="Mlcpp">{{Cite web |title=April 12-13, 2013 - Preliminary Program |url=http://webapps.marietta.edu/~lead/sites/default/files/McDonough%20Leadership%20Conference%20Program%20(2013)_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051738/http://webapps.marietta.edu/~lead/sites/default/files/McDonough%20Leadership%20Conference%20Program%20(2013)_1.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 April 2014 |publisher=McDonough Leadership Center}}</ref> Ahmed ta kuma taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar mata ta Somalia a shekarar 2009 a majalisar dokokin tarayya ta baya.<ref name="Ndiha">{{Cite web |title=Hodan Ahmed |url=https://www.ndi.org/hodan-ahmed-2013-apf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084212/https://www.ndi.org/hodan-ahmed-2013-apf |archive-date=2014-04-07 |access-date=2 April 2014 |publisher=National Democratic Institute}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Firayim Minista Shirdon ya nada mata biyu a majalisar ministoci, Fowsiyo Yussuf Haji Aadan a matsayin mace ta farko ta Ministan Harkokin Waje da Maryam Qassim a matsayin Ministan Ci gaban Jama'a. A cikin watan Yunin 2013, gwamnatin tarayya ta fara tsara manufofin jinsi na farko na ƙasar. A karkashin jagorancin minista Maryam Qassim, an kammala shirin ne a watan Agusta da nufin karfafawa mata, karfafa daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kuma kare hakkin mata.<ref name="Sasrracptrwvms">{{Cite web |title=SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society |url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014 |publisher=AMISOM}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ "SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society"]. AMISOM. Archived from [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ the original] on 2 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A cewar UNDP, nau'in tashin hankali da aka fi sani da mata da maza a cikin 2012 sune hare-hare ta jiki (kashi 50% na laifukan da aka ruwaito) sannan kuma laifukan dukiya (32%). An sami raguwar adadin yawan tashin hankali na jima'i, tare da rahoton yaɗuwar yawan al'ummar ƙasar daga kashi 2% zuwa 13%. Hukumar ta UNDP ta ce mai yiyuwa ne hakan ya samo asali ne sakamakon rashin son matasa mata na bayar da rahoton irin wannan lamari saboda kazancewar al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma, duk da cewa matasa maza sun fi kai rahoton aikata laifuka gaba daya.<ref name="Shdrt">{{Cite web |title=Somalia Human Development Report 2012 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/242/somalia_report_2012.pdf |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNDP |page=71}}</ref> Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafin jima'i sun faru ne a cikin mahallin tawaye a kudancin Somaliya. A cikin kwata na farko na shekara ta 2013, [[Amnesty International]] ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 56.7% na wadanda abin ya shafa a [[Mogadishu]] mutane ne da suka rasa muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rape and sexual violence in Somalia - An ongoing epidemic |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr52/009/2013/en/ |access-date=25 June 2014 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> A cewar Human Rights Watch, gwamnati a cikin 2013 ta samar da cikakkun shirye-shiryen sake fasalin shari'a da tsaro, amma har yanzu ba ta bi waɗannan alkawurran ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somalia: Big Promises, Scant Change |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/21/somalia-big-promises-scant-change |access-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Akalla mata biyu da suka bayar da rahoton fyade an kuma gurfanar da su saboda cin zarafi, amma daga baya aka sake su bayan daukaka kara. Don magance matsalar, tun daga watan Disambar 2013 hukumomin tsakiya ke ci gaba da kafa wata kungiya ta musamman da za ta gudanar da bincike da kuma yaki da cin zarafin mata, tare da gina wani asibitin da aka kebe domin wadanda aka yi wa fyade. Hukumomin shari'a na kasa, jami'an tsaro da na 'yan sanda duk a lokaci guda suna karbar horo na musamman kan jinsi a wani bangare na kokarin kawo sauyi. A watan Yunin 2014, gwamnatin Somaliya ta kuma kaddamar da Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa game da cin zarafin jima'i tare da kungiyoyin farar hula na gida. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, Ma'aikatar Mata da 'Yancin Dan Adam a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 ta shirya kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a a babban birnin game da muhimmancin' yancin ɗan adam da kuma yadda' yan ƙasa za su iya tabbatar da kariya. Har ila yau, ya kammala doka a kan sabon dokar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam.<ref name="Prbtshrwgohrd">{{Cite web |title=Press release by the Somalia Human Rights Working Group on the occasion of International Human Rights Day |url=http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214210747/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-14 |access-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=Somalia Human Rights Working Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141214210747/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf "Press release by the Somalia Human Rights Working Group on the occasion of International Human Rights Day"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Somalia Human Rights Working Group. Archived from [http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Dangane da ƙididdigar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta 2005, kusan kashi 97.9% na mata da 'yan mata na Somaliya sun sha wahala daga yankan mata, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-09 |title=Prevalence of FGM |url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716094114/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/index.html |archive-date=July 16, 2009 |access-date=2010-12-30 |website=Who.int}}</ref> al'adar kafin aure da ta fi zama a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka da sassa na Gabas ta Tsakiya. <ref name="Rohayes">{{Cite journal |last=Hayes |first=Rose Oldfield |year=1975 |title=Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: a functional analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ethnologist_1975-11_2_4/page/617 |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=617–633 |doi=10.1525/ae.1975.2.4.02a00030 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mata a cikin al'umma ne ke ƙarfafa shi, an yi niyya ne da farko don hana lalata da kuma ba da kariya daga hari. A shekara ta 2013, UNICEF tare da hukumomin Somaliya sun ba da rahoton cewa yawan yaduwar 'yan mata masu shekaru 1 zuwa 14 a yankunan arewacin Puntland da Somaliland masu cin gashin kansu sun ragu zuwa kashi 25% biyo bayan kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a da addini. Mataki na 15 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya ya kuma haramta aikin a hukumance.<ref name="Frspc">{{Cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf "The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Fitattun masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil’adama sun hada da ‘yar kwamitin kwararrun tsarin mulki Hanan Ibrahim, wacce ke rike da mukamin shugabar kungiyar mata musulmi ta Barnet; Hawa Aden Mohamed, Shugabar Cibiyar Ilimi ta Gaalkacyo don zaman lafiya da ci gaba; da Fartuun Adan da diyarta Ilwad Elman, wadanda suka kafa cibiyar zaman lafiya da kare hakkin dan Adam ta Elman dake Mogadishu. == Hakkin yara == Mataki na 29 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Somaliya ya ayyana yaro a matsayin duk wanda bai kai shekara 18 ba, ya kuma bayyana cewa "kowane yaro yana da hakkin a kare shi daga wulakanci, sakaci, cin zarafi, ko wulakanci." <ref name="Frspc">{{Cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf "The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Fartuunadan.jpg|thumb|[[Fartuun Adan]], Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Elman.]] A cewar UNICEF, kashi 82 cikin 100 na yara a Somaliya a shekara ta 2006 sun ba da rahoton cewa suna cikin koshin lafiya a yankunansu da rana. 13% sun ji lafiya, 4% sun nuna cewa ba su sani ba/ya dogara, yayin da 0% ya ruwaito jin rashin tsaro. Game da aminci na lokacin dare, 53% na yara sun ba da rahoton jin kwanciyar hankali a yankunansu, tare da 25% suna jin kwanciyar hankali, 4% yana nuna cewa suna jin rashin tsaro, 1% suna ba da rahoton cewa suna jin rashin tsaro, yayin da 16% suka bayyana cewa ba su sani ba/ya dogara.<ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> Dangane da abin da ya faru na tashin hankali tsakanin dangi/abokai da yara, kashi 72% na yaran birane ba su bayar da rahoton faruwar irin wannan lamari ba, yayin da kashi 20% suka amsa da gaske. Kashi 90% na yara sun nuna cewa ba su kansu ne rikicin ya rutsa da su ba, yayin da kashi 10% suka ruwaito cewa. Daga cikin nau'o'in tashin hankali da dangi / abokai da yara suka fuskanta, yawancin sun hada da fashi (37%), sai kuma hari (28%), fyade (19%), kashe dangi (11%), cin zarafi (11%), kisan kare dangi / yaki (8%), sace (6%), duka / kwando da gaske (4%), rashin tabbas%) (3%), rashin tabbas.<ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf "What Children and Youth Think - Somalia"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. Archived from [http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Game da girman amanar da suke da ita a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a daban-daban, yaran sun nuna cewa sun fi amincewa da mahaifiyarsu (kashi 85% gaba ɗaya; 7% quite) da mahaifinsu (71% gaba ɗaya; 15% quite). Sun kuma tabbatar da cewa ba su amince da 'yan sanda ba (3% ba sosai ba; 7% ba kwata-kwata) da kuma kafofin watsa labarai (3% ba sosai; 5% ba kwata-kwata). Bugu da ƙari, yawancin yara sun ba da rahoton sanin haƙƙinsu (78%), tare da 'yancinsu na ilimi (72%), hakkin kada a cutar da su ko zalunta (63%), da 'yancin samun lafiya (62%) da aka fi sani.<ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf "What Children and Youth Think - Somalia"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. Archived from [http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Game da yadda ake girmama hakkoki daban-daban a Somaliya, yawancin yara sun ji cewa ana girmama manyan hakkinsu, gami da haƙƙin ilimi (58% gaba ɗaya; 19% gaba ɗaya; 3% ba cikakke ba; 1% ba cikakke bane; 11% ba su sani ba; 7% babu amsa), haƙƙin kada a wulakanta su (46% gaba ɗaya; 24% gaba ɗaya; 5% ba cikakke; 14% ba su sani bane; 8% babu amsa), da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya (52% gaba ɗaya; 22% gaba ɗaya; 2% ba cikakke babu cikakke; 3% ba su sani; 12% ba; babu amsa ba; 7% ba su sani). Game da yanayin farin ciki, kashi 86% na yara sun ba da rahoton jin daɗi, kashi 10% ba su da farin ciki ko rashin farin ciki, kuma kashi 3% ba su daɗi. Yawancin yara sun kuma nuna cewa ingancin dangantakarsu da iyayensu yana da kyau sosai (72%), sannan ya biyo baya da kyau (17%). <ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf "What Children and Youth Think - Somalia"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. Archived from [http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Dangane da adadin yaran da ke aiki don kuɗi, kashi 93% sun ba da rahoton cewa ba sa aiki. 6% sun nuna cewa suna gudanar da aikin wucin gadi na yau da kullun, 6% sun bayyana cewa suna gudanar da aikin lokaci-lokaci ko na ɗan lokaci, kuma 4% sun tabbatar da cewa suna gudanar da aikin cikakken lokaci. Kashi 64% na yara sun bayar da rahoton cewa ba sa yin aikin da ba a biya ba, kashi 20 cikin 100 sun nuna cewa suna gudanar da aikin wucin gadi na yau da kullun, 15% sun bayyana cewa suna gudanar da aikin na lokaci-lokaci ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba, kuma 0% sun nuna cewa suna gudanar da aikin cikakken lokaci ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba.<ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf "What Children and Youth Think - Somalia"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. Archived from [http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Firayim Minista Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ya tabbatar da manyan tarurruka uku na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya a madadin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Somaliya, gami da Kundin Kwadago mafi Girma na Kwadago na Yara. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Majalisar Tarayya ta kuma zartar da sabuwar Dokar Kare Yara ta Kasa mai maki 54, wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tsara. Bugu da ƙari, majalisa a lokaci guda ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara. Shugaba Hassan Sheikh Mohamud daga baya ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a watan Janairun 2015, wanda ya sanya Somaliya jam'iyyar jihar ta 195 da ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Duniya.<ref name="Gosrucotrc">{{Cite web |title=Government of Somalia ratifies UN Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_78732.html?p=printme |access-date=22 January 2015 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> == Hakkin 'yan tsiraru == Sashe na 11 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasa ya tanadi cewa, kasa ba za ta yi wa wani mutum wariya ba saboda kabila, launi, kabila ko kabila.<ref name="Frspc">{{Cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf "The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Ƙungiyoyin sana'a na Gabboye, waɗanda suka haɗa da 'yan Madhibaan, Yibir da Tumaal (wanda ake kira sab) da kuma dangin Wardei, sun sami ɗan wakilci na siyasa a cikin Somaliya tsawon shekaru. Matsayinsu na zamantakewa gabaɗaya ya inganta daidai da fadada cibiyoyin birane. Koyaya, saboda asalin su na ƙasashen waje, waɗanda ba na Somali ba, mutane daga ƙabilu na Bantu da Wardei har yanzu suna fuskantar warewar al'umma.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> A cikin 2013, gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta kafa Darakta Janar na 'Yancin Dan Adam da 'Yan tsiraru da Doka a cikin Ofishin Firayim Minista. <ref name="Atsitfohr">{{Cite web |title=Assistance to Somalia in the Field of Human Rights |url=http://blog.unwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/Somalia-Resolution.pdf |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UN Watch}}</ref> Ta hannun ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida da ta tarayya, ta kuma kaddamar da sabuwar hukumar kula da ‘yan gudun hijira da ‘yan gudun hijira ta kasa, wadda ke da alhakin tafiyar da dokoki, shirye-shiryen mayar da martani, bayar da shawarwari da aiwatarwa ba tare da iznin dawowa da ‘yan gudun hijirar cikin gida ba. == 'Yanci na addini == {{Excerpt|Freedom of religion in Somalia}} == Lissafin Freedom House == Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar Somaliya tun daga 1 a kan Freedom House na shekara-shekara Freedom in the World index. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 == Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa == Yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa da Somaliya ta sanya hannu ko ta tabbatar sun hada da: == Bayani == : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Rahoton 1982 ya rufe shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton 1984 mai zuwa ya rufe rabi na biyu na 1982 da dukan 1983. Don sauƙaƙewa, an raba waɗannan rahotanni biyu na "shekara da rabi" zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == prlwrmraz2vxqtp0a02p7fcllmkb26b 976095 976094 2026-11-05T10:11:58Z A Salisu 14655 976095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Somaliya a cikin ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 da farkon ƙarni na 21st an ɗauke su cikin mawuyacin hali, amma sannu a hankali sun inganta cikin shekaru masu zuwa. An tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya, wanda aka amince da shi a watan Agustan 2012. Suna ƙarƙashin ma'aikatar kare hakkin ɗan adam da aka kafa a watan Agustan shekarar 2013. Hukumomin tsakiya a lokaci guda sun kaddamar da Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kasa, sun amince da taswirar' yancin dan Adam ta hukuma, kuma sun kammala Manufar Jima'i ta farko ta Somalia.<ref name="Sasrracptrwvms">{{Cite web |title=SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society |url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014 |publisher=AMISOM}}</ref> An kuma kafa rundunar kare hakkin dan adam a watan Fabrairun 2013 don tabbatar da kare hakkin mutum. Gwamnatin tarayya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 ta shirya kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a, ta zartar da sabuwar dokar kare yara ta kasa mai maki 54, kuma ta kammala doka a kan dokar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam. <ref name="Prbtshrwgohrd">{{Cite web |title=Press release by the Somalia Human Rights Working Group on the occasion of International Human Rights Day |url=http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214210747/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-14 |access-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=Somalia Human Rights Working Group}}</ref> A cewar Masanin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kan Somaliya, kariya ta kare hakkin dan adam ta cikin gida ta inganta a hankali yayin da tsarin gwamnati da sake fasalin majalisa suka samo tushe. == Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam == A farkon watan Fabrairun 2013, tsohon Firayim Minista Abdi Farah Shirdon ya kaddamar da wata kungiya mai zaman kanta kan kare hakkin bil'adama domin tabbatar da kare hakkin dan adam. An kafa kwamitin na masu sa kai mai mambobi 13 bayan tattaunawa mai zurfi da kungiyoyin fararen hula da kuma shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar Mohamed Osman Jawari. A karkashin jagorancin fitacciyar lauya mai kare hakkin bil’adama Maryam Yusuf Sheikh Ali, daya daga cikin mata hudu da ke cikin kwamitin, kwamitin ya hada da malami, mai fafutukar zaman lafiya, shugabannin kungiyoyin mata na Somaliya, manyan jami’an ‘yan sanda, mai fafutukar jin kai, shugaban addini, da kuma wakilin yada labarai. An dorawa alhakin gudanar da bincike kan zarge-zargen cin zarafin dan Adam da kuma tsoratar da 'yan jarida. A karshen wa'adinsa na watanni uku, kwamitin ya shirya fitar da rahoto kan sakamakon bincikensa da kuma shawarwarin da aka ba shi. A karshe dai rundunar za ta ba da dama ga hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta majalisar dokoki ta dindindin, wacce za ta iya gudanar da bincike kan zarge-zargen na tsawon lokaci mai tsawo. == Ma'aikatar 'Yancin Dan Adam == A ƙarshen watan Agustan 2013 Firayim Minista Shirdon ya kafa ma'aikatar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta farko ta ƙasa. Hukumomin tarayya a lokaci guda sun ayyana ranar 27 ga Agusta a matsayin ranar 'yancin ɗan adam ta ƙasar Somaliya. Har ila yau, ta amince da taswirar haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ke bayyana ayyukan gwamnati da kuma tsara takamaiman ma'auni da za a cimma a cikin wa'adin shekaru biyu. A ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2014, sabon Firayim Minista Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ya shiga cikin kundin kare hakkin bil adama tare da harkokin mata don kafa Ma'aikatar Mata da 'Yancin Dan Adam. Khadijo Mohamed Diriye ce ke jagoranta. == 'Yancin mata == A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2012, an amince da sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya, wanda ya ƙunshi dokoki da yawa da suka shafi daidaito kamar yadda Kwamitin Kwararru (CoE) ya gabatar.<ref name="Prsgecoeodc">{{Cite web |title=Press Release - Somali Government establishes Committee of Experts on Draft Constitution |url=http://somalitalkradio.com/2011/sept/26092011_Press_Release.pdf |access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> Mataki na 11 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya ya ba da tabbacin daidaito ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba.<ref name="Frspc">{{Cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013}}</ref> [[Fayil:Hanan_Ibrahim4.jpg|thumb|Shugabar Kungiyar Mata Musulmi ta Barnet Hanan Ibrahim tana jawabi ga kungiyar ISSAT (2013).]] Mata tun daga lokacin sun sami wakilci mafi girma a cikin jama'a. A cewar kungiyar Inter-Parliamentary Union, kashi 30% na kujerun a Majalisar Tarayya Somaliya an tanada su ne ga mata.<ref name="Ipu">{{Cite web |title=Somalia (House of the People) |url=http://www.ipu.org/parline/reports/2380.htm |access-date=6 September 2013 |publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union}}</ref> Wannan adadin ya samo asali ne daga mai ba da shawara ga 'yan majalisa na Somalia [[Hodan Ahmed]] da sauran shugabannin siyasa mata.<ref name="Mlcpp">{{Cite web |title=April 12-13, 2013 - Preliminary Program |url=http://webapps.marietta.edu/~lead/sites/default/files/McDonough%20Leadership%20Conference%20Program%20(2013)_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051738/http://webapps.marietta.edu/~lead/sites/default/files/McDonough%20Leadership%20Conference%20Program%20(2013)_1.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 April 2014 |publisher=McDonough Leadership Center}}</ref> Ahmed ta kuma taimaka wajen kafa kungiyar mata ta Somalia a shekarar 2009 a majalisar dokokin tarayya ta baya.<ref name="Ndiha">{{Cite web |title=Hodan Ahmed |url=https://www.ndi.org/hodan-ahmed-2013-apf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084212/https://www.ndi.org/hodan-ahmed-2013-apf |archive-date=2014-04-07 |access-date=2 April 2014 |publisher=National Democratic Institute}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012, Firayim Minista Shirdon ya nada mata biyu a majalisar ministoci, Fowsiyo Yussuf Haji Aadan a matsayin mace ta farko ta Ministan Harkokin Waje da Maryam Qassim a matsayin Ministan Ci gaban Jama'a. A cikin watan Yunin 2013, gwamnatin tarayya ta fara tsara manufofin jinsi na farko na ƙasar. A karkashin jagorancin minista Maryam Qassim, an kammala shirin ne a watan Agusta da nufin karfafawa mata, karfafa daidaito tsakanin jinsi da kuma kare hakkin mata.<ref name="Sasrracptrwvms">{{Cite web |title=SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society |url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014 |publisher=AMISOM}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ "SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society"]. AMISOM. Archived from [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/ the original] on 2 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A cewar UNDP, nau'in tashin hankali da aka fi sani da mata da maza a cikin 2012 sune hare-hare ta jiki (kashi 50% na laifukan da aka ruwaito) sannan kuma laifukan dukiya (32%). An sami raguwar adadin yawan tashin hankali na jima'i, tare da rahoton yaɗuwar yawan al'ummar ƙasar daga kashi 2% zuwa 13%. Hukumar ta UNDP ta ce mai yiyuwa ne hakan ya samo asali ne sakamakon rashin son matasa mata na bayar da rahoton irin wannan lamari saboda kazancewar al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma, duk da cewa matasa maza sun fi kai rahoton aikata laifuka gaba daya.<ref name="Shdrt">{{Cite web |title=Somalia Human Development Report 2012 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/242/somalia_report_2012.pdf |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNDP |page=71}}</ref> Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafin jima'i sun faru ne a cikin mahallin tawaye a kudancin Somaliya. A cikin kwata na farko na shekara ta 2013, [[Amnesty International]] ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 56.7% na wadanda abin ya shafa a [[Mogadishu]] mutane ne da suka rasa muhallinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rape and sexual violence in Somalia - An ongoing epidemic |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr52/009/2013/en/ |access-date=25 June 2014 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> A cewar Human Rights Watch, gwamnati a cikin 2013 ta samar da cikakkun shirye-shiryen sake fasalin shari'a da tsaro, amma har yanzu ba ta bi waɗannan alkawurran ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somalia: Big Promises, Scant Change |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/21/somalia-big-promises-scant-change |access-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Akalla mata biyu da suka bayar da rahoton fyade an kuma gurfanar da su saboda cin zarafi, amma daga baya aka sake su bayan daukaka kara. Don magance matsalar, tun daga watan Disambar 2013 hukumomin tsakiya ke ci gaba da kafa wata kungiya ta musamman da za ta gudanar da bincike da kuma yaki da cin zarafin mata, tare da gina wani asibitin da aka kebe domin wadanda aka yi wa fyade. Hukumomin shari'a na kasa, jami'an tsaro da na 'yan sanda duk a lokaci guda suna karbar horo na musamman kan jinsi a wani bangare na kokarin kawo sauyi. A watan Yunin 2014, gwamnatin Somaliya ta kuma kaddamar da Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa game da cin zarafin jima'i tare da kungiyoyin farar hula na gida. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin, Ma'aikatar Mata da 'Yancin Dan Adam a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 ta shirya kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a a babban birnin game da muhimmancin' yancin ɗan adam da kuma yadda' yan ƙasa za su iya tabbatar da kariya. Har ila yau, ya kammala doka a kan sabon dokar Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam.<ref name="Prbtshrwgohrd">{{Cite web |title=Press release by the Somalia Human Rights Working Group on the occasion of International Human Rights Day |url=http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214210747/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf |archive-date=2014-12-14 |access-date=14 December 2014 |publisher=Somalia Human Rights Working Group}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141214210747/https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf "Press release by the Somalia Human Rights Working Group on the occasion of International Human Rights Day"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Somalia Human Rights Working Group. Archived from [http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/somalia/documents/press_corner/20141210_en.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Dangane da ƙididdigar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta 2005, kusan kashi 97.9% na mata da 'yan mata na Somaliya sun sha wahala daga yankan mata, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-09 |title=Prevalence of FGM |url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716094114/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/prevalence/en/index.html |archive-date=July 16, 2009 |access-date=2010-12-30 |website=Who.int}}</ref> al'adar kafin aure da ta fi zama a Arewa maso gabashin Afirka da sassa na Gabas ta Tsakiya. <ref name="Rohayes">{{Cite journal |last=Hayes |first=Rose Oldfield |year=1975 |title=Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: a functional analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-ethnologist_1975-11_2_4/page/617 |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=617–633 |doi=10.1525/ae.1975.2.4.02a00030 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mata a cikin al'umma ne ke ƙarfafa shi, an yi niyya ne da farko don hana lalata da kuma ba da kariya daga hari. A shekara ta 2013, UNICEF tare da hukumomin Somaliya sun ba da rahoton cewa yawan yaduwar 'yan mata masu shekaru 1 zuwa 14 a yankunan arewacin Puntland da Somaliland masu cin gashin kansu sun ragu zuwa kashi 25% biyo bayan kamfen ɗin wayar da kan jama'a da addini. Mataki na 15 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Tarayya ya kuma haramta aikin a hukumance.<ref name="Frspc">{{Cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf "The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Fitattun masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil’adama sun hada da ‘yar kwamitin kwararrun tsarin mulki Hanan Ibrahim, wacce ke rike da mukamin shugabar kungiyar mata musulmi ta Barnet; Hawa Aden Mohamed, Shugabar Cibiyar Ilimi ta Gaalkacyo don zaman lafiya da ci gaba; da Fartuun Adan da diyarta Ilwad Elman, wadanda suka kafa cibiyar zaman lafiya da kare hakkin dan Adam ta Elman dake Mogadishu. == Hakkin yara == Mataki na 29 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Somaliya ya ayyana yaro a matsayin duk wanda bai kai shekara 18 ba, ya kuma bayyana cewa "kowane yaro yana da hakkin a kare shi daga wulakanci, sakaci, cin zarafi, ko wulakanci." <ref name="Frspc">{{Cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf "The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> [[Fayil:Fartuunadan.jpg|thumb|[[Fartuun Adan]], Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Elman.]] A cewar UNICEF, kashi 82 cikin 100 na yara a Somaliya a shekara ta 2006 sun ba da rahoton cewa suna cikin koshin lafiya a yankunansu da rana. 13% sun ji lafiya, 4% sun nuna cewa ba su sani ba/ya dogara, yayin da 0% ya ruwaito jin rashin tsaro. Game da aminci na lokacin dare, 53% na yara sun ba da rahoton jin kwanciyar hankali a yankunansu, tare da 25% suna jin kwanciyar hankali, 4% yana nuna cewa suna jin rashin tsaro, 1% suna ba da rahoton cewa suna jin rashin tsaro, yayin da 16% suka bayyana cewa ba su sani ba/ya dogara.<ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> Dangane da abin da ya faru na tashin hankali tsakanin dangi/abokai da yara, kashi 72% na yaran birane ba su bayar da rahoton faruwar irin wannan lamari ba, yayin da kashi 20% suka amsa da gaske. Kashi 90% na yara sun nuna cewa ba su kansu ne rikicin ya rutsa da su ba, yayin da kashi 10% suka ruwaito cewa. Daga cikin nau'o'in tashin hankali da dangi / abokai da yara suka fuskanta, yawancin sun hada da fashi (37%), sai kuma hari (28%), fyade (19%), kashe dangi (11%), cin zarafi (11%), kisan kare dangi / yaki (8%), sace (6%), duka / kwando da gaske (4%), rashin tabbas%) (3%), rashin tabbas.<ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf "What Children and Youth Think - Somalia"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. Archived from [http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Game da girman amanar da suke da ita a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a daban-daban, yaran sun nuna cewa sun fi amincewa da mahaifiyarsu (kashi 85% gaba ɗaya; 7% quite) da mahaifinsu (71% gaba ɗaya; 15% quite). Sun kuma tabbatar da cewa ba su amince da 'yan sanda ba (3% ba sosai ba; 7% ba kwata-kwata) da kuma kafofin watsa labarai (3% ba sosai; 5% ba kwata-kwata). Bugu da ƙari, yawancin yara sun ba da rahoton sanin haƙƙinsu (78%), tare da 'yancinsu na ilimi (72%), hakkin kada a cutar da su ko zalunta (63%), da 'yancin samun lafiya (62%) da aka fi sani.<ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf "What Children and Youth Think - Somalia"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. Archived from [http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Game da yadda ake girmama hakkoki daban-daban a Somaliya, yawancin yara sun ji cewa ana girmama manyan hakkinsu, gami da haƙƙin ilimi (58% gaba ɗaya; 19% gaba ɗaya; 3% ba cikakke ba; 1% ba cikakke bane; 11% ba su sani ba; 7% babu amsa), haƙƙin kada a wulakanta su (46% gaba ɗaya; 24% gaba ɗaya; 5% ba cikakke; 14% ba su sani bane; 8% babu amsa), da haƙƙin kiwon lafiya (52% gaba ɗaya; 22% gaba ɗaya; 2% ba cikakke babu cikakke; 3% ba su sani; 12% ba; babu amsa ba; 7% ba su sani). Game da yanayin farin ciki, kashi 86% na yara sun ba da rahoton jin daɗi, kashi 10% ba su da farin ciki ko rashin farin ciki, kuma kashi 3% ba su daɗi. Yawancin yara sun kuma nuna cewa ingancin dangantakarsu da iyayensu yana da kyau sosai (72%), sannan ya biyo baya da kyau (17%). <ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf "What Children and Youth Think - Somalia"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. Archived from [http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Dangane da adadin yaran da ke aiki don kuɗi, kashi 93% sun ba da rahoton cewa ba sa aiki. 6% sun nuna cewa suna gudanar da aikin wucin gadi na yau da kullun, 6% sun bayyana cewa suna gudanar da aikin lokaci-lokaci ko na ɗan lokaci, kuma 4% sun tabbatar da cewa suna gudanar da aikin cikakken lokaci. Kashi 64% na yara sun bayar da rahoton cewa ba sa yin aikin da ba a biya ba, kashi 20 cikin 100 sun nuna cewa suna gudanar da aikin wucin gadi na yau da kullun, 15% sun bayyana cewa suna gudanar da aikin na lokaci-lokaci ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba, kuma 0% sun nuna cewa suna gudanar da aikin cikakken lokaci ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba.<ref name="Wcayts">{{Cite web |title=What Children and Youth Think - Somalia |url=http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2014 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UNICEF}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140224184020/http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf "What Children and Youth Think - Somalia"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNICEF. Archived from [http://213.55.79.31/adf/adfv/polls/somalia.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Firayim Minista Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ya tabbatar da manyan tarurruka uku na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya a madadin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Somaliya, gami da Kundin Kwadago mafi Girma na Kwadago na Yara. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, Majalisar Tarayya ta kuma zartar da sabuwar Dokar Kare Yara ta Kasa mai maki 54, wacce Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mata da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tsara. Bugu da ƙari, majalisa a lokaci guda ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara. Shugaba Hassan Sheikh Mohamud daga baya ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a watan Janairun 2015, wanda ya sanya Somaliya jam'iyyar jihar ta 195 da ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Duniya.<ref name="Gosrucotrc">{{Cite web |title=Government of Somalia ratifies UN Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_78732.html?p=printme |access-date=22 January 2015 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> == Hakkin 'yan tsiraru == Sashe na 11 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasa ya tanadi cewa, kasa ba za ta yi wa wani mutum wariya ba saboda kabila, launi, kabila ko kabila.<ref name="Frspc">{{Cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |access-date=29 March 2013}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf "The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Ƙungiyoyin sana'a na Gabboye, waɗanda suka haɗa da 'yan Madhibaan, Yibir da Tumaal (wanda ake kira sab) da kuma dangin Wardei, sun sami ɗan wakilci na siyasa a cikin Somaliya tsawon shekaru. Matsayinsu na zamantakewa gabaɗaya ya inganta daidai da fadada cibiyoyin birane. Koyaya, saboda asalin su na ƙasashen waje, waɗanda ba na Somali ba, mutane daga ƙabilu na Bantu da Wardei har yanzu suna fuskantar warewar al'umma.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> A cikin 2013, gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta kafa Darakta Janar na 'Yancin Dan Adam da 'Yan tsiraru da Doka a cikin Ofishin Firayim Minista. <ref name="Atsitfohr">{{Cite web |title=Assistance to Somalia in the Field of Human Rights |url=http://blog.unwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/Somalia-Resolution.pdf |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=UN Watch}}</ref> Ta hannun ma’aikatar harkokin cikin gida da ta tarayya, ta kuma kaddamar da sabuwar hukumar kula da ‘yan gudun hijira da ‘yan gudun hijira ta kasa, wadda ke da alhakin tafiyar da dokoki, shirye-shiryen mayar da martani, bayar da shawarwari da aiwatarwa ba tare da iznin dawowa da ‘yan gudun hijirar cikin gida ba. == 'Yanci na addini == {{Excerpt|Freedom of religion in Somalia}} == Lissafin Freedom House == Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar Somaliya tun daga 1 a kan Freedom House na shekara-shekara Freedom in the World index. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 == Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa == Yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa da Somaliya ta sanya hannu ko ta tabbatar sun hada da: == Bayani == : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Rahoton 1982 ya rufe shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton 1984 mai zuwa ya rufe rabi na biyu na 1982 da dukan 1983. Don sauƙaƙewa, an raba waɗannan rahotanni biyu na "shekara da rabi" zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == bpdw2e1dbxlujy1kpt15o3ulynfx3mi 0 108002 976044 673825 2026-11-05T07:55:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Microbial electrolysis carbon capture (MECC) wata dabara ce ta kama carbon ta amfani da kwayoyin microbial elechtrolysis a lokacin maganin ruwa. MECC yana haifar da maganin ruwan sharar gida na carbon mai guba ta hanyar cire carbon dioxide ([[Carbon dioxide|CO₂]]) yayin tsarin magani a cikin nau'in calcite, da kuma samar da iskar gas mai fa'ida. Hutun carbon dioxide na Anthropogenic yana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi na yanki saboda gudummawar da mahaɗin ke bayarwa ga tasirin iskar gas a cikin yanayi. Yawancin burin ragewa don cire CO_₂ daga yanayi sun dogara ne akan matakan CO₂ da aka samar ta hanyar konewa man fetur a matsayin tushen samar da makamashi. Amfani da man fetur na burbushin halittu yana fitar da CO₂ da sauran mahadi masu guba kamar da a cikin tsarin konewa. Ci gaban tattalin arziki ya dogara da samar da makamashi don sufuri da samar da kayayyaki da aiyuka na masana'antu, ana sa ran adadin CO2 da aka fitar zai ci gaba da ƙaruwa a nan gaba. [[Fayil:Net_emissions_of_greenhouse_gases_of_anthropogenic_actions.png|thumb|Rashin fitarwa na iskar gas mai guba na ayyukan ɗan adam]] Gudanar da ruwa mai guba yana nuna karamin kashi na hayakin gas. A halin yanzu, maganin ruwa mai guba yana cinye "3% na jimlar wutar lantarki a cikin Amurka" <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=Lu |last2=Huang |first2=Zhe |last3=Rau |first3=Greg H. |last4=Ren |first4=Zhiyong Jason |date=2015-06-24 |title=Microbial Electrolytic Carbon Capture for Carbon Negative and Energy Positive Wastewater Treatment |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=49 |issue=13 |pages=8193–8201 |bibcode=2015EnST...49.8193L |doi=10.1021/acs.est.5b00875 |issn=0013-936X |pmid=26076212}}</ref> Akalla galan tiriliyan 12 na ruwan guba ana kula da su a Amurka kadai a kowace shekara, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga 1.5% na hayakin gas na duniya. Microbial electrolysis carbon capture (MECC) tsari ne wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga aikin Makamashi mai ɗorewa a bangarorin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. MECC tana amfani da kaddarorin da ke cikin ruwa mai guba, kamar abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin, don cire carbon dioxide da samar da calcite precipitate da hydrogen gas. == Tarihi == Wastewater treatment plants are held accountable by The 2004 Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative for their emissions of greenhouse gases by the use of electricity to treat wastewater.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Snips |first=Laura |date=August–December 2009 |title=Quantifying the Greenhouse gas emissions of wastewater treatment plants |url=http://edepot.wur.nl/138115}}</ref> For example, energy is required for the aeration process that releases volatile compounds from the water, and also for the mixing and transportation of polluted and recycled fluid moving throughout the process.<ref name=":0" /> The electricity generation process itself necessary for wastewater treatment produces CO₂, CH₄, and nitrous oxide.<ref name=":0" /> The aerobic treatment step of the water releases N₂O and CO₂, similar to the particle settling step, and the activated sludge step releases both CO₂ and methane.<ref name=":0" /> [[Fayil:Activated_Sludge_1.png|thumb|Mataki na laka da aka kunna a cikin maganin ruwa mai guba yana fitar da mahadi kamar methane da CO₂.]] Microbes in wastewater have the potential to enhance mineralization of CO₂.<ref name=":02"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gas Mask Activated Carbon |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208082558/http://www.nacco.com/history_bannerpopup2.html |archive-url=https://www.psdcarbon.com/Coal-activated-carbon |archive-date=8 December 2014 |access-date=26 September 2014 |publisher=NACCO History}}</ref> Mineralization of CO₂ into CaCO₃ immobilizes CO₂ which prevent leakages by stabilizing underground pressure and reducing permeability of the cap rock.<ref name=":1" /> By Le Chatelier's principle, increasing Ca²⁺ availability and increasing pH will increase the rate of mineralization.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Andrew C. |last2=Dideriksen |first2=Knud |last3=Spangler |first3=Lee H. |last4=Cunningham |first4=Alfred B. |last5=Gerlach |first5=Robin |date=July 2010 |title=Microbially Enhanced Carbon Capture and Storage by Mineral-Trapping and Solubility-Trapping |url=https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/12693 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=EN |volume=44 |issue=13 |pages=5270–5276 |bibcode=2010EnST...44.5270M |doi=10.1021/es903270w |issn=0013-936X |pmid=20540571 |hdl-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725065801/https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/12693 |archive-date=2021-07-25 |access-date=2025-07-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Negatively charged surfaces on microbes have a high affinity for cations such as Ca²⁺ and, though metabolic function, increase saturation of CO₂ in solution.<ref name=":02" /> In addition, bacterial ureolysis (hydrolysis of urea) increases pH of the solution.<ref name=":1" /> == Fasahar MECC ta amfani da ruwa mai guba == Tsarin microbial electrolytic tsari yana amfani da ruwa mai datti a matsayin tushen ions da aka caje kuma yana fitar da iskar hydrogen ta hanyar amfani da tantanin halitta na lantarki. <ref name=":02"/> Ruwan datti da kansa yana samar da electrolytes kuma ana amfani dashi don narkar da ma'adanai. <ref name=":02" /> Yana cikin ruwan sharar gida inda halayen ke faruwa waɗanda ke ɗaure ƙwayoyin CO ₂ don yin sabbin abubuwa. <ref name=":02" /> A kan anode, microorganisms da ake kira exoelectrogens suna hulɗa tare da mahadi na kwayoyin halitta don raba hydrogen da samar da CO₂. <sub id=" mwfw="">Sakamakon electrons suna tafiya ta hanyar da'irar zuwa cathode, inda suke rage ruwa, don samar da iskar H2 da OH⁻ ions.<ref name=":02" /> Karin pH na cathode yana narkar da ma'adanai na silicate, yana sakin ions na ƙarfe kamar Ca²⁺. Protons (H +) da aka samar a aikin anode tare da waɗannan ions na ƙarfe don kamawa kuma a ƙarshe ma'adinai CO2 zuwa carbonate.<ref name=":02" /> Saboda babban samar da H2gas, da kuma ikon tsarin don sake amfani da har zuwa 95% na iskar gas, sakamakon shine riba na 57-63kJ / mol CO2 , ko riba na 63kJ a kowace mol na CO2 da aka kama.<ref name=":02" /> CO₂ da aka tsare da H₂ da aka samar tare da wannan hanyar, da kuma kasancewa "net energy positive" an ambaci su musamman a matsayin manyan abubuwan da suka faru na tsari, da kuma damar amfani da kayan da aka sake amfani da su kamar HCO3⁻ wanda MECC ta samar wanda ke da amfani ga tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa. <sub id=" mwna="">Ana iya ba da ruwan da ya rage ga tsire-tsire na CO2 na waje (kamar wutar lantarki). <ref name=":02" /> Wani fa'ida na tsarin MECC akan wasu hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su kamar narkewar anaerobic shine cewa MECC yana aiki da kyau a yanayin zafi, karamin sikelin, da ƙananan COD.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Logan |first=Bruce E. |last2=Call |first2=Douglas |last3=Cheng |first3=Shaoan |last4=Hamelers |first4=Hubertus V. M. |last5=Sleutels |first5=Tom H. J. A. |last6=Jeremiasse |first6=Adriaan W. |last7=Rozendal |first7=René A. |date=2008-12-01 |title=Microbial Electrolysis Cells for High Yield Hydrogen Gas Production from Organic Matter |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=42 |issue=23 |pages=8630–8640 |bibcode=2008EnST...42.8630L |doi=10.1021/es801553z |issn=0013-936X |pmid=19192774}}</ref> Sashe na tattalin arziki ya bayyana rashin amfanin tattalin arziki na yanzu na wannan tsari. == Tattalin Arziki na MECC == Har yanzu ba a aiwatar da kamawar carbon electrolytic microbial ba a cikin tsire-tsire na ruwa na yanzu, saboda haka farashin tattalin arziki da fa'idodi sune tsinkaya na yanzu bisa binciken fasahar maimakon bayanan aiki. Lu et al. 2015 ta taƙaita yuwuwar fa'idodin tattalin arziki na amfani da MECC a cikin labarin 2015 wanda a ciki suka ayyana hanyar MECC. <ref name=":02"/> Sakamakon su ya kiyasta "$ 48 a kowace ton CO ₂ ragewa" <ref name=":02" /> farashin net don fasahar MECC da aka yi amfani da su ga tsire-tsire na ruwa. Wannan ƙididdiga abubuwan ƙima a cikin farashin makamashi na parasitic, farashin aiki da babban birnin farko da ake buƙata don aiwatar da MECC, da yuwuwar kashe kuɗi kamar kudaden shiga saboda maganin ruwa, samar da H ₂, da rage yawan man mai don masana'antar H ₂ na kasuwanci da kuma kula da ruwan sha. <ref name=":02" /> Hasashen kuɗin da aka yi hasashe na $48 a kowace ton na rage CO ₂ ya yi ƙasa da ƙimar da aka ƙididdigewa don gurɓataccen ƙarfin wutar lantarki bayan konewar iskar carbon ta amfani da MEA da tsarin geologic ($ 65/t-CO ₂ ), wanda a halin yanzu shine fasaha mafi haɓaka Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS). Hasashen farashin MECC kuma yana da ƙasa da farashin sauran fasahohin CCS da yawa: hanyoyin ɗaukar iska CO ₂ kai tsaye (kimanin $ 1000 / t-CO ₂ ), fasahar Bio-Energy Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) dabara ($ 60-250 / t-CO ₂ ), hanyar abiotic electrolytic [4] narkar da sigina [ _CO8t ] <ref name=":02"/> da kuma tarwatsa wutar lantarki da aka yi amfani da carbon carbon ta hanyar sha da fasaha na membrane ($ 70-270 / t-CO ₂ ). Harkokin tattalin arziki na tsarin MECC don kama carbon zai amfana daga bincike na gaba a inganta ƙira da kayan da aka yi amfani da su. <ref name=":02" /> Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tsinkaya iyakokin farashi da koma baya da suka shafi aikin injiniya da gudanar da tsarin MECC mai aiki a cikin tsire-tsire na ruwa na yanzu. <ref name=":02" /> Masu sukar MECC suna tattauna rashin inganci na tsari, shigarwa, kayan aiki, da yiwuwar koma baya wanda zai iya haifar da asarar tattalin arziki. Kodayake an tsara MECC don zama mai rahusa fiye da sauran dabarun kama carbon na yanzu, yana da tsada sosai (a kan tsari na sau 800 mafi tsada) fiye da fasahar maganin ruwa mai guba ta yanzu sabili da haka yana fuskantar babbar shingen aiwatarwa a cikin masana'antun tsabtace ruwa na jama'a da masu zaman kansu.<ref name=":032" /> Bugu da ƙari, ingancin fasahar Microbial Fuel Cell, wanda yayi kama da tsarin microbial da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin MECC, an soki shi saboda rashin tabbas saboda dogaro da sinadarai da abubuwan gina jiki na ruwa mai guba, da kuma lafiyar kwayoyin halitta masu rai.<ref name=":032" /> MFCs marasa inganci suna haifar da farashin aiki mafi girma yayin da farashin ya canza tare da tashi daga matsakaicin ingancin tsarin.<ref name=":032" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|999em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] my28230uhono24bue9oqk71pywp11fs 0 108185 976034 674729 2026-11-05T07:32:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kwamitin don Gobe mai ginawa ('''CFACT''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka mai zaman kanta 501 (c) (3) da aka kafa a 1985 wacce ke ba da shawara ga mafita ta kasuwa kyauta ga [[Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli|Batutuwan muhalli]]. Dangane da bayanin manufofinta, CFACT kuma tana neman kare haƙƙin mallaka masu zaman kansu, inganta manufofin tattalin arziki waɗanda ke rage gurɓata da kare namun daji, da kuma samar da "wani murya kan batutuwan muhalli da ci gaba". <ref name="CFACT – Collegians For A Constructive Tomorrow">{{Cite web |title=CFACT – Collegians For A Constructive Tomorrow |url=https://www.cfactcampus.org/ |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=CFACT – Collegians For A Constructive Tomorrow}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadal |first=Josh |title=About |url=https://www.cfact.org/about/ |access-date=2019-03-18 |website=CFACT |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ki amincewa da yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-30 |title=The myth of the 97% climate change consensus |url=https://www.cfact.org/2014/05/30/the-myth-of-the-97-climate-change-consensus/ |access-date=2019-03-18 |website=CFACT |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ma'aikata da kudade == Kwamitin Daraktoci ne ke jagorantar CFACT wanda ya hada da shugaban da ya kafa David Rothbard. Ma'aikata sun hada da darektan sadarwa Marc Morano da masanin manufofi Paul Driessen, marubucin ''"Eco-Imperialism: Green Power, Black Death"''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CFACT Staff |url=http://www.cfact.org/about/staff/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303074048/http://www.cfact.org/about/staff/ |archive-date=3 March 2013 |access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://www.globalwarming.org/about/ |access-date=2019-03-18 |website=www.globalwarming.org}}</ref> Jimlar kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 2009 zuwa 2011 sun kai kimanin dala miliyan 3, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a kan IRS Form 990 <ref>{{Cite web |title=CFACT's 2011 IRS Form 990 |url=http://www.cfact.org/pdf/CFACT_IRS990_2011.pdf |access-date=25 February 2013}}</ref> da kuma bayanin kudi na shekara-shekara na shekara-fadace na shekara-mako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CFACT 2011 Audit |url=http://www.cfact.org/pdf/CFACT_Audit_2011.pdf |access-date=25 February 2013}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, kusan rabin kudaden CFACT sun fito ne daga Donors Trust, Asusun ba da shawara mai ba da shawara ba tare da riba ba tare da burin "tsaron niyyar masu ba da gudummawa da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya".<ref name="inside">{{Cite web |last=Callahan |first=David |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Inside DonorsTrust: What This Mission-Driven DAF Offers Philanthropists on the Right |url=http://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2016/3/3/inside-donorstrust-what-this-mission-driven-daf-offers-phila.html |access-date=May 31, 2016 |website=Inside Philanthropy}}</ref> A cikin 2011, CFACT ta sami tallafin dala miliyan 1.2 daga Donors Trust, 40% na kudaden shiga na CFACT a wannan shekarar. Peabody Energy ta ba da kuɗin CFACT kafin ta fatarar kuɗi kamar yadda Robert E. Murray's Murray Energy ya yi kafin ta fatara. <ref name="ucs2016-06">{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Gretchen |author-link=Gretchen Goldman |date=2016-06-30 |title=Peabody Energy Discloses Extensive Payments to Climate Denial Groups |url=https://blog.ucsusa.org/gretchen-goldman/peabody-energy-discloses-extensive-payments-to-climate-denial-groups |access-date=2019-04-13 |website=Union of Concerned Scientists |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan bayar da shawarwari == CFACT is a member organization of the Cooler Heads Coalition, which rejects [[Yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da canjin yanayi|climate science]], is known to promote falsehoods about climate change and has been characterized as a leader in efforts to stop the government from addressing climate change. CFACT chapters have protested in defense of oil exploration<ref>{{Cite web |title=CFACT |url=http://www.cfactcampus.org/media/what-we-are-doing/33 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930004643/http://www.cfactcampus.org/media/what-we-are-doing/33/ |archive-date=2015-09-30 |access-date=2010-04-18 |website=cfactcampus.org}}</ref>  and in opposition to the Kyoto Protocol.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CFACT |url=http://www.cfactcampus.org/media/what-we-are-doing/216-puck-drops-at-climate-change-conference |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930025132/http://www.cfactcampus.org/media/what-we-are-doing/216-puck-drops-at-climate-change-conference/ |archive-date=2015-09-30 |access-date=2010-04-18 |website=cfactcampus.org}}</ref> CFACT supports drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge as well as hydraulic fracturing (fracking) in natural gas and oil-rich regions of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-07-06 |title=Drilling for straight facts on ANWR development |url=http://www.cfact.org/a/412/Drilling-for-straight-facts-on-ANWR-development |website=cfact.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Driessen |first=Paul |date=2016-08-22 |title=Fracturing common sense |url=https://www.cfact.org/2016/08/22/fracturing-common-sense/ |access-date=2019-03-18 |website=CFACT |language=en-US}}</ref> === Malamai don Gobe Mai Kyau === Collegians for a Constructive Tomorrow reshe ne na CFACT karkashin jagorancin dalibai wanda Darakta na kasa Bill Gilles ke jagoranta. === Hoton yanayi na Hustle === Fim din Climate Hustle na 2016, wanda [[Marc Morano]] na kungiyar masu musun canjin yanayi ta ClimateDepot ya rubuta tare kuma ya gabatar, "CFACT Presents" ne ya samar da shi, tare da shugaban kungiyar da kuma babban darektan, David Rothbard da Craig Rucker, suna karɓar ƙididdigar mai samar da zartarwa.<ref name="csm2may20162">{{Cite web |last=Hinckley |first=Story |date=2 May 2016 |title='Climate Hustle' mocks climate change concerns with a movie |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/2016/0502/Climate-Hustle-mocks-climate-change-concerns-with-a-movie |website=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref><ref name="variety11april20162">{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=11 April 2016 |title=Sarah Palin Endorses Anti-Climate Change Film (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/sarah-palin-anti-climate-change-movie-climate-hustle-1201749591/ |website=Variety}}</ref> An watsa shi a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo 400 a duk faɗin Amurka a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2016, fim din ya yi wa kimiyyar yanayi ba'a ta hanyar jerin tambayoyin da [[Ƙin canjin yanayi|Masu musanta canjin yanayi]] da kuma sharhi daga Morano. ''Ars Technica'' ta kwatanta salon fim din da "[[Gish Gallop]]", tana kiranta "da sauri, ba tare da katsewa ba game da ikirarin sarari da ƙarya game da kimiyyar yanayi" wanda ya samar da "jerin minti 80 na duk ikirarin da aka fi so na 'skeptic' blogosphere === Ƙalubalen Yanayi na Copenhagen 2009 === A lokacin taron Climate COP15 a Copenhagen, CFACT ta dauki bakuncin wani taron hamayya a Copenhagen da ake kira Copenhagen Climate Challenge, wanda kusan mutane 50 suka halarta. A cewar Lenore Taylor na The ''Australiya'', Farfesa Ian Plimer, "tauraruwar jan hankali ta taron kwana biyu", ya ja hankalin masu sauraro 45.<ref name="Australian">{{Cite web |title=Plimer the toast of Copenhagen sceptics meeting |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/plimer-the-toast-of-copenhagen-sceptics-meeting/story-e6frg6so-1225808821955 |access-date=2009-12-10 |website=[[The Australian]] |publisher=www.theaustralian.com.au}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === CFACT Turai === CFACT Turai reshen CFACT ne na Turai. Masanin tarihin Jamus Holger Thuss ne ya kafa shi wanda kuma ke da alaƙa da [[Cibiyar Heartland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Who We Are – Holger J. Thuss |url=https://www.heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/holger-j-thuss |access-date=19 February 2020 |website=www.heartland.org}}</ref> Thuss kuma ita ce shugabar Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi da Makamashi ta Turai a [[Jena]]. == Dubi kuma == * Kula da muhalli * [[Gudanar da muhalli|Motsi na muhalli]] * Manufofin muhalli na Amurka == Manazarta == a0jfotqbobyxgyj9eo072jklgeu1mks 0 108477 976128 901763 2026-11-05T11:35:21Z Zahrah0 14848 976128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Fort Ricasoli''' (Maltese: Forti Rikażli) wani sansani ne a Kalkara, Malta, wanda Order of Saint John ya gina tsakanin shekara ta 1670 da shekarar 1698. Ginin yana zaune a wani wuri da aka sani da Gallows' Point da arewacin Rinella Bay, yana ba da umarnin ƙofar Grand Harbour tare da Fort Saint Elmo. Ita ce mafi girma a Malta kuma ta kasance a cikin jerin sunayen [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Sites tun 1998, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Knights' Fortifications a kusa da Harbours na Malta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Knights' Fortifications around the Harbours of Malta |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/982/ |access-date=15 July 2015 |website=UNESCO Tentative List}}</ref> Fort Ricasoli ya ga amfani a lokacin mamayar Faransa a Malta a cikin 1798 da kuma tashin hankali na Maltese wanda ya biyo baya, bayan haka ya ƙare a hannun Burtaniya. Ricasoli shine shafin da aka yi tawaye da Froberg a cikin 1807, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman Asibitin soja a cikin karni na 19. An sake amfani da shi a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]], lokacin da wasu sassansa suka lalace ta hanyar bama-bamai. Bayan an dakatar da shi a cikin shekarun 1960, an yi amfani da sansanin don dalilai na masana'antu. A yau, sansanin ya kasance mafi yawa amma a cikin lalacewar yanayi, kuma ana amfani dashi azaman wurin yin fim da wurin tsaftace tanki. An amince da tsare-tsaren dawo da sansanin a watan Yuni shekara ta 2019. == Dokokin asibiti == === Tarihi === Fort Ricasoli yana tsaye a kan iyakar gabas a gefen gabas na Grand Harbor . Tun da farko an san shi da ''Rinella Point'' ko ''Punta Sottile'' ( Maltese ). <ref name="depaola">{{Cite web |last=Abela |first=Giovanni Francesco |date=3 April 1772 |title=Malta illustrata... accresciuta dal Cte G.A. Ciantar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zizJF9AAGpkC&pg=PA93 |access-date=3 April 2019 |publisher=Mallia |page=93 |via=Google Books}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 1865 |title=Malta bil chzejer tehne u li ghadda min ghaliha: L'euel parti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbCzLhVYkBsC |access-date=3 April 2019 |via=Google Books}}</ref> A cikin 1531, shugabannin biyu na tawaye na bawa da wasu goma da suka dauki matsayi mai mahimmanci, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙari su mallaki Fort St. Angelo da kuma tserewa daga Malta, an azabtar da su sannan kuma aka rataye su a gabar tekun, wanda aka sani da ''Gallows' Point'' (Maltese: ''Ponta tal-Forka'' ) daga baya. A lokacin Babban Siege na Malta a cikin 1565, Ottomans sun gina baturin bindigogi a kan tsibirin don yin bam a Fort St. Elmo . <ref name="heritage">{{Cite journal |last=Quintano |first=Anton |title=Fortifications: Fort Ricasoli |journal=Heritage: An Encyclopedia of Maltese Culture and Civilization |publisher=Midsea Books Ltd |volume=4 |pages=1101–1107}}</ref> [[Fayil:La_Fontana_Nuova,_Valletta,_Grand_Harbour,_1664.jpg|left|thumb|350x350px|Hoton 1664 na Grand Harbour na Willem Schellinks, tare da Hasumiyar Orsi da batir a kan iyakar dama]] An gina ƙaramin batirin da aka sani da ''Batirin San Petronio'', kuma daga baya a matsayin ''Batirin Orsi'', a Gallows' Point a cikin 1602. <ref name="batterytower">{{Cite book|last3=Stephen C. Spiteri}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1629, jarumin Italiya Alessandro Orsi ya ba da kuɗin gina hasumiya kusa da batirin. An kira shi a hukumance Torre San Petronio, amma mazauna yankin sun fi sani da ''Hasumiyar Orsi'' <ref name="batterytower" /> ko ''Torri Teftef''. An zaɓi sunan San Petronio a lokacin mulkin Grandmaster de Paola, kuma sunan dell"Orso ya zama sananne sosai bayan gyaran batirin kanta ban da ginin hasumiyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zammit |first=Vincent |date=2005 |title=Lost ancient landmarks: Orsi tower |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/47776 |journal=Heritage: An Encyclopedia of Maltese Culture and Civilization |publisher=Midsea Books Ltd |volume=4 |issue=64 |pages=1255–1257}}</ref><ref name="depaola"/> An kuma san shi da Torre De Falcha (Hasumiyar Gallows) a cikin takardun tarihi. An rufe shi da waje kuma an fentin shi da launin rawaya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duggan |first=Terrance M. P. |date=20 July 2013 |title=Erasing Malta's Heritage of Surfacing and Paintwork on Facades and Fortifications and, A Request to the Reader |url=https://www.academia.edu/13694379 |journal=Malta Today |access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> Bartolomeo Ganga ne ya tsara hasumiyar. A wannan lokacin ne tsibirin ya zama sananne da ''Punta dell'Orso'' . An gina hasumiyar ne don hana tserewa daga bayi daga tsibirin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Quintano |first=Anton |date=1977 |title=Fort Ricasoli: A Historical Survey 1670–1798 |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/25122/1/Storja%2078.pdf |journal=Storja |issue=78 |pages=164, 165 |oclc=317186765}}</ref> Hasumiyar da batirin sun sami kariya ta hanyar rami mai cike da teku da gada mai ɗorewa.<ref name="batterytower" /><ref name="arxbonnici">{{Cite journal |last=Bonnici |first=Hermann |date=2004–2007 |title=Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/Arx/arx1_4_2008.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Arx – Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification |issue=1–4 |pages=33–38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115113200/http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/Arx/arx1_4_2008.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2015 |access-date=10 October 2015}}</ref> Hasumiyar da batirin suna bayyane a nesa a cikin zane na 1664 na Grand Harbour na Willem Schellinks.<ref name="batterytower"/> Sun kasance suna tsaye har sai raƙuman ruwa sun lalata su a cikin guguwa a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1821, kuma a yau kawai dutsen da aka sassaƙa na batirin ya rage. <ref name="batterytower" /> <ref name="heritage"/><ref name="orsi">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Orsi Battery remains – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1681.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714044654/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1681.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> A shekara ta 1644, Giovanni de" Medici ya ba da shawarar cewa a watsar da Fort St. Angelo a Birgu kuma a gina sabon sansani a Orsi Point. Sabon sansanin za a kira shi Fort St. Angelo, kuma za a yi amfani da shi tare da garuruwan tsohon sansanin. Ya tsara tsare-tsare don sansanin da aka tsara, amma ba a taɓa aiwatar da su ba.<ref name="heritage"/> === Gine-gine da gyare-gyare === [[Fayil:Arrivee_a_Malte_avec_orage_sur_port_La_Valette.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton da ke nuna ƙofar Grand Harbour na Malta a {{Circa}} 1750, tare da Fort Ricasoli a hagu da Fort Saint Elmo a dama]] A shekara ta 1669, tsoron harin Ottoman ya tashi bayan faduwar Candia, kuma a shekara mai zuwa Grand Master Nicolas Cotoner ya gayyaci Antonio Maurizio Valperga, injiniyan soja na Gidan Savoy, don inganta ganuwar Malta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Graff |first=Philippe |date=1994 |title=La Valette: une ville nouvelle du XVIe siècle et son évolution jusqu'à nos jours |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0997-1327_1994_num_71_1_1641 |journal=Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée: Le carrefour maltais |language=fr |publisher=[[Publications de l'Université de Provence]] |volume=71 |issue=1 |page=161 |doi=10.3406/remmm.1994.1641 |issn=2105-2271 |oclc=958683792}}</ref> Valperga ya tsara sabon sansani da za a gina a kan tudu, kuma duk da wasu zargi daga cikin tsari, an amince da shawarar.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vella, J. (2007). Antonio Maurizio Valperga. Programm tal-festa Marija Immakulata fil-belt ta' Bormla Festa 2007, 49, 51, 53, 55. |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/51955/1/Antonio_Maurizio_Valperga_2007.pdf}}</ref> Jarumin Florentine Fra Giovanni Francesco Ricasoli ya ba da gudummawar 20,000 scudi don gina sansanin, kuma an sanya masa suna don girmama shi.<ref name="arxbonnici"/> An kafa dutse na farko a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1670, kuma Valperga da kansa ne ya kula da matakan farko na ginin. Ginin ya sami garuruwan kwarangwal a watan Yunin shekara ta 1674, kodayake har yanzu ba cikakke ba ne. A shekara ta 1681, injiniyan Flemish Carlos na Grunenbergh ya ba da shawarar wasu canje-canje ga ƙirar sansanin, kuma an aiwatar da waɗannan shawarwari. An gina barikin, ɗakin sujada da sauran gine-gine a cikin sansanin a cikin shekarun 1680 da 1690, kuma an ayyana sansanin a hukumance cikakke kuma yana da makamai a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1698.<ref name="arxbonnici" />{{CSS image crop|Image=Le Gouverneur du Fort Ricasoli. Vue du dit Fort (NYPL b14896507-120286).tiff|bSize=360|cWidth=220|cHeight=270|oTop=60|oLeft=40|Location=right|Description=18th-century painting of the Hospitaller Governor of Fort Ricasoli, with the fort itself in the background}}A cikin shekara ta 1714, injiniyoyin Faransa Jacop de Puigirand de Tigné, Charles François de Mondion da Philippe na Vendôme sun soki karamin girman sansanin, wanda suka ɗauka ba shi da tasiri. De Tigné ya ba da shawarar sauye-sauye da yawa, gami da gyaran shinge da ke akwai da embrasures, da kuma gina wani retrenchment a cikin sansanin. Vendôme ya ba da shawarar gina tashar da ke raba sansanin daga yankin. A cikin 1722, an aiwatar da gyaran da de Tigné ya gabatar, kodayake ba a taɓa gina tashar ba saboda rashin kuɗi. Ginin yana cikin mummunan yanayi a tsakiyar karni na 18, kuma an yi wasu ayyukan kulawa a shekara ta 1761.<ref name="arxbonnici"/> A shekara ta 1785, Ricasoli yana dauke da bindigogi tamanin, ciki har da arba'in da daya 24-pounders, yana mai da shi mafi yawan makamai a Malta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spiteri |first=Stephen C. |date=2014 |title=Fort Manoel |url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Journals/arx-fort-manoel-occasional-papers-4.html |journal=ARX Occasional Papers |issue=4 |page=176 |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> An sake gina wasu sassan sansanin a karkashin jagorancin Antoine Étienne de Tousard a cikin shekarun 1790.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spiteri |first=Stephen C. |date=2011 |title=Fort Tigné 1792 |url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Journals/arx-occasional-papers-fort-tigne-1792.html |journal=ARX Occasional Papers |issue=1 |page=6 |access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da sansanin a matsayin kurkuku kafin a gina gidan yarin Corradino . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corradino Correctional Facility |url=https://homeaffairs.gov.mt/en/MHAS-Departments/Corradino-Correctional-Facility/Pages/CCF.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629071807/https://homeaffairs.gov.mt/en/MHAS-Departments/Corradino-Correctional-Facility/Pages/CCF.aspx |archive-date=29 June 2015 |website=Ministry for Home Affairs and National Security}}</ref> == Kasuwancin Faransa == Fort Ricasoli ya ga amfani a lokacin mamayar Faransa a Malta a watan Yunin 1798, a lokacin yakin juyin juya halin Faransa . A lokacin, Bali de Tillet ne ya ba da umarni, kuma ''Cacciatori'' ne ya tsare shi, wadanda suka kasance masu sa kai mai farauta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2009 |title=Caccatori Maltesi |url=https://hrgm.wordpress.com/units/orders-knights-of-st-john-military-units/caccatori-maltesi/ |access-date=28 August 2015 |website=Historical Re-Enactment Group of Malta}}</ref> Ginin ya kori hare-haren Faransa guda uku, kafin ya mika wuya bayan Grand Master Hompesch ya mika wuya ga [[Napoleon]].<ref name="arxbonnici"/> A cikin tashin hankali da toshewar Maltese da suka biyo baya, sansanin ya kasance a hannun Faransa. Ya ci gaba da harba a San Rocco Battery na masu tayar da kayar baya, wanda ke kusa da {{Convert|700|m}} m (2,300 nesa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spiteri |first=Stephen C. |date=May 2008 |title=Maltese 'siege' batteries of the blockade 1798–1800 |url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/images/stories/Arx/arx6-2008.pdf |journal=Arx – Online Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification |issue=6 |page=35 |access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref> == Mulkin Burtaniya == [[Fayil:Fort_Ricasoli,_Malta_(Wilhelm_von_Landau).jpg|thumb|Hoton Fort Ricasoli daga ƙarshen karni na 19 ko farkon karni na 20]] Ginin ya ci gaba da kasancewa aikin soja mai aiki a duk Lokacin Burtaniya. Ya kasance wurin tawaye a cikin 1807 lokacin da sojojin [[Albaniya|Albania]] na Froberg Regiment suka tayar da kansu kuma suka rufe kansu a Fort Ricasoli. Duk da yunkurin tattaunawa sun fashe babban mujallar gunpowder, wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga sansanin a cikin tsari. Sojoji masu aminci sun murkushe tawaye, kuma kotun soja ta yanke wa wasu daga cikin masu tayar da kayar baya hukuncin kisa. An gyara ɓangarorin da suka lalace na sansanin, amma ba a sake gina su ba zuwa ainihin ƙirarsu. An gina sabon mujallar a 1829 don maye gurbin wanda aka lalata a cikin tawaye.<ref name="arxbonnici"/> An kuma yi amfani da sansanin a matsayin asibitin sojan ruwa na wucin gadi a ƙarshen 1820s da farkon 1830s, kafin a buɗe asibitin Bighi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Regimental Hospitals and Military Hospitals of the Malta Garrison |url=http://www.maltaramc.com/articles/contents/reghosp.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014941/http://www.maltaramc.com/articles/contents/reghosp.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=30 November 2014 |website=Maltarmc.com |publisher=British Army Medical Services And the Malta Garrison 1799 – 1979}}</ref> A lokacin cutar kwalara na 1837, marasa lafiya da suka kamu da cutar a Ospizio a Floriana sun koma Ricasoli. Yawancinsu sun mutu a cikin 'yan kwanaki, kuma an binne su a cikin makabartar Wied Għammieq da ke kusa. Wani annoba ta kwalara ta barke a Ricasoli a 1865. [[Fayil:Italian_bombing_of_the_Grand_Harbor,_Malta.jpg|left|thumb|Jirgin saman Italiya ya jefa bam a Grand Harbour a 1941, tare da Ricasoli a bayyane a saman dama. Wannan ya bayyana ya zama tarin hotuna biyu.]] A cikin 1844, maza 500 ne suka yi amfani da sansanin. A cikin 1848, Sir John Fox Burgoyne ya bincika ganuwar Malta, kuma ya ɗauki Ricasoli a matsayin "marar shiga". A cikin shekarun 1850, an gabatar da bindigogi masu girma a cikin sansanin, kuma an maye gurbin bindigogi sau da yawa a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. An sake fasalin filin jirgin ruwa gaba ɗaya a shekara ta 1878, kuma a cikin shekarun 1900, an shigar da sabbin wuraren bindiga, fitilu da tashar torpedo. A cikin shekarun 1930, an gina hasumiyoyin kula da wuta a kan No. 2, No. 3 da No. 4, kuma an shigar da ƙarin fitilu.<ref name="arxbonnici"/> Fort ''Ricasoli'' ya kasance mai aiki a cikin tsaron Malta a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1941, bindigoginsa sun taimaka wajen kawar da harin Italiya a kan Grand Harbour . A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1942, an lalata ƙofar da Gidan Gwamna ta hanyar bama-bamai na Jamus. Bayan yakin, an ba da izinin sansanin a matsayin HMS Ricasoli tsakanin 1947 da 1958, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman Bariki sojan ruwa. A shekara ta 1958, an sake gina ƙofar, kodayake ƙirar ta ɗan bambanta da na asali. Ba a sake gina gidan Gwamna ba, galibi saboda dalilai na kudi.<ref name="arxbonnici"/> A shekara ta 1949, hasumiyar da ke kusa da sansanin ta lalace saboda mummunan yanayi. A shekara ta 1964, Admiralty ta sauya iko da sansanin ga Gwamnatin Malta.<ref name="heritage"/>{{Clear}} == Tarihin baya-bayan nan == === Amfani da masana'antu === [[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Triq_Santu_Rokku_-_Fort_Ricasoli_04_ies.jpg|thumb|Tankunan mai a Ricasoli]] Bayan da aka mika sansanin ga gwamnatin Maltese, an fara watsi da shi amma daga baya ya zama wurin ajiyar akwati don albarkatun kasa da suka isa Malta. A shekara ta 1976, an cika wani ɓangare na ramin da ke kusa da Ravelin na Hagu, kuma an karya St. Dominic Demi-Bastion don buɗe hanyar sabuwar hanya.<ref name="heritage2">{{Cite journal |last=Quintano |first=Anton |title=Fortifications: Fort Ricasoli |journal=Heritage: An Encyclopedia of Maltese Culture and Civilization |publisher=Midsea Books Ltd |volume=4 |pages=1101–1107}}</ref> A shekara ta 1964, ramin sansanin ya zama gonar tsaftace tanki don Malta Drydocks. Gidan ajiya, wanda aka sani da Ricasoli Tank Cleaning Facilities, yana kula da sharar ruwa daga jiragen ruwa da suka isa Grand Harbour kuma yana cire mai da sauran sunadarai kafin a saki sharar cikin teku. An mallaki wurin ne a cikin shekara ta 2012, kuma a halin yanzu yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Waste Oils Co. Ltd. Yankin da ke kewaye da sansanin ya zama wurin shakatawa na masana'antu, wanda aka sani da Ricasoli Industrial Estate bayan sansanin. An rushe masana'antar a cikin 2007 don buɗe hanyar SmartCity Malta. === Wurin fim din === Yawancin sansanin an ba da hayar shi ga [[Malta Film Commission|Hukumar Fim ta Malta]], kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai a matsayin wuri don fina-finai da jerin fina-fakkaatu. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an gina manyan saiti a cikin ganuwarsa don fina-finai na Cutthroat Island (1995), ''[[Gladiator (2000 film)|Gladiator]]'' (2000), ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]'' (2004), Agora (2009), da [[Napoleon (2023 film)|Napoleon]] (2023). A cikin waɗannan fina-finai, sansanin ya tsaya a matsayin [[Port Royal]], [[Rum|Roma]], [[Troy]], [[Alexandria]], da [[Toulon]] bi da bi.<ref name="maltafilmcommission2">{{Cite web |title=Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.maltafilmcommission.com/fort-ricasoli/ |access-date=30 November 2014 |publisher=Malta Film Commission |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033201/http://www.maltafilmcommission.com/fort-ricasoli/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da sansanin a cikin fim din Assassin's Creed (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Siegel |first=Lucas |date=4 November 2014 |title=New Assassin's Creed Set Pictures, Shooting Information from Malta |url=http://comicbook.com/2015/11/04/new-assassins-creed-set-pictures-shooting-information-from-malta/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127200150/http://comicbook.com/2015/11/04/new-assassins-creed-set-pictures-shooting-information-from-malta/ |archive-date=27 November 2015 |website=Comicbook.com}}</ref> da ''[[Entebbe (film)|Entebbe]]'' (2018). Har ila yau, an yi fim din talabijin na Julius Caesar (2002) da ''Helen na Troy'' (2003) a Fort Ricasoli . An gina wani tsari da ake kira Roman Road don ''<nowiki><i id="mwAZg">Julius Kaisar</i></nowiki>'' kuma an riƙe wannan kuma an yi amfani da shi don wasu fina-finai.<ref name="maltafilmcommission">{{Cite web |title=Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.maltafilmcommission.com/fort-ricasoli/ |access-date=30 November 2014 |publisher=Malta Film Commission |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033201/http://www.maltafilmcommission.com/fort-ricasoli/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lokacin farko na HBO na daidaitawa na [[George R. R. Martin]]'s Game of Thrones ya yi amfani da sassa daban-daban na sansanin don wakiltar Red Keep . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2011 |title=Locations of Thrones: Malta (Part 1) |url=http://www.cultureaddicthistorynerd.com/2011/08/locations-of-thrones-malta-part-1/ |access-date=30 November 2014 |website=Cultureaddicthistorynerd.com}}</ref> === Yanayin yanzu === [[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Fort_Ricasoli_(MSTHC)_02_ies.jpg|left|thumb|Ra'ayi na Fort Ricasoli a cikin 2013 yana nuna lalacewar da ta haifar da rushewa]] [[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Triq_Santu_Rokku_-_Fort_Ricasoli_06_ies.jpg|thumb|St. Dominic Counterguard, wanda ya rushe a wani bangare]] A yau, Fort Ricasoli ya kasance mafi yawa ba tare da lalacewa ba, kodayake yana cikin lalacewa. Yankin da aka gina shi yana da saurin lalacewar bakin teku, kuma wasu ganuwar tsakanin No. 3 da No. 4 sun riga sun rushe cikin teku. A shekara ta 2004, an cire Sashin Ma'aikatar albarkatu da ababen more rayuwa, an dawo da shi kuma an sake haɗa shi da wani ɓangare na ganuwar sansanin, amma ba a yi wani abu ba don dawo da dukkan sansanin. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015, Jam'iyyar Democratic Alternative da wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a raba harabar Jami'ar Amurka ta Malta tsakanin Fort Ricasoli da Fort Saint Rocco da Fort San Salvatore da ke kusa. Ba a aiwatar da wannan shawarar ba, saboda za a raba harabar tsakanin Dock No. 1 a Cospicua da Żonqor Point a Marsaskala . A shekara ta 2018, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na al'adun gargajiya sun yi kira akai-akai don a dawo da sansanin. Wasu ayyukan da aka nufa don jawo hankalin karin fina-finai sun fara ne a farkon 2019, kuma an amince da shirye-shiryen ayyukan sabuntawa masu yawa (wanda aka gabatar da shi ga Hukumar Shirye-shiryen a cikin 2013) a watan Yunin 2019. Wannan yunkurin ya sami maraba daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. == Yanayi == Fort Ricasoli yana da wani tsari mara kyau wanda ke bin bakin tekun da aka gina a kai. Ginin ya kunshi wani yanki mai karfi da kuma kayan aikinsa, wani shinge da ke fuskantar teku, da kuma hanyar da ke fuskantar Rinella Bay na Grand Harbour. === A gaban ƙasa === [[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Triq_Rinella_+_Rinella_Bay_+_Fort_Ricasoli_02_ies.jpg|thumb|St. John's Half-Bastion]] Gaban ƙasa ya ƙunshi waɗannan bastions da rabin-bastions, waɗanda aka haɗa tare da ganuwar labule: * St. Dominic's Demi-Bastion, wanda aka fi sani da Left Demi-Bassion ko No. 5 Bastion - rabin-bastion a arewacin ƙarshen ƙasar gaba. An lalata shi a lokacin tawaye na Froberg na 1807, lokacin da aka fashe mujallarta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=St Dominic Demi-Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1658.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183712/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1658.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * St. Francis Bastion, wanda aka fi sani da Central Bastion ko No. 6 Bastion - wani bastion pentagonal a tsakiyar ƙasar gaba. Ya ƙunshi ƙetare da kuma rufin da aka rufe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Central Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1656.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714063304/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1656.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * St. John's Demi-Bastion, wanda aka fi sani da Right Demi-Bassion ko No. 7 Bastion - rabin-bastion a kudancin ƙarshen ƙasar gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Right Demi-Bastion & adjoining curtain – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1657.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065207/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1657.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> Yankin gaba ya ƙunshi casemates, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman Bariki. [[Fayil:Malta_-_Kalkara_-_Triq_Santu_Rokku_-_Fort_Ricasoli_03_ies.jpg|left|thumb|Ravelin na hagu]] A gaban ƙasa an kara waje shi ta hanyar wadannan outworks: * wani faussebraye a cikin nau'in kambi da ke kewaye da dukan ƙasar gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Faussebraye – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1659.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065229/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1659.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * St. Dominic Counterguard - mai tsaron gida a kusa da gefen hagu na gaba. An lalata shi sosai ta hanyar aikin ruwan teku, tare da rabin tsarin ya rushe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Counterguard – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1660.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714060426/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1660.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * ravelins guda biyu tsakanin St. Francis Bastion da kowanne daga cikin rabin bastions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Right Ravelin – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1665.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065006/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1665.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> Ravelin na hagu ya ƙunshi wurin bindiga mai inci 6 (152mm). <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Left Ravelin – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1666.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714052233/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1666.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * Caponiers biyu da ke jagorantar daga gaban ƙasa zuwa kowane ravelins. Birtaniya sun yi gyare-gyare masu yawa ga tsarin su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Right Caponier – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1663.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062645/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1663.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Left Caponier – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1664.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062539/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1664.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> Ayyukan waje suna kewaye da rami, <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Land front ditch – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1669.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062219/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1669.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> hanyar ɓoye <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Covertway – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1667.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714060834/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1667.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> da glacis. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Glacis – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1668.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714043339/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1668.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> === Ruwa mai ciki === [[Fayil:Giorcesmalta25.JPG|thumb|Tsakanin teku na Fort Ricasoli]] Yankin da ke fuskantar bude teku ya ƙunshi wadannan bastions da ganuwar labule: * No. 1 Bastion - rabin-bastion da aka haɗa da tenaille, wanda ya samar da Point Battery. Da farko ya ƙunshi échaugette, hasumiya mai tsayi, amma an rushe wannan don samar da hanyar tashar jagora don Brennan Torpedo System. Wurin bindiga don bindigar RML 12.5-inch 38 ton yana kan fuskar bastion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No 1 Bastion and Tenaille – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1671.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714053842/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1671.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * No. 1 Curtain - bango na labule tsakanin No. 1 da No. 2 bastions, dauke da batir da aka rufe da kuma wurin bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No 1 Curtain – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1672.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062847/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1672.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * No. 2 Bastion - wani bastion asymmetrical dauke da embrasures, da kuma wasu wuraren bindigogi na Burtaniya, mujallu da Hasumiyar kula da wuta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No. 2 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1673.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065130/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1673.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * No. 2 Curtain - bango na labule tsakanin No. 2 da No. 3 bastions, dauke da embrasures, mujallar farashi (inda aka adana harsashi da aka nufa don amfani nan take) da kuma wurin bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No.2 Curtain – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1674.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065148/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1674.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * No. 3 Bastion - wani bastion mai fuska, wanda ke dauke da embrasures da kuma wasu wuraren bindigogi na Burtaniya, mujallu da hasumiyar kula da wuta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No. 3 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1675.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714063324/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1675.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * bango mai laushi kusa da No. 4 Bastion, wanda ke dauke da embrasures, mujallu da tashar jiragen ruwa. Wani bangare na bangon labule ya rushe cikin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Curtain near No.4 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1677.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714033409/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1677.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * No. 4 Bastion - ƙaramin bastion, wanda ke dauke da wurin bindiga, mujallar, mafaka ga ma'aikatan bindiga da hasumiyar kula da wuta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No 4 Bastion – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1678.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714055458/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1678.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> * No. 5 Curtain - bango na labule tsakanin No. 4 Bastion da St. Dominic Demi-Bastion na gaba na ƙasa, wanda ke dauke da wuraren bindiga, mujallu da mafaka na ma'aikatan bindiga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=No 5 Curtain – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1679.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714023402/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1679.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> Wani rami mai zurfi wanda aka haƙa dutse ya kai daga No. 1 zuwa No. 3 bastions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Sea front ditch – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1670.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714035748/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1670.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> === Alamar tashar jiragen ruwa === [[Fayil:Malta_-mix-_2019_by-RaBoe_305.jpg|left|thumb|Wani bangare na tashar jiragen ruwa na Fort Ricasoli]] [[Fayil:Fort_Ricasoli_-_polished_version.jpg|thumb|Babban Ƙofar]] Yankin da ke kusa da Rinella Bay ya ƙunshi alamar tenaille tare da manyan ganuwar.<ref name="tenaille">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Harbour tenaille trace – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1680.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714061538/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1680.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> Babban ƙofar sansanin yana cikin shinge.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Main Gate and remains of Governor's House – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1682.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714065110/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1682.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> Gidan Gwamna (yanzu an rushe shi) da Chapel na St Nicholas suna cikin sansanin, kusa da babban ƙofar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2013 |title=Chapel of St Nicholas – Fort Ricasoli |url=http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1683.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714062518/http://www.culturalheritage.gov.mt/filebank/inventory/Knights%20Fortifications/1683.pdf |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |website=National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands}}</ref> Wani rubutu a ƙofar yana tunawa da ƙaddamar da sansanin a cikin 1698 kuma yana yaba wa Grand Master Perellos . <ref name="depaola"/> Har yanzu ana iya ganin ramin da aka haƙa dutse na Orsi Battery a ƙarshen arewacin tenaille, a ƙarshen tsibirin.<ref name="orsi"/> Birtaniya sun gina tashar Brennan Torpedo a kusa da hanyar a ƙarshen karni na 19. <ref name="tenaille"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ip3ak8ivl3t5jmqvx1n5cg8dlbk774j 0 110299 976100 938898 2026-11-05T10:14:13Z A Salisu 14655 976100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A shekarar 2014 ne dai ba a iya gane irin ta'asar da ake yi a kasar ta Uzbekistan ba.Shugaban mulki Islam Karimov, wanda ya shiga shekara ta 25 akan karagar mulki, ya ci gaba da amfani da jami'an tsaro da suka yadu domin sa ido da kuma murkushe ayyukan ƴan adawa na haƙiƙa. Hukumomi suna danne ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki ta kowace fuska kuma ba sa barin duk wani tsarin adawa na siyasa, kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa, kungiyoyin farar hula masu zaman kansu, ko ƴancin addini. Waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da haƙƙoƙi, ko aiki ta hanyoyin da suka saba wa muradun ƙasa, suna fuskantar tsare ta ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, rashin bin ka'ida, da azabtarwa. Ana ci gaba da aikin tilasta wa manya da yara.<ref name="hrw15">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|title=Rahoton Duniya 2015: Uzbekistan - Abubuwan da suka faru na 2014|babin=Rahoton Duniya 2015|marubuci=[[Human Rights Watch]]|kwanan shiga-kwanaki=2016-03-21|archive-date=2025-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716030348/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>}} Human Rights Watch ta bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uzbekistan a matsayin "abysmal", <ref name="hrw2014">{{Cite web |date=2014-01-02 |title=World Report 2014: Rights Trends in World Report 2014: Uzbekistan |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/uzbekistan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721135410/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/uzbekistan |archive-date=2019-07-21 |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> kuma kasar ta sha suka daga Birtaniya da Amurka bisa zargin kame ba bisa ka'ida ba, da cin zarafi na addini, da azabtarwa da gwamnati ke yi a matakin yanki da na kasa. Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa ana ci gaba da takaita ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, ƙungiyoyin da kuma gudanar da taro cikin lumana, kuma dangantakar jinsi daya haramtacce ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119023404/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] ta bayyana cewa ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki, haɗin kai, da kuma taro cikin lumana ana ci gaba da takaita su, kuma [[Hakkin LGBTQ a Uzbekistan|dangantakar jinsi ɗaya]]<nowiki/>haramun ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119023404/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119023404/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa, "Babban tarihin kasar Uzbekistan na yin hadin gwiwa da hanyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na daga cikin mafi muni a duniya. A cikin shekaru 12 da suka gabata, ta yi watsi da buƙatar dukkanin kwararrun kare hakkin bil'adama 11 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma ta yi watsi da kusan dukkanin shawarwarin da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suka bayar na inganta haƙƙin ɗan Adam". Bugu da ƙari, ƴancin addini na daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan kasar. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya Uzbekistan a matsayin "Ƙasar Damuwa ta Musamman" don tsanantawar addini da ake yi a kasar, kuma sun bayyana Uzbekistan a cikin "jiha mai iko tare da iyakance haƙƙin farar hula". Human Rights Watch, duk da haka, ya ce gwamnatin Amurka ta "tsayayya da sanya kowane manufa mai tsanani ko sakamako ga rikodin haƙƙin haƙƙin Uzbekistan, kallon Tashkent a matsayin babban abokin tarayya tare da Cibiyar Rarraba ta Arewa (NDN) wanda take amfani da shi don janye kayan aiki daga yaƙin a Afghanistan. [[Fayil:World_map_of_prison_population_rates_from_World_Prison_Brief.svg|thumb|Taswirar yawan fursunoni ta ƙasa ]] A cewar rahotanni, mafi yawan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam shine azabtarwa, kamawa, da ƙuntatawa daban-daban na 'yancin addini, na magana da manema labarai, na' yanci da taro. Rahotannin sun ce an fi samun cin zarafi akan mambobin kungiyoyin addini, ’yan jarida masu zaman kansu, masu rajin kare hakkin dan Adam da masu fafutukar siyasa, ciki har da mambobin jam’iyyun adawa da aka haramta. A cikin 2005, Uzbekistan ta kasance cikin "Mafi Muni na Mummuna: Ƙungiyoyin Mafi Girma na Duniya." Rikicin farar hula na shekarar 2005 a Uzbekistan, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar daruruwan mutane da yawa ana kallon shi a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci a tarihin cin zarafin bil'adama a Uzbekistan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421032553/http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html |archive-date=2007-04-21 |access-date=2008-01-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan: Report Cites Evidence Of Government 'Massacre' In Andijon - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/06/53b15c1e-995c-4339-819c-8090fbc94736.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155205/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/06/53b15c1e-995c-4339-819c-8090fbc94736.html |archive-date=2008-07-04 |access-date=2008-01-22}}</ref> An nuna damuwa kuma Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Shugaban Ofishin OSCE da Ofishin OSEC na Cibiyoyin Demokradiyya da Ƴancin Ɗan Adam sun nemi bincike mai zaman kansa game da abubuwan da suka faru. An zargi gwamnatin Uzbekistan da dakatar da rayuwar ɗan adam ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta hana 'yan ƙasa' [[Yancin taro|'yancin taro]] da' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙari sosai ta karyata zarge-zargen, tana mai cewa kawai ta gudanar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci, tana amfani da karfi kawai. Bugu da kari, wasu jami'ai sun yi iƙirarin cewa "an ayyana yakin basasa a kan Uzbekistan" kuma abokan gaba na Uzbekistan ne suka kirkiro cin zarafin bil'adama a Andijan a matsayin hujja mai dacewa don shiga tsakani cikin harkokin cikin gida na kasar. Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Uzbekistan ya tabbatar da cewa "dimokiradiyya a Jamhuriyar Uzbekistan za ta kasance bisa ka'idojin dan Adam na gama-gari, bisa ga mafi girman kimar dan Adam, rayuwarsa, 'yancinsa, daraja, mutunci da sauran hakkokin da ba za a iya tauyewa ba". Uzbekistan ta soke hukuncin kisa. Rushewar, wanda aka ƙaddamar da umarnin Shugaba Karimov na Agusta 2005, ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2008. An maye gurbin hukuncin kisa ta hanyar hana 'yanci na tsawon lokaci da yanke hukuncin rai (duba hukuncin kisa a Uzbekistan). A cikin 2015 Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa: {{Blockquote|A shekarar 2014 ne dai ba a iya gane irin ta'asar da ake yi a kasar ta Uzbekistan ba.Shugaban mulki Islam Karimov, wanda ya shiga shekara ta 25 akan karagar mulki, ya ci gaba da amfani da jami'an tsaro da suka yadu domin sa ido da kuma murkushe ayyukan 'yan adawa na hakika. Hukumomi suna danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta kowace fuska kuma ba sa barin duk wani tsarin adawa na siyasa, kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa, kungiyoyin farar hula masu zaman kansu, ko 'yancin addini. Waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da haƙƙoƙi, ko aiki ta hanyoyin da suka saba wa muradun ƙasa, suna fuskantar tsare ta ba bisa ka'ida ba, rashin bin ka'ida, da azabtarwa. Ana ci gaba da aikin tilasta wa manya da yara.<ref name="hrw15">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|title=Rahoton Duniya 2015: Uzbekistan - Abubuwan da suka faru na 2014|babin=Rahoton Duniya 2015|marubuci=[[Human Rights Watch]]|kwanan shiga-kwanaki=2016-03-21|archive-date=2025-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716030348/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>}} === 'Yanci na addini === Littattafan addini waɗanda ba a amince da su ba, gami da Littafi Mai-Tsarki, galibi ana kwace su kuma ana lalata su. Forum 18, wata kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke kasar Norway, ta rubuta wani samame da 'yan sandan Uzbek suka kai inda aka yi wa mahalarta hidimar addini da ba su yi rajista ba, da cin tara, da barazana da kuma tsoratarwa. A watan Agustan 2005 an tsare daya daga cikin masu aiko da rahotannin kungiyar tare da kore shi daga hannun hukuma a filin jirgin saman Tashkent da ke Uzbekistan. Ofishin Bayanan Jama'a na Shaidun Jehobah ya rubuta shari'o'i da yawa tare da ɗaurin kurkuku don koyar da addini.<ref name="OPIJW">{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan: Current news releases |url=http://www.jw-media.org/uzb/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925013321/http://www.jw-media.org/uzb/index.htm |archive-date=2011-09-25}}</ref> Asusun Barnabas ya kuma bayyana cewa Fasto Dmitri Shestakov an daure shi na tsawon shekaru 4 saboda ayyukan Kirista. === Tortura === Kamfanin Human Rights Watch na Amurka ya ce a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007 cewa hukumomin kurkuku na Uzbek suna yawan doke fursunoni kuma suna amfani da girgizar lantarki, asphyxiation da wulakanci na jima'i don cire bayanai da ikirari.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2007-11-05 |title=Nowhere to Turn |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2007/11/05/nowhere-turn/torture-and-ill-treatment-uzbekistan |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto na shari'a da ofishin jakadancin Burtaniya ya ba da umarni, a watan Agustan 2002 an dafa fursunoni biyu har suka mutu. A cewar wani rahoto daga Human Rights Watch, an azabtar da fursunonin Musulmi saboda addu'a.<ref name="hrw2014"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kan azabtarwa ya bayyana "yaduwar azabtarwa, azabtarwa ta yau da kullun da rashin kulawa" a Uzbekistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-09 |title=Uzbekistan: Torture Widespread, Routine {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/12/09/uzbekistan-torture-widespread-routine |access-date=2025-04-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Aikin tilasta === {{Excerpt|Cotton production in Uzbekistan|Forced labour}} === 'Yancin mata === ==== Kashewa tilas ==== An ba da rahoton cewa Uzbekistan tana bin manufar tilastawa haifuwa, mahaifa da shigar da IUD tun daga ƙarshen 1990s don sanya ikon sarrafa yawan jama'a. ==== Rikicin cikin gida ==== Rikicin cikin gida akan mata matsala ce mai tsanani a Uzbekistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/uzbekreport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021231253/http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/uzbekreport.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |access-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref> Wani bincike da UNICEF ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 69.6 cikin 100 na mata sun yarda cewa miji yana da hujjar dukan matarsa a wasu yanayi (ciki har da kashi 61.2 cikin 100 idan matar ta fita ba tare da ta fada masa ba, da kashi 47.9 cikin 100 idan ta yi gardama da shi). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Health Examination Survey 2002 |url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR143/FR143.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714170430/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR143/FR143.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-14 |access-date=2021-07-14}}</ref> === Intanet === "Yanci a kan matsayin yanar gizo" na Uzbekistan "ba kyauta ba ne" a cikin rahotanni na Freedom on the Net na 2012 da 2013 daga Freedom House . Uzbekistan tana kula da tsarin tacewa mafi girma da yaduwa tsakanin Kasashen CIS kuma an jera shi a matsayin abokin gaba na Intanet ta Reporters Without Borders tun lokacin da aka kirkiro jerin a shekara ta 2006. Shirin OpenNet ya sami shaidar cewa tace Intanet ya mamaye a cikin siyasa kuma yana da zaɓi a cikin zamantakewa, rikici / tsaro, da wuraren kayan aikin Intanet yayin gwajin da aka ruwaito a cikin 2008 da 2010. Uzbekistan ta hana shiga yanar gizo dangane da haramtattun ƙungiyoyin Islama, kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, da abubuwan da ke sukar take haƙƙin ɗan adam na gwamnati. Wasu gidajen shakatawa na Intanet a babban birnin kasar sun yi gargadin cewa za a ci tarar masu amfani da shafin saboda kallon shafukan batsa ko gidan yanar gizon da ke dauke da haramtattun kayan siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Internet "black holes" - Uzbekistan |url=http://www.rsf.org/int_blackholes_en.php3?id_mot=105&annee=2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524002041/http://www.rsf.org/int_blackholes_en.php3?id_mot=105&annee=2005 |archive-date=24 May 2007 |access-date=31 August 2006 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Ana toshe manyan ka'idojin VoIP SIP da IAX ga kowane mai amfani; duk da haka, tun daga watan Yulin 2010, ba a sake samun tubalan ba. An toshe Facebook na 'yan kwanaki a cikin 2010. Takaddar intanet a Uzbekistan ya karu bayan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin juyin juya halin Larabawa a shekara ta 2011. An toshe ƙarin gidajen yanar gizo, an kama masu ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawa kan abubuwan da suka faru a Masar, Tunisiya, da Bahrain, kuma an toshe labarai game da zanga-zangar da ƙungiyoyin zanga-zanga. An kulle gidan yanar gizon BBC a ƙarshen 2011, amma tun daga watan Janairun 2012, ba a iya samun takamaiman shafukan da suka shafi rikicin Larabawa. Ana buƙatar ISPs da masu amfani da wayar hannu don ba da rahoton yawan aika wasiku na "abun da ake tuhuma" da kuma cire haɗin yanar gizo bisa buƙatun hukumomi. Babban hukumar leken asiri a Uzbekistan, Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa (SNB), tana sa ido kan sashin Intanet na Uzbek kuma yana aiki tare da babban hukumar gudanarwa don sanya takunkumi. Kamar yadda duk ISPs dole ne su yi hayan tashoshi daga mai ba da izini na jiha, akwai shaidun da suke da ƙarfi suna nuna cewa ana yin rikodin zirga-zirgar Intanet kuma ana kula da su ta hanyar tsarin tsakiya. Jami'an SNB akai-akai suna ziyartar ISPs da shagunan shagunan Intanet don sa ido kan bin ka'ida. A cikin 2014, an dakatar da duk hanyoyin sadarwar intanet da na wayar hannu a cikin taga na tsawon sa'o'i uku zuwa hudu don 'gyaran gaggawa' wanda ya yi daidai da daidai da jarrabawar shiga jami'a ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2014 |title=Uzbekistan Blocks Mobile Internet, SMS During Exams |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan-sms-internet-university-exam-police-cheating/25477815.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805051856/http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan-sms-internet-university-exam-police-cheating/25477815.html |archive-date=5 August 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |publisher=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |agency=AFP}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Islam_Karimov_in_June_2016_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Islam Karimov, shugaban Uzbekistan daga 1991 zuwa 2016]] === 2004 === Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta 2004 game da 'yancin ɗan adam a Uzbekistan ya sami ƙarancin ci gaba. Yayin da babu wani fursuna da ya mutu yayin da yake hannun ‘yan sanda, sakacin ‘yan sanda ya kai ga mutuwar fursunoni hudu. Jami'an Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa sun " azabtar da su, da duka, da kuma tursasa" 'yan kasa amma an ba masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama damar gudanar da bincike kan al'amuran da fursunoni suka mutu da kuma masu fafutuka suna zargin azabtarwa a matsayin sanadin kisa. Jami’an tsaro ba su kama ‘yan jarida ba, an kuma saki uku. Wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, musamman Open Society Institute, ba a ba su izinin yin rajista da gwamnati ba, don haka an hana su aiki a Uzbekistan. === 2005 === A shekara ta 2005 gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta kama Sanjar Umarov, dan siyasar adawa, tare da kai samame ofishin Sunshine Uzbekistan, kawancen siyasa na 'yan adawa. Sanatocin Amurka Bill Frist da Richard Lugar sun gabatar da wani kuduri da ke kira ga gwamnatin Uzbekistan da ta tabbatar da cewa Umarov "an ba shi cikakkiyar ma'auni na hakkinsa a karkashin tsarin mulkin Uzbekistan don kare kansa daga duk wasu tuhume-tuhume da za a iya yi masa ta hanyar gaskiya da gaskiya, ta yadda za a yi wa daidaikun mutane adalci". 'Yan Tashkent sun gano gawar Kim Khen Pen Khin, dan Pentikostal, a ranar 11 ga Yuni 2005. A cewar juna 'yan sanda memba na cocin Pentikostal sun yi wa mambobin coci muni fiye da dabbobi, da dama sun doke uku daga cikinsu. Daya, fasto, ya taho. Da farko ‘yan sanda sun zargi Kural Bekjanov, wani majami’a, da kashe Khin, amma ya janye tuhumar da ake masa bayan kwanaki biyu. Lokacin da ‘yan sanda suka gano addininsa, sai suka karya masa hakarkarinsa suka sanya masa allura a karkashin farcen sa don su sa shi ya bar addinin Kirista. A cikin watan Agusta ne gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta tsare Elena Urlayeva, wata mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama, bisa zargin yada wasu takardu na adawa da gwamnati. A watan Oktoba wata kotun Tashkent ta umurci Urlayeva da ta yi jinyar tabin hankali a wata cibiyar kula da tabin hankali a wata doka da ta gabata wadda ita da lauyanta ba su halarta ba. Gwamnati ta saki Urlayeva a ranar 27 ga Oktoba bayan jami'ai sun ci zarafinta tare da lakada mata duka. Hukumar Shige da Fice da masu tsaron kan iyakoki ta gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta tsare Igor Rotar, wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke aiki a Forum 18 da Rediyon Free Turai, a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta. Jirgin na Rotar ya taso daga birnin Bishkek na kasar [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]] ya isa filin jirgin saman Tashkent da karfe 10:25 na safe. Amnesty International ta yi Allah wadai da lamarin, tana mai cewa "tsare shi wani bangare ne na tursasawa da cin zarafin 'yan jarida da masu kare hakkin bil'adama da hukumomin Uzbek suka yi, wanda ya ta'azzara bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Andijan a watan Mayun bana". Holly Cartner, darektan kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch a Turai da [[tsakiyar Asiya]], ya ce, "Mun damu matuka game da tsaron Rotar, ya kamata a bar shi ya tuntubi kungiyarsa da lauya, kuma a sake shi cikin gaggawa". === 2006 === Wani mutum da ba a san shi ba ya maƙure Karina Rivka Loiper, sakataren Rabbi Abe David Gurevich, da mahaifiyarta a ranar 12 ga Yuni a Tashkent. Yayinda 'yan sanda suka yi mulki a matsayin fashi, Tarayyar Al'ummomin Yahudawa na Commonwealth of Independent States ta yi kira ga bincike. Shugabannin al'ummar Yahudawa sun ce wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin kan harkokin addini ya gargadi su game da " siyasa" mutuwar Loiper. On 29 April 2006, human rights workers Azam Farmonov and Alisher Karamatov were arrested and allegedly tortured by state security forces.<ref name="AI2">{{Cite web |title=ALISHER KARAMATOV AND AZAM FARMONOV, PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/uzbekistan-alisher-karamatov-and-azam-farmonov/page.do?id=1181055 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429083020/http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/uzbekistan-alisher-karamatov-and-azam-farmonov/page.do?id=1181055 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> They are currently serving prison terms on charges of extortion that [[Amnesty International]],<ref name="AI2" /> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2006 |title=Uzbekistan: Broader Criminal Charges Used to Quash Dissent |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/20/uzbekistan-broader-criminal-charges-used-quash-dissent |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013011834/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/20/uzbekistan-broader-criminal-charges-used-quash-dissent |archive-date=13 October 2012 |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> and [[Front Line Defenders|Front Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2008 |title=Uzbekistan - Ongoing detention and deterioration in health of human rights defender Alisher Karamatov |url=http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/1727 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304000718/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/1727 |archive-date=4 March 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=[[Front Line (NGO)|Front Line]]}}</ref> have condemned as politically motivated. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba kotun Karshi-Khanabad ta ci tarar wasu masu bautar Baptist biyu daga Ferghana da Tashkent dalar Amurka $438 yayin da wasu hudu kuma aka ci tarar wasu 4 karami saboda shiga ayyukan addini da ba a yi wa rajista ba bayan ‘yan sanda sun kai samame a cocin Baptist a birnin. 'Yan sanda 30 sun kai farmaki cocin Pentecostal a Tashkent a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba. Wani harin da aka kai a ranar 27 ga Agusta ya haifar da littattafai guda 38 da ba a yarda da su ba. Tashar talabijin ta kasar Uzbekistan ta yi wani shiri mai taken "Munafukai" a ranakun 30 ga Nuwamba da 1 ga Disamba, inda aka ce 'yan mishan na Furotesta sun tsunduma cikin lalata da kuma amfani da muggan kwayoyi. Shirin ya ce, "Saboda taimakon kudi na taimakon mutane mabukata, ['yan mishan] suna sanya nasu koyarwa a zukatan wadannan mutane". Abubuwan da suka canza "zumies" ne. Begzot Kadyrov, kwararre a kwamitin kula da harkokin addini na jihar, da yake tsokaci a kan shirin, ya ce, "Juya daga addinin kakanni ba kuskuren kansa ba ne kawai, har ma zai iya haifar da mummunan yanayi tsakanin 'yan'uwa maza da mata da kuma tsakanin iyaye da 'ya'yansu". Masu tuba zuwa Kiristanci “batattu ne ga dangi, abokai da al’umma". === 2007 === Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Helsinki ta kasa da kasa (IHF), Human Rights Watch, da kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa sun bukaci kwamitin kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva da ya ci gaba da sanya ido kan hakkokin bil'adama a Uzbekistan a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2007. Aaron Rhodes, babban darektan kungiyar Helsinki ta kasa da kasa, ya soki shawarar, yana mai cewa, "Abin da zai kasance da gaske shi ne cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za ta ba da gudummawa ga manufofinta na Uzbekistan. Majalisar idan hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa daukar matsalolin da ake fama da su a Uzbekistan, to me ake ciki?". ==== Shari'ar Umida Niazova ==== 'Yan sanda na Uzbek sun tsare Umida Niazova, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam wanda ya yi aiki ga kungiyar Veritas da Human Rights Watch a Tashkent, Uzbekistan, a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2006 a filin jirgin saman Tashkent.<ref name="NIYAZOVA">{{Cite web |title="HARAKAT" XABAR AGENTLIGI :: Independent News Agency Harakat. Узбекистан, новости Узбекистана, политика Узбекистана, оппозиция Узбекистана |url=http://www.harakat.net/el_news.php?id=903 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723142456/http://www.harakat.net/el_news.php?id=903 |archive-date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2008-04-01}}«HARAKAT» XABAR AGENTLIGI :: Independent News Agency Harakat</ref> Tsoron gurfanar da laifi, ta bar kasar zuwa Kyrgyzstan, ta dawo bisa ga shawarar lauyanta wanda ya ce ba za a gabatar da wata shari'ar laifi a kanta ba. A kan iyaka, an kama ta kuma an gurfanar da ita kan tuhume-tuhume na ƙetare iyaka ba bisa ka'ida ba, smuggling da rarraba abubuwan da ba bisa ka ga doka ba. Holly Cartner, darakta a Human Rights Watch ta yi zargin cewa "An yi wa Niazova barazanar waɗannan zarge-zargen saboda... aikinta na kare hakkin dan adam". A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2007, wata kotun Uzbek ta yanke wa Niazova hukunci kuma ta yanke mata hukuncin shekaru bakwai a kurkuku, kan zargin "shirya ko yada kayan da ke dauke da barazana ga tsaro da oda".<ref name="NIAZOVA2">{{Cite web |title=Reuters report on Niazova conviction and sentence |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03310061.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505062840/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03310061.htm |archive-date=2007-05-05 |access-date=2007-05-03}}</ref> Gwamnatin Uzbek ta yi zargin cewa tana adana littattafan kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ta Islama. Niazova ta rubuta labarai game da zanga-zangar kisa a Andijan, Uzbekistan a shekara ta 2005. Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai (OSCE), gwamnatin Amurka, da Human Rights Watch sun soki hukuncin. A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, ta furta a kotu kuma an ba ta hukuncin dakatar da shi kuma an sake shi. <ref name="Producer">{{Cite web |title=Freedomhouse.org: Campaign for Umida Niyazova |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=353 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325012136/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=353 |archive-date=2007-03-25 |access-date=2008-05-12}} Freedom House</ref> == Yanayin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Uzbekistan tun 1991 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7 "ba kyauta ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2022 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2022 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2022.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308191401/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2022.xlsx |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 == Dubi kuma == * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya * Hakkin LGBT a Uzbekistan * Mata a Uzbekistan * Ayyukan yara a Uzbekistan == Bayani == : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Ya zuwa Janairu 1. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1dt5lzp8q9mkpizdq13tt9xi3nv02t2 976101 976100 2026-11-05T10:14:28Z A Salisu 14655 976101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A shekarar 2014 ne dai ba a iya gane irin ta'asar da ake yi a kasar ta Uzbekistan ba.Shugaban mulki Islam Karimov, wanda ya shiga shekara ta 25 akan karagar mulki, ya ci gaba da amfani da jami'an tsaro da suka yadu domin sa ido da kuma murkushe ayyukan ƴan adawa na haƙiƙa. Hukumomi suna danne ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki ta kowace fuska kuma ba sa barin duk wani tsarin adawa na siyasa, kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa, kungiyoyin farar hula masu zaman kansu, ko ƴancin addini. Waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da haƙƙoƙi, ko aiki ta hanyoyin da suka saba wa muradun ƙasa, suna fuskantar tsare ta ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, rashin bin ka'ida, da azabtarwa. Ana ci gaba da aikin tilasta wa manya da yara.<ref name="hrw15">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|title=Rahoton Duniya 2015: Uzbekistan - Abubuwan da suka faru na 2014|babin=Rahoton Duniya 2015|marubuci=[[Human Rights Watch]]|kwanan shiga-kwanaki=2016-03-21|archive-date=2025-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716030348/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>}} Human Rights Watch ta bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uzbekistan a matsayin "abysmal", <ref name="hrw2014">{{Cite web |date=2014-01-02 |title=World Report 2014: Rights Trends in World Report 2014: Uzbekistan |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/uzbekistan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721135410/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/uzbekistan |archive-date=2019-07-21 |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> kuma kasar ta sha suka daga Birtaniya da Amurka bisa zargin kame ba bisa ka'ida ba, da cin zarafi na addini, da azabtarwa da gwamnati ke yi a matakin yanki da na kasa. Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa ana ci gaba da takaita ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, ƙungiyoyin da kuma gudanar da taro cikin lumana, kuma dangantakar jinsi daya haramtacce ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119023404/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] ta bayyana cewa ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki, haɗin kai, da kuma taro cikin lumana ana ci gaba da takaita su, kuma [[Hakkin LGBTQ a Uzbekistan|dangantakar jinsi ɗaya]]<nowiki/>haramun ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119023404/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119023404/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa, "Babban tarihin kasar Uzbekistan na yin hadin gwiwa da hanyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na daga cikin mafi muni a duniya. A cikin shekaru 12 da suka gabata, ta yi watsi da buƙatar dukkanin kwararrun kare hakkin bil'adama 11 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma ta yi watsi da kusan dukkanin shawarwarin da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suka bayar na inganta haƙƙin ɗan Adam". Bugu da ƙari, ƴancin addini na daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan kasar. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya Uzbekistan a matsayin "Ƙasar Damuwa ta Musamman" don tsanantawar addini da ake yi a kasar, kuma sun bayyana Uzbekistan a cikin "jiha mai iko tare da iyakance haƙƙin farar hula". Human Rights Watch, duk da haka, ya ce gwamnatin Amurka ta "tsayayya da sanya kowane manufa mai tsanani ko sakamako ga rikodin haƙƙin haƙƙin Uzbekistan, kallon Tashkent a matsayin babban abokin tarayya tare da Cibiyar Rarraba ta Arewa (NDN) wanda take amfani da shi don janye kayan aiki daga yaƙin a Afghanistan. [[Fayil:World_map_of_prison_population_rates_from_World_Prison_Brief.svg|thumb|Taswirar yawan fursunoni ta ƙasa ]] A cewar rahotanni, mafi yawan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam shine azabtarwa, kamawa, da ƙuntatawa daban-daban na 'yancin addini, na magana da manema labarai, na' yanci da taro. Rahotannin sun ce an fi samun cin zarafi akan mambobin kungiyoyin addini, ’yan jarida masu zaman kansu, masu rajin kare hakkin dan Adam da masu fafutukar siyasa, ciki har da mambobin jam’iyyun adawa da aka haramta. A cikin 2005, Uzbekistan ta kasance cikin "Mafi Muni na Mummuna: Ƙungiyoyin Mafi Girma na Duniya." Rikicin farar hula na shekarar 2005 a Uzbekistan, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar daruruwan mutane da yawa ana kallon shi a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci a tarihin cin zarafin bil'adama a Uzbekistan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421032553/http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html |archive-date=2007-04-21 |access-date=2008-01-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan: Report Cites Evidence Of Government 'Massacre' In Andijon - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/06/53b15c1e-995c-4339-819c-8090fbc94736.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155205/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/06/53b15c1e-995c-4339-819c-8090fbc94736.html |archive-date=2008-07-04 |access-date=2008-01-22}}</ref> An nuna damuwa kuma Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Shugaban Ofishin OSCE da Ofishin OSEC na Cibiyoyin Demokradiyya da Ƴancin Ɗan Adam sun nemi bincike mai zaman kansa game da abubuwan da suka faru. An zargi gwamnatin Uzbekistan da dakatar da rayuwar ɗan adam ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta hana 'yan ƙasa' [[Yancin taro|'yancin taro]] da' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙari sosai ta karyata zarge-zargen, tana mai cewa kawai ta gudanar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci, tana amfani da karfi kawai. Bugu da kari, wasu jami'ai sun yi iƙirarin cewa "an ayyana yakin basasa a kan Uzbekistan" kuma abokan gaba na Uzbekistan ne suka kirkiro cin zarafin bil'adama a Andijan a matsayin hujja mai dacewa don shiga tsakani cikin harkokin cikin gida na kasar. Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Uzbekistan ya tabbatar da cewa "dimokiradiyya a Jamhuriyar Uzbekistan za ta kasance bisa ka'idojin dan Adam na gama-gari, bisa ga mafi girman kimar dan Adam, rayuwarsa, 'yancinsa, daraja, mutunci da sauran hakkokin da ba za a iya tauyewa ba". Uzbekistan ta soke hukuncin kisa. Rushewar, wanda aka ƙaddamar da umarnin Shugaba Karimov na Agusta 2005, ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2008. An maye gurbin hukuncin kisa ta hanyar hana 'yanci na tsawon lokaci da yanke hukuncin rai (duba hukuncin kisa a Uzbekistan). A cikin 2015 Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa: {{Blockquote|A shekarar 2014 ne dai ba a iya gane irin ta'asar da ake yi a kasar ta Uzbekistan ba.Shugaban mulki Islam Karimov, wanda ya shiga shekara ta 25 akan karagar mulki, ya ci gaba da amfani da jami'an tsaro da suka yadu domin sa ido da kuma murkushe ayyukan 'yan adawa na hakika. Hukumomi suna danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta kowace fuska kuma ba sa barin duk wani tsarin adawa na siyasa, kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa, kungiyoyin farar hula masu zaman kansu, ko 'yancin addini. Waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da haƙƙoƙi, ko aiki ta hanyoyin da suka saba wa muradun ƙasa, suna fuskantar tsare ta ba bisa ka'ida ba, rashin bin ka'ida, da azabtarwa. Ana ci gaba da aikin tilasta wa manya da yara.<ref name="hrw15">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|title=Rahoton Duniya 2015: Uzbekistan - Abubuwan da suka faru na 2014|babin=Rahoton Duniya 2015|marubuci=[[Human Rights Watch]]|kwanan shiga-kwanaki=2016-03-21|archive-date=2025-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716030348/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>}} === 'Yanci na addini === Littattafan addini waɗanda ba a amince da su ba, gami da Littafi Mai-Tsarki, galibi ana kwace su kuma ana lalata su. Forum 18, wata kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke kasar Norway, ta rubuta wani samame da 'yan sandan Uzbek suka kai inda aka yi wa mahalarta hidimar addini da ba su yi rajista ba, da cin tara, da barazana da kuma tsoratarwa. A watan Agustan 2005 an tsare daya daga cikin masu aiko da rahotannin kungiyar tare da kore shi daga hannun hukuma a filin jirgin saman Tashkent da ke Uzbekistan. Ofishin Bayanan Jama'a na Shaidun Jehobah ya rubuta shari'o'i da yawa tare da ɗaurin kurkuku don koyar da addini.<ref name="OPIJW">{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan: Current news releases |url=http://www.jw-media.org/uzb/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925013321/http://www.jw-media.org/uzb/index.htm |archive-date=2011-09-25}}</ref> Asusun Barnabas ya kuma bayyana cewa Fasto Dmitri Shestakov an daure shi na tsawon shekaru 4 saboda ayyukan Kirista. === Tortura === Kamfanin Human Rights Watch na Amurka ya ce a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007 cewa hukumomin kurkuku na Uzbek suna yawan doke fursunoni kuma suna amfani da girgizar lantarki, asphyxiation da wulakanci na jima'i don cire bayanai da ikirari.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2007-11-05 |title=Nowhere to Turn |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2007/11/05/nowhere-turn/torture-and-ill-treatment-uzbekistan |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto na shari'a da ofishin jakadancin Burtaniya ya ba da umarni, a watan Agustan 2002 an dafa fursunoni biyu har suka mutu. A cewar wani rahoto daga Human Rights Watch, an azabtar da fursunonin Musulmi saboda addu'a.<ref name="hrw2014"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kan azabtarwa ya bayyana "yaduwar azabtarwa, azabtarwa ta yau da kullun da rashin kulawa" a Uzbekistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-09 |title=Uzbekistan: Torture Widespread, Routine {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/12/09/uzbekistan-torture-widespread-routine |access-date=2025-04-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Aikin tilasta === {{Excerpt|Cotton production in Uzbekistan|Forced labour}} === 'Yancin mata === ==== Kashewa tilas ==== An ba da rahoton cewa Uzbekistan tana bin manufar tilastawa haifuwa, mahaifa da shigar da IUD tun daga ƙarshen 1990s don sanya ikon sarrafa yawan jama'a. ==== Rikicin cikin gida ==== Rikicin cikin gida akan mata matsala ce mai tsanani a Uzbekistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/uzbekreport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021231253/http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/uzbekreport.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |access-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref> Wani bincike da UNICEF ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 69.6 cikin 100 na mata sun yarda cewa miji yana da hujjar dukan matarsa a wasu yanayi (ciki har da kashi 61.2 cikin 100 idan matar ta fita ba tare da ta fada masa ba, da kashi 47.9 cikin 100 idan ta yi gardama da shi). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Health Examination Survey 2002 |url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR143/FR143.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714170430/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR143/FR143.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-14 |access-date=2021-07-14}}</ref> === Intanet === "Yanci a kan matsayin yanar gizo" na Uzbekistan "ba kyauta ba ne" a cikin rahotanni na Freedom on the Net na 2012 da 2013 daga Freedom House . Uzbekistan tana kula da tsarin tacewa mafi girma da yaduwa tsakanin Kasashen CIS kuma an jera shi a matsayin abokin gaba na Intanet ta Reporters Without Borders tun lokacin da aka kirkiro jerin a shekara ta 2006. Shirin OpenNet ya sami shaidar cewa tace Intanet ya mamaye a cikin siyasa kuma yana da zaɓi a cikin zamantakewa, rikici / tsaro, da wuraren kayan aikin Intanet yayin gwajin da aka ruwaito a cikin 2008 da 2010. Uzbekistan ta hana shiga yanar gizo dangane da haramtattun ƙungiyoyin Islama, kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, da abubuwan da ke sukar take haƙƙin ɗan adam na gwamnati. Wasu gidajen shakatawa na Intanet a babban birnin kasar sun yi gargadin cewa za a ci tarar masu amfani da shafin saboda kallon shafukan batsa ko gidan yanar gizon da ke dauke da haramtattun kayan siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Internet "black holes" - Uzbekistan |url=http://www.rsf.org/int_blackholes_en.php3?id_mot=105&annee=2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524002041/http://www.rsf.org/int_blackholes_en.php3?id_mot=105&annee=2005 |archive-date=24 May 2007 |access-date=31 August 2006 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Ana toshe manyan ka'idojin VoIP SIP da IAX ga kowane mai amfani; duk da haka, tun daga watan Yulin 2010, ba a sake samun tubalan ba. An toshe Facebook na 'yan kwanaki a cikin 2010. Takaddar intanet a Uzbekistan ya karu bayan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin juyin juya halin Larabawa a shekara ta 2011. An toshe ƙarin gidajen yanar gizo, an kama masu ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawa kan abubuwan da suka faru a Masar, Tunisiya, da Bahrain, kuma an toshe labarai game da zanga-zangar da ƙungiyoyin zanga-zanga. An kulle gidan yanar gizon BBC a ƙarshen 2011, amma tun daga watan Janairun 2012, ba a iya samun takamaiman shafukan da suka shafi rikicin Larabawa. Ana buƙatar ISPs da masu amfani da wayar hannu don ba da rahoton yawan aika wasiku na "abun da ake tuhuma" da kuma cire haɗin yanar gizo bisa buƙatun hukumomi. Babban hukumar leken asiri a Uzbekistan, Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa (SNB), tana sa ido kan sashin Intanet na Uzbek kuma yana aiki tare da babban hukumar gudanarwa don sanya takunkumi. Kamar yadda duk ISPs dole ne su yi hayan tashoshi daga mai ba da izini na jiha, akwai shaidun da suke da ƙarfi suna nuna cewa ana yin rikodin zirga-zirgar Intanet kuma ana kula da su ta hanyar tsarin tsakiya. Jami'an SNB akai-akai suna ziyartar ISPs da shagunan shagunan Intanet don sa ido kan bin ka'ida. A cikin 2014, an dakatar da duk hanyoyin sadarwar intanet da na wayar hannu a cikin taga na tsawon sa'o'i uku zuwa hudu don 'gyaran gaggawa' wanda ya yi daidai da daidai da jarrabawar shiga jami'a ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2014 |title=Uzbekistan Blocks Mobile Internet, SMS During Exams |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan-sms-internet-university-exam-police-cheating/25477815.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805051856/http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan-sms-internet-university-exam-police-cheating/25477815.html |archive-date=5 August 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |publisher=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |agency=AFP}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Islam_Karimov_in_June_2016_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Islam Karimov, shugaban Uzbekistan daga 1991 zuwa 2016]] === 2004 === Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta 2004 game da 'yancin ɗan adam a Uzbekistan ya sami ƙarancin ci gaba. Yayin da babu wani fursuna da ya mutu yayin da yake hannun ‘yan sanda, sakacin ‘yan sanda ya kai ga mutuwar fursunoni hudu. Jami'an Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa sun " azabtar da su, da duka, da kuma tursasa" 'yan kasa amma an ba masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama damar gudanar da bincike kan al'amuran da fursunoni suka mutu da kuma masu fafutuka suna zargin azabtarwa a matsayin sanadin kisa. Jami’an tsaro ba su kama ‘yan jarida ba, an kuma saki uku. Wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, musamman Open Society Institute, ba a ba su izinin yin rajista da gwamnati ba, don haka an hana su aiki a Uzbekistan. === 2005 === A shekara ta 2005 gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta kama Sanjar Umarov, dan siyasar adawa, tare da kai samame ofishin Sunshine Uzbekistan, kawancen siyasa na 'yan adawa. Sanatocin Amurka Bill Frist da Richard Lugar sun gabatar da wani kuduri da ke kira ga gwamnatin Uzbekistan da ta tabbatar da cewa Umarov "an ba shi cikakkiyar ma'auni na hakkinsa a karkashin tsarin mulkin Uzbekistan don kare kansa daga duk wasu tuhume-tuhume da za a iya yi masa ta hanyar gaskiya da gaskiya, ta yadda za a yi wa daidaikun mutane adalci". 'Yan Tashkent sun gano gawar Kim Khen Pen Khin, dan Pentikostal, a ranar 11 ga Yuni 2005. A cewar juna 'yan sanda memba na cocin Pentikostal sun yi wa mambobin coci muni fiye da dabbobi, da dama sun doke uku daga cikinsu. Daya, fasto, ya taho. Da farko ‘yan sanda sun zargi Kural Bekjanov, wani majami’a, da kashe Khin, amma ya janye tuhumar da ake masa bayan kwanaki biyu. Lokacin da ‘yan sanda suka gano addininsa, sai suka karya masa hakarkarinsa suka sanya masa allura a karkashin farcen sa don su sa shi ya bar addinin Kirista. A cikin watan Agusta ne gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta tsare Elena Urlayeva, wata mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama, bisa zargin yada wasu takardu na adawa da gwamnati. A watan Oktoba wata kotun Tashkent ta umurci Urlayeva da ta yi jinyar tabin hankali a wata cibiyar kula da tabin hankali a wata doka da ta gabata wadda ita da lauyanta ba su halarta ba. Gwamnati ta saki Urlayeva a ranar 27 ga Oktoba bayan jami'ai sun ci zarafinta tare da lakada mata duka. Hukumar Shige da Fice da masu tsaron kan iyakoki ta gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta tsare Igor Rotar, wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke aiki a Forum 18 da Rediyon Free Turai, a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta. Jirgin na Rotar ya taso daga birnin Bishkek na kasar [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]] ya isa filin jirgin saman Tashkent da karfe 10:25 na safe. Amnesty International ta yi Allah wadai da lamarin, tana mai cewa "tsare shi wani bangare ne na tursasawa da cin zarafin 'yan jarida da masu kare hakkin bil'adama da hukumomin Uzbek suka yi, wanda ya ta'azzara bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Andijan a watan Mayun bana". Holly Cartner, darektan kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch a Turai da [[tsakiyar Asiya]], ya ce, "Mun damu matuka game da tsaron Rotar, ya kamata a bar shi ya tuntubi kungiyarsa da lauya, kuma a sake shi cikin gaggawa". === 2006 === Wani mutum da ba a san shi ba ya maƙure Karina Rivka Loiper, sakataren Rabbi Abe David Gurevich, da mahaifiyarta a ranar 12 ga Yuni a Tashkent. Yayinda 'yan sanda suka yi mulki a matsayin fashi, Tarayyar Al'ummomin Yahudawa na Commonwealth of Independent States ta yi kira ga bincike. Shugabannin al'ummar Yahudawa sun ce wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin kan harkokin addini ya gargadi su game da " siyasa" mutuwar Loiper. On 29 April 2006, human rights workers Azam Farmonov and Alisher Karamatov were arrested and allegedly tortured by state security forces.<ref name="AI2">{{Cite web |title=ALISHER KARAMATOV AND AZAM FARMONOV, PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/uzbekistan-alisher-karamatov-and-azam-farmonov/page.do?id=1181055 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429083020/http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/uzbekistan-alisher-karamatov-and-azam-farmonov/page.do?id=1181055 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> They are currently serving prison terms on charges of extortion that [[Amnesty International]],<ref name="AI2" /> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2006 |title=Uzbekistan: Broader Criminal Charges Used to Quash Dissent |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/20/uzbekistan-broader-criminal-charges-used-quash-dissent |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013011834/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/20/uzbekistan-broader-criminal-charges-used-quash-dissent |archive-date=13 October 2012 |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> and [[Front Line Defenders|Front Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2008 |title=Uzbekistan - Ongoing detention and deterioration in health of human rights defender Alisher Karamatov |url=http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/1727 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304000718/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/1727 |archive-date=4 March 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=[[Front Line (NGO)|Front Line]]}}</ref> have condemned as politically motivated. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba kotun Karshi-Khanabad ta ci tarar wasu masu bautar Baptist biyu daga Ferghana da Tashkent dalar Amurka $438 yayin da wasu hudu kuma aka ci tarar wasu 4 karami saboda shiga ayyukan addini da ba a yi wa rajista ba bayan ‘yan sanda sun kai samame a cocin Baptist a birnin. 'Yan sanda 30 sun kai farmaki cocin Pentecostal a Tashkent a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba. Wani harin da aka kai a ranar 27 ga Agusta ya haifar da littattafai guda 38 da ba a yarda da su ba. Tashar talabijin ta kasar Uzbekistan ta yi wani shiri mai taken "Munafukai" a ranakun 30 ga Nuwamba da 1 ga Disamba, inda aka ce 'yan mishan na Furotesta sun tsunduma cikin lalata da kuma amfani da muggan kwayoyi. Shirin ya ce, "Saboda taimakon kudi na taimakon mutane mabukata, ['yan mishan] suna sanya nasu koyarwa a zukatan wadannan mutane". Abubuwan da suka canza "zumies" ne. Begzot Kadyrov, kwararre a kwamitin kula da harkokin addini na jihar, da yake tsokaci a kan shirin, ya ce, "Juya daga addinin kakanni ba kuskuren kansa ba ne kawai, har ma zai iya haifar da mummunan yanayi tsakanin 'yan'uwa maza da mata da kuma tsakanin iyaye da 'ya'yansu". Masu tuba zuwa Kiristanci “batattu ne ga dangi, abokai da al’umma". === 2007 === Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Helsinki ta kasa da kasa (IHF), Human Rights Watch, da kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa sun bukaci kwamitin kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva da ya ci gaba da sanya ido kan hakkokin bil'adama a Uzbekistan a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2007. Aaron Rhodes, babban darektan kungiyar Helsinki ta kasa da kasa, ya soki shawarar, yana mai cewa, "Abin da zai kasance da gaske shi ne cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za ta ba da gudummawa ga manufofinta na Uzbekistan. Majalisar idan hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa daukar matsalolin da ake fama da su a Uzbekistan, to me ake ciki?". ==== Shari'ar Umida Niazova ==== 'Yan sanda na Uzbek sun tsare Umida Niazova, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam wanda ya yi aiki ga kungiyar Veritas da Human Rights Watch a Tashkent, Uzbekistan, a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2006 a filin jirgin saman Tashkent.<ref name="NIYAZOVA">{{Cite web |title="HARAKAT" XABAR AGENTLIGI :: Independent News Agency Harakat. Узбекистан, новости Узбекистана, политика Узбекистана, оппозиция Узбекистана |url=http://www.harakat.net/el_news.php?id=903 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723142456/http://www.harakat.net/el_news.php?id=903 |archive-date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2008-04-01}}«HARAKAT» XABAR AGENTLIGI :: Independent News Agency Harakat</ref> Tsoron gurfanar da laifi, ta bar kasar zuwa Kyrgyzstan, ta dawo bisa ga shawarar lauyanta wanda ya ce ba za a gabatar da wata shari'ar laifi a kanta ba. A kan iyaka, an kama ta kuma an gurfanar da ita kan tuhume-tuhume na ƙetare iyaka ba bisa ka'ida ba, smuggling da rarraba abubuwan da ba bisa ka ga doka ba. Holly Cartner, darakta a Human Rights Watch ta yi zargin cewa "An yi wa Niazova barazanar waɗannan zarge-zargen saboda... aikinta na kare hakkin dan adam". A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2007, wata kotun Uzbek ta yanke wa Niazova hukunci kuma ta yanke mata hukuncin shekaru bakwai a kurkuku, kan zargin "shirya ko yada kayan da ke dauke da barazana ga tsaro da oda".<ref name="NIAZOVA2">{{Cite web |title=Reuters report on Niazova conviction and sentence |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03310061.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505062840/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03310061.htm |archive-date=2007-05-05 |access-date=2007-05-03}}</ref> Gwamnatin Uzbek ta yi zargin cewa tana adana littattafan kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ta Islama. Niazova ta rubuta labarai game da zanga-zangar kisa a Andijan, Uzbekistan a shekara ta 2005. Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai (OSCE), gwamnatin Amurka, da Human Rights Watch sun soki hukuncin. A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, ta furta a kotu kuma an ba ta hukuncin dakatar da shi kuma an sake shi. <ref name="Producer">{{Cite web |title=Freedomhouse.org: Campaign for Umida Niyazova |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=353 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325012136/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=353 |archive-date=2007-03-25 |access-date=2008-05-12}} Freedom House</ref> == Yanayin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Uzbekistan tun 1991 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7 "ba kyauta ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2022 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2022 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2022.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308191401/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2022.xlsx |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 == Dubi kuma == * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya * Hakkin LGBT a Uzbekistan * Mata a Uzbekistan * Ayyukan yara a Uzbekistan == Bayani == : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Ya zuwa Janairu 1. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nb2xv75nywril64d5t70bnw38tz5gtp 976102 976101 2026-11-05T10:14:43Z A Salisu 14655 976102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A shekarar 2014 ne dai ba a iya gane irin ta'asar da ake yi a kasar ta Uzbekistan ba.Shugaban mulki Islam Karimov, wanda ya shiga shekara ta 25 akan karagar mulki, ya ci gaba da amfani da jami'an tsaro da suka yadu domin sa ido da kuma murkushe ayyukan ƴan adawa na haƙiƙa. Hukumomi suna danne ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki ta kowace fuska kuma ba sa barin duk wani tsarin adawa na siyasa, kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa, kungiyoyin farar hula masu zaman kansu, ko ƴancin addini. Waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da haƙƙoƙi, ko aiki ta hanyoyin da suka saba wa muradun ƙasa, suna fuskantar tsare ta ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, rashin bin ka'ida, da azabtarwa. Ana ci gaba da aikin tilasta wa manya da yara.<ref name="hrw15">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|title=Rahoton Duniya 2015: Uzbekistan - Abubuwan da suka faru na 2014|babin=Rahoton Duniya 2015|marubuci=[[Human Rights Watch]]|kwanan shiga-kwanaki=2016-03-21|archive-date=2025-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716030348/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>}} Human Rights Watch ta bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uzbekistan a matsayin "abysmal", <ref name="hrw2014">{{Cite web |date=2014-01-02 |title=World Report 2014: Rights Trends in World Report 2014: Uzbekistan |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/uzbekistan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721135410/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/uzbekistan |archive-date=2019-07-21 |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> kuma kasar ta sha suka daga Birtaniya da Amurka bisa zargin kame ba bisa ka'ida ba, da cin zarafi na addini, da azabtarwa da gwamnati ke yi a matakin yanki da na kasa. Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa ana ci gaba da takaita ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, ƙungiyoyin da kuma gudanar da taro cikin lumana, kuma dangantakar jinsi daya haramtacce ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119023404/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] ta bayyana cewa ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki, haɗin kai, da kuma taro cikin lumana ana ci gaba da takaita su, kuma [[Hakkin LGBTQ a Uzbekistan|dangantakar jinsi ɗaya]]<nowiki/>haramun ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119023404/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119023404/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa, "Babban tarihin kasar Uzbekistan na yin hadin gwiwa da hanyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na daga cikin mafi muni a duniya. A cikin shekaru 12 da suka gabata, ta yi watsi da buƙatar dukkanin kwararrun kare hakkin bil'adama 11 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma ta yi watsi da kusan dukkanin shawarwarin da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suka bayar na inganta haƙƙin ɗan Adam". Bugu da ƙari, ƴancin addini na daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan kasar. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya Uzbekistan a matsayin "Ƙasar Damuwa ta Musamman" don tsanantawar addini da ake yi a ƙasar, kuma sun bayyana Uzbekistan a cikin "jiha mai iko tare da iyakance haƙƙin farar hula". Human Rights Watch, duk da haka, ya ce gwamnatin Amurka ta "tsayayya da sanya kowane manufa mai tsanani ko sakamako ga rikodin haƙƙin haƙƙin Uzbekistan, kallon Tashkent a matsayin babban abokin tarayya tare da Cibiyar Rarraba ta Arewa (NDN) wanda take amfani da shi don janye kayan aiki daga yaƙin a Afghanistan. [[Fayil:World_map_of_prison_population_rates_from_World_Prison_Brief.svg|thumb|Taswirar yawan fursunoni ta ƙasa ]] A cewar rahotanni, mafi yawan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam shine azabtarwa, kamawa, da ƙuntatawa daban-daban na 'yancin addini, na magana da manema labarai, na' yanci da taro. Rahotannin sun ce an fi samun cin zarafi akan mambobin kungiyoyin addini, ’yan jarida masu zaman kansu, masu rajin kare hakkin dan Adam da masu fafutukar siyasa, ciki har da mambobin jam’iyyun adawa da aka haramta. A cikin 2005, Uzbekistan ta kasance cikin "Mafi Muni na Mummuna: Ƙungiyoyin Mafi Girma na Duniya." Rikicin farar hula na shekarar 2005 a Uzbekistan, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar daruruwan mutane da yawa ana kallon shi a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci a tarihin cin zarafin bil'adama a Uzbekistan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421032553/http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html |archive-date=2007-04-21 |access-date=2008-01-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan: Report Cites Evidence Of Government 'Massacre' In Andijon - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/06/53b15c1e-995c-4339-819c-8090fbc94736.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155205/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/06/53b15c1e-995c-4339-819c-8090fbc94736.html |archive-date=2008-07-04 |access-date=2008-01-22}}</ref> An nuna damuwa kuma Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Shugaban Ofishin OSCE da Ofishin OSEC na Cibiyoyin Demokradiyya da Ƴancin Ɗan Adam sun nemi bincike mai zaman kansa game da abubuwan da suka faru. An zargi gwamnatin Uzbekistan da dakatar da rayuwar ɗan adam ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta hana 'yan ƙasa' [[Yancin taro|'yancin taro]] da' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙari sosai ta karyata zarge-zargen, tana mai cewa kawai ta gudanar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci, tana amfani da karfi kawai. Bugu da kari, wasu jami'ai sun yi iƙirarin cewa "an ayyana yakin basasa a kan Uzbekistan" kuma abokan gaba na Uzbekistan ne suka kirkiro cin zarafin bil'adama a Andijan a matsayin hujja mai dacewa don shiga tsakani cikin harkokin cikin gida na kasar. Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Uzbekistan ya tabbatar da cewa "dimokiradiyya a Jamhuriyar Uzbekistan za ta kasance bisa ka'idojin dan Adam na gama-gari, bisa ga mafi girman kimar dan Adam, rayuwarsa, 'yancinsa, daraja, mutunci da sauran hakkokin da ba za a iya tauyewa ba". Uzbekistan ta soke hukuncin kisa. Rushewar, wanda aka ƙaddamar da umarnin Shugaba Karimov na Agusta 2005, ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2008. An maye gurbin hukuncin kisa ta hanyar hana 'yanci na tsawon lokaci da yanke hukuncin rai (duba hukuncin kisa a Uzbekistan). A cikin 2015 Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa: {{Blockquote|A shekarar 2014 ne dai ba a iya gane irin ta'asar da ake yi a kasar ta Uzbekistan ba.Shugaban mulki Islam Karimov, wanda ya shiga shekara ta 25 akan karagar mulki, ya ci gaba da amfani da jami'an tsaro da suka yadu domin sa ido da kuma murkushe ayyukan 'yan adawa na hakika. Hukumomi suna danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta kowace fuska kuma ba sa barin duk wani tsarin adawa na siyasa, kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa, kungiyoyin farar hula masu zaman kansu, ko 'yancin addini. Waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da haƙƙoƙi, ko aiki ta hanyoyin da suka saba wa muradun ƙasa, suna fuskantar tsare ta ba bisa ka'ida ba, rashin bin ka'ida, da azabtarwa. Ana ci gaba da aikin tilasta wa manya da yara.<ref name="hrw15">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|title=Rahoton Duniya 2015: Uzbekistan - Abubuwan da suka faru na 2014|babin=Rahoton Duniya 2015|marubuci=[[Human Rights Watch]]|kwanan shiga-kwanaki=2016-03-21|archive-date=2025-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716030348/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>}} === 'Yanci na addini === Littattafan addini waɗanda ba a amince da su ba, gami da Littafi Mai-Tsarki, galibi ana kwace su kuma ana lalata su. Forum 18, wata kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke kasar Norway, ta rubuta wani samame da 'yan sandan Uzbek suka kai inda aka yi wa mahalarta hidimar addini da ba su yi rajista ba, da cin tara, da barazana da kuma tsoratarwa. A watan Agustan 2005 an tsare daya daga cikin masu aiko da rahotannin kungiyar tare da kore shi daga hannun hukuma a filin jirgin saman Tashkent da ke Uzbekistan. Ofishin Bayanan Jama'a na Shaidun Jehobah ya rubuta shari'o'i da yawa tare da ɗaurin kurkuku don koyar da addini.<ref name="OPIJW">{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan: Current news releases |url=http://www.jw-media.org/uzb/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925013321/http://www.jw-media.org/uzb/index.htm |archive-date=2011-09-25}}</ref> Asusun Barnabas ya kuma bayyana cewa Fasto Dmitri Shestakov an daure shi na tsawon shekaru 4 saboda ayyukan Kirista. === Tortura === Kamfanin Human Rights Watch na Amurka ya ce a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007 cewa hukumomin kurkuku na Uzbek suna yawan doke fursunoni kuma suna amfani da girgizar lantarki, asphyxiation da wulakanci na jima'i don cire bayanai da ikirari.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2007-11-05 |title=Nowhere to Turn |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2007/11/05/nowhere-turn/torture-and-ill-treatment-uzbekistan |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto na shari'a da ofishin jakadancin Burtaniya ya ba da umarni, a watan Agustan 2002 an dafa fursunoni biyu har suka mutu. A cewar wani rahoto daga Human Rights Watch, an azabtar da fursunonin Musulmi saboda addu'a.<ref name="hrw2014"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kan azabtarwa ya bayyana "yaduwar azabtarwa, azabtarwa ta yau da kullun da rashin kulawa" a Uzbekistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-09 |title=Uzbekistan: Torture Widespread, Routine {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/12/09/uzbekistan-torture-widespread-routine |access-date=2025-04-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Aikin tilasta === {{Excerpt|Cotton production in Uzbekistan|Forced labour}} === 'Yancin mata === ==== Kashewa tilas ==== An ba da rahoton cewa Uzbekistan tana bin manufar tilastawa haifuwa, mahaifa da shigar da IUD tun daga ƙarshen 1990s don sanya ikon sarrafa yawan jama'a. ==== Rikicin cikin gida ==== Rikicin cikin gida akan mata matsala ce mai tsanani a Uzbekistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/uzbekreport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021231253/http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/uzbekreport.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |access-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref> Wani bincike da UNICEF ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 69.6 cikin 100 na mata sun yarda cewa miji yana da hujjar dukan matarsa a wasu yanayi (ciki har da kashi 61.2 cikin 100 idan matar ta fita ba tare da ta fada masa ba, da kashi 47.9 cikin 100 idan ta yi gardama da shi). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Health Examination Survey 2002 |url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR143/FR143.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714170430/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR143/FR143.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-14 |access-date=2021-07-14}}</ref> === Intanet === "Yanci a kan matsayin yanar gizo" na Uzbekistan "ba kyauta ba ne" a cikin rahotanni na Freedom on the Net na 2012 da 2013 daga Freedom House . Uzbekistan tana kula da tsarin tacewa mafi girma da yaduwa tsakanin Kasashen CIS kuma an jera shi a matsayin abokin gaba na Intanet ta Reporters Without Borders tun lokacin da aka kirkiro jerin a shekara ta 2006. Shirin OpenNet ya sami shaidar cewa tace Intanet ya mamaye a cikin siyasa kuma yana da zaɓi a cikin zamantakewa, rikici / tsaro, da wuraren kayan aikin Intanet yayin gwajin da aka ruwaito a cikin 2008 da 2010. Uzbekistan ta hana shiga yanar gizo dangane da haramtattun ƙungiyoyin Islama, kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, da abubuwan da ke sukar take haƙƙin ɗan adam na gwamnati. Wasu gidajen shakatawa na Intanet a babban birnin kasar sun yi gargadin cewa za a ci tarar masu amfani da shafin saboda kallon shafukan batsa ko gidan yanar gizon da ke dauke da haramtattun kayan siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Internet "black holes" - Uzbekistan |url=http://www.rsf.org/int_blackholes_en.php3?id_mot=105&annee=2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524002041/http://www.rsf.org/int_blackholes_en.php3?id_mot=105&annee=2005 |archive-date=24 May 2007 |access-date=31 August 2006 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Ana toshe manyan ka'idojin VoIP SIP da IAX ga kowane mai amfani; duk da haka, tun daga watan Yulin 2010, ba a sake samun tubalan ba. An toshe Facebook na 'yan kwanaki a cikin 2010. Takaddar intanet a Uzbekistan ya karu bayan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin juyin juya halin Larabawa a shekara ta 2011. An toshe ƙarin gidajen yanar gizo, an kama masu ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawa kan abubuwan da suka faru a Masar, Tunisiya, da Bahrain, kuma an toshe labarai game da zanga-zangar da ƙungiyoyin zanga-zanga. An kulle gidan yanar gizon BBC a ƙarshen 2011, amma tun daga watan Janairun 2012, ba a iya samun takamaiman shafukan da suka shafi rikicin Larabawa. Ana buƙatar ISPs da masu amfani da wayar hannu don ba da rahoton yawan aika wasiku na "abun da ake tuhuma" da kuma cire haɗin yanar gizo bisa buƙatun hukumomi. Babban hukumar leken asiri a Uzbekistan, Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa (SNB), tana sa ido kan sashin Intanet na Uzbek kuma yana aiki tare da babban hukumar gudanarwa don sanya takunkumi. Kamar yadda duk ISPs dole ne su yi hayan tashoshi daga mai ba da izini na jiha, akwai shaidun da suke da ƙarfi suna nuna cewa ana yin rikodin zirga-zirgar Intanet kuma ana kula da su ta hanyar tsarin tsakiya. Jami'an SNB akai-akai suna ziyartar ISPs da shagunan shagunan Intanet don sa ido kan bin ka'ida. A cikin 2014, an dakatar da duk hanyoyin sadarwar intanet da na wayar hannu a cikin taga na tsawon sa'o'i uku zuwa hudu don 'gyaran gaggawa' wanda ya yi daidai da daidai da jarrabawar shiga jami'a ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2014 |title=Uzbekistan Blocks Mobile Internet, SMS During Exams |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan-sms-internet-university-exam-police-cheating/25477815.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805051856/http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan-sms-internet-university-exam-police-cheating/25477815.html |archive-date=5 August 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |publisher=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |agency=AFP}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Islam_Karimov_in_June_2016_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Islam Karimov, shugaban Uzbekistan daga 1991 zuwa 2016]] === 2004 === Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta 2004 game da 'yancin ɗan adam a Uzbekistan ya sami ƙarancin ci gaba. Yayin da babu wani fursuna da ya mutu yayin da yake hannun ‘yan sanda, sakacin ‘yan sanda ya kai ga mutuwar fursunoni hudu. Jami'an Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa sun " azabtar da su, da duka, da kuma tursasa" 'yan kasa amma an ba masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama damar gudanar da bincike kan al'amuran da fursunoni suka mutu da kuma masu fafutuka suna zargin azabtarwa a matsayin sanadin kisa. Jami’an tsaro ba su kama ‘yan jarida ba, an kuma saki uku. Wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, musamman Open Society Institute, ba a ba su izinin yin rajista da gwamnati ba, don haka an hana su aiki a Uzbekistan. === 2005 === A shekara ta 2005 gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta kama Sanjar Umarov, dan siyasar adawa, tare da kai samame ofishin Sunshine Uzbekistan, kawancen siyasa na 'yan adawa. Sanatocin Amurka Bill Frist da Richard Lugar sun gabatar da wani kuduri da ke kira ga gwamnatin Uzbekistan da ta tabbatar da cewa Umarov "an ba shi cikakkiyar ma'auni na hakkinsa a karkashin tsarin mulkin Uzbekistan don kare kansa daga duk wasu tuhume-tuhume da za a iya yi masa ta hanyar gaskiya da gaskiya, ta yadda za a yi wa daidaikun mutane adalci". 'Yan Tashkent sun gano gawar Kim Khen Pen Khin, dan Pentikostal, a ranar 11 ga Yuni 2005. A cewar juna 'yan sanda memba na cocin Pentikostal sun yi wa mambobin coci muni fiye da dabbobi, da dama sun doke uku daga cikinsu. Daya, fasto, ya taho. Da farko ‘yan sanda sun zargi Kural Bekjanov, wani majami’a, da kashe Khin, amma ya janye tuhumar da ake masa bayan kwanaki biyu. Lokacin da ‘yan sanda suka gano addininsa, sai suka karya masa hakarkarinsa suka sanya masa allura a karkashin farcen sa don su sa shi ya bar addinin Kirista. A cikin watan Agusta ne gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta tsare Elena Urlayeva, wata mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama, bisa zargin yada wasu takardu na adawa da gwamnati. A watan Oktoba wata kotun Tashkent ta umurci Urlayeva da ta yi jinyar tabin hankali a wata cibiyar kula da tabin hankali a wata doka da ta gabata wadda ita da lauyanta ba su halarta ba. Gwamnati ta saki Urlayeva a ranar 27 ga Oktoba bayan jami'ai sun ci zarafinta tare da lakada mata duka. Hukumar Shige da Fice da masu tsaron kan iyakoki ta gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta tsare Igor Rotar, wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke aiki a Forum 18 da Rediyon Free Turai, a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta. Jirgin na Rotar ya taso daga birnin Bishkek na kasar [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]] ya isa filin jirgin saman Tashkent da karfe 10:25 na safe. Amnesty International ta yi Allah wadai da lamarin, tana mai cewa "tsare shi wani bangare ne na tursasawa da cin zarafin 'yan jarida da masu kare hakkin bil'adama da hukumomin Uzbek suka yi, wanda ya ta'azzara bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Andijan a watan Mayun bana". Holly Cartner, darektan kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch a Turai da [[tsakiyar Asiya]], ya ce, "Mun damu matuka game da tsaron Rotar, ya kamata a bar shi ya tuntubi kungiyarsa da lauya, kuma a sake shi cikin gaggawa". === 2006 === Wani mutum da ba a san shi ba ya maƙure Karina Rivka Loiper, sakataren Rabbi Abe David Gurevich, da mahaifiyarta a ranar 12 ga Yuni a Tashkent. Yayinda 'yan sanda suka yi mulki a matsayin fashi, Tarayyar Al'ummomin Yahudawa na Commonwealth of Independent States ta yi kira ga bincike. Shugabannin al'ummar Yahudawa sun ce wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin kan harkokin addini ya gargadi su game da " siyasa" mutuwar Loiper. On 29 April 2006, human rights workers Azam Farmonov and Alisher Karamatov were arrested and allegedly tortured by state security forces.<ref name="AI2">{{Cite web |title=ALISHER KARAMATOV AND AZAM FARMONOV, PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/uzbekistan-alisher-karamatov-and-azam-farmonov/page.do?id=1181055 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429083020/http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/uzbekistan-alisher-karamatov-and-azam-farmonov/page.do?id=1181055 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> They are currently serving prison terms on charges of extortion that [[Amnesty International]],<ref name="AI2" /> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2006 |title=Uzbekistan: Broader Criminal Charges Used to Quash Dissent |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/20/uzbekistan-broader-criminal-charges-used-quash-dissent |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013011834/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/20/uzbekistan-broader-criminal-charges-used-quash-dissent |archive-date=13 October 2012 |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> and [[Front Line Defenders|Front Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2008 |title=Uzbekistan - Ongoing detention and deterioration in health of human rights defender Alisher Karamatov |url=http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/1727 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304000718/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/1727 |archive-date=4 March 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=[[Front Line (NGO)|Front Line]]}}</ref> have condemned as politically motivated. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba kotun Karshi-Khanabad ta ci tarar wasu masu bautar Baptist biyu daga Ferghana da Tashkent dalar Amurka $438 yayin da wasu hudu kuma aka ci tarar wasu 4 karami saboda shiga ayyukan addini da ba a yi wa rajista ba bayan ‘yan sanda sun kai samame a cocin Baptist a birnin. 'Yan sanda 30 sun kai farmaki cocin Pentecostal a Tashkent a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba. Wani harin da aka kai a ranar 27 ga Agusta ya haifar da littattafai guda 38 da ba a yarda da su ba. Tashar talabijin ta kasar Uzbekistan ta yi wani shiri mai taken "Munafukai" a ranakun 30 ga Nuwamba da 1 ga Disamba, inda aka ce 'yan mishan na Furotesta sun tsunduma cikin lalata da kuma amfani da muggan kwayoyi. Shirin ya ce, "Saboda taimakon kudi na taimakon mutane mabukata, ['yan mishan] suna sanya nasu koyarwa a zukatan wadannan mutane". Abubuwan da suka canza "zumies" ne. Begzot Kadyrov, kwararre a kwamitin kula da harkokin addini na jihar, da yake tsokaci a kan shirin, ya ce, "Juya daga addinin kakanni ba kuskuren kansa ba ne kawai, har ma zai iya haifar da mummunan yanayi tsakanin 'yan'uwa maza da mata da kuma tsakanin iyaye da 'ya'yansu". Masu tuba zuwa Kiristanci “batattu ne ga dangi, abokai da al’umma". === 2007 === Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Helsinki ta kasa da kasa (IHF), Human Rights Watch, da kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa sun bukaci kwamitin kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva da ya ci gaba da sanya ido kan hakkokin bil'adama a Uzbekistan a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2007. Aaron Rhodes, babban darektan kungiyar Helsinki ta kasa da kasa, ya soki shawarar, yana mai cewa, "Abin da zai kasance da gaske shi ne cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za ta ba da gudummawa ga manufofinta na Uzbekistan. Majalisar idan hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa daukar matsalolin da ake fama da su a Uzbekistan, to me ake ciki?". ==== Shari'ar Umida Niazova ==== 'Yan sanda na Uzbek sun tsare Umida Niazova, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam wanda ya yi aiki ga kungiyar Veritas da Human Rights Watch a Tashkent, Uzbekistan, a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2006 a filin jirgin saman Tashkent.<ref name="NIYAZOVA">{{Cite web |title="HARAKAT" XABAR AGENTLIGI :: Independent News Agency Harakat. Узбекистан, новости Узбекистана, политика Узбекистана, оппозиция Узбекистана |url=http://www.harakat.net/el_news.php?id=903 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723142456/http://www.harakat.net/el_news.php?id=903 |archive-date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2008-04-01}}«HARAKAT» XABAR AGENTLIGI :: Independent News Agency Harakat</ref> Tsoron gurfanar da laifi, ta bar kasar zuwa Kyrgyzstan, ta dawo bisa ga shawarar lauyanta wanda ya ce ba za a gabatar da wata shari'ar laifi a kanta ba. A kan iyaka, an kama ta kuma an gurfanar da ita kan tuhume-tuhume na ƙetare iyaka ba bisa ka'ida ba, smuggling da rarraba abubuwan da ba bisa ka ga doka ba. Holly Cartner, darakta a Human Rights Watch ta yi zargin cewa "An yi wa Niazova barazanar waɗannan zarge-zargen saboda... aikinta na kare hakkin dan adam". A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2007, wata kotun Uzbek ta yanke wa Niazova hukunci kuma ta yanke mata hukuncin shekaru bakwai a kurkuku, kan zargin "shirya ko yada kayan da ke dauke da barazana ga tsaro da oda".<ref name="NIAZOVA2">{{Cite web |title=Reuters report on Niazova conviction and sentence |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03310061.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505062840/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03310061.htm |archive-date=2007-05-05 |access-date=2007-05-03}}</ref> Gwamnatin Uzbek ta yi zargin cewa tana adana littattafan kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ta Islama. Niazova ta rubuta labarai game da zanga-zangar kisa a Andijan, Uzbekistan a shekara ta 2005. Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai (OSCE), gwamnatin Amurka, da Human Rights Watch sun soki hukuncin. A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, ta furta a kotu kuma an ba ta hukuncin dakatar da shi kuma an sake shi. <ref name="Producer">{{Cite web |title=Freedomhouse.org: Campaign for Umida Niyazova |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=353 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325012136/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=353 |archive-date=2007-03-25 |access-date=2008-05-12}} Freedom House</ref> == Yanayin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Uzbekistan tun 1991 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7 "ba kyauta ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2022 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2022 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2022.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308191401/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2022.xlsx |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 == Dubi kuma == * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya * Hakkin LGBT a Uzbekistan * Mata a Uzbekistan * Ayyukan yara a Uzbekistan == Bayani == : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Ya zuwa Janairu 1. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oer05dohov412wca1xkh8abca3gc2u8 976104 976102 2026-11-05T10:15:01Z A Salisu 14655 976104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A shekarar 2014 ne dai ba a iya gane irin ta'asar da ake yi a kasar ta Uzbekistan ba.Shugaban mulki Islam Karimov, wanda ya shiga shekara ta 25 akan karagar mulki, ya ci gaba da amfani da jami'an tsaro da suka yadu domin sa ido da kuma murkushe ayyukan ƴan adawa na haƙiƙa. Hukumomi suna danne ƴancin faɗin albarkacin baki ta kowace fuska kuma ba sa barin duk wani tsarin adawa na siyasa, kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa, kungiyoyin farar hula masu zaman kansu, ko ƴancin addini. Waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da haƙƙoƙi, ko aiki ta hanyoyin da suka saba wa muradun ƙasa, suna fuskantar tsare ta ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, rashin bin ka'ida, da azabtarwa. Ana ci gaba da aikin tilasta wa manya da yara.<ref name="hrw15">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|title=Rahoton Duniya 2015: Uzbekistan - Abubuwan da suka faru na 2014|babin=Rahoton Duniya 2015|marubuci=[[Human Rights Watch]]|kwanan shiga-kwanaki=2016-03-21|archive-date=2025-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716030348/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>}} Human Rights Watch ta bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uzbekistan a matsayin "abysmal", <ref name="hrw2014">{{Cite web |date=2014-01-02 |title=World Report 2014: Rights Trends in World Report 2014: Uzbekistan |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/uzbekistan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721135410/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/uzbekistan |archive-date=2019-07-21 |access-date=2019-06-19 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> kuma kasar ta sha suka daga Birtaniya da Amurka bisa zargin kame ba bisa ka'ida ba, da cin zarafi na addini, da azabtarwa da gwamnati ke yi a matakin yanki da na kasa. Amnesty International ta bayyana cewa ana ci gaba da takaita ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, ƙungiyoyin da kuma gudanar da taro cikin lumana, kuma dangantakar jinsi daya haramtacce ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119023404/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] ta bayyana cewa ƴancin faɗar albarkacin baki, haɗin kai, da kuma taro cikin lumana ana ci gaba da takaita su, kuma [[Hakkin LGBTQ a Uzbekistan|dangantakar jinsi ɗaya]]<nowiki/>haramun ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119023404/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Archives |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119023404/https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/uzbekistan/report-uzbekistan/ |archive-date=2022-11-19 |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa, "Babban tarihin kasar Uzbekistan na yin hadin gwiwa da hanyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na daga cikin mafi muni a duniya. A cikin shekaru 12 da suka gabata, ta yi watsi da buƙatar dukkanin kwararrun kare hakkin bil'adama 11 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma ta yi watsi da kusan dukkanin shawarwarin da kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suka bayar na inganta haƙƙin ɗan Adam". Bugu da ƙari, ƴancin addini na daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan kasar. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya Uzbekistan a matsayin "Ƙasar Damuwa ta Musamman" don tsanantawar addini da ake yi a ƙasar, kuma sun bayyana Uzbekistan a cikin "jiha mai iko tare da iyakance haƙƙin farar hula". Human Rights Watch, duk da haka, ya ce gwamnatin Amurka ta "tsayayya da sanya kowane manufa mai tsanani ko sakamako ga rikodin haƙƙin haƙƙin Uzbekistan, kallon Tashkent a matsayin babban abokin tarayya tare da Cibiyar Rarraba ta Arewa (NDN) wanda take amfani da shi don janye kayan aiki daga yaƙin a Afghanistan. [[Fayil:World_map_of_prison_population_rates_from_World_Prison_Brief.svg|thumb|Taswirar yawan fursunoni ta ƙasa ]] A cewar rahotanni, mafi yawan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam shine azabtarwa, kamawa, da ƙuntatawa daban-daban na 'yancin addini, na magana da manema labarai, na' yanci da taro. Rahotannin sun ce an fi samun cin zarafi akan mambobin kungiyoyin addini, ’yan jarida masu zaman kansu, masu rajin kare hakkin dan Adam da masu fafutukar siyasa, ciki har da mambobin jam’iyyun adawa da aka haramta. A cikin 2005, Uzbekistan ta kasance cikin "Mafi Muni na Mummuna: Ƙungiyoyin Mafi Girma na Duniya." Rikicin farar hula na shekarar 2005 a Uzbekistan, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar daruruwan mutane da yawa ana kallon shi a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci a tarihin cin zarafin bil'adama a Uzbekistan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421032553/http://usinfo.state.gov/eur/Archive/2005/Sep/26-966275.html |archive-date=2007-04-21 |access-date=2008-01-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan: Report Cites Evidence Of Government 'Massacre' In Andijon - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/06/53b15c1e-995c-4339-819c-8090fbc94736.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704155205/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/06/53b15c1e-995c-4339-819c-8090fbc94736.html |archive-date=2008-07-04 |access-date=2008-01-22}}</ref> An nuna damuwa kuma Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], Shugaban Ofishin OSCE da Ofishin OSEC na Cibiyoyin Demokradiyya da Ƴancin Ɗan Adam sun nemi bincike mai zaman kansa game da abubuwan da suka faru. An zargi gwamnatin Uzbekistan da dakatar da rayuwar ɗan adam ba bisa ka'ida ba, ta hana 'yan ƙasa' [[Yancin taro|'yancin taro]] da' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Gwamnati ta yi ƙoƙari sosai ta karyata zarge-zargen, tana mai cewa kawai ta gudanar da aikin yaki da ta'addanci, tana amfani da karfi kawai. Bugu da kari, wasu jami'ai sun yi iƙirarin cewa "an ayyana yakin basasa a kan Uzbekistan" kuma abokan gaba na Uzbekistan ne suka kirkiro cin zarafin bil'adama a Andijan a matsayin hujja mai dacewa don shiga tsakani cikin harkokin cikin gida na kasar. Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Uzbekistan ya tabbatar da cewa "dimokiradiyya a Jamhuriyar Uzbekistan za ta kasance bisa ƙa'idojin ɗan Adam na gama-gari, bisa ga mafi girman kimar dan Adam, rayuwarsa, 'yancinsa, daraja, mutunci da sauran hakkokin da ba za a iya tauyewa ba". Uzbekistan ta soke hukuncin kisa. Rushewar, wanda aka ƙaddamar da umarnin Shugaba Karimov na Agusta 2005, ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2008. An maye gurbin hukuncin kisa ta hanyar hana 'yanci na tsawon lokaci da yanke hukuncin rai (duba hukuncin kisa a Uzbekistan). A cikin 2015 Human Rights Watch ta ruwaito cewa: {{Blockquote|A shekarar 2014 ne dai ba a iya gane irin ta'asar da ake yi a kasar ta Uzbekistan ba.Shugaban mulki Islam Karimov, wanda ya shiga shekara ta 25 akan karagar mulki, ya ci gaba da amfani da jami'an tsaro da suka yadu domin sa ido da kuma murkushe ayyukan 'yan adawa na hakika. Hukumomi suna danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta kowace fuska kuma ba sa barin duk wani tsarin adawa na siyasa, kafofin yada labarai masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa, kungiyoyin farar hula masu zaman kansu, ko 'yancin addini. Waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da haƙƙoƙi, ko aiki ta hanyoyin da suka saba wa muradun ƙasa, suna fuskantar tsare ta ba bisa ka'ida ba, rashin bin ka'ida, da azabtarwa. Ana ci gaba da aikin tilasta wa manya da yara.<ref name="hrw15">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|title=Rahoton Duniya 2015: Uzbekistan - Abubuwan da suka faru na 2014|babin=Rahoton Duniya 2015|marubuci=[[Human Rights Watch]]|kwanan shiga-kwanaki=2016-03-21|archive-date=2025-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716030348/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/uzbekistan|url-status=bot: unknown|access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref>}} === 'Yanci na addini === Littattafan addini waɗanda ba a amince da su ba, gami da Littafi Mai-Tsarki, galibi ana kwace su kuma ana lalata su. Forum 18, wata kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke kasar Norway, ta rubuta wani samame da 'yan sandan Uzbek suka kai inda aka yi wa mahalarta hidimar addini da ba su yi rajista ba, da cin tara, da barazana da kuma tsoratarwa. A watan Agustan 2005 an tsare daya daga cikin masu aiko da rahotannin kungiyar tare da kore shi daga hannun hukuma a filin jirgin saman Tashkent da ke Uzbekistan. Ofishin Bayanan Jama'a na Shaidun Jehobah ya rubuta shari'o'i da yawa tare da ɗaurin kurkuku don koyar da addini.<ref name="OPIJW">{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan: Current news releases |url=http://www.jw-media.org/uzb/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925013321/http://www.jw-media.org/uzb/index.htm |archive-date=2011-09-25}}</ref> Asusun Barnabas ya kuma bayyana cewa Fasto Dmitri Shestakov an daure shi na tsawon shekaru 4 saboda ayyukan Kirista. === Tortura === Kamfanin Human Rights Watch na Amurka ya ce a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007 cewa hukumomin kurkuku na Uzbek suna yawan doke fursunoni kuma suna amfani da girgizar lantarki, asphyxiation da wulakanci na jima'i don cire bayanai da ikirari.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2007-11-05 |title=Nowhere to Turn |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2007/11/05/nowhere-turn/torture-and-ill-treatment-uzbekistan |journal=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> A cewar wani rahoto na shari'a da ofishin jakadancin Burtaniya ya ba da umarni, a watan Agustan 2002 an dafa fursunoni biyu har suka mutu. A cewar wani rahoto daga Human Rights Watch, an azabtar da fursunonin Musulmi saboda addu'a.<ref name="hrw2014"/> Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kan azabtarwa ya bayyana "yaduwar azabtarwa, azabtarwa ta yau da kullun da rashin kulawa" a Uzbekistan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-09 |title=Uzbekistan: Torture Widespread, Routine {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/12/09/uzbekistan-torture-widespread-routine |access-date=2025-04-05 |language=en}}</ref> === Aikin tilasta === {{Excerpt|Cotton production in Uzbekistan|Forced labour}} === 'Yancin mata === ==== Kashewa tilas ==== An ba da rahoton cewa Uzbekistan tana bin manufar tilastawa haifuwa, mahaifa da shigar da IUD tun daga ƙarshen 1990s don sanya ikon sarrafa yawan jama'a. ==== Rikicin cikin gida ==== Rikicin cikin gida akan mata matsala ce mai tsanani a Uzbekistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/uzbekreport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021231253/http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/uzbekreport.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |access-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref> Wani bincike da UNICEF ta gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 69.6 cikin 100 na mata sun yarda cewa miji yana da hujjar dukan matarsa a wasu yanayi (ciki har da kashi 61.2 cikin 100 idan matar ta fita ba tare da ta fada masa ba, da kashi 47.9 cikin 100 idan ta yi gardama da shi). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uzbekistan Health Examination Survey 2002 |url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR143/FR143.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714170430/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR143/FR143.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-14 |access-date=2021-07-14}}</ref> === Intanet === "Yanci a kan matsayin yanar gizo" na Uzbekistan "ba kyauta ba ne" a cikin rahotanni na Freedom on the Net na 2012 da 2013 daga Freedom House . Uzbekistan tana kula da tsarin tacewa mafi girma da yaduwa tsakanin Kasashen CIS kuma an jera shi a matsayin abokin gaba na Intanet ta Reporters Without Borders tun lokacin da aka kirkiro jerin a shekara ta 2006. Shirin OpenNet ya sami shaidar cewa tace Intanet ya mamaye a cikin siyasa kuma yana da zaɓi a cikin zamantakewa, rikici / tsaro, da wuraren kayan aikin Intanet yayin gwajin da aka ruwaito a cikin 2008 da 2010. Uzbekistan ta hana shiga yanar gizo dangane da haramtattun ƙungiyoyin Islama, kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai, da abubuwan da ke sukar take haƙƙin ɗan adam na gwamnati. Wasu gidajen shakatawa na Intanet a babban birnin kasar sun yi gargadin cewa za a ci tarar masu amfani da shafin saboda kallon shafukan batsa ko gidan yanar gizon da ke dauke da haramtattun kayan siyasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Internet "black holes" - Uzbekistan |url=http://www.rsf.org/int_blackholes_en.php3?id_mot=105&annee=2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524002041/http://www.rsf.org/int_blackholes_en.php3?id_mot=105&annee=2005 |archive-date=24 May 2007 |access-date=31 August 2006 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> Ana toshe manyan ka'idojin VoIP SIP da IAX ga kowane mai amfani; duk da haka, tun daga watan Yulin 2010, ba a sake samun tubalan ba. An toshe Facebook na 'yan kwanaki a cikin 2010. Takaddar intanet a Uzbekistan ya karu bayan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin juyin juya halin Larabawa a shekara ta 2011. An toshe ƙarin gidajen yanar gizo, an kama masu ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawa kan abubuwan da suka faru a Masar, Tunisiya, da Bahrain, kuma an toshe labarai game da zanga-zangar da ƙungiyoyin zanga-zanga. An kulle gidan yanar gizon BBC a ƙarshen 2011, amma tun daga watan Janairun 2012, ba a iya samun takamaiman shafukan da suka shafi rikicin Larabawa. Ana buƙatar ISPs da masu amfani da wayar hannu don ba da rahoton yawan aika wasiku na "abun da ake tuhuma" da kuma cire haɗin yanar gizo bisa buƙatun hukumomi. Babban hukumar leken asiri a Uzbekistan, Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa (SNB), tana sa ido kan sashin Intanet na Uzbek kuma yana aiki tare da babban hukumar gudanarwa don sanya takunkumi. Kamar yadda duk ISPs dole ne su yi hayan tashoshi daga mai ba da izini na jiha, akwai shaidun da suke da ƙarfi suna nuna cewa ana yin rikodin zirga-zirgar Intanet kuma ana kula da su ta hanyar tsarin tsakiya. Jami'an SNB akai-akai suna ziyartar ISPs da shagunan shagunan Intanet don sa ido kan bin ka'ida. A cikin 2014, an dakatar da duk hanyoyin sadarwar intanet da na wayar hannu a cikin taga na tsawon sa'o'i uku zuwa hudu don 'gyaran gaggawa' wanda ya yi daidai da daidai da jarrabawar shiga jami'a ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2014 |title=Uzbekistan Blocks Mobile Internet, SMS During Exams |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan-sms-internet-university-exam-police-cheating/25477815.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805051856/http://www.rferl.org/content/uzbekistan-sms-internet-university-exam-police-cheating/25477815.html |archive-date=5 August 2014 |access-date=5 August 2014 |publisher=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |agency=AFP}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Islam_Karimov_in_June_2016_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Islam Karimov, shugaban Uzbekistan daga 1991 zuwa 2016]] === 2004 === Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta 2004 game da 'yancin ɗan adam a Uzbekistan ya sami ƙarancin ci gaba. Yayin da babu wani fursuna da ya mutu yayin da yake hannun ‘yan sanda, sakacin ‘yan sanda ya kai ga mutuwar fursunoni hudu. Jami'an Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa sun " azabtar da su, da duka, da kuma tursasa" 'yan kasa amma an ba masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama damar gudanar da bincike kan al'amuran da fursunoni suka mutu da kuma masu fafutuka suna zargin azabtarwa a matsayin sanadin kisa. Jami’an tsaro ba su kama ‘yan jarida ba, an kuma saki uku. Wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, musamman Open Society Institute, ba a ba su izinin yin rajista da gwamnati ba, don haka an hana su aiki a Uzbekistan. === 2005 === A shekara ta 2005 gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta kama Sanjar Umarov, dan siyasar adawa, tare da kai samame ofishin Sunshine Uzbekistan, kawancen siyasa na 'yan adawa. Sanatocin Amurka Bill Frist da Richard Lugar sun gabatar da wani kuduri da ke kira ga gwamnatin Uzbekistan da ta tabbatar da cewa Umarov "an ba shi cikakkiyar ma'auni na hakkinsa a karkashin tsarin mulkin Uzbekistan don kare kansa daga duk wasu tuhume-tuhume da za a iya yi masa ta hanyar gaskiya da gaskiya, ta yadda za a yi wa daidaikun mutane adalci". 'Yan Tashkent sun gano gawar Kim Khen Pen Khin, dan Pentikostal, a ranar 11 ga Yuni 2005. A cewar juna 'yan sanda memba na cocin Pentikostal sun yi wa mambobin coci muni fiye da dabbobi, da dama sun doke uku daga cikinsu. Daya, fasto, ya taho. Da farko ‘yan sanda sun zargi Kural Bekjanov, wani majami’a, da kashe Khin, amma ya janye tuhumar da ake masa bayan kwanaki biyu. Lokacin da ‘yan sanda suka gano addininsa, sai suka karya masa hakarkarinsa suka sanya masa allura a karkashin farcen sa don su sa shi ya bar addinin Kirista. A cikin watan Agusta ne gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta tsare Elena Urlayeva, wata mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama, bisa zargin yada wasu takardu na adawa da gwamnati. A watan Oktoba wata kotun Tashkent ta umurci Urlayeva da ta yi jinyar tabin hankali a wata cibiyar kula da tabin hankali a wata doka da ta gabata wadda ita da lauyanta ba su halarta ba. Gwamnati ta saki Urlayeva a ranar 27 ga Oktoba bayan jami'ai sun ci zarafinta tare da lakada mata duka. Hukumar Shige da Fice da masu tsaron kan iyakoki ta gwamnatin Uzbekistan ta tsare Igor Rotar, wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama da ke aiki a Forum 18 da Rediyon Free Turai, a ranar 11 ga watan Agusta. Jirgin na Rotar ya taso daga birnin Bishkek na kasar [[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]] ya isa filin jirgin saman Tashkent da karfe 10:25 na safe. Amnesty International ta yi Allah wadai da lamarin, tana mai cewa "tsare shi wani bangare ne na tursasawa da cin zarafin 'yan jarida da masu kare hakkin bil'adama da hukumomin Uzbek suka yi, wanda ya ta'azzara bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Andijan a watan Mayun bana". Holly Cartner, darektan kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch a Turai da [[tsakiyar Asiya]], ya ce, "Mun damu matuka game da tsaron Rotar, ya kamata a bar shi ya tuntubi kungiyarsa da lauya, kuma a sake shi cikin gaggawa". === 2006 === Wani mutum da ba a san shi ba ya maƙure Karina Rivka Loiper, sakataren Rabbi Abe David Gurevich, da mahaifiyarta a ranar 12 ga Yuni a Tashkent. Yayinda 'yan sanda suka yi mulki a matsayin fashi, Tarayyar Al'ummomin Yahudawa na Commonwealth of Independent States ta yi kira ga bincike. Shugabannin al'ummar Yahudawa sun ce wani mai magana da yawun kwamitin kan harkokin addini ya gargadi su game da " siyasa" mutuwar Loiper. On 29 April 2006, human rights workers Azam Farmonov and Alisher Karamatov were arrested and allegedly tortured by state security forces.<ref name="AI2">{{Cite web |title=ALISHER KARAMATOV AND AZAM FARMONOV, PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/uzbekistan-alisher-karamatov-and-azam-farmonov/page.do?id=1181055 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429083020/http://www.amnestyusa.org/individuals-at-risk/priority-cases/uzbekistan-alisher-karamatov-and-azam-farmonov/page.do?id=1181055 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> They are currently serving prison terms on charges of extortion that [[Amnesty International]],<ref name="AI2" /> [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2006 |title=Uzbekistan: Broader Criminal Charges Used to Quash Dissent |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/20/uzbekistan-broader-criminal-charges-used-quash-dissent |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013011834/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/20/uzbekistan-broader-criminal-charges-used-quash-dissent |archive-date=13 October 2012 |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> and [[Front Line Defenders|Front Line]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2008 |title=Uzbekistan - Ongoing detention and deterioration in health of human rights defender Alisher Karamatov |url=http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/1727 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304000718/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/1727 |archive-date=4 March 2011 |access-date=18 April 2011 |publisher=[[Front Line (NGO)|Front Line]]}}</ref> have condemned as politically motivated. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba kotun Karshi-Khanabad ta ci tarar wasu masu bautar Baptist biyu daga Ferghana da Tashkent dalar Amurka $438 yayin da wasu hudu kuma aka ci tarar wasu 4 karami saboda shiga ayyukan addini da ba a yi wa rajista ba bayan ‘yan sanda sun kai samame a cocin Baptist a birnin. 'Yan sanda 30 sun kai farmaki cocin Pentecostal a Tashkent a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba. Wani harin da aka kai a ranar 27 ga Agusta ya haifar da littattafai guda 38 da ba a yarda da su ba. Tashar talabijin ta kasar Uzbekistan ta yi wani shiri mai taken "Munafukai" a ranakun 30 ga Nuwamba da 1 ga Disamba, inda aka ce 'yan mishan na Furotesta sun tsunduma cikin lalata da kuma amfani da muggan kwayoyi. Shirin ya ce, "Saboda taimakon kudi na taimakon mutane mabukata, ['yan mishan] suna sanya nasu koyarwa a zukatan wadannan mutane". Abubuwan da suka canza "zumies" ne. Begzot Kadyrov, kwararre a kwamitin kula da harkokin addini na jihar, da yake tsokaci a kan shirin, ya ce, "Juya daga addinin kakanni ba kuskuren kansa ba ne kawai, har ma zai iya haifar da mummunan yanayi tsakanin 'yan'uwa maza da mata da kuma tsakanin iyaye da 'ya'yansu". Masu tuba zuwa Kiristanci “batattu ne ga dangi, abokai da al’umma". === 2007 === Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Helsinki ta kasa da kasa (IHF), Human Rights Watch, da kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa sun bukaci kwamitin kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva da ya ci gaba da sanya ido kan hakkokin bil'adama a Uzbekistan a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2007. Aaron Rhodes, babban darektan kungiyar Helsinki ta kasa da kasa, ya soki shawarar, yana mai cewa, "Abin da zai kasance da gaske shi ne cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za ta ba da gudummawa ga manufofinta na Uzbekistan. Majalisar idan hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa daukar matsalolin da ake fama da su a Uzbekistan, to me ake ciki?". ==== Shari'ar Umida Niazova ==== 'Yan sanda na Uzbek sun tsare Umida Niazova, mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam wanda ya yi aiki ga kungiyar Veritas da Human Rights Watch a Tashkent, Uzbekistan, a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2006 a filin jirgin saman Tashkent.<ref name="NIYAZOVA">{{Cite web |title="HARAKAT" XABAR AGENTLIGI :: Independent News Agency Harakat. Узбекистан, новости Узбекистана, политика Узбекистана, оппозиция Узбекистана |url=http://www.harakat.net/el_news.php?id=903 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723142456/http://www.harakat.net/el_news.php?id=903 |archive-date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2008-04-01}}«HARAKAT» XABAR AGENTLIGI :: Independent News Agency Harakat</ref> Tsoron gurfanar da laifi, ta bar kasar zuwa Kyrgyzstan, ta dawo bisa ga shawarar lauyanta wanda ya ce ba za a gabatar da wata shari'ar laifi a kanta ba. A kan iyaka, an kama ta kuma an gurfanar da ita kan tuhume-tuhume na ƙetare iyaka ba bisa ka'ida ba, smuggling da rarraba abubuwan da ba bisa ka ga doka ba. Holly Cartner, darakta a Human Rights Watch ta yi zargin cewa "An yi wa Niazova barazanar waɗannan zarge-zargen saboda... aikinta na kare hakkin dan adam". A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2007, wata kotun Uzbek ta yanke wa Niazova hukunci kuma ta yanke mata hukuncin shekaru bakwai a kurkuku, kan zargin "shirya ko yada kayan da ke dauke da barazana ga tsaro da oda".<ref name="NIAZOVA2">{{Cite web |title=Reuters report on Niazova conviction and sentence |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03310061.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505062840/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03310061.htm |archive-date=2007-05-05 |access-date=2007-05-03}}</ref> Gwamnatin Uzbek ta yi zargin cewa tana adana littattafan kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ta Islama. Niazova ta rubuta labarai game da zanga-zangar kisa a Andijan, Uzbekistan a shekara ta 2005. Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin Kai a Turai (OSCE), gwamnatin Amurka, da Human Rights Watch sun soki hukuncin. A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, ta furta a kotu kuma an ba ta hukuncin dakatar da shi kuma an sake shi. <ref name="Producer">{{Cite web |title=Freedomhouse.org: Campaign for Umida Niyazova |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=353 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325012136/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=353 |archive-date=2007-03-25 |access-date=2008-05-12}} Freedom House</ref> == Yanayin tarihi == Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Uzbekistan tun 1991 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7 "ba kyauta ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2022 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2022 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2022.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308191401/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2022.xlsx |archive-date=8 March 2022 |access-date=8 March 2022 |format=XLS}}</ref> 1 == Dubi kuma == * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya * Hakkin LGBT a Uzbekistan * Mata a Uzbekistan * Ayyukan yara a Uzbekistan == Bayani == : 1. ^ Lura cewa "Shekara" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Saboda haka bayanin shekarar da aka yi alama ta 2008 ya fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.   : 2. ^ Ya zuwa Janairu 1. <span> </span> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r7g3lqb7cm6xf4gcufl913vcml28ovp 0 110372 976061 706407 2026-11-05T09:55:32Z A Salisu 14655 976061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kundin Tsarin Mulki na '''[[Kroatiya|Croatia]]''', babi na uku, sashe na 14 zuwa 69. Akwai kungiyoyi masu yawa da ba na gwamnati ba da ke hulɗa da batun a cikin ƙasar, da kuma Ofishin Gwamnatin Croatia na 'Yancin Dan Adam da kuma hukumomin daidaito da yawa, kamar su The Ombudsperson for Human Rights, Ombudsperson of Gender Equality, Children's Ombudsperson da The Disability Ombudsman. == Tun lokacin da aka sami 'yancin kai == Sau da yawa ƴan siyasa suna kaiwa 'yan jarida kotu saboda ɓata suna. An kira Croatia ƙasa da ke da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan karar da aka shigar don yin shiru ga 'yan jarida a cikin EU.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CROATIA 2022 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/croatia/report-croatia/ |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai shari'o'in tashin hankali na jiki a kan manema labarai, kamar lokacin da wani mutum da ba a san shi ba ya kai hari ga manema labarai biyu da ke rubuce-rubuce na Easter Vigil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FREEDOM IN THE WORLD 2021 Croatia |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/croatia/freedom-world/2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref> === Hakkin haifuwa === Kodayake zubar da ciki doka ce a Croatia har zuwa makonni 10 bayan [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana daukar ciki]], kuma yana da banbanci ga mata da suka yi ciki sama da makonni 10. Koyaya, ƙasar ta ɗan rabu a kan batun, tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suna kira ga haramta. A wani misali, wata mace da ta wuce makonni 10 an hana ta zubar da ciki ta asibitoci huɗu, duk da cewa tayin yana da Ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zanga.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CROATIA 2022 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/croatia/report-croatia/ |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/croatia/report-croatia/ "CROATIA 2022"]. ''[[Amnesty International]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === 'Yancin Migrantes === Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun ci gaba da sukar Croatia saboda kin amincewa da baƙi. Yawancin bakin haure da ke neman shiga Croatia ana tura su zuwa [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]] a maimakon haka. A wasu lokuta, 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da tashin hankali ga bakin haure. A cikin 2021, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukuncin cewa Croatia ta keta [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] yayin da ta aika da iyali daga [[Afghanistan]] zuwa [[Serbiya|Serbia]]. A cikin mamayar Rasha a Ukraine, an ba da 'yan gudun hijira 22,000 ta Croatia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CROATIA 2022 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/croatia/report-croatia/ |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/croatia/report-croatia/ "CROATIA 2022"]. ''[[Amnesty International]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, an gano cewa Croatia ta keta haƙƙin mutum (mutumin da ba shi da ƙasa), lokacin da suka kore shi daga ƙasar ba tare da bayar da wata hujja ga shawarar da suka yanke ba. A sakamakon haka, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukunci a madadin wanda aka azabtar kuma ta umarci Croatia da ta samar da diyya ga keta doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Croatia Violated Rights of Stateless Person, European Court Rules |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2023/12/05/croatia-violated-rights-of-stateless-person-european-court-rules/}}</ref> === Nuna bambanci ga Romawa === An nuna wariya ga Roma a Croatia, kuma an kai musu hari. An soki Croatia saboda ana nuna wariya ga Romawa lokacin da suke samun gidaje, aiki, da kiwon lafiya. A cikin wani zabe na 2013, kashi 44% na Croatians suna da nuna bambanci ga Roma. A cewar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], yawan Romawa na Croatia ya kai 30,000-40,000, daidai da kusan 1% na yawan jama'a. === 'Yancin LGBTQ ===   An halatta luwadi a 1977. An daidaita shekarun yarda a 1998. Ba a hana masu luwadi shiga aikin soja ba.  A shekara ta 2003, gwamnatin Croatia ta zartar da dokokin da suka hana nuna bambanci dangane da yanayin jima'i a cikin aikin yi da ilimi, rarraba kayan luwadi, da kuma bata sunan luwadi da 'yan luwadi.  An ba da iyakacin iyaka na haƙƙoƙin ga ma'aurata masu jima'i bayan shekaru uku na zama tare a cikin 2003, amma ƙungiyoyi masu rajista ba a ba da izini ba har zuwa 2014. Tun daga nan Croatia ta ba da duk haƙƙoƙin aure sai dai karɓowar haɗin gwiwa don yin rajista da abokan hulɗar jima'i marasa rajista. A cikin watan Nuwamba 2010, rahoton shekara-shekara na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai game da takarar Croatia ya bayyana cewa yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na luwadi na Croatia suna damuwa tun lokacin da ake buƙatar bincike don yin ƙarin ƙoƙari don magance laifukan ƙiyayya.  Zagreb; ya bukaci hukumomin Croatia da su yi Allah wadai da kuma gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya da cin zarafi ga duk wani tsiraru;".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texts adopted - Wednesday, 10 February 2010 - 2009 progress report on Croatia - P7_TA(2010)0023 |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P7-TA-2010-0023&language=EN |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Europarl.europa.eu}}</ref> == Yanayin tarihi == Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar Croatia tun daga 1 a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga kowace shekara. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5mhs271tymdtbihyhp2x8x16h1kyb5w 976062 976061 2026-11-05T09:55:57Z A Salisu 14655 976062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kundin Tsarin Mulki na '''[[Kroatiya|Croatia]]''', babi na uku, sashe na 14 zuwa 69. Akwai kungiyoyi masu yawa da ba na gwamnati ba da ke hulɗa da batun a cikin ƙasar, da kuma Ofishin Gwamnatin Croatia na 'Yancin Dan Adam da kuma hukumomin daidaito da yawa, kamar su The Ombudsperson for Human Rights, Ombudsperson of Gender Equality, Children's Ombudsperson da The Disability Ombudsman. == Tun lokacin da aka sami 'yancin kai == Sau da yawa ƴan siyasa suna kaiwa 'yan jarida kotu saboda ɓata suna. An kira Croatia ƙasa da ke da ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan karar da aka shigar don yin shiru ga ƴan jarida a cikin EU.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CROATIA 2022 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/croatia/report-croatia/ |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai shari'o'in tashin hankali na jiki a kan manema labarai, kamar lokacin da wani mutum da ba a san shi ba ya kai hari ga manema labarai biyu da ke rubuce-rubuce na Easter Vigil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FREEDOM IN THE WORLD 2021 Croatia |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/croatia/freedom-world/2021 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref> === Hakkin haifuwa === Kodayake zubar da ciki doka ce a Croatia har zuwa makonni 10 bayan [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana daukar ciki]], kuma yana da banbanci ga mata da suka yi ciki sama da makonni 10. Koyaya, ƙasar ta ɗan rabu a kan batun, tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya suna kira ga haramta. A wani misali, wata mace da ta wuce makonni 10 an hana ta zubar da ciki ta asibitoci huɗu, duk da cewa tayin yana da Ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ya haifar da zanga-zanga.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CROATIA 2022 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/croatia/report-croatia/ |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/croatia/report-croatia/ "CROATIA 2022"]. ''[[Amnesty International]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === 'Yancin Migrantes === Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun ci gaba da sukar Croatia saboda kin amincewa da baƙi. Yawancin bakin haure da ke neman shiga Croatia ana tura su zuwa [[Bosnia da Herzegovina]] a maimakon haka. A wasu lokuta, 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da tashin hankali ga bakin haure. A cikin 2021, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukuncin cewa Croatia ta keta [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] yayin da ta aika da iyali daga [[Afghanistan]] zuwa [[Serbiya|Serbia]]. A cikin mamayar Rasha a Ukraine, an ba da 'yan gudun hijira 22,000 ta Croatia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=CROATIA 2022 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/croatia/report-croatia/ |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=[[Amnesty International]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1">[https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/croatia/report-croatia/ "CROATIA 2022"]. ''[[Amnesty International]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, an gano cewa Croatia ta keta haƙƙin mutum (mutumin da ba shi da ƙasa), lokacin da suka kore shi daga ƙasar ba tare da bayar da wata hujja ga shawarar da suka yanke ba. A sakamakon haka, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukunci a madadin wanda aka azabtar kuma ta umarci Croatia da ta samar da diyya ga keta doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Croatia Violated Rights of Stateless Person, European Court Rules |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2023/12/05/croatia-violated-rights-of-stateless-person-european-court-rules/}}</ref> === Nuna bambanci ga Romawa === An nuna wariya ga Roma a Croatia, kuma an kai musu hari. An soki Croatia saboda ana nuna wariya ga Romawa lokacin da suke samun gidaje, aiki, da kiwon lafiya. A cikin wani zabe na 2013, kashi 44% na Croatians suna da nuna bambanci ga Roma. A cewar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], yawan Romawa na Croatia ya kai 30,000-40,000, daidai da kusan 1% na yawan jama'a. === 'Yancin LGBTQ ===   An halatta luwadi a 1977. An daidaita shekarun yarda a 1998. Ba a hana masu luwadi shiga aikin soja ba.  A shekara ta 2003, gwamnatin Croatia ta zartar da dokokin da suka hana nuna bambanci dangane da yanayin jima'i a cikin aikin yi da ilimi, rarraba kayan luwadi, da kuma bata sunan luwadi da 'yan luwadi.  An ba da iyakacin iyaka na haƙƙoƙin ga ma'aurata masu jima'i bayan shekaru uku na zama tare a cikin 2003, amma ƙungiyoyi masu rajista ba a ba da izini ba har zuwa 2014. Tun daga nan Croatia ta ba da duk haƙƙoƙin aure sai dai karɓowar haɗin gwiwa don yin rajista da abokan hulɗar jima'i marasa rajista. A cikin watan Nuwamba 2010, rahoton shekara-shekara na Hukumar Tarayyar Turai game da takarar Croatia ya bayyana cewa yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na luwadi na Croatia suna damuwa tun lokacin da ake buƙatar bincike don yin ƙarin ƙoƙari don magance laifukan ƙiyayya.  Zagreb; ya bukaci hukumomin Croatia da su yi Allah wadai da kuma gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya da cin zarafi ga duk wani tsiraru;".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Texts adopted - Wednesday, 10 February 2010 - 2009 progress report on Croatia - P7_TA(2010)0023 |url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P7-TA-2010-0023&language=EN |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Europarl.europa.eu}}</ref> == Yanayin tarihi == Shafin da ke biyowa yana nuna ƙididdigar Croatia tun daga 1 a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga kowace shekara. Matsayi na 1 shine "kyauta"; 7, "ba kyauta ba".<ref name="FH1972">{{Cite web |last=Freedom House |author-link=Freedom House |year=2024 |title=Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx |access-date=21 December 2024 |format=XLS}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hs58ln294t6o2pf1ys1as8erhldbpji 0 111119 975984 715265 2026-11-04T22:24:55Z Alfurqan 14918 /* Bayani na gaba ɗaya */ 975984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dolls na Rasha: [[Safarar Mutane|cinikin jima'i]] (Dutch: Matroesjka's, ma'ana Matryoshka doll, wanda aka fi sani da '''''Matrioshki''''' ko '''''Matrёshki''''') jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin ne na [[Drama (film and television)|wasan kwaikwayo]] na [[Flanders|Flemish]] game da ƙungiyar mata daga [[Lithuania]] da Rasha waɗanda ƙungiyar da ke da hannu a kasuwancin jima'i suka kai su [[Beljik|Belgium]] don yin aiki a matsayin [[Bautar Jima'i|bayi na jima'i]]. Jerin ya fara ne a Lithuania, inda aka zaba 'yan mata kuma inda za su sanya hannu kan kwangila a Girkanci, wanda ba za su iya fahimta ba. Kungiyar, a karkashin jagorancin Ray Van Mechelen, ta dauki 'yan matan zuwa [[Cyprus]] kuma daga can an kai su Club 69 a Belgium don aiki. Russian Dolls tana daukar nauyin ''Asusun Audiovisueel'' Fund [nl] (Vlaams Audiovisueel Fonds). Saboda bayyanar al'amuran jima'i da tashin hankali, shirin bai dace da mutanen da ba su kai shekara 16 ba (bisa ga ƙididdigar Dutch da Belgium). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Яндекс |url=https://www.kinopoisk.ru/showcaptcha?cc=1&mt=68EBCFF048D10A32E84558B3B5AE0D79A91107947A197668885BD961EC21ADE7E575&retpath=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cua2lub3BvaXNrLnJ1L2ZpbG0vMjMxMDM0Pw%2C%2C_bc5c0f5c9bffd539fdee2acb0627a1a2&t=2/1669547312/8c538600b46d85dab4306f96bf39a898&u=7c0ba7eb-9ef02fe3-b88d00da-dc3e7117&s=3634d37e2fe5c0fd2f8b16760196044d |access-date=Nov 27, 2022 |website=www.kinopoisk.ru }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Koda yake ya dogara ne akan matsalolin da ke tattare da cinikin jima'i, jerin ba wani shirin ba ne ko kuma ya shiga cikin sukar waɗancan matsalolin saboda shine tushen nishaɗi. Koyaya, darektan Marc Punt ya ce ba zai zama mai ban tsoro ba idan jerin sun sa mutane su san waɗannan matsalolin. Tun da farko, ana amfani da jerin don gargadi mata a tsohuwar Gabashin Gabas game da ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da cinikin jima'i. An fara watsa shirye-shiryen ne a tashoshin Belgium Canal+ (wanda yanzu ake kira "Prime") da VTM. Bayan abubuwa goma, 'yan wasan Rasha sun sami masu kallo sama da miliyan 1.1. Sauran ƙasashe ma sun ɗauki wasan kwaikwayon. An tattauna yarjejeniya tsakanin VTM, Independent Productions, da masu watsa shirye-shiryen kasuwanci na kasashen waje da yawa don yin kakar wasa ta biyu. Lokaci na biyu ya gama harbi a watan Oktoba shekarar 2007 kuma an watsa shi a Belgium a shekarar 2008. Ya zuwa yanzu, jerin suna da abubuwa ashirin. Mawallafin Burtaniya David Julyan ya ba da ƙwallon kiɗa don jerin. Waƙar taken ita ce "Post-Modern Sleaze" ta ƙungiyar Sneaker Pimps ta Burtaniya. Waƙar daga Season 2 Episode 5 da ke wasa a Bulgaria ita ce Tazi Vecher ta Sonq Nemska . An saki kakar wasa ta biyu mai taken ''Matrioshki 2'' a cikin shekarar 2007 kuma tana ci gaba da magance fataucin mutane don [[karuwanci]] a Turai. Jerin ya faru ne shekaru uku bayan jerin farko, lokacin da aka saki masu fataucin mutane daga kakar wasa ta farko daga kurkuku kuma suka tafi [[Tailan|Thailand]]. A wannan lokacin yana hulɗa ba kawai da karuwanci na 'yan mata na gabashin Turai ba, har ma da fataucin' yan mata na Asiya da aka dawo da su don karuwanci a Turai, wani lokacin don taimakawa iyalansu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matrioshki official website |url=http://www.matroesjkas.be/ |access-date=2025-08-06 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055332/http://www.matroesjkas.be/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == watsa shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa == Ana iya ganin kakar wasa ta farko a cikin ƙasashe masu zuwa: Jamus, Turkiyya, Netherlands, Ingila, Faransa, Spain, Bosnia da Herzegovina, Italiya, Finland, Sweden, Australia, Rasha, Serbia, Brazil, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Montenegro, Estonia, Albania da Chile. A Portugal ana watsa shi a kan Fox Crime . A Turkiyya da Italiya wasan kwaikwayon yana nunawa a FX. A Mexico, jerin suna fitowa a Once TV. Yankin Fim yana nuna abubuwan farko goma a wasu ƙasashe daga Latin Amurka. == Masu ba da labari == * Peter Van Den Begin - Raymond "Ray" van Mechelen; yana gudanar da Studio 69. * Eugenia Hirivskaya - Kalinka * Axel Daeseleire - Jan Verplancke * [[Tom Van Dyck]] - Vincent Dockx; ya zama shanyayye lokacin da Ray ya tura shi, bayan ya yi ƙoƙari ya sa Kalinka ya ba shi aiki. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta farko ya mutu. * [[Žemyna Ašmontaitė]] - Daria * [[Indrė Jaraitė-Gražienė|Indrė Jaraitė]] - Inesa * [[Luk Wyns]] - Eddy Stoefs; manajan Studio 69 kuma yana da sha'awar kuɗin sa. * [[Veerle De Jonghe]] - Esther Van De Walle * [[Lyudmila Lipner]] - Debora * [[Ailika Kremer]] - Hauwa'u * Lyubov Tolkalina - Olga * Marc Van Eeghem - Marc Camps * Stany Crets - Clem De Donder * Lucas Van den Eynde - mai ba da rahoto Nico Maes * [[Manou Kersting]] - Danny Bols * Frank Aendenboom - John Dockx; mahaifin Vincent da kawun Ray. Ya bayyana a matsayin babban shugaban Studio 69. * [[Natalya Reva-Ryadinskaya|Natalya Reva]] - Inga * [[Hilde Heijnen]] - Laura Keyser * [[Svetlana Abolenkina]] - Luna * [[Zorina Tanasova]] - Irina * [[Vilma Raubaitė]] - Kasandra * [[Saartje Vandendriessche]] - Sita * Wim Opbrouck - Mike Simons * [[Peter Thyssen]] - Rudi Sierens * Eric Godon - Jean-Paul Nunin ya kuma hada da matsayin baƙi da yawa [[Ludo Hellincx]] (Nelson Nilis), [[Karel Deruwe]] (ofishin), Jan Decleir (mahaifin Wim Wilson), [[Chris Lomme]] (Monique Wilson), da Warre Borgmans (Dokter Van Looy).   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s3akj7iuu8jdafgewu6bzk22tmyrqij 0 111937 975990 939708 2026-11-04T23:40:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A Norway, [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] suna da alhakin samar da kiwon lafiya na asali, yayin da jihar ke ba da kiwon lafiyar musamman ta hanyar asibitocin jama'a. Da yake ba a ware kudaden da ake ba kananan hukumomi don wata manufa ta musamman, kowace karamar hukuma tana da ‘yancin tantance kasafin lafiyarta.  Gundumomi suna daidaita ayyukan kiwon lafiya na farko ta hanyar yarjejeniya da likitoci masu zaman kansu.  A Norway, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu ba a biya su diyya sai dai idan suna da kwangila tare da sabis na kiwon lafiyar jama'a..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hallituksen esitys eduskunnalle laiksi sairausvakuutuslain 2 ja 3 luvun muuttamisesta |url=https://stm.fi/ajankohtaista/paatos?decisionId=0900908f807da8ea |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriö |language=fi-FI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121050335/https://stm.fi/ajankohtaista/paatos?decisionId=0900908f807da8ea |archive-date=2025-01-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dukkan asibitocin jama'a a Norway ana gudanar da su azaman amintattun lafiya (helseforetak (HF)) waɗanda aka haɗa cikin ɗayan hukumomin kiwon lafiya na yanki huɗu (RHF) wanda Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Kulawa ke kulawa. Baya ga wadannan asibitocin gwamnati, akwai wasu kananan asibitocin kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu da ke aiki a halin yanzu. == Kididdiga == Tare da yawan mutane 5,391,369 a farkon kwata na 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population |url=https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/folketall/statistikk/befolkning |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404232224/https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/folketall/statistikk/befolkning |archive-date=2023-04-04 |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=SSB |language=en}}</ref> da kuma yawan kudin shiga na kasa na mutum na 70 800 (PPP, dala ta duniya ta yanzu) a cikin 2019, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gapminder Tools |url=https://tools-legacy.gapminder.org/tools/#$state$time$value=2019;&entities$show$country$/$in@=nor&=ken&=bra&=chn;;;;&marker$axis_y$which=gnipercapita_ppp_current_international&scaleType=genericLog&spaceRef:null;;;&chart-type=linechart |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=tools-legacy.gapminder.org |language=en}}</ref> Norway tana da tsammanin rayuwa a lokacin haihuwa na shekaru 84 ga mata da shekaru 81 ga maza a cikin 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2016 |title=Life expectancy in Norway |url=https://www.fhi.no/en/op/hin/population/life-expectancy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706234511/https://www.fhi.no/en/he/hin/population/life-expectancy/ |archive-date=2024-07-06 |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=Norwegian Institute of Public Health |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2019, akwai mutuwar 2.5 ga yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 5 a kowace haihuwar haihuwa 1000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=Norway |url=http://www.healthdata.org/norway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604204913/http://www.healthdata.org/norway |archive-date=2021-06-04 |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |Halin mutuwa tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 60 m / f (ga kowane yawan mutane 1,000, 2016) |66/42 |- |Jimlar kudaden da aka kashe a kan kiwon lafiya ga kowane mutum (Intl $, 2014) |6,347 |- |Jimlar kashewa kan kiwon lafiya a matsayin kashi na GDP (2017) |10.4 |- | colspan="2" |Bayanan da ke akwai daga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya da SSB, NO Hukumar Kididdiga <ref>{{Cite web |title=Norway |url=https://www.who.int/countries/nor/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902222424/https://www.who.int/countries/nor/en/ |archive-date=2020-09-02 |access-date=2018-09-09 |website=World Health Organization |language=en-GB}}</ref> |} == Samun da farashi == [[Fayil:Nursing_home_corridor.JPG|thumb|Ma'aikaciyar jinya a gidan kula da tsofaffi a Nord-Trøndelag, Norway]] Kudin da ake kashewa a kan kiwon lafiya kusan 7,727 USD ne ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara a cikin 2020, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=2021-03-18 |url=https://www.ssb.no/en/nasjonalregnskap-og-konjunkturer/statistikker/helsesat/aar/2021-03-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610113312/https://www.ssb.no/en/nasjonalregnskap-og-konjunkturer/statistikker/helsesat/aar/2021-03-18 |archive-date=2021-06-10 |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=ssb.no |language=en}}</ref> daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2010 |title=International Profiles of Health Care Systems |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/sites/default/files/documents/___media_files_publications_fund_report_2010_jun_1417_squires_intl_profiles_622.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406095718/http://www.commonwealthfund.org/sites/default/files/documents/___media_files_publications_fund_report_2010_jun_1417_squires_intl_profiles_622.pdf |archive-date=2020-04-06 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=The Commonwealth Fund}}</ref> Yana da mafi girman rabo na ma'aikatan jinya da masu juna biyu ga kowane mutum a Turai: 1,744 ga kowane mutum 100,000 a cikin 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2017 |title=Prop. 1 S (2017–2018) Gul bok - regjeringen.no |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-1-s-gul-bok-20172018/id2574460/sec1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093729/https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-1-s-gul-bok-20172018/id2574460/sec1 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref> Yayin da samun lafiyar jama'a ya zama gama gari a Norway, akwai wasu ƙa'idodin biyan kuɗi. Yara masu shekaru goma sha shida ko ƙanana, da wasu ƙungiyoyi da yawa (kamar mata masu jinya da waɗanda suka yi ritaya) ana ba su kiwon lafiya kyauta ba tare da la'akari da ɗaukar hoto da za su iya samu a yanayin da suka gabata ba. Duk sauran 'yan ƙasa suna da alhakin biyan wani adadi a cikin kuɗin mai amfani. Idan sun kai adadin kuɗin da aka biya daga aljihu, suna karɓar katin keɓe (frikort na helsetjenester a cikin Yaren mutanen Norway) don ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a, kuma ba za su ƙara biyan kuɗin mai amfani ba na sauran shekara ta kalanda. Adadin shine NOK 2,460 a shekarar 2021, ko kuma kusan dalar Amurka 264. Duk abin da ke sama da wannan adadin ana bayar da shi kyauta har tsawon waccan shekarar. Katin cirewa ya rufe Likitocin iyali, masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, asibitocin asibiti, sabis na radiology, gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gaje, tafiye-tafiye na haƙuri, [[Magani|magunguna]] da kayan aiki da ke fadawa ƙarƙashin tsarin "blue prescription", physiotherapy, cututtukan hakora da abnormalities, Periodontitis, farfadowa, da tafiya don magani a kasashen waje wanda [./Oslo_University_Hospital,_&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Rikshospitalet" id="mwYA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="[[Oslo]] University Hospital, Rikshospitalet">Asibitin Kasa] (Rikshospitalet) ya shirya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-01 |title=Exemption card for public health services |url=https://www.helsenorge.no/en/payment-for-health-services/exemption-card-for-public-health-services/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630070053/https://www.helsenorge.no/en/payment-for-health-services/exemption-card-for-public-health-services/ |archive-date=2021-06-30 |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=www.helsenorge.no |language=en}}</ref> Ba a haɗa likitocin haƙori da masu tsabtace haƙori ba, amma asibiti da duk abin da ya shafi kasancewa a asibiti a Norway kyauta ne ga kowane ɗan ƙasa ba tare da la'akari da samun kudin shiga ko matsayi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-27 |title=Frikort for helsetjenester |url=https://www.helsenorge.no/betaling-for-helsetjenester/frikort-for-helsetjenester/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630065010/https://www.helsenorge.no/betaling-for-helsetjenester/frikort-for-helsetjenester/ |archive-date=2021-06-30 |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=www.helsenorge.no |language=no}}</ref> Dangane da shigar da dakin gaggawa, duk farashin kiwon lafiya na yanzu ana rufe su. == Kudin kiwon lafiya da kudaden gwamnati == [[Fayil:Life_expectancy_vs_spending_OECD.png|thumb|Rayuwa da ake kashewa a wasu ƙasashe a cikin 2007]] [[Fayil:Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Norway_-diff.png|thumb|Ci gaban tsammanin rayuwa a Norway ta hanyar jinsi]] [[Norway]] tana da matsayi mai girma a kan matsayi daban-daban a cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiya a duk duniya. Abu na musamman ga tsarin kiwon lafiya na Norway shine cewa jihar tana tallafawa kusan duk kuɗin da mai haƙuri zai kashe. Marasa lafiya da ke da ƙarin kuɗi mai yawa saboda rashin lafiya na dindindin suna karɓar cire haraji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Profiles of Health care systems |url=http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/files/publications/fund-report/2010/jun/1417_squires_intl_profiles_622.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321233755/http://www.commonwealthfund.org/~/media/files/publications/fund-report/2010/jun/1417_squires_intl_profiles_622.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2018 |access-date=5 January 2018 |website=The Common Wealth Fund}}</ref> A cikin 2020, kashi 11.3% na GDP na ƙasar ya tafi kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya, kuma kusan kashi 14% ne kawai na wannan ya kashe kuɗin masu zaman kansu (bayar da ke cikin aljihu), wanda ke nuna bukatun raba farashin matsakaici. Kashi na jama'a na kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya a matsayin rabo na jimlar kuɗin gwamnati yana kusa da 17% kawai.<ref name=":0"/> Gwamnati tana kirkirar kasafin kuɗi kiwon lafiya na shekara-shekara na shekara mai zuwa, kowace shekara a watan Disamba. Wannan kasafin kudin ya hada da duk kudade a cikin reshen kiwon lafiya na Norway. Majalisar ta kada kuri'a ne kawai a wasu lokuta don ƙarin kuɗi daga baya a cikin shekara, da farko ga asibitoci. Jiha ta jin daɗi jama'a tana da tsada sosai don kiyayewa da ingantawa bayan daidaituwa da hauhawar farashin shekara. Fensho, wanda aka tsara bayan shekaru, shine mafi girman farashi a cikin sashin kasafin kuɗi wanda ke rufe kiwon lafiya da jin dadin jama'a. Gwamnati ta canza a cikin shekara ta 2018 gudanar da kudade da kudade ga bangaren kiwon lafiya, tare da burin rage tsawon layin jira da inganta ayyukan kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Regjeringen">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2017 |title=Prop. 1 S 2017-2018 |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-1-s-gul-bok-20172018/id2574460/sec1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093729/https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/prop.-1-s-gul-bok-20172018/id2574460/sec1 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |access-date=7 December 2017 |website=Regjeringen}}</ref> Ana ba da kudade don kula da asibiti ga hukumomin kiwon lafiya na yanki bayan an zartar da kasafin kuɗi na shekara mai zuwa. Suna da alhakin rarraba kudaden kuɗi ga asibitoci da sauran ayyukan kiwon lafiya a cikin gida. == Tarihi da ci gaba == Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] gwamnatin Norway ta yanke shawarar hada kiwon lafiya na ƙasa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka fi mayar da hankali ga ci gaban jihar. Jiha tana da alhakin samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya mai kyau da ake bukata ga kowa. Wannan alhakin ya kasu tsakanin matakai uku na gwamnati: jihar, gundumar, da kuma karamar hukuma. Gwamnati tana da alhakin bunkasa dokoki da kuma zartar da lissafi, amma Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Kulawa tana da babban alhakin gudanar da yau da kullun da ayyukan siyasar kiwon lafiya da ayyukan kiwon lafiya a Norway.<ref name="Høines">{{Cite web |last=Høines |title=Helsesektoren, norsk helseinformatikk |url=https://ndla.no/nb/node/4000?fag=8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711124005/https://ndla.no/nb/node/4000?fag=8 |archive-date=11 July 2018 |access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001 kowane ɗan ƙasa ya sami damar samun likita na dindindin a yankin da suke zaune. Majalisar birni a kowace gundumar tana da alhakin wannan haƙƙin, kuma suna kuma fara yarjejeniyoyi da hadin kai tare da likitoci.<ref name="SNL">{{Cite web |title=Helsereformer |url=https://snl.no/helsereformer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120001203/https://snl.no/helsereformer |archive-date=2020-11-20 |access-date=2015-01-21 |website=Store Norske Leksikon}}</ref> Wannan ci gaba yana daya daga cikin da yawa a cikin kiwon lafiya da Norway ke bayarwa. Sauye-sauye daban-daban suna da alaƙa da juna cewa dukansu sun zo ne a matsayin martani ga tsarin da ba su da inganci waɗanda ba su yi amfani da duk albarkatun da ke akwai ba. Wani babban gyare-gyare da ya zo a farkon karni na 21, shine sake fasalin kiwon lafiya na 2002. == Gyaran asibiti na 2002 == A shekara ta 2002, gwamnati ta dauki nauyin gudanar da asibitoci a kasar. Kjell Magne Bondevik shine Firayim Minista a lokacin. Ya kasance shugaban Jam'iyyar Demokradiyyar Kirista kuma ya kasance shugaban gwamnatin hadin gwiwa (tare da Conservatives da Liberals). Har zuwa wannan lokacin, asibitoci a Norway suna aiki da yankuna da majalisun birni. Manufar sake fasalin ita ce inganta ingancin maganin likita, don gudanar da asibitoci yadda ya kamata fiye da baya da kuma yin maganin likita daidai ga kowa da kowa a kasar.<ref name="SNL"/> Sabon Gudanar da Jama'a ne ya yi wahayi zuwa ga sake fasalin, kuma an sami manyan canje-canje bisa ga waɗannan ka'idoji. An shirya asibitoci da ayyuka a matsayin amintattun kiwon lafiya a cikin Hukumomin kiwon lafiya na yanki guda biyar. Wadannan ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka shirya kuma aka gudanar da su kamar kamfanoni, tare da wasu bambance-bambance: amintattun kiwon lafiya da hukumomi mallakar gwamnati ce kawai, ba za su iya yin fatara ba kuma gwamnati ta tabbatar da su. Gwamnati kuma tana ba da rance kuma tana ba su kuɗi daga kudaden jihar. Canjin ya ci nasara har zuwa wani mataki. Jerin jira na marasa lafiya kafin magani an rage su tare da kusan marasa lafiya dubu 20. Koyaya, kashe kudi a kan kiwon lafiya a Norway ya karu, kuma bayan shekara guda rashi ya kai kusan biliyan 3.1.<ref name="NRK">{{Cite web |title=20.00 færre i sykehuskø |url=https://www.nrk.no/emne/helsereformen-2002-1.507435 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526140608/https://www.nrk.no/emne/helsereformen-2002-1.507435 |archive-date=26 May 2020 |access-date=2 May 2004 |website=NRK}}</ref> Har ila yau, ingantaccen jiyya ya shafi kwarewar mai haƙuri saboda suna da karancin lokaci tare da likita kuma wani lokacin dole ne su fita daga asibiti a ranar da aka shigar da su. == Magunguna == Norway ba ta samar da yawancin magungunan da ake amfani da su a cikin gida, kuma tana shigo da yawancin da ake amfani da su a cikin tsarin lafiyarta.  Wannan ya haifar da yawancin mazaunan dole su biya cikakken farashi na kowane takardar magani.  Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Sabis ɗin Kulawa ce ke kula da fitar da magunguna.  Inshorar inshora ga magungunan da aka shigo da su daga wajen ƙasar ana gudanar da su ta hanyar Hukumar Kula da Tattalin Arziƙi ta Yaren mutanen Norway (HELFO). == Gudanarwa == Norway tana da hukumomin kiwon lafiya na yanki guda huɗu. Su ne: Hukumar Lafiya ta Yankin Arewacin Norway, Hukumar Lafiya ta Yankin Tsakiya ta Norway, Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Yanki ta Yammacin Norway, da Hukumar Lafiya ta Yankin Kudancin da Gabashin Norway.<ref name="snl.no">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2021 |title=Helsereformer |url=https://snl.no/helsereformer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120001203/https://snl.no/helsereformer |archive-date=20 November 2020 |access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref> Dangane da Dokar 'Yancin Marasa Lafiya, duk mutanen da suka cancanci suna da damar yin zabi a asibitoci yayin karɓar magani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugyldig lenke til dokument i vitenarkiv |url=https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/133754/rapp15_2007.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=2025-08-08 |archive-date=2017-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207084736/https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/133754/rapp15_2007.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2013 |title=Helsereformen 2002 |url=https://www.nrk.no/emne/helsereformen-2002-1.507435 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526140608/https://www.nrk.no/emne/helsereformen-2002-1.507435 |archive-date=26 May 2020 |access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tsarin Kula da Lafiya na Norway ya kasance lamba 11 a cikin aikin gaba ɗaya ta [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=The World Health Organization's ranking of the world's health systems |url=http://www.photius.com/rankings/healthranks.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105190014/http://www.photius.com/rankings/healthranks.html |archive-date=5 January 2010 |access-date=8 July 2015 |website=photius.com}}</ref> a cikin Rahoton 2000 wanda ke kimanta tsarin kula da kiwon lafiya na kowace ƙasa 191 na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. Dangane da Ƙididdigar masu amfani da kiwon lafiya na Yuro, a cikin 2015 Tsarin kiwon lafiya ya kasance na uku a Turai amma yana da jerin jira masu tsawo ba tare da bayani ba yayin da 'yan Norway 270,000 ke jiran magani a cikin 2012-13 <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2013 |title=Kortere sykehuskø blir Høyres helse-kampsak |url=https://www.tv2.no/a/4072750/ |access-date=26 September 2019 |publisher=[[TV 2 Nyhetene]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2013 |title=Politiske mål og forventninger til spesialisthelsetjenesten |url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumentarkiv/stoltenberg-ii/hod/taler-og-artikler/2013/politiske-mal-og-forventninger-til-spesi/id713002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926165116/https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumentarkiv/stoltenberg-ii/hod/taler-og-artikler/2013/politiske-mal-og-forventninger-til-spesi/id713002/ |archive-date=26 September 2019 |access-date=26 September 2019 |publisher=[[Regjeringen.no]]}}</ref> A cikin littafin OECD Health at a Glance 2011, Norway tana daga cikin lokutan jira mafi tsawo don zaɓaɓɓen tiyata da kuma nadin kwararru tsakanin ƙasashe goma sha ɗaya da aka bincika. Koyaya, gwamnatin Norway ta yi nasara wajen rage matsakaicin lokutan jira don kula da asibiti a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. == Batutuwan kiwon lafiya ==   === Nauyin cututtuka === Tushen: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of diseases |url=http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/policy_report/2016/PolicyReport_IHME_GBD-Norway_2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604102343/http://www.healthdata.org/sites/default/files/files/policy_report/2016/PolicyReport_IHME_GBD-Norway_2016.pdf |archive-date=2021-06-04 |access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref> ==== An kaddamar da rahoton nauyin cutar Norwegian. An buga shi 21.03.16 ==== Tushen: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Norwegian disease burden report launched |url=https://fhi.no/en/news/2016/norwegian-disease-burden-report-launched/ |access-date=2018-09-09 |website=Norwegian Institute of Public Health |language=en |archive-date=2018-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014544/https://fhi.no/en/news/2016/norwegian-disease-burden-report-launched/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Rahoton Lafiya na Jama'a - Takaitaccen Bayani: Yanayin Lafiya a Norway 2018 (Rahoton 05/2018) === == Ciki da kula da haihuwa == Dukkanin mata masu juna biyu a Norway suna da damar samun kulawa ta haihuwa daga mai juna biyu a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Yara ko kuma daga Babban Likita. Yawancin lokaci akwai alƙawari takwas kafin haihuwa ciki har da tantancewa guda ɗaya a lokacin daukar ciki. Tattaunawar kyauta ce, kuma ma'aikatan da ke da ciki suna da damar biyan lokaci don aiki don alƙawari kafin haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2017 |title=Pregnancy and maternity care in Norway - helsenorge.no |url=https://helsenorge.no/other-languages/english/pregnancy-and-maternity-care |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014557/https://helsenorge.no/other-languages/english/pregnancy-and-maternity-care |archive-date=2018-09-10 |access-date=2018-09-09 |website=helsenorge.no |language=nb-NO}}</ref> Akwai yara 56,600 da aka haifa a cikin 2017, 2,300 kasa da shekarar da ta gabata. Wannan ya ba da jimlar haihuwa na yara 1.62 ga kowace mace - mafi ƙasƙanci da aka auna a Norway. An yi rajistar yara 139 a matsayin matattu a cikin 2017. Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar 2.4 ga kowane 1,000 da aka haifa kuma shine mafi ƙarancin adadin da aka taɓa rubuta. {| class="wikitable" |+Yawan mace-mace, a ƙarƙashin shekaru 5 da ƙasa da shekara 1. !Mutuwar da aka lura da ita ga kowane mutum 1000 da ke rayuwa !1990 !2016 |- |A kasa da shekaru 5 |8.6 |2.7 |- |Kasa da shekara 1 |7.0 |2.2 |} A cikin Norway 2015: Ma'aikatan jinya da masu haihuwa (a kowace shekara 1000). Darajar: 17,824. Wannan ya haɗa da horar da masu juna biyu da kuma horar da ma'aikatan jinya. Tushen Bayanai: OECD Health Data, wanda aka samu a watan Oktoba 2017. Yankin WHO: Turai mai tasiri. kwanan wata: 2018-02-26 <ref>{{Cite web |title=GHO {{!}} By category {{!}} Density per 1000 - Data by country |url=http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A1444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123124803/http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A1444 |archive-date=2016-11-23 |access-date=2018-09-09 |website=apps.who.int}}</ref> == Cututtukan cututtuka == Sakamakon duniya na cututtukan cututtuka masu yaduwa da yawa ya ragu. Matsakaicin yanayin rayuwa da ingantaccen yanayin tsabta shine babban dalilin, da kuma yaduwar allurar rigakafi. Duk da haka, karuwar tafiye-tafiye na kasa da kasa da shigo da abinci yana haifar da karuwar wasu cututtukan cututtuka a Norway kamar wasu cututfofi na abinci da cututtukani masu tsayayya da maganin rigakafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norwegian Institute of Public Health |url=https://www.fhi.no/en/op/hin/smitte/infeksjoner-i-norge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014908/https://www.fhi.no/en/op/hin/smitte/infeksjoner-i-norge/ |archive-date=2018-09-10 |access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref> Marasa lafiya suna da 'yanci daga raba farashi don ziyara, gwaje-gwaje, da jiyya ga duk cututtukan da ake ganin suna haifar da barazana ga lafiyar jama'a. === Cutar tarin fuka === Cutar tarin fuka ita ce cutar da ta fi yaduwa a duk duniya, kuma babbar ƙalubale ce a kula da lafiyar duniya. Koyaya, a Norway, raguwar yawan masu kamuwa da tarin fuka ya ci gaba. A shekara ta 2017, an ba da rahoton jimillar marasa lafiya 261 da ke da tarin fuka ga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a. Wannan koma baya ne daga shekarun baya. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce, mafi yawan masu fama da cutar tarin fuka shine 392 a cikin 2013. Ya sa Norway ta zama ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanci a duniya da cutar tarin fuka. Bambance-bambance a cikin nauyin cutar tarin fuka a duniya kuma yana nunawa a cikin bambance-bambancen adadin kamuwa da cuta a cikin Norway, inda za a iya ganin manyan rashin daidaito dangane da asalin ƙasar mutane. Kashi 11 cikin 100 na majinyatan da aka samu rahoton kamuwa da cutar tarin fuka a shekarar 2017 an haife su ne a kasar Norway, kuma rabinsu ne kawai ke da iyaye ‘yan kasar Norway.<ref name="fhi.no">{{Cite web |title=Alvorlig tuberkulosesituasjon internasjonalt, men nedgang i Norge |url=https://fhi.no/nyheter/2018/alvorlig-tuberkulosesituasjon-internasjonalt-men-nedgang-i-norge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093736/https://fhi.no/nyheter/2018/alvorlig-tuberkulosesituasjon-internasjonalt-men-nedgang-i-norge/ |archive-date=2020-04-06 |access-date=2018-09-09 |website=Folkehelseinstituttet |language=no}}</ref> === MDR-TB === Adadin masu kamuwa da tarin fuka mai yawa yana tsakanin hudu zuwa 11 a kowace shekara. A shekara ta 2017, an gano marasa lafiya tara da tarin fuka mai tsayayya. Babu wani daga cikin wadannan da ya sami juriya yayin magani a Norway.<ref name="fhi.no"/> === Magani na rigakafi, tarin fuka mai ɓoye === Yawancin lokuta na cutar tarin fuka a Norway ana gano su da wuri sabili da haka ba a yaduwa ba, watau ana ɗaukar su a ɓoye. Wani muhimmin bangare na aikin tarin fuka a Norway shine tabbatar da cewa ana ba wa mutanen da ke da haɗarin ci gaban cututtukan cututtukatare bayan kamuwa da cuta magani. Baya ga waɗanda ake zaton sun kamu da cutar, ƙungiyoyin haɗari sun haɗa da yara da mutanen da ke da rauni a tsarin rigakafi. Adadin mutanen da ke karɓar maganin rigakafi har yanzu yana da ƙarancin gaske, a cewar Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jama'a. Ana sa ran yawan magungunan rigakafi ya fi yawan da aka yi wa maganin tarin fuka, amma a yankuna da yawa waɗannan kungiyoyi kusan iri ɗaya ne.<ref name="fhi.no"/> === HIV / AIDS === Cutar HIV tana nan a duk ƙasashen duniya. UNAIDS ta yi kiyasin cewa a karshen shekarar 2016 kimanin mutane miliyan 36.7 da ke dauke da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]], kusan miliyan 17 daga cikin wadannan suna samun maganin rigakafin cutar. Tun daga farkon cutar kanjamau, an kiyasta cewa kusan. Mutane miliyan 78 ne suka kamu da cutar kanjamau kuma kusan mutane miliyan 35 sun mutu sakamakon cututtuka masu alaka da cutar kanjamau. A duniya, mata ne ke da kashi 52% na masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau. Kimanin kashi 69% na masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau suna zaune ne a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. A cikin 2016, kusan mutane miliyan 1.8 sun sami HIV. Wannan shine mafi ƙanƙanta adadin sabbin kamuwa da cutar tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hivinfeksjon/Aids |url=https://fhi.no/nettpub/smittevernveilederen/sykdommer-a-a/hivinfeksjonaids---veileder-for-hel/#forekomst-i-norge |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093739/https://fhi.no/nettpub/smittevernveilederen/sykdommer-a-a/hivinfeksjonaids---veileder-for-hel/#forekomst-i-norge |archive-date=2020-04-06 |access-date=2018-09-09 |website=Folkehelseinstituttet |language=no}}</ref> A Norway, kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau da cutar kanjamaun cuta sun kasance kuma tun daga shekara ta 1983 Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a Oslo tana lura da yin bincike na kididdiga, yana nuna ƙarancin abin da ya faru gaba ɗaya. A cikin 2017, akwai mutane 18 da aka gano suna da cutar kanjamau da kuma mutane 213 da aka gano da cutar kansar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSIS Statistikk - folkehelseinstituttet |url=http://www.msis.no/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406095723/http://www.msis.no/ |archive-date=2020-04-06 |access-date=2018-09-09 |website=www.msis.no}}</ref> Mutanen da suka gwada cutar kanjamau ana tura su ga likita mai ilimin kanjamau. Magani ga kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau yawanci ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar kwararren sabis na kiwon lafiya a asibiti. Ga mutanen da ke zaune nesa da asibiti, likitan yankin na iya yin aiki tare da kwararru don ba da mafi kyawun tallafi na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NPHI: About HIV Infection 2017 |url=https://fhi.no/globalassets/dokumenterfiler/trykksaker/hiv/about-hiv-infection-pdf2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706234509/https://fhi.no/globalassets/dokumenterfiler/trykksaker/hiv/about-hiv-infection-pdf2.pdf |archive-date=2024-07-06 |access-date=2018-09-09}}</ref> == Majalisar Dinkin Duniya: Manufofin ci gaba mai ɗorewa, SDGs 2016-2030 == Norway ta ɗauki Agenda na 2030 tare da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban mai dorewa (SDGs) 17 a matsayin taswirar hanyar duniya mai sauyawa don ƙoƙarin ƙasa da na duniya da ke da niyyar kawar da matsanancin talauci, yayin kare iyakokin duniya da inganta wadata, zaman lafiya da adalci.<ref name="sustainabledevelopment.un.org">{{Cite web |title=Norway .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/norway |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093747/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/norway |archive-date=2020-04-06 |access-date=2018-09-09 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Norway kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na sake dubawa na kasa na son rai na 2016 na babban matakin siyasa kan ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Voluntary National Reviews .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/vnrs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406093749/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/vnrs/ |archive-date=2020-04-06 |access-date=2018-09-09 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Rahotanni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da wasu alamomi na kasa da kasa sun nuna cewa Norway tana da matsayi mai girma dangane da aiwatar da SDGs a duniya. A lokaci guda, a bayyane yake cewa aiwatar da Agenda na 2030 zai bukaci Norway, ma.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Gwamnati ta gano wasu makasudai da ke haifar da kalubale na musamman ga bin gida a Norway. Waɗannan ƙalubalen sun shafi da yawa daga cikin SDGs da duk fannoni uku na ci gaba mai dorewa - zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da muhalli. Manufofin da za su kasance abin da aka mayar da hankali kan hankali na siyasa da ci gaban manufofin su ne wadanda suka shafi ci gaba mai dorewa da samarwa, kiwon lafiya da ilimi, daidaito, aikin yi, da ƙaura. Gwamnati na ba da fifiko wajen tabbatar da ingantaccen ilimi da samar da ayyukan yi, musamman ga matasa da wadanda ke fuskantar barazanar wariya. Wannan muhimmiyar gudummawa ce don tabbatar da hangen nesa na 2030 na Agenda na barin kowa a baya. Kalubalen da aka gano a matakin ƙasa: * Rage cututtukan da ba sa yaduwa da inganta lafiyar kwakwalwa * Ƙara yawan kammala makarantar sakandare * Cire dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali ga mata da 'yan mata * Rage yawan matasa da ba sa aiki, ilimi ko horo * Tabbatar da kayan aiki masu ɗorewa * Ci gaba da ci gaban samun kudin shiga na kasa 40% na yawan jama'a a cikin mafi girma fiye da matsakaicin ƙasa * Inganta ingancin iska na birane * Rage sharar abinci da rage samar da sharar gida * Rage tasirin nau'ikan baƙi masu mamayewa * Rage duk nau'ikan tashin hankali da yawan mutuwar da suka danganci da kuma yaki da aikata laifuka.<ref name="sustainabledevelopment.un.org"/> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sv9t6i8r0kailzd8jqt8je5rzstwtd0 0 112292 976032 725614 2026-11-05T07:27:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da kuduri mai lamba 1325''' (S/RES/1325), kan mata, zaman lafiya, da tsaro, a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2000, bayan tuno kudurori 1261 (1999), 1265 (1999), 1296 (2000), da (2010), da 13010 . Kudurin ya amince da rashin daidaito da kuma tasiri na musamman na [[Yaƙi|rikice-rikicen makamai]] ga mata da 'yan mata. Ya yi kira da a amince da yanayin jinsi don yin la'akari da bukatun musamman na mata da 'yan mata a lokacin rikici, komawa gida da sake tsugunar da su, gyarawa, sake hadewa, da sake ginawa bayan rikici. Kudiri mai lamba 1325 shi ne takarda ta farko a hukumance da doka daga kwamitin sulhu wanda ya bukaci bangarorin da ke rikici da juna su kare [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|hakkin mata]], da goyon bayan shigar mata cikin [[Peace negotiations|shawarwarin zaman lafiya]] da sake gina kasar bayan rikici, da kuma kare mata da 'yan mata daga [[Wartime sexual violence|cin zarafin mata a lokacin yaki]] . Har ila yau, shi ne kudurin [[United Nations Security Council|kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na farko da ya yi tsokaci musamman kan illar rikice-rikice ga mata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-18 |title=Security Council Resolution 1325 |url=http://www.peacewomen.org/SCR-1325 |website=[[PeaceWomen]] |access-date=2025-08-09 |archive-date=2019-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314193801/http://www.peacewomen.org/SCR-1325 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tun daga nan kudurin ya zama tsarin shirya mata, zaman lafiya, da ajandar tsaro, wanda ke mai da hankali kan ciyar da sassan kuduri na 1325 gaba. == Ƙaddamarwa == === Abun lura === Abubuwan da aka lura sun nuna yadda Majalisar ta dauki batun mata da rikicin makamai da muhimmanci ga zaman lafiya da tsaro a duniya. Sun bayyana damuwar Majalisar game da [[Civilian|fararen hular]] da ke fama da rikici, musamman mata da kananan yara, wadanda su ne akasarin wadanda rikici ya shafa. da kuma waɗanda ƙungiyoyi masu ɗauke da makamai ke ƙara kaiwa hari. Hare-haren da ake kai wa fararen hula, musamman mata da yara, suna yin mummunan tasiri ga zaman lafiya da sulhu. == Tarihi == An zartar da kudurin gaba daya a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2000 bayan da [http://www.womenpeacesecurity.org/ kungiyar da ke aiki a kan mata, zaman lafiya da tsaro (NGO WG)] da Asusun Raya Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNIFEM, wanda yanzu Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi nasara). [[Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah]], ministar harkokin mata a [[Namibiya]] a lokacin, ita ce ta kaddamar da kudurin a lokacin da kasar ta dauki matakin shugabancin kwamitin sulhu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Landsberg |first=Michelle |date=2003 |title=Resolution 1325 - Use It or Lose It |url=http://www.msmagazine.com/june03/landsberg.asp |journal=Ms. Magazine |access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref> Ambasada Anwarul Chowdhury, mai wakiltar [[Bangladesh]] a majalisar, ya kuma ba da gudummawa sosai ta hanyar yin amfani da rawar da Bangladesh ke takawa a matsayin shugaban majalisar don jawo hankali ga gudummawar mata ga zaman lafiya da tsaro. Chowdhury ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai fafutuka kuma mai ba da shawara don cikakken aiwatar da kuduri mai lamba 1325. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Anwarul |date=31 October 2010 |title=A.K. Chowdhury: Women Are Essential for Sustainable Peace |url=http://www.upf.org/resources/speeches-and-articles/3239-ak-chowdhury-women-essential-for-sustainable-peace |website=Universal Peace Federation}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Aiki ta NGO ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samun nasarar shigar da Majalisar don gudanar da buɗaɗɗen zama a kan mata, zaman lafiya, da tsaro, tuntuɓar mambobin majalisar kan ƙuduri, da kuma ba su bayanai masu dacewa. <ref name="Tryggestad2009">{{Cite journal |last=Tryggestad |first=Torunn L. |date=1 October 2009 |title=Trick or treat? The UN and implementation of security Council resolution 1325 on women, peace, and security |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Trick+or+treat%3F+The+UN+and+implementation+of+security+Council...-a0215069791 |journal=Global Governance |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=539–557 |doi=10.1163/19426720-01504011 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[Beijing Platform for Action|Dandalin Ayyukan Aiki na 1995 na Beijing]] ya ƙunshi babi gabaɗayan da ya mai da hankali kan mata, zaman lafiya da tsaro. A cikin shekarun 1990s, ƙungiyoyi [[Non-governmental organization|masu zaman kansu]] sun ƙara nuna damuwa game da mummunan tasirin yaƙi akan mata, musamman cin zarafin jima'i da aka gani a yakin basasa a [[Bosnian War|Bosnia]], Afirka ta Yamma, da [[Rwandan Civil War|Ruwanda]] . Masu fafutuka sun kuma ji haushin yadda mata ke fuskantar cikas ga shiga tattaunawar sulhu da kuma mummunan tasirin da mata suka samu bayan rikici. Bikin cika shekaru 5 na taron birnin Beijing (Beijing+5) ya ba da muhimmiyar gudummawa wajen samun ci gaba kan harkokin mata da zaman lafiya da tsaro a MDD. Tarihin kudurin da nassi ya shahara ga matakin sa hannun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin farar hula, wadanda suka taimaka wajen tsara kudurin. Muhawarar ta kwanaki biyu kan kudurin kuma shi ne karo na farko da Majalisar ta kebe tattaunawa da mata. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Cockburn |first=Cynthia |date=2011 |title=Snagged On The Contradiction: NATO, UNSC Resolution 1325, and Feminist Responses |url=http://www.cynthiacockburn.org/BlogNATO1325.pdf |access-date=17 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417182649/http://www.cynthiacockburn.org/BlogNATO1325.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiwatarwa == === Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === Manyan bangarorin biyu na kuduri mai lamba 1325 suna magance cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai da kuma kara shigar mata cikin matakan zaman lafiya da cibiyoyin siyasa. A cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kudurin ya haifar da kara mai da hankali kan daidaita jinsi, ko tantance tasirin manufofin daban-daban ga mata da maza. Manyan shirye-shiryen da ke aiwatar da kudurin su ne Matan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma Ma'aikatar ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya, ko da yake wasu shirye-shirye da yawa kuma suna amfani da shi ga aikinsu. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2010 |title=Women and peace and security: Report of the Secretary-General |url=https://undocs.org/S/2010/173 |publisher=United Nations Security Council}}</ref> ==== ginshiƙai huɗu na aiwatarwa ==== A shekara ta 2009, ƙuduri mai lamba 1889 ya yi kira ga Sakatare-Janar da ya samar da jerin alamomi don bin diddigin aiwatar da kuduri mai lamba 1325. Ana amfani da alamomin wajen tsara shirye-shirye na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, amma kuma kasashe membobi da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun amince da su. Abubuwan da aka haɓaka sune ginshiƙai huɗu na rigakafi, kariya, shiga, da taimako da farfadowa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Ten-year Impact Study on Implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000) on Women, Peace and Security in Peacekeeping: Final Report to the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Department of Field Support |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/10year_impact_study_1325.pdf |access-date=16 December 2014 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> === Daidaiton jinsi === Kudiri mai lamba 1325 yana goyan bayan daidaita jinsi, ko haɗa ra'ayin jinsi a cikin dukkan manufofi da shirye-shirye, a cikin ayyukan wanzar da zaman lafiya da sauran shirye-shiryen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da suka shafi zaman lafiya da tsaro. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Text of Resolution 1325 |url=https://undocs.org/S/RES/1325(2000) |access-date=10 March 2017 |website=undocs.org |publisher=United Nations |at=para 17 |language=en}}</ref> Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa wasu sassan kudurorin, kamar samun babban mashawarcin jinsi, yana haifar da ware yancin mata daga duk sauran batutuwan zaman lafiya da tsaro, tare da batutuwan mata don haka sun zama gefe a cikin "getto gender" da kuma kasancewa a waje da na al'ada. Ta hanyar iyakance al'amuran mata ga masu ba da shawara ko ofisoshi na jinsi, cibiyoyin tsaro suna ci gaba da kallon batutuwan jinsi a matsayin babban batu kuma cibiyoyi sun kasance tsarin da maza ke mamaye. Da farko [[Jamus]] ba ta aiwatar da wani shiri na 1325 na kasa ba saboda wannan dalili, yana mai cewa ta tsara matsalolin jinsi a cikin hukumomin gwamnati da manufofinta, kodayake daga baya ta aiwatar da daya a cikin 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Barbara |last2=Pournik |first2=Milad |last3=Swaine |first3=Aisling |date=May 2014 |title=Women in Peace and Security through United Nations Security Resolution 1325: Literature Review, Content Analysis of National Action Plans, and Implementation |url=http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/NationalActionPlans/miladpournikanalysisdocs/igis_womeninpeaceandsecuritythroughunsr1325_millerpournikswaine_2014.pdf |access-date=17 December 2014 |publisher=Institute for Global and International Studies |page=16 |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218084714/http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/NationalActionPlans/miladpournikanalysisdocs/igis_womeninpeaceandsecuritythroughunsr1325_millerpournikswaine_2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tasiri === Duk da kulawar da aka yi na aiwatar da kuduri mai lamba 1325 da alamu masu tasowa, babu wata shaida da ke nuna tasirin da ake samu a kasashen da ke fama da rikici. Kididdigar da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi na nuna karancin ci gaba a fannoni kadan, musamman shigar da mata cikin harkokin siyasa. Bugu da kari, kudurin ya dogara ne da zato da dama da ba a tabbatar da su ba, kamar yuwuwar shigar mata ya yi tasiri ga zaman lafiya da tsaro. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2014 |title=Report of the Secretary-General on women and peace and security |url=https://undocs.org/S/2014/693 |series=S/2014/693}}</ref> Duk da haka, shirye-shiryen kwanan nan sun jaddada buƙatar ƙarin bayanai don bin diddigin sakamako, ciki har da Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Maɗaukaki mai zuwa na ƙuduri, wanda zai iya ba da cikakken bincike game da aiwatarwa da tasirinsa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0n3x2zeir5v71g1de6ftmt97bjd4q82 0 112354 976037 694992 2026-11-05T07:47:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976037 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu''' ( '''gyara XIV''' ) ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka an amince da shi a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 1868, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren sake fasali. Ana daukan shi a matsayin gyara wanda ya kowanne tasiri, yana sasanci game da haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa da daidaito kariya a ƙarƙashin doka a kowane mataki na gwamnati. Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu amsa ne ga al'amuran da suka shafi bayi da aka 'yantar bayan yakin basasar Amurka, kuma an yi hamayya da aiwatar da shi. An bukaci jihohin da aka ci galaba a kan su amince da ita don sake samun wakilci a Majalisa. Gyaran, musamman sashe na farko, yana ɗaya daga cikin sassa mafi adalci na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda ya kafa tushen yanke hukunci [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|na Kotun Koli]], irin su ''Brown v. Board of Education'' (1954; haramta wariyar launin fata a makarantun jama'a), ''Loving v. Virginia'' (1967; kawo karshen [[Ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin zubar da ciki|bans]] na auren jinsi), ''Roe v. Wade'' ( 1973 );), ''Bush v. Gore'' (2000; daidaita zaben shugaban kasa na 2000 ), ''Obergefell v. Hodges'' (2015; mika [[Haƙƙoƙi da ɗawainiyar aure a ƙasar Amurka|hakkin yin aure]] ga ma'auratan jima'i ), da kuma ''Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard'' (2023; haramta matakan wariya a mafi yawan daukan dalibai a kwaleji). Sashi na farko na gyaran ya haɗa da [[Citizenship Clause|Maganar zama ɗan ƙasa]], [[Privileges or Immunities Clause|gata ko kariya ga ɓangarori]], [[Due Process Clause|Sashe na Tsari mai kyau]], da [[Sashe na Dokar Daidaito|Jigon Kariya daidai]]. Sashen dokar zama ɗan ƙasa ta bayyana waye ɗan ƙasa gabaɗaya, wanda ya maye gurbin hukuncin Kotun Koli a ''[[Dred Scott v. Sandford]]'' (1857), wanda ya ɗauka cewa Amurkawa da suka fito daga bayin Afirka ba za su iya zama ƴan ƙasar Amurka ba. An fassara Fassarar Gata ko Immunities a cikin [[Slaughter-House Cases|''Sashe na Gidan Kashe'']] (1873) azaman hana jihohi hana haƙƙin tarayya, kamar ' [['Yanci na motsi|yancin motsi]] . Maganar Tsari Tsari ta ginu akan [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Kwaskwari na Biyar]] don haramta duk matakan gwamnati daga hana mutane rayuwa, 'yanci, ko dukiyoyi ba tare da [[Substantive due process|ingantaccen]] [[Procedural due process|tsari da tsari ba]] . Bugu da ƙari, Ƙa'idar Tsari Tsari tana goyan bayan [[Incorporation of the Bill of Rights|koyaswar haɗawa]], ta wanda aka yi amfani da ɓangaren [[United States Bill of Rights|Dokar Haƙƙin]] ga jihohi. Batun Kariya Daidaitan yana buƙatar kowace jiha ta ba da kariya daidai da doka ga duk mutane, gami da waɗanda ba ƴan ƙasa ba, a cikin [[Yanke hukunci|ikon ta]]. Sashi na biyu ya maye gurbin sulhun ''Three-fifths Compromise'', inda aka raba kujerun Majalisar Wakilai da Kwalejin Zabe ta hanyar amfani da maza na kowace jiha. A kyale jihohi su soke haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a "don shiga cikin tawaye, ko wani laifi," wannan sashe ya amince da ba da izini ga manyan laifuka . Sashe na uku ya haramtawa 'yan takara na tarayya da na jihohi wadanda "sun tsunduma cikin tawaye ko hamayya," amma a cikin ''Trump v. Anderson'' (2024), Kotun Koli ta bar aikace-aikacenta ga Majalisa don zaben tarayya da gwamnatocin jihohi don zaben jihohi. Sashe na hudu ya tabbatar da basussukan jama'a da Majalisa ta ba da izini yayin da ta ki biyan diyya ga masu rike da bayi don [[Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka na 13|'yantar da su]] . Sashe na biyar yana ba da ikon aiwatar da majalisa, amma ikon Majalisa don daidaita ayyukan masu zaman kansu ya koma ga Tsarin Kasuwanci, yayin da rukunan hana-kwace daga jami'an tsaro ya hana shiga tsakani na tarayya a cikin dokar jihar. == Sashi na 1: Dan kasa da hakkokin jama'a == === Fage ===  Sashi na 1 na Kwaskwarimar ta Goma sha Hudu ta fayyace ma'anar zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka bisa ƙa'ida kuma yana kare [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|haƙƙoƙin jama'a]] daban-daban daga tauyewa ko hana su ta kowace dokar jiha ko [[Ayyukan Gwamnati|matakin jiha]] . A cikin ''Shelley v. Kraemer'' (1948), Kotun Koli ta ce dole ne a yi amfani da yanayin tarihi na Kwaskwarimar Kwaskwarima na 14 don magance wariyar launin fata na jihohin kudanci a cikin fassararsa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saks |first=J. Harol |last2=Rabkin |first2=Sol |date=Spring 1960 |title=Racial and Religious Discrimination in Housing: A Report of Legal Progress |journal=[[Iowa Law Review]] |volume=45 |pages=488–524}}</ref> Wakili John Bingham ne ya rubuta da farko, Sashe na 1 shine mafi yawan shari'ar da ake yi na gyaran fuska, kuma wannan gyare-gyaren shine mafi yawan shari'a na Kundin Tsarin Mulki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finkelman |first=Paul |date=28 July 2003 |title=John Bingham and the Background to the Fourteenth Amendment |url=https://www.uakron.edu/dotAsset/727387.pdf |journal=[[Akron Law Review]] |volume=36 |pages=671–692}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Primary Documents in American History |url=https://guides.loc.gov/14th-amendment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503140514/https://guides.loc.gov/14th-amendment |archive-date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=May 3, 2024 |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> === Maganar zama ɗan ƙasa ===   [[Fayil:Jacob_M._Howard_-_Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|Sanata Jacob M. Howard na [[Michigan]], marubucin Maganar zama ɗan ƙasa]] Maganar zama dan kasa ta yi watsi da hukuncin Kotun Koli na [[Dred Scott v. Sandford|hukuncin Dred Scott]] na cewa Bakaken Amurkawa ba za su iya zama ’yan kasa ba. Sashe na kundin tsarin mulki ya tsara [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866]] ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga duk waɗanda aka haifa a cikin Amurka, ban da yaran jami'an diflomasiyya na ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=United States House of Representatives |author-link=39th United States Congress |date=9 March 1866 |title=Rights of Citizens |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-globe/congress-39-session-1-part-2.pdf |journal=[[Congressional Globe]] |pages=1290–1296}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta da dokokin ''jus sanguinis'' na Turai waɗanda ke ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ta hanyar iyayen mutum, masana tarihi sun tsara Maganar zama ɗan ƙasa ta Amurka a matsayin ƙarin ƙa'idodin daidaito na Kwaskwarima na goma sha huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Epps |first=Garrett |date=2018-10-30 |title=The Citizenship Clause Means What It Says |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/10/birthright-citizenship-constitution/574381/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=[[The Atlantic (magazine)|The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> Muhawarar da Majalisa ta yi kan batun zama dan kasa ya nuna karara na kin amincewa da ra'ayin Sanata Edgar Cowan na kyamar mutanen Romaniya, yana mai tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya soke matsayin dan kasa na haihuwa daga yaran da aka haifa ga kananan kabilu marasa galihu ba. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=United States Senate |author-link=39th United States Congress |date=30 May 1866 |title=Reconstruction |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-globe/congress-39-session-1-part-4.pdf |journal=[[Congressional Globe]] |pages=2890–2902}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=James C. |date=Summer 2006 |title=Defining "American": Birthright Citizenship and the Original Understanding of the 14th Amendment |url=https://www.gibsondunn.com/wp-content/uploads/documents/publications/Ho-DefiningAmerican.pdf |journal=[[The Green Bag (1997)|The Green Bag]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=367–378}}</ref> A cikin ''[[Elk v. Wilkins]]'' (1884), Kotun Koli ta fassara Maganar zama ɗan ƙasa a matsayin ba da izinin [[Birthright citizenship in the United States|haihuwa]] ga duk waɗanda aka haifa a cikin ikon Amurka da kuma barin Majalisa ta kafa wasu [[United States nationality law|hanyoyin da za a bi don zama ɗan ƙasa]] . <ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Magliocca |first=Gerard N. |date=2007 |title=Indians and Invaders: The Citizenship Clause and Illegal Aliens |url=https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1210&context=jcl |journal=[[University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law]] |volume=10 |pages=499–526 |ssrn=965268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709080527/https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1210&context=jcl |archive-date=2024-07-09 |access-date=2025-08-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Daidai da ra'ayoyin marubucin sashe, Sanata [[Jacob M. Howard]], Kotun Koli ta amince da cewa saboda [[Indian reservation|ra'ayoyin Indiya]] ba a ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin tarayya ba, 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da aka haifa a irin wannan ƙasa ba su da damar zama dan kasa na haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=United States Senate |author-link=39th United States Congress |date=2 February 1866 |title=Protection of Civil Rights |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-globe/congress-39-session-1-part-1.pdf |journal=[[Congressional Globe]] |pages=497–507 and 569–578}}</ref> <ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=United States Senate |author-link=39th United States Congress |date=30 May 1866 |title=Reconstruction |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-globe/congress-39-session-1-part-4.pdf |journal=[[Congressional Globe]] |pages=2890–2902}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=LaFantasie |first=Glenn W. |date=2011-03-20 |title=The erosion of the Civil War consensus |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/03/20/lafantasie_civil_war_consensus/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Dawes Act|Dokar Dawes]] ta 1887 ta ba da zama ɗan ƙasa ga ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka waɗanda suka karɓi [[Private property|kadarori masu zaman kansu]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Cultural assimilation of Native Americans|haɗakar al'adu]], yayin da [[Indian Citizenship Act|dokar zama ɗan ƙasar Indiya]] ta 1924 ta ba da zama ɗan ƙasa ga duk 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka da aka haifa a cikin [[U.S. territorial sovereignty|iyakokin]] ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stroud |first=Elizabeth L. |date=26 February 2025 |title=The Struggle for Native American Citizenship: From Elk v. Wilkins to the Indian Citizenship Act |url=https://jgrj.law.uiowa.edu/news/2025/02/struggle-native-american-citizenship-elk-v-wilkins-indian-citizenship-act |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=Journal of Gender, Race & Justice |publisher=[[University of Iowa College of Law]]}}</ref> == Tallafawa == === Shawara ta Majalisa === A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na yakin basasar Amurka da zamanin sake ginawa, Majalisa ta yi ta muhawara akai-akai game da haƙƙin tsoffin bayi da aka 'yantar da su ta [[Shelar 'Yanci|shelar 'yantar]] da su ta 1863 da [[Gyaran Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Amurka na 13|Kwaskwarima na goma sha uku]] na 1865, wanda ƙarshensa ya soke bautar a hukumance. Damuwa da cewa jihohin kudanci za su yi amfani da mazaunansu na Afirka ta Kudu don kara yawan wakilcin su na majalisa yayin da suke cin zarafi ga 'yancin jama'a na wadannan 'yantattun 'yan Republican, [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|'yan Republican]] sun nemi su hana irin wannan cin zarafin. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1866]] ta ba da tabbacin zama ɗan ƙasa ba tare da la'akari da kabila, launi, ko bautar da aka rigaya ba. Har ila yau, lissafin ya ba da tabbacin fa'ida daidai da samun damar yin amfani da doka, yana kai hari ga ka'idodin [[Black Codes (United States)|Black Codes]] na nuna wariya da aka yi a baya don hana motsi, aiki, kare kai, da haƙƙin haƙƙin doka na Baƙin Amurkawa. Yayi watsi da bukatar 'yan Republican masu matsakaicin ra'ayi, Shugaba [[Andrew Johnson]] ya ki amincewa da kudirin a ranar 27 ga Maris, 1866. A cikin [[Veto message|sakon veto]], Johnson ya tsara fadada zama dan kasa ga Amurkawa Afirka a matsayin wariyar launin fata don barin jihohi goma sha ɗaya na kudancin ba tare da wakilcin majalisa ba. <ref name=":62">{{Cite book|last3=Eric Foner}}</ref> Bayan makonni uku, an yi watsi da veto na Johnson kuma matakin ya zama doka. Rashin sanin ikon da kundin tsarin mulki ya ba su na zartarwa da aiwatar da doka, musamman idan [[Southern Democrats|'yan Democrat na Kudancin Kudancin]] sun sake dawo da Majalisa, ƙwarewar ta haifar da tsarawa don gyara tsarin mulki don kare waɗannan 'yancin ɗan adam. === Gyaran da aka yi === A martani ga Shugaba Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Dokar Gyara Tsarin Shari'a na 1937, Sanata William Borah ya ba da shawarar gyara tsarin mulki wanda zai soke tare da sake fasalin Kwaskwarima na Goma Sha Hudu, kwatankwacin 1933 Kwaskwari na Ashirin da Farko na gyara Kwaskwarimar Sha Takwas . Sauyar Batrah da za ta cire mahimmancin haƙƙin mallaka, ta ƙunshi sashe na farko da ke da hukuncin zabe na 3 da 4. cikin Maris 1937 . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ho |first=Daniel E. |last2=Quinn |first2=Kevin M. |date=Spring 2010 |title=Did a Switch in Time Save Nine? |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1143&context=faculty-articles |journal=[[Journal of Legal Analysis]] |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=69–113 |doi=10.1093/jla/2.1.69 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rl1ppq7f2uc8g9mni3c6wdko2q8v7g0 0 112933 975907 860847 2026-11-04T19:42:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975907 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Kawango Agot</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife ta | class="infobox-data" |<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">Kenya</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ta mutu | class="infobox-data" |17 ga watan Agusta 2024<div class="deathplace" style="display:inline">Zambia</div><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasancewa ɗyar ƙasa | class="infobox-data category" |yar Kenya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ilimi | class="infobox-data" |BSc, MPh,PhD |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma Matar&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Jami'ar Nairobi, Jami'ar Washington |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data role" |Lafiyar jama'a, Mai Bincike |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Taken | class="infobox-data title" |Dokta |} '''Kawango Agot''' (ya mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2024) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Kawango Agot {{!}} International AIDS Society (IAS) |url=https://www.iasociety.org/ias-condolence-statement/remembering-kawango-agot |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.iasociety.org |language=en}}</ref> ya kasance mai binciken kiwon lafiyar jama'a na Kenya kuma masanin cututtukan cututtuka. Binciken Agot ya mayar da hankali kan cutar kanjamau, yaduwar cutar kanjamao, da kaciya ta namiji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2014 |title=HIV Rates Lower in Women With Circumcised Partners |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/829494 |access-date=29 June 2016 |publisher=[[medscape.com]]}}</ref> Ta kasance mai kula da aikin hadin gwiwa tsakanin jami'arta da jami'o'in Illinois da Manitoba (UNIM), tana kimanta tasirin [[Kachiya|kaciya ta maza]] tsakanin HIV a cikin samari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ResearchGate {{!}} Find and share research |url=https://www.researchgate.net/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref>   '''Kawango Agot''' (ta mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2024) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Remembering Kawango Agot {{!}} International AIDS Society (IAS) |url=https://www.iasociety.org/ias-condolence-statement/remembering-kawango-agot |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.iasociety.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.iasociety.org/ias-condolence-statement/remembering-kawango-agot "Remembering Kawango Agot | International AIDS Society (IAS)"]. ''www.iasociety.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-08-02</span></span>.</cite></ref> ta kasance dan kenya mai binciken kiwon lafiyar jama'a na kuma masanin yaduwan cututtuka ne. Binciken Agot ya mayar da hankali kan cutar kanjamau, yaduwar cutar kanjamao, da kuma kaciyar maza.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2014 |title=HIV Rates Lower in Women With Circumcised Partners |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/829494 |access-date=29 June 2016 |publisher=[[medscape.com]]}}</ref> Ta kasance mai kula da aikin hadin gwiwa tsakanin jami'arta da jami'o'in Illinois da Manitoba (UNIM), tana kimanta tasirin [[Kachiya|kaciyar maza]] tsakanin HIV a cikin samari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ResearchGate {{!}} Find and share research |url=https://www.researchgate.net/ |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> Ta kasance kwararriyar masaniyar cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Katie |date=21 July 2014 |title=What's male circumcision worth? In Kenya, it's food vouchers |url=http://news.trust.org//item/20140721144650-quat2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003225945/http://news.trust.org//item/20140721144650-quat2/ |archive-date=3 October 2016 |access-date=29 June 2016 |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwin Mbulo |date=24 February 2016 |title=Many circumcised Zambians have sex before they heal - researcher |url=http://www.postzambia.com/news.php?id=15825 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415040333/http://postzambia.com/news.php?id=15825 |archive-date=15 April 2016 |access-date=29 June 2016 |publisher=[[The Post (Zambia)|postzambia.com]]}}</ref> Masanin Fulbright, ta sami digiri na farko daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]], digiri na biyu a Philosophy daga Jami'an Moi, da digirgir da MPH a Jami'ar Washington . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kawango Agot |url=http://na.eventscloud.com/ehome/index.php?eventid=91027&tabid=267292 |access-date=2020-05-28 |website=na.eventscloud.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930185638/https://na.eventscloud.com/ehome/index.php?eventid=91027&tabid=267292 |archive-date=2020-09-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == Ta sami ilimin farko a Kenya. Ta sami digiri na farko a fannnin ilimi daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] kuma ta ci gaba gaba har ta samu digiri na biyu na Falsafan cikin Abinci na Dan Adam daga Jami'an Moi . Ayyukanta a Jami'ar Moi sun haɗa da bincike kan batutuwan abinci mai gina jiki da ilmin cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajon |first=Brian |date=2024-08-18 |title=Kawango Agot: Renowned Kenyan Scholar Collapses, Dies - Tuko.co.ke |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/people/family/559014-kawango-agot-renowned-kenyan-scholar-collapses-dies/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.tuko.co.ke |language=en}}</ref> Kawongo Agot ta ci gaba da horon tsakanin kasa da kasa ta hanyar shiga Jami'ar Washington, Seattle inda ta sami digiri na biyu a Public Health da Doctor of Philosophy a Epidemiology a lokaci guda. Ayyukanta na digiri sun kasance tushe ga jagorancinta daga baya a cikin bincike da shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar kanjamau a duk faɗin Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajon |first=Brian |date=2024-08-18 |title=Kawango Agot: Renowned Kenyan Scholar Collapses, Dies - Tuko.co.ke |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/people/family/559014-kawango-agot-renowned-kenyan-scholar-collapses-dies/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.tuko.co.ke |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Ayyukanta a cikin binciken rigakafin cutar kanjamau ya fara ne a farkon shekarun 2000 tare da gwajin barkatai na kaciyar maza don rigakafin HIV. Wannan gwajin ya nuna raguwar kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau tsakanin maza da aka yi wa kaciya kuma ya rinjayi manufofin kiwon lafiyar jama'a na duniya a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bailey |first=Robert C. |last2=Moses |first2=Stephen |last3=Parker |first3=Corette B. |last4=Agot |first4=Kawango |last5=Maclean |first5=Ian |last6=Krieger |first6=John N. |last7=Williams |first7=Carolyn FM |last8=Campbell |first8=Richard T. |last9=Ndinya-Achola |first9=Jeckoniah O. |date=2007-02-24 |title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(07)60312-2/abstract |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=369 |issue=9562 |pages=643–656 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60312-2 |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=17321310 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DR KAWANGO AGOT (KENYA) - The EastAfrican |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/dr-kawango-agot-kenya--1304664 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.theeastafrican.co.ke}}</ref> == Nasarorin da ta samu == Ta kasance memba na Ƙungiyar AIDS ta Duniya kuma an san ta da rawar da ta taka wajen gudanar da bincike da aiwatar da manufofi a cikin shirye-shiryen HIV. Ayyukanta sun ba da gudummawa wajen fahimtar da duniya game da rigakafin cutar kanjamau a cikin yanayin da babu wadata kuma ya taimaka wa dabarun cutar kanjamau a Kenya.<ref name=":0"/> == Mutuwa == Kawango Agot ta mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, 2024 bayan a thalarci taron kwana biyu a Zambia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=Prof Agot: face HIV war impact male circumcision on scourge |url=https://educationnews.co.ke/prof-agot-the-face-of-hiv-war-and-impact-of-male-circumcision-on-the-scourge/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120406075036/http://www.cies.org/NCS/2004_2005/scholars/ncs_kagot.htm Kawango Agot], Fulbright New Century Scholars Program. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7g98dt4jdpkcjqngwuynav4sgt6bp65 0 113689 975996 939718 2026-11-05T01:08:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Expedition_is_in_progress_in_Meghalayan_Caves.jpg|right|thumb|Balaguron kogo a Meghalaya]] [[Fayil:Mawsmai_Cave_Meghalaya.JPG|right|thumb|Kogon Mawsmai kusa da Cherrapunji, [[Well cave|kogon rijiyar]] <ref name="Tour">{{Cite web |title=Caves |url=http://megtourism.gov.in/caves.html |publisher=Tourism Department, Government of Meghalaya |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2017-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729191306/http://www.megtourism.gov.in/caves.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>]] '''Caves na Meghalaya''' sun ƙunshi kogo masu yawa a cikin Jaintia, Khasi Hills, da Garo Hills a cikin jihar [[Meghalaya]] ta Indiya, kuma suna cikin kogo mafi tsayi a duniya. Daga cikin kogo goma mafi tsayi da zurfi a Indiya, tara na farko suna Meghalaya, yayin da na goma yana cikin [[Mizoram]] . Mafi tsayi shine Krem Liat Prah a cikin Jaintia Hills, wanda shine {{Convert|30957|m}} dogon. <ref name="Tour"/> {{Sfn|Daly|2013}} Kalmar "Krem" tana nufin kogo a yaren Khasi na gida . <ref name="Signs">{{Cite web |date=28 April 2008 |title=Cave-in proves ecologists right- Limestone mining causes part of India's seventh longest cave to collapse |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080428/jsp/northeast/story_9195867.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203131306/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080428/jsp/northeast/story_9195867.jsp |archive-date=3 February 2013 |publisher=The Telegraph India}}</ref> Binciken Kogon Meghalaya a halin yanzu ana gudanar da shi don ayyukan kimiyya da na nishaɗi, kuma har yanzu akwai wasu kogwanni da yawa da ba a bincika ba kuma a cikin jihar. <ref name="Nature">{{Cite web |title=What is Caving |url=https://www.adventurenation.com/activity/caving |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704182137/https://www.adventurenation.com/activity/caving |archive-date=2015-07-04 |publisher=Adventure & Nature Network Pvt. Ltd}}</ref> Tafiya na kogo na shekara-shekara wanda Meghalaya Adventurers Association (MAA) ta shirya ana kiranta da "Caving in the Abode of the Clouds Project". <ref name="Nature" /> <ref name="Caving">{{Cite web |title=Exploration 2000: Caving in the Abode of the Clouds Project |url=http://www.indiancaving.org.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=exploration:2000 |publisher=Indian caving Organization |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811204000/http://www.indiancaving.org.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=exploration:2000 |archive-date=2025-08-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Saboda an samo asali ne a cikin gine-ginen dutse, kogon yana ci gaba da fuskantar barazana daga masana'antar hakar ma'adinai. <ref name="Signs"/> == Tarihi == A cewar jaridar Bengal Gazette, Krem Mawmluh shine kogo <ref>{{Cite web |title=The biodiversity of Krem Mawkhyrdop of Meghalaya, India, on the verge of extinction |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/The%20biodiversity%20of%20Krem%20Mawkhyrdop.pdf |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627194124/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/The%20biodiversity%20of%20Krem%20Mawkhyrdop.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> da wani batu na Biritaniya, Lt. Yule, ya bincika a cikin 1844 {{Convert|1200|m}} an bincika kuma an gano nau'ikan rayuwar kogo guda huɗu. {{Sfn|Daly|2013}} Bayan lokacin Raj na Burtaniya an sami babban sha'awa a cikin kogo a matsayin wasan kasada a cikin jihar. Tun daga 1990s, wata kungiya ta musamman da aka sani da Meghalaya Adventurers Association (MAA) (wanda ke Shillong ) yana gudanar da bincike na shekara-shekara tare da masu ilimin kimiyya na Turai, cavers daga Indiya, masana daga sauran yankuna na duniya, Sojojin Indiya da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa na Indiya, <ref name="Nature"/> <ref name="Flies">{{Cite web |title=Scuttle Flies (Diptera: Phoridae) from Caves in Meghalaya, India |url=https://caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/v71/cave-71-01-81.pdf |publisher=Journal of Cave and Karst Studies |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100434/https://caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/v71/cave-71-01-81.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> suna kawo haske da yawa a cikin yankunan da aka fi sani da kar a cikin ƙasa. <ref name="Flies" /> == Lambobi da girman kogo == Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekarar 2015, an gano kogo da wuraren kogo guda 1,580 a Meghalaya, daga cikinsu an bincika kogo 980 gaba daya ko wani bangare, tsawon tsawon {{Convert|427|km}} kogon bincike. Tare da binciken tsawon {{Convert|30957|m}}, Krem Liat Prah a Jaintia Hills shine kogo mafi tsayi a Meghalaya, da Indiya, kuma an jera shi cikin kogo mafi tsayi a duniya. {{Sfn|Daly|2013}} <ref name="Longest">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=Worlds Longest Caves |url=http://www.caverbob.com/wlong.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060515145704/http://www.caverbob.com/wlong.htm |archive-date=15 May 2006 |publisher=caverbob.com}}</ref> Krem Liat Prah ya ƙunshi wani katon nassi mai suna "Aircraft Hangar." <ref name="Tour"/> Tun lokacin da aka kafa MAA a cikin 1994, kogon da aka bincika yana da kusan kusan 5% na jimlar hanyoyin karkashin kasa a cikin jihar Meghalaya. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Longest/Deepest Limestone Caves of Indian Subcontinent |url=http://www.caves.res.in/journal/articles/Amb_Sci_01(2)_Features.pdf |publisher=Ambient Science}}</ref> == Kiyayewa == Ma'adinan farar ƙasa don masana'antar siminti babbar barazana ce ga kogon Meghalaya, <ref name="Signs"/> yana haifar da babban rushewar kogon Krem Mawmluh, kogo na bakwai mafi tsayi a jihar [[Meghalaya]] . "Kogon-in" ya kara wayar da kan jama'a game da yuwuwar barazanar wuraren hakar ma'adinai ga arziƙin kimiyya, yawon shakatawa da al'adun gargajiya. Masana kimiyyar halittu da masu nazarin halittu sun matsa wa gwamnatin Meghalaya lamba da ta dauki kwararan matakai na dakatar da aikin hakar farar fata a kusa da kogon dutsen da ke cikin jihar. <ref name="Signs" /> A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, an shirya wani kamfanin siminti kusa da kogon Siju (wanda ake kira Bat Cave), kusa da wurin shakatawa na Balphakram a cikin tudun Garo. Wannan aikin ya haifar da adawa mai karfi daga al'ummar yankin, wanda masana kimiyya na duniya suka goyi bayansa, saboda kogon yana dauke da nau'in jemagu da yawa. Bayan an matsa lamba ga jama'a, a karshe ma'aikatar muhalli da gandun daji ta hana izinin gudanar da aikin. == Jerin kogo ashirin mafi tsayi a Meghalaya == {| class="wikitable sortable" !System !Length !Location !Formation !Remarks |- valign="top" |Krem Liat Prah |{{Convert|30957|m}}{{Sfn|Daly|2013}}<ref name="Longest"/> |Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone |In the Shnongrim Ridge. Huge trunk passage called the Aircraft Hangar. Longest cave in the Indian Subcontinent.<ref name="Tour"/> |- valign="top" |{{Plainlist|* Krem KotSati * Kotsati – Umlawan Cave System}} |{{Convert|21530|m}}{{Sfn|Daly|2013}} |Lumshnong village, Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone |24 entrances, both horizontal and vertical. Needs to swim to enter the caves<ref name="Tour" /> |- valign="top" |{{Plainlist|* Krem Tyngheng * Diengjem}} |{{Convert|21250|m}}{{Sfn|Daly|2013}} |Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone |Near Sammasi village. many side passages and very impressive.{{Sfn|Daly|2013}} |- valign="top" |{{Plainlist|* {{nowrap|Krem Umthloo-Synrang Labbit}} * Synrang-Pamiang}} |{{Convert|18181|m}}{{Sfn|Daly|2013}} |[[Chiehruphi]] village, on NH 44, Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone |Dendritic pattern of stream cave passage. Many entrances. "Titanic Hall" chamber with coloured formations in orange, red, black, grey, blue, green and white.<ref name="Tour" /> |- valign="top" | {{Plainlist|* Krem Chympe * Piel Khlieng Pouk}} |{{Convert|12434|m}} |From village Khaddum to Sielkan, Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone |A river cave. 50 natural dams or gours, {{Convert|6|-|8|m}} high. Large colony of bats.<ref name="Tour" /> |- valign="top" |{{Plainlist|* Krem Shrieh * Tangnub}} |{{Convert|8862|m}}<ref name="Tour" /> |Tangnub village, Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone |Also known as Very large vertical entrance shaft of {{Convert|97|m}} depth leads to fine stream passage and plethora of high fossil passages.<ref name="Tour" /> |- valign="top" |Krem Tyngheng |{{Convert|8671|m}}<ref name="Feb" /> |Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone | |- valign="top" |{{Plainlist|* Krem Mawkhyrdop * [[Mawmluh Cave|Krem Mawmluh]]}} |{{Convert|7194|m}}<ref name="Feb" /> |Khasi Hills | align="center" |Limestone |Filled with water needs wading, ceiling is {{Convert|2.5|ft}}, formations of stalactite, stalagmite, and rock fossils. Also large number of bats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2013 |title=Caving for beginners – Meghalaya |url=http://www.outdoorjournal.in/how-to-2/caving/caving-for-beginners/ |website=The Outdoor Journal }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A speleothem in Mawmluh Cave indicates a dramatic worldwide climate event around 2250 BC, and has been selected by the International Commission on Stratigraphy as the boundary stratotype of the Meghalayan stage/age of the late [[Holocene]]. |- valign="top" |{{Plainlist|* Krem Lymput * Nongjri}} |{{Convert|6641|m}}<ref name="Feb" /> |Nongjri village, Khasi Hills | align="center" |Limestone |Attraction is from a small entrance leads to {{Convert|1|km}} passage called "Way to Heaven," and further to a Mughal Room (more than {{Convert|25|m}} wide, {{Convert|25|m}} high, and {{Convert|75|m}} long).<ref name="Tour" /> |- valign="top" |{{Nowrap|Krem Rongdangngai Mondil Kol}} |{{Convert|5831|m}}<ref name="Feb" /> |Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone | |- valign="top" |{{Plainlist|* Krem Shyrong Labbit * Shyieng Khlieh}} |{{Convert|5715|m}}<ref name="Feb" /> |Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone | |- valign="top" |Tetengkil Balwakol |{{Convert|5681|m}}<ref name="Feb" /> |Nengkhong village, Garo Hills | align="center" |Limestone |two circular entrances of {{Convert|1|m}} dia expanding to walking height passages with dendric river flow.<ref name="Tour" /> |- valign="top" |Krem Umsynrang |{{Convert|5612|m}}<ref name="Feb" /> |Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone | |- valign="top" |{{Plainlist|* [[Siju Cave]] * Siju–Dobhakhol}} |{{Convert|4772|m}}<ref name="Feb" /> |Siju village, Garo Hills | align="center" |Limestone |It is in the vertical side of the Simsang River. Also known as "bat cave". Has attractive stalagmites and stalactites. It has a Di's chamber.<ref name="Tour" /> The cave has been extensively researched and is well known. |- valign="top" |Krem Risang |{{Convert|4565|m}}<ref name="Feb" /> |Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone | |- valign="top" |Krem Synrang Ngap |{{Convert|4172|m}}<ref name="Feb" /> |Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone |Initial reaches consist of calcite bosses to reach a major junction leading to an inlet tunnel converging to a smaller section of passage beyond which are potholed galleries with cave pearl-like sandstone pebbles in the floor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meghalaya |url=http://www.bec-cave.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1196:meghalaya-2005&catid=62&Itemid=566&lang=en |publisher=Bristol Exploration Club}}</ref> |- valign="top" |Krem Synrang Labbit |{{Convert|3933|m}}<ref name="Feb" /> |Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone | |- valign="top" |Krem Wah Ryngo – Khongrang |{{Convert|3416|m}}<ref name="Feb" /> |Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone | |- valign="top" |Krem Iawe |{{Convert|3398|m}}<ref name="Feb" /> |Shnongrim-Tangnub Ridge, Jaintia Hills | align="center" |Limestone |Daylight lit very wide pothole entrance. A number of attractive fossil passages.<ref name="Tour" /> |- valign="top" |Krem Mawshun |{{Convert|3339|m}}<ref name="Feb" /> |Near church Lelad, Khasi Hills | align="center" |Limestone |Dendritic master river cave. Has many decorated high level passages.<ref name="Tour" /> |} == IUGS Geological Heritage Site == Dangane da Krem Mawmluh Cave site kasancewar 'GSSP na ƙaramin yanki na sikelin lokacin geologic da ke da alaƙa da [[canjin yanayi]] mai ban mamaki tare da tasiri kan wayewar ɗan adam' [[International Union of Geological Sciences|Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya ta Duniya]] (IUGS)" ta haɗa da 'GSSP na Meghalayan Stage a cikin Mawmluh Cave' a cikin taronta na Oktoba 100 a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya. 2022. Ƙungiyar ta bayyana wani 'IUGS Geological Heritage Site' a matsayin 'mahimmin wuri tare da abubuwan ilimin geological da / ko matakai na dacewa da kimiyya na kasa da kasa, da aka yi amfani da su azaman tunani, da / ko tare da muhimmiyar gudummawa ga ci gaban ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa ta tarihi.' <ref>{{Cite web |title=The First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites |url=https://iugs-geoheritage.org/videos-pdfs/iugs_first_100_book_v2.pdf |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=IUGS International Commission on Geoheritage |publisher=IUGS |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919070404/https://iugs-geoheritage.org/videos-pdfs/iugs_first_100_book_v2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 0i9380vaghub3z21rer1sghs8qx9w2b 0 113708 975971 882286 2026-11-04T21:58:08Z Alfurqan 14918 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 975971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kundin tsarin mulki na [[Arewacin Cyprus]] yana kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a Arewacin Cyprus.<ref name="const30">[http://www.mahkemeler.net/cgi-bin/anayasa/anayasa.doc The Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713224250/http://www.mahkemeler.net/cgi-bin/anayasa/anayasa.doc |date=2018-07-13 }}, Article 30, Retrieved 2011-05-05: "Yasa, insan haklarına, demokrasi, sosyal adalet ve hukukun üstünlüğü ilkelerine dayanan laik devletin, ulusal güvenliğin ve genel ahlakın korunması halleri dışındaki bir dene dayanarak, halkın bu araçlarla Haber almasını, düşünce ve kanaatlara ulaşmasını ve kamuoyunun serbestçe oluşumunu engelleyici kayıtlar koyamaz".</ref> Koyaya, an sami rahotanni game da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na 'yan tsiraru,' yancin dimokuradiyya,' yanci daga nuna bambanci,' yancen motsi,' yankan addini,' yanƙin magana, haƙƙin ilimi, haƙƙin rayuwa, haƙƙin dukiya, da haƙƙin mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu.<ref name="Scribd">European Commission of Human Rights, "Report of the Commission to Applications 6780/74 and 6950/75", Council of Europe, 1976, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/66250437/The-Council-of-Europe-s-SECRET-Report-1976-Cyprus-barbary pp. 160–163.], [https://web.archive.org/web/20111012225604/https://www.scribd.com/doc/66250437/The-Council-of-Europe-s-SECRET-Report-1976-Cyprus-barbary Link from Internet Archive]</ref><ref>European Court of Human Rights, Grand Chamber, Case of Cyprus v. Turkey, Application no. 25781/94, Judgement (Just Satisfaction), May 12, 2014,[https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-144151/ Cyprus v. Turkey, Application No. 25781/94, Judgment (Just Satisfaction, Grand Chamber, 12/05/2014]</ref> Hakkin mutanen Girka da suka yi hijira ta hanyar mamayewar Turkiyya ta 1974 a Cyprus, musamman hakkinsu na dukiya da haƙƙin dawowa, yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan tattaunawa masu gudana don warware batun Cyprus.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}} A cewar rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 2001, ana mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam gabaɗaya, kodayake ana samun matsaloli ta fuskar ayyukan 'yan sanda, da hana zirga-zirga.<ref name="UNHCR">{{Cite web |date=15 April 2002 |title=Cyprus: Population of Kurds in Turkish controlled Northern Cyprus; their treatment by the government of Turkey and its agents |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,,CYP,,3df4be297,0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520030616/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2CIRBC%2C%2CCYP%2C%2C3df4be297%2C0.html |archive-date=20 May 2011 |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada}}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2011, Rahoton Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da batun 'yancin ɗan adam a Cyprus ya lura cewa rabon da ake ci gaba da yi a Cyprus yana ci gaba da shafar 'yancin ɗan adam a duk tsibirin "... ciki har da 'yancin motsi, 'yancin ɗan adam da ya shafi batun mutanen da suka ɓace, wariya, 'yancin rayuwa, 'yancin yin addini, da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.<ref name="ohchr">[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-21.pdf Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of human rights in Cyprus] 16th Session, Human Rights Council, United Nations, 7 January 2011</ref> == 'Yanci == === 'Yanci na Dimokuradiyya === Freedom House ta rarraba matakin da aka fahimta na 'yancin dimokuradiyya da siyasa a Arewacin Cyprus a matsayin "yanci" tun daga shekara ta 2000 a cikin rahoton Freedom in the World.<ref name="freeh">[https://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/fiw/FIW%202011%20Booklet_1_11_11.pdf Freedom in the World 2011 Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124031819/http://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/fiw/FIW%202011%20Booklet_1_11_11.pdf|date=2011-01-24}} Freedom House's Freedom in the World 2011 Report, page 29</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, Freedom House ta sake rarraba Arewacin Cyprus a matsayin "yanci" a cikin 'yancin siyasa da' yancin jama'a.<ref>''[https://freedomhouse.org/country/northern-cyprus/freedom-world/2024 Freedom in the World 2024]'', Freedom House, January 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya ta ba da rahoton cewa: "An haramta 'yan Cypriot na Girka da mazauna Maronite [na Arewacin Cyprus] daga shiga cikin zaben "na kasa" na Turkiyya Cypriots.<ref name="tchrf">[http://www.ktihv.org/Eng/content/view/43/13/ Overview of the Human Rights Situation in North Cyprus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727003221/http://www.ktihv.org/Eng/content/view/43/13/|date=2011-07-27}} Turkish Cypriot Human Rights Foundation</ref> Ma'aikatar Har ila yau ta rubuta cewa "An haramci 'yan C Cyprus da mazauna Mutanen Maronite daga shiga cikin zaɓen "na kasa";<ref name="2010report2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110414012944/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eur/154419.htm "2010 Human Rights Report: Cyprus"], US Department of State, Retrieved 24 April 2011.</ref> sun cancanci yin zabe a cikin 'yancin Cypriotes na Girka amma dole ne su tafiyar da aka ruwaitoci a yankin da ita don yin amfani da wannan dama ba da ita a cikin wannan dama na siyasa a cikin' yancin Cyprus ba.<ref name="2010report2" /> === 'Yanci daga azabtarwa === A watan Janairun 2009, Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya (TCHRF), ta amince da cewa: “‘Yan sanda na yawan kai rahoton azabtarwa da cin zarafin bil’adama, kuma lauyoyi da TCHRF suna matsawa hukumomi lamba don su bincikar su da gaske."<ref name="tchrf" /> === 'Yanci na addini === Tsarin mulki na Arewacin Cyprus yana kare 'yancin addini, kuma ya bayyana cewa Arewacin Cyprus ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta.<ref>[http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/main/polsyst/constitution/ The Constitution of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus], Articles 23 and 30, Retrieved 2011-04-24.</ref> Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2002 ya bayyana cewa doka ta kare 'yancin addini a Arewacin Cyprus kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana girmama' yancin addini.<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eur/8242.htm 2002 Report on Human Rights in Cyprus], US Department of State, retrieved on April 21, 2011.</ref> Rahoton 'yancin addini a cikin 2007 ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kuma bayyana cewa "Hukumomin Cyprus na Turkiyya gabaɗaya suna girmama wannan haƙƙin a aikace" kuma aikin addini gabaɗaya kyauta ne.<ref name="2007report">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90170.htm Cyprus International Religious Freedom Report 2007 - Cyprus], US Department of State, Retrieved 2011-04-24.</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2009, Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Ƙasa na duniya ta ba da rahoton cewa "Hukumomin Cyprus na Turkiyya sun girmama' yancin addini gabaɗaya".<ref>[http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=1873&tmpl=printpage Cyprus Overview], Minority Rights Group International, Retrieved April 21, 2011.</ref> A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2011, wakilai 68 a Majalisar Dokoki ta Majalisar Turai, a cikin rubutacciyar sanarwar no. 467, ya yi Allah wadai da: "Katse taron Kirsimeti a arewacin Cyprus da sojojin Turkiyya suka mamaye da kuma hana 'yancin yin addini da ibada. "<ref name="coe467">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110225181325/http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc11/EDOC12505.pdf Interruption of the Christmas mass in the northern occupied part of Cyprus by Turkish troops and restrictions to the right to freedom of religion and worship] Written Declaration No. 467, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Doc. 12505, 27 January 2011.</ref> Inda aka lura cewa sojojin Turkiyya sun tilasta wa limamin cocin da ke gudanar da hidimar a Agios Synesios, da ke Rizokarpaso ya cire rigunansa kuma ya umarci kowa da kowa ya bar cocin don haka ya keta [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]].<ref name="coe467" /><ref>[http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=ContentRecords.ViewDetail&ContentRecord_id=422&ContentType=S&ContentRecordType=S&CFID=48384850&CFTOKEN=37394154 Northern Cyprus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724165728/http://csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=ContentRecords.ViewDetail&ContentRecord_id=422&ContentType=S&ContentRecordType=S&CFID=48384850&CFTOKEN=37394154|date=2011-07-24}} Commission on Security & Cooperation in Europe, Senate, 25 January 2011.</ref> === 'Yanci na magana da na' yan jarida === A ranar 6 ga Yulin 1996, Kwamitin Kare ’Yan Jarida ya ba da rahoton cewa, an harbe Kutlu Adali, dan jaridan jaridar Yeni Duzen, har lahira a wajen gidansa. Ya soki manufofin gwamnati na shige da fice.<ref>[http://www.cpj.org/killed/europe/cyprus/ Kutlu Adali] Committee to Protect Journalists, 6 July 1996.</ref> Matar Adali ta garzaya kotu a kotun Turai sakamakon gazawar da hukumomin Arewacin Cyprus suka yi wajen gudanar da bincike kan kisan maigidanta.<ref>[http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/hof.nsf/e4ca7ef017f8c045c1256849004787f5/8dd7261e28baf503c1256fd30047a218?OpenDocument Adali v. Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807115634/http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/CaseLaw/hof.nsf/e4ca7ef017f8c045c1256849004787f5/8dd7261e28baf503c1256fd30047a218?OpenDocument|date=2011-08-07}} Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, 31 March 2005.</ref> Rahoton Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2002 ya bayyana cewa ana mutunta ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai gaba daya a Arewacin Cyprus kuma akwai jaridun ‘yan adawa wadanda galibi suna sukar gwamnati.<ref>[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/eur/8242.htm 2002 Report on Human Rights in Cyprus], US Department of State, Retrieved on April 21, 2011.</ref> World Press Freedom Index 2010 ya sanya Cyprus da Arewacin Cyprus 45 da 61 bi da bi.<ref>[http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2010,1034.html World Press Freedom Index 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124050702/http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2010,1034.html|date=November 24, 2010}}, Reporters Without Borders.</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2010, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa an sake girmama 'yancin' yan jarida gabaɗaya, babu ƙuntatawa a intanet, kuma kafofin watsa labarai masu zaman kansu suna aiki kuma suna nuna ra'ayoyi iri-iri ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, Cibiyar Tsaro ta Kasa da Kasa ta ba da rahoton cewa, Mutlu Esendemir, editan labarai na gidan talabijin na Turkiyya-Cypriot ''Kanal T'', da kuma mai ba da rahoto ga jaridar yaren Turkiyya ''Kıbrıs'', dukansu sun ji rauni a cikin bam din mota. Esendemir ya gamsu cewa harin yana da alaƙa da labaran da suka shafi batutuwan tsara gari a Kyrenia.<ref name="jmdjit2">[http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19967:car-bomb-injures-cypriot-journalist-ipi&catid=68:europe-central-asia-media-safety&Itemid=100522 Car bomb injures Cypriot journalist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310080105/http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19967:car-bomb-injures-cypriot-journalist-ipi&catid=68:europe-central-asia-media-safety&Itemid=100522|date=2012-03-10}} International News Safety Institute, 15 April 2011.</ref> Kemal Darbaz, shugaban Basin Sen, kungiyar 'yan jarida, ya lura cewa hare-haren da aka kai wa' yan jarida sun zama ruwan dare.<ref name="jmdjit2" /> == Hakki == === Hakkin ilimi === A cikin shekarar karatu ta 2004/5, an bude dakin motsa jiki, wanda ya kara da makarantar firamare ta Girka daya tilo da ke Arewacin Cyprus, domin al'ummar Cyprus ta Girka a Rizokarpaso, wannan ita ce makarantar sakandaren al'ummar Cyprus ta Girka ta farko da al'ummar ta samu tun bayan da Turkiyya ta mamaye Cyprus a 1974.<ref name="moec2008">[http://www.moec.gov.cy/etisia-ekthesi/pdf/annual_report_2008_en.pdf Annual Report 2008 of the Ministry of Education, p. 276] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053808/http://www.moec.gov.cy/etisia-ekthesi/pdf/annual_report_2008_en.pdf|date=2016-03-04}}, Republic of Cyprus Ministry of Education, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://archive.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_politics_1_09/03/2005_53848 In the same school year a nursery school was also opened for the Greek Cypriot community Teaching tolerance, Northern Cyprus hosts first Greek-language schools in three decades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204822/http://www.eworx.gr/|date=2016-03-03}}, Kathimerini newspaper, 9 March 2005.</ref> A cikin 2008, jaridar Cypriot Financial Mirror ta rubuta cewa, gwamnatin Arewacin Cyprus ta hana malaman makaranta komawa makarantar firamare a Rizokarpaso. <ref>[http://www.financialmirror.com/News/Cyprus_and_World_News/11314 School year begins in Cyprus primary education]{{Dead link|date=November 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}, Financial Mirror, 4 September 2008.</ref> A cikin 2010, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da rahoton cewa "ba a sami wasu lokuta da aka rubuta na nuna bambanci a hukumance ko al'umma ba bisa [...] damar samun ilimi".<ref name="2010report2" /> === Hakkin LGBT === Jima'i tsakanin mata masu girma sun yarda a Arewacin Cyprus.<ref name="ilga">[http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2010.pdf State-sponsored Homophobia, A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults, by Daniel Ottoson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122235101/http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2010.pdf|date=2010-11-22}}, The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, May 2010.</ref> Har yanzu ana aikata laifuka a Arewacin Cyprus har zuwa Janairu 2014, yayin da aka soke dokar adawa da luwadi da ke aiki a Jamhuriyar Cyprus bayan hukuncin 1993 na Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai (''Modinos v. Cyprus''). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-14 |title=Overview of the Human Rights Situation in North Cyprus by the Turkish Cypriot Human Rights Foundation |url=http://www.ktihv.org/Eng/content/view/43/13/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727003221/http://www.ktihv.org/Eng/content/view/43/13/ |archive-date=2011-07-27 |access-date=2010-11-17 |publisher=ktihv.org}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Junairun shekarar 2014 ne 'yan majalisar dokokin Cyprus Turkiyya suka amince da wani gyare-gyare na soke dokar da aka kafa a zamanin mulkin mallaka da ta hukunta masu luwadi da madigo da daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari ta hanyar wani sabon kundin tsarin laifuka. Wannan shi ne yanki na ƙarshe a Turai da ya lalata alaƙar jima'i tsakanin masu yarda, manyan maza. A martanin da aka kada, Paulo Corte-Real daga kungiyar 'yan madigo ta kasa da kasa, 'yan luwadi, bisexual, Trans da Intersex Association, wata kungiyar masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama ta ce "Muna maraba da zaben na yau kuma a karshe za mu iya kiran Turai a matsayin nahiyar da ta kubuta daga dokokin da ke haramta luwadi da madigo".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-27 |title=Northern Cyprus becomes last European territory to decriminalize... |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-north-gay-idUKBREA0Q16R20140127 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115130809/http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-north-gay-idUKBREA0Q16R20140127 |archive-date=January 15, 2016 |access-date=2019-07-10 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> === 'Yancin' yan tsiraru === A cikin 2008, an buɗe majami'a a Kyrenia don ƙaramin al'ummar Yahudawa a Arewacin Cyprus wanda galibi ya ƙunshi 'yan kasuwa waɗanda ba mazauna ba. Ba a samu rahoton hare-haren Anti-Semitic ba.<ref name="2010report2" /> Ƙananan ƙananan al'ummomin Girka da Maronite suna rayuwa a cikin ƙauyuka kuma suna fama da lahani na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. An ba da rahoton cewa ƙananan Kurdawa na fuskantar wariya a aikin yi. Kungiyoyin biyu dai sun koka da yadda hukumomin Arewacin Cyprus suke sa ido.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Cyprus: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/northern-cyprus/freedom-world/2023 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> === 'Yancin mata === Dokar Arewacin Cyprus ta haramta tashin hankali na cikin gida a karkashin wani hari / tashin hankali / batir a cikin dokar aikata laifuka,<ref name="2010report2" /> kodayake ba a riga an zartar da dokar tashin hankali ta cikin gida ba a Arewacin Cyprus.<ref>[http://www.hri.org/docs/USSD-Rights/95/Cyprus95.html#Section5 Cyprus Human Rights Practices, 1995: Discrimination Based on Race, Sex, Religion, Disability, Language, or Social Status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606044615/http://www.hri.org/docs/USSD-Rights/95/Cyprus95.html#Section5 |date=2020-06-06 }} Hellenic Resources network, U.S. Department of State, March 1996.</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, ''Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya'', ta lura cewa mata ba su da daidaito kamar maza, kuma ba sa rayuwa a cikin irin wannan yanayi kamar maza, musamman idan sun yi aure. Ana hana mata jin daɗin hakkinsu ta hanyar al'ummar da ke da iko. Wani rahoto na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a cikin 2010 ya nuna cewa kodayake hukumomi sun kula da shari'o'in fyade yadda ya kamata, tashin hankali a kan mata lamari ne kuma babu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da za su tallafa wa wadanda aka yi wa fyade.<ref name="2010report2" /> == Tarihi ==   === Batutuwan da suka shafi matsalar Cyprus === A shekara ta 2001, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ce ba a yi wa 'yan tsiraru na Girka na Cyprus da Maroniyawa yadda ya kamata.<ref name="UNHCR"/> Duk da haka, wani rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2002 ya ba da rahoton cewa gwamnatin Arewacin Cyprus ta sassauta takunkumin da aka yi wa tsiraru kuma tana mutunta haƙƙin tafiye-tafiye zuwa ƙasashen waje da ƙaura. A watan Afrilun 1998, gamayyar kasa da kasa mai fafutukar yaki da fataucin bakin haure da ke da hedkwata a Birtaniya ta bayyana cewa sojojin Turkiyya sun aiwatar da manufar hijira ta tilas inda Kurdawa suka tilasta wa Arewacin Cyprus mulkin mallaka daga Jamhuriyar Turkiyya, kuma Hukumar Shige da Fice da Kasa ta Burtaniya a shekarar 1999 ta ce ba a nuna wa Kurdawan wariya kuma suna cin gajiyar wasu hakkokinsu na siyasa da addini.<ref name="UNHCR" /> Shari'ar Class Action, Girkanci Cypriots, et al. v. TRNC da HSBC Bank USA, wanda 'yan gudun hijirar Cyprus Girka suka fara daga mamayar Turkiyya a Cyprus a 1974, Sandra Kocinski, Pat Clarke da Suz Latchford sun hada da Sandra Kocinski, Pat Clarke da Suz Latchford wadanda suka biya amma ba a taba ba su takardar doka ba ga gidajen da suka saya a arewacin tsibirin.<ref>Stephanos Constantinides, «International Law, Human Rights and Realpolitik, the Case of Cyprus», (in cooperation with Thalia Tassou), in Etudes Helléniques/Hellenic Studies, vol. 10, No. 1, Spring 2002.</ref><ref>[http://www.northcyprusdaily.com/news/Life/Buyers-of-property-in-the-north-join-US-lawsuit-195451.asp Buyers of property in the north join US lawsuit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216182944/http://northcyprusdaily.com/news/Life/Buyers-of-property-in-the-north-join-US-lawsuit-195451.asp |date=2010-12-16 }}, 17 January 2010, NorthCyprusDaily.com</ref> Hukumar Kula da Kaya ta Arewacin Cyprus ta ba da damar siyan kaddarorin mutanen da suka rasa matsugunan su kai tsaye idan an gabatar da bukatar hukumar amma ba ta yarda a mayar da mutanen da suka yi gudun hijira zuwa kadarorinsu ko filayensu ba.<ref name="2010report2" /> '''Kashe-kashen da ba su da dalili:''' A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1996, yayin zanga-zangar da aka yi a yankin Buffer Zone na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an harbe Solomos Solomou, 'yan gudun hijira Girka na Cyprus, kuma an kashe shi yayin da yake hawa tutar don cire tutar Turkiyya. Lamarin ya faru ne kawai 'yan kwanaki bayan jana'izar dan uwansa Tassos Isaac, wanda aka kashe 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata, da' 'Yan kasar Turkiyya na kungiyar Grey Wolves, a lokacin zanga-zangar da ta gabata.<ref>[http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/kygtpen/1996/96-11-22.kygtpen.html Arrest warrants issued for murder of Tassos Isaac] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224075330/http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/kygtpen/1996/96-11-22.kygtpen.html |date=2007-02-24 }} Republic of Cyprus Press & Information Office press release, 22 November 1996.</ref> A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2005, game da hukuncin da aka yanke wa Kakoulli v. Turkiyya a Kotun Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turai:<blockquote>"Kotu ta yanke hukunci, tare da haɗin kai, cewa akwai: · keta Mataki na 2 (dama ga rayuwa) na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam game da kisan dangi na' yan neman da wani sojan Turkiyya ya yi a yankin da ke tsakanin arewa da kudancin Cyprus; · keta Mataki na 2 game da rashin isasshen bincike game da mutuwarsa ... "<ref name="echr">[http://www.coe.int/T/D/Kommunikation_und_politische_Forschung/Presse_und_Online_Info/Presseinfos/2005/20051122-631-GH-KakoulliT%C3%BCrkei.asp Chamber Judgement Kakoulli v. Turkey], European Court of Human Rights, 22 November 2005.</ref></blockquote>Bugu da ƙari, a cikin Janairu 2011, Rahoton Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Haƙƙin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da batun yancin ɗan adam a Cyprus ya lura cewa:<blockquote>"Matsayin Andreou v. Turkiyya (45653/99) ya shafi kisan kai ba tare da dalili ba a yankin yankin mamayar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Panayi v. Turkiyaa (45388/99) a yankin shigarwa a yankin mamayar UN. "<ref name="ohchrp10">[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-21.pdf Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of human rights in Cyprus, p.10], 16th Session, Human Rights Council, United Nations, 7 January 2011.</ref></blockquote>'''Mutanen Girka da suka rasa muhallinsu:''' Kotun kare hakkin bil'adama ta Turai ta yanke hukunci kan shari'ar Loizidou da Turkiyya game da 'yancin da 'yar Cyprus ta Girka Titina Loizidou ke da shi na komawa gidanta, tun lokacin da Turkiyya ta mamaye Cyprus, sannan kuma ta nuna gazawar Jamhuriyar Turkiyya ta biya Loizidou Loizidou bayan yanke hukunci a wani taron kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Turai: "... cewa hukumomin Turkiyya sun ci gaba da hana ta samun damar samun wasu kadarori a arewacin Cyprus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 1999 |title=H54-1 - Loizidou against Turkey, Judgments of 18 December 1996 and 28 July 1998, Application of Article 54 of the ECHR |url=https://wcd.coe.int/wcd/ViewDoc.jsp?id=417773&Site=CM |access-date=17 April 2011 |publisher=Council of Europe, Human Rights Meeting}}</ref> A watan Mayu 2001, Kotun Turai ta ’Yancin ’Yan Adam (ECHR) ta yanke hukunci:<blockquote>"... cewa Turkiyya ce ke da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Cyprus wanda ya samo asali ne daga shigar da sojoji na Turkiyya ta 1974. Sakamakon korafin da Gwamnatin Cyprus ta yi, shawarar ta ki amincewa da gardamar Turkiyya cewa "TRNC" ƙasa ce mai zaman kanta kuma a maimakon haka ta yanke hukuncin cewa "karamar hukuma ce ta Turkiyya da ke aiki a arewacin Cyprus".</blockquote>'''The Enclaved:''' A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2001, Kotun Turai ta Turai (ECHR) ta nuna cewa Turkiyya ta yi watsi da hukunce-hukuncen da ta yanke na farko game da ’yancin ilimi.<ref name="edu">[http://www.right-to-education.org/node/676 Cyprus v Turkey Application no. 25781/94 European Court of Human Rights May 2001] RIGHTtoEDUCATION project.</ref> ECHR ta kuma bayyana, a cikin wasu laifuka, guda biyu masu zuwa waɗanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye ga haƙƙin ilimi, inda na biyu a taƙaice ya bayyana abin da aka yiwa malaman firamare na Rizokarpaso (da iyalansu):<blockquote>"... keta Mataki na 2 na Yarjejeniya No. 1 (dama ga ilimi) game da Girkanci Cypriots da ke zaune a arewacin Cyprus har zuwa lokacin da babu wuraren makarantar sakandare da suka dace da su; ... keta Mataki ya 3 cewa Girkanci C Cyprus da ke zaune da yankin Karpas na arewacin Cyprus sun kasance ƙarƙashin nuna bambanci wanda ya kai ga lalacewar kulawa;"<ref name="edu" /> </blockquote>Bugu da ƙari, ECHR ta lura da tauye littattafan makaranta da kuma hana karatun sakandare ga waɗanda ke kewaye. Hukumar ta ECHR ta yi kira ga mahukuntan Turkiyya da su daina tantance litattafan harshen Girka tare da sanar da su cewa rufe makarantun da ake amfani da su na yaren Girka tamkar tauye hakkin ilimi ne.<ref name="edu" /> A cikin 2003, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Al'adu ta Jamhuriyar Cyprus ta lura a cikin rahotonta cewa makarantar firamare a Rizokarpasso ita ce makarantar firamare ta Girka kawai a Arewacin Cyprus kuma tana da malamai uku da dalibai ashirin da biyar. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2003, a Majalisar Turai, a Strasbourg, a lokacin " jawabai na minti daya kan batutuwan da suka shafi siyasa ", 'yan majalisar Turai biyu sun nuna damuwarsu game da korar da hukumomin gida suka yi, na malaman makarantar firamare na Rizokarpaso biyu (Alexia da Grigoris Koukotsikas) tare da 'ya'yansu. An ba da haske game da hane-hane a cikin wani rahoto da ya gabata, na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya:<blockquote>"... Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin rahotonsa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1995 ya bayyana cewa Girka Cypriots da Maronites a cikin yankin da aka mamaye sun kasance "abin da ke da ƙuntatawa sosai wanda ya rage yin amfani da 'yanci da yawa na asali kuma yana da tasirin tabbatar da cewa, ba tare da wucewar lokaci ba waɗannan al'ummomin za su daina wanzuwa a arewacin tsibirin. "</blockquote><blockquote>"Sakatare Janar, a cikin rahotonsa ga Majalisar Tsaro mai kwanan wata 30 ga Nuwamba 1991 (S/24050), ya ce: "... a lokuta da yawa an hana UNFICYP ... yayin gudanar da ayyukan jin kai don tallafawa Girka Cypriots a arewa. Samun damar zuwa ga Girka Cypriots da ke zaune a yankin Karpas ta hanyar ma'aikatan agaji na UNFICYP da 'yan sanda farar hula an hana su a lokuta da yawa ... ba tare da katsewa ba 'yancin motsi wajen aiwatar da ayyukanta da kuma muhimman ayyukan jin kai da alhakin" ... "</blockquote> === Ra'ayoyin Jamhuriyar Cyprus === Jamhuriyar Cyprus ta yi iƙirarin a cikin wani rahoto na 1994 cewa ana tauye haƙƙin ƴan sa-kai na Girka. Rahoton ya kunshi ikirari na hana likitocin Cyprus na Girka hakkin zama a yankin ko kuma kai ziyara akai-akai, da takaita zirga-zirgar dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da wasu sharuddan da ake zargin wadanda aka yi garkuwa da su na ficewa daga kauyukansu da kuma kai rahoto ga ofishin 'yan sanda a mako-mako, ana sanya su tsaftace tashar da kuma yankunan da ke makwabtaka da su. Ta yi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan wani bangare ne na "manufofin musgunawa, wariyar launin fata, tsoratarwa da tilastawa". Rahoton ya kuma ja hankali game da rabon kadarorin Cyprus da hukumomin Turkiyya suka yi a matsayin take hakkin mallaka, da kuma ci gaba da hana 'yan Cyprus 200,000 da suka yi gudun hijira komawa gidajensu. == Sauran batutuwa == Kullum mayar da hankali kan rarraba tsibirin wani lokacin yana rufe wasu batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam. Karuwanci ya yi kamari, kuma ana sukar tsibirin saboda rawar da take takawa a cinikin jima'i a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin safarar mutane daga gabashin Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jean Christou |title=US report raps Cyprus over battle on flesh trade |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=26259&cat_id=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014803/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=26259&cat_id=1 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=2007-10-13 |publisher=cyprus-mail.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacqueline Theodoulou |title=A shame on our society |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=24784&cat_id=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202918/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=24784&cat_id=9 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2007-10-13 |publisher=cyprus-mail.com}}</ref> A cikin Janairun 2009, Gidauniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya ta lura da damuwa game da fataucin mutane:<blockquote>"Fataucin mutane wani yanki ne da ake iya gani na take hakkin dan Adam a Arewacin Cyprus kasar da ke zama kasar da ake fataucin mata daga kasashe irin su Ukraine da Moldova da kuma Rasha. Da alama fataucin mutane yana karuwa a Arewacin Cyprus kamar yadda ake yi a duniya".</blockquote> == Dubi kuma == * [['Yancin Dan Adam a Cyprus]] * Tsarkakewar Intanet da sa ido a Cyprus * Loizidou v. Turkiyya, shari'ar shari'a ta 1989 game da haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira da ke son komawa gidajensu da dukiyoyinsu na dā. * Greek Cypriots, et al. v. TRNC da HSBC Bank USA, wani mataki na aji da Greek Cypraots da sauransu suka kai karar don "ƙaryata samun dama da jin daɗin ƙasa da dukiya da aka gudanar a arewa". * Kormakitis, wani karamin ƙauye a arewacin tsibirin Cyprus. * Rizokarpaso, wani gari ne a Yankin Karpass a arewa maso gabashin Cyprus . == Manazarta == {{Reflist|32em}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.ktihv.org/ Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turkiyya] {{Human rights in Europe}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b02jg855d2jqz9zdb10j7d7n6fpmwqh 0 113915 975965 854130 2026-11-04T21:53:45Z Alfurqan 14918 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 975965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Antigua da Barbuda sun ƙunshi jerin haƙƙoƙin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Antigua da Barbuda ke kiyaye shi ta doka. Bugu da kari, majalisar dokokin Antigua da Barbuda ta amince da yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa daban-daban da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na al'ummarta. Idan wani a Antigua da Barbuda ya yi imanin cewa an keta haƙƙinsu na tsarin mulki, za su iya ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa Babban Kotun Antigua da Barbuda. == Daidaitawar jinsi == Antigua da Barbuda suna fuskantar manyan batutuwa tare da daidaito tsakanin jinsi. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na 2020, Antigua da Barbuda sun karɓi kashi 44.4% na tsarin doka waɗanda ke kare haƙƙin mata, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Fact Sheet {{!}} UN Women Data Hub |url=https://data.unwomen.org/country/antigua-and-barbuda#:~:text=However,%20work%20still%20needs%20to,parliament%20were%20held%20by%20women. |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=data.unwomen.org}}</ref> kuma ya zuwa Disamba na 2024, kashi 5.6% na kujerun da ke cikin Majalisar Wakilai <ref>{{Cite web |title=Antigua and Barbuda {{!}} House of Representatives {{!}} Data on women |url=https://data.ipu.org/parliament/AG/AG-LC01/data-on-women/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=IPU Parline: global data on national parliaments |language=en-GB}}</ref> da kuma kashi 41.2% na kujerar da aka gudanar a Majalisar Dattijai da ba a zaba ba mata ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Antigua and Barbuda {{!}} Senate {{!}} Data on women |url=https://data.ipu.org/parliament/AG/AG-UC01/data-on-women/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=IPU Parline: global data on national parliaments |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mata sun tashi zuwa wasu muhimman mukamai na siyasa a Antigua da Barbuda, kamar tsohon gwamnan janar Louise Lake-Tack, masu magana da yawa na Majalisar Wakilai, da shugaban majalisar dattijai na yanzu Alincia Williams-Grant. Matar farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Wakilai ita ce Jacqui Quinn-Leandro a shekara ta 2004.<ref name="Senate appointment">{{cite news |last1=Gordon |first1=Theresa |date=16 July 2014 |title=Quinn Leandro introspects on UPP defeat |url=http://antiguaobserver.com/quinn-leandro-introspects-on-upp-defeat/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718033523/http://www.antiguaobserver.com/quinn-leandro-introspects-on-upp-defeat/ |archive-date=18 July 2014 |accessdate=9 September 2015 |publisher=Antigua Observer |location=St. John’s, Antigua}}</ref> Nuna bambanci ta hanyar jima'i a Antigua da Barbuda an haramta shi ta sashi na uku na Kundin Tsarin Mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antigua and Barbuda: Constitution, 1981 Chapter II |url=https://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cap-23.pdf |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=laws.gov.ag}}</ref> == 'Yanci == === 'Yanci na' yan jarida === 'Yanci na' yan jarida ba shi da tarihin da ya dace. A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin 1982 a lokacin gwamnatin V. C. Bird, jami'an 'yan sanda ashirin sun kai hari The Outlet, wata jarida mai adawa da gwamnati. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Babban Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa harin bai dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba.<ref name="icp" /> Editan jaridar, Tim Hector, daga baya aka tuhume shi da cin mutunci saboda maganganunsa a cikin jaridar,<ref name="icp2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0zvAAAAMAAJ|title=Intercontinental Press Combined with Inprecor|publisher=Intercontinental Press|year=1982}}</ref> kodayake Majalisar Privy daga baya ta yanke hukuncin cewa wannan matakin bai dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba.<ref name="CogginsLewis1992">{{cite book|author1=John Coggins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0o0YAAAAIAAJ|title=Political parties of the Americas and the Caribbean: a reference guide|author2=David Stephen Lewis|publisher=Longman|year=1992|isbn=978-0-582-09646-2|page=8}}</ref><ref name="Jones2001">{{cite book|author=Derek Jones|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1JHrAAAAMAAJ|title=Censorship: a world encyclopedia|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-1-57958-135-0|page=68}}</ref> Ana ci gaba da kai farmaki ga manema labarai a Antigua da Barbuda, tare da Firayim Minista Gaston Browne akai-akai yana kai karar abokan adawarsa na siyasa da jaridu na adawa don ɓata suna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Browne to sue political opponents for defamation {{!}} Loop Caribbean News |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/pm-browne-sue-political-opponents-defamation |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Loop News |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === 'Yanci na addini === Gabaɗaya ana mutunta 'yancin yin addini a Antigua da Barbuda. Koyaya, gwamnatin Antigua da Barbuda Labour Party ta yanzu ta yi amfani da gabatarwar kundin tsarin mulkin Antigua da Barbuda a matsayin hujja don shigar da addini a makarantun gwamnati. Bayan jerin tashe-tashen hankula na matasa a cikin 2024, Browne ya buƙaci dukan makarantun gwamnati a ƙasar su gudanar da addu'ar Kirista na wajibi a taronsu na safe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael |date=2024-08-27 |title=Prayers have never been removed from public schools, education official says |url=https://antiguaobserver.com/prayers-have-never-been-removed-from-public-schools-education-official-says/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Antigua Observer Newspaper |language=en-GB}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2024, gwamnati ta kafa ranar addu'a ta kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-09-10 |title=Half Day Holiday For National Day of Prayer |url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/half-day-holiday-for-national-day-of-prayer/ |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Antigua News Room |language=en-US}}</ref> Gwamnati ta nuna jajircewa ga kare Rastafarians, duk da haka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antiguan gov't condemns discrimination against Rastafarians at schools {{!}} Loop Caribbean News |url=https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/antiguan-govt-condemns-discrimination-against-rastafarians-schools |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Loop News |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == p8wwiwvkkgqori0vbkxss1yn8s6hvjv 0 115375 976020 836049 2026-11-05T05:28:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Minna,''' Kwalejin Sakandare ce ta Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Minna, [[Chanchaga]], [[Neja|Jihar Neja]] kuma tana daya daga cikin Makarantun Hadin Kai na Tarayya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hotels.ng |title=Federal Government College Minna |url=https://hotels.ng/places/school/4374-federal-government-college-minna |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=Hotels.ng |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-30 |title=Full list of Federal Unity Schools in Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/communities/student/fg-colleges-full-list-of-federal-unity-schools-in-nigeria/0p1dd2g |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Unity Colleges |url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-unity-colleges/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Federal Ministry of Education |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An gina ta kuma ta fara ayyukansa a cikin Janairu 1979 a wani wuri na wucin gadi da aka sani da Kwalejin Malamai na Gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Government College Minna, Tungan Goro Road, Chanchaga Local Government Area, Minna (2020) |url=https://www.schoolandcollegelistings.com/NG/Minna/143821745685068/Federal-Government-College-Minna |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=www.schoolandcollegelistings.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Government College, Minna {{!}} About us |url=https://fgcminna.com/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515101733/https://fgcminna.com/about-us |archive-date=2021-05-15 |access-date=2020-08-21 |website=fgcminna.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4fob7o804rvp2hsntq11vfeq72hvl03 0 115852 976014 717630 2026-11-05T04:52:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin 'yan mata ta Gwamnatin tarayya, Omu-Aran''' makarantar sakandare ce ta tarayya da ke Omu-Alan, [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |author-link=Vanguard (Nigeria) |date=December 2, 2016 |title=Winners of Kwara community mini-marathon to get N.2m scholarship |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/12/winners-kwara-community-mini-marathon-get-n-2m-scholarship/}}</ref> An kafa makarantar ne a ranar 13 ga Mayu 1995 tare da dalibai 116 na majagaba da Mrs Hajia J. F. Gold a matsayin shugabarta ta farko. Taken da hangen nesa na makarantar shine "tare kowa yana samun ƙarin" da kuma "ikwatattun ilimin yara mata don ci gaban ƙasa" bi da bi. An dauki nauyin wannan Kwalejin ne daga sha'awar hada 'yan mata daga al'adu daban-daban, kabilanci da harshe daga sassa daban-daban na [[Najeriya]] don koyo a ƙarƙashin wannan yanayi tare da kallon inganta hadin kan kasa tsakanin su a matakin da ya dace na rayuwarsu. Kafa ta daidai yake da manufofin Gwamnatin Tarayya na samun akalla kwalejojin Gwamnatin Tarayyar guda biyu da aka sani da [[List of unity schools in Nigeria|makarantun hadin kai]] a kowace Jiha ta Tarayyar ciki har da [[Abuja]] don zama Makarantun Misali ga wasu a cikin burinsu na ɗabi'a da zamantakewar al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Government Girls College, Omu-Aran |url=https://fggcomuaran.sch.ng/about-us |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=fggcomuaran.sch.ng |archive-date=2023-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907123531/https://fggcomuaran.sch.ng/about-us |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Unity Colleges |url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-unity-colleges/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Federal Ministry of Education |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == ogc9gs7sj9kca4ms5e3p76lq7h2izii 0 115941 975863 899055 2026-11-04T17:14:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana kimanta ilimin manya a Amurka ta hanyar nazarin ƙasa da na duniya da hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban da kungiyoyin bincike masu zaman kansu suka gudanar. Bayanan da suka fi dacewa a baya-bayan nan sun fito ne daga binciken da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimi ta Kasa (NCES) ta gudanar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin OECD don Binciken Kasa da Kasa na Kwarewar Matasa. A cikin 2023, kashi 28% na manya sun zira kwallaye a ko ƙasa da Mataki 1, 29% a Mataki 2, da 44% a Mataki 3 ko sama. Manya da ke ci a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci na karatu da rubutu sun karu da maki 9 tsakanin 2017 da 2023. A cikin 2017, kashi 19% na manya na Amurka sun sami Mataki na 1 ko ƙasa a cikin karatu da rubutu, yayin da kashi 48% suka sami matakan mafi girma. Duk wani abu da ke ƙasa da Mataki na 3 ana ɗaukarsa "rashin ilimi" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rothwell |first=Jonathan |date=8 September 2020 |title=Assessing the Economic Gains of Eradicating Illiteracy Nationally and Regionally in the United States |url=https://www.barbarabush.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/BBFoundation_GainsFromEradicatingIlliteracy_9_8.pdf |website=Barbara Bush Foundation}}</ref> (duba kuma § Ma'anar da ke ƙasa). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nietzel |first=Michael T. |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Low Literacy Levels Among U.S. Adults Could Be Costing The Economy $2.2 Trillion A Year |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2020/09/09/low-literacy-levels-among-us-adults-could-be-costing-the-economy-22-trillion-a-year/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915232036/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2020/09/09/low-literacy-levels-among-us-adults-could-be-costing-the-economy-22-trillion-a-year/ |archive-date=September 15, 2020 |access-date=February 13, 2025 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Manya da ke ƙaruwa a ƙasa Mataki na 1 na iya fahimtar kalmomi masu sauƙi da gajerun sakin layi tare da ƙaramin tsari amma za su yi gwagwarmaya tare da umarni masu matakai da yawa ko kalmomi masu rikitarwa, yayin da waɗanda ke Mataki na 1'n zasu iya gano bayanan da aka nuna a bayyane a cikin gajerun matani, jerin, ko shafuka masu sauƙi tare da ƙananan abubuwan jan hankali amma za su gwagwarmayar da matani masu yawa da kuma abubuwan da suka haɗa kai.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=What PIAAC Measures |url=https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/piaac/measure.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106175629/https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/piaac/measure.asp |archive-date=January 6, 2025 |access-date=February 13, 2025 |website=[[National Center for Education Statistics]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ƙungiyoyin biyu suna gwagwarmaya da karanta kalmomi masu rikitarwa, matani da ke buƙatar sarrafa matakai da yawa, da matani tare da jan hankali.<ref name=":6" /> Binciken da Gallup ya yi a shekarar 2020 tare da Gidauniyar Barbara Bush don Ilimi na Iyali ya kiyasta cewa fitar da tattalin arzikin Amurka na iya ƙaruwa da dala tiriliyan 2.2 a kowace shekara - kusan 10% na GDP na ƙasa - idan duk manya suna matakin 3. == Tarihi == === Zamanin mulkin mallaka === An bayyana karatu da rubutu a zamanin mulkin mallaka da farko a matsayin ikon karatu, tare da rubuce-rubuce da aka dauka a matsayin ƙwarewa ta biyu. Muhimmancin karatu da rubutu ya bambanta bisa ga yanki, zamantakewar jama'a, da kuma sana'a, amma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikin addini, harkokin shari'a, le yada ra'ayoyin siyasa. An bayyana bambance-bambance na yanki a cikin ƙimar karatu da rubutu. A New England, karatu da rubutu ya kasance mai girma saboda karfafawa na Puritan akan karatun Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Dokokin mulkin mallaka, irin su Dokokin Makarantar Massachusetts na shekarun 1640, sun ba da umarnin ilimi na asali, suna ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar karatu da rubutu tsakanin jama'a. A cikin mulkin mallaka na tsakiya, yawan karatu da rubutu ya kasance matsakaici, yana nuna bambancin addini da kabilanci na yankin. Sau da yawa ana ba da ilimi ta hanyar masu koyarwa masu zaman kansu, makarantun coci, ko kuma koyo. Kudancin Kudancin sun nuna ƙarancin karatu da rubutu, musamman tsakanin talakawa [[Bauta a Amurka|'Yan bayi]]. An hana bayi samun ilimi yayin da talakawa kawai suka iya halartar makaranta wanda za su iya biya, tunda gwamnatocin jihohin Kudancin yawanci ba su tallafa wa makarantun gwamnati ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wingfield |first=Danielle |date=2023-12-01 |title=Pathways to Liberty: What Colonial, Antebellum, and Postbellum Education Can Teach Us About Today |url=https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj/vol32/iss2/4/ |journal=William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=437 |issn=1065-8254}}</ref> Cibiyoyin addini sun kasance tsakiya ga ilimin karatu da rubutu a duk yankuna. Ikklisiyoyi galibi suna aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin ilimi, tare da ministoci da shugabannin addini suna inganta karatu da rubutu don sauƙaƙe karatun nassi. Kayan ilimi galibi sun haɗa da New England Primer, hornbooks, da Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Bambancin jinsi a cikin karatu da rubutu ya kasance a bayyane a duk faɗin yankuna. Maza, musamman wadanda ke cikin birane ko kuma daga manyan zamantakewar al'umma, sun fi iya zama masu karatu fiye da mata. A New England, wasu mata sun sami ilimin karatu da rubutu ta hanyar koyarwa ta gida ko al'ummomin addini. Koyaya, a cikin Ƙungiyoyin Tsakiya da Kudancin, ilimi na yau da kullun ga mata yana da iyaka, kuma da yawa sun kasance marasa karatu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kariofyllis |first=Alyssa |title=Women's Opportunities For Education Along The Battle Road |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/alyssa-kariofyllis-women-of-the-battle-road-paper-3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207140436/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/alyssa-kariofyllis-women-of-the-battle-road-paper-3.htm |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |access-date=February 14, 2025 |website=[[National Park Service]] |language=en}}</ref> Bauta da 'Yan asalin Amurka sun fuskanci manyan cikas ga karatu da rubutu. A cikin Kudancin Kudancin, an kafa dokoki don ƙuntata ilimin bayi, kamar yadda aka fahimci karatu da rubutu a matsayin hanyar juriya. Duk da haka, wasu bayi sun sami karatu da rubutu, sau da yawa a asirce. Kokarin mishan don ilimantar da kabilun 'yan asalin Amurka a wasu lokuta sun haɗa da koyar da karatu da rubutu, kodayake irin waɗannan ƙoƙarin suna da alaƙa da juyin juya halin addini maimakon ilimi na duniya. Ilimi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'ummar mulkin mallaka, musamman a yada ra'ayoyin siyasa. [[Jarida|Jaridu]], Littattafai, da manyan bangarori sun sauƙaƙa jawabin jama'a kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga tattara tallafi ga 'yancin kai a lokacin juyin juya faɗin Amurka. === Karni na 19 === Makarantu na jama'a sun kasance da wuya a Kudu kafin ƙarshen karni na 19. A lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu, an kafa makarantun yara da yawa, makarantun sakandare da makarantun yara don tsara ilimi.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=van Kleeck Anne |last2=Schuele C. Melanie |date=2010-11-01 |title=Historical Perspectives on Literacy in Early Childhood |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-speech-language-pathology_2010-11_19_4/page/341 |journal=American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=341–355 |doi=10.1044/1058-0360(2010/09-0038) |pmid=20581109}}</ref> Yawan karatun karni na 19 a Amurka sun kasance masu girma, duk da tsarin ilimi na kasar.<ref name="Goldin1999">{{Cite journal |last=Goldin |first=Claudia |last2=Katz |first2=Lawrence F. |year=1999 |title=The shaping of higher education: The formative years in the United States, 1890 to 1940 |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:30747152 |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=37–62 |doi=10.1257/jep.13.1.37}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 1875, yawan mutanen da suka iya karatu da rubutu a Amurka ya kai kusan kashi 80. ==== Mutanen da suka fice da karatu da rubutu ==== A cikin tarihin [[Bauta a Amurka|Bautar]] a mulkin mallaka na Amurka da kuma daga baya Amurka, masu mallakar bayi kusan koyaushe suna ƙoƙari su iyakance ilimin bayi, gami da rage karatu da rubutu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Flanigan |first=Daniel J. |date=November 1974 |title=Criminal Procedure in Slave Trials in the Antebellum South |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2206354 |journal=The Journal of Southern History |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=537–564 |doi=10.2307/2206354 |jstor=2206354 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Masu ba da dokoki a [[Slave states and free states|Jihohin bawa]] kamar [[Alabama]], [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]], da [[Louisiana]] daga ƙarshe sun kafa dokoki daban-daban na adawa da karatu da rubutu waɗanda suka aikata laifuka ga koyarwa ko ƙoƙarin koya wa bawa karatu ko rubutu. Jihohi sun kafa waɗannan dokoki a wani bangare saboda tsoron cewa karuwar karatu da rubutu tsakanin bayi na iya haifar da tawaye na bayi. Wadannan dokoki sune kawai sanannun lokuta na dokokin adawa da karatu a tarihi. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kpg34axe14pl9xvo2ay0pohfj7pqh1n 0 121250 975962 975074 2026-11-04T21:50:53Z Alfurqan 14918 975962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yajin aikin yankin Cajamarca na shekarar 2025 ya fara ne a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba a Cajamarca a Peru, wanda Rondas campesinas ya kira don nuna adawa da rashin tsaro, watsi da ayyukan more rayuwa da kuma yaki da hako ma'adinai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. == Jerin lokaci == === 1 ga Oktoba === A Jaén Ƙungiyar Rondas Campesinas da Sufuri sun kira yajin aikin yanki na ranar 6 ga Oktoba, Wakilin masu jigilar kayayyaki na M1, Wincler Delgado, ya tabbatar da shigar da sassan jigilar M1, M2 da M3.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perú |first=Red de Medios Regionales |date=2025-10-02 |title=Paro regional en el nororiente este 6 de octubre contra el MTC por abandono de obras y otros temas (VIDEO) {{!}} Inforegión |url=https://inforegion.pe/paro-regional-en-el-nororiente-este-6-de-octubre-contra-el-mtc-por-abandono-de-obras-y-otros-temas-video/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |language=es}}</ref> Shugaban Federación de Rondas Campesinas de Cajamarca, Johan Fernández, ya ayyana cewa dandalin gwagwarmaya yana mai da hankali kan buƙatar kammala babbar hanyar Saliyo a sassanta Chiple –Cutervo –Cochabamba, Lajas – Chota, Bambamarca – Cajamarca, Cajabamba – Cajamarcay –Chovoyape. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-03 |title=ANUNCIAN BLOQUEO DE VIAS DURANTE PARO REGIONAL DE CAJAMARCA QUE INICIA EL 6 DE OCTUBRE {{!}} Andina Radio - Chota la más informativa de la Región |url=https://andinaradio.net/2025/10/03/anuncian-bloqueo-de-vias-durante-paro-regional-de-cajamarca-que-inicia-el-6-de-octubre/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |language=es}}</ref> === A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba === An bayar da rahoton toshewa a kan babbar hanyar Chiple - Cutervo da Bellavista - Jaén, a Cutervo Rondas Campesinas an gano kuma an tsare jami'an 'yan sanda na ɓoye, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Perú |first=Red de Medios Regionales |date=2025-10-06 |title=Paro en Cajamarca: Bloqueos en Chiple-Cutervo y Bellavista-Jaén, con fuerte presencia de ronderos en Chamaya (VIDEO) {{!}} Inforegión |url=https://inforegion.pe/paro-en-cajamarca-bloqueos-en-chiple-cutervo-y-bellavista-jaen-con-fuerte-presencia-de-ronderos-en-chamaya-video/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |language=es}}</ref> 'yan sanda ta ƙasar Peru sun tura ayyukan sintiri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Perú 21 |date=2025-10-06 |title=Cajamarca: ronderos bloquean carreteras y declaran paro regional indefinido |url=https://peru21.pe/peru/cajamarca-ronderos-bloquean-carreteras-y-declaran-paro-regional-indefinido/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=peru21.pe |language=es}}</ref> === A ranar 7 ga Oktoba === Sakataren kungiyar Federación Regional de Rondas Campesinas de Cajamarca, Juan Carlos Guevara, ya yi nuni da cewa yajin aikin yankin da aka kira ya yi tasiri sosai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Medios |first=Monitoreo |title=Paro Regional en Cajamarca tuvo alta convocatoria de la población |url=https://monitoreocajamarcamedios.com/paro-regional-en-cajamarca-tuvo-alta-convocatoria-de-la-poblacion/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |language=es-PE}}</ref> === A ranar 8 ga Oktoba === Masu zanga-zangar sun toshe muhimman wurare kamar Chiple (Cutervo), Chamaya (Jaén) da Bellavista (San Ignacio). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-08 |title=La región Cajamarca vive su segundo día de huelga indefinida con bloqueos en Cutervo, Jaén y San Ignacio |url=https://lalupa.pe/peru/la-region-cajamarca-vive-su-segundo-dia-de-huelga-indefinida-con-bloqueos-en-cutervo-jaen-y-san-ignacio-2-101802 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=LA LUPA |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === A ranar 9 ga Oktoba === Wani shugaban kungiyar Rondas campesinas daga San Ignacio ya tabbatar da cewa kungiyoyin manoma bakwai na ci gaba da jajircewa wajen fafutukar da suke yi tare da gargadin cewa zanga-zangar za ta kara yin tsamari nan da 'yan sa'o'i kadan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-09 |title=Tercer día de paro regional en Cajamarca: ronderos de San Ignacio radicalizan protesta y mantienen tomada la carretera Fernando Belaúnde Terry - Reina de la Selva |url=https://reinadelaselva.pe/tercer-dia-de-paro-regional-en-cajamarca-ronderos-de-san-ignacio-radicalizan-protesta-y-mantienen-tomada-la-carretera-fernando-belaunde-terry/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |language=es}}</ref> === A ranar 10 ga Oktoba === Frente de Defensa de los Intereses y Patrimonio de Cutervo ne ya sanar da dakatar da yajin aikin yanki na dindindin a Cajamarca, bayan tsige Dina Boluarte, amma bisa ga bayanan Domiciano Gonzáles, shugaban Federación Subregional de Rondas Campesinas, an rufe hanyoyin tsakanin Chaén da Chaén.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giraldo |first=Por Clara |date=2025-10-10 |title=Paro en Cajamarca se levanta luego de la vacancia de Dina Boluarte, ronderos esperan reunirse con nuevos ministros |url=https://www.infobae.com/peru/2025/10/10/paro-en-cajamarca-se-levanta-luego-de-la-vacancia-de-dina-boluarte-ronderos-esperan-reunirse-con-nuevos-ministros/ |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Astonitas |first=Ernesto |date=2025-10-10 |title=Ronderos de Cajamarca levantan paro y liberan vías tras vacancia de Dina Boluarte |url=https://rpp.pe/peru/cajamarca/cajamarca-ronderos-levantan-paro-y-liberan-vias-tras-vacancia-de-dina-boluarte-noticia-1658818 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=rpp.pe |language=es}}</ref> == Manazarta == c2jf6niv9bcu8094dgbvohurmeoi5ec 0 121943 975893 951645 2026-11-04T18:53:50Z Zahrah0 14848 975893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cutar kwalara ta bakwai''' ita ce ta bakwai da ta fara barkewar kwalara tun daga shekarar 1961 kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa yanzu.<ref name="epi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Deen J, Mengel MA, Clemens JD |date=February 2020 |title=Epidemiology of cholera |journal=Vaccine |type=Review |volume=38 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=A31–A40 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.078 |pmid=31395455 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kwalara ta zama sananne a kasashe da yawa. A cikin shekara ta 2017, WHO ta ba da sanarwar dabarun duniya da nufin kawo karshen annobar nan da shekara ta 2030. Wannan annobar ta dogara ne akan cutar da ake kira [[El Tor]]; ta fara ne a [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] a shekara ta 1961 kuma ta bazu zuwa Gabashin Pakistan (yanzu [[Bangladesh]]), a 1963.<ref name="Ahiarah_2008">{{Cite web |last=Ahiarah |first=Linda |name-list-style=vanc |date=6 May 2008 |title=Cholera |url=http://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2704v/vc1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015012342/http://www.austincc.edu/microbio/2704v/vc1.htm |archive-date=2016-10-15 |access-date=2015-11-24 |website=www.austincc.edu}}</ref> Ya tafi [[Indiya]] a shekara ta 1964, kuma ya shiga [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a shekarar 1966. A watan Yulin 1970, an samu barkewar cutar a [[Odessa]] (yanzu Ukraine) kuma a shekarar 1972 akwai rahotanni game da barkewar cutar da aka samu a [[Baku]], amma Tarayyar Soviet ta hana wannan bayanin.<ref name="Ahiarah_2008" /> Kwalara ta kai [[Italiya]] a 1973 daga [[Arewacin Afirka]]. [[Japan]] da Kudancin Pacific sun ga wasu barkewar cutar a ƙarshen shekarun 1970. <ref name="Ahiarah_2008" /> A shekara ta 1971, adadin wadanda aka ruwaito a duk duniya ya kai 155,000. Amma a cikin shekarar 1991, ya kai 570,000.<ref name="Hays_2005" /> Yaduwar cutar ta taimaka ta hanyar sufuri na zamani da ƙaura mai yawa. Yawan mace-mace, duk da haka, ya ragu sosai yayin da gwamnatoci suka fara matakan warkarwa da rigakafi na zamani. Yawan mace-mace na al'ada na 50% ya sauka zuwa 10% a cikin shekarun 1980 kuma kasa da 3% a cikin shekarun 1990. A cikin shekara ta 1991, nau'in ya dawo a Latin Amurka. Ya fara ne a Peru, inda ya kashe kusan mutane 10,000.<ref name="CBC_2015">{{Cite web |title=Cholera's seven pandemics |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504 |access-date=2015-11-24 |website=www.cbc.ca}}</ref> Bincike ya gano asalin cutar zuwa cutar kwalara ta bakwai.<ref name="WHO_2015">{{Cite web |title=Global epidemics and impact of cholera |url=https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/impact/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050126213428/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/impact/en/ |archive-date=January 26, 2005 |access-date=2015-11-24 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> Masu bincike da farko sun yi zargin cewa cutar ta zo Latin Amurka ta hanyar Asiya daga ruwa mai gurbatawa, amma an gano samfurori daga Latin Amurka da samfurori manipud Afirka iri daya.<ref name="Lam_2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lam C, Octavia S, Reeves P, Wang L, Lan R |date=July 2010 |title=Evolution of seventh cholera pandemic and origin of 1991 epidemic, Latin America |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=1130–2 |doi=10.3201/eid1607.100131 |pmc=3321917 |pmid=20587187}}</ref> [[Fayil:Bay_of_Bengal_map.png|thumb|Bayar Bengal]] Wannan saurin yaduwar kwayar cutar a duniya a karni na 20 za a iya danganta shi da babban cibiyar, Bay of Bengal, daga inda cutar ta yadu. == Gabatarwa == Kwalara cuta ce mai tsanani ta zawo da ke haifar da cin abinci ko ruwa da aka gurɓata da kwayar cuta ta Vibrio cholerae . Yawancin lokaci gurɓataccen abinci ko ruwa yana faruwa ta hanyar [[Kashi|al'amarin faecal]], kuma kamuwa da cuta tana yaduwa ta hanyar hanyar faecal-oral. An kuma gano cewa kwalara ta samo asali ne daga cin kifin shellfish. Alamomin cutar sun bayyana tsakanin sa'o'i 12 zuwa kwanaki 5 na kamuwa da cuta; duk da haka, kashi 10% ne kawai na mutanen da suka kamu da cuta suna nuna alamun cututtukan zubar da ruwa, amai da ƙuƙwalwar kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-13 |title=General Information {{!}} Cholera {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Ana gano kwalara ta hanyar gwajin turare ko swab na rectal, kuma a yau magani yana ɗaukar nau'in maganin rehydration na baki (ORS). ORS yana amfani da maida hankali na sodium da glucose don kara yawan sodium a cikin ƙananan hanji, kuma a hankali ya maye gurbin asarar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB |date=June 2012 |title=Cholera |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_june-30-july-6-2012_379_9835/page/2466 |journal=Lancet |volume=379 |issue=9835 |pages=2466–2476 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60436-X |pmc=3761070 |pmid=22748592}}</ref> A lokuta masu tsanani, saurin asarar ruwa na jiki yana haifar da rashin ruwa kuma marasa lafiya suna cikin haɗarin [[Girgiza (hanzari)|firgici]]. Wannan yana buƙatar gudanar da ruwa mai narkewa da maganin rigakafi. Yaduwar kwalara tana da alaƙa da rashin isasshen damar samun ruwa mai tsabta da wuraren tsabtace muhalli kuma saboda haka, mutanen da ke cikin haɗari galibi suna zaune a cikin ƙauyuka da al'ummomin matalauta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-13 |title=General Information {{!}} Cholera {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == An gano annobar ta 7 a farkon 1961 kuma tana ci gaba.<ref name="epi">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Deen J, Mengel MA, Clemens JD |date=February 2020 |title=Epidemiology of cholera |journal=Vaccine |type=Review |volume=38 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=A31–A40 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.078 |pmid=31395455 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Juyin halitta na kwalara na gargajiya da aka sani daga annoba shida na farko an bayyana shi ta hanyar nazarin kwayar halitta. Binciken farko na sabon zuriyar ya fito ne daga dakin gwaje-gwaje a El Tor, [[Misra|Misira]], a cikin 1897. A wannan lokacin, nau'in 'El Tor' ya bambanta da danginsa da kashi 30%.<ref name="Shultz_2016">{{Cite web |last=Shultz |first=David |name-list-style=vanc |date=18 November 2016 |title=How today's cholera pandemic was born |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/how-today-s-cholera-pandemic-was-born |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Science |publisher=AAAS |language=en}}</ref> Ya samo asali ne a Kudancin Asiya, sannan ya sauya zuwa nau'in da ba na cututtuka ba a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] a cikin 1900. Wani lokaci tsakanin 1903 da 1908, kwayar El Tor ta ɗauki DNA wanda ya haifar da ikonsa na haifar da cuta a cikin mutane.<ref name="Shultz_2016" /> Saboda haka, ya canza zuwa cutar El Tor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-13 |title=General Information {{!}} Cholera {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> [[Makassar|Makassar, Kudancin Sulawesi]] shine tushen barkewar cutar El Tor a shekarar 1960, inda ya sami sabbin kwayoyin halitta wadanda watakila sun kara yaduwa.<ref name="Shultz_2016" /> Kwalara ta yadu a kasashen waje a 1961, tana nuna cutar annoba. Bincike da yawa sun nuna Indonesia a matsayin tushen cutar kwalara ta bakwai; duk da haka, bincike ya nuna cewa barkewar cutar a [[Sin|China]] tsakanin 1960 da 1990 suna da alaƙa da waɗannan sub-lineages. Wadannan nau'ikan sun bazu a duniya daga Bay of Bengal a lokuta da yawa.<ref name="didelot2">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Didelot X, Pang B, Zhou Z, McCann A, Ni P, Li D, Achtman M, Kan B |date=March 2015 |title=The role of China in the global spread of the current cholera pandemic |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=11 |issue=3 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005072 |pmc=4358972 |pmid=25768799 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An rarraba kasar Sin a matsayin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da kuma tushen a lokacin yaduwar kwalara a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. Shawarwarin cewa yaduwar kwalara na iya karuwa ta hanyar cututtukan kasar Sin, ban da cewa an gano kasar Sin a matsayin asalin kasashe masu iyaka, ya bambanta da ra'ayin cewa cutar ta fara ne a Indonesia.<ref name="didelot2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} k48qtqi3n2nre6xhg6f922yh6dz0yil 0 122817 975853 973335 2026-11-04T15:06:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jádesola Osiberu marubuci ce ta Najeriya, darektan kuma furodusa kuma ta kafa Greoh Studios . An san ta da Isoken (2017), Sugar Rush (2019), Brotherhood (2022) da Gangs of Lagos, fim na farko na asalin Najeriya da aka saita don gudana ne kawai akan Amazon Prime Video. A watan Satumbar 2022, Osiberu's Greoh Studios ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku tare da Amazon don bunkasa da samar da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na asali da fina-finai.[1] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a cikin dangin sarauta a shekarar 1985, mahaifin Osiberu, [[Oba]] Adewale Osiberu shi ne ''Elepe na Epe Sagamu'' . Osiberu ta sami karatun sakandare a [[Ibadan]], kafin ta sami digiri na Injiniyan Kwamfuta daga Jami'ar Manchester.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-18 |title=It's Jade Osiberu's Birthday and she's Serving Us some Lockdown Legs |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/08/jade-osiberu-birthday-photos/ |access-date=2020-09-19}}</ref> Har ila yau, tsohuwar [[Jami'ar Pan Atlantic|Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic]] ce, inda ta yi karatun Media da Sadarwa. == Ayyuka == Duk da aiki na sana'a a matsayin Mai haɓaka software bayan kammala karatunsa, Osiberu ya yanke shawarar canza aiki zuwa yin fim. A bikin Watan Tarihin Mata, Pulse ya haɗa ta cikin jerin mata goma da ke yin raƙuman ruwa ta hanyar haɓaka abun ciki a masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya. Osiberu ta fara kamfanin samar da ita; Tribe85 Productions a cikin 2017 tare da manufar "bayyana labarun Afirka ga masu sauraro na duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okoh |first=Lize |date=2018-10-02 |title=Nollywood's Best Nigerian Directors Working Today |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/nigeria/articles/the-best-contemporary-nigerian-directors/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Culture Trip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924015806/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/nigeria/articles/the-best-contemporary-nigerian-directors/ |archive-date=2020-09-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A lokacin wata hira da BellaNaija; mai tambayoyin ya yaba da ɗabi'ar aikinta, mai da hankali ga daki-daki da ƙirar ƙira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banigbe |first=Seyi |date=2018-02-28 |title=Seyi Banigbe: Interviewing Jadesola Osiberu Reinforced the Values of Being an Intrapreneur |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/02/seyi-banigbe-favor-intrapreneur/ |access-date=2020-09-19}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ta jagoranci bikin fina-finai na [[Nollywood]] a Scotland.<ref name="nigeriantrade">{{Cite web |last=Dayo |first=Bernard |date=2018-11-12 |title=Jade Osiberu says Blossom Chukwujekwu gave the performance of his life in her upcoming movie 'Nigerian Trade' |url=https://ynaija.com/jade-osiberu-says-blossom-chukwujekwu-gave-the-performance-of-his-life-in-her-upcoming-movie-nigerian-trade/ |access-date=2020-09-19}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Osiberu ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin ''[[Isokin|Isoken]]'', fim game da ƙalubalen da wata ƙwararriyar mata da ba ta yi aure ba ta fuskanta a cikin matsin lamba daga iyali, da kuma dangantakar soyayya tsakanin launin fata a cikin yanayin Najeriya na zamani. Don rawar da ta taka a matsayin darakta, ta lashe kyautar darakta mafi kyau a 2018 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Afirka Movie Academy don gabatarwa mafi kyawun darakta. Fim din kuma shine batun tattaunawar masana tare da halin da ake ciki tare da halaye na [[Feminism|mata]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nwachukwu |first=Charles |year=2019 |title=Jadesola Osiberu's Isoken: A Filmic Postulation for Feminism |journal=Studies in Media and Communication |volume=7 |page=49 |doi=10.11114/smc.v7i1.4306 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Al'adun Custodian sun nuna yadda aka kafa taken fim din don yaki da misogyny a cikin al'ummar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-29 |title=The Women Of Nollywood are Fighting Misogyny, Telling Stories, and Making Giant Strides |url=https://culturecustodian.com/the-women-of-nollywood-are-fighting-misogyny-telling-stories-and-making-giant-strides/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Culture Custodian}}</ref> Fim dinta na baya-bayan nan na Kirsimeti a Legas, an shirya shi ne don farawa a Firayim Bidiyo a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chigbo |first=Emeka |date=2024-11-26 |title=All We Know About Jade Osiberu's Christmas In Lagos Movie |url=https://thescoove.africa/christmas-in-lagos-movie-prime-video/ |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=The Scoove Africa |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203025645/https://thescoove.africa/christmas-in-lagos-movie-prime-video/ |archive-date=2024-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Babban Matsayi !Matsayi !Bayani !Ref |- |2013–14 |''[[Gidi Up]]'' |[[OC Ukeje]], [[Deyemi Okanlawon]], [[Somkele Iyamah]] |Mai gabatarwa Marubuci | rowspan="2" |Shafukan yanar gizo ta [[Ndani TV]] | rowspan="3" | |- |2016 |''Rumor Yana da shi'' | |Mai gabatarwa |- |2017 |''[[Isokin|Isoken]]'' |[[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Akande]], [[Funke Akindele]], Joseph Benjamin[[Joseph Benjamin (actor)|Yusufu Biliyaminu]] |Daraktan Marubuci |Farkon darektan |- |2018 |''Kasuwancin Najeriya'' |[[Rita Dominic]], [[Gideon Okeke]] da [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] |Mai gabatarwa Marubuci | |<ref name="nigeriantrade" /> |- |2019 |''[[Sugar Rush (fim)]]'' |Adesua Etomi, [[Bisola Aiyeola]] da [[Bimbo Ademoye]] |Mai gabatarwa Marubuci | | |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |[[Ayinla (fim)|''Ayinla'']] |[[Lateef Adedimeji]], [[Omowumi Dada]], [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]] |Mai gabatarwa | | |- |''[[Gangs of Legas|<nowiki/>'Yan bindiga na Legas]]'' (2023) |[[Adesua Etomi|Adesua Etomi-Wellington]], [[Tobi Bakre]] da Chike |Daraktan Marubuci |An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru yayin yin fim na ''Gidi Up'' | |- |2022 |[[Brother hood 2022)|''Ɗan'uwa'']] |[[Tobi Bakre]], [[Falz|Folarin Falana]], Toni Tones, [[Ronke Ojo]], Bright Okpocha, [[OC Ukeje]], |Mai gabatarwa | | |- |2024 |''Kirsimeti a Legas'' |[[Richard Mofe-Damijo]], [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], [[Wale Ojo]], [[Teniola Aladese]], Angel Anosike, Shalom C Obiago, da Rayxia Ojo |Daraktan Marubuci | | |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2015 | rowspan="5" |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin Comedy / Drama | rowspan="2" |''Gidi Up''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2015/03/09/amvca-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> |- |Editan Sauti mafi kyau|{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |2018 |Darakta Mafi Kyawu | rowspan="4" |''Isoken''|{{Won}} | rowspan="3" | |- |Mafi kyawun Mai tsara kayan ado|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Daraktan Fasaha|{{Nom}} |- |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood Shines At 2018 Africa Movie Academy Awards [Full List Of Winners] |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2018/10/21/nollywood-shines-at-2018-africa-movie-academy-awards-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2021-07-03 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2023 | rowspan="4" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi Kyawun Marubuci | rowspan="2" |''[[The Trade (fim ɗin 2023)|Kasuwanci]]''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="4" | |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka | rowspan="2" |''Ɗan'uwa''|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim|{{Nom}} |} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Osiberu ta yi bikin aurenta a ranar 11 ga Mayu 2019 a [[Sagamu]], [[Jihar Ogun]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yay! Filmmaker Jade Osiberu is Married ?? |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/05/yay-filmmaker-jade-osiberu-is-married-%F0%9F%91%B0%F0%9F%8F%BD/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=[[BellaNaija]]}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Shiloh Godson]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] 58q1ibknvn0eqnbkl7rnngrsaexj2j1 0 124973 976000 752992 2026-11-05T01:55:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976000 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Gidan '''Kotun Brescia''' ( Italian ) wani rukunin shari'a ne da ke kan hanyar Via Lattanzio Gambara a Brescia, Italiya. Yana ɗauke da kotunan farar hula da na laifuka na Brescia, Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara, ofisoshin shari'a, da Ofishin Mai gabatar da ƙara na Jama'a. == Tarihi == An tsara aikin sabon kotun a Brescia tsakanin 1984 da 1988 ta hannun mai ginin Gino Valle, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gianpietro Franceschinis, Piera Ricci Menichetti, da Pietro Valle. <ref name="censimento">{{Cite web |title=Palazzo di Giustizia |url=https://censimentoarchitetturecontemporanee.cultura.gov.it/scheda-opera?id=1783 |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=Censimento architetture contemporanee |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Italy)|Ministero della cultura]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905082854/https://censimentoarchitetturecontemporanee.cultura.gov.it/scheda-opera?id=1783 |archive-date=5 September 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Da farko an tsara shi ne don yankin tsohon gidan yanka, wanda aka gina a 1875. Saboda zanga-zangar 'yan ƙasa, ƙungiyoyi, da kuma sa hannun Sufeto Janar, an zaɓi wani yanki kusa da layin dogo. <ref name="moderna" /> <ref name="beniculturali">{{Cite web |title=Palazzo di Giustizia, Brescia |url=https://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture900/schede/p3010-00080/ |website=Lombardia Beni Culturali}}</ref> Bayan ƴan gyare-gyare da kuma wani tsari mai tsawo da rikitarwa, an fara ginin a shekarar 1999 kuma an kammala shi a shekarar 2004. <ref name="beniculturali"/> <ref name="laterizio">{{Cite magazine|url-status=14–19}}</ref> Kotun tana kan wani fili mai zurfin mita 42 da tsawon mita 350, a matsayin cibiyar "Citadel of Justice"—wani hadadden gine-gine masu ayyuka daban-daban, ciki har da ofisoshi, dakunan tattaunawa, da kuma kotuna. <ref name="censimento"/> Tsarin yana da tushe da aka lulluɓe da marmara na Botticino wanda ke hawa zuwa ga layin dogo da ke kusa, yayin da aka gina sashin tsakiya da tubali da aka fallasa. <ref name="laterizio"/> An yi kambin da aka yi da siminti mai launin fari, wanda hakan ya ba ginin kyawun gani da aiki. <ref name="laterizio" /> An tsara ginin yadda ya kamata, inda aka raba ofisoshi zuwa manyan sassa uku. A tsakiya akwai babban ɗakin taro mai da'ira wanda ke ɗauke da ofisoshin Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara da Babban Lauya, wanda ke shimfida filin shiga. A gabas, akwai tubalan bango uku da aka haɗa a wani bango, waɗanda aka keɓe don Kotun Majistare, Ofishin Mai Gabatar da Kara, da ayyukan shari'a. A yamma, an shimfiɗa layin ginin kotun, wanda ke ɗauke da manyan kotuna biyu. <ref name="censimento2">{{Cite web |title=Palazzo di Giustizia |url=https://censimentoarchitetturecontemporanee.cultura.gov.it/scheda-opera?id=1783 |access-date=1 September 2025 |website=Censimento architetture contemporanee |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Italy)|Ministero della cultura]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905082854/https://censimentoarchitetturecontemporanee.cultura.gov.it/scheda-opera?id=1783 |archive-date=5 September 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2oyrwvsxefr0bqacqg4748r9nquxqdo 0 126489 976112 815376 2026-11-05T10:29:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laura von Bertouch''' (/ˈbɜːrtoʊ/ BUR-toh;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natalie Von Bertouch, Australian Diamond and Adelaide Thunderbird netballl player talks teamwork. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbVThh41kto |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614053926/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbVThh41kto |archive-date=2021-06-14 |access-date=14 June 2021 |website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> born 4 December 1980) is a former Australia netball international. Bertouch was a member of the Australia team that won the gold medal at the 2007 World Netball Championships. At club level, Bertouch played for Adelaide Thunderbirds, mainly during the Commonwealth Bank Trophy era. She captained Thunderbirds between 2004 and 2007. Her younger sister, Natalie von Bertouch, is also a former netball player. The two sisters were team mates with both Thunderbirds and Australia. == Rayuwa ta farko, iyali da ilimi == Von Bertouch 'yar Terry von Bertouch ce, wacce a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da 1970 ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya a Arewacin Adelaide da Norwood a Kudancin Kudancin Australia. Ƙaramar 'yar'uwarta, Natalie von Bertouch, ita ma tsohuwar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Australia.<ref name="nzherald121006">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/netball-pair-pressure-for-sisters/UIB4EMKCFS2PU3B77XE2KRS2QI/|title=Netball: Pair pressure for sisters|publisher=www.nzherald.co.nz|date=12 October 2006|access-date=21 October 2020}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="abc240810">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2010 |title=Natalie Von Bertouch's golden year |url=https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2010/08/24/2992299.htm |access-date=18 September 2017 |publisher=www.abc.net.au}}</ref><ref name="abc160910">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2010 |title=Natalie von Bertouch |url=http://www.abc.net.au/profiles/content/s3013456.htm |access-date=22 October 2020 |publisher=www.abc.net.au}}</ref><ref name="redlegsbertouch">{{Cite web |title=Terry Von Bertouch |url=http://www.redlegsmuseum.com.au/ON_FIELD/PLAYERS/VONBERTOUCHTerry.aspx |access-date=25 October 2020 |publisher=www.redlegsmuseum.com.au}}</ref><ref name="adelaidenow190713">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2013 |title=Valuable lessons of humble champion Natalie von Bertouch |url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/netball/valuable-lessons-of-humble-champion-natalie-von-bertouch/news-story/5100b9f66b2936bd67d7524d3ad59244 |access-date=22 October 2020 |publisher=www.adelaidenow.com.au}}</ref> 'Yan uwan Bertouch dukansu sun yi karatu a Kwalejin Immanuel.<ref name="immanuel">{{Cite web |title=State Netball & Basketball Knockout Champions |url=https://immanuel.sa.edu.au/latest-news/state-netball-champions-x-2/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=immanuel.sa.edu.au |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027055304/https://immanuel.sa.edu.au/latest-news/state-netball-champions-x-2/ |archive-date=27 October 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bertouch ta auri dan wasan kwallon kafa na Australiya, James Gallagher. == Ayyukan wasa == === Tattaunawa === Bertouch da 'yar'uwarta, Natalie von Bertouch, sun fara buga wasan netball tun suna da shekaru bakwai da tara a Contax Netball Club.<ref name="adelaidenow190713"/> <ref name="sanetball2013">{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2013 – Netball SA |url=https://sa.netball.com.au/sites/sa/files/2020-01/Annual-Report-2013.pdf |access-date=29 June 2020 |publisher=sa.netball.com.au}}</ref> <ref name="contax200309">{{Cite web |title=Club History – 2003 to 2009 |url=https://www.contax.net.au/club-history-2003-to-2009/ |access-date=22 October 2020 |publisher=www.contax.net.au}}</ref><ref name="contaxaustralia">{{Cite web |title=Australian Selections |url=https://www.contax.net.au/australian-selections/ |access-date=22 October 2020 |publisher=www.contax.net.au}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, tare da Tracey Neville, 'yan uwan Bertouch sun kasance mambobi ne na ƙungiyar Contax wacce ta lashe Kudancin Australia Farmers Union League.<ref name="contaxhistory199702">{{Cite web |title=Club History – 1997 to 2002 |url=https://www.contax.net.au/club-history-1997-to-2002/ |access-date=16 October 2020 |publisher=www.contax.net.au}}</ref> === Adelaide Thunderbirds === A shekara ta 1998, Bertouch ya fara buga wa Adelaide Thunderbirds wasa. Tare da Kathryn Harby-Williams, Jacqui Delaney, Peta Squire da Alex Hodge, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Thunderbirds wacce ta lashe gasar Firimiya ta Bankin Commonwealth sau biyu a 1998 da 1999.[1] [2][3] A shekara ta 2002 ta zama memba na yau da kullun na Thunderbirds farawa bakwai, tana wasa a harin fuka-fuki, kuma ta samar da haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tare da 'yar'uwarta, Natalie von Bertouch. Daga baya aka sanya mata suna a cikin Team of the Year na 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006 da 2007. [4][5][6][7][8][9] Ta kuma zama kyaftin din Thunderbirds tsakanin 2004 da 2007.[1][2][3] A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007 Bertouch ta sanar da cewa tana ritaya a matsayin 'yar wasan netball.[10][11] Koyaya, ta koma buga wa Thunderbirds wasa a kakar 2009 ta ANZ Championship.[12][13] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] gk1nzknnpkp6yrerbrfghyds64sng9u 0 126601 976114 794778 2026-11-05T10:33:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lauren Nourse''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1982) tsohuwar 'yar wasan kwallon kafa ce ta Australiya. Tsakanin shekara ta 2007 zuwa shekara ta 2011, ta buga wasanni 25 a Australia. Nourse ta kasance memba na kungiyoyin Australia waɗanda suka lashe lambar zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2007 da lambar azurfa a Wasannin Commonwealth na 2010. Tsakanin shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2012, Nourse ya buga wa Queensland Firebirds. A shekara ta 2011, ta zama kyaftin din Firebirds lokacin da suka lashe gasar zakarun ANZ ta 2011. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Nourse ya fito ne daga Kudancin Australia. An haife ta ne a Loxton kuma ta girma a Port Lincoln inda ta halarci Makarantar St Joseph kuma ta buga wasan Netball ga Saint Mary's.<ref name="firebirds140909">{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=Lauren Nourse |url=http://www.firebirds.net.au/extra.asp?ID=2454 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914190534/http://www.firebirds.net.au/extra.asp?ID=2454 |archive-date=14 September 2009 |access-date=14 September 2009 |publisher=www.firebirds.net.au}}</ref><ref name="abc151010">{{Cite web |date=15 October 2010 |title=Silver medal for Lincoln's Lauren Nourse |url=https://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2010/10/15/3039320.htm |access-date=10 March 2021 |publisher=www.abc.net.au}}</ref> Daga baya ta halarci Kwalejin Immanuel, Adelaide.<ref name="immanuel">{{Cite web |title=State Netball & Basketball Knockout Champions |url=https://immanuel.sa.edu.au/latest-news/state-netball-champions-x-2/ |access-date=24 October 2020 |publisher=immanuel.sa.edu.au |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027055304/https://immanuel.sa.edu.au/latest-news/state-netball-champions-x-2/ |archive-date=27 October 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="leader180919">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2019 |title=Immanuel College: Country competitors shine in basketball and netball |url=https://www.coastalleader.com.au/story/6384292/immanuel-college-country-competitors-shine-in-basketball-and-netball/ |access-date=10 March 2021 |publisher=www.coastalleader.com.au }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan wasa == === Kudancin Australia === Tsakanin 1998 da 2003, Nourse ta wakilci Kudancin Australia a gasar zakarun kwallon kafa ta kasa ta Australia a matakin kasa da shekara 17, kasa da shekara 19, kasa da shekara 21 da kuma Open.<ref name="netballasn271110">{{Cite web |date=27 November 2010 |title=Player Profile – 2010 Holden Netball Test Series |url=http://netball.asn.au/Playerprofile.asp?id=57&comp=21416&orgid=1&team=85548 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127084128/http://netball.asn.au/Playerprofile.asp?id=57&comp=21416&orgid=1&team=85548 |archive-date=27 November 2010 |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=netball.asn.au}}</ref> === Tattaunawa === Nourse ya kuma buga wa Contax wasa a gasar zakarun Kudancin Australia.<ref name="contaxaustralia">{{Cite web |title=Australian Selections |url=https://www.contax.net.au/australian-selections/ |access-date=22 October 2020 |publisher=www.contax.net.au}}</ref><ref name="pressreader170512">{{Cite web |date=17 May 2012 |title=Club holds all the aces |url=https://www.pressreader.com/australia/the-advertiser/20120517/282265252465012 |access-date=25 November 2020 |website=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, tare da [[Natalie von Bertouch]], Carla Dziwoki da Kirby Mutton, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar Contax wacce ta lashe lambar yabo ta jihar.<ref name="contax050812">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2012 |title=60 Years of "Netball at its best!" |url=https://www.contax.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ETSA-Contax-60th-Year-History-Booklet-5-August-2012-final-27072012-2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106035909/https://www.contax.net.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ETSA-Contax-60th-Year-History-Booklet-5-August-2012-final-27072012-2.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=28 October 2020 |publisher=www.contax.net.au}}</ref> === AIS Canberra Darters === A shekara ta 2003, Nourse ya buga wa AIS Canberra Darters wasa a gasar cin Kofin Bankin Commonwealth a karkashin kocin Norma Plummer.<ref name="bdn281102">{{Cite web |date=28 November 2002 |title=Locals in National Netball League team |url=https://www.begadistrictnews.com.au/story/1034188/locals-in-national-netball-league-team/ |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=www.begadistrictnews.com.au}}</ref><ref name="clearinghouse2003">{{Cite web |title=2003 AIS Netball Program |url=https://www.clearinghouseforsport.gov.au/people/ais_alumni/netball/2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324174336/https://www.clearinghouseforsport.gov.au/people/ais_alumni/netball/2003 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |access-date=13 August 2020 |website=Clearinghouse for Sport |publisher=Australian Sports Commission}}</ref> === Tsuntsaye na Queensland === Tsakanin shekara ta 2004 zuwa 2012, Nourse ya buga wa Queensland Firebirds, da farko a gasar cin Kofin Bankin Commonwealth sannan daga baya a Gasar Cin Kofin ANZ.<ref name="netballasn180705">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2005 |title=2005 Queensland Firebirds squad |url=http://www.netball.asn.au/apps/matches_cbt/teamDetails.php?TeamID=17&tournamentID=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718053145/http://www.netball.asn.au/apps/matches_cbt/teamDetails.php?TeamID=17&tournamentID=4 |archive-date=18 July 2005 |access-date=11 October 2020 |publisher=www.netball.asn.au}}</ref> <ref name="firebirds140909"/> <ref name="netballqueens2007">{{Cite web |title=Netball Queensland 2007 Annual Report |url=https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/netball-wp-assets/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2013/09/06203152/2007-Annual-Report.pdf |access-date=6 March 2021 |publisher=Netball Queensland}}</ref><ref name="netballqueens2009">{{Cite web |title=2009 Netball Queensland Annual Report |url=https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/netball-wp-assets/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2013/09/06203151/2009-Annual-Report.pdf |access-date=6 March 2021 |publisher=Netball Queensland}}</ref><ref name="netballqland2012">{{Cite web |title=Netball Queensland – Annual Report 2012 |url=http://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/netball-wp-assets/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2013/09/06203151/2012-Annual-Report.pdf |access-date=3 September 2020 |publisher=Netball Queensland}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2012, ta yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar Firebirds. A shekara ta 2011 ta zama kyaftin din Firebirds lokacin da suka lashe gasar zakarun ANZ ta 2011. Ta jagoranci Firebirds zuwa nasara goma a jere, ta taimaka musu samun karamin firaministan da kuma matsayi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Koyaya a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, a wasan Zagaye na 9 da aka yi da Central Pulse, Nourse ta sha wahala daga rauni na baya wanda ya kawo karshen kakar ta. Bayan dawowa a lokacin kakar 2012, ta sanar da ritayar ta a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2012.<ref name="netballasn271110"/><ref name="diamondsnourse">{{Cite web |title=Lauren Nourse |url=https://diamonds.netball.com.au/player/lauren-nourse |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102212820/https://diamonds.netball.com.au/player/lauren-nourse |archive-date=2 November 2021 |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=diamonds.netball.com.au}}</ref><ref name="netballqueens2011">{{Cite web |title=2011 Netball Queensland Annual Report |url=https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/netball-wp-assets/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2013/09/06203151/2011-Annual-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011140521/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/netball-wp-assets/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2013/09/06203151/2011-Annual-Report.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=12 August 2020 |publisher=Netball Queensland}}</ref><ref name="wsr130411">{{Cite web |date=13 April 2011 |title=Season-ending injury for Lauren Nourse |url=https://www.womensportreport.com/season-ending-injury-for-lauren-nourse/wn/12986 |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=www.womensportreport.com}}</ref><ref name="netballnz140411">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2011 |title=Nourse ruled out of World Netball Championships |url=https://www.netballnz.co.nz/news/detail/nourse-ruled-out-of-world-netball-championships |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=www.netballnz.co.nz |archive-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523154028/http://netballnz.co.nz/news/detail/nourse-ruled-out-of-world-netball-championships |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="anz091012">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2012 |title=Lauren Nourse to retire, Gray Signs on |url=http://www.anz-championship.com/Features/ArtMID/1933/ArticleID/30/Lauren-Nourse-to-retire-Gray-Signs-on.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430201333/http://www.anz-championship.com/Features/ArtMID/1933/ArticleID/30/Lauren-Nourse-to-retire-Gray-Signs-on.html |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=9 March 2021 |publisher=www.anz-championship.com}}</ref> === Ostiraliya === Tsakanin 2007 da 2011, Nourse ya buga wasanni 25 a Australia. Ta taba wakiltar Australia a matakin kasa da shekara 21. Ta fara buga wasan farko a Australia a ranar 21 ga watan Yulin 2007 a kan New Zealand . An kira Nourse a cikin babbar kungiyar a matsayin mai maye gurbin Mo'onia Gerrard bayan ya burge masu zabar kasa a lokacin wasan motsa jiki da ba na hukuma ba da Ingila. Ta zama 'yar wasan farko ta Queensland Firebirds tun lokacin da Vicki Wilson ta wakilci Australia. Ba zato ba tsammani, a cikin 2007 Wilson ya kasance babban kocin Nourse a Firebirds. Nourse daga baya ya kasance memba na kungiyoyin Australia waɗanda suka lashe lambar zinare a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2007 da lambar azurfa a Wasannin Commonwealth na 2010.[1] [2][3][4] Ana sa ran za ta wakilci Ostiraliya a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2011, duk da haka an fitar da ita bayan ta ji rauni a ACL yayin da take wasa ga Firebirds.[5] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1puza2r73n95hibra0mnb49ej7e1sw0 0 127328 976006 799858 2026-11-05T04:41:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wani kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi wajen haƙa da kuma gyara rijiyoyin mai da iskar gas masu zurfi na teku, ta hanyar [[Mobile offshore drilling unit|Mobile Offshore Drilling Rigs]] (MODU's) da [[Well intervention|Rijiyoyin Rijiyoyi]] (WIV's). An tsara EDP ne don amfani a lokacin gaggawa, lokacin da MODU ko WIV ke buƙatar cirewa da sauri, da kuma nisantar rijiyar mai/gas da take haƙawa ko take aiki a kanta. Misalan lokacin da wannan zai iya zama dole sun haɗa da [[Matsanancin yanayi|yanayi mai tsanani]] da ba a zata ba wanda ya wuce ƙarfin MODU/Jirgin ruwa na riƙe matsayinsa. A ƙarƙashin yanayin aiki na yau da kullun, ana haɗa MODU/WIV (wanda ke iyo a saman teku) da rijiyar mai/iskar gas (wanda aka haƙa a cikin gadon teku) ta hanyar bututun ƙarfe a tsaye (ko kusa da tsaye), wanda ake kira [[Marine riser|riser na ruwa]] . Ana motsa kayan aiki da ruwa a cikin riser na ruwa kamar yadda ake buƙata zuwa/daga rijiyar. A ƙasan riser na ruwa, EDP da sauran abubuwan da ke haɗa riser zuwa rijiyar kuma suna barin rijiyar ta rufe idan an buƙata, sun ƙunshi ' [[Lower riser package|Lower Riser Package]] ' (LRP). Idan aka buƙaci yin hakan, EDP tana katsewa daga LRP kuma tana ware mai riser daga muhalli. Don haka EDP tana bawa MODU/WIV damar katsewa cikin aminci da sauri daga [[Subsea (technology)|rijiyar ƙarƙashin teku]] da kuma ƙaura cikin gaggawa. An tsara EDP don gudanar da aikinsa yayin da yake cikin kaya tare da kusurwar katsewa mai yawa. EDP ya ƙunshi mahaɗi zuwa sauran LRP, [[Isolation valve|bawul ɗin keɓewa]], mai tarawa, tsarin sarrafa ƙarƙashin teku da wurin haɗi a saman don haɗawa da bututun riser. Bawul ɗin riƙewa na samarwa yana rufewa a cikin riser kuma bawul ɗin babban [[Annulus (oil well)|annulus]] yana rufewa a cikin riser. Bawul ɗin crossover yana ba da damar zagayawa na riser bayan katsewa. <refs. IADC Drilling Lexicon / API RP 17G, Shawarar Aiki don Kammalawa/Aiki Risers / API RP 96, Tsarin Rijiyar Ruwa Mai Zurfi da Ginawa / Injiniyan GSO> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170103223302/http://www.fmctechnologies.com/en/SearchResults.aspx?q=WAS_REV043008&r=%7b0FB15A84-0F7E-4776-A16A-A2C81BAEF397%7d] == Nassoshi == si1sr9m3q4duhija5hemhjjxbq4iage 0 127929 976046 869067 2026-11-05T08:30:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Academic '''Kyiv Modern-''' Ballet Theater ( Ukrainian , wanda aka yiwa lakabi da cikakken ''wurin taron jama'a 'Gidan wasan kwaikwayo da nishaɗi na al'adu "Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani na Kyiv'' "') gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne na zamani na [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] na wasan kwaikwayo, wanda aka tsara shi azaman marubuci, tare da jerin waƙoƙi da fifikon fasaha ana tantance su ta hanyar samar da mai horar da mawaka ɗaya, ɗaya. Wannan gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana neman ƙirƙirar dakin gwaje-gwaje na fasaha na rawa ta zamani tare da gwaje-gwajen da ya yi, tare da fassarar asali, ba ta dace ba na wasannin kwaikwayo na duniya, da kuma gyara da haɓaka siffa da yaren [[Modern dance|rawa ta zamani]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Комунальна організація (установа, заклад) Театрально-видовищний заклад культури Академічний театр «Київ Модерн-балет» |url=https://dk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/akademichnyy-teatr-kyiv-modernbalet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125122444/https://dk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/akademichnyy-teatr-kyiv-modernbalet.html |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=dk.kyivcity.gov.ua}}</ref> Yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a yawon shakatawa sosai, a Ukraine da kuma ƙasashen waje. <ref name="Kyiv Post Chat2">{{Cite web |date=2008-08-27 |title=A chat with Radu Poklitaru |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/lifestyle/a-chat-with-radu-poklitaru-29498.html |website=[[Kyiv Post]] |language=en}}</ref> Wanda ya kafa kuma babban malamin rawa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo shine [[Radu Poklitaru]] <ref name="Viy WO2">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-04 |title=The Dark Side of White: Enter Viy |url=https://whatson-kyiv.com/the-dark-side-of-white-enter-viy/ |website=[[What's On Kyiv]] |language=en}}</ref> — Ma'aikacin Fasaha na Ukraine, wanda ya lashe [[Shevchenko National Prize|kyautar Shevchenko ta ƙasa]] ta Ukraine, Mai Zane na Jama'a na Moldova. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ президента України №251/2017 Про відзначення державними нагородами України з нагоди Дня незалежності України |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/4912020-35545 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=www.president.gov.ua}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Про присудження Національної премії України імені Тараса Шевченка |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/77/2016 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=zakon.rada.gov.ua |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224172201/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/77/2016 |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Radu_Poklitaru_preparation_for_ballet.jpg|thumb|Shiri don rawa]] [[Fayil:Scene_from_the_ballet_Carmen.TV.jpg|thumb|wasan kwaikwayo daga rawa ''Carmen.'' ''TV'']] [[Fayil:Shevchenko_National_Prize_award_ceremony_2016_3.jpg|thumb|Bikin bayar da kyautar Shevchenko National Prize of Ukraine-2016: Shugaban Ukraine Petro Poroshenko tare da wadanda suka lashe kyautar (mai zane Mykhaylo Huida, mawaƙiya Anzhelina Shvachka, mai talla Levko Lukianenko, mai tsara rawa Radu Poklitaru )]] [[Fayil:Scene_from_the_ballet_The_Sleeping_Beauty.jpg|thumb|Scene daga rawanin rawa ''The Sleeping Beauty'']] Tarihin ''Kyiv Modern-ballet'' ya fara ne a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2005, da daren farko na shirin ''Le forze del destino'' ( Ukrainian ), wanda ''Gidauniyar Fasaha ta Volodymyr Filippov'' ta ba da umarni, <ref name="Day 2013">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-09 |title=A modern choreography center to be founded in the capital |url=https://day.kyiv.ua/en/article/culture/modern-choreography-center-be-founded-capital |website=[[The Day (Kyiv)|The Day]] |language=en}}</ref> wanda ya ƙunshi manyan albarkatun ƙirƙira na gidan wasan kwaikwayo - mai tsara rawa Radu Poklitaru, mai tsara yanayi Andriy Zlobin, mai zane mai kayan ado Hanna Ipatieva, mai shirya fitilu Olena Antokhina, mai shirya sauti Oleksandr Kuriy, mataimakiyar mai tsara rawa Anatoliy Kozlov, da kuma wasu masu wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda daga baya suka zama wani ɓangare na kamfanin dindindin. <ref name="I-UA">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=Раду ПОКЛІТАРУ: «Головне — живий контакт з глядачем!» |url=https://i-ua.tv/culture/28032-radu-poklitaru-holovne-zhyvyi-kontakt-z-hliadachem |access-date=2021-10-27 |website=I-UA.tv |language=uk}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da yabo == {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; margin-bottom: 10px;" !Year !Prize !Nomination !Nominee !Result |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |2007 | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |The ''Kyiv Pectoral'' theatrical prize<br /><br />of the 2006/07<ref name="Mariinsky">{{Cite web |title=Kiev Modern Ballet |url=https://www.mariinsky.ru/en/company/priglashennye_kollektivy/kmb/ |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=www.mariinsky.ru}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |The best production of the drama theatre | style="text-align:center" |''Carmen.TV'' | {{Won}} |- | style="text-align:center" |The best choreography and plastic arts / plastic interpretation of a production | style="text-align:center" |Radu Poklitaru<br /><br />(''Carmen.TV'') | {{Won}} |- | style="text-align:center" |The best performance of a female part | style="text-align:center" |Olga Kondakova<br /><br />(Carmen in the ballet ''Carmen.TV'') | {{Nom}} |- | style="text-align:center" |2008 | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |The ''Kyiv Pectoral'' theatrical prize<br /><br />of the 2007/08<ref name="Teatre 2008">{{Cite web |date=2008-04-10 |title=Київська Пектораль 2007 |url=http://teatre.com.ua/review/kyjvska_pektoral_2007/ |website=Teatre.com.ua |language=uk}}</ref><ref name="Nutcracker Destinations">{{Cite web |date=2017-12-08 |title='The Nutcracker' Ballet by Kyiv Modern-Ballet Theatre |url=https://destinations.com.ua/art/the-nutcracker-ballet-by-kyiv-modern-ballet-theatre |website=Destinations |language=en |access-date=2026-01-01 |archive-date=2022-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305210556/https://destinations.com.ua/art/the-nutcracker-ballet-by-kyiv-modern-ballet-theatre |url-status=dead }}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |The Event of the Year | style="text-align:center" |''Bolero''<br /><br />''Rain''<br /><br />''The Verona Myth: Shakespearements''<br /><br />''The Nutcracker'' | {{Won}} |- | style="text-align:center" |2013 | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |The ''Kyiv Pectoral'' theatrical prize<br /><br />of the 2012/13<ref>{{Cite web |title=Комунальна організація (установа, заклад) Театрально-видовищний заклад культури Академічний театр «Київ Модерн-балет» |url=https://dk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/akademichnyy-teatr-kyiv-modernbalet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125122444/https://dk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/akademichnyy-teatr-kyiv-modernbalet.html |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=dk.kyivcity.gov.ua}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |The artistic event at a musical theatre / The best production of a musical theatre | style="text-align:center" |''The Intersection'' | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |2014 | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |The ''Kyiv Pectoral'' theatrical prize<br /><br />of the 2013/14<ref name="DT 2014 Pectoral">{{Cite web |date=2014-03-21 |title=Український театр, виставка досягнень |url=https://zn.ua/ukr/ART/ukrayinskiy-teatr-vistavka-dosyagnen-_.html |website=[[Dzerkalo Tyzhnia]] |language=uk}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |The artistic event at a musical theatre / The best production of a musical theatre | style="text-align:center" |''Swan Lake'' | {{Won}} |- | style="text-align:center" |The best choreography and plastic arts / plastic interpretation of a production | style="text-align:center" |Radu Poklitaru<br /><br />(''Swan Lake'') | {{Won}} |- | style="text-align:center" |The best stage directing début | style="text-align:center" |Oleksiy Busko<br /><br />(''Seasons'') | {{Nom}} |- | style="text-align:center" |2016 | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |''Shevchenko National Prize'' of Ukraine<ref name="Shevchenko National Prize">{{Cite web |title=Хореографія балету-триптиху «Перехрестя» на музику М.М.Скорика, балетів «Лебедине озеро» П.І.Чайковського, «Жінки в ре мінорі» на музику Й.С.Баха, «Довгий різдвяний обід» на музику А.Вівальді &#124; Комітет з Національної премії України імені Тараса Шевченка |url=http://knpu.gov.ua/content/%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%83-%C2%AB%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%C2%BB-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83-%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2-%C2%AB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%C2%BB-%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207211000/http://knpu.gov.ua/content/%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%83-%C2%AB%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%C2%BB-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83-%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2-%C2%AB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%C2%BB-%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA |archive-date=December 7, 2021 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=knpu.gov.ua}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |Musical Art | style="text-align:center" |''Swan Lake''<br /><br />''Women in D-Moll''<br /><br />''The Long Christmas Dinner''<br /><br />''The Intersection'' | {{Won}} |- | style="text-align:center" |2019 | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center" |''GRA''<br /><br />II All-Ukrainian Theatrical Festival-Prize<ref>{{Cite web |title=Указ президента України №251/2017 Про відзначення державними нагородами України з нагоди Дня незалежності України |url=https://www.president.gov.ua/documents/4912020-35545 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=www.president.gov.ua}}</ref> | style="text-align:center" |The best choreographic/ballet/plastic production | style="text-align:center" |''The Sleeping Beauty'' | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" |2020 | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center" |The ''Kyiv Pectoral'' theatrical prize<br /><br />of the 2019/20<ref>{{Cite web |title=Про присудження Національної премії України імені Тараса Шевченка |url=https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/77/2016 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=zakon.rada.gov.ua |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224172201/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/77/2016 |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.legis.md/cautare/getResults?doc_id=95045&lang=ru Указ Президента Республика Молдова от 13 сентября 2016 года №2335 О присвоении господину Раду Поклитару почётного звания «Artist al Poporului»]</ref> | style="text-align:center" |The best stage directing | style="text-align:center" |Radu Poklitaru<br /><br />(''Viy'') | {{Nom}} |- | style="text-align:center" |The best performance of a male part | style="text-align:center" |Illia Miroshnychenko<br /><br />(Khoma Brutus in the ballet ''Viy'') | {{Nom}} |- | style="text-align:center" |The best musical conception of a production | style="text-align:center" |Oleksandr Rodin<br /><br />(''Viy'') | {{Nom}} |- | style="text-align:center" |The best plastic interpretation of a production | style="text-align:center" |Radu Poklitaru<br /><br />(''Viy'') | {{Won}} |- |} == Adabi == * Елена Узун. Свободный танец Rаду Поклитару. / Elena Uzun. Rawar Radu Poklitaru. - [[Chisinau|Chișinău]] : «Elan INC» (типографія «Elan Poligraf»), 2012. - 158 p. - <nowiki>ISBN 978-9975-4251-2-4</nowiki> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Комунальна організація (установа, заклад) Театрально-видовищний заклад культури Академічний театр «Київ Модерн-балет» |url=https://dk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/akademichnyy-teatr-kyiv-modernbalet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125122444/https://dk.kyivcity.gov.ua/content/akademichnyy-teatr-kyiv-modernbalet.html |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |access-date=Aug 2, 2022 |website=dk.kyivcity.gov.ua}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4vmrzvfafdwj5zt25kym5854sulp777 0 127937 975974 785661 2026-11-04T22:07:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyar '''Kids Saving the Rainforest (KSTR)''' ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta {{En dash}} zaman kanta mai zaman kanta mai suna 501(c)(3) da ke Costa Rica, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1999 don dasa bishiyoyi a yankunan da suka lalace a ƙasar, da kuma ceto, gyara da kuma, idan zai yiwu, sakin dabbobin da ke zaune a waɗannan dazuzzukan. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, Kids Saving the Rainforest ta dasa ko kuma tana cikin shirin dasa bishiyoyi kusan 100,000 kuma ta ceto da kuma gyara dabbobin daji 3,000, waɗanda kashi biyu bisa uku na su aka sake su zuwa daji. Manufar KSTR ita ce: "kare namun daji daban-daban na Tekun Pacific na Costa Rica ta hanyar gyara namun daji, gudanar da bincike na kimiyya na asali, horar da masu sa kai, da kuma haɓaka kiyayewa." == Tarihi == An kafa ƙungiyar Kids Saving the Rainforest a watan Fabrairun 1999 ta hannun 'yan mata biyu 'yan shekara tara, Janine Licare da Aislin Livingstone, waɗanda ke zaune a cikin dajin Manuel Antonio, Costa Rica. 'Yan matan sun yi kwalaben takarda da fentin duwatsu sannan suka sayar da su a gefen hanya don tara kuɗi don shukar da za a dasa a cikin dajin da ke kusa. Tun daga lokacin, KSTR ta zama ƙungiya mai cikakken aiki a fannin muhalli tare da kwamitin gudanarwa. <ref name="healthcarevolunteer.com">{{Cite web |title=Volunteer in Costa Rica with Kids Saving the Rainforest |url=https://www.healthcarevolunteer.com/volunteers/viewpagelogin.php?orgname=Volunteer%20in%20Costa%20Rica%20with%20Kids%20Saving%20the%20Rainforest |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=healthcarevolunteer.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212202009/https://www.healthcarevolunteer.com/volunteers/viewpagelogin.php?orgname=Volunteer%20in%20Costa%20Rica%20with%20Kids%20Saving%20the%20Rainforest |archive-date=12 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mahaifiyar Licare, Jennifer Rice ita ce shugaba. Ma'aikatan sun haɗa da mutane da yawa na cikakken lokaci da kuma masu aikin sa kai. KSTR tana wajen Manual Antonio, Costa Rica, amma tana da ayyuka a ƙasashe 18. == Shirye-shirye == === Ceto, gyara da kuma sakewa === KSTR tana ceto da kuma gyara dabbobin da aka kawo su wurin kiwon su. Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda ba za a iya sake su cikin daji ba ana ba su mafaka don rayuwa a gidan. Manufar ita ce a saki dabbobi da yawa gwargwadon iko. Tare da matsakaicin ceto 200 a shekara, an ceto nau'ikan halittu sama da 75 a tsakiyar cibiyarsu. Wannan ya haɗa da, da sauransu, sloths masu yatsu biyu da uku, birai masu squirrel, kinkajous, coatis, marmosets, tamarins, parakeets masu launin orange. === Gadojin namun daji === KSTR ta fara Shirin Gadar Namun Daji a shekarar 2000, wanda aka fara da shi don kare birai titi da ke fuskantar barazanar zama biri (biri mai kama da squirrel). Tun daga lokacin sun kafa gadoji 130 kuma nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban 14 suna amfani da su. A halin yanzu, yawan birai titi ya ninka sau biyu. <ref name="imaginetravel.com">{{Cite web |title=Blog:Kids Saving the Rainforest |url=https://www.imaginetravel.com/imagine-latin-america/holiday-destination/costa-rica/our-costa-rica/kids-saving-the-rainforest |access-date=29 January 2018 |website=imaginetravel.com}}</ref> Duk lokacin da wata dabba mai kama da dabba ta lalace ta hanyar wayoyi masu rai, ko mota ta buge ta, ko kuma karnuka suka kai mata hari, KSTR yana sake duba bukatar gada kuma yana sanya ta a gare su su ketare sama daga ƙasa. === Gyaran dazuzzuka === Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, KSTR ta dasa bishiyoyi sama da 7,000, tana kan hanyar dasa wasu 80,000 a kan kadarorin da aka bayar a wani wuri a Costa Rica, da kuma sake dasa dazuzzuka a wasu ƙasashe. === Masu aikin sa kai === Domin gudanar da wurin kula da dabbobin, KSTR ta dogara ne da masu sa kai waɗanda suka shigo daga ko'ina cikin duniya don taimakawa a dukkan fannoni na shirye-shiryenta. Masu sa kai suna tsaftacewa, gyara, da gina keji, suna aiki a kan hanyoyi, suna shirya abinci ga dabbobin, suna lura da ɗabi'u, da ƙari. <ref name="idealist.org">{{Cite web |title=Kids Saving the Rainforest |url=https://www.idealist.org/en/nonprofit/67510b4079c14f319aaf350b5f0cecb6-kids-saving-the-rainforest-manuel-antonio? |access-date=29 January 2018 |website=idealist.org}}</ref> Masu sa kai da yawa suna zaune a inda suke aiki a KSTR, amma wasu suna zaɓar yin aikin sa kai na rana da kamfanonin yawon buɗe ido na yankin ke bayarwa. <ref name="endangered.org">{{Cite web |last=Merry |first=Mitch |title=World’s Cutest In-Patients |url=http://www.endangered.org/worlds-cutest-in-patients/ |access-date=29 January 2018 |website=endangered.org}}</ref> === Ilimi === Muhimmin abu na KSTR shine ilimi game da kiyaye nau'ikan halittu. <ref name="latafoundation.org">{{Cite web |title=Kids Saving the Rainforest |url=https://www.latafoundation.org/projects/kids-saving-the-rainforest/ |access-date=29 January 2018 |website=latafoundation.org}}</ref> Baƙi da suka ziyarci wurin ana ba su jawabi na ilimi game da dazuzzukan daji da mazaunansa. == Tallafin Kuɗi == KSTR tana aiki ne kawai akan gudummawa. <ref name="cazloyd.com">{{Cite web |title=KIDS SAVING THE RAINFOREST IN COSTA RICA |url=http://www.cazloyd.com/en-gb/2015/06/08/kids-saving-the-rainforest/ |access-date=29 January 2018 |website=cazloyd.com }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == ew5f5cdhxoowm4hiucbsp7jqiahc2f9 0 128033 975836 941942 2026-11-04T13:36:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Henrietta Joy Abena Nyarko Mensa-Bonsu''', JSC, FGA (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1957) Alkali ce a Kotun Koli ta [[Ghana|Jamhuriyar Ghana]] . <ref name=":y">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-26 |title=I shall demonstrate uncompromising fidelity to the Constitution – Justice Kulendi |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-shall-demonstrate-uncompromising-fidelity-to-the-Constitution-Justice-Kulendi-962779 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=ghanaweb. |language=en}}</ref> Shugaba [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] ne ya zaɓe ta. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 May 2020 |title=5 key highlights from vetting of Supreme Court nominees |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/5-key-highlights-from-vetting-of-Supreme-Court-Justice-nominees-950719 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-11 |title=Vetting of Supreme Court Justice nominees begins today |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/05/vetting-of-supreme-court-justice-nominees-begins-today/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="The court is busy!">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-20 |title=The court is busy! |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/The-court-is-busy-957175 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=ghanaweb |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce mace ta 5 a Kotun. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-20 |title=Four Supreme Court Justice nominees approved by Parliament |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/05/four-supreme-court-justice-nominees-approved-by-parliament/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Citinewsroom – Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="ghanaweb.com">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-27 |title=Justice Mensa-Bonsu joins Supreme Court Bench |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Justice-Mensa-Bonsu-joins-Supreme-Court-Bench-962893 |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=ghanaweb. |language=en}}</ref> Kafin naɗa ta a Kotun Koli, farfesa ce a fannin shari'a ta Ghana wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Kwamitin Zaman Lafiya na Majalisar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Dinkin Duniya]] mai zaman kansa kan Ayyukan Zaman Lafiya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='Guard peace in the country' – Prof. Henrietta Mensa-Bonsu |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Guard-peace-in-the-country-Prof-Henrietta-Mensa-Bonsu-509118 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107022035/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Guard-peace-in-the-country-Prof-Henrietta-Mensa-Bonsu-509118 |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2017-11-04 |website=ghanaweb |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Mensa-Bonsu Appointed Member Of United Nations Secretary-General's High Level Independent Panel On Peace Operations. {{!}} University of Ghana |url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/prof-mensa-bonsu-appointed-member-united-nations-secretary-general%E2%80%99s-high-level-independent |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024849/https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/prof-mensa-bonsu-appointed-member-united-nations-secretary-general%E2%80%99s-high-level-independent |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=2017-11-04 |website=University of Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Henrietta Joy Abena Nyarko a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1957 a [[Kumasi]] . <ref name="Service">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Judicial |title=Four New Supreme Court Justices Sworn into Office |url=https://judicial.gov.gh/index.php/publications/news-publications/js-latest-news/item/399-four-new-supreme-court-justices-sworn-into-office |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=judicial government of ghana |language=en-gb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726050055/https://judicial.gov.gh/index.php/publications/news-publications/js-latest-news/item/399-four-new-supreme-court-justices-sworn-into-office |archive-date=2022-07-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta halarci [[Wesley Girls' Senior High School|Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan Mata ta Wesley]] don samun takardar shaidar matakin yau da kullun da kuma takardar shaidar digirin digirgir da ta samu a 1975 da 1977 bi da bi. Ta ci gaba a [[Jami'ar Ghana]] inda ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a (LLB) a 1980 sannan ta yi karatu a [[Ghana School of Law|Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana]] daga 1980 zuwa 1982. An kira ta zuwa lauya a Ghana a 1982. Ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a [[Jami ar Yale|Jami'ar Yale]], inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Shari'a (LLM) a 1985. == Sana'a == An yi wa Mensa-Bonsu aiki a matsayin malamar shari'a a [[Jami'ar Ghana]] a shekarar 1985 kuma ta haura zuwa matsayi har ta kai ga samun cikakken matsayin farfesa a shekarar 2002. A shekarar 2003, an zabe ta a matsayin memba na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana . <ref name=":1"/> Wasu mukamai na ilimi da Mensa-Bonsu ta rike a Jami'ar Ghana sun hada da Darakta a Cibiyar Legon ta Duniya da Diflomasiyya Mai Ci Gaba da kuma mukaddashin Shugabar Kwalejin Shari'a. An zabe ta a matsayin shugabar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 May 2020 |title=5 key highlights from vetting of Supreme Court nominees |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/5-key-highlights-from-vetting-of-Supreme-Court-Justice-nominees-950719 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=}}</ref> Ta yi amfani da dandamali da take da su don fafutukar neman zaman lafiya don hanzarta ci gaban ƙasa. Ita ce baƙon mai jawabi a Lakcar Zaman Lafiya ta Biyu da ƙungiyar Rotary Club da Cibiyar Gudanar da Mulkin Dimokuraɗiyya (IDEG) suka shirya a birnin Accra, inda ta yi magana game da "buƙatar samar da zaman lafiya" ba tare da jira "har sai an sami buƙatar zaman lafiya kafin mu tafi ba". <ref name=":0"/> Ta gabatar da lakcar ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta Jami'ar Ghana ta 2014 kan taken "Tsarin Zaman Lafiya da Tsaro na Tarayyar Afirka: Mai tabbatar da zaman lafiya da tsaro a nahiyar". A shekarar 2017, Mensa-Bonsu ta gaza a yunkurinta na zama Alkali a Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC). Ta kasance memba a Kwamitin Bincike na Shugaban Kasa wanda ya binciki rikicin zaben maye gurbin da aka yi a Ayawaso West Wuogon . <ref name="todaygh.com">{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2017 |title=Prof Henrietta Mensa-Bonsu |url=https://www.todaygh.com/prof-henrietta-mensa-bonsu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811095306/https://www.todaygh.com/prof-henrietta-mensa-bonsu/ |archive-date=11 August 2020 |website=today ghana}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Mensa-Bonsu Appointed Member Of United Nations Secretary-General's High Level Independent Panel On Peace Operations. {{!}} University of Ghana |url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/prof-mensa-bonsu-appointed-member-united-nations-secretary-general%E2%80%99s-high-level-independent |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024849/https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/prof-mensa-bonsu-appointed-member-united-nations-secretary-general%E2%80%99s-high-level-independent |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=2017-11-04 |website=University of Ghana}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qyi1ktk6zgn4f6alc55yr94nd809h5x 0 130459 976134 767696 2026-11-05T11:40:23Z Zahrah0 14848 976134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zhong Acheng''' ( simplified Chinese ; an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1949), wanda aka fi sanin sa da sunan barkwanci '''Ah Cheng''', marubuci ne kuma marubucin allo na ƙasar Sin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peng Dingning ({{lang|zh|彭叮咛}}) |year=2022 |script-title=zh:阿城：作家眼中的作家 |trans-title=Acheng: A Writer in the Eyes of Writers |journal=Culture and History Vision |language=zh |location=Yuhua District, Changsha, Hunan |publisher=Integrated Media Center of the Hunan Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference |volume=630 |pages=70–73 |issn=1672-8653}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da ƙungiyar adabi ta " neman tushe " ta shekarun 1980. Ayyukansa da aka fi sani da su sun ƙunshi littattafai uku - ''Jagorar Chess'' ( Chinese; 1984), ''Sarkin Bishiyoyi'' ( Chinese; 1985), ''Sarkin Yara'' ( Chinese ; 1985)– wanda ya dogara da rayuwar karkara a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Zuyan |date=2016 |title=Dao and Reconstruction of Cultural Identity in Contemporary Chinese Literary and Mass Media Products |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24886579 |journal=Modern Chinese Literature and Culture |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=223–284 |issn=1520-9857}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == Mahaifin Ah Cheng, Zhong Dianfei, ya kasance mai kula da Ofishin Yada Labaran Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin. A shekara ta 1956, a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen din Hundred Flowers, ya rubuta wani labarin da ke sukar tsoma baki na siyasa a fina-finai kuma an tura shi zuwa karkara. Ah Cheng ya sayar da littattafan mahaifinsa don tallafa wa iyalin, kuma ya karanta waɗannan litattafan Sinanci da na yamma kafin ya yi hakan. A lokacin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]], an kuma tura Ah Cheng zuwa ƙauyuka, yana aiki a Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, da Yunnan, inda ya zama sanannen mai ba da labari. A shekara ta 1976, ya koma Beijing a hutu kuma ya ga zanga-zangar Tiananmen Square da mutuwar Zhou Enlai na haifar. An buga zane-zanensa na Zhou a cikin fitowar farko ta ''Jintian'', mujallar wallafe-wallafen da ba ta hukuma ba wacce Bei Dao da sauransu suka kafa. Ah Cheng kuma ya fara rubuta labaru game da rayuwarsa a Yunnan. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, The Chess Master, an buga shi a cikin Shanghai Literature a watan Yulin 1984. An yaba da shi a cikin ''Veni Bao'', mujallar kungiyar marubuta ta kasar Sin, a wannan watan Oktoba, kuma ya lashe lambar yabo a watan Disamba. An buga Sarkin itatuwa a cikin Marubutan Sinanci a watan Janairun 1985, kuma ''Sarkin Yara'' daga baya a wannan shekarar a cikin ''Littattafan Jama'a'' . An wallafa tarin ayyukansa a Hong Kong da Beijing a wannan shekarar, kuma a Taipei a 1986. Labaransa suna amfani da al'adun gargajiya na kasar Sin, abubuwan Confucian da Daoist, da dabarun labarun gargajiya, suna nuna komawa da gangan ga gaskiyar al'adu da tushen al'adu ya bambanta da wallafe-wallafen juyin juya halin da suka gabata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Zuyan |date=2016 |title=Dao and Reconstruction of Cultural Identity in Contemporary Chinese Literary and Mass Media Products |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24886579 |journal=Modern Chinese Literature and Culture |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=223–284 |issn=1520-9857}}</ref> [[Mo Yan]], wanda ya lashe [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Kyautar Nobel a cikin wallafe-wallafen]], ya ɗauki Ah Cheng a matsayin gunkinsa na wallafe-walfinai a lokacin da yake makaranta. [[Wang Shuo]], babban marubucin sabuwar makarantar Beijing, ya dauki Au Cheng a matsayin marubuci mai girma a cikin ƙungiyar wallafe-wallafen Beijing. Marubucin almara na Taiwan [[Chu Tʽien-wen]] ya tuna da ikon ba da labari na musamman na Ah Cheng da kyakkyawar fahimta game da rayuwa.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-09 |title=能得诺贝尔奖的作家或许不少，但阿城只有一个 |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_14810642?utm |website=thepaper.cn}}</ref> === Tarin abubuwa === * ''Sarakuna Uku: Labarai Uku daga China ta Yau'' (trans. ta Bonnie McDougall), wanda Collins-Harvill (London) ya buga a 1990. * ''Sarkin Bishiyoyi'' (omnibus na "Sarkin Bishi", "Sarkin Chess", da "Sarkin Yara") (trans. by Bonnie McDougall), wanda New Directions Publishing ya buga a cikin 2010. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] ksd2zkx46b4abgqke1ge0k70iss8izr 0 130856 976139 839654 2026-11-05T11:44:25Z Zahrah0 14848 976139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dong Xi''' (simplified Chinese: 东西; gargajiya Sinanci: 東西; pinyin: ''Dōng Xī''; an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1966) shine sunan alkalami na '''Tian Dailin''' (simplifified Sinanci; gargajiya Sunanci: 田代琳; pinyin) An haife shi a cikin Tian'e County a Guangxi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=作家东西 |url=http://www.gxnews.com.cn/channel/shushi/dx/index.htm |access-date=2017-11-19 |website=www.gxnews.com.cn |archive-date=2014-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103062519/http://www.gxnews.com.cn/channel/shushi/dx/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dong Xi marubuci ne na litattafai, gajerun labaru, da allo. An daidaita shida daga cikin ayyukansa don fim da talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=东西：作家触电可以救文学 |url=http://tj.eastday.com/eastday/wxhg/zjft/userobject1ai1531083.html |access-date=2017-11-19 |website=tj.eastday.com |archive-date=2006-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220150908/http://tj.eastday.com/eastday/wxhg/zjft/userobject1ai1531083.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi memba ne na Ƙungiyar Marubutan China da Ƙungiyar Matasan China kuma mataimakin shugaban Ƙungiyar Guangxi ta Littattafai da Fasaha. Ya raba lokacinsa tsakanin mukamin a Jami'ar Guangxi don Kasashe da [[Beijing]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da wallafe-wallafen farko == An haifi Dong Xi a [[Guli, Guangxi|Guli]] a arewa maso yammacin Guangxi . Iyalinsa sun sha wahala a lokacin [[Cultural Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Al'adu]] saboda matsayinsu na farko. Bayan farkon sake fasalin da buɗewa, Dong Xi ya sami damar shiga sashen Sinanci na Kwalejin Kwalejin Hechi <ref>{{Cite web |title=作家东西 |url=http://www.gxnews.com.cn/channel/shushi/dx/index.htm |access-date=2017-11-19 |website=www.gxnews.com.cn }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (wanda yanzu ake kira [[Hechi University|Jami'ar Hechi]]), ƙaramin kwaleji a arewa maso yammacin Guangxi a kudancin ƙarshen Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau . A makaranta ne Dong Xi ya fara gabatar da aiki ga mujallu da mujallu na wallafe-wallafen, gami da Tibet Literature, West China Literature, da Guangxi Literature. A cikin fall of 1992, Dong Xi ya shiga cikin manyan mujallu na wallafe-wallafen, ya buga gajeren fiction da litattafai biyu a cikin Harvest, Flower City da Chinese Writer . == Nasara a matsayin marubuci da daidaita aikin don allo == Sau da yawa ana haɗa gajerun fiction da litattafan Dong Xi tare da wasu ayyukan daga marubutan da suka fito a biranen China a cikin shekarun 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |title=作家东西 |url=http://www.gxnews.com.cn/channel/shushi/dx/index.htm |access-date=2017-11-19 |website=www.gxnews.com.cn |archive-date=2014-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103062519/http://www.gxnews.com.cn/channel/shushi/dx/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga bisani ya koma Beijing kuma ya fara aiki tare da marubutan allo, da kuma daidaita aikinsa don talabijin da fim. Mafi shahararren gyare-gyaren fim dinsa shine fim din 2002, Sky Lovers, wanda ya samo asali ne daga littafinsa, Life Without Language (an daidaita wannan labari don jerin shirye-shiryen TV 20 na Guangxi Mandile Film and Culture Co. Ltd.). Daidaitawar ta lashe Kyautar Kyauta mafi Kyawu a bikin Fim na Duniya na 15 na Tokyo . My Sister's Dictionary (2005) an daidaita shi daga Dong Xi's A Resounding Slap in the Face (1998). == Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa == * ''Rayuwa Ba tare da Harshe ba'' (Nanjing: Jiangsu Literature and Art Publishing House, 1995). An daidaita shi don fim din 2002, Sky Lovers . Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lu Xun Literary Prize a shekarar 1995. An fassara shi a matsayin "Life Without Language" ta Dylan Levi King a cikin wallafe-wallafen Sinanci A yau (Volume 7, 2018). * A Resounding Slap in the Face (Changchun: Changchun Publishing House, 1998). A halin yanzu ba a fassara shi ba. An daidaita shi don TV a matsayin Slap! kuma don fim kamar My Sister's Dictionary (2005). * Rubuce-rubucen nadama (Beijing: Gidan wallafe-wallafen Jama'a, 2005). An fassara shi a matsayin Record of Regret ta Dylan Levi King don Jami'ar Oklahoma Press (2018). * Fate Rewritten (Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House, 2015). An fassara shi a matsayin Fate Rewritten by John Balcom for Sinoist Books (2024). * Ripples a cikin Tafkin (Beijing: Gidan wallafe-wallafen Jama'a, 2021). Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Mao Dun Literature a shekarar 2023. An fassara shi a matsayin Ripples a cikin Tafkin ta James Trapp don Littattafan Sinoist (2026). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] ijuyc6hfdssp50at6yv50obebgbvu9i 0 130942 976136 768659 2026-11-05T11:42:30Z Zahrah0 14848 976136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wang Zengqi''' ( Chinese ; 1920 - 1997) marubuci ne na zamani na kasar Sin, mai rubuta makala kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Peking Opera.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=毕楠 |title=Celebrating a modern story teller |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202101/06/WS5ff4f812a31024ad0baa0af0.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> An san shi da gajerun labarai da kasidu masu salo da abubuwan da suka kunsa, waɗanda adabi da tatsuniyoyi na garinsu suka ƙunsa. An kira shi "ƙwararren mai tsara salon Sinanci na zamani", tare da mai ba shi shawara kan adabi [[Shen Congwen]] . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin magajin "Makarantar Beijing" wadda [[Zhou Zuoren]] da Shen Congwen suka yi shelarta a shekara ta alif 1940.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sun |first=Yu |date=2023 |title=从京派到新京派 |trans-title=From the "Beijing School" to the "New Beijing School" |url=https://www.chinawriter.com.cn/n1/2023/0109/c441821-32602835.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.chinawriter.com.cn (中国作家网)}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == [[Fayil:FR_Wang_Zengqi.jpg|left|thumb|Tsohon Gidan Wang Zengqi a Gaoyou.]] An haifi Wang a cikin dangin masu mallakar ƙasa a cikin 1920 a Gaoyou, Lardin Jiangsu . Kakansa ya tara wadata mai yawa yana aiki da gonaki da kantin magani. Mahaifin Wang ya kasance mai sha'awar sha'awa, mai sana'a, kuma mai kula da ido mai daraja ta hanyar sana'a. Ya shiga cikin wasanni, kayan kida, zane, da sana'a. Wang Zengqi shi ne ɗa na biyu na iyali kuma ɗan fari. Mahaifiyar Wang ta mutu lokacin da yake dan shekara uku, ta bar shi da tunanin ta kawai. Mahaifiyarsa da sauran danginsa ne suka yi renonsa da kulawa da ƙauna. Baya ga karatunsa na yau da kullun, ya yi karatun calligraphy, zane, da wallafe-wallafen gargajiya a karkashin jagorancin kakanninsa da mahaifinsa. == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === A lokacin Yaƙin Sin da Japan na Biyu, Wang ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin manyan malamai da yawa - Zhu Ziqing, Wen Yiduo, Feng Youlan, da Shen Congwen - a Jami'ar Kudancin Yamma. Mai sha'awar fiction na Shen Congwen tun daga makarantar sakandare, ya halarci laccoci na jami'ar Shen kan rubuce-rubucen fiction kuma ya dauke shi a matsayin malami na rayuwa da kuma mai ba da shawara kan wallafe-wallafen. Wang ya fara buga shayari da gajerun labaru a cikin mujallar harabar da ya kafa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=郜 |first=元宝 |date=2020 |title=汪曾祺诞辰100年 {{!}} "遗老式作家"的两个年代 |url=https://m.thepaper.cn/wifiKey_detail.jsp?contid=6319256 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Thepaper.cn}}</ref> Wang ya buga kundi na farko na gajerun labaru Collection of Chance Encounters a cikin 1949, a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin wallafe-wallafen da Ba Jin ya shirya.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=郜 |first=元宝 |date=2020 |title=汪曾祺诞辰100年 {{!}} "遗老式作家"的两个年代 |url=https://m.thepaper.cn/wifiKey_detail.jsp?contid=6319256 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Thepaper.cn}}</ref> === Saiti da salon === A cikin kwata na karshe na karni na ashirin, Wang ya rubuta litattafai da yawa da gajerun labaru waɗanda suka sami yabo mai mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> An kafa gajerun labaransa a wuraren da yake zaune: garinsu na Gaoyou; [[Kunming]], inda ya halarci jami'a; [[Zhangjiakou]], inda ya sake samun ilimi a matsayin "mai hannun dama"; da [[Beijing]], inda ya zauna kuma ya yi aiki tun daga shekarun 1950. Halinsa sun haɗa da talakawa a birane, ƙananan malamai, mutanen karkara, da masu ilimi. Labarinsa yana da fa'ida ga halitta, mai kama da rubutu a kan makirci mai ban mamaki, ta amfani da harshe mai sauƙi, mai hanawa da aka nuna tare da jin daɗi da ladabi. Wannan tsarin ya nuna abin da ya bari na "Makarantar Beijing" ta shekarun 1940 karkashin jagorancin [[Zhou Zuoren]] da [[Shen Congwen]].[26] Ayyukansa da ke nuna rayuwar karkara sun motsa marubutan wallafe-wallafen bincike a tsakiyar da ƙarshen shekarun 1980. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] oxt3oc1fcvxlfc9ndjr04kdujqbpzmb 0 130948 976140 798966 2026-11-05T11:45:25Z Zahrah0 14848 976140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wu Mengchang''' ( Chinese ; 1911 - 6 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2006) wani mai fassara ne kuma marubuci ɗan ƙasar Sin wanda ya lashe [[Lu Xun Literary Prize|kyautar adabi ta Lu Xun]] a shekarar 1995, kyautar adabi mai daraja a ƙasar Sin.<ref name="fish2">{{Cite web |date=2006 |script-title=zh:著名翻译家、作家伍孟昌逝世 |url=http://www.gmw.cn/01ds/2006-10/18/content_494371.htm |website=GMW |publisher= |language=zh}}</ref> Ya kasance sananne ne saboda kasancewa daya daga cikin manyan masu fassara zuwa Sinanci na ayyukan marubucin Rasha [[Maxim Gorky]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Wu a Xinning County, Guangdong a cikin shekara ta 1911. Ya shiga kungiyar China League of Life-Wing Writers ({{Lang|zh-Hans-CN|左翼作家联盟}}) a shekarar 1932.<ref name="cow">{{Cite web |date= |script-title=zh:伍孟昌 (1911～2006) |url=http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/zxhy/member/5183.shtml |website=chinawriter.com.cn |publisher= |language=zh |access-date=2026-01-05 |archive-date=2016-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112144343/http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/zxhy/member/5183.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Fudan a 1935, inda ya fi dacewa da harshe da adabi.<ref name="cow"/> Wu ya fara buga ayyukan a 1936.<ref name="cow"/> A shekara ta 1952, Wu ta shiga kungiyar marubuta ta kasar Sin.<ref name="cow"/> Wu ya mutu a Beijing a ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2006.<ref name="cow"/> == Ayyuka == * ''Cikakken Ayyukan Gorky'' (Maxim Gorky) ({{Lang|zh-Hans-CN|高尔基全集}}) * ''Asirin Paris'' (Eugene Sue) (Asirin Baris) * ''Amirkawa a Japan'' (Amurkawa a Japan) * ''Czechoslovakia'' (Medvedev) (Thekkslovakia) == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar wallafe-wallafen Lu Xun (1995) * Ƙungiyar Fassara ta Sinanci - Babban Mai Fassara (2004) <ref name="man">{{Cite web |date=2004 |script-title=zh:118位资深翻译家获表彰 中国译协使用新名称 |url=http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2004-11-07/18414168028s.shtml |website=Sina |publisher= |language=zh}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Yana da ɗa, Wu Yongguang == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1911]] fiblbtp1uynozpm19jmlnzubk2atzpg 0 132011 975889 771125 2026-11-04T18:44:21Z Zahrah0 14848 975889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dajin Oak Hammock''' wani fili ne mai dausayi da kuma yankin kula da namun daji wanda yake da nisan {{Convert|34|km|mi}} arewacin Winnipeg, Manitoba, Kanada. <ref name="CGNDB2">{{Cite web |title=Place names - Oak Hammock Marsh Wildlife Management Area |url=https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/GATUZ |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=geonames.nrcan.gc.ca |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar WMA a matsayin yanki mai kariya daga aji na IV a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan kula da yanki mai kariya daga IUCN. <ref name="Protected Planet2">{{Cite web |title=Oak Hammock Marsh Wildlife Management Area |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/23275 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=Protected Planet |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)}}</ref> An san wannan fili a matsayin [[Important Bird Area|Muhimmin Yankin Tsuntsaye (IBA)]] saboda yawan tsuntsayen ruwa da tsuntsayen bakin teku da ke duniya. <ref name="IBASiteSummary2">{{Cite web |title=IBA Site Summary: Oak Hammock Marsh WMA |url=https://www.ibacanada.ca/site.jsp?siteID=MB010 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=Important Bird Areas Canada |publisher=BirdLife International}}</ref> [[Ramsar site|Wurin Ramsar]] ne da aka keɓe saboda mahimmancinsa na duniya a matsayin wurin kiwo da kuma wurin ajiye tsuntsayen ruwa da sauran tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura. Girmansa ya kai {{Convert|3,578.47|ha|acre}} . <ref name="OpenDataGovMB2">{{Cite web |title=Wildlife Management Areas |url=https://geoportal.gov.mb.ca/datasets/wildlife-management-areas-1/explore?location=54.375299%2C-95.500000%2C6.38&showTable=true |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=geoportal.gov.mb.ca |publisher=Government of Manitoba |language=en-ca}}</ref> == Tarihi == Lambun ya ƙunshi ragowar 470&nbsp;murabba'i&nbsp;Yankin dausayi mai nisan kilomita da kuma fenda wanda ya miƙe daga gefen Winnipeg zuwa arewa zuwa Teulon, Manitoba da yamma zuwa kusurwar kudu maso yamma na Tafkin Winnipeg . <ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.oakhammockmarsh.ca/about/history-of-oak-hammock/ |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=Oak Hammock Marsh}}</ref> Wannan fili mai faɗi an san shi da Turanci a da St. Andrews Bog. <ref name="history" /> Sunan Oak Hammock ya samo asali ne tun farkon shekarun 1870 lokacin da mazauna ke taruwa don yin hutu a kan wani dutse da aka rufe da itacen oak a gefen wannan fadama. <ref name="history" /> Aaron MacDonald ne ya mallaki ƙasar kuma sunan Oak Hammock wanda ya sanya wa yankin suna daga ƙarshe. Wannan sunan ya zama na hukuma tare da buɗe Ofishin Wasikun Oak Hammock wanda aka yi amfani da shi har zuwa farkon shekarun 1900. <ref name="history" /> Wannan dausayin ya sami magudanar ruwa don amfanin gona tun daga shekarar 1897 kuma a farkon shekarun 1960 duk sai 60&nbsp;an rage yawan ha. Matakan dawo da wani ɓangare na dausayin sun fara ne a shekarar 1967 lokacin da gwamnatocin Manitoba da [[Kanada]] suka fara wani shiri na haɗin gwiwa tare da Ducks Unlimited Canada da sauran ƙungiyoyin kare namun daji don mayar da filayen noma masu faɗi zuwa jihar da ta dace da namun daji. <ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.oakhammockmarsh.ca/about/history-of-oak-hammock/ |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=Oak Hammock Marsh}}</ref> A shekarar 1972, lardin ya yi aiki tare da Ducks Unlimited don gina hanyar sadarwa ta dykes kuma nan da shekarar 1974, 3,450&nbsp;An sayi ha. na ƙasa kuma an sayar da ha. 22&nbsp;kilomita na dawaki da aka gina don kamawa da riƙe ruwa a cikin sassa uku na dausayi da aka raba da dausayi. <ref name="history" /> An kuma gina tsibiran gida 58 a cikin sassa uku. Wannan yanki tare da tsaunukan da ke kewaye duk lardin ne ya tsara su kuma aka keɓe su zuwa Yankin Kula da Namun Daji na Oak Hammock Marsh (WMA) a cikin yanki mai girman hekta murabba'i 3,600 ko {{Convert|36|km2|mi2}} . <ref name="history" /> Wannan yanki yana ci gaba da gudanar da shi ta [[Manitoba kiyayewa da Yanayi|Manitoba Conservation and Climate]] . <ref name="history" /> A shekarar 1984, gwamnatin Manitoba ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniyar ci gaba da Ducks Unlimited Canada don gina tsarin kula da ruwa, ayyukan samar da ruwa, ƙarin tsibiran gida, ƙarin dykes, da kuma ƙirƙirar wani sashe na huɗu. An gina cibiyar kiyayewa da karɓar baƙi a shekarar 1991 akan kuɗin CA$11 miliyan kuma tana aiki a matsayin hedikwatar ƙasa ta Ducks Unlimited Canada, da kuma Cibiyar Binciken Wetland ta Harry J. Enns. <ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.oakhammockmarsh.ca/about/history-of-oak-hammock/ |access-date=April 26, 2023 |website=Oak Hammock Marsh}}</ref> An buɗe wannan ginin a hukumance a shekarar 1993, shekaru 20 bayan gyara dazuzzukan farko. <ref name="history" /> == Manazarta == mwgit5b05tf4ejpg7rsfxghb1g68xwn 0 133043 976127 892444 2026-11-05T11:35:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Leo Suter''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Satumba 1993) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ingila.<ref name="Candid magazin">{{Cite web |last=Exton |first=Sophie |date=2017-10-09 |title=Exclusive: An Interview With Leo Suter |url=https://candidmagazine.com/interview-actor-leo-suter/ |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=The Candid Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201173257/https://www.candidmagazine.com/interview-actor-leo-suter/ |archive-date=2021-02-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An fi saninsa da wasa da Harald Sigurdsson a cikin jerin [[Netflix]] ''Vikings: Valhalla'' (2022-2024). Sauran kyaututtuka sun hada da Bad Education (2012), ''Victoria'' (2017), Ransom (2017), Clique (2018), Beecham House (2019), ''Sanditon'' (2019), Intelligence (2020), The Liberator (2020). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Suter a [[Landan]], ɗan mai kula da kafofin watsa labarai Tim Suter da kuma 'yar kasuwa [[Helen Alexander (mace mai kasuwanci)|Dame Helen Alexander]], daga baya shugabar [[UBM plc]] kuma shugabar [[University of Southampton|Jami'ar Southampton]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/dame-helen-alexander-obituary-gvjwh22tg}}</ref> Ya yi karatu a Colet Court, St Paul's School, da New College, Oxford, inda ya karanta Kimiyya ta Dan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title=Drama celebrate continued success this academic year |url=https://www.stpaulsschool.org.uk/drama-celebrate-continued-success-this-academic-year/ |access-date=2020-12-30 |website=St Paul’s School |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2018 |title=The Actor Who Plays Jack In 'Clique,' Leo Suter, Has Been In Some Pretty Big Productions |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/the-actor-who-plays-jack-in-clique-leo-suter-has-been-in-some-pretty-big-productions-13111418 |access-date=2019-11-03 |website=Bustle |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Suter ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo yayin da yake karatu a makaranta yana da shekara goma sha ɗaya. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko bayan ya yi wasan karshe a makarantarsa.<ref name="Candid magazin"/> Matsayinsa na wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da Patsy a cikin The ''Winterling'' na Oxford Playhouse, Subtle a cikin The Alchemist na Arcola Theatre, da Mercutio a cikin ''Romeo da Juliet'' na Southwark Playhouse . <ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Richard |last2=Rocco |first2=Fiammetta |date=10 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/aug/10/dame-helen-alexander-obituary |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Daga 2022 zuwa 2024, Suter ya fito a matsayin Harald Sigurdsson a cikin jerin [[Netflix]] ''Vikings: Valhalla'' (2022-2024), wanda Jeb Stuart ya jagoranta.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Richard |last2=Rocco |first2=Fiammetta |date=10 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/aug/10/dame-helen-alexander-obituary |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/dame-helen-alexander-obituary-gvjwh22tg}}</ref> A cikin 2025, ya fito a matsayin DI Tommy ''Lynley'' a cikin [[BBC]] reboot Lynley . <ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Richard |last2=Rocco |first2=Fiammetta |date=10 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/aug/10/dame-helen-alexander-obituary |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/dame-helen-alexander-obituary-gvjwh22tg}}</ref> An fara jerin ne a kan Britbox, kafin a watsa shi a kan BBC One a watan Janairun 2026. == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani !Tabbacin. |- |2013 |''Zagaye da Zagayewar Aljanna'' |Mai kula da lambu | |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Richard |last2=Rocco |first2=Fiammetta |date=10 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/aug/10/dame-helen-alexander-obituary |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> |- |2014 |''Maleficent'' |Matashi |Ba a san shi ba |{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}} |- |2016 |''Ya fadi'' |Trevor Beckman | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/dame-helen-alexander-obituary-gvjwh22tg}}</ref> |- |2019 |''Zan same ka'' |Robert Pulaski | |<ref name="nuit magazine">{{Cite web |last=Casey |first=Ian |title=Leo Suter |url=http://www.nuitmagazine.com/mag/leo-suter/ |access-date=2017-11-13 |website=Nuit Magazine |archive-date=2021-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207225953/http://www.nuitmagazine.com/mag/leo-suter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2025 |''Karma na Kirsimeti'' |Bob Crachit | | |- |2026 |''Fuskar Tsoro'' |Richard York |Bayan samarwa | |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani !Tabbacin. |- |2012 |''Rashin Ilimi'' |Ɗalibi na Posh | |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lambert |first1=Richard |last2=Rocco |first2=Fiammetta |date=10 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/aug/10/dame-helen-alexander-obituary |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Victoria'' |Edward Drummond |Abubuwa 8 |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Dame Helen Alexander |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/dame-helen-alexander-obituary-gvjwh22tg}}</ref> |- |''Fuskar'' |Simon Holman |Fim: "The Castle" | |- |2018 |''Dannawa'' |Jack Yorke |Abubuwa 6 | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''Gidan Beecham'' |Daniel Beecham |Abubuwa 6 | |- |''Sanditon'' |Matashi Stringer |Abubuwa 8 | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Ilimi'' |Tom Austin |Kashi na #1.4 | |- |''Mai Ceto'' |Kyaftin Bill Lauder |Kashi: "Maƙiya" | |- |2022–2024 |''Vikings: Valhalla'' |Harald Hardrada |3 Jerin |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title=Drama celebrate continued success this academic year |url=https://www.stpaulsschool.org.uk/drama-celebrate-continued-success-this-academic-year/ |access-date=2020-12-30 |website=St Paul’s School |language=en}}</ref> |- |2025 |''Lynley'' |DI Tommy Lynley |1 Jerin |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2018 |title=The Actor Who Plays Jack In 'Clique,' Leo Suter, Has Been In Some Pretty Big Productions |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/the-actor-who-plays-jack-in-clique-leo-suter-has-been-in-some-pretty-big-productions-13111418 |access-date=2019-11-03 |website=Bustle |language=en}}</ref> |- |} == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Leo Sutera kanInstagram * {{IMDb name|5327318}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] 6gfgj29dg82v4a8dxdaueteebhh16tp 0 133911 975866 775070 2026-11-04T17:44:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975866 wikitext text/x-wiki <references /> '''Karl Reinhold''' (1834-1880) likita ne na Jamus kuma Masanin ilimin Alban daga Masarautar Hannover . An haife shi a [[Göttingen]], kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin babban likita a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Girka, bayan Yarima Otto na Bavaria ya zama Sarkin sabuwar Masarautar Girka. A can, ya sadu da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Arvanite, musamman daga tsibirin Poros (Arv. ''Porjea''), Hydra (Arv". ''Nidhra'') da [./S&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Petsa" id="mwFQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Spetsai">Spetsai] (Arv.). Ya tattara babban tarin kayan gargajiya (tatsuniyoyi, waƙoƙi, ƙididdiga, fassarorin Littafi Mai-Tsarki da Ɗaya daga cikin Dubu da Ɗaya na Dare daga mai ba da labari Vasilis Sakellaris (Βασίλης Σακελλάρης), firist na Orthodox na Arvanite daga Poros. A shekara ta 1855 ya buga karamin kundin kayan da ya tattara, a ƙarƙashin sunan Noctes Pelasgicae vel Symbolae ad cognoscendos Dialectos Graeciae Pelasgica e collatae cura Dr. Caroli Henrici Theodori Reinhold . <ref>''[[Ardian Klosi|Klosi, Ardian]] (ed.): Netët Pellazgjike të Karl Reinholdit: tekste të vjetra shqipe të Greqisë; {{ISBN|9994371819}}'' </ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anemi - Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies - Search |url=http://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/search/?store_query=1&display_mode=overview&search_help=list&dtab=m&search_type=simple&search_help=&display_mode=overview&wf_step=init&show_hidden=0&number=10&keep_number=&cclterm1=&cclterm2=&cclterm3=&cclterm4=&cclterm5=&cclterm6=&cclterm7=&cclterm8=&cclfield1=&cclfield2=&cclfield3=&cclfield4=&cclfield5=&cclfield6=&cclfield7=&cclfield8=&cclop1=&cclop2=&cclop3=&cclop4=&cclop5=&cclop6=&cclop7=&isp=&search_coll&#91;metadata&#93;=1&stored_cclquery=&skin=&rss=0&cclfield1=term&search_coll&#91;metadata&#93;=1&cclterm1=Reinhold#}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan mutuwar Reinhold, wasu daga cikin bayanansa sun fada hannun Gustav Meyer, wanda ya buga su a cikin Albanesische Studien (1883-1896). An buga rubuce-rubucensa da bayanan nahawu (shafi 463) a Tirana, Albania (2005). [1] Godiya ga kokarin Reinhold, yaren Hydra / Poros yana daya daga cikin yaren Arvanitika mafi kyau, yaren da ke fuskantar halaka. * . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hsnwwenb1yfpdix3i8fzn1ll94bt24y 0 134764 975877 910277 2026-11-04T18:28:08Z Koskac 50774 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ The source has been replaced with the new domain. 975877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Callinicus na Heliopolis (Hellenanci na Tsakiya: fl. 620 AD)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herbst |first=Judith |title=The History of Weapons |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofweapons0000herb |year=2006 |isbn=9780822538059 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofweapons0000herb/page/7 7]}}</ref> ya kasance masanin gine-gine na Byzantine<ref>{{Cite web|title=Callinicus of Heliopolis {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/callinicus-heliopolis|access-date=2021-01-17|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malevuz.com/callinicus-of-heliopolis/|title=Callinicus Of Heliopolis|quote=Born in the city of Heliopolis, there is little information regarding Callinicus’ origin and early years.|website=Malevuz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Salam|first1=Abdus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=084erO4KJCUC&q=callinicus+syrian+architects&pg=PA330|title=Ideals and Realities: Selected Essays of Abdus Salam|last2=Lai|first2=C. H.|last3=Kidwai|first3=Azim|date=1989|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-0081-7|language=en}}</ref> kuma masanin ilimin sunadarai na Yahudawa [4] [5] ko asalin Masar. [5] [6][6][7][8] An yaba masa da kirkirar wuta ta Girka, abin da ya gabata na mai kunna wuta. A cewar Constantine Porphyrogenitus, ya isa Byzantium a lokacin Constantine IV kuma ya raba iliminsa na wuta mai ruwa tare da Byzantines.[1][2] Takamaiman tsari na Callinicus shine sirri mai kulawa, kuma ba a san shi ba a yau. Abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su sun haɗa da resin, asphalt, sulfur, naphtha, mai kyau quicklime, da calcium phosphide.[3] == Dubi kuma == * 7th century in Lebanon § 670s == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ayc8rymba8xg2m82vrtwevto1ouytx0 0 139595 975861 966947 2026-11-04T16:46:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dr. Kandis Leslie Gillard-AbdulAziz''' injiniya ce ta Amurka da ke da alaƙa da haɓaka fasahar da ke mayar da sharar gona zuwa tsarin tace ruwa. <ref> name=":5" </ref> A lokacin da take zaune a Jami'ar California, Riverside, ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a Sashen Injiniyan Sinadarai da Muhalli. <ref>name=":5">{{Cite web |title=How This Chemist Is Turning Agricultural Waste Into Water Filters |url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/agricultural-waste-carbon-filters/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Science Friday |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref> name=":3">{{Cite web |title=UCR Profiles - Search & Browse |url=https://profiles.ucr.edu/app/home/profile/kandisa |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=profiles.ucr.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://profiles.ucr.edu/app/home/profile/kandisa "UCR Profiles - Search & Browse"]. ''profiles.ucr.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> Kafin ta shiga Jami'ar Kudancin California, ta jagoranci Cibiyar Bincike ta Sustainable Lab, cibiyar bincike don mayar da sharar gida zuwa samfuran kirkire-kirkire waɗanda ke ba da fa'idodi ga al'umma. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=From Drug-Detection to Eco-Entrepreneurship: Introducing Kandis Leslie Gilliard-AbdulAziz |url=https://viterbischool.usc.edu/news/2024/02/from-drug-detection-to-eco-entrepreneurship-introducing-kandis-leslie-gilliard-abdulaziz/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=USC Viterbi {{!}} School of Engineering |language=en-US}}</ref> == Aiki da bincike == Bayan ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin Sinadarai a shekarar 2007 daga Jami'ar Temple, ta sami aikin gwada sharar gida na matatar man fetur da kuma duba kayayyakin [[Danyen mai|man fetur]] masu inganci kamar phenol da acetone a wani matatar mai da ke kusa da Kogin Schuylkill a Kudancin Philadelphia . <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> Gillard-AbdulAziz daga baya ta yi aiki a Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Philadelphia a matsayin masanin kimiyyar sinadarai a Kamfanin Sunoco Chemicals wanda ya kware a [[Kimiyya ta bincike|kimiyyar binciken laifuka]] daga 2009-2011. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=UCR Profiles - Search & Browse |url=https://profiles.ucr.edu/app/home/profile/kandisa |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=profiles.ucr.edu}}</ref> Daga nan ta koma harkar kasuwanci ta kuma kafa kamfaninta mai suna Nardo Technology a shekarar 2016, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan [[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo Da Vinci]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Paul |date=2016-03-27 |title=Wired In: Leslie Gilliard |url=https://www.news-gazette.com/news/wired-in-leslie-gilliard/article_7e6f50b4-97a8-5acf-afe5-5668bc77e0a6.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=The News-Gazette |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314123438/https://www.news-gazette.com/news/wired-in-leslie-gilliard/article_7e6f50b4-97a8-5acf-afe5-5668bc77e0a6.html |archive-date=2024-03-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yayin da ta kafa kamfaninta, ta ci gaba da karatunta ta hanyar neman digirin digirgir a fannin Sinadarai a Jami'ar Illinois, Urbana-Champaign . <ref name=":2" /> A shekarar da ta biyo baya, 2017, Abdul-Aziz ta zama kwararriyar malamar digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Pennsylvania. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Gilliard-AbdulAziz |url=https://www.the-sustainable-lab.com/prof-gilliard-abdulaziz.html |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Sustainable Catalysis and Materials Group |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228155012/https://www.the-sustainable-lab.com/prof-gilliard-abdulaziz.html |archive-date=2025-02-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatun digirin digirgir, Gillard-AbdulAziz ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa a Jami'ar California, Riverside a shekarar 2018, tana aiki a sashen Sinadarai da Injiniyan Muhalli. <ref name=":3" /> A shekarar 2020, ta sami tallafin karatu na dala $30,000 na Hellman Fellowship don tallafawa ci gaban fasahar da za a iya fadadawa a sharar filastik da ake sake amfani da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kandis Leslie Abdul-Aziz receives Hellman Fellowship {{!}} Inside UCR {{!}} UC Riverside |url=https://insideucr.ucr.edu/awards/2020/07/20/kandis-leslie-abdul-aziz-receives-hellman-fellowship |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=insideucr.ucr.edu |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, a shekarar 2020, an buga wata takarda da ta taimaka wajen rubutawa tare kan hanyoyin mayar da Lignin zuwa mai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gale |first=Mark |last2=Cai |first2=Charles M. |last3=Gilliard‐Abdul‐Aziz |first3=Kandis Leslie |date=2020-04-21 |title=Heterogeneous Catalyst Design Principles for the Conversion of Lignin into High‐Value Commodity Fuels and Chemicals |url=https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cssc.202000002 |journal=ChemSusChem |language=en |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=1947–1966 |doi=10.1002/cssc.202000002 |issn=1864-5631 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An san Gillard-AbdulAziz a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a mujallar Popular Science "The Brilliant 10" ta shekarar 2022. <ref name=":1" /> Gillard-AbdulAziz ta mai da hankali kan sake amfani da kayan sharar gida kamar murhun masara da bawon citrus zuwa matatun carbon da aka kunna don tsaftace muhalli. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Grunbaum |first=Mara |date=2022-10-19 |title=The Brilliant 10: The top up-and-coming minds in science |url=https://www.popsci.com/science/brilliant-10-2022/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Popular Science |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma bincika canza sharar filastik da haɓaka kayan shaye-shaye don kamawa da sake amfani da hayakin [[carbon dioxide]], da nufin ƙirƙirar hanyoyin sake amfani da su don tattalin arziki mai dorewa. <ref name=":1" /> Gillard-AbdulAziz tana riƙe da kujerar Pasqual da Adelina a fannin Injiniyan Farar Hula da Muhalli a Jami'ar Kudancin California. <ref name=":0" /> Tana jagorantar Dakin Gwaji na Tsarin Catalysis da Kayan Aiki Mai Dorewa, tana mai da hankali kan canza kayan sharar gida kamar carbon dioxide, bawon citrus da filastik zuwa kayayyaki masu daraja ta hanyar catalysis. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=From Drug-Detection to Eco-Entrepreneurship: Introducing Kandis Leslie Gilliard-AbdulAziz |url=https://viterbischool.usc.edu/news/2024/02/from-drug-detection-to-eco-entrepreneurship-introducing-kandis-leslie-gilliard-abdulaziz/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=USC Viterbi {{!}} School of Engineering |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://viterbischool.usc.edu/news/2024/02/from-drug-detection-to-eco-entrepreneurship-introducing-kandis-leslie-gilliard-abdulaziz/ "From Drug-Detection to Eco-Entrepreneurship: Introducing Kandis Leslie Gilliard-AbdulAziz"]. ''USC Viterbi | School of Engineering''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> Aikinta, wanda aka amince da shi kwanan nan tare da ƙungiyar bincike ta Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship a Chemistry a shekarar 2024, yana da nufin ƙirƙirar samfuran da za a iya sake amfani da su da kuma rage ɗumamar yanayi ta hanyar haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin sake amfani da su. <ref name=":0" /> Hanyar Dr. Kandis Leslie Gillard-AbdulAziz ta ƙunshi haɗa dorewa da dorewar tattalin arziki, tare da mai da hankali kan mafita masu amfani ga masana'antu da masu tsara manufofi. <ref name=":0" /> Baya ga gudummawar da ta bayar a fannin kimiyya, Gillard-AbdulAziz ta taimaka wajen fafutukar samun damar shiga hanyoyin STEM cikin adalci. Sau da yawa tana hulɗa da ƙungiyoyin ilimi, hukumomin tarayya, da ƙungiyoyi masu mai da hankali kan dorewa don ba da shawara kan fasahohin zamani don haɓaka amfani da iskar carbon da kuma rage sharar gida. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Kandis Leslie Abdul-Aziz |url=https://wise.usc.edu/faculty-members/kandis-leslie-abdul-aziz/ |access-date=2025-11-07 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jajircewarta ga jagoranci da kuma shiga cikin al'umma yana bayyana a cikin rawar da take takawa a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa na injiniya na ƙasa, inda take aiki don ƙara wakilcin mata da ƙungiyoyi marasa wakilci a tarihi a fannin injiniyan muhalli da binciken catalysis. <ref name=":7" /> Ayyukanta sun ƙara mai da hankali kan hanyoyin kirkire-kirkire na sarrafa sharar gida, domin tasirin da ke dawwama ya sami karɓuwa sosai. Dr. Kandis Leslie Gillard-AbdulAziz ta sami kyautar aiki ta Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta $538,000 a shekarar 2021 saboda bincikenta kan mayar da [[Greenhouse gas|iskar gas mai dumama yanayi]] zuwa sinadarai masu amfani da makamashi a Jami'ar California Riverside. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Gilliard-AbdulAziz |url=https://www.the-sustainable-lab.com/prof-gilliard-abdulaziz.html |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=Sustainable Catalysis and Materials Group |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bincikenta ya kuma kasance mai mahimmanci wajen haɓaka hanyoyin sinadarai masu dorewa don samar da sinadarai masu ƙarancin carbon. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Jo |first=Seongbin |last2=Woo |first2=Jin Hyeok |last3=Nguyen |first3=Tu |last4=Kim |first4=Ju Eon |last5=Kim |first5=Tae Young |last6=Ryu |first6=Ho-Jung |last7=Hwang |first7=Byungwook |last8=Kim |first8=Jae Chang |last9=Lee |first9=Soo Chool |last10=Gilliard-AbdulAziz |first10=Kandis Leslie |date=2023-12-21 |title=Zr-Modified Ni/CaO Dual Function Materials (DFMs) for Direct Methanation in an Integrated CO 2 Capture and Utilization Process |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c02935 |journal=Energy & Fuels |language=en |volume=37 |issue=24 |pages=19680–19694 |bibcode=2023EnFue..3719680J |doi=10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c02935 |issn=0887-0624 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Abin lura shi ne, haɓaka fasahar ɓoye carbon don methane kai tsaye a cikin tsarin kamawa da amfani da [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] yana wakiltar babban mataki don haɓaka inganci da dorewar fasahar canza [[Carbon dioxide|CO2]] . <ref name=":4" /> Bayan bincike, lambar yabo ta Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa (National Science Foundation CEEREER Award) ta kuma goyi bayan jajircewarta na ƙara samun damar yin bincike mai dorewa ga mata a matakai daban-daban na ilimi. Ta fara wani taron shekara-shekara na shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu ga mata 'yan shekara ta farko a fannin injiniya, damar yin bincike na digiri na farko, da ayyukan injiniya na hannu ga 'yan mata 'yan shekara ta 18. A halin yanzu tana riƙe da matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na WiSE Gabilan a fannin Injiniyan Farar Hula da Muhalli a Jami'ar Kudancin California. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=USC - Viterbi School of Engineering - Viterbi Faculty Directory |url=https://viterbi.usc.edu/directory/faculty/Abdul-Aziz/Kandis |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=viterbi.usc.edu }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * 2024 Alfred P. Sloan Sloan Abokin Bincike * Kyautar Sashen Makamashi ta 2023 a Aikin Farko (Sinadarin Kayan Aiki) * Kyautar Aiki ta Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta 2022 (CBET - Catalysis) <ref name=":6"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] s7he2k2gbd9vvuuob240nw4hop2hrde 0 140011 975858 792436 2026-11-04T16:14:24Z Nura Bello 24854 975858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zoë Charlton''' (an haife ta ne a shekara ta 1973) mawaƙiya ce ta Amurka kuma daraktan Makarantar Fasaha kuma farfesa ce ta Fasaha a Jami'ar George Mason . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Charlton a sansanin sojojin sama na Eglin, Florida a shekarar 1973. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlton, Zoë {{!}} Biography |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/zoë-Charlton/B85CF8E5EB359CDD/Biography |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=www.mutualart.com |language=en}}</ref> Ta sami digirin farko na fasaha a fannin zane da zane daga Jami'ar Jihar Florida kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na Master of Arts daga Jami'ar Texas da ke Austin . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2018-01 |url=https://www.grizzlygrizzly.com/201801 |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=Grizzly Grizzly |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta halarci zama a Ucross Foundation (WY, 2019), Artpace (TX, 2018), Makarantar Zane da Zane ta Skowhegan (ME, 2001), Creative Alliance a Baltimore|The Patterson Residency for the Creative Alliance (MD, 2003). Charlton ta kuma halarci shirin Kallon Cibiyar Zane (NY) daga 2001 zuwa 2003. Daga shekarar 2003-2022, Charlton ta koyar cikakken lokaci a Jami'ar Amurka (DC) kuma ta sami aiki a 2009. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Sashen Fasaha daga 2015-2018 kuma ita ce Farfesa Ba'amurke Ba'amurke ta farko da ta yi aiki a Sashen. A halin yanzu ita ce Farfesa Mai Cikakken Aiki a Fannin Fasaha kuma Darakta a Makarantar Fasaha a Jami'ar George Mason . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Zoë Charlton |url=https://art.gmu.edu/profiles/zcharlto |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=School of Art George Mason University}}</ref> Ayyukan Charlton sun kasance a cikin nunin rukuni waɗanda suka haɗa da Zacheta National Gallery of Art (Warsaw, Poland), Haas & Fischer Gallery (Zurich, Switzerland), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, Studio Museum a Harlem (NYC, NY), Clementine Gallery (NYC, NY), Wendy Cooper Gallery (Chicago, IL), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlton, Zoë {{!}} Biography |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/zoë-Charlton/B85CF8E5EB359CDD/Biography |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=www.mutualart.com |language=en}}</ref> Delaware Contemporary (DE), Harvey B. Gantt Center (NC), Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art (AR), Studio Museum of Harlem (NY), da Contemporary Art Museum (TX). An haɗa ta a cikin rukunin farko na Ƙungiyar Haɗin Gwiwa don Masu Fasaha da Masu Koyarwa a Morgan Conservatory da ke Cleveland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlton, Zoë {{!}} Biography |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/zoë-Charlton/B85CF8E5EB359CDD/Biography |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=www.mutualart.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tarin abubuwa == Ayyukan Charlton suna cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Crystal Bridges na Fasaha ta Amurka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlton, Zoë {{!}} Biography |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/zoë-Charlton/B85CF8E5EB359CDD/Biography |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=www.mutualart.com |language=en}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Herbert F. Johnson, <ref>{{Cite web |title=2018-01 |url=https://www.grizzlygrizzly.com/201801 |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=Grizzly Grizzly |language=en-US}}</ref> Tarin Phillips, <ref name="Phillips Collection">{{Cite web |title=Zoë Charlton |url=https://www.phillipscollection.org/artist/zoe-charlton |access-date=12 June 2021 |website=Phillips Collection |language=en}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Rose <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlton, Zoë {{!}} Biography |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/zoë-Charlton/B85CF8E5EB359CDD/Biography |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=www.mutualart.com |language=en}}</ref> da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Birmingham . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2018-01 |url=https://www.grizzlygrizzly.com/201801 |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=Grizzly Grizzly |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Pollock-Krasner Grant (2012) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Zoë Charlton |url=https://art.gmu.edu/profiles/zcharlto |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=School of Art George Mason University}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://art.gmu.edu/profiles/zcharlto "Zoë Charlton"]. ''School of Art George Mason University''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> * Rubys Artist Grant (2014), don tallafawa jerin zane-zanen siffofi da ake kira ''Cultural Currency: Tourists, Trophies, and Tokens'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charlton, Zoë {{!}} Biography |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/zoë-Charlton/B85CF8E5EB359CDD/Biography |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=www.mutualart.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] sy3y8003lvy7ucad0ti70cr9bypwrh3 0 140823 976118 861712 2026-11-05T10:48:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lailat al-Jaiza''' ko '''Daren Lada''' shine daren da ke gabatowa [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al-Fitr]] . Yana da muhimmanci musamman ga watan Ramadan kuma shine samun lada ga dukkan azumi da ayyukan alheri a wannan watan. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin dare mai albarka ga [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] . Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa a wannan daren, ƙofofin aljanna a buɗe suke kuma albarkar Allah tana da yawa. Saboda haka, suna yin ayyukan ibada daban-daban kamar yin ƙarin addu'o'i na son rai, karanta [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alƙur'ani]], neman gafara daga Allah, da kuma yin addu'o'in albarka da rahama. An yi imanin cewa Laylat al-Jaiza yana daya daga cikin dare biyar da ba a ƙi addu'o'i da addu'o-auki ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2019 |title=Hadith about the Night and Day of Eid-ul-Fitr |url=https://muslimhands.org.uk/latest/2019/06/hadith-about-the-night-and-day-of-eid-ul-fitr |access-date=20 February 2026 |archive-date=22 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622151057/https://muslimhands.org.uk/latest/2019/06/hadith-about-the-night-and-day-of-eid-ul-fitr |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Musulmai ke yin amfani da wannan dare ta hanyar yin ibada, suna fatan samun lada daga Allah saboda kokarin da suka yi a watan [[Ramadan]]. Don amfana daga wannan dare Musulmi ya kamata ya kashe shi yana yin ayyukan ibada masu kyau da yin addu'a ga Allah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2018 |title=Night before EID (Laylatul Jaa'izah) |url=http://www.ummah.co/last-night-of-ramadan-laylatul-jaaizah/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910213855/https://www.ummah.co/last-night-of-ramadan-laylatul-jaaizah/ |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref> Annabi na [[Musulunci]] [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] ya ba da misali ga Musulmai ta hanyar ciyar da wannan dare a addu'a da addu'a. Zai yi [[Sallar Nafila|Addu'o'in nafl]], waɗanda addu'o-daya ne na zaɓi, ya karanta Alkur'ani, kuma ya nemi gafara daga Allah. Zai kuma yi addu'o'in [[Tahajjud]], waɗanda addu'o-ru'in zaɓi ne da aka ba da shawarar a yi a ƙarshen dare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2018 |title=Night before Eid al-Fitr or 'Laylatul Jaiza': Best practices, prayers for 'night of reward' |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/night-before-eid-al-fitr-laylatul-jaiza-best-practices-prayers-night-reward-771783 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref> Laylat al-Jaiza muhimmiyar dare ce kuma dama ce a gare su don samun lada da albarka daga Allah saboda kokarin da suka yi a watan Ramadan. Lokaci ne na tunani, inganta kai, da neman gafara daga Allah, kuma Musulmai suna ƙoƙari su yi amfani da wannan dare ta hanyar ayyukan ibada da addu'a. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Sami |date=13 June 2018 |title=Night before Eid al-Fitr or 'Laylatul Jaiza': Best practices, prayers for 'night of reward' |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/night-before-eid-al-fitr-laylatul-jaiza-best-practices-prayers-night-reward-771783 |website=[[International Business Times]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2013 |title=Shawwal: What to Do On Eid Night, Eid Day, and During the Month - MuslimMatters.org |url=https://muslimmatters.org/2013/08/07/shawwal-what-to-do-on-eid-night-eid-day-and-during-the-month/ |website=muslimmatters.org |access-date=20 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530034814/https://muslimmatters.org/2013/08/07/shawwal-what-to-do-on-eid-night-eid-day-and-during-the-month/ |archive-date=30 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Imam Sadiq yana da ra'ayi cewa gafara da ceto sun sauko kan mai azumi a wannan dare kuma ba a daren iko ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Virtue of the Night of Eid-ul-Fitr |url=https://www.almaaref.org/maarefdetails.php?id=12037&subcatid=1353&cid=169&supcat=6}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa Muhammadu ya ce a cikin [[Hadisi|hadith]] a cikin [[Sunan ibn Majah|Sunan ibn Maja]]: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zia-e-Taiba |first=I.T Department of |title=zaietaiba - |url=http://www.ziaetaiba.com/en/hadith/night-of-reward-lailatul-jaiza |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530034816/http://www.ziaetaiba.com/en/hadith/night-of-reward-lailatul-jaiza |archive-date=2019-05-30 |access-date=2018-06-15 |website=www.ziaetaiba.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == gsqnm65agrxl1eqp5t1f5llglwdfuas 0 142025 975851 835608 2026-11-04T14:57:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Justina Blakeney''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=JUSTINA BLAKENEY |url=http://www.justinablakeney.com/ |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=JUSTINA BLAKENEY |language=en-US}}</ref> ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta Amurka, mai zane, mai tsara cikin gida, marubuciya, kuma mai magana da yawun da aka san ta da kyawun " boho ". Ta kafa kamfanin kayan gida da kayan adon gida na Jungalow. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jungalow® Shop by Justina Blakeney and Co. Decorate Wild! |url=https://www.jungalow.com/ |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Jungalow |language=en-us}}</ref> Littafinta na farko, ''The New Bohemians: Cool and Collected Homes'', ya kasance littafin da aka fi sayarwa a <nowiki><i id="mwEg">jaridar New York Times</i></nowiki> . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Blakeney ta girma a Berkeley, California . Mahaifiyarta 'yar asalin Gabashin Turai ce ta Yahudawa kuma mahaifinta ɗan asalin Afirka-Amurkawa, 'Yan Asalin Amurka, Irish, da Faransa ne. An haifi Blakeney Bayahude, kuma mahaifinta ya musulunta zuwa addinin Yahudanci . Iyalan mahaifiyarta sun yi hijira zuwa New Jersey a farkon ƙarni. Iyalinta sun yi bukukuwan Yahudawa, ciki har da Hanukkah da Passoveretarewa, kuma ba su yi bikin Kirsimeti kamar wasu iyalai Yahudawa na duniya da suka sani ba. Blakeney ta bayyana cewa wannan asalin kabilu da kuma tarbiyyar California ya yi tasiri ga kyawunta na bohemian. Ta kammala karatunta daga UCLA a shekarar 2001 tare da digiri na farko a fannin Fasaha da Al'adu na Duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=UCLA Arts: School of the Arts and Architecture |url=https://www.arts.ucla.edu/single/alumni-in-the-news-justina-blakeney/ |access-date=2018-06-21 |website=UCLA Arts: School of the Arts and Architecture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105111750/https://www.arts.ucla.edu/single/alumni-in-the-news-justina-blakeney/ |archive-date=2018-11-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekararta ta farko a jami'a, ta tafi Italiya don yin karatun kwalliya da sadarwa. Ta koma Italiya bayan kammala karatunta, kuma ta shiga makarantar koyon kwalliya ta Polimoda . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-12 |title=My professional journey |url=https://blog.jungalow.com/2013/07/my-professional-journey.html |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=Justina Blakeney |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929034812/https://blog.jungalow.com/2013/07/my-professional-journey.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Blakeney ta sanya wa shafinta na zane da salon rayuwa suna "Jungalow," hadewar daji da bungalow. Ta amfani da shafin yanar gizo da [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]] a matsayin dandamali, Blakeney ta ƙirƙiri tarin kafet masu kauri ga Loloi, tarin fuskar bangon waya tare da kamfanin shagunan Hygge & West, tarin Justina Blakeney Home tare da Anthropologie, layin gado a Target, da tarin kayan gida tare da shagunan Calico Corners. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-23 |title=Justina Blakeney promotes latest Loloi collection |url=http://www.furnituretoday.com/article/552962-justina-blakeney-promotes-latest-loloi-collection/ |access-date=2018-08-29 |website=furnituretoday.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2017 |title=Justina Blakeney creates home fabric collection {{!}} Home Accents Today |url=http://www.homeaccentstoday.com/article/546390-justina-blakeney-creates-patternrich-home-fabric-collection/ |access-date=2018-06-21 |website=www.homeaccentstoday.com}}</ref> Tana da layi a Living Spaces, da tarin kayan gado, ajiya, haske, da ƙananan kyaututtuka ga Pottery Barn Kids . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Arielle |date=30 December 2017 |title=My Favorite Room: Justina Blakeney brings the world into her kitchen |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/realestate/hot-property/la-fi-hp-my-favorite-room-justina-blakeney-20171230-story.html |access-date=2018-06-21 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> An nuna zane-zanenta na kamfanin sayar da kayan kwalliya na Moda Operandi, gami da hotunan shahararrun kayan kwalliya kamar Grace Jones, a mujallar ''Vogue'' . === Littattafai === An fitar da littafinta na farko, ''The New Bohemians: Cool and Collected Homes'', a shekarar 2015. An fitar da littafin ''The New Bohemians: Come Home to Good Vibes'' a watan Oktoban 2017. Waɗannan littattafan teburin kofi ne tare da hotunan zane waɗanda ke nuna gidaje, kuma sun haɗa da albarkatu kamar jagororin tsire-tsire na gida da umarnin aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritz |first=Jessica |date=14 April 2015 |title=Justina Blakeney of the Jungalow releases book, talks design |url=https://www.latimes.com/home/la-lh-5-questions-with-justina-blakeney-20150402-story.html |access-date=2018-06-21 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> === Jawabin yin jawabi === * Babban taron Alt <ref>{{Cite web |title=Speaker Info |url=https://altitudesummit.com/speaker-info/ |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=altitudesummit.com}}</ref> * Taron Masu Shiryawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Makers Collective – Makers Summit FAQs |url=http://www.makerscollective.org/tms-faqs |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=The Makers Collective |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015203407/http://www.makerscollective.org/tms-faqs |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Taron Zane na AIGA: Kasuwanci + Kasuwanci <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2019 |title=AIGA Design Conference Program |url=https://issuu.com/eerinchang/docs/conferenceprogram |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=Issuu |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Taron Masu Rubuta Rubuce-rubucen Zane <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-07 |title=Justina Blakeney to Speak at Design Bloggers Conference |url=https://designinfluencersconference.com/justina-blakeney-to-speak-at-design-bloggers-conference/ |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=Design Influencers Conference |language=en-US}}</ref> * DA IT <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-20 |title=WithIt Education Breakfast Features Justina Blakeney: Building a Brand with Spunk and Authenticity |url=https://www.furnituretoday.com/business-news/withit-education-breakfast-features-justina-blakeney-building-brand-spunk-and-authenticity/ |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=Furniture Today |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kamfanin Saƙa na Pinterest * Safiya Mai Kirkire-kirkire <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2019 |title=Justina Blakeney {{!}} Designer, Artist and Author {{!}} CreativeMornings/LA |url=https://creativemornings.com/talks/justina-blakeney |access-date=2021-10-11 |website=CreativeMornings |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Blakeney tana zaune tare da mijinta da 'yarta a wani gida mai suna Bungalow a shekarar 1926 da ke unguwar Frogtown da ke [[Los Angeles]] . Gidansu an nuna shi a cikin mujallar kayan ado ta ''House Beautiful'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-07 |title=Justina Blakeney Masters Color and Pattern in Her Los Angeles Cottage |url=https://www.housebeautiful.com/design-inspiration/house-tours/g3610/justina-blakeney-jungalow-tour/ |access-date=2018-08-29 |website=housebeautiful.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hltjvqsdgotuk3sb36xmnechqa7e9td 0 142078 975855 911896 2026-11-04T15:57:09Z Nura Bello 24854 975855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Autumn Knight''' (an haife ne shi a shekara ta 1980) ɗan Amurka ne mai fasaha tsakanin fannoni daban-daban wanda ke aiki tare da wasan kwaikwayo, shigarwa, da rubutu daga [[Houston|Houston, Texas]] wanda ke zaune kuma yana aiki a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kroeber |first=Gavin |date=May 26, 2017 |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/autumn-knight/ |website=Art in America}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Knight ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Wasan Kwaikwayo da Fasaha ta gani a Houston, TX. Ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a fannin Wasan Kwaikwayo, daga Jami'ar New York da kuma digiri na uku a fannin Wasan Kwaikwayo/Sadarwar Magana daga Jami'ar Dillard . <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Artists 2014 |url=https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112328/https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=The Millay Colony for the Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> Knight tana da takaddun shaida a fannin Gudanar da Fasaha da [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|Talla]] daga Kwalejin Birkbeck da ke [[Landan]], Birtaniya da kuma a fannin Magana da Wasan Kwaikwayo daga Makarantar Tsakiya ta Landan. <ref> name=":1" </ref> == Sana'a == === Aikin fasaha === An san Knight saboda rawar da take takawa, wanda horon da ta samu a fannin likitanci ya yi tasiri a kansa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Ana |title=Autumn Knight's Sanity TV |url=https://www.artpractical.com/column/autumn-knight-sanity-tv/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112328/https://www.artpractical.com/column/autumn-knight-sanity-tv/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=Art Practical |language=en}}</ref> Sau da yawa, ayyukan suna nuna yanayin zamantakewa na masu sauraronta, suna ƙara ƙaruwa tsakanin launin fata, jinsi, da kuma dangantaka mai ƙarfi a cikin ɗakin. An bayyana aikinta a matsayin "mai ban dariya da ban dariya." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kroeber |first=Gavin |date=May 26, 2017 |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/autumn-knight/ |website=Art in America}}</ref> A cikin bikin fasaha na lokaci-lokaci na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Portland (TBA) a shekarar 2018, Knight ya taka rawar "mai gabatar da shirin tattaunawa mai ban mamaki," yana jagorantar masu sauraro su shiga ta hanyar tambayoyi da tambayoyi. Knight tana ɗaya daga cikin mawakan da suka ba da gudummawa ga bidiyon kiɗan Solange na mintuna 33 a cikin kundin waƙoƙinta ''When I Get Home'' (2019). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-01 |title=New Solange Video Features Rothko Chapel, Work by Jacolby Satterwhite, Robert Pruitt, More |url=http://www.artnews.com/2019/03/01/new-solange-video-features-rothko-chapel-work-by-jacolby-satterwhite-robert-pruitt-more/ |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=ARTnews |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2019 |title=Watch Solange's When I Get Home Film |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/03/watch-solanges-when-i-get-home-film-video.html |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=www.vulture.com}}</ref> Ita ce ta lashe kyautar Nancy B. Negley Rome ta 2021–22 daga American Academy da ke Rome . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rome |first=American Academy in |date=April 23, 2021 |title=Announcing the 2021–22 Rome Prize Winners and Italian Fellows |url=https://www.aarome.org/news/features/announcing-2021-22-rome-prize-winners-italian-fellows |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=American Academy in Rome |language=en}}</ref> Knight kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Guggenheim Fellowship a Fim-Bidiyo na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/autumn-knight/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525003348/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Wasanni da nune-nunen === An nuna Knight sosai, ciki har da a cibiyoyi kamar Marfa Contemporary (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marfa Contemporary :: Autumn Knight - Grand Opening/Grand Closing |url=http://www.marfacontemporary.org/home/exhibits/upcoming/autumn-knight-closure/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304043325/http://marfacontemporary.org/home/exhibits/upcoming/autumn-knight-closure/ |archive-date=March 4, 2019 |access-date=March 5, 2019 |website=www.marfacontemporary.org}}</ref> DiverseWorks Artspace (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=AUTUMN KNIGHT: M_ _ _ER |url=http://www.diverseworks.org/in-the-works/exhibtion-performance/autumn-knight-m_-_-_er |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=DiverseWorks |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054231/http://www.diverseworks.org/in-the-works/exhibtion-performance/autumn-knight-m_-_-_er |url-status=dead }}</ref> Contemporary Arts Museum Houston (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Workshop {{!}} fluid with Artist Autumn Knight |url=https://camh.org/event/workshop-fluid-artist-autumn-knight/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Contemporary Arts Museum Houston |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054221/https://camh.org/event/workshop-fluid-artist-autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> University of Illinois - Krannert Art Museum (2017), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight: In Rehearsal |url=https://kam.illinois.edu/publication/autumn-knight-rehearsal |website=Krannert Art Museum}}</ref> Art League Houston (2016), <ref>{{Cite web |title=C 2016 Sun Sess B |url=https://www.artleaguehouston.org/c-2016-linda-shearer |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Art League Houston |language=en-US}}</ref> She Works Flexible (2016), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flex Space |url=http://www.sheworksflexible.com/flex-space |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=She Works Flexible |language=en-US}}</ref> The New Museum (2015), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chelsea Knight: Knight + Knight Latencies, with Autumn Knight |url=http://www.newmuseum.org/calendar/view/479/chelsea-knight-knight-knight-latencies-with-autumn-knight |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=www.newmuseum.org |language=en}}</ref> Blaffer Art Museum (2014), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Performance by Autumn Knight / Performance de Autumn Knight |url=http://www.blafferartmuseum.org/webPast/event/performance-by-autumn-knight-performance-de-autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054249/http://www.blafferartmuseum.org/webPast/event/performance-by-autumn-knight-performance-de-autumn-knight/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Blaffer Art Museum}}</ref> Skowhegan Space (2014), <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2015 |title=Staging Sex, Staging Self #6: Autumn Knight & Chelsea Knight |url=https://www.skowheganart.org/event/2014/12/30/staging-sex-staging-self-6-autumn-knight-chelsea-knight |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Skowhegan School of Painting & Sculpture |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054243/https://www.skowheganart.org/event/2014/12/30/staging-sex-staging-self-6-autumn-knight-chelsea-knight |url-status=dead }}</ref> CounterCutrent (2014) tare da Lisa E. Harris da M'Kina Tapscott, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flower Man Bike Parade |url=http://www.countercurrentfestival.org/project/flower-man-bike-parade/ |access-date=2020-08-04 |website=CounterCurrent |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Project Row Houses (2013), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Round 37 |url=https://projectrowhouses.org/past-artist-rounds/round-37 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Project Row Houses |language=en-US}}</ref> da Crystal Bridges Museum . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight {{!}} State of The Art |url=https://stateoftheart.crystalbridges.org/blog/project/autumn-knight/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054159/https://stateoftheart.crystalbridges.org/blog/project/autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Knight ta yi wasa a Human Resources da ke [[Los Angeles]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight: Yes + No: A Cult |url=http://humanresourcesla.com/event/autumn-knight-yes-no-a-cult/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=humanresourcesla.com}}</ref> kuma an zaɓe ta don a haɗa ta a cikin 2019 Whitney Biennial, wanda Rujeko Hockley da Jane Panetta suka shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinhauer |first=Jillian |date=25 February 2019 |title=The Whitney Biennial: 75 Artists Are In, and One Dissenter Steps Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/arts/design/2019-whitney-biennial.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A matsayinta na MF, matsala ce da mawaki Robert Pruitt, ita ma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce a bikin CounterCurrent na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MF Problem (Autumn Knight/Robert Pruitt) |url=http://www.countercurrentfestival.org/artist/mf-problem-autumn-knight-robert-pruitt/ |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=CounterCurrent |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209051431/http://www.countercurrentfestival.org/artist/mf-problem-autumn-knight-robert-pruitt/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Janairun 2020, Knight ta kasance cikin baje kolin Artpace mai taken ''Visibilities: Intrepid Women of Artpace'' . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Deborah |date=2020-01-10 |title=Artpace in San Antonio devoting 25th anniversary to works by women. |url=https://www.expressnews.com/entertainment/arts-culture/article/Artpace-in-San-Antonio-kicks-off-yearlong-look-at-14965608.php |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=ExpressNews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Visibilities: Intrepid Women Of Artpace |url=https://artpace.org/artists_and_curators/visibilities-intrepid-women-of-artpace |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=artpace.org}}</ref> Wanda Erin K. Murphy ta tsara, ''Visibilities'' ba wai kawai ta fara bikin cika shekaru 25 na Artpace ba, har ma ta haskaka tsoffin mawakan daga shirin su na International Artist-in-Residency, kamar Knight wanda yake zaune a can a bazara na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Artist-In-Residence |url=https://artpace.org/home/exhibits/international-artist-in-residence |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122204852/https://artpace.org/home/exhibits/international-artist-in-residence |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=artpace.org}}</ref> Bidiyon Knight na 2017 mai suna ''Meesh'' wani ɓangare ne na ''Visibilities.'' <ref name=":4" /> A watan Yulin 2020, Knight ta ƙirƙiri wani shirin wasan kwaikwayo na tsawon sa'o'i biyu ga The Kitchen tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane [[Adebukola Bodunrin]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cassell |first=Dessane Lopez |date=2020-07-22 |title=Autumn Knight Responds to the "Gaslighting of the Current Moment" in New Performance Series |url=https://hyperallergic.com/578036/autumn-knight-gaslighting-performance-the-kitchen/ |access-date=2020-11-04 |website=Hyperallergic |language=en-US}}</ref> An watsa wasan kwaikwayon kai tsaye a shafin Twitch saboda ƙuntatawa na COVID-19. Sassan uku na wasan kwaikwayon sun binciki yadda waɗannan abubuwan ke shafar masu fasaha, cibiyoyi, da masana'antar fasaha gabaɗaya. <ref name="Frieze1">{{Cite web |last=Trouillot |first=Terence |date=December 9, 2020 |title=The Top Ten Shows in the US of 2020 {{!}} Frieze |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/top-ten-shows-US-2020-critics-guide |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=Frieze |language=en}}</ref> A cikin wannan wasan kwaikwayon, an nuna Knight tana bin sa da kyamarori da yawa, yayin da aka katse shirin tare da hotunan kyamarar tsaro daga cikin The Kitchen. Daga nan ta ci gaba da rushe The Kitchen a hankali yayin da take ba da jawabai daban-daban ga masu sauraro. Mai bita Madeline Seidel ta yaba da aikin Knight tana mai cewa "...ayyukanta sun nuna The Kitchen a matsayin wuri mai rikitarwa: ana kwatanta sararin cibiyoyi a lokaci guda a matsayin 'ma'aji' inda hanyoyin iko na launin fata, jinsi da na aji ke taka rawa, duk da haka yana ba da sarari mara komai don binciken fasaha na waɗannan matsalolin zamantakewa." <ref name="Seidel">{{Cite journal |last=Seidel |first=Madeline |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Autumn Knight Tears The Kitchen Apart |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/autumn-knight-tears-kitchen-apart |journal=Frieze |language=en |issue=214 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> === Gidajen zama === * Dakin girki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://onscreen.thekitchen.org/autumn-knight/ |website=The Kitchen OnScreen}}</ref> * Ayyukan Majagaba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://pioneerworks.org/residency/autumn-knight/ |website=Pioneer Works}}</ref> * Gidan Tarihi na Studio na Harlem <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=READ (Cont.) by Autumn Knight and John Pluecker |url=https://www.poetryproject.org/read-cont-autumn-knight-john-pluecker/ |website=The Poetry Project}}</ref> * 2015-2016 - Tushen Rawa Houston <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-17 |title=Dance Source Houston Announces 2015-16 Artists In Residence |url=https://thedancedish.org/dance-source-houston-announces-2015-16-artists-in-residence/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=The Dance DiSH |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2014 - In-Situ (Birtaniya) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Autumn Knight (2014) |url=http://www.in-situ.org.uk/autumn-knight/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=in-situ |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> * 2013-2014 - Galveston Artist Residency <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galveston Artist Residency: Events : Past Events |url=http://galvestonartistresidency.org/events/view/live-performance-of-the-ghost-of-robert-rauschenberg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920232846/http://galvestonartistresidency.org/events/view/live-performance-of-the-ghost-of-robert-rauschenberg |archive-date=September 20, 2015 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=galvestonartistresidency.org}}</ref> * Millay Colony for the Arts (Austerlitz, NY) <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Artists 2014 |url=https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112328/https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=The Millay Colony for the Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> * YICA (Yamaguchi, [[Japan]]) <ref name=":2" /> * Artpace (San Antonio, TX.) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.artpace.org/artists_and_curators/autumn-knight |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=www.artpace.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] qy8ahhitjn3rv3dycpka1wyzc74yj0j 975856 975855 2026-11-04T16:03:31Z Nura Bello 24854 975856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Autumn Knight''' (an haife ne shi a shekara ta 1980) ɗan Amurka ne mai fasaha tsakanin fannoni daban-daban wanda ke aiki tare da wasan kwaikwayo, shigarwa, da rubutu daga [[Houston|Houston, Texas]] wanda ke zaune kuma yana aiki a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kroeber |first=Gavin |date=May 26, 2017 |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/autumn-knight/ |website=Art in America}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Knight ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Wasan Kwaikwayo da Fasaha ta gani a Houston, TX. Ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a fannin Wasan Kwaikwayo, daga Jami'ar New York da kuma digiri na uku a fannin Wasan Kwaikwayo/Sadarwar Magana daga Jami'ar Dillard . <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Artists 2014 |url=https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112328/https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=The Millay Colony for the Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> Knight tana da takaddun shaida a fannin Gudanar da Fasaha da [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|Talla]] daga Kwalejin Birkbeck da ke [[Landan]], Birtaniya da kuma a fannin Magana da Wasan Kwaikwayo daga Makarantar Tsakiya ta Landan. <ref> name=":1" </ref> == Sana'a == === Aikin fasaha === An san Knight saboda rawar da take takawa, wanda horon da ta samu a fannin likitanci ya yi tasiri a kansa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Ana |title=Autumn Knight's Sanity TV |url=https://www.artpractical.com/column/autumn-knight-sanity-tv/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112328/https://www.artpractical.com/column/autumn-knight-sanity-tv/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=Art Practical |language=en}}</ref> Sau da yawa, ayyukan suna nuna yanayin zamantakewa na masu sauraronta, suna ƙara ƙaruwa tsakanin launin fata, jinsi, da kuma dangantaka mai ƙarfi a cikin ɗakin. An bayyana aikinta a matsayin "mai ban dariya da ban dariya." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kroeber |first=Gavin |date=May 26, 2017 |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/autumn-knight/ |website=Art in America}}</ref> A cikin bikin fasaha na lokaci-lokaci na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Portland (TBA) a shekarar 2018, Knight ya taka rawar "mai gabatar da shirin tattaunawa mai ban mamaki," yana jagorantar masu sauraro su shiga ta hanyar tambayoyi da tambayoyi. Knight tana ɗaya daga cikin mawakan da suka ba da gudummawa ga bidiyon kiɗan Solange na mintuna 33 a cikin kundin waƙoƙinta ''When I Get Home'' (2019). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-01 |title=New Solange Video Features Rothko Chapel, Work by Jacolby Satterwhite, Robert Pruitt, More |url=http://www.artnews.com/2019/03/01/new-solange-video-features-rothko-chapel-work-by-jacolby-satterwhite-robert-pruitt-more/ |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=ARTnews |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2019 |title=Watch Solange's When I Get Home Film |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/03/watch-solanges-when-i-get-home-film-video.html |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=www.vulture.com}}</ref> Ita ce ta lashe kyautar Nancy B. Negley Rome ta 2021–22 daga American Academy da ke Rome . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rome |first=American Academy in |date=April 23, 2021 |title=Announcing the 2021–22 Rome Prize Winners and Italian Fellows |url=https://www.aarome.org/news/features/announcing-2021-22-rome-prize-winners-italian-fellows |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=American Academy in Rome |language=en}}</ref> Knight kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Guggenheim Fellowship a Fim-Bidiyo na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/autumn-knight/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525003348/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Wasanni da nune-nunen === An nuna Knight sosai, ciki har da a cibiyoyi kamar Marfa Contemporary (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marfa Contemporary :: Autumn Knight - Grand Opening/Grand Closing |url=http://www.marfacontemporary.org/home/exhibits/upcoming/autumn-knight-closure/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304043325/http://marfacontemporary.org/home/exhibits/upcoming/autumn-knight-closure/ |archive-date=March 4, 2019 |access-date=March 5, 2019 |website=www.marfacontemporary.org}}</ref> DiverseWorks Artspace (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=AUTUMN KNIGHT: M_ _ _ER |url=http://www.diverseworks.org/in-the-works/exhibtion-performance/autumn-knight-m_-_-_er |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=DiverseWorks |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054231/http://www.diverseworks.org/in-the-works/exhibtion-performance/autumn-knight-m_-_-_er |url-status=dead }}</ref> Contemporary Arts Museum Houston (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Workshop {{!}} fluid with Artist Autumn Knight |url=https://camh.org/event/workshop-fluid-artist-autumn-knight/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Contemporary Arts Museum Houston |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054221/https://camh.org/event/workshop-fluid-artist-autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> University of Illinois - Krannert Art Museum (2017), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight: In Rehearsal |url=https://kam.illinois.edu/publication/autumn-knight-rehearsal |website=Krannert Art Museum}}</ref> Art League Houston (2016), <ref>{{Cite web |title=C 2016 Sun Sess B |url=https://www.artleaguehouston.org/c-2016-linda-shearer |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Art League Houston |language=en-US}}</ref> She Works Flexible (2016), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flex Space |url=http://www.sheworksflexible.com/flex-space |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=She Works Flexible |language=en-US}}</ref> The New Museum (2015), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chelsea Knight: Knight + Knight Latencies, with Autumn Knight |url=http://www.newmuseum.org/calendar/view/479/chelsea-knight-knight-knight-latencies-with-autumn-knight |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=www.newmuseum.org |language=en}}</ref> Blaffer Art Museum (2014), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Performance by Autumn Knight / Performance de Autumn Knight |url=http://www.blafferartmuseum.org/webPast/event/performance-by-autumn-knight-performance-de-autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054249/http://www.blafferartmuseum.org/webPast/event/performance-by-autumn-knight-performance-de-autumn-knight/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Blaffer Art Museum}}</ref> Skowhegan Space (2014), <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2015 |title=Staging Sex, Staging Self #6: Autumn Knight & Chelsea Knight |url=https://www.skowheganart.org/event/2014/12/30/staging-sex-staging-self-6-autumn-knight-chelsea-knight |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Skowhegan School of Painting & Sculpture |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054243/https://www.skowheganart.org/event/2014/12/30/staging-sex-staging-self-6-autumn-knight-chelsea-knight |url-status=dead }}</ref> CounterCutrent (2014) tare da Lisa E. Harris da M'Kina Tapscott, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flower Man Bike Parade |url=http://www.countercurrentfestival.org/project/flower-man-bike-parade/ |access-date=2020-08-04 |website=CounterCurrent |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Project Row Houses (2013), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Round 37 |url=https://projectrowhouses.org/past-artist-rounds/round-37 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Project Row Houses |language=en-US}}</ref> da Crystal Bridges Museum . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight {{!}} State of The Art |url=https://stateoftheart.crystalbridges.org/blog/project/autumn-knight/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054159/https://stateoftheart.crystalbridges.org/blog/project/autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Knight ta yi wasa a Human Resources da ke [[Los Angeles]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight: Yes + No: A Cult |url=http://humanresourcesla.com/event/autumn-knight-yes-no-a-cult/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=humanresourcesla.com}}</ref> kuma an zaɓe ta don a haɗa ta a cikin 2019 Whitney Biennial, wanda Rujeko Hockley da Jane Panetta suka shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinhauer |first=Jillian |date=25 February 2019 |title=The Whitney Biennial: 75 Artists Are In, and One Dissenter Steps Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/arts/design/2019-whitney-biennial.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A matsayinta na MF, matsala ce da mawaki Robert Pruitt, ita ma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce a bikin CounterCurrent na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MF Problem (Autumn Knight/Robert Pruitt) |url=http://www.countercurrentfestival.org/artist/mf-problem-autumn-knight-robert-pruitt/ |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=CounterCurrent |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209051431/http://www.countercurrentfestival.org/artist/mf-problem-autumn-knight-robert-pruitt/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Janairun a shekarar 2020, Knight ta kasance cikin baje kolin Artpace mai taken ''Visibilities: Intrepid Women of Artpace'' . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Deborah |date=2020-01-10 |title=Artpace in San Antonio devoting 25th anniversary to works by women. |url=https://www.expressnews.com/entertainment/arts-culture/article/Artpace-in-San-Antonio-kicks-off-yearlong-look-at-14965608.php |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=ExpressNews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Visibilities: Intrepid Women Of Artpace |url=https://artpace.org/artists_and_curators/visibilities-intrepid-women-of-artpace |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=artpace.org}}</ref> Wanda Erin K. Murphy ta tsara, ''Visibilities'' ba wai kawai ta fara bikin cika shekaru 25 na Artpace ba, har ma ta haskaka tsoffin mawakan daga shirin su na International Artist-in-Residency, kamar Knight wanda yake zaune a can a bazara na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Artist-In-Residence |url=https://artpace.org/home/exhibits/international-artist-in-residence |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122204852/https://artpace.org/home/exhibits/international-artist-in-residence |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=artpace.org}}</ref> Bidiyon Knight na 2017 mai suna ''Meesh'' wani ɓangare ne na ''Visibilities.'' <ref name=":4" /> A watan Yulin 2020, Knight ta ƙirƙiri wani shirin wasan kwaikwayo na tsawon sa'o'i biyu ga The Kitchen tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane [[Adebukola Bodunrin]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cassell |first=Dessane Lopez |date=2020-07-22 |title=Autumn Knight Responds to the "Gaslighting of the Current Moment" in New Performance Series |url=https://hyperallergic.com/578036/autumn-knight-gaslighting-performance-the-kitchen/ |access-date=2020-11-04 |website=Hyperallergic |language=en-US}}</ref> An watsa wasan kwaikwayon kai tsaye a shafin Twitch saboda ƙuntatawa na COVID-19. Sassan uku na wasan kwaikwayon sun binciki yadda waɗannan abubuwan ke shafar masu fasaha, cibiyoyi, da masana'antar fasaha gabaɗaya. <ref name="Frieze1">{{Cite web |last=Trouillot |first=Terence |date=December 9, 2020 |title=The Top Ten Shows in the US of 2020 {{!}} Frieze |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/top-ten-shows-US-2020-critics-guide |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=Frieze |language=en}}</ref> A cikin wannan wasan kwaikwayon, an nuna Knight tana bin sa da kyamarori da yawa, yayin da aka katse shirin tare da hotunan kyamarar tsaro daga cikin The Kitchen. Daga nan ta ci gaba da rushe The Kitchen a hankali yayin da take ba da jawabai daban-daban ga masu sauraro. Mai bita Madeline Seidel ta yaba da aikin Knight tana mai cewa "...ayyukanta sun nuna The Kitchen a matsayin wuri mai rikitarwa: ana kwatanta sararin cibiyoyi a lokaci guda a matsayin 'ma'aji' inda hanyoyin iko na launin fata, jinsi da na aji ke taka rawa, duk da haka yana ba da sarari mara komai don binciken fasaha na waɗannan matsalolin zamantakewa." <ref name="Seidel">{{Cite journal |last=Seidel |first=Madeline |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Autumn Knight Tears The Kitchen Apart |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/autumn-knight-tears-kitchen-apart |journal=Frieze |language=en |issue=214 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> === Gidajen zama === * Dakin girki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://onscreen.thekitchen.org/autumn-knight/ |website=The Kitchen OnScreen}}</ref> * Ayyukan Majagaba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://pioneerworks.org/residency/autumn-knight/ |website=Pioneer Works}}</ref> * Gidan Tarihi na Studio na Harlem <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=READ (Cont.) by Autumn Knight and John Pluecker |url=https://www.poetryproject.org/read-cont-autumn-knight-john-pluecker/ |website=The Poetry Project}}</ref> * 2015-2016 - Tushen Rawa Houston <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-17 |title=Dance Source Houston Announces 2015-16 Artists In Residence |url=https://thedancedish.org/dance-source-houston-announces-2015-16-artists-in-residence/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=The Dance DiSH |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2014 - In-Situ (Birtaniya) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Autumn Knight (2014) |url=http://www.in-situ.org.uk/autumn-knight/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=in-situ |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> * 2013-2014 - Galveston Artist Residency <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galveston Artist Residency: Events : Past Events |url=http://galvestonartistresidency.org/events/view/live-performance-of-the-ghost-of-robert-rauschenberg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920232846/http://galvestonartistresidency.org/events/view/live-performance-of-the-ghost-of-robert-rauschenberg |archive-date=September 20, 2015 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=galvestonartistresidency.org}}</ref> * Millay Colony for the Arts (Austerlitz, NY) <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Artists 2014 |url=https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112328/https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=The Millay Colony for the Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> * YICA (Yamaguchi, [[Japan]]) <ref name=":2" /> * Artpace (San Antonio, TX.) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.artpace.org/artists_and_curators/autumn-knight |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=www.artpace.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] 77ztharbxa8w1vfvvkgqr78e65mm84k 975857 975856 2026-11-04T16:11:42Z Nura Bello 24854 975857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Autumn Knight''' (an haife ne shi a shekara ta 1980) ɗan Amurka ne mai fasaha tsakanin fannoni daban-daban wanda ke aiki tare da wasan kwaikwayo, shigarwa, da rubutu daga [[Houston|Houston, Texas]] wanda ke zaune kuma yana aiki a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kroeber |first=Gavin |date=May 26, 2017 |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/autumn-knight/ |website=Art in America}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Knight ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Wasan Kwaikwayo da Fasaha ta gani a Houston, TX. Ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a fannin Wasan Kwaikwayo, daga Jami'ar New York da kuma digiri na uku a fannin Wasan Kwaikwayo/Sadarwar Magana daga Jami'ar Dillard . <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Artists 2014 |url=https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112328/https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=The Millay Colony for the Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> Knight tana da takaddun shaida a fannin Gudanar da Fasaha da [[Kasuwancin yanar gizo|Talla]] daga Kwalejin Birkbeck da ke [[Landan]], Birtaniya da kuma a fannin Magana da Wasan Kwaikwayo daga Makarantar Tsakiya ta Landan. <ref> name=":1" </ref> == Sana'a == === Aikin fasaha === An san Knight saboda rawar da take takawa, wanda horon da ta samu a fannin likitanci ya yi tasiri a kansa. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Tuazon |first=Ana |title=Autumn Knight's Sanity TV |url=https://www.artpractical.com/column/autumn-knight-sanity-tv/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112328/https://www.artpractical.com/column/autumn-knight-sanity-tv/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=Art Practical |language=en}}</ref> Sau da yawa, ayyukan suna nuna yanayin zamantakewa na masu sauraronta, suna ƙara ƙaruwa tsakanin launin fata, jinsi, da kuma dangantaka mai ƙarfi a cikin ɗakin. An bayyana aikinta a matsayin "mai ban dariya da ban dariya." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kroeber |first=Gavin |date=May 26, 2017 |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/autumn-knight/ |website=Art in America}}</ref> A cikin bikin fasaha na lokaci-lokaci na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Portland (TBA) a shekarar 2018, Knight ya taka rawar "mai gabatar da shirin tattaunawa mai ban mamaki," yana jagorantar masu sauraro su shiga ta hanyar tambayoyi da tambayoyi. Knight tana ɗaya daga cikin mawakan da suka ba da gudummawa ga bidiyon kiɗan Solange na mintuna 33 a cikin kundin waƙoƙinta ''When I Get Home'' (2019). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-01 |title=New Solange Video Features Rothko Chapel, Work by Jacolby Satterwhite, Robert Pruitt, More |url=http://www.artnews.com/2019/03/01/new-solange-video-features-rothko-chapel-work-by-jacolby-satterwhite-robert-pruitt-more/ |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=ARTnews |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2019 |title=Watch Solange's When I Get Home Film |url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/03/watch-solanges-when-i-get-home-film-video.html |access-date=2019-03-06 |website=www.vulture.com}}</ref> Ita ce ta lashe kyautar Nancy B. Negley Rome ta 2021–22 daga American Academy da ke Rome . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rome |first=American Academy in |date=April 23, 2021 |title=Announcing the 2021–22 Rome Prize Winners and Italian Fellows |url=https://www.aarome.org/news/features/announcing-2021-22-rome-prize-winners-italian-fellows |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=American Academy in Rome |language=en}}</ref> Knight kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Guggenheim Fellowship a Fim-Bidiyo na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/autumn-knight/ |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525003348/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Wasanni da nune-nunen === An nuna Knight sosai, ciki har da a cibiyoyi kamar Marfa Contemporary (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marfa Contemporary :: Autumn Knight - Grand Opening/Grand Closing |url=http://www.marfacontemporary.org/home/exhibits/upcoming/autumn-knight-closure/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304043325/http://marfacontemporary.org/home/exhibits/upcoming/autumn-knight-closure/ |archive-date=March 4, 2019 |access-date=March 5, 2019 |website=www.marfacontemporary.org}}</ref> DiverseWorks Artspace (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=AUTUMN KNIGHT: M_ _ _ER |url=http://www.diverseworks.org/in-the-works/exhibtion-performance/autumn-knight-m_-_-_er |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=DiverseWorks |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054231/http://www.diverseworks.org/in-the-works/exhibtion-performance/autumn-knight-m_-_-_er |url-status=dead }}</ref> Contemporary Arts Museum Houston (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Workshop {{!}} fluid with Artist Autumn Knight |url=https://camh.org/event/workshop-fluid-artist-autumn-knight/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Contemporary Arts Museum Houston |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054221/https://camh.org/event/workshop-fluid-artist-autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> University of Illinois - Krannert Art Museum (2017), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight: In Rehearsal |url=https://kam.illinois.edu/publication/autumn-knight-rehearsal |website=Krannert Art Museum}}</ref> Art League Houston (2016), <ref>{{Cite web |title=C 2016 Sun Sess B |url=https://www.artleaguehouston.org/c-2016-linda-shearer |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Art League Houston |language=en-US}}</ref> She Works Flexible (2016), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flex Space |url=http://www.sheworksflexible.com/flex-space |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=She Works Flexible |language=en-US}}</ref> The New Museum (2015), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chelsea Knight: Knight + Knight Latencies, with Autumn Knight |url=http://www.newmuseum.org/calendar/view/479/chelsea-knight-knight-knight-latencies-with-autumn-knight |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=www.newmuseum.org |language=en}}</ref> Blaffer Art Museum (2014), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Performance by Autumn Knight / Performance de Autumn Knight |url=http://www.blafferartmuseum.org/webPast/event/performance-by-autumn-knight-performance-de-autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054249/http://www.blafferartmuseum.org/webPast/event/performance-by-autumn-knight-performance-de-autumn-knight/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Blaffer Art Museum}}</ref> Skowhegan Space (2014), <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2015 |title=Staging Sex, Staging Self #6: Autumn Knight & Chelsea Knight |url=https://www.skowheganart.org/event/2014/12/30/staging-sex-staging-self-6-autumn-knight-chelsea-knight |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Skowhegan School of Painting & Sculpture |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054243/https://www.skowheganart.org/event/2014/12/30/staging-sex-staging-self-6-autumn-knight-chelsea-knight |url-status=dead }}</ref> CounterCutrent (2014) tare da Lisa E. Harris da M'Kina Tapscott, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flower Man Bike Parade |url=http://www.countercurrentfestival.org/project/flower-man-bike-parade/ |access-date=2020-08-04 |website=CounterCurrent |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Project Row Houses (2013), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Round 37 |url=https://projectrowhouses.org/past-artist-rounds/round-37 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=Project Row Houses |language=en-US}}</ref> da Crystal Bridges Museum . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight {{!}} State of The Art |url=https://stateoftheart.crystalbridges.org/blog/project/autumn-knight/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054159/https://stateoftheart.crystalbridges.org/blog/project/autumn-knight/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Knight ta yi wasa a Human Resources da ke [[Los Angeles]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight: Yes + No: A Cult |url=http://humanresourcesla.com/event/autumn-knight-yes-no-a-cult/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=humanresourcesla.com}}</ref> kuma an zaɓe ta don a haɗa ta a cikin 2019 Whitney Biennial, wanda Rujeko Hockley da Jane Panetta suka shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinhauer |first=Jillian |date=25 February 2019 |title=The Whitney Biennial: 75 Artists Are In, and One Dissenter Steps Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/arts/design/2019-whitney-biennial.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A matsayinta na MF, matsala ce da mawaki Robert Pruitt, ita ma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce a bikin CounterCurrent na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MF Problem (Autumn Knight/Robert Pruitt) |url=http://www.countercurrentfestival.org/artist/mf-problem-autumn-knight-robert-pruitt/ |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=CounterCurrent |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209051431/http://www.countercurrentfestival.org/artist/mf-problem-autumn-knight-robert-pruitt/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Janairun a shekarar 2020, Knight ta kasance cikin baje kolin Artpace mai taken ''Visibilities: Intrepid Women of Artpace'' . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Deborah |date=2020-01-10 |title=Artpace in San Antonio devoting 25th anniversary to works by women. |url=https://www.expressnews.com/entertainment/arts-culture/article/Artpace-in-San-Antonio-kicks-off-yearlong-look-at-14965608.php |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=ExpressNews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Visibilities: Intrepid Women Of Artpace |url=https://artpace.org/artists_and_curators/visibilities-intrepid-women-of-artpace |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=artpace.org}}</ref> Wanda Erin K. Murphy ta tsara, ''Visibilities'' ba wai kawai ta fara bikin cika shekaru 25 na Artpace ba, har ma ta haskaka tsoffin mawakan daga shirin su na International Artist-in-Residency, kamar Knight wanda yake zaune a can a bazara na 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Artist-In-Residence |url=https://artpace.org/home/exhibits/international-artist-in-residence |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122204852/https://artpace.org/home/exhibits/international-artist-in-residence |archive-date=November 22, 2021 |access-date=2020-05-23 |website=artpace.org}}</ref> Bidiyon Knight na 2017 mai suna ''Meesh'' wani ɓangare ne na ''Visibilities.'' <ref name=":4" /> A watan Yulin shekarar 2020, Knight ta ƙirƙiri wani shirin wasan kwaikwayo na tsawon sa'o'i biyu ga The Kitchen tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane [[Adebukola Bodunrin]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cassell |first=Dessane Lopez |date=2020-07-22 |title=Autumn Knight Responds to the "Gaslighting of the Current Moment" in New Performance Series |url=https://hyperallergic.com/578036/autumn-knight-gaslighting-performance-the-kitchen/ |access-date=2020-11-04 |website=Hyperallergic |language=en-US}}</ref> An watsa wasan kwaikwayon kai tsaye a shafin Twitch saboda ƙuntatawa na COVID-19. Sassan uku na wasan kwaikwayon sun binciki yadda waɗannan abubuwan ke shafar masu fasaha, cibiyoyi, da masana'antar fasaha gabaɗaya. <ref name="Frieze1">{{Cite web |last=Trouillot |first=Terence |date=December 9, 2020 |title=The Top Ten Shows in the US of 2020 {{!}} Frieze |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/top-ten-shows-US-2020-critics-guide |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=Frieze |language=en}}</ref> A cikin wannan wasan kwaikwayon, an nuna Knight tana bin sa da kyamarori da yawa, yayin da aka katse shirin tare da hotunan kyamarar tsaro daga cikin The Kitchen. Daga nan ta ci gaba da rushe The Kitchen a hankali yayin da take ba da jawabai daban-daban ga masu sauraro. Mai bita Madeline Seidel ta yaba da aikin Knight tana mai cewa "...ayyukanta sun nuna The Kitchen a matsayin wuri mai rikitarwa: ana kwatanta sararin cibiyoyi a lokaci guda a matsayin 'ma'aji' inda hanyoyin iko na launin fata, jinsi da na aji ke taka rawa, duk da haka yana ba da sarari mara komai don binciken fasaha na waɗannan matsalolin zamantakewa." <ref name="Seidel">{{Cite journal |last=Seidel |first=Madeline |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Autumn Knight Tears The Kitchen Apart |url=https://www.frieze.com/article/autumn-knight-tears-kitchen-apart |journal=Frieze |language=en |issue=214 |access-date=7 June 2021}}</ref> === Gidajen zama === * Dakin girki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://onscreen.thekitchen.org/autumn-knight/ |website=The Kitchen OnScreen}}</ref> * Ayyukan Majagaba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://pioneerworks.org/residency/autumn-knight/ |website=Pioneer Works}}</ref> * Gidan Tarihi na Studio na Harlem <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=READ (Cont.) by Autumn Knight and John Pluecker |url=https://www.poetryproject.org/read-cont-autumn-knight-john-pluecker/ |website=The Poetry Project}}</ref> * 2015-2016 - Tushen Rawa Houston <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2015-08-17 |title=Dance Source Houston Announces 2015-16 Artists In Residence |url=https://thedancedish.org/dance-source-houston-announces-2015-16-artists-in-residence/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=The Dance DiSH |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2014 - In-Situ (Birtaniya) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Autumn Knight (2014) |url=http://www.in-situ.org.uk/autumn-knight/ |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=in-situ |language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=May 2021|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> * 2013-2014 - Galveston Artist Residency <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galveston Artist Residency: Events : Past Events |url=http://galvestonartistresidency.org/events/view/live-performance-of-the-ghost-of-robert-rauschenberg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920232846/http://galvestonartistresidency.org/events/view/live-performance-of-the-ghost-of-robert-rauschenberg |archive-date=September 20, 2015 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=galvestonartistresidency.org}}</ref> * Millay Colony for the Arts (Austerlitz, NY) <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Artists 2014 |url=https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112328/https://www.millaycolony.org/artists-2014/ |archive-date=March 7, 2019 |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=The Millay Colony for the Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> * YICA (Yamaguchi, [[Japan]]) <ref name=":2" /> * Artpace (San Antonio, TX.) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autumn Knight |url=https://www.artpace.org/artists_and_curators/autumn-knight |access-date=2019-03-05 |website=www.artpace.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] q93uz523txflczo0gdniec874q0d3rv 0 144135 975982 831738 2026-11-04T22:21:26Z Alfurqan 14918 /* Tarihin Rayuwa */ 975982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nora Wallace''' (1893–17 Satumba 1970) da '''Sheila Wallace''' (1887–14 Afrilu 1944) mata ne 'yan kasuwa waɗanda suka mallaki dillalan jaridu a Titin Brunswick, wanda yanzu aka sani da Titin St Augustine a Cork, waɗanda kuma su ne jami'an leƙen asiri na IRA a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Kan Ireland kuma sun yi amfani da harabarsu a matsayin wurin taro da hedikwatar rundunar soji. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Nora da Sheila Wallace a Cork, Ireland. Sun girma a Donoughmore kafin su koma birnin Cork a shekarar 1910. Su 'ya'yan Jeremiah da Mary Wallace (wanda aka haifa a Keeffe). Suna da wasu 'yan'uwa takwas. Iyalin Katolika ne, masu ra'ayin gurguzu kuma masu kishin ƙasa. <ref name="CoCo">{{Cite web |title=The Republican Forces |url=https://www.corkcity.ie/en/cork-public-museum/exhibitions/past-present-exhibitions/the-republican-forces.html |website=Cork City Council |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[File:The_Wallace_Sisters.jpg|alt=Two women and a dog|thumb|Nora da Sheila Wallace]] Matan suna gudanar da dillalan jaridu suna sayar da sigari, mujallu da jaridu, da kuma ƙasidu na siyasa da jaridu waɗanda suka tallata Irish. A bayan fage, sun kuma shiga cikin leƙen asiri daga 1916 har zuwa ƙarshen [[Yaƙe-yaƙe na 'yanci na ƙasa|Yaƙin 'Yanci]] . 'Yan'uwan mata sun shiga cikin Rundunar Sojojin Jama'a ta Irish kuma suka ci gaba da kafa Rundunar Sojojin Jama'a ta Mata a Cork. A lokacin yaƙe-yaƙen da suka biyo baya, dukkansu ma membobin Rundunar Sojojin Republican ta Ireland ne. An ba wa matan biyu fansho saboda aikinsu na jami'an IRA Brigade. <ref name="Jones">{{Cite web |date=17 July 2020 |title=The remarkable Wallace sisters |url=https://motherjonescork.com/2020/07/17/the-remarkable-wallace-sisters/ |website=The Spirit of Mother Jones Festival |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Army">{{Cite web |title=The Forgotten Army |url=https://www.ucc.ie/en/theirishrevolution/collections/the-story-of-1916/chapter-4-the-uprising-itself/the-forgotten-army/ |website=University College Cork |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="CoCo"/> Shagonsu ya kasance cibiyar sadarwa ta IRA da kuma cibiyar ƙungiyoyi ta cibiyar tun daga shekarar 1916 lokacin da mata ke ɗaukar saƙonni a lokacin tashin Ista har zuwa lokacin da sojojin Birtaniya suka rufe shi a watan Mayun 1921. <ref name="Army"/> <ref name="CoCo"/> A wancan lokacin, sojojin Birtaniya sun umarci matan da su bar Cork. Bayan Yaƙin 'Yanci, 'yan'uwa mata sun goyi bayan ɓangaren Republican a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Ireland . <ref name="CoCo" /> Nora Wallace ta sha fama da rashin lafiya da tarin fuka sakamakon ayyukanta a lokacin Yaƙin 'Yanci da Yaƙin Basasa. Takardar shaidar likitanta ta bayyana hakan a lokacin neman fansho. Sheila ta riƙe ɗaya daga cikin manyan mukamai na mace a IRA a matsayin Jami'in Ma'aikata. 'Yan'uwan Wallace ne ke kula da 'yan leƙen asiri inda suka tsara su, suka gudanar da ayyukansu, suka ba su umarni, sannan suka kuma fassara lambobin Sojojin Burtaniya. Matan sun yi aiki a matsayin masu kula da kwata-kwata suna adana bayanan makaman Brigade. Nora ta ci gaba da aiki a shagon har zuwa 1960. An binne 'yan'uwa mata biyu a Makabartar St. Finbarr. An yi rubuce-rubuce a kan ayyukansu a cikin wasu shirye-shiryen fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''Matan Asali a Zamani na Musamman'' da kuma ''The Little Shop of Secrets'' . == Manazarta == 7qlrfgzmlbp6kji6svc4gfhh0wpksgv 0 144233 976137 900318 2026-11-05T11:43:03Z Zahrah0 14848 976137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zhou Zuoren''' (a ranar 16 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1885 - 6 ga Mayu 1967) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Sin, wanda aka fi sani da mai rubutun makala kuma mai fassara. Shi ne ƙanin Lu Xun (Zhou Shuren, 周树人), ɗan'uwa na biyu cikin 'yan'uwa uku. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haife shi a Shaoxing, Zhejiang, Zhou Zuoren ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa ta Jiangnan tun yana matashi kafin ya koma Japan a 1906, yana bin sawun ɗan'uwansa. A lokacin da yake Japan, ya fara karatun Tsohon Girkanci, tare da manufar fassara ''Linjila'' zuwa Sinanci na gargajiya, kuma ya halarci laccoci kan ilimin Sinanci ta masanin juyin juya hali Zhang Binglin a Jami'ar Rikkyo, kodayake ya kamata ya yi karatun injiniyan farar hula a can. Ya koma China a 1911, tare da matarsa ta Japan, kuma ya fara koyarwa a cibiyoyi daban-daban. === A lokacin Yunkurin Mayu na Hudu === Rubuta rubuce-rubuce a cikin harshen Sinanci don mujallar La Jeunesse, Zhou ya kasance adadi a cikin Motsi na Hudu na Mayu da kuma Sabon Al'adu. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara game da sake fasalin wallafe-wallafen.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PKU Today in History - May 6: Passing of Zhou Zuoren |url=https://english.pku.edu.cn/news_events/news/campus/1605.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=english.pku.edu.cn}}</ref> A cikin 1918, Zhou Zuoren, a lokacin farfesa ne a fannin adabi a Jami'ar Peking, ya wallafa wata kasida mai taken "Littafin Dan Adam", yana dagewa kan fahimtar juna da tausayi tsakanin juna, kuma yana buƙatar "sanin wanzuwar iri ɗaya". A cikin labarin, ya kai farmaki musamman ga irin waɗannan batutuwa a cikin wallafe-wallafen kamar yadda yara ke sadaukar da kansu saboda iyayensu da ''Matasa'' da aka binne su da rai don su bi mazajen da suka mutu. A halin yanzu, Zhou ya nuna bambanci tsakanin wallafe-wallafen "dimokuradiyya" da "masu mashahuri" ta hanyar gano tsohon a matsayin wallafe-wallo da ke nazarin rayuwar ɗan adam maimakon rubuce-rubuce don mutane su karanta.<ref name="Feng">{{Cite journal |last=Feng |first=Liping |date=April 1996 |title=Democracy and Elitism: The May Fourth Ideal of Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-china_1996-04_22_2/page/170 |journal=Modern China |publisher=Sage Publications, Inc. |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=170–196 |issn=0097-7004 |jstor=189342}}</ref> Zhou ya yi Allah wadai da wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya kamar wasan kwaikwayo na Beijing. Ya kira shi "mai banƙyama," "mai ƙyama," ""mai girman kai" kuma ya kira waƙar a matsayin "sauti mai banƙyama". === Rayuwa ta baya === A lokacin Yaƙin Sin da Jafananci na Biyu, an ga Zhou a matsayin mai hadin gwiwa tare da mamayar Jafananci, kuma wasu Jafananci sun ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Sinanci uku a zamanin yau waɗanda "gaskiya sun fahimta". Japan A shekara ta 1945, gwamnatin Nationalist ta [[Chiang Kai-shek]] ta kama Zhou saboda cin amana, wanda ya samo asali ne daga zarginsa da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnatin Wang Jingwei a lokacin da Japan ta mamaye arewacin China. An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 10 a kurkuku a shekarar 1947. A watan Janairun 1949, gwamnatin Nationalist a karkashin mukaddashin shugaban kasar Li Zongren ta saki Zhou Zuoren a kan beli, kuma ya koma Beijing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PKU Today in History - May 6: Passing of Zhou Zuoren |url=https://english.pku.edu.cn/news_events/news/campus/1605.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=english.pku.edu.cn}}</ref> Ya kira karatunsa "miscellanies" kuma ya rubuta wani rubutun da ake kira "My Miscellaneous Studies" (我的雜學). A Tokyo, Zhou ya ci gaba da sha'awar tatsuniyoyi, ilimin ɗan adam, da abin da ya kira ertongxue (兒童學; nazarin ci gaban yara). Daga baya ya zama mai fassara, yana samar da fassarorin litattafan Helenanci na gargajiya da na Jafananci na gargajiya, gami da tarin mimes na Helenanci, kalmomin Sappho, bala'in [[Euriphedes Alcestis|Euripides]], ''[[Kojiki]]'', [[Shikitei Sanba]]'s ''[[Ukiyoburo]]'', [[Sei Shōnagon]]'s ''Makura no Sōshi'' da tarin ''[[Kyogen]]''. Ya yi la'akari da fassarar [[Lucian]]'s Dialogues, wanda ya gama a ƙarshen rayuwarsa, a matsayin babban nasarorin da ya [[Sappho|Safo]] a rubuce-rubuce. An kuma fassara shi (daga Turanci) labarin ''[[Ali Baba]]'' zuwa Sinanci (wanda aka sani da ''Xianü Nu'' São 奴). A cikin shekarun 1930 ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga mujallar [[Lin Yutang]] mai [[Humor|ban dariya]] The Analects Fortnightly kuma ya rubuta da yawa game da al'adun kasar Sin na ban dariya, [[satire]], [[parody]], da ban dariya, har ma da tattara tarin Jokes daga Bitter Tea Studio (''Kucha'an xiaohua ji''). Ya zama shugaban [[Beijing University|Jami'ar Beijing]] a 1939. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1967]] e7yb47se1xaegfhsqy0dltsrb5c6g76 976138 976137 2026-11-05T11:43:36Z Zahrah0 14848 976138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zhou Zuoren''' (a ranar 16 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1885 zuwa ranar 6 ga watan Mayu shekara ta alif 1967) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar Sin, wanda aka fi sani da mai rubutun makala kuma mai fassara. Shi ne ƙanin Lu Xun (Zhou Shuren, 周树人), ɗan'uwa na biyu cikin 'yan'uwa uku. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haife shi a Shaoxing, Zhejiang, Zhou Zuoren ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa ta Jiangnan tun yana matashi kafin ya koma Japan a 1906, yana bin sawun ɗan'uwansa. A lokacin da yake Japan, ya fara karatun Tsohon Girkanci, tare da manufar fassara ''Linjila'' zuwa Sinanci na gargajiya, kuma ya halarci laccoci kan ilimin Sinanci ta masanin juyin juya hali Zhang Binglin a Jami'ar Rikkyo, kodayake ya kamata ya yi karatun injiniyan farar hula a can. Ya koma China a 1911, tare da matarsa ta Japan, kuma ya fara koyarwa a cibiyoyi daban-daban. === A lokacin Yunkurin Mayu na Hudu === Rubuta rubuce-rubuce a cikin harshen Sinanci don mujallar La Jeunesse, Zhou ya kasance adadi a cikin Motsi na Hudu na Mayu da kuma Sabon Al'adu. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara game da sake fasalin wallafe-wallafen.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PKU Today in History - May 6: Passing of Zhou Zuoren |url=https://english.pku.edu.cn/news_events/news/campus/1605.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=english.pku.edu.cn}}</ref> A cikin 1918, Zhou Zuoren, a lokacin farfesa ne a fannin adabi a Jami'ar Peking, ya wallafa wata kasida mai taken "Littafin Dan Adam", yana dagewa kan fahimtar juna da tausayi tsakanin juna, kuma yana buƙatar "sanin wanzuwar iri ɗaya". A cikin labarin, ya kai farmaki musamman ga irin waɗannan batutuwa a cikin wallafe-wallafen kamar yadda yara ke sadaukar da kansu saboda iyayensu da ''Matasa'' da aka binne su da rai don su bi mazajen da suka mutu. A halin yanzu, Zhou ya nuna bambanci tsakanin wallafe-wallafen "dimokuradiyya" da "masu mashahuri" ta hanyar gano tsohon a matsayin wallafe-wallo da ke nazarin rayuwar ɗan adam maimakon rubuce-rubuce don mutane su karanta.<ref name="Feng">{{Cite journal |last=Feng |first=Liping |date=April 1996 |title=Democracy and Elitism: The May Fourth Ideal of Literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-china_1996-04_22_2/page/170 |journal=Modern China |publisher=Sage Publications, Inc. |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=170–196 |issn=0097-7004 |jstor=189342}}</ref> Zhou ya yi Allah wadai da wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya kamar wasan kwaikwayo na Beijing. Ya kira shi "mai banƙyama," "mai ƙyama," ""mai girman kai" kuma ya kira waƙar a matsayin "sauti mai banƙyama". === Rayuwa ta baya === A lokacin Yaƙin Sin da Jafananci na Biyu, an ga Zhou a matsayin mai hadin gwiwa tare da mamayar Jafananci, kuma wasu Jafananci sun ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Sinanci uku a zamanin yau waɗanda "gaskiya sun fahimta". Japan A shekara ta 1945, gwamnatin Nationalist ta [[Chiang Kai-shek]] ta kama Zhou saboda cin amana, wanda ya samo asali ne daga zarginsa da haɗin gwiwa tare da gwamnatin Wang Jingwei a lokacin da Japan ta mamaye arewacin China. An yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 10 a kurkuku a shekarar 1947. A watan Janairun 1949, gwamnatin Nationalist a karkashin mukaddashin shugaban kasar Li Zongren ta saki Zhou Zuoren a kan beli, kuma ya koma Beijing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PKU Today in History - May 6: Passing of Zhou Zuoren |url=https://english.pku.edu.cn/news_events/news/campus/1605.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=english.pku.edu.cn}}</ref> Ya kira karatunsa "miscellanies" kuma ya rubuta wani rubutun da ake kira "My Miscellaneous Studies" (我的雜學). A Tokyo, Zhou ya ci gaba da sha'awar tatsuniyoyi, ilimin ɗan adam, da abin da ya kira ertongxue (兒童學; nazarin ci gaban yara). Daga baya ya zama mai fassara, yana samar da fassarorin litattafan Helenanci na gargajiya da na Jafananci na gargajiya, gami da tarin mimes na Helenanci, kalmomin Sappho, bala'in [[Euriphedes Alcestis|Euripides]], ''[[Kojiki]]'', [[Shikitei Sanba]]'s ''[[Ukiyoburo]]'', [[Sei Shōnagon]]'s ''Makura no Sōshi'' da tarin ''[[Kyogen]]''. Ya yi la'akari da fassarar [[Lucian]]'s Dialogues, wanda ya gama a ƙarshen rayuwarsa, a matsayin babban nasarorin da ya [[Sappho|Safo]] a rubuce-rubuce. An kuma fassara shi (daga Turanci) labarin ''[[Ali Baba]]'' zuwa Sinanci (wanda aka sani da ''Xianü Nu'' São 奴). A cikin shekarun 1930 ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga mujallar [[Lin Yutang]] mai [[Humor|ban dariya]] The Analects Fortnightly kuma ya rubuta da yawa game da al'adun kasar Sin na ban dariya, [[satire]], [[parody]], da ban dariya, har ma da tattara tarin Jokes daga Bitter Tea Studio (''Kucha'an xiaohua ji''). Ya zama shugaban [[Beijing University|Jami'ar Beijing]] a 1939. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1967]] h7mdvquxr0xh0cex2q3bdasp5774m0p 0 144358 975902 911847 2026-11-04T19:25:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975902 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dame Kathleen Lonsdale''' DBE FRS (née '''Yardley'''; 28 ga watan Janairun 1903 - 1 ga watan Afrilu 1971) ta kasance mai rubutun kirista na Irish, mai zaman lafiya, kuma mai fafutukar sake fasalin kurkuku. Ta tabbatar, a cikin 1929, cewa zoben [[benzene]] yana da faɗi ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin rarraba X-ray don bayyana tsarin hexamethylbenzene. Ita ce ta farko da ta yi amfani da hanyoyin Fourier yayin warware tsarin hexachlorobenzene a 1931. A lokacin aikinta ta sami nasarori da yawa ga masana kimiyya mata, ciki har da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu na farko da aka zaba Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a 1945 (tare da Marjory Stephenson), [[farfesa]] mace ta farko a Kwalejin Jami'ar London, mace ta farko shugabar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta Crystallography, kuma mace ta farko shugaban Ƙungiyar Burtaniya don Ci gaban Kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |year=2004 |title=Kathleen Lonsdale profile |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Kathleen_Lonsdale.aspx#1-1G2:3404703959-full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001152510/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Kathleen_Lonsdale.aspx#1-1G2:3404703959-full |archive-date=1 October 2012 |access-date=20 October 2012 |publisher=Encyclopedia of World Biography}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=January 2003 |title=Chemistry World: Woman of substance |url=http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/January/substance.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165534/http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2003/January/substance.asp |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=20 October 2012 |publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |title=Kathleen Yardley Lonsdale 1903–1971 |url=http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Lonsdale,_Kathleen_Yardley@8480138866.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005220652/http://cwp.library.ucla.edu/Phase2/Lonsdale,_Kathleen_Yardley@8480138866.html |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=20 October 2012 |publisher=CWP at [[University of California]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |title=Papers and correspondence of Dame Kathleen Lonsdale, 1903–1971 |url=http://archiveshub.ac.uk/features/03030502.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923131910/http://archiveshub.ac.uk/features/03030502.html |archive-date=23 September 2012 |access-date=20 October 2012 |publisher=ArchivesHub.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Reville |first=William |year=2004 |title=Kathleen Lonsdale – Famous Irish Scientist |url=http://undersci.ucc.ie/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2014/11/Kathleen_Lonsdale.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830215543/http://undersci.ucc.ie/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2014/11/Kathleen_Lonsdale.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=20 October 2012 |publisher=[[University College Cork]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife ta Kathleen Yardley a Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland . <ref>{{Cite web |last=FUSIO |title=Charlotte House, Charlotte Street, Eyre Street, GREATCONNELL, Newbridge, KILDARE |url=https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/11818019/charlotte-house-charlotte-street-eyre-street-greatconnell-newbridge-kildare |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Buildings of Ireland |language=en-US}}</ref> An haife ta ne ga ɗan Ingila Harry Yardley, Mai kula da gidan waya na gari, da Jessie Cameron, Baptist na zuriyar Scotland. Ita ce ƙarama cikin yara goma, hudu daga cikinsu sun mutu tun suna jariri. A lokacin da take zaune a Newbridge ta halarci Makarantar St. Patrick's National School, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Film about Newbridge-born scientist |url=https://kilcullenbridge.blogspot.com/2022/02/film-about-newbridge-born-scientist.html |access-date=2024-01-26}}</ref> kuma tunaninta na farko ya kasance na Ikilisiyar Ireland da makarantar Lahadi ta Methodist. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-16 |title=Newbridge school marks 150 years of serving community |url=https://kildare-nationalist.ie/2018/11/16/newbridge-school-marks-150-years-of-serving-community/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Kildare Nationalist |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hodgkin |first=Dorothy Mary Crowfoot |date=1975 |title=Kathleen Lonsdale, 28 January 1903 - 1 April 1971 |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1975.0014 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |language=en |volume=21 |pages=447–484 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1975.0014 |issn=0080-4606 |s2cid=73380010 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mahaifin Kathleen yana da matsala da barasa, wanda ke nufin iyalinta galibi ba su da kuɗi.<ref name="paper-research.com">{{Cite web |title=Paper-Research: Bio of Kathleen Lonsdale |url=https://www.paper-research.com/biographies/Kathleen-Lonsdale-31543.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506082241/https://www.paper-research.com/biographies/Kathleen-Lonsdale-31543.html |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=www.paper-research.com}}</ref> Yayin da tashin hankali na siyasa a Ireland ya zama mafi tsanani, mahaifiyar Kathleen ta rabu da mahaifinta kuma ta dauki sauran dangin zuwa Ingila a shekara ta 1908. <ref name="paper-research.com" /> Iyalinta sun koma Sarakuna Bakwai, Essex, Ingila, lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyar. Matsalar kudi ta iyali ta nufin yara huɗu da suka fi girma sun bar makaranta da wuri don tallafa wa iyali. Saboda wannan dalili, ɗan'uwanta Fred bai iya ɗaukar tallafin ilimi ba, kodayake daga baya ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da waya na farko. Kathleen ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Downshall daga 1908 zuwa 1914. Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Ilford County don 'yan mata, sannan ta koma makarantar sakandare ce ta Ilford county don nazarin lissafi da kimiyya, saboda makarantar' yan mata ba ta ba da waɗannan batutuwa ba. Kathleen ta sami mafi girman maki a fannin kimiyyar lissafi wanda kowane dalibi a Jami'ar London ya taɓa samu.<ref name="Hudson" /> Ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya (BSc) daga Kwalejin Bedford don Mata a 1922, da kuma digiri na biyu na Kimiyya na Kimiyya a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga Kwaleji ta Jami'ar London a 1924. == Ayyuka da bincike == A shekara ta 1924 ta shiga ƙungiyar bincike ta crystallography karkashin jagorancin William Henry Bragg a Royal Institution . Bayan aurenta a 1927, ta koma Jami'ar Leeds, amma ta ci gaba da rubutu da Bragg.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Jennifer |date=2015-07-03 |title=Dame Kathleen Lonsdale (1903–1971): Her Early Career in X-ray Crystallography |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/0308018815Z.000000000117 |url-status=live |journal=Interdisciplinary Science Reviews |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=265–278 |bibcode=2015ISRv...40..265W |doi=10.1179/0308018815Z.000000000117 |issn=0308-0188 |s2cid=146373963 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506082251/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/0308018815Z.000000000117 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref> Yayinda take Leeds tsakanin 1927 zuwa 1932, ta fara iyali amma kuma ta kafa kayan aikin X-ray ta amfani da tallafi daga Royal Society. Ta daidaita aikinta a kan ƙudurin ƙungiyoyin sararin samaniya tare da aikin kula da 'ya'yanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chemistry World |others=With acknowledgements to Peter Childs, University of Limerick |title=Woman of substance |url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/woman-of-substance-/3004326.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219090903/https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/woman-of-substance-/3004326.article |archive-date=19 December 2018 |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=Chemistry World}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Baldwin |first=Melinda |date=20 March 2009 |title='Where are your intelligent mothers to come from?': marriage and family in the scientific career of Dame Kathleen Lonsdale FRS (1903–71) |journal=Notes and Records |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=81–94 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.2008.0026 |issn=0035-9149 |pmid=19579358 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yayinda take Leeds Farfesa na Chemistry, Christopher Ingold ta ba da shawarar cewa ta bincika tsarin lu'ulu'u na [[benzene]]" id="mwqg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hexamethylbenzene">hexamethylbenzene da hexachlorobenzene. A lokuta biyu ta nuna cewa kwayoyin suna da tsari mai laushi, tsarin hexagonal wanda ke warware jayayya mai tsawo game da tsarin benzene. Mijinta Thomas Lonsdale masanin kimiyyar masana'antu ne wanda ya goyi bayan binciken matarsa. Ya ƙarfafa matarsa ta yi aiki daga gida kuma ta koma aiki lokacin da aka ba shi.<ref name=":1" /> Ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Binciken Silk a Leeds bayan sun yi aure.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin 1934, Lonsdale ya koma aiki tare da Bragg a Royal Institution a matsayin mai bincike. An ba ta DSc daga Jami'ar London a 1936 yayin da take Royal Institution . Ta kasance majagaba a cikin amfani da X-rays don nazarin lu'ulu'u. Lonsdale na ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu na farko da aka zaba Fellow na Royal Society (FRS) a 1945 (sauran shine masanin kimiyyar halittu Marjory Stephenson). Lonsdale ya koma Kwalejin Jami'ar London (UCL) a 1946 tare da matsayi na mai karatu.<ref name="Astrea bio">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2023 |title=Kathleen Lonsdale |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/astrea/happy-chat-benches/kathleen-lonsdale |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Astrea |publisher=University College London |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102005652/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/astrea/happy-chat-benches/kathleen-lonsdale |archive-date=2 November 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 1949, an nada ta Farfesa a fannin ilmin sunadarai kuma shugabar Sashen Crystallography a UCL . Ita ce mace ta farko da aka sanya farfesa a UCL, alƙawari da ta rike har zuwa 1968 lokacin da aka nada ta farfesa emeritus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2018 |title=Female Firsts: a celebration of pioneering women |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2018/dec/female-firsts-celebration-pioneering-women |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=UCL News |language=en |quote=Crystallography specialist Dame Professor Kathleen Lonsdale, the first woman to be elected a fellow of the Royal Society and UCL's first female Professor |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102005352/https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2018/dec/female-firsts-celebration-pioneering-women |url-status=dead }}</ref> A matsayinta na mai son wasan tennis, Lonsdale ta yi amfani da kwallaye na ping pong don nuna tsarin kwayoyin ga ɗalibanta. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan samfurin - na Ƙungiyar silicate - yana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihin Kimiyya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaching model showing Si2 O5 {{!}} Science Museum Group Collection |url=https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8641216/teaching-model-showing-si2-o5-model-representation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116161740/https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8641216/teaching-model-showing-si2-o5-model-representation |archive-date=16 November 2021 |access-date=2021-11-16 |website=collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk |language=en}}</ref>  A lokacin da ta yi aiki daga baya, ta zama mai sha'awar duwatsu da ma'adanai da aka samar a jikin mutum misali [[Cutar Koda|duwatsun koda]] ko duwatsun gall.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lonsdale |first=Kathleen |date=1968 |title=Human Stones |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1968-03-15_159_3820/page/1199 |journal=Science |volume=159 |issue=3820 |pages=1199–1207 |bibcode=1968Sci...159.1199L |doi=10.1126/science.159.3820.1199 |pmid=4886077 |s2cid=34902612}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin samfuran crystallographic suna cikin tarin Gidan Tarihin Kimiyya a Landan. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1971]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5fg7etjpvg7lza545mdjwo06pfyirgt 0 145263 975852 835609 2026-11-04T14:57:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Justina Tiana Eyakpobeyan''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2006) 'yar wasan tsere ce ta Najeriya. Ta lashe lambobin zinare a tseren mita 4 x 100 a Wasannin Afirka na 2023 da kuma gasar zakarun Afirka ta 2024. Ta shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Justina Tiana Eyakpobeyan |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/nigeria/justina-tiana-eyakpobeyan-15023565 |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=World Athletics}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === 2023 === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, ta lashe azurfa sau biyu a tseren mita 100 da tagulla a tseren 200 a gasar zakarun Afirka ta kasa da shekaru 18 a [[Ndola]], Zambia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2023 |title=Zambia 2023 AA Junior Championship: More gold rush for Team Nigeria |url=https://thesun.ng/zambia-2023-aa-junior-championship-more-gold-rush-for-team-nigeria/?utm_source=ground.news&utm_medium=referral |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=thesun.ng}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta zama zakara ta Najeriya U-18 a kan tseren tsere kuma an zaba ta don wasannin matasa na 2018 a [[Trinidad da Tobago]] inda ta lashe lambobin azurfa biyu a 100m da 300m kuma ta kara zinare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2023 |title=Justina Eyakpobeyan: 17-year-old Nigerian speed sensation gets the attention of 4 top US colleges |url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/athletics/story/justina-eyakpobeyan-17-year-old-nigerian-speed-sensation-gets-the-attention-of-4-top-us-colleges-2023092917370233821 |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=Pulse Sports}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan Najeriya na gasar zakarun duniya ta 2023 a [[Budapest]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2024 |title=Paris 2024: Eyakpobeyan Eyes Podium Finish |url=https://bsnsports.com.ng/post/Paris-2024--Eyakpobeyan-Eyes-Podium-Finish-#google_vignette |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=bsnsports }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === 2024 === Ta yi tsere a Wasannin Afirka na 2023 a [[Accra]] kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na tseren mita 4 × 100 wanda ya lashe zinare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=African Games: Nigeria Wins Men And Women's 4×100m Relay Gold |url=https://abujadigest.info/stories/sports/african-games-nigeria-wins-men-and-womens-4x100m-relay-gold/ |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=Abujadigest}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2024 |title=African Games: Amusan wins two Gold as Nigeria outclass Ghana |url=https://www.aclsports.com/african-games-amusan-wins-two-gold-as-nigeria-outclass-ghana/ |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=aclsports.com}}</ref> Ta kasance daga cikin tawagar Najeriya ta 4 × 100 m da ta fafata a 2024 World Athletics Relays a Nassau, Bahamas, kuma ta samu nasarar samun cancanta ga wasannin Olympics na 2024 . [1][2] Ta lashe zinare a cikin {{Nowrap|4 × 100 m}} relay a Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta 2024 a [[Douala]], Kamaru a cikin sabon rikodin gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's 4×100m Relay Results |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7212479?eventId=204594&gender=W |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=World Athletics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2024 |title=Team Nigeria Review – 2024 African Athletics Championships Day 3 |url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2024/06/24/team-nigeria-review-2024-african-athletics-championships-day-3/ |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=Making of Champions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808170733/https://www.makingofchamps.com/2024/06/24/team-nigeria-review-2024-african-athletics-championships-day-3/ |archive-date=8 August 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta yi gasa a tseren mita 4 x 100 a gasar Olympics ta Paris ta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2024 |title=Women's 4 x 100 Metres Relay - Paris Olympic Games 2024 Athletics |url=https://www.watchathletics.com/page/5860/women-s-4x100m-relay-results-paris-olympic-games-2024-athletics |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=Watch Athletics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2024 |title=Women's 4x100m Relay Results - Paris Olympic Games 2024 Athletics |url=https://www.watchathletics.com/page/5860/women-s-4x100m-relay-results-paris-olympic-games-2024-athletics |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=Watch Athletics}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lq9pgue06jhxpgtzutsgb0t9yap883j 0 149826 976143 832174 2026-11-05T11:48:08Z Zahrah0 14848 976143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Juan Carlos Sarnari''' (22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta alif 1942 - 21 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 2023) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Argentina wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] . Ya zira kwallaye 29 a Copa Libertadores, wanda ya sanya shi Dan wasa na 6 mafi girma a tarihin Copa Libertadores. == Ayyukan wasa == Sarnari ya fara aikinsa a River Plate yana da shekara 17. A shekara ta 1963 ya shafe wani lokaci tare da Huracán . Ya koma River a shekarar 1964. A shekarar 1966 an zabi Sarnari don wakiltar tawagar kasar Argentina a gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 1966. An rufe shi sau 6 kuma ya zira kwallaye 1.<ref>{{NFT player|45490}}</ref> A shekara ta 1967 Sarnari ya koma Chile inda ya buga wa Universidad Católica da Universidad de Chile, a 1973 Sanari ya koma Colombia inda ya buga maka Independiente Medellín da Independiente Santa Fe . Ya lashe gasar zakarun 1975 tare da Santa Fe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2011 |title=Juan Carlos Sarnari, su único título fue con Santa Fe |trans-title=Juan Carlos Sarnari, his only title was with Santa Fe |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-8928852 |publisher=El Tiempo |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Ayyukan gudanarwa == Sarnari ya kasance manajan kungiyoyi da yawa a Colombia ciki har da Deportes Quindío, Independiente Santa Fe da Once Caldas . == Mutuwa == Sarnari ya mutu a [[Bogotá]], Colombia, a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2023, yana da shekaru 81. == Daraja == '''Mai zaman kanta Santa Fe''' * Matsayi na Farko A: 1975 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] tcoa0s8yekepfko58bjao59fncuflqw 0 150220 975999 835904 2026-11-05T01:41:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kostas Fortounis''' (Greek: Κώστας Φορτούνης, {{IPA|el|ˈkostas forˈtunis|pron}}{{IPA|el|ˈkostas forˈtunis|pron}}{{IPA|el|ˈkostas forˈtunis|pron}}; born 16 October 1992) is a Greek professional [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|footballer]] who plays as an [[Mai buga tsakiya|attacking midfielder]] for the Saudi side Al-Khaleej.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fortounis, Konstantinos |url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2011-12/1-fc-kaiserslautern-37/67625/spieler_fortounis-konstantinos.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904134318/http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2011-12/1-fc-kaiserslautern-37/67625/spieler_fortounis-konstantinos.html |archive-date=4 September 2012 |access-date=21 August 2011 |publisher=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]] |language=de}}</ref> He was born in Trikala, Thessaly but comes from the nearby village of Sarakina, close to the town of Kalabaka. == Aikin kulob == === Trikala === Bayan ya bar ƙungiyar matasa ta Olympiacos a shekara ta 2008, Fortounis ya koma Trikala don bugawa AO Trikala wasa. Bayan ya yi wasa mai ban sha'awa a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21, ya zura kwallaye huɗu a wasanni 14, ya fara aikinsa da ƙungiyar farko a rukuni na huɗu, inda daga 2008 zuwa 2010 ya buga wasanni 13 kuma ya zura ƙwallo 1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2012 |title=Kostas Fortounis |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/euro-2012/players/profiles/190629-euro-2012-player-profiles-kostas-fortounis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610175640/http://sports.ndtv.com/euro-2012/players/profiles/190629-euro-2012-player-profiles-kostas-fortounis |archive-date=10 June 2014 |access-date=23 March 2014 |publisher=sports.ndtv.com}}</ref> === Asteras Tripolis === Saboda kyawun bayyanarsa a ƙungiyar ƙasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta ƙasar Girka, Vangelis Vlacos, manajan Asteras Tripolis ya shawo kansa ya shiga ƙungiyar Peloponeese. Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki da PAOK a Tripolis. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, matashin ya buga wasanni 24 a gasar, inda ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a gasar Super League a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2010 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da AEK Athens, duk da haka, bai iya ceton ƙungiyar daga faɗuwa ba. <ref name="uefa">{{Cite web |title=Kostas Fortounis |url=http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=250017753/profile/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726142350/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=250017753/profile/index.html |archive-date=26 July 2011 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Saboda kyakkyawan aikinsa a Asteras, Juventus ta yi tayin canja wurin aro a lokacin bazara tare da zaɓin siyan sa. Asteras ya ƙi tayin Juventus. === 1. FC Kaiserslautern === A lokacin canja wurin bazara na 2011, Fortounis ya koma Kaiserslautern kan kwantiragi har zuwa watan Yunin 2015 bayan an canza shi kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. A kakarsa ta farko da kulob din, dan wasan tsakiya ya buga wasanni 28 a gasar <ref name="2010–2011">{{Cite web |title=Konstantinos Fortounis |url=http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2011-12/1-fc-kaiserslautern-37/67625/spieler_fortounis-konstantinos.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904134318/http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/vereine/1-bundesliga/2011-12/1-fc-kaiserslautern-37/67625/spieler_fortounis-konstantinos.html |archive-date=4 September 2012 |access-date=9 December 2015 |publisher=Kicker Online}}</ref> amma ya sha fama da koma baya a karo na biyu a jere. Rahotanni sun ce ya jawo hankalin zakarun Holland Ajax da zakarun Italiya Juventus a tsakiyar kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2012 |title=Ajax heeft aanvallende middenvelder op het oog |url=http://www.voetbalnieuws.be/news/16926/Ajax_heeft_aanvallende_middenvelder_op_het_oog |access-date=9 December 2015 |publisher=voetbalnieuws.be |language=nl}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2012–13, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 24 yayin da ya taimaka wa Kaiserslautern ta kare a matsayi na uku a gasar rukuni na biyu ta Jamus, amma hakan ya sa ta rasa damar shiga gasar saboda rashin nasara a wasan share fage na ci gaba/faduwa da Hoffenheim . <ref name="uefa"/> A ranar 16 ga Afrilu 2014, ya rasa wasan karshe na farko a rayuwarsa a wasan kusa da na karshe na DFB-Pokal ta hanyar fuskantar rashin nasara 5-1 daga zakarun Jamus [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa. === Olympiakos === A ranar 21 ga Yulin 2014, Fortounis ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar da Olympiacos, inda ya dawo bayan shekaru shida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2014 |script-title=el:Ντύθηκε στα ερυθρόλευκα ο Φορτούνης |trans-title=Fortounis dressed in red and white |url=http://www.sport-fm.gr/article/fortounis/777609 |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=sport-fm.gr |language=el}}</ref> Ya ce ya zaɓi ƙungiyar fiye da PAOK da Panathinaikos saboda za su iya ba shi ƙwallon ƙafa [[UEFA Champions League|ta Zakarun Turai]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2014 |script-title=el:Φορτούνης: «Γι' αυτό επέλεξα Ολυμπιακό» |trans-title=Fortounis: 'That's why I chose Olympiacos' |url=http://www.sport-fm.gr/article/fortounis-gi%E2%80%99-auto-epeleksa-olumpiako/777541 |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=sport-fm.gr |language=el}}</ref> amma an cire shi daga cikin 'yan wasan da za su fafata a wannan gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2014 |script-title=el:«Κόπηκε» ο Ντοσεβί |trans-title=Dossevi was cut |url=http://www.sport-fm.gr/article/ekopse-ntosebi-o-mitsel/784576 |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=sport-fm.gr |language=el}}</ref> Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko ga Olympiacos a wasan Super League da PAS Giannina a ranar 6 ga Disamba, bugun fenariti a wasan da suka tashi 2-2, <ref name="Soccerway">{{Cite web |title=K. Fortounis |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/konstantinos-fortounis/134410/ |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group}}</ref> kuma ya ci kwallaye 7 daga wasanni 25 da ya buga a gasar Super League ta 2014-15 . <ref name="SLStats">{{Cite web |title=Costas Fortounis: Player statistics |url=https://www.slgr.gr/en/player/567/statistics/ |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=slgr.gr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017164153/https://www.slgr.gr/en/player/567/statistics/ |archive-date=17 October 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Fortounis ya taimaka wa Olympiacos ta kai wasan ƙarshe na Kofin 2015, inda ya zura kwallo ta uku da {{Convert|25|yards}} bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida yayin da suka doke Skoda Xanthi da ci 3-1 don kammala wasan biyu da nasarar lashe kofi na 27. Fortounis ya zura kwallon farko ta Olympiacos a kakar wasa ta 2015-16 Super League a wasan da suka doke Panionios da ci 3-0. A wasa na biyu na kakar wasa, a kan Levadiakos, ya tabbatar da nasarar ta hanyar zura kwallo ta biyu a lokacin dakatarwa kuma an nada shi "Man of the Match". <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2015 |title=Λεβαδειακός – Ολυμπιακός 0–2 |url=http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/2agonistiki/levadeiakos-olympiakos-live.3636776.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008040756/http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/2agonistiki/levadeiakos-olympiakos-live.3636776.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=contra.gr}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2015, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da Olympiacos ta doke Skoda Xanthi da ci 3-1 sannan ya taimaka wa Jimmy Durmaz wajen zura kwallo ta farko. An sake nada shi "Man of the Match". <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2015 |title=Ξάνθη – Ολυμπιακός 1–3 |url=http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/4hagonistiki/ksanthh-olympiakos-live.3678005.html |publisher=contra.gr |access-date=9 May 2026 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924225220/http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/4hagonistiki/ksanthh-olympiakos-live.3678005.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zura kwallo a wasa na biyu a jere da PAS Giannina a wasan da suka ci gida da ci 5-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2015 |title="Ερυθρόλευκη" καταιγίδα στο Φάληρο, 5–1 ο Ολυμπιακός τον ΠΑΣ |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/erythroleykh-kataigida-sto-falhro-5-1-o-olympiakos-ton-pas.3685533.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909190442/http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/erythroleykh-kataigida-sto-falhro-5-1-o-olympiakos-ton-pas.3685533.html |archive-date=9 September 2016 |access-date=27 September 2015 |publisher=sport24.gr}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Satumba, a wasan da suka yi da [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] a matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, ya shiga cikin kwallon farko da Felipe Pardo ya ci kuma kusurwar wasan ta sa mai tsaron gida [[David Ospina]] ya buga kwallon a kan layin raga don bai wa Olympiacos jagora da ci 2-1, wasan da ya ba shi matsayi a cikin Kungiyar Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Mako. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ames |first=Nick |date=1 October 2015 |title=Hart, Lewandowski and Ronaldo all make UCL Team of the Week |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/uefa-champions-league/2/blog/post/2641764/ronaldo-and-lewandowski-in-ucl-totw |access-date=17 October 2019 |publisher=ESPN}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=1 October 2015 |title=UEFA Champions League team of the week |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0226-0e91fa9daf0a-e510617da136-1000--uefa-champions-league-team-of-the-week/ |access-date=17 October 2019 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> A wasan Super League na bakwai, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke AEK da ci 4-0 a gida bayan an kawo shi filin wasa a rabin lokaci na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2015 |title=Ολυμπιακός – ΑΕΚ 4–0 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/article/817299/olympiakos-aek-4-0-vid |publisher=gazzetta.gr}}</ref> Fortounis ya rasa bugun fenariti kafin ya taimaka aka ci shi a minti na 90 don tabbatar da nasarar da ya samu a kan Dinamo Zagreb mai 'yan wasa 10 a gasar zakarun Turai a watan Nuwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Papantonopoulou |first=Vassiliki |date=4 November 2015 |title=Pardo the hero as Olympiacos down Dinamo |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0227-0e926e27e53d-cead4e50ff47-1000--pardo-the-hero-as-olympiacos-down-dinamo/ |access-date=17 October 2019 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Ya zura kwallaye biyu (penalty daya) wanda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta kai ga nasara a gida da ci 3-1 a kan tsohuwar kungiyarsa Asteras Tripolis a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba; wannan ita ce nasara ta 11 a jere ga kungiyar, wadda ta daidaita tarihin kungiyar daga kakar wasa ta 1966-67 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2015 |title=Ο Φορτούνης είχε τις λύσεις, 3–1 ο Ολυμπιακός τον Αστέρα |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/o-fortounhs-eixe-tis-luseis-3-1-o-olympiakos-ton-astera.3795111.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620002246/http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/o-fortounhs-eixe-tis-luseis-3-1-o-olympiakos-ton-astera.3795111.html |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=29 November 2015 |publisher=sport24.gr}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=29 November 2015 |title=Ολυμπιακός – Αστέρας Τρίπολης 3–1 |url=http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/12agonistiki/olympiakos-asteras-tripolhs-live.3794919.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214001/http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/12agonistiki/olympiakos-asteras-tripolhs-live.3794919.html |archive-date=19 June 2018 |access-date=29 November 2015 |publisher=contra.gr}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Disamba, ya zura kwallo a bugun fenariti a wasan da suka yi da Panthrakikos a waje da ci 4-3. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2015 |title=Πανθρακικός – Ολυμπιακός 3–4 |url=http://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/13hagwnistiki/panthrakikos-olympiakos-live.3803822.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211142546/https://www.contra.gr/Soccer/Hellas/Superleague/13hagwnistiki/panthrakikos-olympiakos-live.3803822.html |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=5 December 2015 |publisher=contra.gr}}</ref> Makonni biyu bayan haka Fortounis ya zura kwallo biyu a bugun fenariti a wasan da suka yi da AEL Kalloni da ci 2-0, nasara ta 15 a rabin farko na kakar wasa, inda suka ci gaba da rashin nasara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2015 |title=Olympiakos in need of two penalties to win |url=http://www.sdna.gr/news-english/article/148208/olympiakos-need-two-penalties-win-vids |publisher=sdna.gr}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=19 December 2015 |title="Απόλυτος" ο Ολυμπιακός, 2–0 την Καλλονή στη Μυτιλήνη |url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/apolytos-o-olympiakos-2-0-thn-kallonh-sth-mytilhnh.3825287.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001715/http://www.sport24.gr/football/ellada/SuperLeague/apolytos-o-olympiakos-2-0-thn-kallonh-sth-mytilhnh.3825287.html |archive-date=20 June 2018 |access-date=19 December 2015 |publisher=sport24.gr}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2016, ya zura kwallaye biyu sannan ya taimaka aka ci kwallo daya a wasan da kungiyarsa ta doke PAS Giannina da ci 3-0 a filin wasa na Zosimades . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2016 |title=Comfortable victory for Olympiakos at Giannina |url=http://www.sdna.gr/news-english/article/163210/comfortable-victory-olympiakos-giannina-vids |publisher=sdna.gr}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Turai a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu da bugun fenariti a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Anderlecht da ci 2-1 a gida wanda ya kawar da Olympiacos daga gasar Europa League ta 2015-16 a zagaye na 32. <ref name="Soccerway"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2016 |title=Olympiakos knocked out of Europa League |url=http://www.sdna.gr/news-english/article/172656/olympiakos-knocked-out-europa-league |publisher=sdna.gr}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris, Fortounis ya zama dan wasa na uku a tarihin Olympiacos da ya zura kwallaye 10 kuma ya taimaka aka ci 10 a kakar wasa daya (bayan Predrag Đorđević a 2001–02, 2002–03 da 2003–04, da Chori Dominguez a 2014–15). <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2016 |title=Fortounis the third player in Olympiakos' history with 10 goals and assists |url=http://www.sdna.gr/news-english/article/181902/fortounis-third-player-olympiakos-history-10-goals-and-assists |publisher=sdna.gr}}</ref> A wasan karshe na kakar Super League, Fortounis ya zura kwallonsa ta 18, <ref name="Soccerway" /> wanda hakan ya sanya shi ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar da maki uku; shi ma shi ne babban mai taimakawa da kwallaye 12, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Super League: Statistics: 2015–2016 |url=https://www.slgr.gr/en/statistics/14/ |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=slgr.gr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017164156/https://www.slgr.gr/en/statistics/14/ |archive-date=17 October 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> yayin da kungiyarsa ta lashe kofinta na shida a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Greece: Super League: Champions |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/competition/co122/records-winners-list/ |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=worldfootball.net |publisher=Heim:Spiel}}</ref> Duk da sha'awar da ƙungiyoyi suka nuna, ciki har da Bayer Leverkusen da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2016 |title=Fortounis eager to pen new Olympiakos deal |url=http://www.sdna.gr/news-english/article/167042/fortounis-eager-pen-new-olympiakos-deal |publisher=sdna.gr}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=22 February 2016 |title=Tottenham keep close tabs on Fortounis |url=http://www.sdna.gr/news-english/article/171169/tottenham-keep-close-tabs-fortounis |publisher=sdna.gr}}</ref> Kwantiragin Fortounis da Olympiacos ya tsawaita zuwa 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2016 |title=Fortounis and Bouchalakis extend their contracts with Olympiakos |url=http://www.sdna.gr/news-english/article/207718/fortounis-and-bouchalakis-extended-their-contracts-olympiakos |access-date=17 October 2018 |website=SDNA.gr}}</ref> Ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta 2016–17 a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2016 a wasan da suka yi da AEK a gida da ci 3-0. <ref name="Soccerway"/> A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2016, a matakin rukuni na UEFA Europa League, ya zira kwallo daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida zuwa bugun farko a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a gida da BSC Young Boys kuma aka zaɓe shi a matsayin MVP na wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2016 |title=Δε νίκησε, αλλά προκρίθηκε |url=http://www.novasports.gr/podosfairo/europi/uefa-europa-league/article/300669/live-olubiakos-gioung-bois/ |publisher=novasports.gr}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2017, ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa, a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa, ta tsere da nasara 2-1 a waje a wasan kwata-kwata na Kofin Girka, a kan Atromitos ta hanyar daidaita maki da kuma bayar da taimako don cin nasarar kwallon. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2017 |title=Ατρόμητος – Ολυμπιακός 1–2: Ανατρεπτική… πρόκριση |url=http://www.onsports.gr/podosfairo/story/560166/atromitos-olympiakos-1-2-anatreptiki-prokrisi |publisher=onsports.gr}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Afrilu 2017, ya fara zura kwallo a wani muhimmin nasara da ya samu a kan Kerkyra a waje da ci 2-0, inda ya taimaka wa kulob dinsa wajen lashe gasar zakarun Turai karo na 7 a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2017 |title=Κέρκυρα – Ολυμπιακός 0–2 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/article/1067681/kerkyra-olympiakos-0-2-vid |publisher=gazzetta.gr}}</ref> Ya kammala kakar wasa da wasanni 40 (kwallaye 8, taimakawa wajen taimakawa 8) a dukkan gasannin. Fortounis ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi da AEL a gida da ci 4-1 a ranar farko ta kakar wasa ta Super League ta 2017-18, kuma a makon da ya biyo baya ya zira kwallo daya tilo da suka zira a wasan da suka yi da Lamia daga bugun fenariti. <ref name="Soccerway"/> A ranar 14 ga Oktoba, shi ne gwarzon wasan da ya fi yin fice a wasan da suka yi da Panionios ; bayan ya taimaka wa [[Pape Abou Cissé]] ya zura kwallo a farkon wasan, ya yi nasara sannan ya ci kwallon da ta ba wa kungiyarsa nasara da ci 4-3. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2017 |title=Πανιώνιος–Ολυμπιακός 3–4 |url=http://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/article/1148805/panionios-olympiakos-3-4 |access-date=17 October 2018 |website=gazzetta.gr |language=el}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2018, Fortounis ya fara zura kwallo da bugun fenariti a wasan gida da Panathinaikos, wanda aka buga a bayan kofa a matsayin hukunci saboda rashin da'a da magoya baya suka nuna; wasan ya kare da ci 1-1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Graham |date=4 March 2018 |title=Olympiacos held to Eternal derby draw by 10-man Panathinaikos |url=https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/olympiacos-held-to-athens-derby-draw-by-10-man-panathinaikos |access-date=17 October 2018 |website=AgonaSport }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kammala kakar wasa da wasanni 37 (kwallaye 11, taimakawa 14) a dukkan gasa. An nada shi kyaftin na Olympiacos a watan Agusta na 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicolaides |first=Shaun |date=22 August 2018 |title=Fortounis named Olympiacos captain for 2018/2019 season |url=https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/fortounis-named-olympiacos-captain-for-2018/2019-season |access-date=17 October 2019 |website=AgonaSport |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016234248/https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/fortounis-named-olympiacos-captain-for-2018/2019-season |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye biyu da taimako ga tawagarsa da ta doke Burnley mai 'yan wasa 10 a zagayen share fage na gasar Europa League . Bayan kwallaye biyu da taimako a wasan da F91 Dudelange ta doke su da ci 5-1 a matakin rukuni na gasar Europa League a watan Nuwamba na 2018, an nada Fortounis a cikin kungiyar mako ta gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicolaides |first=Shaun |date=9 November 2018 |title=Tsimikas and Fortounis in Europa League Team of the Week |url=https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/tsimikas-and-fortounis-in-europa-league-team-of-the-week |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=AgonaSport }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Disamba da AC Milan, ya ci bugun fenariti na minti na 81 wanda ya bai wa Olympiacos damar cin kwallaye biyu da ake bukata don cancantar shiga zagaye na 10. A ranar 30 ga Janairu 2019, Fortounis ya ci wa Larissa kwallaye uku a gida, kuma makonni uku bayan haka ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 4-1 a gida da zakarun AEK Athens . <ref name="Soccerway"/> Kwallon da ya ci a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2019 a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Lamia da ci 3-1 a waje ta zama banza yayin da PAOK ta doke Levadiakos don tabbatar da lashe gasar Super League. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Graham |date=21 April 2018 |title=Olympiacos see off Lamia but lose title race |url=https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/olympiacos-see-off-lamia-but-lose-title-race |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=AgonaSport |archive-date=30 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930082834/https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/olympiacos-see-off-lamia-but-lose-title-race |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fortounis ta kammala kakar wasa da wasanni 43 (kwallaye 17, taimakawa 16) a dukkan gasannin. Fortounis ya amince da sabuwar kwangilar shekaru huɗu a watan Yunin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaperonis |first=Sarantos |date=20 June 2019 |title=The captain is here to stay |url=https://www.agonasport.com/agonasport-allnews/the-captain-is-here-to-stay |access-date=16 October 2019 |website=AgonaSport }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Yuli, ya ji rauni a jijiyar giciye kuma ana sa ran zai yi jinya na tsawon watanni shida. A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2020, bayan shekara mai wahala ga ɗan wasan ƙasar Girka wanda ya ji rauni (kwana 184 daidai), Fortounis ya dawo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka yi da Kalamata a gasar cin kofin Girka da ci 4-1 a gida. A ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2020, ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko bayan mummunan raunin da ya ji a kakar wasa ta 2019-20, cikin salo mai kyau yayin da ɗan wasan ƙasar Girka ya yi watsi da su da ɗan hayaniya kafin ya zura ƙwallo da bugun ƙwallo mai ƙarfi a wasan da suka yi da Panionios a gida da ci 4-0. Fortounis ya kammala kakar wasa da wasanni 21 (ci ƙwallaye 3, taimakawa 3) a duk gasa. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== 19bjdps1iki71m1imgwn16jsdgoyj0b 0 150271 976123 869995 2026-11-05T11:30:04Z Zahrah0 14848 976123 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:AxelDisasi (cropped).jpg|thumb]] {{Infobox dan kwallon kafa | suna = Axel Disasi | hoto = Axel Disasi 2019.jpg | cikakken_suna = Axel Wilson Arthur Disasi Mhakinis Belho | ranar_haihuwa = {{Haihuwa da shekaru|1998|3|11}} | wurin_haihuwa = Gonesse, Faransa | tsawo = 1.91 m | matsayi = Mai tsaron baya | kulob_yanzu = {{nowrap|West Ham United}} <small>(aro daga Chelsea)</small> | lamba = 4 | shekarun_matasa1 = 2006–2013 | kungiyar_matasa1 = Villiers-le-Bel JS | shekarun_matasa2 = 2013–2014 | kungiyar_matasa2 = USM Senlis | shekarun_matasa3 = 2014–2015 | kungiyar_matasa3 = Paris FC | shekarun_ƙungiya1 = 2015–2016 | ƙungiya1 = Paris FC II | wasanni1 = 19 | ƙwallaye1 = 2 | shekarun_ƙungiya2 = 2015–2016 | ƙungiya2 = Paris FC | wasanni2 = 3 | ƙwallaye2 = 1 | shekarun_ƙungiya3 = 2016–2019 | ƙungiya3 = Reims II | wasanni3 = 36 | ƙwallaye3 = 2 | shekarun_ƙungiya4 = 2016–2020 | ƙungiya4 = Reims | wasanni4 = 45 | ƙwallaye4 = 2 | shekarun_ƙungiya5 = 2020–2023 | ƙungiya5 = Monaco | wasanni5 = 99 | ƙwallaye5 = 7 | shekarun_ƙungiya6 = 2023– | ƙungiya6 = Chelsea | wasanni6 = 37 | ƙwallaye6 = 3 | shekarun_ƙungiya7 = 2025 | ƙungiya7 = → Aston Villa (aro) | wasanni7 = 7 | ƙwallaye7 = 0 | shekarun_ƙungiya8 = 2026– | ƙungiya8 = → West Ham United (aro) | wasanni8 = 11 | ƙwallaye8 = 0 | shekarun_kasa1 = 2017–2018 | tawagar_kasa1 = Faransa U20 | wasanni_kasa1 = 3 | ƙwallaye_kasa1 = 0 | shekarun_kasa2 = 2022– | tawagar_kasa2 = Faransa | wasanni_kasa2 = 5 | ƙwallaye_kasa2 = 0 }} '''Axel Wilson Arthur Disasi Mhakinis Belho''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 11 ga watan Maris, shekara ta alif 1998) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga ƙungiyar {{nowrap|West Ham United}} a matsayin aro daga ƙungiyar {{nowrap|Chelsea}}. Ana kallonsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tsaron baya na Faransa saboda ƙarfinsa, iya cin ƙwallon sama, da kuma yadda yake jagorantar tsaro a fili.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel) Disasi|publisher=Wikipedia|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Axel Disasi a garin Gonesse da ke yankin Val-d'Oise a ƙasar Faransa. Yana da asalin ƙasar Kongo da Angola. Tun yana ƙarami yake sha’awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, inda ya fara buga wasa a tituna da makarantu kafin daga bisani ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta Villiers-le-Bel JS. Bayan nan ya ci gaba da haɓaka ƙwarewarsa a USM Senlis kafin ya koma Paris FC a shekarar 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/axel-disasi-my-journey-to-chelsea|title=Axel](https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/axel-disasi-my-journey-to-chelsea|title=Axel) Disasi: My journey to Chelsea|publisher=Chelsea FC|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Disasi ya bayyana cewa hanyarsa ta zuwa ƙwallon ƙafa ta bambanta da ta sauran ‘yan wasa domin bai samu horo daga manyan makarantu na ƙwallon Turai ba tun farko. Ya kasance yana haɗa karatu da buga ƙwallo a lokaci guda, kuma hakan ya koya masa juriya da aiki tukuru. Malamansa a Paris FC sun yaba masa saboda yadda yake saurin koyon dabaru da kuma yadda yake nuna halayen jagoranci tun yana ƙarami.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/axel-disasi-my-journey-to-chelsea|title=Axel](https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/axel-disasi-my-journey-to-chelsea|title=Axel) Disasi: My journey to Chelsea|publisher=Chelsea FC|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙungiya == === Paris FC === Disasi ya fara taka leda a matakin manya tare da Paris FC a shekarar 2015. Duk da kasancewarsa matashi, ya nuna ƙwarewa wajen tsaron baya da iya sarrafa yanayin wasa. Ya buga wasanni kaɗan a ƙungiyar farko, amma bajintarsa ta sa masu sa ido daga wasu manyan ƙungiyoyi suka fara lura da shi.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel) Disasi|publisher=Wikipedia|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Reims === A shekarar 2016, Disasi ya koma ƙungiyar Stade de Reims. Da farko ya fara ne a ƙungiyar matasa da ta ajiyar ‘yan wasa, amma cikin kankanin lokaci ya samu damar shiga ƙungiyar farko. A kakar 2017–18 ya taimaka wa Reims wajen lashe gasar Ligue 2 tare da samun gurbin hawa Ligue 1. A wannan lokaci ya fara zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya matasa a Faransa.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel) Disasi|publisher=Wikipedia|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A kakar 2019–20, Disasi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa Reims ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka fi ƙarancin cin ƙwallaye a Ligue 1. Ƙarfinsa a wasan sama da kuma iya dakatar da hare-haren abokan hamayya sun sa ya zama ginshiƙi a tsaron ƙungiyar. Wannan bajinta ce ta jawo hankalin Monaco domin sayensa.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.asmonaco.com/en/joueurs/axel-disasi|title=Axel](https://www.asmonaco.com/en/joueurs/axel-disasi|title=Axel) Disasi profile|publisher=AS Monaco|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Monaco === A ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2020, Disasi ya koma AS Monaco kan kuɗi kusan Euro miliyan 13 tare da sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko ne da tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa Reims, inda ya ci ƙwallo a wasan da aka tashi kunnen doki 2–2.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel) Disasi|publisher=Wikipedia|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A Monaco, Disasi ya zama ɗaya daga cikin jagororin ƙungiyar cikin sauri. Ya taka rawar gani wajen kai ƙungiyar zuwa manyan matsayi a Ligue 1, kuma ya kasance mataimakin kyaftin na ƙungiyar. Ya buga wasanni sama da 120 tare da Monaco a dukkan gasa, inda ya zura ƙwallaye da dama duk da kasancewarsa mai tsaron baya. A wannan lokacin ne ya fara samun karɓuwa sosai a Turai.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.asmonaco.com/en/joueurs/axel-disasi|title=Axel](https://www.asmonaco.com/en/joueurs/axel-disasi|title=Axel) Disasi profile|publisher=AS Monaco|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Chelsea === A ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2023, ƙungiyar Chelsea ta sanar da ɗaukar Disasi daga Monaco kan kuɗi kusan fam miliyan 38.5 tare da kwantiragin shekaru shida. Ya zura ƙwallo a wasansa na farko a Premier League a wasan da Chelsea ta tashi 1–1 da Liverpool.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iazfw1TnkU|title=Chelsea](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0iazfw1TnkU|title=Chelsea) confirm signing of Axel Disasi from Monaco|publisher=Sky Sports News|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> A kakarsa ta farko a Chelsea, Disasi ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka fi buga wasa a tsaron ƙungiyar. Duk da matsalolin da Chelsea ta fuskanta a kakar, ya nuna ƙwazo musamman wajen tare hare-hare da cire ƙwallaye masu hatsari. Wasansa da Manchester City a watan Fabrairun 2024 ya samu yabo sosai bayan ya yi ceto da yawa a wasan.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel) Disasi|publisher=Wikipedia|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Aron Aston Villa === A watan Fabrairun 2025, Disasi ya koma Aston Villa aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2024–25. Ya samu damar sake nuna ƙwarewarsa a Premier League, inda ya taimaka wa Aston Villa a fafutukar neman gurbin Turai. Wasansa da Brentford ya ja hankali sosai bayan ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samun nasara.<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/aston-villa-sign-disasi-loan-chelsea-2025-02-04/|title=Aston](https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/aston-villa-sign-disasi-loan-chelsea-2025-02-04/|title=Aston) Villa sign Disasi on loan from Chelsea|publisher=Reuters|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Aron West Ham United === A shekarar 2026, Disasi ya koma West Ham United aro domin samun ƙarin damar buga wasa. Wannan mataki ya zo ne bayan ya samu ƙarancin damar taka leda a Chelsea. Masu sharhi da dama sun bayyana cewa sauyin zai taimaka masa wajen dawo da ƙwarinsa da kuma sake nuna bajintarsa a gasar Premier League.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel) Disasi|publisher=Wikipedia|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Disasi ya wakilci Faransa a matakan matasa kafin daga bisani ya samu kira zuwa babbar tawagar ƙasar Faransa a shekarar 2022 domin maye gurbin Presnel Kimpembe a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022 da aka gudanar a Qatar. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar a wasan da Faransa ta yi da Tunisia.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel) Disasi|publisher=Wikipedia|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma taka rawa a wasu wasannin da Faransa ta buga a gasar, ciki har da wasan zagaye na 16 da Poland da kuma wasan ƙarshe da Argentina. Duk da Faransa ta sha kashi a bugun fenareti, Disasi ya samu yabo saboda yadda ya nuna ƙwarewa duk da kasancewarsa sabon ɗan wasa a tawagar ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel) Disasi|publisher=Wikipedia Français|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Salon wasa == An san Disasi da ƙarfinsa a jiki, iya cin ƙwallon sama, da kuma ƙarfin dakile hare-hare. Yana da ƙwarewa wajen karanta wasan abokan hamayya da kuma fara kai hari daga baya ta hanyar dogayen pase-pase. Masana ƙwallon ƙafa suna ganin yana da halayen jagora a fili saboda yadda yake tsara tsaron ƙungiyarsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://www.asmonaco.com/en/joueurs/axel-disasi|title=Axel](https://www.asmonaco.com/en/joueurs/axel-disasi|title=Axel) Disasi profile|publisher=AS Monaco|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nasarori == === Reims === * Ligue 2: 2017–18<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel) Disasi|publisher=Wikipedia|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Chelsea === * UEFA Conference League: 2024–25<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel) Disasi|publisher=Wikipedia|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> * EFL Cup wanda aka zo na biyu: 2023–24<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel) Disasi|publisher=Wikipedia|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> === Faransa === * FIFA World Cup wanda aka zo na biyu: 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Disasi|title=Axel) Disasi|publisher=Wikipedia|access-date=10 Mayu 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [[https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/axel-disasi](https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/axel-disasi) Axel Disasi a Chelsea FC] * [[https://www.asmonaco.com/en/joueurs/axel-disasi](https://www.asmonaco.com/en/joueurs/axel-disasi) Axel Disasi a AS Monaco] {{DEFAULTSORT:Disasi, Axel}} [[Category:1998 births]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwallon kafa na Faransa]] [[Category:Yan wasan Chelsea F.C.]] [[Category:Yan wasan AS Monaco FC]] [[Category:Yan wasan West Ham United F.C.]] [[Category:Yan wasan Aston Villa F.C.]] rv22hsof8a5d29xvh3lp4qqhvmncoou 0 150915 976142 903258 2026-11-05T11:47:37Z Zahrah0 14848 976142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Norberto Osvaldo Alonso''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu shekara ta alif 1953), wanda aka fi sani da '''''Beto'' Alonso''' tsohon [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] ne [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|na ƙwallon ƙafa]] na Argentina wanda ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa a River Plate, inda ya lashe kofuna 9. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ficha Estadistica de NORBERTO ALONSO -norberto osvaldo alonso- (perfil, ficha, profile, stats) |url=https://www.bdfa.com.ar/jugadores-NORBERTO-OSVALDO-ALONSO-1090.html |website=bdfa.com.ar}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasansu. Alonso ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan Kudancin Amurka a duniya a shekara ta alif 1970. <ref>{{Cite web |title=South American Player of the Year 1972 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/sampoy72.html |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=South American Player of the Year 1975 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/sampoy75.html |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=South American Player of the Year 1976 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/sampoy76.html |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> Yana matsayi na biyar a tarihin kwallon da River Plate ta ci a tarihi, inda ya zura kwallaye 149 <ref name="River Plate Website">{{Cite web |last=Plate |first=Club Atletico River |title=River Plate – Sitio Oficial |url=http://www.cariverplate.com.ar/tplen.php?cat=en&url=fut_estadisticas.php |website=caRiverPlate.com.ar}}</ref>, kuma yana matsayi na 7 a tarihin buga wasa, inda ya buga wasanni 374. <ref name="River Plate Website" /> Tsohon zakaran Copa Libertadores, [[Kofin Intercontinental|Intercontinental Cup]] da kuma zakaran [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|FIFA World Cup]] . == Aikin kulob == [[Fayil:Norberto_Alonso_1984.jpg|left|thumb|246x246px|Alonso tare da River Plate a shekarar 1984]] An haifi Alonso a Vicente López, lardin Buenos Aires, amma ya girma a unguwar talakawa ta ''Los Polvorines'' . [[Mai buga tsakiya|Dan wasan tsakiya]] mai kai hari, ya tashi daga cikin rukunin matasa na River yayin da kungiyar ke fuskantar mummunan yanayi na rashin nasara (shekaru 18, 1957 zuwa 1975, ba tare da lashe gasar zakarun Turai ba). Lokacin da Angel Labruna ya karbi ragamar kungiyar a shekarar 1975, Alonso shine mai tsaron raga kuma mai tsaron raga na lamba 10. Tare da ƙarin 'yan wasa Roberto Perfumo da Ubaldo Fillol, da kuma yadda 'yan wasa kamar Daniel Passarella, Carlos Morete, JJ López da Reinaldo Merlo suka girma, Alonso ya jagoranci ƙungiyar da ta lashe gasar Metropolitano da kuma ta Nacional ta 1975, inda ta lashe gasar gida bakwai a tsakanin shekarun 1975 zuwa 1981. A shekarar 1976, an mayar da Alonso zuwa Olympique Marseille, amma bai yi nasara ba. River Plate ta shirya dawowarsa a shekarar 1977. Tsakanin shekarun 1979–1981, River ta lashe kofuna hudu na gida, kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi mafi tsada a duniya, tare da ƙungiya ta farko (Alonso -Luque ) da ke buga wasannin lig da kuma ƙungiya ta biyu mai daraja (Carrasco- Ramón Díaz ) da aka fi amfani da ita a wasannin Copa Libertadores . A lokacin gasar "Nacional" ta 1981 (wanda River ta lashe daga baya), Alonso sau da yawa yana fafatawa da kocin lokacin Alfredo Di Stéfano (wanda ba kasafai yake zabarsa a matsayinsa na farko ba, amma maimakon haka yana sanya matasa 'yan wasa kamar Carlos Daniel Tapia da José María Vieta a matsayinsa). Bayan ''Nacional'', an sanya Alonso a cikin jerin 'yan wasa kuma aka sayar da shi ga Vélez Sársfield a 1982. Bayan ya buga wasa tare da tsohon dan wasa Carlos Bianchi, ya sake komawa River Plate a kakar wasa ta 1984 . 'Yan wasan tsakiya da dama sun fito daga tsarin matasa na River Plate a lokacin mulkin Alonso, ciki har da Alejandro Sabella, Néstor Gorosito da Pedro Troglio . Alonso ya kasance babban ɗan wasa a ƙungiyar da ta yi nasara a tsakanin shekarun1985–86 wadda ta lashe Copa Libertadores na farko a River Plate da kuma [[Kofin Intercontinental|Intercontinental Cup]] . A shekarar 1985, babban abokin wasansa shine Enzo Francescoli . Lokacin da ya yi ritaya, ya zira kwallaye 166 a wasanni 464. == Tawagar ƙasa == Duk da cewa an saka shi cikin tawagar Argentina, Alonso bai kasance cikin shirin kocin César Luis Menotti na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1978 ba. Menotti ya bai wa Alonso 'yan mintuna kaɗan na wasa a lokacin gasar, yayin da Argentina ta ci gasar a gida. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1978, Argentina ta yi wa 'yan wasa lambobi ta hanyar haruffa, kuma sakamakon haka Alonso (dan wasan tsakiya) ya sanya riga mai lamba 1 (galibi an keɓe shi ga [[Mai tsaran raga|masu tsaron gida]] ). A shekarar 1983, kocin ƙasar Carlos Bilardo ya bai wa Alonso ɗan lokaci na buga wasa, amma daga ƙarshe ya yi amfani da ƙananan 'yan wasa kamar [[Diego Maradona]], Jorge Burruchaga, da Carlos Tapia a matsayinsa. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== sxcggwta1cvakx1c1vcv271p0wevc0c 0 154801 975994 847043 2026-11-05T00:50:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Sange''' wani yanki ne na [[Kogin Ruzizi]] a gabashin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC). Yana aiki a matsayin amintaccen tushen ruwa don amfani da gida da kasuwanci, kuma iyalai da ke zaune a bakin kogin suna dogara da ruwan da ya dace don sha, dafa abinci, da ayyukan gida. Kasuwancin cikin gida sun dogara da wadataccen kogin don biyan bukatun baƙi da masu yawon bude ido. Bugu da ƙari, kwararar kogin tana riƙe da tsarin halittu na ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2022 |title=26 mars, Sange dans la province du Sud-Kivu, l'affaissement du pont perturbe la vie socio-économique de la population |trans-title=26 March, Sange in the province of South Kivu, the collapse of the bridge disrupts the socio-economic life of the population |url=https://www.radiondenganews.net/2022/03/26/26-mars-sange-dans-la-province-du-sud-kivu-laffaissement-du-pont-perturbe-la-vie-socio-economique-de-la-population/ |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=Ndenga News |language=fr-FR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622121238/https://www.radiondenganews.net/2022/03/26/26-mars-sange-dans-la-province-du-sud-kivu-laffaissement-du-pont-perturbe-la-vie-socio-economique-de-la-population/ |archive-date=22 June 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kabiraba |first=Christine Amina |date=2012 |title=Du mode de traitement des ordures ménagères dans la cité d'Uvira, cas des fractions biodégradables et non biodégradables |trans-title=On the method of treating household waste in the city of Uvira, case of biodegradable and non-biodegradable fractions |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/08/13/7304/m_Du-mode-de-traitement-des-ordures-menageres-dans-la-cite-dUvira-cas-des-fractions-biodegrada8.html |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Institut Supérieur de Développement Durable |language=fr}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Kogin ya tashi a yammacin [[Ruzizi Plain]] a Yankin Uvira a Lardin Kivu ta Kudu kuma ya shiga [[Kogin Ruzizi]] a fadin Filayen. Yayin da yake gudana a cikin yankin, kogin yana tara ruwa daga ƙananan rafi da masu ba da gudummawa, gami da Kogin Luvua a Sange, Kogin Luvimvi a Katogota, Kogin Luvubu a Lubarika, Kogin Lukungi a Luvungi, Kogin Luberizi a Luberizi, da Kogin Runingu a Runingu. A cikin Kwarin Sange na sama an mallake shi da al'adun masu aikin gona da makiyaya waɗanda suka bunƙasa a yankin, suna dogaro da albarkatun kwarin don abinci da rayuwarsu.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hautmann |first=Frédéric |date=1939 |title=Étude ethnographique de l'Itombwe (district du Kivu, Congo Belge) |journal=Geographica Helvetica |language=French |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=175–176 |doi=10.5194/gh-4-175-1949 |s2cid=180994095 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == Lokacin da Henry Morton Stanley ya haɗu da David Livingstone a Ujiji don bincika bakin [[Kogin Ruzizi]], Stanley ya fahimci cewa Kogin Sange ya zama mai ba da gudummawa ga Kogin Ruizi. A lokacin Belgian Congo, an gina gada a kan kogi don sauƙaƙe ƙetare cikas kamar koguna, kwari, ko manyan hanyoyi. Koyaya, a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2020, gadar ta rushe saboda ruwan sama mai yawa a Sange da yankunan da ke kewaye da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2020 |title=Uvira: au moins 23 morts à la suite d’une pluie diluvienne |trans-title=Uvira: At least 23 dead following torrential rain |url=https://www.radiookapi.net/2020/04/17/actualite/societe/uvira-au-moins-23-morts-la-suite-dune-pluie-diluvienne |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[Radio Okapi]] |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Diasso |first=Alain |date=18 April 2020 |title=Bukavu: d'importants dégâts humains et matériels consécutifs à une inondation |trans-title=Bukavu: significant human and material damage following flooding |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/bukavu-dimportants-degats-humains-et-materiels-consecutifs-une-inondation-115398 |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=Adiac-congo.com |language=fr |publication-place=Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mwamba |first=Justin |date=18 April 2020 |title=Catastrophes à Uvira: la plupart de cadavres ont été enterrés par leurs proches et membres des familles |trans-title=Disasters in Uvira: Most of the corpses were buried by their relatives and family members |url=https://actualite.cd/2020/04/18/catastrophes-uvira-la-plupart-des-cadavres-ont-etes-enterres-par-leurs-proches-et |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr |publication-place=Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> == Ruwan sama na 2020 == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2020 ruwan sama mai yawa da kuma ruwa mai yawa a cikin gidajen Uvira sun mamaye gidaje, gami da Sange Bridge, wanda ya rushe a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na kogin. Ginshiƙan gadar sun gaza bayan an lalata su sosai.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Lolonga |first=Philippe Kituka |last2=Londe |first2=Chadrack Tambwe |date=2 June 2020 |title=Church aids flood survivors in Congo |url=https://www.umnews.org/en/news/church-aids-flood-survivors-in-congo |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=Umnews.org/en |publisher=[[United Methodist Church]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Ruwan sama ya kuma rushe rayuwar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na mazauna Sange.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Rahotanni na hukuma sun nuna cewa an gano gawarwaki 24, gidaje 3,500 sun lalace, kuma an lura da wasu asarar da suka faru.<ref name=":2" /> A cewar UM News, gidan labarai na United Methodist Church, kusan mutane 70,000 sun bar marasa gida.<ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == dv3rtrrrjxtar6k8jna4aegray3hv90 0 156002 975995 885785 2026-11-05T00:57:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kogin Wami''' kogi ne da ke yankin Pwani, Tanzania. Ruwan Wami da magudanar ruwansa sun samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Gabashin Arc na yankin Morogoro . Daga nan kogin ya ratsa arewa maso gabas ta yankin Pwani ya kuma kwarara zuwa [[Tekun Indiya]] a yammacin Tsibirin [[Zanzibar]] . Kogin Wami yana malalar magudanar ruwa mai yawan 43,946&nbsp;km². <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wami/ruvu basin water office-Location map |url=http://wamiruvubasin.com/location.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322201351/http://wamiruvubasin.com/location.html |archive-date=2012-03-22 |website=wamiruvubasin.com}}</ref> Ruwan ya ratsa yankuna huɗu na muhalli. Dazuzzukan bakin teku sun faɗaɗa a bakin tekun Indiya. Ƙarin wuraren dazuzzuka na cikin ƙasa, dazuzzuka da kuma ciyayi masu ambaliya a lokacin suna rufe filayen tsakiyar magudanar ruwa. Waɗannan filayen suna da iyaka a arewa maso yamma da tsaunukan Rubeho, Ukakuru, [[Dutsen Nguru|Nguru]], da Nguu, wasu daga cikin tsaunukan Gabashin Arc. Duwatsun Gabashin Arc suna katse iska mai ɗauke da danshi daga Tekun Indiya, kuma suna samun ruwan sama fiye da yankunan da ke kewaye. Yawancin ruwan sama yana faruwa ne a lokacin damina daga Nuwamba zuwa Mayu, kodayake hazo da ruwan sama mai sauƙi suna faruwa a tsaunuka masu tsayi a lokacin rani. Fuskokin gabas da kudu na tsaunuka masu iska suna samun ruwan sama fiye da gangaren arewa da yamma. Waɗannan ruwan sama suna ciyar da dazuzzukan tsaunuka da kuma kogunan ruwa da rafuka na Wami. Dazuzzukan Gabashin Arc suna da mahimmanci don ci gaba da daidaita kwararar kogunan. [[Kinyasangwe River|Kogin Kinyasangwe]] na lokacin yana yaɗuwa a yammacin tsaunukan Gabashin Arc zuwa [[Dodoma]], yana zubar da ruwan kudu na Maasai Steppe mai ɗan ƙamshi, wanda ke cikin inuwar ruwan sama na tsaunukan Gabashin Arc. Sai bayan ya bar [[Mkata River|kogin Mkata]] a gefen arewa na wurin shakatawa na Mikumi ne aka sanya masa suna Wami. <ref>{{Google books|title=A Directory of African Wetlands}}</ref> Saboda [[Gandun daji|sare dazuzzuka]] da sauyin yanayi a yankin, ruwan da ke kwarara ya ragu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalugendo |first=Praxeda Paul |title=Impact of Climate Variability on Groundwater in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |url=http://www.gwclim.org/presentations/session5/kalugendo.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322201351/http://www.gwclim.org/presentations/session5/kalugendo.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-22}}</ref> Kusa da bakinsa, Kogin Wami ya samar da iyakar kudu na Saadani National Park, wurin shakatawa na ƙasa ɗaya tilo a bakin teku a Tanzaniya. == Tsarin Halittar Halitta == An lura da kwararar kogi sama da shekaru 30 (1954-84) a garin Mandera, kimanin shekaru 50.&nbsp;kilomita sama da bakin ruwa. Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa a Mandera a kowace shekara a wannan lokacin shine 60.6 m³ / s wanda yanki na kusan kashi 82% na jimlar yankin magudanar ruwa na Kogin ya ciyar.<div class="center"> '''Matsakaicin kwararar ruwa a kowane wata na tashar ruwa ta kogin Wami ta Mandera (a cikin m³ / s)''' (An ƙididdige ta amfani da bayanan na tsawon shekaru 30, 1954–84) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=A profile of the Wami River Sub-Basin |url=https://www.crc.uri.edu/download/wami_profile_tagged_final_Nov08.pdf |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=crc.uri.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119051557/https://www.crc.uri.edu/download/wami_profile_tagged_final_Nov08.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:600 height:250 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:20 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:220 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:20 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:10 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:Jan text:January bar:Fév text:February bar:Mar text:Marz bar:Avr text:April bar:Mai text:May bar:Jun text:June bar:Jul text:July bar:Aoû text:August bar:Sep text:Sept. bar:Oct text:Oct. bar:Nov text:Nov. bar:Déc text:Dec. PlotData= color:barra width:30 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 60 bar:Fév from:0 till: 52 bar:Mar from:0 till: 70 bar:Avr from:0 till: 210 bar:Mai from:0 till: 150 bar:Jun from:0 till: 50 bar:Jul from:0 till: 25 bar:Aoû from:0 till: 20 bar:Sep from:0 till: 18 bar:Oct from:0 till: 15 bar:Nov from:0 till: 25 bar:Déc from:0 till: 50 PlotData= bar:Jan at: 60 fontsize:S text: 60 shift:(-10,5) bar:Fév at: 52 fontsize:S text: 52 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mar at: 70 fontsize:S text: 70 shift:(-10,5) bar:Avr at: 210 fontsize:S text: 210 shift:(-10,5) bar:Mai at: 150 fontsize:S text: 150 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jun at: 50 fontsize:S text: 50 shift:(-10,5) bar:Jul at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Aoû at: 20 fontsize:S text: 20 shift:(-10,5) bar:Sep at: 18 fontsize:S text: 18 shift:(-10,5) bar:Oct at: 15 fontsize:S text: 15 shift:(-10,5) bar:Nov at: 25 fontsize:S text: 25 shift:(-10,5) bar:Déc at: 50 fontsize:S text: 50 shift:(-10,5) </timeline></div> == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery class="center" widths="145px"> Fayil:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-164-22.jpg|alt=Opening of Mandera Bridge| Buɗe Gadar Mandera Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA0596,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Kissanke,_Wami-Fluss.jpg|alt=Wami River between 1906 and 1918 at Kissanke| Kogin Wami tsakanin 1906 da 1918 a Kissanke Fayil:Wami_River_2012.jpg| 2012 Fayil:Река_Вами_(Танзания).jpg|alt=Hippopotamus amphibius| Amphibius na Hippopotamus </gallery> == Manazarta == gbepqeiahxcodklxc0mgx500uxo6zsm 0 156010 975823 975822 2026-11-04T11:59:02Z Ibn baaz 28481 975823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, kimanin mutane miliyan 235 a duk duniya sun kamu da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], <ref name="WHO2011">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=World Health Organization Fact Sheet Fact sheet No 307: Asthma |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629035454/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |access-date=2 September 2010}}</ref> kuma kimanin mutane 250,000 suna mutuwa a kowace shekara daga abubuwan da suka shafi asma. <ref name="GINA2011p2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|GINA|2011}}</ref> Kasashen da ke da karancin kudin shiga da matsakaicin matsakaicin sun kai sama da 80% na mace-mace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Health Organization |author-link=World Health Organization |title=WHO: Asthma |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215181927/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs307/en/ |archive-date=15 December 2007 |access-date=2007-12-29}}</ref> Yaduwar ta bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe daga 1% zuwa 18%.<ref name="GINA2011p2" /> Asthma yana da yawa a cikin [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]] fiye da ƙasashe masu [[Developed country|ci gaba]].<ref name="GINA2011p2" /> Farashin ya fi ƙasa a Asiya, Gabashin Turai, da Afirka. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ya fi yawa a tsakanin waɗanda ke fama da talauci, amma ya bambanta da ƙasashe masu ci gaba ya fi yawa tsakanin masu arziki.<ref name="GINA2011p2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uphoff |first=E |date=2015 |title=A systematic review of socioeconomic position in relation to asthma and allergic diseases |journal=European Respiratory Journal |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=364–374 |doi=10.1183/09031936.00114514 |pmid=25537562 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dalilin wadannan bambance-bambance ba a san su sosai ba.<ref name="GINA2011p2" /> Duk da yake asma ya ninka sau biyu a cikin yara maza kamar yadda yake a cikin 'yan mata, <ref name="GINA2011p2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|GINA|2011}}</ref> asma mai tsanani yana faruwa a daidai. <ref name="Bush2009">{{Cite journal |last=Bush A, Menzies-Gow A |last2=Menzies-Gow |date=December 2009 |title=Phenotypic differences between pediatric and adult asthma |journal=Proc Am Thorac Soc |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=712–9 |doi=10.1513/pats.200906-046DP |pmid=20008882}}</ref> Daga cikin manya, duk da haka, asma ya ninka sau biyu a cikin mata kamar yadda yake a cikin maza.<ref name="Bush2009" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2017 |title=Testosterone explains why women more prone to asthma |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170508112433.htm |website=[[ScienceDaily]]}}</ref> == Ƙara mita == [[Fayil:Asthma_prevalence.png|thumb|yaduwa asma na yara a Amurka ya karu tun 1980, musamman a cikin yara ƙanana.]] Yawan asma ya karu sosai tsakanin shekarun 1960 da 2008 <ref name="pmid10452783">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grant EN, Wagner R, Weiss KB |date=August 1999 |title=Observations on emerging patterns of asthma in our society |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=104 |issue=2 Pt 2 |pages=S1–9 |doi=10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70268-X |pmid=10452783}}</ref> <ref name="pmid19912154">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A |date=February 2010 |title=Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies |journal=Allergy |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=152–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x |pmid=19912154 |s2cid=19525219 |doi-access=free}}</ref> tare da an gane shi a matsayin babbar matsalar kiwon lafiyar jama'a tun daga shekarun 1970. Kimanin kashi 9% na yara na Amurka suna da asma a shekara ta 2001, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 3.6% kawai a shekara ta 1980. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da rahoton cewa wasu kashi 10% na yawan mutanen Switzerland suna da asma tun daga shekara ta 2007, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 2% wasu shekaru 25-30 da suka gabata.<ref name="WHO">{{Cite book|last3=World Health Organization}}</ref> A cikin Amurka yawan cututtukan asma da aka daidaita shekaru ya karu daga kashi 7.3 zuwa 8.2 cikin dari a cikin shekarun 2001 zuwa 2009.<ref name="mm6017a4">{{Cite journal |vauthors=((Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC))) |date=May 2011 |title=Vital signs: asthma prevalence, disease characteristics, and self-management education: United States, 2001--2009 |journal=MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. |volume=60 |issue=17 |pages=547–52 |pmid=21544044}}</ref> == Bayanan yankin == === Amurka === Asthma yana shafar kusan 7% na yawan jama'ar [[Amurka]] kuma yana haifar da kusan mutuwar 4,210 a kowace shekara.<ref name="Fanta2009">{{Cite journal |last=Fanta CH |date=March 2009 |title=Asthma |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2009-03-05_360_10/page/1002 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=360 |issue=10 |pages=1002–14 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra0804579 |pmid=19264689}}</ref><ref name="NEJM2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lazarus SC |date=August 2010 |title=Clinical practice. Emergency treatment of asthma |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2010-08-19_363_8/page/755 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=363 |issue=8 |pages=755–64 |doi=10.1056/NEJMcp1003469 |pmid=20818877}}</ref><ref name="Getahun2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Getahun D, Demissie K, Rhoads GG |date=June 2005 |title=Recent trends in asthma hospitalization and mortality in the United States |journal=J Asthma |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=373–8 |doi=10.1081/JAS-62995 |pmid=16036412 |s2cid=25298857 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekara ta 2005, asma ta shafi mutane sama da miliyan 22, ciki har da yara miliyan 6, kuma sun kai kusan 500,000 a asibiti a wannan shekarar.<ref name="NHLBI07p1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|NHLBI Guideline|2007}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, asma ta kai fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ziyarar sashen gaggawa da aka shigar a Amurka tsakanin yara masu shekaru 1-9, kuma ana yawan ganewar asali ne tsakanin yara masu shekara 10-17. Daga shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2010, yawan asibitin yara da ke fama da asma ya ragu daga 165 zuwa 130 ga kowane mutum 100,000, bi da bi, yayin da yawan manya ya kasance kusan 119 ga kowane mutum 10,000.<ref name="Barrett ML, Wier LM, and Washington R">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Barrett ML, Wier LM, Washington R |date=January 2014 |title=Trends in Pediatric and Adult Hospital Stays for Asthma, 2000-2010. |url=http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb169-Asthma-Trends-Hospital-Stays.jsp |journal=HCUP Statistical Brief |location=Rockville, MD |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality |issue=169 |pmid=24624462 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328234058/http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb169-Asthma-Trends-Hospital-Stays.jsp |archive-date=2014-03-28 |access-date=2014-03-28}}</ref> Yaduwar asma a Amurka ya fi na sauran ƙasashe a duniya, amma ya bambanta sosai tsakanin kabilun.[1] Yaduwar asma ta fi girma a cikin Puerto Ricans, Latino, 'yan Afirka na Amirka, Filipinos, Irish na Amirka, da' yan asalin Hawaii, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin Mexicans da Koreans.[2][3][4][5] Adadin shigar da asibiti da ke da alaƙa da asma a cikin 2010 sun kasance fiye da sau uku mafi girma tsakanin yara na Afirka na Amurka kuma sau biyu mafi girma ga manya na Afirka na Afirka da Latino idan aka kwatanta da White da Asiya da Pacific Islander. [6][5] Har ila yau, yara da aka haifa a cikin iyalai masu karamin karfi suna da haɗarin kamuwa da asma.[7] Har ila yau, yaduwar asma ta bambanta tsakanin al'ummomin kabilanci ɗaya waɗanda aka haifa kuma suna zaune a wurare daban-daban.<ref name="pmid15990770">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gold DR, Acevedo-Garcia D |date=July 2005 |title=Immigration to the United States and acculturation as risk factors for asthma and allergy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_2005-07_116_1/page/38 |journal=J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=38–41 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2005.04.033 |pmid=15990770 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misali, mutanen Mexico da aka haifa a Amurka, suna da ƙimar asma fiye da wadanda ba U ba. S. haifi jama'ar Mexico da ke zaune a Amurka.<ref name="pmid16809241">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Eldeirawi KM, Persky VW |date=May 2006 |title=Associations of acculturation and country of birth with asthma and wheezing in Mexican American youths |journal=J Asthma |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=279–86 |doi=10.1080/0277090060022869 |pmid=16809241 |s2cid=29050101}}</ref> === Ƙasar Ingila === Asthma yana shafar kusan 5% na yawan mutanen [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]].<ref name="Anderson2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anderson HR, Gupta R, Strachan DP, Limb ES |date=January 2007 |title=50 years of asthma: UK trends from 1955 to 2004 |journal=Thorax |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=85–90 |doi=10.1136/thx.2006.066407 |pmc=2111282 |pmid=17189533}}</ref> A [[Ingila]], kimanin mutane 261,400 ne aka gano su da asma a shekara ta 2005; mutane miliyan 5.7 suna da cutar asma kuma an ba su magungunan da suka shafi asma miliyan 32.6.<ref name="Simpson2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Simpson CR, Sheikh A |date=March 2010 |title=Trends in the epidemiology of asthma in England: a national study of 333,294 patients |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=98–106 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2009.090348 |pmc=3072257 |pmid=20200181}}</ref> === Kanada === Bayanai suna nuna karuwar yanayin yaduwar asma tsakanin jama'ar [[Kanada]]. A cikin 2000-2001 an saka idanu kan yaduwar asma a 6.5%; daga 2010-2011 an nuna karuwar 4.3%, tare da yaduwar cutar asma ya kai 10.8% na yawan mutanen Kanada.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Public Health Agency of |date=2018-05-01 |title=Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Canada, 2018 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/asthma-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-canada-2018.html#a1.2 |access-date=2018-11-26 |website=aem |archive-date=2019-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912161352/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/asthma-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-canada-2018.html#a1.2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yaduwar asma ta bambanta tsakanin larduna na Kanada; mafi girman yaduwar ita ce Ontario a 12.1%, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci shine Nunavut a 3.8% .<ref name=":1"/> Kodayake akwai raguwar gaba ɗaya a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na sabbin cututtukan asma a Kanada, yaduwar tana ƙaruwa. Ana iya danganta wannan ga raguwar mace-mace na musamman saboda ingantaccen gudanarwa da sarrafa asma da alamun ta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3i0r8bvd8el6kupt9ck83xb14dwf7vm 0 156238 976049 954449 2026-11-05T09:24:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lafiyar mata ta haihuwa a Amurka''' tana nufin tarin matsalolin jiki, tunani, da zamantakewa da suka shafi lafiyar mata a Amurka .Ya haɗa da haƙƙin mata a Amurka na isasshen lafiyar jima'i, hanyoyin hana ɗaukar ciki, da kuma maganin cututtukan da ake yaɗawa ta hanyar jima'i. Yaɗuwar matsalolin lafiyar mata a al'adun Amurka ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayin mata na biyu a Amurka. <ref name="Overview of Women's Health since 1960s">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rosser SV |date=December 2002 |title=Overview of Women's Health in the U.S. Since the Mid-1960s |journal=History and Technology |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=355–369 |doi=10.1080/0734151022000023802 |s2cid=144004991}}</ref> Sakamakon wannan motsi, matan Amurka sun fara yin tambayoyi game da tsarin kula da lafiya wanda maza suka fi rinjaye kuma sun nemi haƙƙin samun bayanai kan batutuwan da suka shafi ilimin halittarsu da tsarin jikinsu. [ <ref name="Overview of Women's Health since 1960s" /> Gwamnatin Amurka ta yi manyan ci gaba don gabatar da mafita, kamar ƙirƙirar Shirin Lafiyar Mata ta Ofishin Bincike kan Lafiyar Mata a 1991. <ref name="Overview of Women's Health since 1960s" /> Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai batutuwa da yawa da suka shafi samun damar kula da lafiyar haihuwa da kuma ƙyama da cece-kuce da ke tattare da lafiyar jima'i, hana ɗaukar ciki, da cututtukan da ake yaɗawa ta hanyar jima'i. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Borrero S, Schwarz EB, Creinin M, Ibrahim S |date=2008-12-15 |title=The impact of race and ethnicity on receipt of family planning services in the United States |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=91–96 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2008.0976 |pmc=2743980 |pmid=19072728}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Wellons MF, Fujimoto VY, Baker VL, Barrington DS, Broomfield D, Catherino WH, Richard-Davis G, Ryan M, Thornton K, Armstrong AY |date=August 2012 |title=Race matters: a systematic review of racial/ethnic disparity in Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology reported outcomes |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=406–409 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.05.012 |pmc=3409320 |pmid=22698638}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta ƙirƙiro wata ma'ana ga lafiyar jima'i a Amurka bisa ga ma'anar [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] game da lafiyar jima'i. Lafiyar jima'i yanayi ne na jin daɗi dangane da jima'i a tsawon rayuwa wanda ya shafi fannoni na jiki, motsin rai, tunani, zamantakewa da ruhaniya. Lafiyar jima'i wani muhimmin bangare ne na lafiyar ɗan adam kuma ya dogara ne akan kyakkyawar hanyar da ta dace, adalci, da girmamawa ga jima'i, dangantaka, da haihuwa, wacce ba ta da tilastawa, tsoro, wariya, kyama, kunya, da tashin hankali. Gwamnatin Amurka ta fahimci cewa jinsi wani abu ne da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a lafiyar jima'i. Mata a Amurka, waɗanda suka fuskanci wani ɓangare na tasirin mata a matsayin waɗanda suka fi rinjaye a tsarin kiwon lafiya na maza, suna kuma neman ƙarin bayani da 'yancin kai a kan jikinsu. Shirye-shirye kamar Shirin Lafiyar Mata sun inganta wayar da kan jama'a da bincike, duk da haka, har yanzu akwai manyan shingaye. Waɗannan shingaye sun haɗa da ƙarancin damar samun ayyukan haihuwa, ƙyama da ke tattare da lafiyar jima'i, hana haihuwa, da kuma cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i. == Lafiyar jinsi da haihuwa == A Amurka, akwai rashin daidaito a fannin lafiyar haihuwa tsakanin mata fararen fata da tsiraru. Cin zarafi da gwaje-gwajen da kwararrun likitoci suka yi wa mata baƙaƙe sun haifar da rashin yarda da al'ummar likitoci. Bugu da ƙari, nuna wariya a tsakanin launin fata da ma'aikatan lafiya ke nunawa a yanzu yana shafar kula da lafiyar mata Baƙaƙe da tsiraru. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Black Mothers Keep Dying After Giving Birth. Shalon Irving's Story Explains Why |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/12/07/568948782/black-mothers-keep-dying-after-giving-birth-shalon-irvings-story-explains-why |access-date=2021-04-29 |website=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta da mata fararen fata, yawan kamuwa da cutar HIV yana da yawa sosai a cikin mata Baƙaƙe da Hispanic. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna ɗauke da kashi 75% na kamuwa da cuta a tsakanin mata. <ref name=":1" /> Akwai kuma gibi a amfani da maganin hana haihuwa tsakanin mata fararen fata da baƙi. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen wani ɓangare ne na rashin inshorar lafiya da kuɗaɗen kuɗi. <ref name=":1" /> Kula da lafiyar mata gabaɗaya na iya taimakawa rage yawan kamuwa da cutar HIV a cikin mata tsiraru da kuma ƙara yawan amfani da maganin hana haihuwa. [ <ref name=":1" /> Rashin lafiyar haihuwa wani abu ne da ke taimakawa wajen ƙaruwar mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a Amurka tsakanin mata tsiraru, musamman tsakanin mata Baƙaƙe . Mata baƙaƙe suna da yuwuwar mutuwa sau 3.3 fiye da mata fararen fata daga dalilai masu alaƙa da juna biyu. <ref name=":1" /> Wannan wani ɓangare ne saboda rashin inshora kafin daukar ciki da kuma ƙaruwar cututtuka masu tsanani, kamar kiba da ciwon suga. <ref name=":5" /> Bugu da ƙari, akwai rashin daidaito a amfani da nasarar ART tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ƙabila da tattalin arziki saboda tsadar da ake kashewa, ƙarancin damar shiga, da kuma amfani da su iri-iri. Wani bita da aka yi kan dukkan nazarin Amurka wanda ya yi la'akari da launin fata da ƙabila yayin bayar da rahoton nasarar ART, ya gano cewa mata fararen fata suna da mafi girman adadin nasara, sai kuma matan Hispanic da Asiya, da kuma matan Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka. <ref name=":4" /> Matan Baƙar fata 'yan Amurka ba sa samun irin wannan magani kamar mata fararen fata saboda shekarun da aka gano su a ciki, kuɗin shiga na gida, da kuma takamaiman wurin kula da lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parham |first=Groesbeck P. |last2=Hicks |first2=Michael L. |date=September 2005 |title=Racial Disparities Affecting the Reproductive Health of African-American Women |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_2005-09_89_5/page/935 |journal=Medical Clinics of North America |volume=89 |issue=5 |pages=935–943 |doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2005.04.001 |issn=0025-7125 |pmid=16129105}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Lafiya da Ayyukan Dan Adam ta Amurka ta gano manufofin lafiyar haihuwa na ƙasa, ciki har da rage yawan daukar ciki ba tare da an yi niyya ba. <ref name="Inapprop Use of CHC">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yu J, Hu XH |date=July 2013 |title=Inappropriate use of combined hormonal contraceptives for birth control among women of reproductive age in the United States |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=22 |issue=7 |pages=595–603 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2012.3955 |pmid=23789583}}</ref> Daga cikin dukkan daukar ciki da aka ruwaito a Amurka, rabi ba su da tsari. Daga cikin mata miliyan 62 a Amurka da ke da damar haihuwa, bakwai cikin goma daga cikin waɗannan mata suna da sha'awar jima'i amma ba sa son yin ciki. <ref name="Inapprop Use of CHC" /> [[Kulawar haihuwa|Maganin hana daukar ciki]] babban batu ne na lafiyar mata. Kashi 86% na mata masu sha'awar jima'i suna yin wani nau'in hana daukar ciki kuma kashi 30% na wadannan mata suna amfani da wani nau'in hana daukar ciki na hormone. <ref name="Inapprop Use of CHC" /> Mata a Amurka suna da 'yanci wajen yanke shawara kan amfani da magungunan hana daukar ciki a tsakanin sauran kasashen duniya, idan aka kwatanta da sauran kasashen duniya. Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) tana da babban tasiri kan tsarin yanke shawara da mata za su yi yayin zabar nau'ikan hana daukar ciki daban-daban. Matan Amurka har yanzu suna dogara ga masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya don mafi yawan bayanan da suke samu game da amfani da hana daukar ciki. Domin taimakawa masu samar da kiwon lafiya su samar da kulawar tsarin iyali mai <ref name="Inapprop Use of CHC"/> CDC ta buga Ka'idojin Cancanta na [[Kulawar haihuwa|Lafiya]] na Amurka don Amfani da Hana ... === Hanyoyin hana haihuwa masu juyawa === * Na'urar T ta cikin mahaifa ta Copper (IUD) ko kuma tsarin ciki na levonorgestrel (LNG IUD) <ref name="CDC Contraception">{{Cite web |last=Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion |title=Contraception |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/UnintendedPregnancy/Contraception.htm |access-date=25 October 2014 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> * Hanyoyin Hormonal ** Dashen ** Allura ** Haɗaɗɗen maganin hana haihuwa ta baki ** Kwayar Progestin kawai ** Faci ** Zoben hana ɗaukar ciki na farji na hormone ** Tsarin hana haihuwa na gaggawa * Hanyoyin shinge ** Diaphragm ko murfin mahaifa ** Kwaroron roba na maza ** Kwaroron roba na mata ** Maganin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta * Hanyoyin wayar da kan jama'a game da haihuwa ** Tsarin iyali ** Sanin haihuwa ** Kauracewa <ref name="CDC Contraception" /> === Hanyoyin hana haihuwa na dindindin === * Yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa ga mata <ref name="CDC Contraception"/> * Yin tiyatar cire mahaifa <ref name="CDC Contraception" /> === Maganin hana haihuwa na hormone === Tsarin hana daukar ciki na hormone shine hanyar da ta fi shahara a tsakanin mata a Amurka. Mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara talatin sun fi amfani da tsarin hana daukar ciki na hormone a matsayin hanyar da suka fi so. Tsarin hana daukar ciki na hormones na iya zama kusan 100% idan aka yi amfani da shi daidai, <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rubin SE, Winrob I |date=April 2010 |title=Urban female family medicine patients' perceptions about intrauterine contraception |journal=Journal of Women's Health |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=735–740 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2009.1549 |pmid=20201700}}</ref> amma a mafi yawan lokuta ana amfani da shi ba daidai ba. Tsarin hana daukar ciki na hormonal yana da kashi 8% na gazawarsa. <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC" /> Shahararren tsarin hana daukar ciki na hormonal a tsakanin mata yana canzawa a cikin shekara guda inda kashi 32% na mata suka yanke shawarar daina amfani da tsarin hana daukar ciki na hormonal bayan shekara guda da aka saba amfani da shi. <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC" /> === Tsarin hana haihuwa ta cikin mahaifa === Akwai babban abin kunya a tsakanin mata kan batun amfani da na'urar hana ɗaukar ciki (IUD) a matsayin hanyar hana ɗaukar ciki. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Nau'ikan IUD guda biyu da ake da su don amfani da maganin hana haihuwa a yanzu sune Copper T 380A da levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system ko Mirena. Mata a Amurka ba sa amfani da IUD sosai, inda kashi 2% ne kawai na mata ke amfani da IUD a matsayin maganin hana haihuwa mai inganci. <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC"/> An bayyana ingancin maganin hana haihuwa ta hanyar amfani da shi yadda ya kamata da kuma amfani da shi na yau da kullun. IUD ya bambanta da yawancin nau'ikan maganin hana haihuwa, domin yana da tasiri 100% a duka lokuta biyu na amfani. <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC" /> Ba zai yiwu a yi amfani da IUD ba daidai ba ko ba daidai ba saboda dole ne a saka su a cikin mahaifa. Mata a Amurka suna da tsoro da yawa game da amfani da IUD, wanda hakan ya sa ba a san su da tsarin hana haihuwa ba. <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC" /> Ga mata da yawa a Amurka, IUD zaɓi ne kawai lokacin da aka yi amfani da wasu hanyoyin hana haihuwa na gargajiya (maganin hana haihuwa na hormones, hanyoyin shinge, da sauransu) ko kuma lokacin da mace ta riga ta haifi 'ya'ya. <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC" /> Tsoron da ke tattare da amfani da IUD ya samo asali ne daga rashin ingantaccen ilimi kan duk hanyoyin hana daukar ciki da ake da su ga mata a Amurka. Mata sun ambaci tsoron ingancin na'urar, suna sanya na'urar a cikin jikinsu da son rai, da kuma lokacin da ake buƙata don riƙe na'urar a wurin. <ref name="Urban Family Medicine IUC" /> Akwai ƙarancin ilimi game da yanayin jikin mace da rigakafin daukar ciki, har ma a tsakanin matan Amurka. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shedlin M, Amastae J, Potter JE, Hopkins K, Grossman D |date=April 2013 |title=Knowledge and beliefs about reproductive anatomy and physiology among Mexican-Origin women in the USA: implications for effective oral contraceptive use |journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=466–479 |doi=10.1080/13691058.2013.766930 |pmc=3690341 |pmid=23464742}}</ref> === Samfurin wayar da kan jama'a game da haihuwa === Hanyoyin wayar da kan mata game da haihuwa sun ƙunshi hanyoyin hana haihuwa waɗanda ba na hormones ba ne ko kuma waɗanda suka mamaye su. [ <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Festin MP |date=July 2020 |title=Overview of modern contraception |journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology |volume=66 |pages=4–14 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.03.004 |pmid=32291177 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":12" /> ɗaukar siffar yin jima'i ne kawai lokacin da mace ba ta da haihuwa, don haka guje wa yin jima'i yayin ovulation. <ref name=":12" /> Mata za su iya sa ido kan yanayin zagayowar jinin al'ada ta amfani da hanyoyin kalanda ko hanyoyin da suka dogara da alamun cutar. [1] Hanya mafi inganci ta kalanda ita ce Hanyar Kwanaki ta yau da kullun, hanyar da mace ba ta yin jima'i a ranakun 8-19 na zagayowarta. <ref name=":12" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Standard Days Method? {{!}} Ovulation Calculator |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/fertility-awareness/whats-standard-days-method |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Hanya ɗaya ta dogara da alamun cutar ita ce Hanyar Kwanaki Biyu, hanyar da mace ke duba fitar maniyyi sau biyu a rana kuma idan ta yi fitar maniyyi a ranar ko ranar da ta gabata, za ta iya ɗaukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TwoDay Method® |url=https://irh.org/projects/fam_project/twoday-method/ |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=Institute for Reproductive Health |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414101037/https://irh.org/projects/fam_project/twoday-method/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hanya ta biyu ta dogara da alamun cutar ita ce hanyar Sympto-thermal, wadda ke haɗa lurar mace game da fitar maniyyi a farjinta da amfani da na'urar sa ido kan haihuwa ta lantarki wadda ke gano hormones na fitsari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fertility Awareness-Based Methods of Family Planning |url=https://www.acog.org/en/womens-health/faqs/fertility-awareness-based-methods-of-family-planning |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=www.acog.org |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503123208/https://www.acog.org/en/womens-health/faqs/fertility-awareness-based-methods-of-family-planning |archive-date=2021-05-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin amfani da hanyar wayar da kan mata game da haihuwa ita ce babu wata illa ko matsalolin lafiya saboda ba a amfani da magunguna ko dashen jiki. <ref name=":12" /> == Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta haihuwa == Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta mata ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwan lafiyar kwakwalwa da ake fuskanta saboda ko kuma ta ƙara ta'azzara ta hanyar sauye-sauye a cikin zagayowar haihuwa ta mata. Wannan fanni wani ɓangare ne na lafiyar kwakwalwa ta mata, wanda ya haɗa da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da mata ke fuskanta a kowane lokaci a rayuwarsu. Lafiyar kwakwalwa ta haihuwa ta fi mayar da hankali kan sauye-sauyen haihuwa a rayuwar mata. Waɗannan sun haɗa da balaga, haila, ciki, rashin haihuwa, lokacin haihuwa da kuma lokacin da mace ta haihu, zubar da ciki, da ƙari. <ref name=":6" /> Waɗannan sauye-sauyen, waɗanda canje-canjen hormonal suka haifar, na iya haifar da alamun motsin rai da na jiki a wasu mata. Yayin da tsananin ya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum, an ruwaito cewa sama da kashi 75% na mata masu zagayowar haila akai-akai suna ba da rahoton alamun jiki ko na tunani marasa daɗi, kafin haila. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reproductive Psychiatry - Psychiatry |url=https://www.nyp.org/psychiatry/womens-mental-health/reproductive-psychiatry |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=NewYork-Presbyterian |language=en}}</ref> Ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa na haihuwa shine ɓangaren da ke mai da hankali kan magance waɗannan matsalolin. Waɗannan likitocin ƙwararru ne da aka horar a cikin ganewar asali da magance alamun yanayi da damuwa da ke faruwa a cikin waɗannan zagayowar a cikin haihuwar mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Johns Hopkins Center for Women's Reproductive Mental Health |url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/psychiatry/specialty_areas/moods/patient_information/clinic_women.html |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.hopkinsmedicine.org |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901143619/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/psychiatry/specialty_areas/moods/patient_information/clinic_women.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan fanni yana ƙaruwa yayin da gibin da ke akwai a lafiyar kwakwalwa wanda aka mayar da hankali musamman kan mata kuma ana ganin yadda nazarin waɗannan batutuwan zai iya zama mai tasiri. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Lafiyar jima'i da hana haihuwa === Lafiyar jima'i ta haɗa da ci gaban jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa, ikon samun kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin mutane, girmama jikin mutum, mu'amala mai kyau da jinsi biyu, da kuma bayyana ƙauna, ƙauna, da kusanci ta yadda ya dace da dabi'un mutum. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Straw |first=Fiona |last2=Porter |first2=Charlotte |date=October 2012 |title=Sexual health and contraception |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood: Education and Practice Edition |volume=97 |issue=5 |pages=177–184 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2011-301250 |issn=1743-0593 |pmid=22983512 |s2cid=25898993}}</ref> Lafiyar jima'i ta haɗa da jima'i wanda "ya dace, ba cin zarafi ba, gaskiya, jin daɗi, kuma an kare shi daga ciki da cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i" a cewar sanarwar da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta fitar a shekarar 2008. <ref name=":8" /> Ga yawancin matasa, sha'awar jima'i tana farawa ne a lokacin balaga kuma akwai shaidar cewa waɗanda suka sami bayanai game da lafiyar jima'i daga iyayensu sun fi son fara jima'i daga baya fiye da waɗanda suka sami shi daga takwarorinsu duk da cewa wasu matasa sun fi son samun bayanai daga ƙwararru. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brody |first=Barbara |title=Birth Control that Prevents STIs |url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-to-prevent-stis-and-pregnancy |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> Ana amfani da maganin hana daukar ciki don hana daukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth Control |url=https://medlineplus.gov/birthcontrol.html |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref> Ita ce hanyar da mutane za su iya tsara iyali ta yadda za su sami adadin 'ya'yansu da suka dace da tazara da ake so. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Contraception |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/contraception |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> A cewar WHO, maganin hana daukar ciki yana taimakawa wajen rage rashin lafiyar uwa da kuma yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da daukar ciki. Hakanan yana rage zubar da ciki mara aminci kuma yana rage yaduwar cutar HIV tsakanin uwa da yara. A cewar CDC, ma'aurata suna buƙatar la'akari da aminci, inganci, samuwa, da kuma karɓuwa lokacin zabar nau'in maganin hana daukar ciki. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-13 |title=Contraception {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Wasu nau'ikan maganin hana daukar ciki kamar amfani da kwaroron roba na maza suma suna taimakawa wajen rage yaduwar cutar HIV da sauran cututtukan da ke shafar haihuwa yayin da wasu nau'ikan maganin hana daukar ciki kamar na'urorin ciki (IUDs) ba sa yi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brody |first=Barbara |title=Birth Control that Prevents STIs |url=https://www.webmd.com/sex/birth-control/birth-control-to-prevent-stis-and-pregnancy |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=WebMD |language=en}}</ref> Na'urorin ciki (IUDs) nau'in hana haihuwa ne da za a iya canzawa kuma ya haɗa da sanya ƙaramin na'urar T mai siffar T da aka yi da jan ƙarfe a cikin mahaifa. Yana fitar da ƙaramin adadin progestin kowace rana don kada mace ta yi ciki. Zai iya kasancewa daga shekaru 3-6 kuma yana da ƙarancin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. <ref name=":9"/> Hanyoyin hana haihuwa na hormones sun haɗa da dashen hannu wanda ke fitar da progestin kuma ana iya amfani da shi na tsawon shekaru biyar, allura sau ɗaya a cikin watanni uku, haɗakar magungunan hana haihuwa ta baki, ƙwayar progestin kawai, faci, da zoben hana haihuwa ta hanyar farji. [ <ref name=":9" /> Hanyoyin hana haihuwa sun haɗa da diaphragm ko murfin mahaifa, soso, robar roba ta maza da mata, da kuma ƙwayoyin maniyyi. Ba za a yi amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na gaggawa akai-akai ba kuma yana hana daukar ciki bayan jima'i. Ya haɗa da maganin hana haihuwa ta jan ƙarfe da magungunan hana haihuwa na gaggawa. A ƙarshe, hanyoyin hana haihuwa na dindindin sune hana haihuwa ta mata da ake kira bututun ɗaurewa da kuma hana haihuwa ta maza da ake kira vasectomy. <ref name=":9" /> === Maganin hana haihuwa === Kwayoyin hana haihuwa (BC) ƙwayoyin hormones ne da ake sha ta baki waɗanda ke hana ƙwai na mace fitowa daga mahaifa yayin da take yin ovulation. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (July 2023)">Ana buƙatar ambaton likita</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Illolin magungunan hana haihuwa sun haɗa da kuraje, zubar jini ko tabo tsakanin al'ada, kumburi, hawan jini, baƙin ciki, gajiya, jiri, riƙe ruwa, ciwon kai, ƙaruwar ci, rashin barci, melasma, canjin yanayi, tashin zuciya, ciwon nono da taushi, amai, da kuma ƙaruwar nauyi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (July 2023)">Ana buƙatar ambaton likita</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Haɗarin lafiya da ke tattare da BC sun haɗa da toshewar jini, cututtukan gallbladder, bugun zuciya, hawan jini, ciwon hanta, da bugun jini duk da cewa waɗannan ba kasafai ake samun su ba a cewar Planned Parenthood. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Are the Side Effects of Birth Control Pills? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/birth-control/birth-control-pill/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-the-pill |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref> Kwayoyin da ke ɗauke da Estrogen kuma suna ƙara yiwuwar samun toshewar jijiyoyin jini idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyin da ke ɗauke da progestin kawai. Suna ƙara haɗarin daga aukuwar toshewar jijiyoyin jini 2 zuwa 10 a cikin kowace mata 10,000 - shekaru zuwa aukuwar toshewar jijiyoyin jini 7 zuwa 10 a cikin kowace mata 10,000 - shekaru. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teal |first=Stephanie |last2=Edelman |first2=Alison |date=2021-12-28 |title=Contraception Selection, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects: A Review |journal=JAMA |volume=326 |issue=24 |pages=2507–2518 |doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21392 |issn=0098-7484 |pmid=34962522 |s2cid=245557522 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hana haihuwa na iya shafar lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma akwai shaidar da ke nuna alaƙa tsakanin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa da kuma matsalolin yanayi. Wasu bincike sun gano alaƙa tsakanin amfani da maganin BC da kuma gano ɓacin rai a cikin matasa a rayuwa. Ana tsammanin tasirin yanayi ya faru ne saboda amsawar da ke tsakanin estrogen da progestin da sauran magungunan neurotransmitters masu alaƙa da yanayi kamar serotonin da dopamine. <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Hall |first=Kelli Stidham |last2=Steinberg |first2=Julia R. |last3=Cwiak |first3=Carrie A. |last4=Allen |first4=Rebecca H. |last5=Marcus |first5=Sheila M. |date=June 2015 |title=Contraception and Mental Health: A Commentary on the Evidence and Principles for Practice |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=212 |issue=6 |pages=740–746 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2014.12.010 |issn=0002-9378 |pmc=4457595 |pmid=25511241}}</ref> Bincike ya gano cewa masu amfani da maganin hana haihuwa na hormone suna da yawan baƙin ciki, damuwa, gajiya, alamun jijiyoyi, rikicewar jima'i, tilas, fushi, da mummunan tasirin haila. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Stephen A. |last2=Dowell |first2=Matt |last3=Pedulla |first3=Dominic |last4=McCauley |first4=Larry |date=2004 |title=Do the emotional side-effects of hormonal contraceptives come from pharmacologic or psychological mechanisms? |journal=Medical Hypotheses |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=268–273 |doi=10.1016/j.mehy.2004.02.013 |issn=0306-9877 |pmid=15236788}}</ref> Ga mata masu fama da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, yana da kyau a yi magana da likitan tabin hankali kafin shan magungunan BC. <ref name=":6" /> Mata kuma za su iya amfana ta hanyar yin magana da mai ba da shawara. <ref name=":11" /> === Zubar da ciki === Alaƙar da ke tsakanin zubar da ciki da lafiyar kwakwalwa ta zama batun siyasa mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce da kuma rikici a Amurka. Wasu mutane suna da'awar cewa zubar da ciki yana haifar da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa yayin da wasu kuma suka yarda cewa babu wata shaidar kimiyya da za ta goyi bayan wannan da'awar. Kalmar "ciwon zubar da ciki bayan zubar da ciki" an ƙirƙiro ta ne don nuna mummunan tasirin tunani bayan zubar da ciki. Alamomin sun dogara ne akan matsalar damuwa bayan tashin hankali; duk da haka, wannan ganewar ba ta cikin Ƙungiyar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ba kuma ba ta cikin DSM. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-27 |title=Post-abortion syndrome: Symptoms, myths, and more |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/post-abortion-syndrome |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |language=en}}</ref> An tura wannan matsalar ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin masu goyon bayan rayuwa da Cibiyoyin Kula da Ciki na Crisis, waɗanda aka tsara don magance mata daga zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kelly K |date=February 2014 |title=The spread of 'Post Abortion Syndrome' as social diagnosis |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=102 |pages=18–25 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.030 |pmid=24565137}}</ref> An gudanar da bincike da yawa don bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin lafiyar kwakwalwa da zubar da ciki. Yawancin waɗannan nazarin suna da iyaka, kuma ba sa la'akari da tasirin canje-canje masu rikitarwa, ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da suka riga suka kasance kafin zubar da ciki. Wani bita na tsari ya gano wani yanayi bayyananne da ke haɗa mafi kyawun bincike tare da sakamakon da ya nuna alaƙar tsaka tsaki, kuma binciken da aka fi yi yana gano alaƙa tsakanin zubar da ciki da mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Charles VE, Polis CB, Sridhara SK, Blum RW |date=December 2008 |title=Abortion and long-term mental health outcomes: a systematic review of the evidence |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2008-12_78_6/page/n9 |journal=Contraception |language=English |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=436–450 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2008.07.005 |pmid=19014789}}</ref> Waɗannan binciken sun zama ruwan dare a cikin binciken da aka yi a baya kuma aka duba abubuwan da aka gano a baya kuma aka yi nazarin hanyoyinsu da sakamakonsu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Binciken Turnaway shi ne bincike na farko da ya yi nazari sosai kan tasirin hana mata zubar da ciki. Mahalarta taron sun haɗa da mata kusan 100 da ke neman zubar da ciki daga wurare 30 a faɗin ƙasar. An gudanar da hirarraki tsawon shekaru 5, kuma an kwatanta matan da aka yi wa zubar da ciki da waɗanda aka kora saboda sun wuce ƙa'idar shekarun ɗaukar ciki a asibitoci. <ref name=":7" /> Wannan binciken bai sami wata alaƙa tsakanin zubar da ciki da mummunan tasirin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba. A zahiri, ya gano cewa kashi 95% na mata sun ba da rahoton cewa shawarar ita ce ta dace a gare su tsawon shekaru 5 bayan tiyatar. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=The Turnaway Study |url=https://www.ansirh.org/research/ongoing/turnaway-study |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=ANSIRH |language=en}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya kuma nuna mummunan tasirin hana zubar da ciki da ake yi a fili ga lafiyar mata da kuma yanayin rayuwarsu. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan mummunan tasirin sun haɗa da kasancewa da yuwuwar zama tare da abokan hulɗa masu cin zarafi, kasancewa da yuwuwar fuskantar damuwa da rashin girman kai, da kuma mummunan tasiri ga yaran da aka haifa ta hanyar ɗaukar ciki da ba a so da kuma yaran da ke cikin iyali, idan akwai. <ref name=":7" /> === Lokacin bayan haihuwa === Lokacin haihuwa yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman adadin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke da alaƙa da shi, inda kashi 85% na mata ke fuskantar matsalar yanayi. <ref name=":0"/> Rukunin cututtuka guda uku na yanzu da suka shafi haihuwa sun haɗa da ciwon mara bayan haihuwa, ciwon damuwa bayan haihuwa da kuma ciwon kwakwalwa bayan haihuwa. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin mata suna fuskantar abin da aka sanya wa suna blues na bayan haihuwa, wanda galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai sauƙi da gajere fiye da sauran cututtuka da ke da alaƙa da lokacin haihuwa. <ref name=":0"/> A lokacin blues na bayan haihuwa, mutum na iya fuskantar damuwa, rashin jin daɗi da canjin yanayi. <ref name=":13"/> Blues na bayan haihuwa ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin sakamako na yau da kullun kuma na al'ada na haihuwa, musamman a ƙasashen yamma inda akwai rashin tallafin al'umma da na iyali. <ref name=":13" /> Ana tsammanin damuwar haihuwa tare da canje-canje a matakan hormones yana taimakawa ga blues na bayan haihuwa da mutane da yawa ke fuskanta bayan haihuwa. <ref name=":13" /> Ana tsammanin blues na bayan haihuwa sun zama ruwan dare; duk da haka, idan sun wuce fiye da makonni 2, mutane na iya fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka masu tsanani na bayan haihuwa. <ref name=":13" /> Baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa (PDD) wata cuta ce ta tabin hankali da ake gani a lokacin haihuwa. PDD na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci bayan haihuwa amma galibi yana farawa watanni 2-3 bayan haihuwa. PDD kusan ba a iya bambance ta da baƙin ciki na yau da kullun; duk da haka, a cikin PDD, tunani da ji marasa kyau galibi suna kan jariri. <ref name=":13"/> Alamomin PDD sun haɗa da jin laifi da rashin iyawa, ƙarancin yanayi, gajiya, rashin maida hankali, damuwa da tunanin kashe kansa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=MGH Center for Women's Mental Health |date=22 February 2008 |title=Postpartum Psychiatric Disorders |url=https://womensmentalhealth.org/specialty-clinics/postpartum-psychiatric-disorders/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=MGH Center for Women's Mental Health |language=en-US}}</ref> Canjin hormones, rashin gamsuwar aure, da rashin tallafin zamantakewa duk abubuwan ne da ke ba da gudummawa ga abubuwan da suka faru na PPD. <ref name=":0" /> Waɗanda ke da tarihin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, kamar babban rashin kwanciyar hankali da rashin lafiya na bipolar, su ne suka fi fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da PDD bayan haihuwa. <ref name=":0" /> Ciwon kwakwalwa bayan haihuwa (PP) shine cuta mafi wuya kuma mai tsanani da za a iya samu a lokacin haihuwa. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rai S, Pathak A, Sharma I |date=July 2015 |title=Postpartum psychiatric disorders: Early diagnosis and management |journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry |volume=57 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=S216–S221 |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.161481 |pmc=4539865 |pmid=26330638 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ciwon PP yana faruwa ba zato ba tsammani kuma yawanci ana lura da shi a cikin aƙalla makonni biyu na farko bayan haihuwa, kuma alamun na iya farawa da wuri kamar awanni 24-48 bayan haihuwa. <ref name=":0"/> Sauye-sauyen yanayi mai tsanani, kamar yadda ake gani a cikin matsalar bipolar, yawanci ana lura da su, da kuma halaye marasa kyau, ruɗani da imani na ruɗani game da jariri. Hakanan ana iya samun mafarkin ji wanda aka umurci uwa ta cutar da kanta ko ɗanta. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":13" /> Waɗanda ke da PP suna cikin haɗarin kashe kansu da kuma yiwuwar kashe jarirai kuma dole ne a yi musu magani a asibiti. Akwai albarkatu da ake da su ga waɗanda suka tsira daga PP da kuma waɗanda ke fama da PP. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MGH Postpartum Psychosis Project (MGHP3) |url=https://www.mghp3.org/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Massachusetts Genera |language=en}}</ref> Sauran cututtukan bayan haihuwa sun haɗa da OCD bayan haihuwa, takamaiman matsalolin damuwa, da PTSD bayan haihuwa. Ana siffanta OCD bayan haihuwa da tunani mai zurfi da tilastawa game da lafiyar jariri da kuma [[Tunanin da ba a yarda da shi ba|tunanin da ke tsoma baki]] game da cutar da yaron. <ref name=":13"/> Ana kuma tsammanin cewa kashi 5.6% na mata suna nuna alamun PTSD bayan haihuwa, wanda za a iya siffanta shi da tunawa da haihuwa, mafarkai masu ban tsoro da tashin hankali kuma yana iya faruwa lokacin da aka sake ɗaukar ciki. <ref name=":13" /> Ciwon daji na haihuwa wani lamari ne mai yuwuwa da ke da alaƙa da lokacin bayan haihuwa, inda uwaye ke cikin damuwa sosai kuma suna damuwa game da lafiya da amincin ɗansu. <ref name=":13" /> === Lokacin haila da kuma lokacin menopause === Perimenopause shine lokacin da jinin haila na wata-wata na mace ya fara raguwa a ƙarshen shekarunta na 40 da farkon shekarunta na 50. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental Health Concerns During the Perimenopause {{!}} UPMC in Central Pa. |url=https://www.upmc.com/services/south-central-pa/women/services/behavioral-health/conditions/perimenopause |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=UPMC {{!}} Life Changing Medicine |language=en}}</ref> Perimenopause yana ƙara haɗarin alamun da ke shafar lafiyar kwakwalwa kuma yana iya ƙara ta'azzara cututtukan kwakwalwa da aka gano a baya. Babban shaida shine sake dawowa da wanzuwar baƙin ciki. Bincike ya kuma gano cewa mata masu fama da matsalar bipolar sun fi fuskantar yanayin damuwa a lokacin perimenopause. Perimenopause kuma yana faruwa ne lokacin da mata ke fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da cutar schizophrenia. Wasu mata kuma suna nuna ƙaruwar alamun damuwa. <ref name=":6" /> Menopause shine lokacin da jinin mace ya tsaya kuma ba zai iya ɗaukar ciki ba ta hanyar halitta. Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da ƙwai na mace suka tsufa kuma ba su iya samar da hormones da ake buƙata don haihuwa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menopause |url=https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/explore-mental-health/a-z-topics/menopause |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.mentalhealth.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin menopause, yawan baƙin ciki yana ninkawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-01 |title=Menopause and mental health |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/womens-health/menopause-and-mental-health |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Harvard Health |language=en}}</ref> Akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa mata suna da yuwuwar samun hare-haren tsoro a lokacin menopause. Duk da haka, akwai wasu matsaloli wajen bambance hare-haren tsoro da walƙiya mai zafi waɗanda sune alamun gama gari na menopause. Mata da yawa kuma suna fuskantar matsalolin barci. <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Menopause and your mental wellbeing |url=https://www.nhsinform.scot/healthy-living/womens-health/later-years-around-50-years-and-over/menopause-and-post-menopause-health/menopause-and-your-mental-wellbeing |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.nhsinform.scot |language=en}}</ref> Zaɓuɓɓukan magani sun haɗa da magungunan rage radadi idan an gano suna da baƙin ciki. Sauran zaɓuɓɓukan da ke taimakawa sune cin abinci mai kyau, motsa jiki da kuma yin yoga. <ref name=":14" /> === Rashin daidaito a fannin kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa === Ba wai kawai akwai bambancin jinsi ba idan ana maganar matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa - mata sun ninka yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan kwakwalwa fiye da maza, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weissman MM, Olfson M |date=August 1995 |title=Depression in women: implications for health care research |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-08-11_269_5225/page/799 |journal=Science |volume=269 |issue=5225 |pages=799–801 |bibcode=1995Sci...269..799W |doi=10.1126/science.7638596 |pmid=7638596 |s2cid=21510901}}</ref> amma akwai kuma rashin daidaito tsakanin mata fararen fata da mata fararen fata idan ana maganar samun kulawar lafiyar kwakwalwa. A shekarar 2017, mata masu launin fata sun ba da rahoton jin rashin amfani, rashin bege da baƙin ciki kusan sau biyu fiye da mata fararen fata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mental and Behavioral Health - African Americans - The Office of Minority Health |url=https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/mental-and-behavioral-health-blackafrican-americans |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov}}</ref> Akwai yiwuwar a gano mutanen da ba su da launin fata da kuma mata masu launin fata ba daidai ba musamman kuma a rubuta musu magungunan rage radadi a mafi yawan lokuta, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aggarwal NK, Rosenheck RA, Woods SW, Sernyak MJ |date=April 2012 |title=Race and long-acting antipsychotic prescription at a community mental health center: a retrospective chart review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-psychiatry_2012-04_73_4/page/513 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=513–517 |doi=10.4088/JCP.11m07161 |pmc=3885178 |pmid=22579151}}</ref> saboda wariyar launin fata da kuma nuna wariya a tsarin kiwon lafiya na Amurka <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bridges KM |date=2017 |title=Implicit Bias and Racial Disparities in Health Care |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/the-state-of-healthcare-in-the-united-states/racial-disparities-in-health-care/ |journal=Human Rights |publisher=American Bar |volume=43 |page=73 |access-date=2022-08-10}}</ref> Wariyar launin fata mata masu launin fata ita ma ta ƙara wa wannan rashin daidaiton, tare da ra'ayin "mata baƙar fata masu ƙarfi <nowiki>"</nowiki> wanda ke haifar da shinge ga mutane da yawa waɗanda za su amfana daga magungunan lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-13 |title=For Women of Color, Getting Proper Mental Health Treatment Is a Challenge |url=https://www.shondaland.com/live/body/a36410342/for-women-of-color-getting-proper-mental-health-treatment-is-a-challenge/ |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Shondaland |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003134409/https://www.shondaland.com/live/body/a36410342/for-women-of-color-getting-proper-mental-health-treatment-is-a-challenge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 'Yan Asiya Amurka suma suna fuskantar shinge, kuma an nuna cewa ba su da sau uku da za su nemi maganin lafiyar kwakwalwa fiye da takwarorinsu fararen fata a Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian American / Pacific Islander Communities and Mental Health |url=https://www.mhanational.org/issues/asian-american-pacific-islander-communities-and-mental-health |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Mental Health America |language=en}}</ref> Wani abin da ke ƙara rashin daidaito a kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa shine rashin masu samar da POC. Bayanan APA da aka buga a 2020 sun nuna cewa ƙasa da kashi 5% na masu samar da lafiyar kwakwalwa baƙar fata ne, 4% 'yan Asiya Amurka ne kuma 4% 'yan Hispanic ne kuma kashi 2% ne kawai na masu tabin hankali baƙar fata ne. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=American Psychological Association |date=2020 |title=Psychology's workforce is becoming more diverse. |url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/11/datapoint-diverse |journal=APA Monitor on Psychology |volume=51 |pages=11–19 |access-date=2022-08-10}}</ref> Bayanan launin fata na masu samar da magunguna bai yi daidai da bambancin launin fata na Amurka ba wanda ke ƙara wa rashin daidaito da son zuciya na mutanen da ba su da launin fata musamman mata masu launin fata za su iya fuskanta lokacin ƙoƙarin neman taimakon lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref name=":22" /> == Matsalolin haihuwa == === Matsalolin da ke tattare da ciki ga mata masu PCOS === Ɗaya daga cikin mata goma da suka kai shekarun haihuwa a Amurka tana fama da cutar Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). <ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-29 |title=Polycystic ovary syndrome |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=womenshealth.gov |language=en}}</ref> Matan da ke da wannan yanayin suna cikin haɗarin fuskantar matsaloli yayin daukar ciki. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Palomba S, de Wilde MA, Falbo A, Koster MP, La Sala GB, Fauser BC |date=2015-09-01 |title=Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=575–592 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmv029 |pmid=26117684 |doi-access=free}}</ref> PCOS cuta ce ta lafiya wacce ta ƙunshi hyperandrogegism, gazawar ovarian da kuma polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM). <ref name=":02" /> Rashin daidaiton hormonal da PCOS ke haifarwa na iya sa ƙwai ya girma yadda ya kamata ko kuma ya sake shi kamar yadda zai faru a lokacin ovulation a cikin kyakkyawan zagayowar al'ada. <ref name=":72" /> A baya, binciken PCOS ya mayar da hankali kan ganewar asali, alamu, da tasirin kamar rashin haihuwa . <ref name=":02" /> Ba a yi bincike sosai game da rikitarwa ba fiye da yadda mace mai PCOS za ta iya haifarwa idan ta yi ciki. <ref name=":02" /> Wannan yanayi ne mai matukar muhimmanci da za a magance domin yana iya yin babban tasiri ga rayuwar waɗanda aka gano suna da PCOS. <ref name=":02" /> A halin yanzu, a Amurka yana iya kashe kusan dala miliyan huɗu na tsarin kiwon lafiya don kula da mata masu PCOS, saboda wasu cututtuka da PCOS zai iya haifarwa, ciki har da: [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]] ; [[Hawan jini|hawan]] jini da ke haifar da ciki da kuma pre-eclampsia ; [[Barin ciki|zubar da ciki]] ; rashin haihuwa; da kuma [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in 2.]] <ref name=":02" /> ] An kuma gudanar da wasu bincike game da sakamakon lafiyar 'ya'yan da aka haifa ga uwaye masu fama da PCOS. Sakamakon ya tabbatar da cewa ya haɗa da juna, amma ana tsammanin suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da [[Cutar zuciya|matsalar zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]] da kuma matsalar endocrine . <ref name=":02" /> === Fasahar haihuwa mai taimako === Rashin haihuwa matsala ce da ke ƙara zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mata masu shekaru na haihuwa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Szamatowicz M |date=2016 |title=Assisted reproductive technology in reproductive medicine - possibilities and limitations |journal=Ginekologia Polska |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=820–823 |doi=10.5603/GP.2016.0095 |pmid=28098933 |doi-access=free}}</ref> CDC ta kiyasta cewa kashi 6% na mata masu shekaru 15 zuwa 44 a Amurka ba za su iya ɗaukar ciki ba bayan shekara guda da suka yi gwaji. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-06 |title=Infertility {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility/index.htm |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Tare da magani da tiyata, wata hanyar da ake bi wajen magance rashin haihuwa ita ce fasahar haihuwa mai taimako (ART). ART ta bayyana kowace hanya da ake amfani da ƙwai da amfrayo a wajen jikin mace, wanda hadi a cikin fitsari (IVF) shine nau'in da ya fi yawa. <ref name=":3" /> A shekarar 2015, kashi 1.7% na dukkan haihuwa da rai a Amurka sakamakon ART ne. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hilbert SM, Gunderson S |date=May 2019 |title=Complications of Assisted Reproductive Technology |journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=239–249 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2019.01.005 |pmid=30940369 |s2cid=92997874}}</ref> Duk da cewa wannan hanyar ɗaukar ciki tana ƙara zama ruwan dare, har yanzu batu ne mai sarkakiya da muhawara. <ref name=":2" /> ART tana da alaƙa da sakamako masu illa da yawa na lafiya, gami da ƙaruwar haɗarin lahani na haihuwa, da kuma ƙaruwar haɗarin preeclampsia na mata da kashi 1.71. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhao J, Yan Y, Huang X, Li Y |date=January 2020 |title=Do the children born after assisted reproductive technology have an increased risk of birth defects? A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=322–333 |doi=10.1080/14767058.2018.1488168 |pmid=30189770 |s2cid=52167625}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Almasi-Hashiani A, Omani-Samani R, Mohammadi M, Amini P, Navid B, Alizadeh A, Khedmati Morasae E, Maroufizadeh S |date=May 2019 |title=Assisted reproductive technology and the risk of preeclampsia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=19 |issue=1 |doi=10.1186/s12884-019-2291-x |pmc=6498659 |pmid=31046710 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawan nasarar ART yana inganta amma ya bambanta sosai kuma ya dogara ne da shekaru. <ref name=":3" /> Misali, ga mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 35, matsakaicin nasarar da aka samu a fannin ART a shekara ta 2015 ya kasance kashi 31% idan aka kwatanta da kashi 16% ga waɗanda suka kai shekaru 38-40, da kuma kashi 3% ga waɗanda suka haura shekaru 44. <ref name=":3" /> === Rashin haihuwa, rashin ciki, raunin haihuwa, da kuma haihuwar 'ya'ya === Rashin haihuwa yanayi ne na lafiya wanda mace ba za ta iya ɗaukar ciki ba bayan shekara guda ta yi ƙoƙari, ko kuma watanni 6 ga mace mai shekaru sama da 35. Mata kuma za a iya ɗaukar su marasa haihuwa idan sun yi ciki amma ba za su iya ɗaukar ciki ba. Wannan yanayin yana shafar kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na mata a Amurka. Baya ga waɗannan matan, maza kuma suna fuskantar matsala da rashin haihuwa. A cewar Ofishin Lafiyar Mata "Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na matsalolin haihuwa suna faruwa ne saboda namiji." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anon |title=Infertility |url=https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/infertility |website=womenshealth.org |publisher=Office on Women's Health}}</ref> Dangane da ko rashin haihuwa ya faru ne ta hanyar namiji ko mace kuma yana canza dalilin da yasa rashin haihuwa ke faruwa. Akwai dalilai daban-daban da ke sa rashin haihuwa ke faruwa. Ga yawancin mata rashin haihuwa yana faruwa ne sakamakon matsalolin ovulation, shekaru, matsalolin bututu, matsalolin ovaries, matsalolin mahaifa, da fibroids na mahaifa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Infertility |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infertility |website=who.int |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Yawancin maza suna fuskantar dalilai kamar varicocele, ƙirƙirar maniyyi kaɗan ko babu, matsalolin hormonal, da motsi ko siffar maniyyi. Babban abin da ke ƙara haifar da rashin haihuwa shine shekaru. Mata da yawa suna zaɓar jira kafin su yi ciki har zuwa shekaru 30 zuwa 40. Wannan shine dalilin rashin haihuwa saboda ƙwai da mace ke da shi na iya zama marasa lafiya kuma adadin ƙwai da mace ta bari ƙanana ne kafin shekaru 35. Dangane da dalilin rashin haihuwa, ana iya magance yawancin lokuta. Illolin rashin haihuwa da dama, rashin ciki, raunin haihuwa, da haihuwa suna haifar da matsaloli iri-iri na lafiya ga mata. A Amurka, kimanin mutum 1 cikin 5 (19%) ba sa iya ɗaukar ciki bayan shekara guda da ƙoƙarin ɗaukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-03 |title=Infertility {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/infertility/index.htm |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Wani bincike mai inganci a Iran ya tantance sakamakon motsin rai da tunani na rashin haihuwa kuma ya kammala da cewa ya haifar da damuwa ta tunani kuma ya haifar da baƙin ciki a cikin wani ɓangare na mata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seyede Batool Hasanpoor-Azghdy |year=2014 |title=The emotional-psychological consequences of infertility among infertile women seeking treatment: Results of a qualitative study |journal=NCBI |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=131–138 |pmc=4009564 |pmid=24799871}}</ref> Wani bincike mai ƙima da Jami'ar Penn ta gudanar ya danganta alaƙar da ke tsakanin rashin haihuwa da mace-mace. Binciken ya nuna cewa mata masu tarihin rashin haihuwa suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa da kashi 20 cikin ɗari, gami da haɗarin mutuwa daga cutar kansar mama da ciwon suga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2017 |title=Infertility Linked to Higher Risk of Death Among Women |url=https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2017/november/infertility-linked-to-higher-risk-of-death-among-women |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=www.pennmedicine.org |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326003441/https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2017/november/infertility-linked-to-higher-risk-of-death-among-women |url-status=dead }}</ref> rashin ciki ko zubar da ciki na iya haifar da haɗarin matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da/ko na jiki. Rashin haihuwa na iya haifar da haɗarin hawan jini, cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, da ciwon suga na nau'in 2. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kelvin Okoth |year=2022 |title=Long term miscarriage-related hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Evidence from a United Kingdom population-based cohort study |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=17 |issue=1 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1761769O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0261769 |pmc=8782476 |pmid=35061706 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 3% kuma suna fama da cututtuka bayan zubar ciki. Damuwa da rikice-rikicen damuwa sune manyan matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa da ke tasowa bayan rashin juna biyu. A yanayin haihuwa, wasu raunuka na iya faruwa. Wasu mata da suka fuskanci mummunan yanayi a lokacin daukar ciki suna fuskantar matsalar damuwa bayan haihuwa (PTSD) wanda ake daukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in matsalar damuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PTSD and birth trauma |url=https://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/types-of-mental-health-problems/postnatal-depression-and-perinatal-mental-health/ptsd-and-birth-trauma/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.mind.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Idan aka haifi 'ya'ya daidai gwargwado, wasu matsalolin lafiya na iya tasowa. Kimanin kashi 16% na ciki a shekarar 2019 suna da matsalar hawan jini. Jimillar mace-macen ciki yana karuwa a tsawon lokaci kuma adadin mace-macen da suka shafi daukar ciki ga mata bakar fata ya ninka na mata fararen fata sau uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-23 |title=Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System {{!}} Maternal and Infant Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternal-mortality/pregnancy-mortality-surveillance-system.htm |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Manyan dalilai guda 5 da ke haifar da mutuwar ciki sun hada da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini (16.2%), kamuwa da cuta ko sepsis (13.9%), ciwon zuciya (12.5%), zubar jini (11.0%), toshewar huhu ko wasu embolism (9.4%). Jimillar mace-macen ciki, rauni, haihuwa, da rashin haihuwa na iya samun matsaloli iri-iri na tunani da na jiki. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Maganin rashin haihuwa na iya zama mai sauƙi ko mai yawa. Wasu mata suna buƙatar magani ɗaya ko biyu kawai yayin da wasu kuma na iya buƙatar magani mai yawa wanda zai iya ɗaukar watanni. Maganin mata sun haɗa da magungunan haihuwa, yin haihuwa a cikin mahaifa, da tiyata don dawo da hadi. Maganin maza na iya haɗawa da canje-canje a salon rayuwa, magunguna, tiyata, ko hanyoyin dawo da maniyyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Infertility |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354322 |website=mayoclinic.org |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin taimako shine Hadin In Vitro. Wannan tsari ya haɗa da dawo da ƙwai, yin taki a wajen mahaifa, sannan a mayar da shi cikin mahaifa don haɓaka girma. Akwai ƙaruwar adadin wannan nau'in taimakon a Amurka kowace shekara. == Cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i == Manufar lafiyar gwamnatin Amurka ta hanyar Hukumar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka ita ce rage yawan kamuwa da [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i]] daga shekarun 1980 zuwa yau. <ref name="Testing for STDs">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mosher WD, Aral SO |date=October 1991 |title=Testing for sexually transmitted diseases among women of reproductive age: United States, 1988 |journal=Family Planning Perspectives |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=216–221 |doi=10.2307/2135756 |jstor=2135756 |pmid=1743274}}</ref> Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ita ce ke da alhakin bincike da yawa kan batun Cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i da kuma tasirin Cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i ga mata da 'yan mata. <ref name="Something we'd not talk about">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Friedman AL, Bloodgood B |date=October 2010 |title="something we'd rather not talk about": findings from CDC exploratory research on sexually transmitted disease communication with girls and women |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1235277 |journal=Journal of Women's Health |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=1823–1831 |doi=10.1089/jwh.2010.1961 |pmid=20929416}}</ref> CDC ta bayyana cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i a matsayin "cututtukan da za ku iya samu daga yin jima'i da wanda ke dauke da cutar". <ref name="CDC Women's Reproductive Health" /> Akwai nau'ikan cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i sama da ashirin da ake iya ganowa ta hanyar kwayoyin cuta, kwayoyin cuta, ko ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="CDC Women's Reproductive Health">{{Cite web |last=Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion |title=Women's Reproductive Health |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/WomensRH/index.htm |access-date=25 October 2014 |website=www.cdc.gov}}</ref> A cikin shekara guda a Amurka akwai kimanin mutane miliyan 12 da ke kamuwa da cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i. Daga cikin wadannan mutane miliyan 12 akwai mutane miliyan 1.5 da ke kamuwa da cutar gonorrhea, mutane 500,000 da ke kamuwa da cutar herpes ta al'aura, da kuma mutane 110,000 da ke kamuwa da cutar syphilis. <ref name="Testing for STDs" /> Mata da maza a Amurka suna fama da annobar cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i. Duk da haka, mata suna da mummunan martani ga wasu cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i fiye da maza. Mummunan tasirin STDs ga mata ga lafiyarsu na iya haɗawa da cutar kumburin ƙashin ƙugu (PIV), ciki mai kama da mahaifa, ciwon ƙashin ƙugu na yau da kullun, rashin haihuwa, kamuwa da cuta ta tayi da haihuwa, rikitarwa ga ciki, asarar tayi, ciwon mahaifa, da ƙaruwar haɗarin ɗaukar ciki a cikin mahaifa, jinkirin girma a cikin mahaifa da haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa. <ref name="Testing for STDs" /> <ref name="Something we'd not talk about" /> Mata a Amurka ba sa neman magani ga STDs saboda dalilai daban-daban. Wasu STDs ba sa nuna alamun rashin lafiya ga mata <ref name="Testing for STDs" /> don haka mata ba sa neman magani ga STDs fiye da maza. Kamar yawancin batutuwan lafiya, akwai gibi da ke akwai wajen fahimtar cututtukan cututtuka a cikin mata idan aka kwatanta da maza. Mata ba sa samun isasshen bayani game da yawan kamuwa da STDs da kuma alamun STDs. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Kamar yadda yake a cikin tsarin hana haihuwa a Amurka, akwai wata kyama da ke hana mata koyo game da duk wani nau'in cututtukan da za a iya kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i da kuma maganinsu. Wani bincike da Mujallar Lafiyar Mata ta gudanar ya gano cewa cututtukan da za a iya kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i a matsayin wani batu da mata ba za su so su yi magana a kai ba. <ref name="Something we'd not talk about"/> <ref name="Something we'd not talk about" /> Ƙyamar da ke tattare da cututtukan da za a iya kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i a Amurka tana hana mata tattauna batun ko da a tsakanin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, abokai na kud da kud, abokan hulɗa, da dangi. Mata matasa ba su fahimci haɗarin da cututtukan da za a iya kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i za su iya haifar musu ba. Misali, Chlamydia yana ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan da suka fi shafar mata da maza a Amurka. <ref name="pmid4020783">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Judson FN |date=March 1985 |title=Assessing the number of genital chlamydial infections in the United States |journal=The Journal of Reproductive Medicine |volume=30 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=269–72 |doi= |pmid=4020783}}</ref> Mata ba sa bin shawarar da aka bayar cewa a yi wa mutane gwajin cutar Chlamydia aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara. <ref name="Something we'd not talk about" /> Yawancin mata ba su ma san wani bayani game da Chlamydia a matsayin STD ba banda gaskiyar cewa ana iya warkar da shi. <ref name="Something we'd not talk about" /> Gwajin STD ya fi tasiri wajen gano cututtukan STD a cikin mata, amma mata a Amurka ba sa amfani da shi sosai ta hanyar samun damar zuwa asibitocin tsara iyali, yana ƙara yiwuwar mata su nemi da kuma amfani da gwajin STD. <ref name="Testing for STDs"/> Gwajin wani nau'i ne na gwada mutanen da ke da lafiya ko waɗanda ke da alamun cutar STD don tantance yawan kamuwa da cutar STD. Ƙungiyar Kula da Yara ta Amurka ta Planned Parenthood Federation of America tana da asibitoci a faɗin Amurka don manufar tantance cututtukan STD da sauran ayyukan tsara iyali. Planned Parenthood ta ba da shawarar cewa mata masu jima'i su gwada cututtukan STD aƙalla kowace shekara. <ref name="Testing for STDs" /> Wani bincike da Jaridar Lafiya ta Mata ta gudanar ya gano buƙatar yaƙin neman ilimi kan gwajin STD da ke niyya ga mata matasa masu jima'i. <ref name="Something we'd not talk about"/> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6b54xuxdssw1odt3zdldua82r9v5npy 0 157861 975961 858372 2026-11-04T21:48:48Z Alfurqan 14918 975961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = 22q11.2 duplication syndrome | synonym = | image = 22q11_duplication_syndrome.png | caption = | pronounce = | specialty = | symptoms = | onset = | duration = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |22q11.2 ciwon ninkawa |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:22q11_duplication_syndrome.png|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Medical genetics|Kwayoyin kiwon lafiya]]&nbsp;<span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4631454?uselang=en#P1995|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]</span> |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />22q11.2 duplication syndrome cuta ce mai ban sha'awa ta kwayar halitta wacce ta haifar da ninkawa wani sashi a ƙarshen chromosome 22. == Gabatarwa == Alamomin da aka fi bayar da rahoton akai-akai a cikin marasa lafiya tare da 22q11.2 duplication syndrome sune nakasa ta hankali / nakasa ta ilmantarwa (97% na marasa lafiya), jinkirin ci gaban psychomotor (67% na marasa lafiyar), jinkirin girma (63% na marasa lafiya) da hypotonia na tsoka (43% na marasa lafiyar jiki). <ref name="pmid18707033">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wentzel C, Fernström M, Ohrner Y, Annerén G, Thuresson AC |year=2008 |title=Clinical variability of the 22q11.2 duplication syndrome |url=https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-102229 |journal=Eur J Med Genet |volume=51 |issue=6 |pages=501–10 |doi=10.1016/j.ejmg.2008.07.005 |pmid=18707033}}</ref> Koyaya, waɗannan sune na yau da kullun kuma ba takamaiman alamomi ba ne don nazarin cytogenetic, kuma ba a san yadda kwafin 22q11.2 ke haifar da waɗannan fasalulluka a halin yanzu ba. Sauye-sauye ana gadon sau da yawa daga iyaye na yau da kullun, don haka a bayyane yake cewa ci gaban ilimi na iya zama na yau da kullum. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] == Halitta == Sauye-sauye na 22q11 sun bambanta da girman kuma ta haka ne a cikin abun cikin kwayar halitta. Sun haɗa da nau'ikan 3-Mb microduplication, 1.5-Mb nested duplication, wanda ya dace da sake haɗuwa da ba na allel (NAHR) ta amfani da maimaitawar ƙananan kwafin. Wadannan microduplications mai yiwuwa suna wakiltar sake tsarawa da aka yi hasashen ga microdeletions da aka nuna a yankin 22q11.2.<ref name="pmid18414210">{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Ou Z, Berg JS, Yonath H |date=April 2008 |title=Microduplications of 22q11.2 are frequently inherited and are associated with variable phenotypes |journal=Genet. Med. |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=267–77 |doi=10.1097/GIM.0b013e31816b64c2 |pmid=18414210 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙananan microduplications na iya faruwa a cikin wannan mai ƙarfi sosai tare da sake tsarawa akai-akai ta amfani da madadin ƙananan kwafin maimaitawa a matsayin sake haɗuwa a cikin da nesa da yankin cutar DiGeorge. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] === Asalin kwafi === Yawancin kwafin 22q11 ana gado su sau da yawa daga iyaye tare da al'ada ko kusan al'ada. Wannan yana cikin bambanci mai mahimmanci ga 22q11 share syndrome inda kusan 90% na shari'o'in suka haifar da maye gurbi da ke faruwa de novo. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cc863xchrubyk4otiz881f83l4loljd 0 157888 976003 952183 2026-11-05T02:53:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976003 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Excerpt/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" />Inhibitory control, wanda aka fi sani da amsawar hanawa, tsari ne na fahimta - kuma, mafi mahimmanci, aikin zartarwa - wanda ke ba da damar mutum ya hana motsin zuciyarsa da na halitta, na al'ada, ko amsawar halayyar da ta fi dacewa ga motsawa (a.k.a. amsawar prepotent) don zaɓar halayyar kirki da ta dace da kammala burinsu. <ref name="Cognitive and motivational effects">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ilieva IP, Hook CJ, Farah MJ |year=2015 |title=Prescription Stimulants' Effects on Healthy Inhibitory Control, Working Memory, and Episodic Memory: A Meta-analysis |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&context=neuroethics_pubs |journal=J Cogn Neurosci |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1162/jocn_a_00776 |pmid=25591060 |s2cid=15788121 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526103820/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1141&context=neuroethics_pubs |archive-date=2022-05-26 |access-date=2026-06-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Executive functions" /> Kula da kai wani muhimmin bangare ne na hanawa.<ref name="Cognitive and motivational effects" /><ref name="Executive functions">{{Cite journal |last=Diamond A |year=2013 |title=Executive functions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_2013_64/page/n168 |journal=Annu Rev Psychol |volume=64 |pages=135–168 |doi=10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 |pmc=4084861 |pmid=23020641 |quote=Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control{{snd}}resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking “outside the box,” seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances).&nbsp;... EFs and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten & Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker & Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister et al. 2002, Cacioppo & Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not. You can see the deleterious effects of stress, sadness, loneliness, and lack of physical health or fitness at the physiological and neuroanatomical level in prefrontal cortex and at the behavioral level in worse EFs (poorer reasoning and problem solving, forgetting things, and impaired ability to exercise discipline and self-control).&nbsp;...<br />EFs can be improved (Diamond & Lee 2011, Klingberg 2010).&nbsp;... At any age across the life cycle EFs can be improved, including in the elderly and in infants. There has been much work with excellent results on improving EFs in the elderly by improving physical fitness (Erickson & Kramer 2009, Voss et al. 2011)&nbsp;... Inhibitory control (one of the core EFs) involves being able to control one’s attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions to override a strong internal predisposition or external lure, and instead do what’s more appropriate or needed. Without inhibitory control we would be at the mercy of impulses, old habits of thought or action (conditioned responses), and/or stimuli in the environment that pull us this way or that. Thus, inhibitory control makes it possible for us to change and for us to choose how we react and how we behave rather than being unthinking creatures of habit. It doesn’t make it easy. Indeed, we usually are creatures of habit and our behavior is under the control of environmental stimuli far more than we usually realize, but having the ability to exercise inhibitory control creates the possibility of change and choice.&nbsp;... The subthalamic nucleus appears to play a critical role in preventing such impulsive or premature responding (Frank 2006).}}</ref><ref name="exercise benefits">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guiney H, Machado L |date=February 2013 |title=Benefits of regular aerobic exercise for executive functioning in healthy populations |journal=Psychon Bull Rev |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=73–86 |doi=10.3758/s13423-012-0345-4 |pmid=23229442 |quote=Executive functions are strategic in nature and depend on higher-order cognitive processes that underpin planning, sustained attention, selective attention, resistance to interference, volitional inhibition, working memory, and mental flexibility&nbsp;... Data to date from studies of aging provide strong evidence of exercise-linked benefits related to task switching, selective attention, inhibition of prepotent responses, and working memory capacity; furthermore, cross-sectional fitness data suggest that working memory updating could potentially benefit as well. In young adults, working memory updating is the main executive function shown to benefit from regular exercise, but cross-sectional data further suggest that task-switching and post-error performance may also benefit. In children, working memory capacity has been shown to benefit, and cross-sectional data suggest potential benefits for selective attention and inhibitory control.&nbsp;... Support for the idea that higher levels of aerobic activity may be associated with superior brain structure has been gained through cross-sectional studies in older adults and children (for a recent review, see Voss, Nagamatsu, et al., 2011).&nbsp;... only those in the aerobic exercise group exhibited improved connectivity between the left and right prefrontal cortices, two areas that are crucial to the effective functioning of the fronto-executive network.&nbsp;... <!--Selective attention-->Together, these studies provide evidence that regular aerobic exercise benefits control over responses during selective attention in older adults.&nbsp;... <!--Inhibitory control-->aerobic fitness is a good predictor of performance on tasks that rely relatively heavily on inhibitory control over prepotent responses (e.g., Colcombe et al., 2004, Study 1; Prakash et al., 2011) and also that regular aerobic exercise ''improves'' performance on such tasks&nbsp;... <!--Working memory-->Overall, the results from the span and Sternberg tasks suggest that regular exercise can also confer benefits for the volume of information that children and older adults can hold in mind at one time. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="cognitive control of exercise">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Buckley J, Cohen JD, Kramer AF, McAuley E, Mullen SP |year=2014 |title=Cognitive control in the self-regulation of physical activity and sedentary behavior |journal=Front Hum Neurosci |volume=8 |page=747 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00747 |pmc=4179677 |pmid=25324754 |quote=Recent theory (e.g., Temporal Self-Regulation Theory; Hall and Fong, 2007, 2010, 2013) and evidence suggest that the relation between physical activity and cognitive control is reciprocal (Daly et al., 2013). Most research has focused on the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on executive functions-the set of neural processes that define cognitive control. Considerable evidence shows that regular physical activity is associated with enhanced cognitive functions, including attention, processing speed, task switching<!--cognitive flexibility-->, inhibition of prepotent responses<!--inhibitory control--> and declarative memory (for reviews see Colcombe and Kramer, 2003; Smith et al., 2010; Guiney and Machado, 2013; McAuley et al., 2013). Recent research demonstrates a dose-response relationship between fitness and spatial memory (Erickson et al., 2011)&nbsp;... The effects of physical activity on cognitive control appear to be underpinned by a variety of brain processes including: increased hippocampal volume, increased gray matter density in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), upregulation of neurotrophins and greater microvascular density&nbsp;... Together, this research suggests that an improvement in control processes, such as attention and inhibition or interference control, is associated with an improvement in self-regulation of physical activity.&nbsp;... Increasingly, research shows that cognitive control abilities are malleable, and that cognitive training can produce positive cognitive outcomes and improvements in daily function (Willis et al., 2006; Hertzog et al., 2008) that can have long-lasting effects (Rebok et al., 2014). Approaches to cognitive training are numerous and varied; however, the relative superiority of different approaches with regard to training and transfer continue to be debated. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Misali, samun nasarar murkushe halayyar halitta don cin cake lokacin da mutum yake sha'awar shi yayin cin abinci yana buƙatar amfani da sarrafawa.<ref name="Executive functions" />&nbsp;&nbsp; An san prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, da subthalamic nucleus don tsara ƙwarewar sarrafawa.<ref name="Executive functions"/> Kulawar hanawa tana da rauni a cikin [[Addiction|jaraba]] da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]]. <ref name="Executive functions" /> <ref name="NHM-Cognitive Control" /><ref name="pmid19710631">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Koob GF, Volkow ND |year=2010 |title=Neurocircuitry of addiction |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=217–238 |doi=10.1038/npp.2009.110 |pmc=2805560 |pmid=19710631 |quote=Animal and human imaging studies have revealed&nbsp;... a key role in the preoccupation/anticipation stage for a widely distributed network involving the orbitofrontal cortex-dorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, and insula involved in craving and the cingulate gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal, and inferior frontal cortices in disrupted inhibitory control.}}</ref> A cikin manya masu lafiya da mutane na ADHD, sarrafawa yana ingantawa a cikin gajeren lokaci tare da ƙananan allurai na methylphenidate ko amphetamine. <ref name="Cognitive and motivational effects"/><ref name="Unambiguous PFC D1 A2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Spencer RC, Devilbiss DM, Berridge CW |date=June 2015 |title=The Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Psychostimulants Involve Direct Action in the Prefrontal Cortex |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=77 |issue=11 |pages=940–950 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.013 |pmc=4377121 |pmid=25499957 |quote=Collectively, this evidence indicates that at low, clinically relevant doses, psychostimulants are devoid of the behavioral and neurochemical actions that define this class of drugs and instead act largely as cognitive enhancers (improving PFC-dependent function). This information has potentially important clinical implications as well as relevance for public health policy regarding the widespread clinical use of psychostimulants and for the development of novel pharmacologic treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other conditions associated with PFC dysregulation.&nbsp;... In particular, in both animals and humans, lower doses maximally improve performance in tests of working memory and response inhibition, whereas maximal suppression of overt behavior and facilitation of attentional processes occurs at higher doses.}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya inganta kulawar hanawa a cikin dogon lokaci ta hanyar motsa jiki na motsa jiki.<ref name="Executive functions" /><ref name="exercise benefits"/><ref name="cognitive control of exercise"/> == Ilimin jijiyoyi == Yankunan cortical na kwakwalwa suna da hannu akai-akai a cikin kulawar hanawa. A cikin lobe na gaba, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex da dama ventral prefrontal cartex suna nuna matakan aiki a lokacin gwaje-gwaje na hanawa. Gyri na tsakiya da na ƙasa na gaba, tare da yankin limbic na gaba, suma an haɗa su da hana amsawa. == Gwaje-gwaje == Gwajin kulawar rigakafi shine Gwajin neuropsychological wanda ke auna ikon mutum na shawo kan halayensu na halitta, na al'ada, ko kuma halayensu masu rinjaye ga motsawa don aiwatar da halayyar da ta dace da manufa.<ref name="Cognitive and motivational effects"/><ref name="Executive functions"/> Wasu daga cikin gwaje-gwajen neuropsychological waɗanda ke auna ikon hanawa sun haɗa da aikin Stroop, aikin tafi / kada-tafiye, aikin Simon, Aikin Flanker, ayyukan antisaccade, jinkirin ayyukan gamsuwa, da ayyukan dakatar da sigina.<ref name="Executive functions" /> == Bambancin jinsi == Mata suna da karfin iko don yin amfani da hanawa akan halayen da ba a so ko na al'ada kuma suna amsawa daban ga abubuwan da ke tattare da muhalli da maza.<ref name="Inhibitory control sex differences">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mansouri FA, Fehring DJ, Gaillard A, Jaberzadeh S, Parkington H |year=2016 |title=Sex dependency of inhibitory control functions |journal=Biol Sex Differ |volume=7 |pages=11 |doi=10.1186/s13293-016-0065-y |pmc=4746892 |pmid=26862388 |quote=Inhibition of irrelevant responses is an important aspect of cognitive control of a goal-directed behavior. Females and males show different levels of susceptibility to neuropsychological disorders such as impulsive behavior and addiction, which might be related to differences in inhibitory brain functions.&nbsp;... Here, we show a significant difference in executive control functions and their modulation by contextual factors between females and males |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Driscoll |first=Helen |last2=Zinkivskay |first2=Ann |last3=Evans |first3=Kelly |last4=Campbell |first4=Anne |date=2006-05-01 |title=Gender differences in social representations of aggression: The phenomenological experience of differences in inhibitory control? |journal=British Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=139–153 |doi=10.1348/000712605X63073 |issn=2044-8295 |pmid=16613646}}</ref> Misali, sauraron kiɗa yana inganta yawan hana amsawa a cikin mata, amma yana rage yawan hana amsawar a cikin maza.<ref name="Inhibitory control sex differences" /> == Dubi kuma == * Hukunce-hukunce # Hukunce * Tasirin Neurobiological na motsa jiki # Kula da hankali da ƙwaƙwalwa * Hana dawowa == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>   [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lwfiewixr6anvkh2izghd9uuc0i56ok 0 158626 976050 951796 2026-11-05T09:28:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lafiyar uwa''' ita ce lafiyar mata a lokacin [[Juna biyu|daukar ciki]], [[Jego|haihuwa]], da kuma [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]] . A mafi yawan lokuta, lafiyar uwa ta ƙunshi fannonin [[kula da lafiya]] na tsarin iyali, ɗaukar ciki kafin haihuwa, kula da [[Kulawa da Lafiyar mai Ciki|haihuwa]] [[Lokacin bayan haihuwa|bayan haihuwa]] domin tabbatar da samun kwarewa mai kyau da gamsarwa. A wasu lokuta, lafiyar uwa na iya rage rashin lafiya da mace-mace [[Mutuwar uwa|a lokacin haihuwa]] . {{Sfn|WHO Maternal Health}} Lafiyar uwa ta dogara ne akan lafiya da walwalar masu juna biyu, musamman lokacin da suke da juna biyu, lokacin da suke haihuwa, da kuma lokacin renon yara. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] ta nuna cewa duk da cewa an dauki uwa a matsayin abin da ya dace da uwa, yawancin mata suna fuskantar matsalolin lafiya, wani lokacin suna haifar da mutuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternal health |url=https://www.who.int/maternal-health/en/ |access-date=2020-05-14 |website=WHO}}</ref> Saboda haka, akwai buƙatar saka hannun jari a lafiyar mata. Ana iya cimma wannan jarin ta hanyoyi daban-daban, daga cikin manyan su shine tallafawa farashin kiwon lafiya, ilimi kan lafiyar uwa, ƙarfafa ingantaccen tsarin iyali, da kuma duba lafiyar mutanen da suka haihu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Robert L. |last2=Murray |first2=John |last3=Jack |first3=Susan |last4=Arscott-Mills |first4=Sharon |last5=Verardi |first5=Vincenzo |date=2017-12-06 |title=Impact of multisectoral health determinants on child mortality 1980–2010: An analysis by country baseline mortality |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=12 |at=e0188762 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1288762C |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0188762 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5718556 |pmid=29211765 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin lafiya da mace-mace na uwa yana shafar mata masu launin fata da mata da ke zaune a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ƙananan kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=Working Together to Reduce Black Maternal Mortality {{!}} Health Equity Features |url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/features/maternal-mortality/index.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |publisher=CDC |language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=2022-09-12 |publisher=WHO |language=en}}</ref> == Rashin lafiyar uwa da mace-mace == WHO ta kiyasta cewa kimanin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu 295,000 ne suka faru a shekarar 2017. <ref name="Maternal health">{{Cite web |title=Maternal health |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/maternal-health |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke haifar da waɗannan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu sun kama daga zubar jini mai tsanani zuwa nakuda mai toshewa, waɗanda duk suna da ingantattun hanyoyin magancewa. Bugu da ƙari, dalilan da ke haifar da mace-macen mata masu juna biyu sun haɗa da rashin jini da kuma zazzabin cizon sauro. <ref name="Maternal health" /> Yayin da mata suka sami damar yin amfani da tsarin iyali da kuma halartar haihuwa ta hanyar kula da gaggawa ta mata masu juna biyu, mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a duniya ya ragu da kusan kashi 44 cikin ɗari, wanda ya nuna raguwar kusan kashi 2.3 cikin ɗari a kowace shekara a tsawon lokacin daga 1990 zuwa 2015. Duk da cewa an sami raguwar mace-macen mata a duniya bayan ƙoƙari mai yawa, har yanzu akwai manyan alkaluma, musamman a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da matsakaitan kuɗi (99%). [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|Afirka da ke kudu da hamadar sahara]] tana da kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na waɗannan mace-macen kuma Kudancin Asiya tana da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternal Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=World Health Organisation}}</ref> Kashi ɗaya cikin uku na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu suna faruwa ne a Indiya da Najeriya. Mutuwar uwa tana haifar da iyalai masu rauni, kuma [[Jariri|jariransu]], idan sun tsira daga haihuwa, suna iya mutuwa kafin su kai shekara ta biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moucheraud |first=Corrina |last2=Worku |first2=Alemayehu |last3=Molla |first3=Mitike |last4=Finlay |first4=Jocelyn E |last5=Leaning |first5=Jennifer |last6=Yamin |first6=Alicia Ely |date=2015-05-06 |title=Consequences of maternal mortality on infant and child survival: a 25-year longitudinal analysis in Butajira Ethiopia (1987-2011) |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=12 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S4 |doi=10.1186/1742-4755-12-S1-S4 |issn=1742-4755 |pmc=4423767 |pmid=26001059 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Mutuwar uwa|Mutuwar mata masu juna]] biyu (mutuwa) da kuma mummunan rashin lafiyar mata masu juna biyu (rashin lafiya) suna "da alaƙa da yawan rigakafin cutar." <ref name="ACOG_SMFM_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kilpatrick SK, Ecker JL |date=September 2016 |title=Severe maternal morbidity: screening and review |url=http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(16)30523-3/pdf |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=215 |issue=3 |pages=B17-22 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.050 |pmid=27560600 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarar 2010, Hukumar Hadin Gwiwa ta Amurka kan Tabbatar da Ƙungiyoyin Kula da Lafiya ta bayyana mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a matsayin " abin da ke faruwa a wurin tsaro ", kuma tana amfani da shi don tantance ingancin tsarin kula da lafiya. {{Sfn|Joint Commission|2010}} Tallafin kuɗin kula da lafiya yana taimakawa wajen inganta lafiyar mata. A ƙasashe kamar Amurka, Birtaniya, da sauransu, hukumomi na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu suna aiki don rage har ma da kawar da kuɗaɗen mata masu juna biyu ko mata waɗanda ke da matsalolin lafiya da suka shafi ciki. Lokacin da mata ke haihuwar jariransu a wuraren kiwon lafiya da aka amince da su ba tare da biyan kuɗi ko biyan kuɗi kaɗan ba, za su iya amfani da kuɗinsu don cin abincin jariri, tufafi, da sauran buƙatu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kristine Husøy Onarheim |last2=Johannesburg Helene Iversen |last3=David E Bloom |date=2016 |title=Economic Benefits of Investing in Women's Health: A Systematic Review. |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=30 |issue=3 |page=11 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1150120O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0150120 |pmc=4814064 |pmid=27028199 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Haka kuma, lokacin da mata ke zuwa asibitoci ba tare da kuɗi ba kuma aka ba su ƙarin abinci kyauta, ana kula da lafiyarsu, kuma wannan yana rage kuɗin da gwamnati ke sakawa a fannin kiwon lafiya. A gefe guda kuma, yawan kamuwa da cutar mata masu juna biyu, tare da yawan mace-mace, yana raguwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Onarheim |first=Kristine Husøy |last2=Iversen |first2=Johanne Helene |last3=Bloom |first3=David E. |date=2016-03-30 |title=Economic Benefits of Investing in Women's Health: A Systematic Review |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11 |issue=3 |bibcode=2016PLoSO..1150120O |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0150120 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4814064 |pmid=27028199 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ilimi kan batutuwan da suka shafi lafiyar mata yana da mahimmanci don sarrafawa da inganta lafiyar mata. Mata masu albarkatu suna da&nbsp;ƙarancin damar da yanayin lafiyarsu ke taɓarɓarewa, saboda iliminsu. Ana sanar da waɗannan mata su yanke shawara game da tsarin iyali, mafi kyawun lokacin haihuwa dangane da ƙarfin kuɗinsu, da kuma abincin da suke ci, kafin, lokacin, da kuma bayan haihuwa. Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyi da yawa sun haɗa da mata, iyalai, da al'ummomin gida a matsayin masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin shiga tsakani da dabarun inganta lafiyar mata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dada |first=Sara |last2=Cocoman |first2=Olive |last3=Portela |first3=Anayda |last4=Brún |first4=Aoife De |last5=Bhattacharyya |first5=Sanghita |last6=Tunçalp |first6=Özge |last7=Jackson |first7=Debra |last8=Gilmore |first8=Brynne |date=2023-02-01 |title=What's in a name? Unpacking 'Community Blank' terminology in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health: a scoping review |url=https://gh.bmj.com/content/8/2/e009423 |journal=BMJ Global Health |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009423 |issn=2059-7908 |pmc=9906186 |pmid=36750272}}</ref> Gannon (np) ya ba da rahoton cewa yawan mace-macen mata a lokacin haihuwa ya ragu da kashi 70% tsakanin 1946 da 1953, lokacin da mata suka fara samun ilimin mata. Binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a mai da hankali kan al'ummomin da aka ware da kuma 'yan mata 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18. Lokacin da gwamnati ta sami damar rage ɗaukar ciki da ba a so da kuma waɗanda ba a shirya ba tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin mutane biyu, yana zama da sauƙi a rage matsalolin lafiyar mata da kuma kuɗin da ke tattare da su. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Abubuwan da ke shafar lafiyar uwaye == === Talauci da samun damar kiwon lafiya === A cewar wani rahoto na UNFPA, yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ƙa'idodi da dabi'un al'adu, da kuma nisa a yanki duk suna ƙara mace-macen mata masu juna biyu, kuma haɗarin mutuwar mata masu juna biyu (a lokacin daukar ciki ko haihuwa) a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara ya ninka sau 175 fiye da na ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, kuma haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaƙa da ciki da mummunan sakamako bayan haihuwa ya fi yawa. <ref name="Determinants">{{Cite web |title=The social determinants of maternal death and disability |url=http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/EN-SRH%20fact%20sheet-Poormother.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Population Fund]]}}</ref> [[Talauci]], lafiyar uwa, da sakamakon da yaron zai samu duk suna da alaƙa. <ref name="Filippi">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Filippi V, Ronsmans C, Campbell OM, Graham WJ, Mills A, Borghi J, Koblinsky M, Osrin D |date=October 2006 |title=Maternal health in poor countries: the broader context and a call for action |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-28-november-3-2006_368_9546/page/1535 |journal=Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9546 |pages=1535–41 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69384-7 |pmid=17071287 |s2cid=31036096}}</ref> Matan da ke zaune a yankunan da talauci ya yi wa katutu sun fi fuskantar [[kiba]] kuma suna shiga cikin halaye marasa kyau kamar [[Shan taba|shan taba sigari]] da shan ƙwayoyi, ba sa samun damar yin ko ma samun kulawar da ta dace a lokacin daukar ciki, kuma suna cikin haɗarin samun mummunan sakamako ga uwa da jariri. <ref name="Timmermans">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Timmermans S, Bonsel GJ, Steegers-Theunissen RP, Mackenbach JP, Steyerberg EW, Raat H, Verbrugh HA, Tiemeier HW, Hofman A, Birnie E, Looman CW, Jaddoe VW, Steegers EA |date=February 2011 |title=Individual accumulation of heterogeneous risks explains perinatal inequalities within deprived neighbourhoods |journal=European Journal of Epidemiology |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=165–80 |doi=10.1007/s10654-010-9542-5 |pmc=3043261 |pmid=21203801}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Kenya ya nuna cewa matsalolin lafiyar uwa da yara da suka fi yawa a yankunan da talauci ya shafa sun haɗa da zubar jini, rashin jini, [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]], zazzabin cizon sauro, riƙe mahaifa, nakuda kafin haihuwa, naƙuda mai tsawo/mai rikitarwa, da kuma pre-eclampsia . <ref name="Izugbara">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Izugbara CO, Ngilangwa DP |date=December 2010 |title=Women, poverty and adverse maternal outcomes in Nairobi, Kenya |journal=BMC Women's Health |volume=10 |issue=33 |doi=10.1186/1472-6874-10-33 |pmc=3014866 |pmid=21122118 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Kula da haihuwa kafin haihuwa ==== Gabaɗaya, isasshen kulawar haihuwa ta ƙunshi kula da lafiya da ayyukan ilimi, zamantakewa, da abinci mai gina jiki a lokacin daukar ciki. <ref name="Alexander">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alexander G, Korenbrot CC |date=Spring 1995 |title=The Role of Prenatal Care in Preventing Low Birth Weight |journal=The Future of Children |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=103–120 |doi=10.2307/1602510 |jstor=1602510 |pmid=7633858}}</ref> Misali, kula da haihuwa ta hanyar haihuwa na iya haɗawa da gwaje-gwajen tantancewa na jini don yiwuwar rashin daidaituwar ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma auna hawan jini, ko auna mahaifa don tantance girman tayin. Duk da cewa akwai dalilai daban-daban da mata suka zaɓi kada su shiga cikin kulawar haihuwa mai kyau, kashi 71% na mata masu ƙarancin kuɗi a wani bincike na ƙasa na Amurka sun sami matsala wajen samun kulawar haihuwa lokacin da suka nemi hakan. <ref name="Alexander" /> Bugu da ƙari, baƙi da matan Hispanic suna cikin haɗari mafi girma fiye da mata fararen fata ko baƙar fata saboda samun kulawar haihuwa kaɗan ko rashin kulawar haihuwa, inda matakin ilimi shi ma alama ce (tunda ilimi da launin fata suna da alaƙa). Matasa ba su da yuwuwar samun kulawar haihuwa kwata-kwata. A cikin bincike da yawa, mata da matasa sun zaɓi rashin isasshen kuɗi da rashin sufuri a matsayin cikas da suka fi yawa wajen samun kulawar haihuwa mai kyau. <ref name="Curry">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Curry MA |year=1990 |title=Factors associated with inadequate prenatal care |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-community-health-nursing_1990_7_4/page/245 |journal=Journal of Community Health Nursing |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=245–52 |doi=10.1207/s15327655jchn0704_7 |jstor=3427223 |pmid=2243268}}</ref> Kuɗin shiga yana da alaƙa sosai da ingancin kulawar haihuwa. <ref name="Curry"/> Wani lokaci, kusanci da wuraren kiwon lafiya da kuma samun damar sufuri suna da tasiri sosai kan ko mata suna da damar samun kulawar haihuwa ko a'a. Wani bincike da aka gudanar kan ayyukan kula da lafiyar mata a Mali ya gano cewa mata da ke zaune a yankunan karkara, nesa da wuraren kiwon lafiya, ba su da yuwuwar samun kulawar haihuwa fiye da waɗanda ke zaune a birane. Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike sun gano alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin rashin sufuri da kulawar haihuwa da haihuwa. <ref name="Gage">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gage AJ |date=October 2007 |title=Barriers to the utilization of maternal health care in rural Mali |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=65 |issue=8 |pages=1666–82 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.06.001 |pmid=17643685}}</ref> Baya ga kusanci, kasancewar hasashen samun kulawar haihuwa, Materia da abokan aiki sun sami irin wannan sakamako na kusanci da kulawar haihuwa a yankunan karkara na Habasha. <ref name="Materia">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Materia E, Mehari W, Mele A, Rosmini F, Stazi MA, Damen HM, Basile G, Miuccio G, Ferrigno L, Miozzo A |date=September 1993 |title=A community survey on maternal and child health services utilization in rural Ethiopia |url=https://archive.org/details/european-journal-of-epidemiology_1993-09_9_5/page/511 |journal=European Journal of Epidemiology |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=511–6 |doi=10.1007/bf00209529 |jstor=3520948 |pmid=8307136 |s2cid=22107263}}</ref> Haka kuma, rashin isassun ayyuka da rashin inganci suna taimakawa wajen ƙara yawan mace-mace da mace-mace a tsakanin mata da maza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=30 September 2020 |website=WHO}}</ref> === Yanayin da suka riga suka kasance === ==== Ciwon suga kafin haila ==== Ciwon suga na nau'in 1 ko na nau'in 2 na uwa wanda ya riga ya wanzu (wanda aka haifa kafin haihuwa) wani abu ne da aka sani wanda ke ƙara haɗarin mummunan sakamako, gami da haihuwa kafin haihuwa, preeclampsia, da nakasar haihuwa da aka haifa. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Alexopoulos |first=Anastasia-Stefania |last2=Blair |first2=Rachel |last3=Peters |first3=Anne L. |date=2019-05-14 |title=Management of Preexisting Diabetes in Pregnancy: A Review |journal=JAMA |volume=321 |issue=18 |pages=1811–1819 |doi=10.1001/jama.2019.4981 |issn=1538-3598 |pmc=6657017 |pmid=31087027}}</ref> Bincike daga Amurka da Ostiraliya ya nuna cewa yawan ciwon suga kafin haihuwa kusan kashi 1% ne na ciki. <ref name=":7" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epidemiology and Classification of Diabetes in Pregnancy {{!}} Article {{!}} GLOWM |url=http://www.glowm.com/article/heading/vol-8--maternal-medical-health-and-disorders-in-pregnancy--epidemiology-and-classification-of-diabetes-in-pregnancy/id/416413 |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The Global Library of Women's Medicine |language=en}}</ref> Ko da ciki mai lafiya yana haifar da yanayin hyperglycemia. Sakamakon haka, uwaye masu ciwon suga kafin haihuwa suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da hyperglycemia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hartling |first=Lisa |last2=Dryden |first2=Donna M. |last3=Guthrie |first3=Alyssa |last4=Muise |first4=Melanie |last5=Vandermeer |first5=Ben |last6=Donovan |first6=Lois |date=2013-07-16 |title=Benefits and Harms of Treating Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the National Institutes of Health Office of Medical Applications of Research |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-internal-medicine_2013-07-16_159_2/page/123 |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |volume=159 |issue=2 |pages=123–129 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-159-2-201307160-00661 |issn=0003-4819 |pmid=23712381}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aoife M. Egan |last2=Margaret L. Dow |last3=Adrian Vella |date=December 2020 |title=A Review of the Pathophysiology and Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy |url=https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(20)30202-0/pdf |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=95 |issue=12 |pages=2734–2746 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.02.019 |pmid=32736942}}</ref> ==== HIV/AIDS ==== Adadin kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ga uwa ya bambanta a duk duniya, daga kashi 1% zuwa 40%, inda ƙasashen Afirka da Asiya ke da mafi yawan mace-macen. <ref name="McIntyre2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McIntyre J |date=May 2005 |title=Maternal health and HIV |journal=Reproductive Health Matters |volume=13 |issue=25 |pages=129–35 |doi=10.1016/s0968-8080(05)25184-4 |jstor=3776238 |pmid=16035606 |s2cid=24802898}}</ref> Duk da cewa kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ga uwa yana da illa ga lafiyar yaron, musamman a ƙasashen da talauci ya yi yawa kuma matakan ilimi ba su da yawa, <ref name="pmid22340362">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Toure K, Sankore R, Kuruvilla S, Scolaro E, Bustreo F, Osotimehin B |date=February 2012 |title=Positioning women's and children's health in African union policy-making: a policy analysis |journal=Globalization and Health |volume=8 |page=3 |doi=10.1186/1744-8603-8-3 |pmc=3298467 |pmid=22340362 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a lokacin da take da juna biyu na iya haifar da haɗarin lafiya ga uwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-15 |title=Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV |url=https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-prevention/reducing-mother-to-child-risk/preventing-mother-to-child-transmission-of-hiv |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=HIV.gov |language=en}}</ref> Babban abin damuwa ga mata masu juna biyu masu ɗauke da cutar kanjamau shine haɗarin kamuwa da cutar tarin fuka (TB) da/ko malaria, a ƙasashe masu tasowa. <ref name="McIntyre2" /> Kashi 28% na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu suna faruwa ne daga naƙuda da dalilai na kai tsaye, ma'ana cututtukan da ke rikitar da ciki ko waɗanda ciki ke rikitar da su (malaria, anemia, HIV/AIDS, da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini). ==== Nauyin uwa ==== A lokacin daukar ciki, mata masu matsakaicin nauyin kafin daukar ciki ( BMI 18.5-24.9) ya kamata su yi tsammanin karuwa tsakanin {{Convert|25|-|35|lb}} a tsawon lokacin daukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Weight Gain During Pregnancy {{!}} Pregnancy {{!}} Maternal and Infant Health {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregnancy-weight-gain.htm |access-date=2019-03-28 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Yawan hauhawar jini, ciwon suga, matsalolin numfashi, da cututtuka sun zama ruwan dare a lokuta da ake samun kiba a cikin uwaye kuma suna iya yin illa ga sakamakon daukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nodine PM, Hastings-Tolsma M |date=2012 |title=Maternal obesity: improving pregnancy outcomes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mcn-the-american-journal-of-maternal-child-nursing_march-april-2012_37_2/page/110 |journal=MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=110–5 |doi=10.1097/nmc.0b013e3182430296 |pmid=22357072}}, cited in {{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> Kiba babban abin da ke haifar da ciwon suga na ciki ne . <ref name="Chu">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chu SY, Callaghan WM, Kim SY, Schmid CH, Lau J, England LJ, Dietz PM |date=August 2007 |title=Maternal obesity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=2070–6 |doi=10.2337/dc06-2559a |pmid=17416786 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya gano cewa uwaye masu kiba wadanda suka rage kiba (aƙalla fam 10 ko 4.5)&nbsp;kg) tsakanin daukar ciki yana rage hadarin kamuwa da ciwon suga na ciki a lokacin daukar ciki na gaba, yayin da uwaye masu kiba ke kara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. <ref name="Glazer">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Glazer NL, Hendrickson AF, Schellenbaum GD, Mueller BA |date=November 2004 |title=Weight change and the risk of gestational diabetes in obese women |journal=Epidemiology |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=733–7 |doi=10.1097/01.ede.0000142151.16880.03 |jstor=20485982 |pmid=15475723 |s2cid=25998851 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu ya kamata su yi kokarin motsa jiki na akalla mintuna 150 a mako, gami da motsa jiki na karfafa tsoka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Keep Active and Eat Healthy to Improve Well-being and Feel Great {{!}} NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/keep-active-eat-healthy-feel-great |access-date=2019-03-28 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da haka, ana ba da shawarar mata masu juna biyu su tattauna irin motsa jiki da za su iya yi cikin aminci tare da likitan mata na haihuwa a farkon lokacin daukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Exercise During Pregnancy |url=https://www.acog.org/en/womens-health/faqs/exercise-during-pregnancy |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www.acog.org |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829164212/https://www.acog.org/en/womens-health/faqs/exercise-during-pregnancy |archive-date=2022-08-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tasirin da ke kan lafiyar yara da ci gabansu == === Lafiyar kafin haihuwa === [[Kulawa da Lafiyar mai Ciki|Kula da mata kafin haihuwa]] muhimmin bangare ne na kula da lafiyar uwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-13 |title=Prenatal care and tests {{!}} womenshealth.gov |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/youre-pregnant-now-what/prenatal-care-and-tests |access-date=2018-11-07 |website=womenshealth.gov |language=en}}</ref> Ana ba da shawarar cewa mata masu juna biyu su sami akalla ziyarar kula da lafiyar mata kafin haihuwa sau hudu, inda ma'aikacin lafiya zai iya duba alamun rashin lafiya - kamar ƙarancin kiba, rashin jini ko kamuwa da cuta - sannan ya sa ido kan lafiya da yanayin tayin. <ref name="unfpa.org">{{Cite web |title=Maternal health |url=http://www.unfpa.org/maternal-health |access-date=2018-04-22 |website=www.unfpa.org |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin waɗannan ziyarar, ana ba wa mata shawara kan abinci mai gina jiki da tsafta don inganta lafiyarsu kafin haihuwa da kuma bayan haihuwa. Waɗannan ziyarar na iya haɗawa da kula da lafiyar duk wani yanayi na lafiya da matar ta taɓa fuskanta kafin ta yi ciki - kamar ciwon suga, hawan jini, ko cutar koda. Tare da haɗin gwiwar mai ba ta kulawar lafiya, mara lafiyar za ta iya tsara tsarin haihuwa wanda ke bayyana yadda za a kai ga kulawa da abin da za a yi idan akwai gaggawa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tsarin Kula da Ciki (kulawa ta rukuni kafin haihuwa) wani sabon ƙari ne ga kula da lafiyar mata masu juna biyu, kuma ya nuna yana inganta sakamakon haihuwa da gamsuwa ga majiyyaci da mai ba da sabis. <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Rotundo |first=Genie |date=December 2011 |title=Centering Pregnancy: The Benefits of Group Prenatal Care |journal=Nursing for Women's Health |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=508–518 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-486x.2011.01678.x |issn=1751-4851 |pmid=22900691}}</ref> Musamman ma, wani gwaji mai sarrafawa da aka yi bazuwar ya nuna raguwar kashi 33 cikin ɗari a cikin haihuwar da ba ta cika ba (n=995), kuma raguwar ta fi bayyana ga mahalarta Baƙar fata/Amurkawa 'yan Afirka. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ickovics |first=Jeannette R. |last2=Kershaw |first2=Trace S. |last3=Westdahl |first3=Claire |last4=Magriples |first4=Urania |last5=Massey |first5=Zohar |last6=Reynolds |first6=Heather |last7=Rising |first7=Sharon Schindler |date=August 2007 |title=Group Prenatal Care and Perinatal Outcomes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2007-08_110_2/page/330 |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=110 |issue=2 |pages=330–339 |doi=10.1097/01.aog.0000275284.24298.23 |issn=0029-7844 |pmc=2276878 |pmid=17666608}}</ref> Cibiyar Kula da Ciki tana ba da gwaje-gwaje na jiki, ilimi, da tallafin takwarorinsu ga ƙungiyar mata masu juna biyu waɗanda duk suna da ranar haihuwa iri ɗaya. <ref name=":13" /> Binciken da aka yi a kan kula da haihuwa ta rukuni na daidaiton launin fata (kamar ƙungiyar EMBRACE a UCSF) har yanzu ba a yi bincike mai kyau ba don nuna ingantaccen sakamako. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-16 |title=EMBRACE: Perinatal Care for Black Families |url=https://womenshealth.ucsf.edu/coe/embrace-perinatal-care-black-families |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=UCSF Womens Health |archive-date=2022-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912181101/https://womenshealth.ucsf.edu/coe/embrace-perinatal-care-black-families |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da haka, an tabbatar da cewa kula da daidaiton launin fata yana inganta ƙwarewar majiyyaci <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Takeshita |first=Junko |last2=Wang |first2=Shiyu |last3=Loren |first3=Alison W. |last4=Mitra |first4=Nandita |author-link4=Nandita Mitra |last5=Shults |first5=Justine |last6=Shin |first6=Daniel B. |last7=Sawinski |first7=Deirdre L. |date=2020-11-09 |title=Association of Racial/Ethnic and Gender Concordance Between Patients and Physicians With Patient Experience Ratings |journal=JAMA Network Open |language=en |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e2024583 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.24583 |issn=2574-3805 |pmc=7653497 |pmid=33165609}}</ref> da sadarwa tsakanin majiyyaci da mai ba da sabis. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shen |first=Megan Johnson |last2=Peterson |first2=Emily B. |last3=Costas-Muñiz |first3=Rosario |last4=Hernandez |first4=Migda Hunter |last5=Jewell |first5=Sarah T. |last6=Matsoukas |first6=Konstantina |last7=Bylund |first7=Carma L. |date=February 2018 |title=The Effects of Race and Racial Concordance on Patient-Physician Communication: A Systematic Review of the Literature |journal=Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=117–140 |doi=10.1007/s40615-017-0350-4 |issn=2197-3792 |pmc=5591056 |pmid=28275996}}</ref> Tsarin daidaiton launin fata na jarirai-likita yana da alaƙa mai mahimmanci da haɓaka mace-mace ga jarirai baƙar fata a cikin 2020, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greenwood |first=Brad N. |last2=Hardeman |first2=Rachel R. |last3=Huang |first3=Laura |last4=Sojourner |first4=Aaron |date=September 2020 |title=Physician–patient racial concordance and disparities in birthing mortality for newborns |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=117 |issue=35 |pages=21194–21200 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11721194G |doi=10.1073/pnas.1913405117 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=7474610 |pmid=32817561 |doi-access=free}}</ref> amma an karyata shi a cikin 2024. Talauci, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma shan ƙwayoyi na iya haifar da matsalolin fahimta, motsi, da ɗabi'a a lokacin yarinta. <ref name="Hurt">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hurt H, Brodsky NL, Roth H, Malmud E, Giannetta JM |year=2005 |title=School performance of children with gestational cocaine exposure |journal=Neurotoxicology and Teratology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=203–11 |bibcode=2005NTxT...27..203H |doi=10.1016/j.ntt.2004.10.006 |pmid=15734271}}</ref> A wata ma'anar, idan uwa ba ta cikin koshin lafiya mai kyau a lokacin haihuwa (lokacin da take da juna biyu) da/ko kuma tayin ya kamu da cutar teratogens, yaron zai fi fuskantar matsalolin lafiya ko ci gaba, ko mutuwa. Yanayin da uwa ke kula da tayin/tayin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga lafiyarsa bayan ɗaukar ciki da haihuwa. [[Magana da cututtuka|Teratogen]] shine "duk wani abu da zai iya haifar da lahani ga haihuwa ko kuma ya canza sakamakon fahimta da ɗabi'a mara kyau." Yawan da za a sha, saurin kamuwa da kwayoyin halitta, da lokacin da za a sha duk dalilai ne da ke haifar da tasirin teratogen akan tayi ko tayin. <ref name="Santrock">{{Cite book|last1=vanc}}</ref> Magungunan da likita ya rubuta a lokacin daukar ciki kamar su streptomycin, tetracycline, wasu magungunan rage radadi, progestin, estrogen na roba, da Accutane, <ref name="Crijns_2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crijns HJ, van Rein N, Gispen-de Wied CC, Straus SM, de Jong-van den Berg LT |date=October 2012 |title=Prescriptive contraceptive use among isotretinoin users in the Netherlands in comparison with non-users: a drug utilisation study |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/15052761/Crijns_2012_Pharmacoepidemiol_Drug_Saf.pdf |journal=Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=1060–6 |doi=10.1002/pds.3200 |pmid=22228673 |s2cid=35402923}}</ref> <ref name="Koren_2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Koren G, Nordeng H |date=September 2012 |title=Antidepressant use during pregnancy: the benefit-risk ratio |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-obstetrics-and-gynecology_2012-09_207_3/page/157 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=207 |issue=3 |pages=157–63 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2012.02.009 |pmid=22425404}}</ref> da kuma magungunan da ba a rubuta a kan takardar likita ba kamar magungunan rage radadi, na iya haifar da sakamako mai tsanani ga tayin/tayin da ke tasowa. Bugu da ƙari, an san cewa yawan shan aspirin yana haifar da zubar jini a cikin uwa da tayin, kodayake ƙaramin aspirin yawanci ba shi da illa. <ref name="Bennett">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bennett SA, Bagot CN, Arya R |date=June 2012 |title=Pregnancy loss and thrombophilia: the elusive link |journal=British Journal of Haematology |volume=157 |issue=5 |pages=529–42 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09112.x |pmid=22449204 |s2cid=10677131 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Marret">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Marret S, Marchand L, Kaminski M, Larroque B, Arnaud C, Truffert P, Thirez G, Fresson J, Rozé JC, Ancel PY |date=January 2010 |title=Prenatal low-dose aspirin and neurobehavioral outcomes of children born very preterm |journal=Pediatrics |volume=125 |issue=1 |pages=e29-34 |doi=10.1542/peds.2009-0994 |pmid=20026499 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Jarirai waɗanda uwayensu ke amfani da heroin a lokacin daukar ciki galibi suna nuna alamun daina shan taba a lokacin haihuwa kuma suna iya samun matsalolin kulawa da matsalolin lafiya yayin da suke girma. <ref name="Blandthorn">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Blandthorn J, Forster DA, Love V |date=March 2011 |title=Neonatal and maternal outcomes following maternal use of buprenorphine or methadone during pregnancy: findings of a retrospective audit |journal=Women and Birth |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=32–9 |doi=10.1016/j.wombi.2010.07.001 |pmid=20864426}}</ref> Amfani da magungunan ƙarfafa gwiwa kamar methamphetamine da cocaine a lokacin daukar ciki yana da alaƙa da matsaloli da dama ga yaron kamar ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa da ƙaramin zagayen kai, jinkirin motsi da fahimtar hankali, da kuma matsalolin ɗabi'a a lokacin yarinta. <ref name="Meyer_2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Meyer KD, Zhang L |date=February 2009 |title=Short- and long-term adverse effects of cocaine abuse during pregnancy on the heart development |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=7–16 |doi=10.1177/1753944708099877 |pmc=2710813 |pmid=19144667}}</ref> <ref name="pmid20600846">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Richardson GA, Goldschmidt L, Leech S, Willford J |date=2011 |title=Prenatal cocaine exposure: Effects on mother- and teacher-rated behavior problems and growth in school-age children |journal=Neurotoxicology and Teratology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=69–77 |bibcode=2011NTxT...33...69R |doi=10.1016/j.ntt.2010.06.003 |pmc=3026056 |pmid=20600846}}</ref> <ref name="pmid21334365">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Piper BJ, Acevedo SF, Kolchugina GK, Butler RW, Corbett SM, Honeycutt EB, Craytor MJ, Raber J |date=May 2011 |title=Abnormalities in parentally rated executive function in methamphetamine/polysubstance exposed children |journal=Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=432–9 |doi=10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.013 |pmc=3069661 |pmid=21334365}}</ref> Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Halayyar Yara da Matasa ta Amurka ta gano cewa yara 'yan shekara shida waɗanda uwayensu suka sha taba a lokacin daukar ciki sun sami maki ƙasa da na yaran da uwayensu ba su sha ba a lokacin daukar ciki. <ref name="Goldschmidt">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldschmidt L, Richardson GA, Willford J, Day NL |date=March 2008 |title=Prenatal marijuana exposure and intelligence test performance at age 6 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-american-academy-child-adolescent-psychiatry_2008-03_47_3/page/254 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=254–263 |doi=10.1097/chi.0b013e318160b3f0 |pmid=18216735}}</ref> Shan taba sigari a lokacin daukar ciki na iya haifar da illa ga lafiya da ci gaban 'ya'yan da aka haifa. Sakamakon shan taba a lokacin daukar ciki ya hada da haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa, karancin nauyin haihuwa, mutuwar tayi da jarirai, matsalolin numfashi, da kuma mutuwar jarirai kwatsam (SIDS), <ref name="Santrock"/> da kuma karuwar hadarin kamuwa da matsalar fahimta, matsalar rashin aiki da hankali (ADHD) da sauran matsalolin halayya. <ref name="Abbott">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abbott LC, Winzer-Serhan UH |date=April 2012 |title=Smoking during pregnancy: lessons learned from epidemiological studies and experimental studies using animal models |journal=Critical Reviews in Toxicology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=279–303 |doi=10.3109/10408444.2012.658506 |pmid=22394313 |s2cid=38886526}}</ref> Haka kuma, a cikin wani bincike da aka buga a cikin Mujallar Ciwon daji ta Duniya, yaran da iyayensu mata ke shan taba a lokacin daukar ciki sun fuskanci karuwar kashi 22% na hadarin kamuwa da cutar lymphoma ba Hodgkin ba. <ref name="Antonopoulos">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Antonopoulos CN, Sergentanis TN, Papadopoulou C, Andrie E, Dessypris N, Panagopoulou P, Polychronopoulou S, Pourtsidis A, Athanasiadou-Piperopoulou F, Kalmanti M, Sidi V, Moschovi M, Petridou ET |date=December 2011 |title=Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood lymphoma: a meta-analysis |journal=International Journal of Cancer |volume=129 |issue=11 |pages=2694–703 |doi=10.1002/ijc.25929 |pmid=21225624 |s2cid=5251307 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da cewa shan barasa a hankali (yawan abinci ɗaya zuwa biyu a cikin 'yan kwanaki a mako) ba a san shi a matsayin sanadin matsalar shan barasa ta fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) ba, Babban Likitan Likita na Amurka ya ba da shawara kan shan barasa kwata-kwata a lokacin daukar ciki. <ref name="Cheng">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cheng D, Kettinger L, Uduhiri K, Hurt L |date=February 2011 |title=Alcohol consumption during pregnancy: prevalence and provider assessment |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=117 |issue=2 Pt 1 |pages=212–7 |doi=10.1097/aog.0b013e3182078569 |pmid=21252732 |s2cid=13548123}}</ref> Yawan shan barasa a lokacin daukar ciki na iya haifar da FASD, wanda galibi ya kunshi matsalolin jiki da na fahimta a cikin yaro kamar nakasar fuska, lahani a gaɓoɓi, fuska, da zuciya, matsalolin koyo, rashin hankali, da nakasa ta hankali (ID). <ref name="Painter">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paintner A, Williams AD, Burd L |date=February 2012 |title=Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders-- implications for child neurology, part 1: prenatal exposure and dosimetry |journal=Journal of Child Neurology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=258–63 |doi=10.1177/0883073811428376 |pmid=22351188 |s2cid=46215913}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paintner A, Williams AD, Burd L |date=March 2012 |title=Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders--implications for child neurology, part 2: diagnosis and management |journal=Journal of Child Neurology |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=355–62 |doi=10.1177/0883073811428377 |pmid=22241713 |s2cid=40864343}}</ref> Duk da cewa ana iya yada cutar HIV/AIDS ga zuri'a a lokuta daban-daban, lokacin da iyaye mata suka fi kamuwa da cutar shine lokacin daukar ciki. A lokacin daukar ciki, tayin/tayin na iya kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar mahaifa. <ref name="Santrock"/> Ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da kiba a cikin 'ya'yan da suka haifa har zuwa lokacin samartaka. <ref name="Pettitt">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Pettitt DJ, Baird HR, Aleck KA, Bennett PH, Knowler WC |date=February 1983 |title=Excessive obesity in offspring of Pima Indian women with diabetes during pregnancy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1983-02-03_308_5/page/242 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=308 |issue=5 |pages=242–5 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198302033080502 |pmid=6848933}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yaran da iyayensu mata ke da ciwon suga sun fi kamuwa da [[Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2|ciwon suga na nau'in II]] . <ref name="Dabelea">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dabelea D, Hanson RL, Bennett PH, Roumain J, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ |date=August 1998 |title=Increasing prevalence of Type II diabetes in American Indian children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_diabetologia_1998-08_41_8/page/904 |journal=Diabetologia |volume=41 |issue=8 |pages=904–10 |doi=10.1007/s001250051006 |pmid=9726592 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Uwaye mata da ke da ciwon suga na lokacin daukar ciki suna da babban damar haihuwar jarirai masu girma (fam 10 (4.5)&nbsp;kg) ko fiye). <ref name="Santrock"/> Wannan shine dalilin macrosomia. Jarirai masu fama da macrosomia suna da ƙaruwar yawan sukari a jini idan aka kwatanta da jarirai mata masu juna biyu ba tare da ciwon suga ba. Wannan saboda jarirai masu yawan sukari suna amfani da yawan sukari a jini a cikin mahaifa, wanda ke haifar da yawan insulin a zahiri. A lokacin haihuwa, lokacin da aka cire tushen sukarin jini kwatsam, wannan yana sa jarirai su fuskanci digo mai yawa a cikin sukarin jini. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mitanchez |first=Delphine |last2=Yzydorczyk |first2=Catherine |last3=Simeoni |first3=Umberto |date=2015-06-10 |title=What neonatal complications should the pediatrician be aware of in case of maternal gestational diabetes? |journal=World Journal of Diabetes |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=734–743 |doi=10.4239/wjd.v6.i5.734 |issn=1948-9358 |pmc=4458502 |pmid=26069722 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda abincin da tayin ko tayin ke ci ya dogara ne akan furotin na uwa, bitamin, ma'adanai, da kuma yawan adadin kuzari da ake buƙata, jariran da uwaye masu fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki ke haifa suna iya nuna matsala. Bugu da ƙari, damuwa ta uwa na iya shafar tayin kai tsaye da kuma a kaikaice. Lokacin da uwa ke cikin damuwa, canje-canje a cikin jiki suna faruwa a jiki wanda zai iya cutar da tayin da ke tasowa. Bugu da ƙari, uwa tana iya shiga cikin halayen da ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga tayin, kamar [[shan taba]], shan ƙwayoyi, da shan barasa. <ref name="Santrock"/> === Haihuwa da cututtukan da ake dauka ta hanyar jima'i === Ana iya yada cutar herpes ta al'aura, rubella, cytomegalovirus, varicella, parvovirus B19, da enteroviruses ga jariri ta hanyar hanyar haihuwa yayin haihuwa. <ref name="pmid21269306">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Li JM, Chen YR, Li XT, Xu WC |date=February 2011 |title=Screening of Herpes simplex virus 2 infection among pregnant women in southern China |journal=The Journal of Dermatology |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=120–4 |doi=10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00966.x |pmid=21269306 |s2cid=21282278}}</ref> <ref name="pmid21261443">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nigro G, Mazzocco M, Mattia E, Di Renzo GC, Carta G, Anceschi MM |date=August 2011 |title=Role of the infections in recurrent spontaneous abortion |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=983–9 |doi=10.3109/14767058.2010.547963 |pmid=21261443 |s2cid=25192645}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neu |first=Natalie |last2=Duchon |first2=Jennifer |last3=Zachariah |first3=Philip |date=March 2015 |title=TORCH Infections |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0095510814001250 |journal=Clinics in Perinatology |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=77–103 |doi=10.1016/j.clp.2014.11.001 |pmid=25677998 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin masu juna biyu inda uwa ta kamu da kwayar cutar, kashi 25% na jariran da aka haifa ta hanyar hanyar haihuwa da ta kamu da cutar suna lalacewa a kwakwalwa, kuma kashi 1/3 na mutuwa. <ref name="Santrock"/> Ana iya yada cutar HIV/AIDS yayin haihuwa ta hanyar hulɗa da ruwan jikin uwa ko kuma ta hanyar mahaifa. <ref name="Santrock" /> Iyaye mata a ƙasashe masu tasowa sau da yawa suna iya zaɓar yin tiyatar haihuwa don rage haɗarin yada kwayar cutar ta hanyar hanyar haihuwa, amma wannan zaɓin ba koyaushe yake samuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ba. <ref name="McIntyre">{{Cite journal |vauthors=McIntyre J, Gray G |date=January 2002 |title=What can we do to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV? |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7331 |pages=218–21 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7331.218 |jstor=25227275 |pmc=1122134 |pmid=11809646}}</ref> == Shawarwari kan lafiyar uwaye masu juna biyu == Kula da lafiyar uwa da kuma kula da tayin yana farawa ne da lafiyar haihuwa. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar cewa matakin farko zuwa ga lafiya shine abinci mai kyau wanda ya haɗa da gaurayen kayan lambu, nama, kifi, goro, hatsi gaba ɗaya, 'ya'yan itatuwa da wake. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=WHO recommendations on maternal health: guidelines approved by the WHO guidelines review committee |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259268/WHO-MCA-17.10-eng.pdf;jsessionid=7577C2BF2CBB9E1729BA005E0EC7D20F?sequence=1 |access-date=19 March 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana ba da shawarar mata masu juna biyu su sha ƙarin ƙarfe da folic acid kowace rana. Babban Likitan Fiɗa na Amurka ya ba da shawarar waɗannan ƙarin abinci don taimakawa hana matsalolin haihuwa ga uwaye da jarirai kamar ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa, rashin jini, [[Hawan jini|hauhawar jini]] da haihuwa kafin lokacin haihuwa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-10 |title=Pregnancy Health: Exercise Programs to Prevent Gestational Hypertension |url=https://www.thecommunityguide.org/findings/pregnancy-health-exercise-programs-prevent-gestational-hypertension |access-date=2020-04-29 |website=The Guide to Community Preventive Services (The Community Guide) |language=en}}</ref> Folic acid na iya taimakawa wajen samar da bututun jijiyoyi a cikin tayin, wanda ke faruwa da wuri a lokacin daukar ciki don haka ya kamata a ba da shawarar da wuri-wuri. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250796/9789241549912-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=19 March 2020 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Ana kuma ba da shawarar ƙarin Calcium da Vitamin A lokacin da waɗannan mahadi ba su samuwa ko kuma ana samun su ne kawai a cikin ƙananan allurai a cikin abincin halitta amma ba a ba da shawarar wasu ƙarin abinci kamar Vitamin D, E, C, da B6 ba. <ref name=":1" /> WHO ta kuma ba da shawarar cewa motsa jiki mai ƙarancin tasiri da rage shan caffeine zuwa ƙasa da 330&nbsp;mg/rana na iya taimakawa wajen rage yiwuwar kamuwa da cututtukan jarirai. <ref name=":0" /> Ya kamata a ci gaba da motsa jiki mai sauƙi ga mata masu juna biyu domin an ba da shawarar a yaƙi da mummunan sakamako na lafiya, illolin da ke tattare da kiba. <ref name=":4" /> Shawarar da aka yi watsi da ita cewa bugun zuciyar mata masu juna biyu bai kamata ya wuce 140 ba kamar yadda aka yi a shekarar 2012 har yanzu ana kyautata zaton ta fi yawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evenson |first=Kelly |last2=Hesketh |first2=Kathryn |date=Jan–Feb 2023 |title=Monitoring Physical Activity Intensity During Pregnancy |journal=American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=18–31 |doi=10.1177/15598276211052277 |pmc=9830234 |pmid=36636387}}</ref> Idan akwai yiwuwar illa ga ciki, kamar tashin zuciya, amai, ƙwannafi, ciwon ƙafa, ciwon baya, da maƙarƙashiya; WHO ta ba da shawarar motsa jiki mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, abinci mai kyau, ko ƙarin kayan lambu na halitta don rage tasirin. <ref name=":0" /> Babban Likitan Likita na Amurka ya ba da shawarar a guji shan barasa ko nicotine ta kowace hanya a tsawon lokacin da mutum ke da juna biyu, da kuma guje wa amfani da shi azaman hanyar rage wasu illolin ciki da aka ambata a baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=Surgeon General Releases Report on E-Cigarettes |url=https://naspa.us/blog/2016/12/09/surgeon-general-releases-report-e-cigarettes/ |publisher=National Alliance of State Pharmacy Associations (NASPA)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=E-Cigarettes and Pregnancy |url=https://www.cdc.gov/maternal-infant-health/pregnancy-substance-abuse/e-cigarettes.html |publisher=CDC}}</ref> Idan aka haifi jariri lafiya, yawanci ana ba da shawarar iyaye mata da jarirai su zauna a asibiti na tsawon awanni 24 kafin su tafi. Ana ba da shawarar wannan don a ba da lokaci don tantance uwa da ɗanta game da duk wata matsala kamar zubar jini ko ƙarin maƙura. WHO ta ba da shawarar cewa jarirai su yi gwaje-gwaje tare da likita a rana ta 3, rana ta 7-14 da makonni 6 bayan haihuwa. <ref name=":0"/> A waɗannan alƙawarin da suka biyo baya, ya kamata a yi la'akari da lafiyar motsin rai na uwa. WHO kuma ta ba da shawarar kula da yiwuwar [[Rashin lafiya bayan haihuwa|ɓacin rai bayan haihuwa]], wanda ke shafar kashi 10-15% na iyaye mata a ƙasashe 40. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Halbreich U, Karkun S |date=April 2006 |title=Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032705004222 |journal=Journal of Affective Disorders |volume=91 |issue=2–3 |pages=97–111 |doi=10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.051 |pmid=16466664 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani bita na tsari na 2021 ya gano cewa hanyoyin ba da shawara da ƙwararrun masu ba da sabis, kamar ma'aikatan jinya da ungozoma suka bayar, sun yi tasiri wajen rage ɓacin rai da alamun damuwa a lokacin haihuwa, suna nuna raba aiki da maganin telemedicine don faɗaɗa damar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa ga mata masu juna biyu da bayan haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singla |first=Daisy R. |last2=Lawson |first2=Andrea |last3=Kohrt |first3=Brandon A. |last4=Jung |first4=James W. |last5=Meng |first5=Zifeng |last6=Ratjen |first6=Clarissa |last7=Zahedi |first7=Nika |last8=Dennis |first8=Cindy-Lee |last9=Patel |first9=Vikram |date=2021-05-01 |title=Implementation and Effectiveness of Nonspecialist-Delivered Interventions for Perinatal Mental Health in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis |journal=JAMA Psychiatry |language=en |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=498–509 |doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4556 |issn=2168-622X |pmc=7859878 |pmid=33533904}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singla |first=Daisy R. |last2=Silver |first2=Richard K. |last3=Vigod |first3=Simone N. |last4=Schoueri-Mychasiw |first4=Nour |last5=Kim |first5=J. Jo |last6=La Porte |first6=Laura M. |last7=Ravitz |first7=Paula |last8=Schiller |first8=Crystal E. |last9=Lawson |first9=Andrea S. |last10=Kiss |first10=Alex |last11=Hollon |first11=Steven D. |last12=Dennis |first12=Cindy-Lee |last13=Berenbaum |first13=Tara S. |last14=Krohn |first14=Holly A. |last15=Gibori |first15=Jamie E. |date=2025 |title=Task-sharing and telemedicine delivery of psychotherapy to treat perinatal depression: a pragmatic, noninferiority randomized trial |journal=Nature Medicine |language=en |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=1214–1224 |doi=10.1038/s41591-024-03482-w |issn=1078-8956 |pmc=12003186 |pmid=40033113}}</ref> A waɗannan rajista, uwaye kuma suna da damar neman shawara daga likita game da fara shayarwa. <ref name=":1"/> == Tasirin dogon lokaci ga uwa == Matsalolin lafiyar uwa sun haɗa da matsaloli daga haihuwa waɗanda ba sa haifar da mutuwa. Ga kowace mace da ta mutu yayin haihuwa, kimanin 20 suna kamuwa da cuta, rauni, ko [[nakasa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2010 |title=Maternal deaths worldwide drop by third |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/maternal_mortality_20100915/en/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918223508/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/maternal_mortality_20100915/en/index.html |archive-date=18 September 2010 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 75% na mata da ke mutuwa a lokacin haihuwa za su kasance da rai a yau idan suna da damar yin rigakafi da kula da lafiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2010 |title=Maternal Health: Investing in the Lifeline of Healthy Societies & Economies |url=https://www.who.int/pmnch/topics/maternal/app_maternal_health_english.pdf |journal=Africa Progress Panel |publisher=African Progress Panel}}</ref> Mata baƙar fata sun fi fuskantar mutuwar da ta shafi ciki da kuma samun kulawar lafiya mara inganci a lokacin daukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=April 2018 |title=Snapshot: Black Maternal Health in the United States |url=https://nationalpartnership.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/maternity-snapshot-black-maternal-health.pdf |journal=Snapshot |publisher=National Partnership for Women & Families}}</ref> Matan da ke fama da [[hawan jini]] na yau da kullun kafin su yi ciki suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da matsaloli kamar haihuwa da wuri, ƙarancin nauyin haihuwa ko kuma haihuwa gawa . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al Khalaf SY, O'Reilly ÉJ, Barrett PM, B Leite DF, Pawley LC, McCarthy FP, Khashan AS |date=May 2021 |title=Impact of Chronic Hypertension and Antihypertensive Treatment on Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=Journal of the American Heart Association |volume=10 |issue=9 |doi=10.1161/JAHA.120.018494 |pmc=8200761 |pmid=33870708}}</ref> Matan da ke fama da hawan jini kuma suka sami matsaloli a cikin ciki suna da haɗarin kamuwa da [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] sau uku idan aka kwatanta da mata masu hawan jini na yau da kullun waɗanda ba su da wata matsala a cikin ciki. Kula da hawan jini na mata masu juna biyu zai iya taimakawa wajen hana rikitarwa da cututtukan zuciya na gaba. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-11-21 |title=Pregnancy complications increase the risk of heart attacks and stroke in women with high blood pressure |url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/pregnancy-complications-increase-the-risk-of-heart-attacks-and-stroke-in-women-with-high-blood-pressure/ |journal=NIHR Evidence |type=Plain English summary |publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Research |doi=10.3310/nihrevidence_60660 |s2cid=265356623 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Al Khalaf S, Chappell LC, Khashan AS, McCarthy FP, O'Reilly ÉJ |date=July 2023 |title=Association Between Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of 12 Cardiovascular Diseases Among Parous Women: The Role of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes |journal=Hypertension |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=1427–1438 |doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20628 |pmid=37170819 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kusan kashi 50% na haihuwar da ake yi a ƙasashe masu tasowa har yanzu suna faruwa ba tare da ƙwararren likita ba don taimaka wa uwa, kuma rabon ya fi yawa a Kudancin Asiya. <ref name="UNICEF">{{Harvard citation no brackets|UNICEF Maternal Health}}</ref> Mata a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara galibi suna dogara ne da masu kula da haihuwa na gargajiya (TBAs), waɗanda ba su da horo na musamman ko kuma ba su da shi. Don gane rawar da suke takawa, wasu ƙasashe da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna yin ƙoƙari don horar da masu kula da haihuwa na gargajiya a kan batutuwan lafiyar uwa, don inganta damar samun sakamako mafi kyau ga lafiya tsakanin uwaye da jarirai. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1996 |title=Evaluation Findings: Support to traditional birth attendants |url=http://www.unfpa.org/monitoring/pdf/n-issue7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202064549/http://www.unfpa.org/monitoring/pdf/n-issue7.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012 |access-date=3 March 2011 |publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> Shayar da jarirai nono yana ba wa mata fa'idodi da yawa na dogon lokaci. Matan da ke shayarwa suna samun ingantaccen matakin glucose, metabolism na lipid, da hawan jini, kuma suna rage kiba cikin sauri fiye da waɗanda ba sa shayarwa. Bugu da ƙari, mata masu shayarwa suna fuskantar ƙarancin ciwon nono, ciwon daji na ovarian, da ciwon suga na nau'in 2. <ref name="Stuebe&Schwarz">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stuebe AM, Schwarz EB |date=March 2010 |title=The risks and benefits of infant feeding practices for women and their children |journal=Journal of Perinatology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=155–62 |doi=10.1038/jp.2009.107 |pmid=19609306 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa shayarwa tana ba da fa'idodi masu yawa ga mata waɗanda ba su kamu da cutar HIV ba. A ƙasashen da yawan HIV/AIDS ya yi yawa, kamar Afirka ta Kudu da Kenya, ƙwayar cutar ita ce babbar sanadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu, musamman ga uwaye masu shayarwa. <ref name="McIntyre"/> Wani matsala ita ce iyaye mata da yawa da ke ɗauke da cutar HIV ba za su iya biyan kuɗin madara ba, don haka ba su da wata hanyar hana yaɗuwa ga yaro ta hanyar nono ko guje wa haɗarin lafiya ga kansu. <ref name="Hollander">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hollander D |date=September 2000 |title=Most Infant HIV Infection from Breast Milk Occurs within Six Weeks of Birth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-family-planning-perspectives_2000-09_26_3/page/n46 |journal=International Family Planning Perspectives |volume=26 |issue=3 |page=141 |doi=10.2307/2648305 |jstor=2648305}}</ref> A irin waɗannan yanayi, uwaye ba su da wani zaɓi illa su shayar da jarirai nono ba tare da la'akari da iliminsu game da illolin ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kgkh8mg2fkbsky1kx3umtmsv3ogwdlo 0 160285 976115 967378 2026-11-05T10:34:42Z Ibn baaz 28481 976115 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Databox}}  {{Infobox medical condition | name = Wilson's disease | image = Wilson's Disease 4.jpg | image_size = | caption = | synonym = Wilson disease, hepatolenticular degeneration | specialty = [[Gastroenterology]] | symptoms = [[edema|Swelling of the legs]], [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], personality changes<ref name=NIH2014/> | onset = Age 5 to 35<ref name=NIH2014/> | duration = | causes = Genetic | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = [[Chronic liver disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[multiple sclerosis]], others<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lynn|first1=D. Joanne|last2=Newton|first2=Herbert B.|last3=Rae-Grant|first3=Alexander|title=The 5-minute Neurology Consult|date=2004|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780683307238|page=442|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fneFeGiBonMC&pg=PA442|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107092506/https://books.google.com/books?id=fneFeGiBonMC&pg=PA442|archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sahani|first1=Dushyant V.|last2=Samir|first2=Anthony E.|title=Abdominal Imaging: Expert Radiology Series|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323431613|page=400|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36qODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA400|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107013340/https://books.google.com/books?id=36qODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA400|archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> | prevention = | treatment = Dietary changes, [[chelating agents]], [[zinc supplements]], [[liver transplant]]<ref name=NIH2014/> | medication = | frequency = ~1 per 30,000<ref name=NIH2014/> | deaths = }} {{Reflist}}'''Cutar Wilson''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''hepatolenticular degeneration''' ) [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta]] wadda ke nuna yawan tagulla a jiki. Alamomin yawanci suna da alaƙa da [[kwakwalwa]] da hanta . Alamomin da suka shafi hanta sun haɗa da [[amai]], rauni, tarin ruwa a cikin ciki, [[Kumburi|kumburin ƙafafu]], [[Shawara|fatar da ke launin rawaya]], da kuma kaikayi . Alamomin da suka shafi kwakwalwa sun haɗa da rawar jiki, taurin tsoka, wahalar magana, canje-canje a halayen mutum, damuwa, da kuma tabin hankali . <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Cutar Wilson tana faruwa a cikin kusan mutum ɗaya cikin 30,000. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Alamomin yawanci suna farawa ne tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 35. <ref name="NIH2014" /> An fara bayyana ta a shekarar 1854 ta ƙwararren masanin cututtuka na Jamus Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs kuma an sanya mata suna ne bayan likitan kwakwalwa na Burtaniya Samuel Wilson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Whonamedit – dictionary of medical eponyms |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1818.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107014106/http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1818.html |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=www.whonamedit.com}}</ref> Cutar Wilson tana faruwa ne sakamakon maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar furotin na cutar Wilson ( ''ATP7B'' ). Wannan furotin yana jigilar jan ƙarfe mai yawa zuwa bile, inda ake fitar da shi a cikin sharar gida. Yanayin yana da autosomal recessive ; domin mutane su kamu da cutar, dole ne su gaji kwafin kwayar halittar da aka canza daga iyaye biyu. Gano cutar na iya zama da wahala kuma sau da yawa ya ƙunshi haɗakar gwaje-gwajen jini, gwaje-gwajen fitsari, da kuma nazarin hanta . Ana iya amfani da gwajin kwayoyin halitta don tantance dangin waɗanda abin ya shafa. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Yawanci ana magance cutar Wilson da canje-canje a abinci da magunguna. Canje-canje a abinci sun haɗa da cin abinci mai ƙarancin jan ƙarfe da rashin amfani da kayan girki na jan ƙarfe. Magungunan da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da magungunan chelating, kamar trientine da <nowiki><small id="mwUw">D</small></nowiki> -penicillamine, da kuma [[Zinc|ƙarin zinc]] . Matsalolin cutar Wilson na iya haɗawa da gazawar hanta da matsalolin koda . Dashen hanta na iya zama da amfani ga waɗanda wasu magunguna ba su da tasiri a gare su ko kuma idan gazawar hanta ta faru. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Manyan wuraren da jan ƙarfe ke taruwa su ne hanta da [[kwakwalwa]] . Saboda haka, cututtukan hanta da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da ganewar asali. [1] Mutanen da ke da matsalolin hanta galibi suna zuwa neman kulawar likita da wuri (galibi a lokacin yara ko matasa) fiye da waɗanda ke da alamun jijiyoyi da tabin hankali, waɗanda galibi suna cikin shekarunsu na 20 ko sama da haka. Wasu ana gano su ne kawai saboda an gano danginsu suna da cutar Wilson; da yawa daga cikinsu, idan aka gwada su, sun bayyana cewa suna fuskantar alamun cutar amma ba a gano su ba. [2] === Cutar hanta === Cutar hanta na iya bayyana kanta a matsayin [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]], [[Shawara|jaundice]], ƙaruwar zubar jini ko ruɗani (saboda cutar hanta ), da kuma hauhawar jini a portal . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilson's disease - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353251 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Na ƙarshe, yanayi wanda matsin lamba a cikin jijiyar portal ya ƙaru sosai, yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin esophagus da kuma [[Sifa|splenomegaly]] da ascites . Idan aka yi bincike, ana iya ganin alamun cututtukan hanta na yau da kullun kamar gizo-gizo angiomata (ƙananan jijiyoyin jini, galibi a kan ƙirji). [[Ciwon Hanta|Hepatitis mai aiki na yau da kullun]] ya riga ya haifar da [[cirrhosis]] na hanta a yawancin marasa lafiya lokacin da suka fara bayyanar cututtuka. Duk da cewa yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cirrhosis suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar hanta (ciwon hanta), wannan haɗarin yana da ƙarancin yawa a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 5% na dukkan mutane ana gano su ne kawai lokacin da suka kamu da matsalar hanta mai tsanani, sau da yawa a cikin mahallin cutar anemia ta hemolytic (rashin jini saboda lalacewar ƙwayoyin jinin ja). Wannan yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin samar da furotin (wanda aka gano ta hanyar rashin daidaituwar coagulation ) da metabolism ta hanta. Tsarin metabolism na furotin da ya lalace yana haifar da tarin abubuwan sharar gida, kamar ammonia, a cikin jini. Lokacin da waɗannan ke fusata kwakwalwa, marasa lafiya suna kamuwa da cutar hanta - wani mummunan yanayi wanda ke haifar da rudani, suma, farfadiya, kuma, a ƙarshe, kumburin kwakwalwa mai barazana ga rayuwa). <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> === Alamomin tabin hankali === [[Fayil:Wilson's_Disease_5.jpg|thumb|Yarinya mai fama da cutar Wilson]] Kimanin rabin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson suna da alamun jijiyoyi ko tabin hankali. Yawancinsu da farko suna da ɗan lalacewar fahimta da rashin nutsuwa, da kuma canje-canje a cikin hali. Alamomin jijiyoyi na musamman galibi suna biyo baya, sau da yawa a cikin nau'in parkinsonism (ƙarfin bugun lead ko cogwheel, bradykinesia, da rashin kwanciyar hankali a bayan jiki <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ) tare da ko ba tare da rawar jiki ta hannu ba, fuskokin fuska da aka rufe, magana mara kyau, ataxia (rashin daidaituwa), ko dystonia (juya da maimaita motsi na wani ɓangare na jiki). Karyewa da [[migraine]] sun fi yawa a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Ana samun rawar jiki ta musamman da aka bayyana a matsayin "girgizar bugun fikafikai" a cikin mutane da yawa da ke fama da cutar Wilson; wannan ba ya nan a lokacin hutawa amma ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar sace hannun da kuma lanƙwasa gwiwar hannu zuwa tsakiyar layi. Fahimta na iya shafar cutar Wilson, a cikin rukunoni biyu marasa alaƙa da juna: matsalar lobe na gaba (na iya kasancewa a matsayin rashin himma, rashin yanke hukunci, rashin sha'awa, rashin kulawa, da rashin aikin zartarwa tare da rashin kyakkyawan tsari da yanke shawara) da kuma cutar hauka ta subcortical (na iya kasancewa a matsayin tunani a hankali, rashin tunawa, da rashin aikin zartarwa, ba tare da alamun aphasia, apraxia, ko agnosia ba ). Ana tsammanin waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi fahimta suna da alaƙa kuma suna da alaƙa da bayyanar cutar ta tabin hankali. <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matsalolin tabin hankali da cutar Wilson ke haifarwa na iya haɗawa da canje-canje a halaye, [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]], [[Matsalar damuwa|matsalolin damuwa]], da kuma tabin hankali . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Alamomin tabin hankali galibi ana ganin su tare da alamomin jijiyoyi kuma ba kasafai suke bayyana kansu ba. Waɗannan alamun galibi ba a fayyace su sosai kuma wani lokacin ana iya danganta su da wasu dalilai. Saboda haka, ba kasafai ake gano cutar Wilson ba idan alamun tabin hankali kawai suka bayyana. <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Sauran tsarin gabobi === [[Fayil:Kayser-Fleischer_ringArrow.jpg|thumb|Zoben launin ruwan kasa a gefen iris ( Kayser-Fleischer ring ) abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin cutar Wilson, musamman idan akwai alamun jijiyoyi.]] An danganta yanayin lafiya da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin cutar Wilson: * '''Idanu:''' Zoben Kayser-Fleischer (zoben KF) na iya bayyana a cikin cornea na idanu, ko dai kai tsaye ko kuma a kan gwajin fitilar da aka yanke, yayin da tarin tagulla ke samar da zobe a kusa da cornea. Wannan ya faru ne saboda kasancewar jan ƙarfe a cikin membrane na cornea na Descemet . Waɗannan zoben na iya zama ko dai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, zinare, ko ja, faɗinsu ya kai mm 1 zuwa 3, kuma suna bayyana a cornea limbus. Ba sa faruwa a cikin duk mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson kuma ana iya ganin su a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cholestasis na yau da kullun. <ref name="Pandey">{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Nivedita |last2=John |first2=Savio |date=21 June 2022 |title=Kayser-Fleischer Ring |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ |journal=StatPearls |location=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083643 |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Roberts2008">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2008 |title=Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson disease: An update |journal=Hepatology |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=2089–2111 |doi=10.1002/hep.22261 |pmid=18506894 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cutar Wilson kuma tana da alaƙa da [[Cataract|cataracts]] na sunflower da ke nuna launin ruwan kasa ko kore na capsule na gaba da na baya. Babu ɗayansu da ke haifar da asarar gani mai yawa. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Zoben KF yana faruwa a kusan kashi 66% na shari'o'in da aka gano (sau da yawa a cikin waɗanda ke da alamun jijiyoyi maimakon masu matsalolin hanta). <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gut_2007-01_56_1/page/115 |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}</ref> * '''Koda:''' renal tubular acidosis (Nau'i na 2), rashin daidaituwar sarrafa bicarbonate ta hanyar bututun proximal yana haifar da nephrocalcinosis (tarin calcium a cikin kodan), raunin ƙasusuwa (saboda asarar calcium da phosphate), da kuma wani lokacin aminoaciduria (rashin muhimman [[amino acid]] da ake buƙata don haɗa furotin). <ref name="Ala" /> * '''Zuciya:''' ciwon zuciya (rauni na tsokar zuciya) matsala ce da ba kasafai ake samu ba a cikin cutar Wilson; tana iya haifar da [[gazawar zuciya]] (tarin ruwa saboda raguwar aikin famfo) da kuma bugun zuciya (abubuwan da ke faruwa na bugun zuciya mara tsari da/ko kuma mai sauri ko jinkirin bugawa). <ref name="Ala" /> * '''Hormones:''' hypoparathyroidism (gazawar glandar parathyroid wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin sinadarin calcium), panhypopituitarism (wanda ke haifar da raguwar samar da hormones daga glandar pituitary), rashin haihuwa, da kuma sake zubar da ciki . <ref name="Ala" /> <ref name="Roberts 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |date=7 September 2023 |title=Current and Emerging Issues in Wilson's Disease |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=389 |issue=10 |pages=922–938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1903585 |pmid=37672695 |s2cid=261581755}}</ref> * '''Ƙwayoyin tsoka:''' Ciwon gaɓɓai da kuma rage ƙashi ( osteopenia ko osteoporosis ). <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * '''Yatsun Yatsu:''' Farace mai launin shuɗi, ko kuma a hukumance Azure Lunula, ana ganinta a matsayin launin shuɗi wanda ke shuɗewa kusa da shi. <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> Fayil:Sunflower_cataract.jpg|Sunflower cataract and thick KF ring of a 40-year-old male with Wilson's disease and decompensated chronic liver disease Fayil:KF_ring_1.jpg|Diffuse illumination of cornea Fayil:KF_ring_2.jpg|Copper deposition on corneal Descemet's membrane </gallery> == Halittar Halitta == [[Fayil:Autorecessive.svg|thumb|Cutar Wilson tana da tsarin gado na autosomal recessive.]] <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kwayar cutar Wilson ( ''ATP7B'' ) tana kan chromosome 13 (13q14.3) kuma ana bayyana ta musamman a cikin hanta, koda, da mahaifa . Kwayar halittar tana da lambar P-type (cation transport enzyme) ATPase wanda ke jigilar jan ƙarfe zuwa bile kuma yana haɗa shi zuwa ceruloplasmin . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yawancin mutanen da ke da cutar Wilson - 60% - suna da homozygous don maye gurbi ''na ATP7B'' (kwafi biyu marasa kyau), kuma 30% daga cikinsu suna da kwafi ɗaya kawai mara kyau. <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerleSchaeferFerenciStremmel2007">Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 "Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study"]. ''Gut''. '''56''' (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>20. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/gut.2005.087262|10.1136/gut.2005.087262]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 1856673]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709660 16709660].</cite></ref> A cikin har zuwa 7% na lokuta, mutanen da ke da cutar Wilson ba su da maye gurbi da za a iya gano su. <ref name="Stattermayer">{{Cite journal |last=Stattermayer |first=Albert |last2=Zoller |first2=Heinz M. |last3=Weiss |first3=Karl Heinz |last4=Szalay |first4=Ferenc |last5=Bruha |first5=Radan |last6=Houwen |first6=Roderick |last7=Stauber |first7=Rudolf E. |last8=Steindl-Munda |first8=Petra E. |last9=Hofer |first9=Harald |last10=Stremmel |first10=Wolfgang |last11=Ferenci |first11=Peter |date=October 2014 |title=Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464 |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=60 |pages=427A |issn=0270-9139}}</ref> Duk da cewa an bayyana fiye da maye gurbi 500 na ''ATP7B'', <ref name="Stattermayer">{{Cite journal |last=Stattermayer |first=Albert |last2=Zoller |first2=Heinz M. |last3=Weiss |first3=Karl Heinz |last4=Szalay |first4=Ferenc |last5=Bruha |first5=Radan |last6=Houwen |first6=Roderick |last7=Stauber |first7=Rudolf E. |last8=Steindl-Munda |first8=Petra E. |last9=Hofer |first9=Harald |last10=Stremmel |first10=Wolfgang |last11=Ferenci |first11=Peter |date=October 2014 |title=Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464 |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=60 |pages=427A |issn=0270-9139}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStattermayerZollerWeissSzalay2014">Stattermayer A, Zoller HM, Weiss KH, Szalay F, Bruha R, Houwen R, Stauber RE, Steindl-Munda PE, Hofer H, Stremmel W, Ferenci P (October 2014). [https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx "Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464"]. ''Hepatology''. '''60''': 427A. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-9139 0270-9139].</cite></ref> ƙaramin adadin waɗannan ne ke haifar da yawancin lokuta na cutar Wilson; wanda maye gurbi da mutum zai yi ya fi dacewa da yawan jama'ar da yake ciki. Misali, a cikin al'ummar Yamma, maye gurbi na H1069Q (maye gurbin histidine da glutamine a matsayi na 1069 a cikin furotin) yana nan a cikin kashi 37%–63% na lokuta, yayin da a China wannan maye gurbi ba kasafai ake samunsa ba; R778L ( arginine zuwa leucine a 778) ana samunsa sau da yawa a can. Ba a san komai game da tasirin maye gurbi daban-daban ba, kodayake maye gurbi na H1069Q yana hasashen farkon farawa daga baya da kuma matsalolin jijiyoyi, a cewar wasu bincike. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}</ref> Cikakken tushen da aka rubuta a asibiti, WilsonGen, yana ba da rarrabuwar asibiti don bambance-bambancen kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin jagororin ACMG & AMP na baya-bayan nan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Mukesh |last2=Gaharwar |first2=Utkarsh |last3=Paul |first3=Sangita |last4=Poojary |first4=Mukta |last5=Pandhare |first5=Kavita |last6=Scaria |first6=Vinod |last7=Bk |first7=Binukumar |date=2020-06-03 |title=WilsonGen a comprehensive clinically annotated genomic variant resource for Wilson's Disease |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=9037 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.9037K |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-66099-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7270127 |pmid=32493955}}</ref> Bambancin da aka saba samu a cikin kwayar halittar ''PRNP'' na iya canza yanayin cutar ta hanyar jinkirta shekarun farawa da kuma shafar nau'in alamun da ke tasowa. Wannan kwayar halittar tana samar da furotin prion, wanda ke aiki a cikin kwakwalwa da sauran kyallen takarda kuma da alama yana da hannu wajen jigilar jan ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grubenbecher S, Stüve O, Hefter H, Korth C |year=2006 |title=Prion protein gene codon 129 modulates clinical course of neurological Wilson disease |journal=NeuroReport |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=549–52 |doi=10.1097/01.wnr.0000209006.48105.90 |pmid=16543824 |s2cid=37186426}}</ref> Da farko an yi zargin cewa akwai wani muhimmin rawa ga kwayar halittar ''ApoE'', amma ba a iya tabbatar da hakan ba. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Ana gadon wannan yanayin ne a cikin tsarin autosomal recessive. Domin a gada shi, dole ne dukkan iyayen mutum su ɗauki kwayar halittar da ta shafa. Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson ba su da tarihin iyali na wannan yanayin. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Mutanen da ke da kwayar halitta ɗaya tilo da ba ta dace ba ana kiransu masu ɗauke da kwayar halitta (heterozygotes) kuma suna iya samun ƙananan matsaloli, amma marasa mahimmanci a fannin lafiya, na metabolism na jan ƙarfe. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Akwai cututtuka da dama da suka shafi gado waɗanda ke haifar da yawan jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta; cutar Wilson ita ce mafi yawansu. Duk suna iya haifar da [[cirrhosis]] tun suna ƙanana. Sauran cututtukan da suka shafi jan ƙarfe sune cirrhosis na yara na Indiya (ICC), cirrhosis na yara na Tyrolean, da kuma gubar jan ƙarfe na idiopathic. Waɗannan ukun, ba kamar cutar Wilson ba, ba su da alaƙa da maye gurbi ''na ATP7B'' ; misali, an danganta ICC da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar ''KRT8'' da ''KRT18'' . <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == [[Fayil:Copper_metabolism.png|thumb|Sha da rarrabawar jan ƙarfe ta al'ada: Cu = jan ƙarfe, CP = ceruloplasmin, kore = ATP7B ɗauke da jan ƙarfe]] Jiki yana buƙatar jan ƙarfe don ayyuka da yawa, galibi a matsayin mai haɗa sinadarai ga wasu enzymes kamar ceruloplasmin, cytochrome c oxidase, dopamine β-hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase, da tyrosinase . <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Tagulla tana shiga jiki ta hanyar narkewar abinci . Wani furotin mai jigilar kaya a kan ƙwayoyin ƙaramin hanji, mai jigilar membrane na jan ƙarfe 1 (Ctr1; SLC31A1), yana ɗauke da jan ƙarfe a cikin ƙwayoyin, inda wasu ke ɗaure da metallothionein kuma wani ɓangare ana ɗaukarsa ta hanyar ATOX1 zuwa wani organelle da aka sani da hanyar sadarwa ta trans-Golgi . A nan, saboda ƙaruwar yawan jan ƙarfe, wani enzyme da ake kira ATP7A (protein na Menkes) yana sakin jan ƙarfe zuwa cikin jijiyar portal zuwa hanta. Kwayoyin hanta kuma suna ɗauke da furotin CMT1, kuma metallothionein da ATOX1 suna ɗaure shi a cikin tantanin halitta, amma a nan, ATP7B yana haɗa jan ƙarfe da ceruloplasmin kuma yana sakinsa zuwa cikin jini, da kuma cire jan ƙarfe mai yawa ta hanyar fitar da shi zuwa cikin bile. Duk ayyukan ATP7B suna da rauni a cikin cutar Wilson. Tagulla yana taruwa a cikin kyallen hanta; har yanzu ana fitar da ceruloplasmin, amma a cikin wani nau'i wanda ba shi da jan ƙarfe (wanda ake kira apo-ceruloplasmin) kuma yana raguwa cikin sauri a cikin jini. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Idan adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta ya mamaye sunadaran da suka saba ɗaure shi, yana haifar da lalacewar oxidative ga hanta ta hanyar wani tsari da aka sani da Fenton chemistry ; wannan lalacewar daga ƙarshe yana haifar da [[Ciwon Hanta|hepatitis mai aiki na yau da kullun]], fibrosis (zubar da kyallen haɗin gwiwa), da [[cirrhosis]] . Hanta kuma tana sakin jan ƙarfe cikin jini wanda ba ya ɗaure da ceruloplasmin. Wannan jan ƙarfe kyauta yana kwarara a cikin jiki, amma musamman a cikin koda, idanu, da kwakwalwa. A cikin kwakwalwa, yawancin jan ƙarfe yana cikin basal ganglia, musamman a cikin putamen da globus pallidus (wanda aka haɗa tare da lenticular nucleus ); waɗannan yankuna galibi suna shiga cikin daidaita motsi kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hanyoyin neurocognitive kamar sarrafa abubuwan ƙarfafawa da daidaita yanayi. Lalacewar waɗannan yankuna, kuma ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar Fenton, yana haifar da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa da ake gani a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Ba a fayyace dalilin da ya sa cutar Wilson ke haifar da hemolysis ba, amma shaidu daban-daban sun nuna cewa babban matakin jan ƙarfe mara lahani (wanda ba ya ɗaure da ceruloplasmin) na iya shafar iskar oxygen na haemoglobin kai tsaye, ko kuma hana enzymes masu samar da makamashi a cikin ƙwayoyin jinin ja, ko kuma haifar da lalacewar membranes na ƙwayoyin halitta kai tsaye. == Ganewar Ganewa == [[Fayil:Basal_ganglia_and_related_structures_(2).svg|thumb|Wurin da basal ganglia yake, ɓangaren kwakwalwa da cutar Wilson ta shafa]] Ana iya zargin cutar Wilson bisa ga kowace alama da aka ambata a sama, ko kuma lokacin da aka gano wani dangi na kusa yana da Wilson's. Yawancinsu suna da gwaje-gwajen aikin hanta marasa kyau kamar ƙaruwar aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, da bilirubin . Matakan alkaline phosphatase suna da ƙarancin yawa a cikin waɗanda ke da gazawar hanta mai tsanani da ke da alaƙa da Wilson's. <ref name="pmid3758940">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shaver WA, Bhatt H, Combes B |year=1986 |title=Low serum alkaline phosphatase activity in Wilson's disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=859–63 |doi=10.1002/hep.1840060509 |pmid=3758940 |s2cid=24055787 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan lalacewar hanta tana da mahimmanci, albumin na iya raguwa saboda rashin iyawar ƙwayoyin hanta da suka lalace don samar da wannan furotin; haka nan, lokacin prothrombin (gwajin coagulation ) na iya tsawaita saboda hanta ba ta iya samar da sunadarai da aka sani da abubuwan clotting. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Idan aka ga alamun jijiyoyi, ana yin hoton maganadisu na kwakwalwa yawanci; wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar ƙarfi a ɓangaren kwakwalwa da ake kira basal ganglia a cikin saitin T2 . <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> MRI kuma na iya nuna halayyar "fuskar babban panda" . <ref name="Panda">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Das SK, Ray K |date=September 2006 |title=Wilson's disease: an update |journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=482–93 |doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0291 |pmid=16932613 |s2cid=205340375}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana jinkirta ganewar asali, tare da matsakaicin lokaci daga farkon alamun cutar zuwa ga ganewar asali na kimanin shekaru 2, kodayake wannan jinkirin na iya kasancewa daga gane nan take zuwa shekaru 30, wani ɓangare saboda bambancin gabatarwa da buƙatar gwaje-gwaje na musamman da yawa. <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerleSchaeferFerenciStremmel2007">Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 "Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study"]. ''Gut''. '''56''' (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>20. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/gut.2005.087262|10.1136/gut.2005.087262]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 1856673]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709660 16709660].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Minling |last2=Ren |first2=Linxiang |last3=Zheng |first3=Muxin |last4=Hong |first4=Mingfan |last5=Wei |first5=Zhisheng |date=2022 |title=Delayed Diagnosis of Wilson's Disease Report From 179 Newly Diagnosed Cases in China |journal=Frontiers in Neurology |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2022.884840 |issn=1664-2295 |pmc=9294220 |pmid=35865642 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba a san wani gwaji mai inganci game da cutar Wilson ba, amma matakan ceruloplasmin da jan ƙarfe a cikin jini, da kuma adadin jan ƙarfe da aka fitar a cikin fitsari a cikin awanni 24, ana amfani da su tare don samar da hoton adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin jiki. Gwaji mafi daidaito shine gwajin hanta . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> === Ceruloplasmin === [[Fayil:PBB_Protein_CP_image.jpg|thumb|Ceruloplasmin]] Matakan ceruloplasmin ba su da yawa sosai (<0.2)&nbsp;g/L) a cikin kashi 80–95% na lokuta. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yana iya kasancewa a matakan al'ada, kodayake, a cikin mutanen da ke fama da kumburi mai ci gaba, saboda furotin ne mai saurin kamuwa da cuta . Ana kuma samun ƙarancin ceruloplasmin a cikin cutar Menkes da aceruloplasminemia, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da, amma sun fi wuya fiye da cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala" /> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Haɗin alamomin jijiyoyi, alamun ido, da ƙarancin matakin ceruloplasmin ana ɗaukarsa ya isa don gano cutar Wilson. A lokuta da yawa, duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje. <ref name="Roberts2003" /> === Jini da fitsari jan ƙarfe === Tagulla a cikin jini yana da ƙasa, wanda zai iya zama kamar abin mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da cewa cutar Wilson cuta ce ta yawan jan ƙarfe. Duk da haka, kashi 95% na jan ƙarfe a cikin jini yana ɗauke da ceruloplasmin, wanda galibi yana da ƙasa a cikin cutar Wilson. Tagulla a cikin fitsari yana ƙaruwa a cikin cutar Wilson kuma ana tattara shi na tsawon awanni 24 a cikin kwalba tare da layin da ba shi da jan ƙarfe. Matakan da suka wuce 100&nbsp;μg/awa 24 (1.6)&nbsp;μmol/awa 24) sun tabbatar da cutar Wilson, kuma matakan da suka wuce 40&nbsp;μg/awa 24 (0.6)&nbsp;μmol/24h) suna da matuƙar nuna alama. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yawan matakan jan ƙarfe na fitsari ba na musamman bane ga cutar Wilson; wani lokacin ana lura da su a cikin cututtukan hepatitis na autoimmune da kuma a cikin cholestasis (duk wata cuta da ke toshe kwararar bile daga hanta zuwa ƙaramin hanji). <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> A cikin yara, ana iya amfani da gwajin penicillamine mai zuwa: a 500&nbsp;Ana ba da maganin penicillamine mg ta baki, sannan a tattara dukkan fitsari na tsawon awanni 24. Idan fitsarin yini ya ƙunshi fiye da 1600&nbsp;μg (25)&nbsp;μmol) na jan ƙarfe, alama ce mai inganci ta cutar Wilson. Ba a tabbatar da wannan gwajin a cikin manya ba. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> === Gwajin fitilar Slit-fitila === Ana duba idanun majiyyaci ta amfani da fitilar yankewa don neman zoben Kayser-Fleischer, waɗanda ke da alaƙa sosai da cutar Wilson kuma suna faruwa ne sakamakon tagulla da aka tara a cikin cornea na ciki a cikin membrane na Descemet . <ref name="Pandey">{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Nivedita |last2=John |first2=Savio |date=21 June 2022 |title=Kayser-Fleischer Ring |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ |journal=StatPearls |location=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083643 |access-date=30 November 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPandeyJohn2022">Pandey N, John S (21 June 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ "Kayser-Fleischer Ring"]. ''StatPearls''. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29083643 29083643]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta na hanta === Da zarar wasu bincike sun nuna cutar Wilson, gwajin da ya fi dacewa shine cire ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyin hanta ta hanyar yin gwajin hanta. Ana tantance wannan ta hanyar microscopic don matakin steatosis da cirrhosis, kuma ana amfani da histochemistry da kimanta jan ƙarfe don auna tsananin tarin jan ƙarfe. Mataki na 250&nbsp;μg na jan ƙarfe a kowace gram na busasshen ƙwayar hanta yana tabbatar da cutar Wilson. A wasu lokutan, ana samun ƙarancin matakan jan ƙarfe; a wannan yanayin, haɗakar binciken biopsy tare da duk sauran gwaje-gwaje na iya haifar da ganewar asali na Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> A farkon matakan cutar, biopsy yawanci yana nuna steatosis (zubar da kitse), ƙaruwar glycogen a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, da kuma yankunan necrosis (mutuwar ƙwayoyin halitta). A cikin mafi ci gaba da cutar, canje-canjen da aka lura suna kama da waɗanda ake gani a cikin cutar hepatitis ta autoimmune, kamar shigar ƙwayoyin kumburi, ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da juna, da fibrosis (tabon kyallen takarda). A cikin ci gaba da cutar, a ƙarshe, cirrhosis shine babban abin da aka gano. A cikin mummunan gazawar hanta, lalacewar ƙwayoyin hanta da rugujewar tsarin kyallen hanta ana ganin su, yawanci akan asalin canje-canje na cirrhotic. Hanyoyin histochemical don gano jan ƙarfe ba su da daidaito kuma ba su da tabbas, kuma ana ɗaukar su kaɗai a matsayin waɗanda ba su isa ba don kafa ganewar asali. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Gwajin Halittar Halitta === Ana iya yin nazarin sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta na ''ATP7B'', da kuma sauran kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta. Da zarar an tabbatar da sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta, ana iya duba 'yan uwa don gano cutar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shawarwarin iyali na kwayoyin halitta na asibiti . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Rarraba kwayoyin halitta na yankuna da ke da alaƙa da cutar Wilson yana da mahimmanci a bi, domin wannan zai iya taimaka wa likitoci su tsara dabarun tantancewa masu dacewa. Tunda sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta na ''ATP7B'' sun bambanta tsakanin al'ummomi, bincike da gwajin kwayoyin halitta da aka yi a ƙasashe kamar Amurka ko Burtaniya na iya haifar da matsaloli, saboda suna da yawan jama'a masu gauraye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferenci |first=Peter |date=2006-06-22 |title=Regional distribution of mutations of the ATP7B gene in patients with Wilson disease: impact on genetic testing |journal=Human Genetics |language=en |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=151–159 |doi=10.1007/s00439-006-0202-5 |issn=0340-6717 |pmid=16791614 |s2cid=10124665}}</ref> == Magani == === Abinci mai gina jiki === Gabaɗaya, ana ba da shawarar cin abinci mai ƙarancin sinadarin jan ƙarfe. Abincin da ake guje wa daga yawan jan ƙarfe a cikin cutar Wilson sun haɗa da namomin kaza, goro, cakulan, busassun [['ya'yan itace]], hanta, tsaban ridi, man ridi, da kifin shellfish . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Bayan jiyya ta farko ta rage matakan jan ƙarfe, likita zai iya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya cin matsakaicin adadin waɗannan abincin lafiya yayin kula da lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/eating-diet-nutrition |access-date=2026-03-29 |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> Idan ruwan famfo ya fito daga rijiya ko kuma ya ratsa bututun jan ƙarfe, ana ba da shawarar a duba matakin jan ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/eating-diet-nutrition |access-date=2026-03-29 |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> === Magani === Akwai magunguna na likitanci don magance cutar Wilson. Wasu suna ƙara yawan cire jan ƙarfe daga jiki, yayin da wasu kuma suna hana shan jan ƙarfe daga abinci. Gabaɗaya, penicillamine shine magani na farko da ake amfani da shi. Wannan yana ɗaurewa da jan ƙarfe (ta hanyar chelation ) kuma yana haifar da fitar da jan ƙarfe a cikin fitsari. Saboda haka, ana iya yin sa ido kan adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin fitsari don tabbatar da an sha isasshen magani. Penicillamine ba shi da matsala; kusan kashi 20% suna fuskantar sakamako ko rikitarwa na maganin penicillamine, kamar [[lupus]] da miyagun ƙwayoyi ke haifarwa (yana haifar da ciwon haɗin gwiwa da kuraje a fata) ko myasthenia (yanayin jijiya wanda ke haifar da raunin tsoka). Ga waɗanda suka nuna alamun jijiyoyi, kusan rabin suna fuskantar tabarbarewar alamunsu. Duk da cewa ana lura da wannan lamari a wasu jiyya ga Wilson's, yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alama don dakatar da penicillamine da fara magani na biyu. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Waɗanda ba sa jure wa penicillamine za a iya fara amfani da trientine hydrochloride, wanda kuma yana da kaddarorin chelating. Wasu suna ba da shawarar trientine a matsayin magani na farko, amma ƙwarewa tare da penicillamine ya fi yawa. <ref name="Roberts2003" /> Wani ƙarin sinadari da aka san yana aiki a cikin cutar Wilson, wanda Wilson Therapeutics ke gudanar da bincike a kansa, shine tetrathiomolybdate . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin gwaji, <ref name="Roberts2003" /> kodayake wasu bincike sun nuna sakamako mai amfani. <ref name="Ala" /> Da zarar duk sakamakon ya koma daidai, ana iya amfani da [[zinc]] (yawanci a cikin nau'in maganin zinc acetate da ake kira Galzin) maimakon chelators don kiyaye daidaiton matakan jan ƙarfe a jiki. Zinc yana motsa metallothionein, wani furotin a cikin ƙwayoyin hanji wanda ke ɗaure jan ƙarfe kuma yana hana sha da jigilar sa zuwa hanta. Ana ci gaba da maganin zinc sai dai idan alamun sun sake dawowa ko kuma idan fitar jan ƙarfe daga fitsari ya ƙaru. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> A lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun maganin da ke da tasiri a baki ba, musamman ma idan akwai cututtukan jijiyoyi masu tsanani, ana buƙatar dimercaprol (mai hana Lewisite na Burtaniya) a wasu lokutan. Ana yin wannan maganin ta hanyar jijiya (a cikin tsoka) duk bayan makonni kaɗan kuma yana da illoli marasa daɗi kamar ciwo. <ref name="Walshe1996">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=July 1996 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease: the historical background |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_qjm_1996-07_89_7/page/553 |journal=QJM |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=553–55 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/89.7.553 |pmid=8759497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mutane waɗanda ba su da alamun cutar (misali, waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar gwajin iyali ko kuma sakamakon gwajin da ba a saba gani ba) galibi ana yi musu magani, domin tarin jan ƙarfe na iya haifar da lalacewa na dogon lokaci a nan gaba. Ko waɗannan mutanen za a fi yi musu magani da penicillamine ko zinc acetate ba a fayyace ba. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Jiyya na jiki da na aiki === [[Gyaran jiki|Maganin motsa jiki]] da kuma aikin yi suna da amfani ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar ta jijiyoyi. Maganin jan ƙarfe na iya ɗaukar har zuwa watanni shida kafin ya fara aiki, kuma waɗannan hanyoyin na iya taimakawa wajen magance ataxia, dystonia, da girgizar ƙasa, da kuma hana ci gaban kwankwancewa da ka iya tasowa daga dystonia. <ref name="Brewer2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brewer GJ, Askari FK |year=2005 |title=Wilson's disease: clinical management and therapy |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=42 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=13–21 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2004.11.013 |pmid=15777568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Dashen === Dashen hanta magani ne mai inganci ga cutar Wilson, amma ana amfani da shi ne kawai a wasu yanayi na musamman saboda haɗarin da ke tattare da aikin. Ana amfani da shi galibi ga mutanen da ke fama da gazawar hanta waɗanda ba su amsa maganin likita ba ko kuma waɗanda ke fama da cutar hanta mai tsanani. Ana guje wa dashen hanta a cikin cututtukan tabin hankali masu tsanani, waɗanda ba a nuna fa'idarsa ba. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Hasashen == Idan ba a yi maganinsa ba, cutar Wilson tana ƙara ta'azzara kuma daga ƙarshe tana kashe mutane. Matsaloli masu tsanani sun haɗa da cirrhosis na hanta, gazawar koda mai tsanani, da kuma tabin hankali. [[Ciwon daji na hanta]] da kuma cholangiocarcinoma na iya faruwa, amma a ƙasa da sauran cututtukan hanta na yau da kullun, kuma haɗarin yana raguwa sosai idan aka yi magani. <ref name="Roberts 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |date=7 September 2023 |title=Current and Emerging Issues in Wilson's Disease |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=389 |issue=10 |pages=922–938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1903585 |pmid=37672695 |s2cid=261581755}}</ref> Tare da ganowa da magani da wuri, yawancin waɗanda abin ya shafa za su iya rayuwa ta al'ada kuma suna da tsawon rai kusa da na jama'a. <ref name="Roberts 2023" /> Lalacewar hanta da jijiyoyin jiki da ke faruwa kafin magani na iya inganta, amma galibi yana dindindin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition and Facts {{!}} NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/definition-facts |access-date=2019-02-01 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Haihuwa yawanci al'ada ce kuma matsalolin ciki ba sa ƙaruwa a cikin waɗanda ke da cutar Wilson da ake yi wa magani. <ref name="Roberts 2023" /> == Tarihi == Cutar tana ɗauke da sunan likitan [[Birtaniya]] Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937), wani likitan jijiyoyi wanda ya bayyana yanayin, gami da canje-canjen cututtuka a kwakwalwa da hanta, a cikin 1912. <ref name="Wilson1912">{{Cite journal |last=Kinnier Wilson SA |year=1912 |title=Progressive lenticular degeneration: a familial nervous disease associated with cirrhosis of the liver |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431640 |journal=Brain |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=295–507 |doi=10.1093/brain/34.4.295}}</ref> Aikin Wilson ya riga ya kasance tun kafin rahotanni daga likitan jijiyoyi na Jamus Karl Westphal (a cikin 1883), wanda ya kira shi "pseudo-sclerosis"; na likitan jijiyoyi na Burtaniya William Gowers (a cikin 1888); <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}</ref> na masanin ilimin jijiyoyi na Finland Ernst Alexander Homén (a cikin 1889–1892), wanda ya lura da yanayin gado na cutar; <ref name="Homén1892">{{Cite journal |last=Homén EA |date=1892 |title=Eine eigenthümliche bei drei Geschwistern auftretende typische Krankheit unter der Form einer progressiven Dementia in Verbindung mit ausgedehnten Gefässveränderungen (wohl Lues hereditaria tarda) |journal=Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten |volume=24 |pages=1–38}}</ref> da kuma na Adolph Strümpell (a cikin 1898), wanda ya lura da cirrhosis na hanta. <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertson_WM2000">Robertson WM (February 2000). "Wilson's disease". ''Arch. Neurol''. '''57''' (2): <span class="nowrap">276–</span>77. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/archneur.57.2.276|10.1001/archneur.57.2.276]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10681092 10681092].</cite></ref> Masanin ilimin jijiyoyi John Nathaniel Cumings ya yi alaƙa da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta da kwakwalwa a cikin 1948. <ref name="pmid18124738">{{Cite journal |last=Cumings JN |year=1948 |title=The copper and iron content of brain and liver in the normal and in hepato-lenticular degeneration |journal=Brain |volume=71 |issue=Dec |pages=410–15 |doi=10.1093/brain/71.4.410 |pmid=18124738}}</ref> An lura da faruwar hemolysis a cikin 1967. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McIntyre N, Clink HM, Levi AJ, Cumings JN, Sherlock S |date=February 1967 |title=Hemolytic anemia in Wilson's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1967-02-23_276_8/page/439 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=276 |issue=8 |pages=439–44 |doi=10.1056/NEJM196702232760804 |pmid=6018274}}</ref> A shekarar 1951, Cumings (a Ingila), da kuma likitan kwakwalwa na New Zealand Derek Denny-Brown (suna aiki a Amurka), sun ba da rahoton magani mai inganci na farko a lokaci guda, ta amfani da maganin ƙarfe na British anti-Lewisite . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cumings JN |date=March 1951 |title=The effects of B.A.L. in hepatolenticular degeneration |journal=Brain |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=10–22 |doi=10.1093/brain/74.1.10 |pmid=14830662}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Denny-Brown D, Porter H |date=December 1951 |title=The effect of BAL (2,3-dimercaptopropanol) on hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1951-12-13_245_24/page/917 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=245 |issue=24 |pages=917–25 |doi=10.1056/NEJM195112132452401 |pmid=14882450}}</ref> Dole ne a yi allurar wannan maganin, amma yana ɗaya daga cikin magungunan farko da ake samu a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi, wani fanni da a da ake iya lura da gano shi, amma ba shi da magunguna da za a bayar. <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vilensky JA, Robertson WM, Gilman S |date=September 2002 |title=Denny-Brown, Wilson's disease, and BAL (British antilewisite [2,3-dimercaptopropanol]) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2002-09-24_59_6/page/914 |journal=Neurology |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=914–16 |doi=10.1212/wnl.59.6.914 |pmid=12297577}}</ref> An gano maganin farko na maganin chelation na baki wanda ke aiki a cutar Wilson, penicillamine, a shekarar 1956 ta likitan kwakwalwa na Burtaniya John Walshe. <ref name="Walshe1956">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=January 1956 |title=Wilson's disease; new oral therapy |journal=Lancet |volume=270 |issue=6906 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(56)91859-1 |pmid=13279157}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, Walshe ya kuma gabatar da trientine, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=March 1982 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease with trientine (triethylene tetramine) dihydrochloride |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1982-03-20_1_8273/page/643 |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=8273 |pages=643–47 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92201-2 |pmid=6121964 |s2cid=205999334}}</ref> kuma shi ne na farko da ya samar da tetra-thiomolybdate don amfani a asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harper PL, Walshe JM |date=December 1986 |title=Reversible pancytopenia secondary to treatment with tetrathiomolybdate |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-haematology_1986-12_64_4/page/851 |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=851–53 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.1986.tb02250.x |pmid=3801328 |s2cid=11546705 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Maganin zinc acetate ya fara bayyana a Netherlands, inda likitoci Schouwink da Hoogenraad suka yi amfani da shi a shekarar 1961 da kuma a shekarun 1970, bi da bi, kuma Brewer da abokan aikinsa a Jami'ar Michigan suka ƙara haɓaka shi daga baya. <ref name="Walshe1996">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=July 1996 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease: the historical background |journal=QJM |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=553–55 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/89.7.553 |pmid=8759497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brewer GJ |date=January 2000 |title=Recognition, diagnosis, and management of Wilson's disease |url=http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/223/1/39 |url-status=dead |journal=Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=39–46 |bibcode=2000PSEBM.223...39B |doi=10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22305.x |doi-broken-date=15 April 2026 |pmid=10632959 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409223216/http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/223/1/39 |archive-date=2008-04-09 |access-date=2008-05-20}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin bincike da dama sun fayyace tushen kwayar halittar cutar Wilson, da kuma alaƙarta da maye gurbi na ''ATP7B'', a shekarun 1980 da 1990. <ref name="pmid8298639">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bull PC, Thomas GR, Rommens JM, Forbes JR, Cox DW |year=1993 |title=The Wilson disease gene is a putative copper transporting P-type ATPase similar to the Menkes gene |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=327–37 |bibcode=1993NaGen...5..327B |doi=10.1038/ng1293-327 |pmid=8298639 |s2cid=1236890}}</ref> <ref name="pmid8298641">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tanzi RE, Petrukhin K, Chernov I, etal |year=1993 |title=The Wilson disease gene is a copper transporting ATPase with homology to the Menkes disease gene |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=344–50 |bibcode=1993NaGen...5..344T |doi=10.1038/ng1293-344 |pmid=8298641 |s2cid=610188}}</ref> == A wasu dabbobi == An bayyana tarin jan ƙarfe da aka gada a cikin Bedlington Terriers, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sternlieb I, Twedt DC, Johnson GF, etal |year=1977 |title=Inherited copper toxicity of the liver in Bedlington terriers |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Med. |volume=70 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=8–9 |doi=10.1177/00359157770700S305 |pmc=1543595 |pmid=122681}}</ref> inda yawanci yake shafar hanta kawai. A cikin Bedlington Terriers yana faruwa ne saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar ''COMMD1'' (ko ''MURR1'' ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van De Sluis B, Rothuizen J, Pearson PL, van Oost BA, Wijmenga C |year=2002 |title=Identification of a new copper metabolism gene by positional cloning in a purebred dog population |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=165–73 |doi=10.1093/hmg/11.2.165 |pmid=11809725 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gano waɗannan maye gurbi a cikin karnuka ya sa masu bincike suka binciki kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam da suka dace, amma ba a iya gano maye gurbi ''na COMMD1'' a cikin mutanen da ke da yanayin tarin jan ƙarfe wanda ba na Wilson ba ne (kamar cirrhosis na yara na Indiya ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Müller T, van de Sluis B, Zhernakova A, etal |year=2003 |title=The canine copper toxicosis gene MURR1 does not cause non-Wilsonian hepatic copper toxicosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=164–68 |doi=10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00356-2 |pmid=12547404}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Tagulla a cikin lafiya == Manazarta == {{Commonscat|Wilson's disease}}{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=14152|ICD10={{ICD10|E|83|0|e|70}}|ICD9={{ICD9|275.1}}|OMIM=277900|MedlinePlus=000785|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2413|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|neuro|570}} {{eMedicine2|ped|2441}}|MeshID=D006527|GeneReviewsNBK=NBK1512|GeneReviewsName=Wilson Disease|Orphanet=905}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Mineral metabolic pathology}}{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}{{Ion pump disorders}} * Wilson disease at NLM Genetics Home Reference {{Authority control}}{{Mineral metabolic pathology}}{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}{{Ion pump disorders}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ekipynqycle741j9pbllnwtvt2ibdpc 976116 976115 2026-11-05T10:36:58Z Ibn baaz 28481 976116 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Databox}}  {{Infobox medical condition | name = Wilson's disease | image = Wilson's Disease 4.jpg | image_size = | caption = | synonym = Wilson disease, hepatolenticular degeneration | specialty = [[Gastroenterology]] | symptoms = [[edema|Swelling of the legs]], [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], personality changes<ref name=NIH2014/> | onset = Age 5 to 35<ref name=NIH2014/> | duration = | causes = Genetic | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = [[Chronic liver disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[multiple sclerosis]], others<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lynn|first1=D. Joanne|last2=Newton|first2=Herbert B.|last3=Rae-Grant|first3=Alexander|title=The 5-minute Neurology Consult|date=2004|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780683307238|page=442|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fneFeGiBonMC&pg=PA442|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107092506/https://books.google.com/books?id=fneFeGiBonMC&pg=PA442|archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sahani|first1=Dushyant V.|last2=Samir|first2=Anthony E.|title=Abdominal Imaging: Expert Radiology Series|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323431613|page=400|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36qODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA400|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107013340/https://books.google.com/books?id=36qODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA400|archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> | prevention = | treatment = Dietary changes, [[chelating agents]], [[zinc supplements]], [[liver transplant]]<ref name=NIH2014/> | medication = | frequency = ~1 per 30,000<ref name=NIH2014/> | deaths = }} {{Reflist}}'''Cutar Wilson''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''hepatolenticular degeneration''' ) [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta]] wadda ke nuna yawan tagulla a jiki. Alamomin yawanci suna da alaƙa da [[kwakwalwa]] da hanta . Alamomin da suka shafi hanta sun haɗa da [[amai]], rauni, tarin ruwa a cikin ciki, [[Kumburi|kumburin ƙafafu]], [[Shawara|fatar da ke launin rawaya]], da kuma kaikayi . Alamomin da suka shafi kwakwalwa sun haɗa da rawar jiki, taurin tsoka, wahalar magana, canje-canje a halayen mutum, damuwa, da kuma tabin hankali . <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Cutar Wilson tana faruwa a cikin kusan mutum ɗaya cikin 30,000. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Alamomin yawanci suna farawa ne tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 35. <ref name="NIH2014" /> An fara bayyana ta a shekarar 1854 ta ƙwararren masanin cututtuka na Jamus Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs kuma an sanya mata suna ne bayan likitan kwakwalwa na Burtaniya Samuel Wilson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Whonamedit – dictionary of medical eponyms |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1818.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107014106/http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1818.html |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=www.whonamedit.com}}</ref> Cutar Wilson tana faruwa ne sakamakon maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar furotin na cutar Wilson ( ''ATP7B'' ). Wannan furotin yana jigilar jan ƙarfe mai yawa zuwa bile, inda ake fitar da shi a cikin sharar gida. Yanayin yana da autosomal recessive ; domin mutane su kamu da cutar, dole ne su gaji kwafin kwayar halittar da aka canza daga iyaye biyu. Gano cutar na iya zama da wahala kuma sau da yawa ya ƙunshi haɗakar gwaje-gwajen jini, gwaje-gwajen fitsari, da kuma nazarin hanta . Ana iya amfani da gwajin kwayoyin halitta don tantance dangin waɗanda abin ya shafa. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Yawanci ana magance cutar Wilson da canje-canje a abinci da magunguna. Canje-canje a abinci sun haɗa da cin abinci mai ƙarancin jan ƙarfe da rashin amfani da kayan girki na jan ƙarfe. Magungunan da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da magungunan chelating, kamar trientine da <nowiki><small id="mwUw">D</small></nowiki> -penicillamine, da kuma [[Zinc|ƙarin zinc]] . Matsalolin cutar Wilson na iya haɗawa da gazawar hanta da matsalolin koda . Dashen hanta na iya zama da amfani ga waɗanda wasu magunguna ba su da tasiri a gare su ko kuma idan gazawar hanta ta faru. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Manyan wuraren da jan ƙarfe ke taruwa su ne hanta da [[kwakwalwa]] . Saboda haka, cututtukan hanta da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da ganewar asali. [1] Mutanen da ke da matsalolin hanta galibi suna zuwa neman kulawar likita da wuri (galibi a lokacin yara ko matasa) fiye da waɗanda ke da alamun jijiyoyi da tabin hankali, waɗanda galibi suna cikin shekarunsu na 20 ko sama da haka. Wasu ana gano su ne kawai saboda an gano danginsu suna da cutar Wilson; da yawa daga cikinsu, idan aka gwada su, sun bayyana cewa suna fuskantar alamun cutar amma ba a gano su ba. [2] === Cutar hanta === Cutar hanta na iya bayyana kanta a matsayin [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]], [[Shawara|jaundice]], ƙaruwar zubar jini ko ruɗani (saboda cutar hanta ), da kuma hauhawar jini a portal . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilson's disease - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353251 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Na ƙarshe, yanayi wanda matsin lamba a cikin jijiyar portal ya ƙaru sosai, yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin esophagus da kuma [[Sifa|splenomegaly]] da ascites . Idan aka yi bincike, ana iya ganin alamun cututtukan hanta na yau da kullun kamar gizo-gizo angiomata (ƙananan jijiyoyin jini, galibi a kan ƙirji). [[Ciwon Hanta|Hepatitis mai aiki na yau da kullun]] ya riga ya haifar da [[cirrhosis]] na hanta a yawancin marasa lafiya lokacin da suka fara bayyanar cututtuka. Duk da cewa yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cirrhosis suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar hanta (ciwon hanta), wannan haɗarin yana da ƙarancin yawa a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 5% na dukkan mutane ana gano su ne kawai lokacin da suka kamu da matsalar hanta mai tsanani, sau da yawa a cikin mahallin cutar anemia ta hemolytic (rashin jini saboda lalacewar ƙwayoyin jinin ja). Wannan yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin samar da furotin (wanda aka gano ta hanyar rashin daidaituwar coagulation ) da metabolism ta hanta. Tsarin metabolism na furotin da ya lalace yana haifar da tarin abubuwan sharar gida, kamar ammonia, a cikin jini. Lokacin da waɗannan ke fusata kwakwalwa, marasa lafiya suna kamuwa da cutar hanta - wani mummunan yanayi wanda ke haifar da rudani, suma, [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], kuma, a ƙarshe, kumburin kwakwalwa mai barazana ga rayuwa). <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> === Alamomin tabin hankali === [[Fayil:Wilson's_Disease_5.jpg|thumb|Yarinya mai fama da cutar Wilson]] Kimanin rabin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson suna da alamun jijiyoyi ko tabin hankali. Yawancinsu da farko suna da ɗan lalacewar fahimta da rashin nutsuwa, da kuma canje-canje a cikin hali. Alamomin jijiyoyi na musamman galibi suna biyo baya, sau da yawa a cikin nau'in parkinsonism (ƙarfin bugun lead ko cogwheel, bradykinesia, da rashin kwanciyar hankali a bayan jiki <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ) tare da ko ba tare da rawar jiki ta hannu ba, fuskokin fuska da aka rufe, magana mara kyau, ataxia (rashin daidaituwa), ko dystonia (juya da maimaita motsi na wani ɓangare na jiki). Karyewa da [[migraine]] sun fi yawa a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Ana samun rawar jiki ta musamman da aka bayyana a matsayin "girgizar bugun fikafikai" a cikin mutane da yawa da ke fama da cutar Wilson; wannan ba ya nan a lokacin hutawa amma ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar sace hannun da kuma lanƙwasa gwiwar hannu zuwa tsakiyar layi. Fahimta na iya shafar cutar Wilson, a cikin rukunoni biyu marasa alaƙa da juna: matsalar lobe na gaba (na iya kasancewa a matsayin rashin himma, rashin yanke hukunci, rashin sha'awa, rashin kulawa, da rashin aikin zartarwa tare da rashin kyakkyawan tsari da yanke shawara) da kuma cutar hauka ta subcortical (na iya kasancewa a matsayin tunani a hankali, rashin tunawa, da rashin aikin zartarwa, ba tare da alamun aphasia, apraxia, ko agnosia ba ). Ana tsammanin waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi fahimta suna da alaƙa kuma suna da alaƙa da bayyanar cutar ta tabin hankali. <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matsalolin tabin hankali da cutar Wilson ke haifarwa na iya haɗawa da canje-canje a halaye, [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]], [[Matsalar damuwa|matsalolin damuwa]], da kuma tabin hankali . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Alamomin tabin hankali galibi ana ganin su tare da alamomin jijiyoyi kuma ba kasafai suke bayyana kansu ba. Waɗannan alamun galibi ba a fayyace su sosai kuma wani lokacin ana iya danganta su da wasu dalilai. Saboda haka, ba kasafai ake gano cutar Wilson ba idan alamun tabin hankali kawai suka bayyana. <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Sauran tsarin gabobi === [[Fayil:Kayser-Fleischer_ringArrow.jpg|thumb|Zoben launin ruwan kasa a gefen iris ( Kayser-Fleischer ring ) abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin cutar Wilson, musamman idan akwai alamun jijiyoyi.]] An danganta yanayin lafiya da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin cutar Wilson: * '''Idanu:''' Zoben Kayser-Fleischer (zoben KF) na iya bayyana a cikin cornea na idanu, ko dai kai tsaye ko kuma a kan gwajin fitilar da aka yanke, yayin da tarin tagulla ke samar da zobe a kusa da cornea. Wannan ya faru ne saboda kasancewar jan ƙarfe a cikin membrane na cornea na Descemet . Waɗannan zoben na iya zama ko dai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, zinare, ko ja, faɗinsu ya kai mm 1 zuwa 3, kuma suna bayyana a cornea limbus. Ba sa faruwa a cikin duk mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson kuma ana iya ganin su a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cholestasis na yau da kullun. <ref name="Pandey">{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Nivedita |last2=John |first2=Savio |date=21 June 2022 |title=Kayser-Fleischer Ring |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ |journal=StatPearls |location=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083643 |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Roberts2008">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2008 |title=Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson disease: An update |journal=Hepatology |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=2089–2111 |doi=10.1002/hep.22261 |pmid=18506894 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cutar Wilson kuma tana da alaƙa da [[Cataract|cataracts]] na sunflower da ke nuna launin ruwan kasa ko kore na capsule na gaba da na baya. Babu ɗayansu da ke haifar da asarar gani mai yawa. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Zoben KF yana faruwa a kusan kashi 66% na shari'o'in da aka gano (sau da yawa a cikin waɗanda ke da alamun jijiyoyi maimakon masu matsalolin hanta). <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gut_2007-01_56_1/page/115 |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}</ref> * '''Koda:''' renal tubular acidosis (Nau'i na 2), rashin daidaituwar sarrafa bicarbonate ta hanyar bututun proximal yana haifar da nephrocalcinosis (tarin calcium a cikin kodan), raunin ƙasusuwa (saboda asarar calcium da phosphate), da kuma wani lokacin aminoaciduria (rashin muhimman [[amino acid]] da ake buƙata don haɗa furotin). <ref name="Ala" /> * '''Zuciya:''' ciwon zuciya (rauni na tsokar zuciya) matsala ce da ba kasafai ake samu ba a cikin cutar Wilson; tana iya haifar da [[gazawar zuciya]] (tarin ruwa saboda raguwar aikin famfo) da kuma bugun zuciya (abubuwan da ke faruwa na bugun zuciya mara tsari da/ko kuma mai sauri ko jinkirin bugawa). <ref name="Ala" /> * '''Hormones:''' hypoparathyroidism (gazawar glandar parathyroid wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin sinadarin calcium), panhypopituitarism (wanda ke haifar da raguwar samar da hormones daga glandar pituitary), rashin haihuwa, da kuma sake zubar da ciki . <ref name="Ala" /> <ref name="Roberts 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |date=7 September 2023 |title=Current and Emerging Issues in Wilson's Disease |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=389 |issue=10 |pages=922–938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1903585 |pmid=37672695 |s2cid=261581755}}</ref> * '''Ƙwayoyin tsoka:''' Ciwon gaɓɓai da kuma rage ƙashi ( osteopenia ko osteoporosis ). <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * '''Yatsun Yatsu:''' Farace mai launin shuɗi, ko kuma a hukumance Azure Lunula, ana ganinta a matsayin launin shuɗi wanda ke shuɗewa kusa da shi. <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> Fayil:Sunflower_cataract.jpg|Sunflower cataract and thick KF ring of a 40-year-old male with Wilson's disease and decompensated chronic liver disease Fayil:KF_ring_1.jpg|Diffuse illumination of cornea Fayil:KF_ring_2.jpg|Copper deposition on corneal Descemet's membrane </gallery> == Halittar Halitta == [[Fayil:Autorecessive.svg|thumb|Cutar Wilson tana da tsarin gado na autosomal recessive.]] <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kwayar cutar Wilson ( ''ATP7B'' ) tana kan chromosome 13 (13q14.3) kuma ana bayyana ta musamman a cikin hanta, koda, da mahaifa . Kwayar halittar tana da lambar P-type (cation transport enzyme) ATPase wanda ke jigilar jan ƙarfe zuwa bile kuma yana haɗa shi zuwa ceruloplasmin . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yawancin mutanen da ke da cutar Wilson - 60% - suna da homozygous don maye gurbi ''na ATP7B'' (kwafi biyu marasa kyau), kuma 30% daga cikinsu suna da kwafi ɗaya kawai mara kyau. <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerleSchaeferFerenciStremmel2007">Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 "Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study"]. ''Gut''. '''56''' (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>20. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/gut.2005.087262|10.1136/gut.2005.087262]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 1856673]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709660 16709660].</cite></ref> A cikin har zuwa 7% na lokuta, mutanen da ke da cutar Wilson ba su da maye gurbi da za a iya gano su. <ref name="Stattermayer">{{Cite journal |last=Stattermayer |first=Albert |last2=Zoller |first2=Heinz M. |last3=Weiss |first3=Karl Heinz |last4=Szalay |first4=Ferenc |last5=Bruha |first5=Radan |last6=Houwen |first6=Roderick |last7=Stauber |first7=Rudolf E. |last8=Steindl-Munda |first8=Petra E. |last9=Hofer |first9=Harald |last10=Stremmel |first10=Wolfgang |last11=Ferenci |first11=Peter |date=October 2014 |title=Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464 |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=60 |pages=427A |issn=0270-9139}}</ref> Duk da cewa an bayyana fiye da maye gurbi 500 na ''ATP7B'', <ref name="Stattermayer">{{Cite journal |last=Stattermayer |first=Albert |last2=Zoller |first2=Heinz M. |last3=Weiss |first3=Karl Heinz |last4=Szalay |first4=Ferenc |last5=Bruha |first5=Radan |last6=Houwen |first6=Roderick |last7=Stauber |first7=Rudolf E. |last8=Steindl-Munda |first8=Petra E. |last9=Hofer |first9=Harald |last10=Stremmel |first10=Wolfgang |last11=Ferenci |first11=Peter |date=October 2014 |title=Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464 |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=60 |pages=427A |issn=0270-9139}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStattermayerZollerWeissSzalay2014">Stattermayer A, Zoller HM, Weiss KH, Szalay F, Bruha R, Houwen R, Stauber RE, Steindl-Munda PE, Hofer H, Stremmel W, Ferenci P (October 2014). [https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx "Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464"]. ''Hepatology''. '''60''': 427A. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-9139 0270-9139].</cite></ref> ƙaramin adadin waɗannan ne ke haifar da yawancin lokuta na cutar Wilson; wanda maye gurbi da mutum zai yi ya fi dacewa da yawan jama'ar da yake ciki. Misali, a cikin al'ummar Yamma, maye gurbi na H1069Q (maye gurbin histidine da glutamine a matsayi na 1069 a cikin furotin) yana nan a cikin kashi 37%–63% na lokuta, yayin da a China wannan maye gurbi ba kasafai ake samunsa ba; R778L ( arginine zuwa leucine a 778) ana samunsa sau da yawa a can. Ba a san komai game da tasirin maye gurbi daban-daban ba, kodayake maye gurbi na H1069Q yana hasashen farkon farawa daga baya da kuma matsalolin jijiyoyi, a cewar wasu bincike. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}</ref> Cikakken tushen da aka rubuta a asibiti, WilsonGen, yana ba da rarrabuwar asibiti don bambance-bambancen kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin jagororin ACMG & AMP na baya-bayan nan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Mukesh |last2=Gaharwar |first2=Utkarsh |last3=Paul |first3=Sangita |last4=Poojary |first4=Mukta |last5=Pandhare |first5=Kavita |last6=Scaria |first6=Vinod |last7=Bk |first7=Binukumar |date=2020-06-03 |title=WilsonGen a comprehensive clinically annotated genomic variant resource for Wilson's Disease |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=9037 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.9037K |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-66099-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7270127 |pmid=32493955}}</ref> Bambancin da aka saba samu a cikin kwayar halittar ''PRNP'' na iya canza yanayin cutar ta hanyar jinkirta shekarun farawa da kuma shafar nau'in alamun da ke tasowa. Wannan kwayar halittar tana samar da furotin prion, wanda ke aiki a cikin kwakwalwa da sauran kyallen takarda kuma da alama yana da hannu wajen jigilar jan ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grubenbecher S, Stüve O, Hefter H, Korth C |year=2006 |title=Prion protein gene codon 129 modulates clinical course of neurological Wilson disease |journal=NeuroReport |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=549–52 |doi=10.1097/01.wnr.0000209006.48105.90 |pmid=16543824 |s2cid=37186426}}</ref> Da farko an yi zargin cewa akwai wani muhimmin rawa ga kwayar halittar ''ApoE'', amma ba a iya tabbatar da hakan ba. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Ana gadon wannan yanayin ne a cikin tsarin autosomal recessive. Domin a gada shi, dole ne dukkan iyayen mutum su ɗauki kwayar halittar da ta shafa. Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson ba su da tarihin iyali na wannan yanayin. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Mutanen da ke da kwayar halitta ɗaya tilo da ba ta dace ba ana kiransu masu ɗauke da kwayar halitta (heterozygotes) kuma suna iya samun ƙananan matsaloli, amma marasa mahimmanci a fannin lafiya, na metabolism na jan ƙarfe. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Akwai cututtuka da dama da suka shafi gado waɗanda ke haifar da yawan jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta; cutar Wilson ita ce mafi yawansu. Duk suna iya haifar da [[cirrhosis]] tun suna ƙanana. Sauran cututtukan da suka shafi jan ƙarfe sune cirrhosis na yara na Indiya (ICC), cirrhosis na yara na Tyrolean, da kuma gubar jan ƙarfe na idiopathic. Waɗannan ukun, ba kamar cutar Wilson ba, ba su da alaƙa da maye gurbi ''na ATP7B'' ; misali, an danganta ICC da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar ''KRT8'' da ''KRT18'' . <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == [[Fayil:Copper_metabolism.png|thumb|Sha da rarrabawar jan ƙarfe ta al'ada: Cu = jan ƙarfe, CP = ceruloplasmin, kore = ATP7B ɗauke da jan ƙarfe]] Jiki yana buƙatar jan ƙarfe don ayyuka da yawa, galibi a matsayin mai haɗa sinadarai ga wasu enzymes kamar ceruloplasmin, cytochrome c oxidase, dopamine β-hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase, da tyrosinase . <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Tagulla tana shiga jiki ta hanyar narkewar abinci . Wani furotin mai jigilar kaya a kan ƙwayoyin ƙaramin hanji, mai jigilar membrane na jan ƙarfe 1 (Ctr1; SLC31A1), yana ɗauke da jan ƙarfe a cikin ƙwayoyin, inda wasu ke ɗaure da metallothionein kuma wani ɓangare ana ɗaukarsa ta hanyar ATOX1 zuwa wani organelle da aka sani da hanyar sadarwa ta trans-Golgi . A nan, saboda ƙaruwar yawan jan ƙarfe, wani enzyme da ake kira ATP7A (protein na Menkes) yana sakin jan ƙarfe zuwa cikin jijiyar portal zuwa hanta. Kwayoyin hanta kuma suna ɗauke da furotin CMT1, kuma metallothionein da ATOX1 suna ɗaure shi a cikin tantanin halitta, amma a nan, ATP7B yana haɗa jan ƙarfe da ceruloplasmin kuma yana sakinsa zuwa cikin jini, da kuma cire jan ƙarfe mai yawa ta hanyar fitar da shi zuwa cikin bile. Duk ayyukan ATP7B suna da rauni a cikin cutar Wilson. Tagulla yana taruwa a cikin kyallen hanta; har yanzu ana fitar da ceruloplasmin, amma a cikin wani nau'i wanda ba shi da jan ƙarfe (wanda ake kira apo-ceruloplasmin) kuma yana raguwa cikin sauri a cikin jini. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Idan adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta ya mamaye sunadaran da suka saba ɗaure shi, yana haifar da lalacewar oxidative ga hanta ta hanyar wani tsari da aka sani da Fenton chemistry ; wannan lalacewar daga ƙarshe yana haifar da [[Ciwon Hanta|hepatitis mai aiki na yau da kullun]], fibrosis (zubar da kyallen haɗin gwiwa), da [[cirrhosis]] . Hanta kuma tana sakin jan ƙarfe cikin jini wanda ba ya ɗaure da ceruloplasmin. Wannan jan ƙarfe kyauta yana kwarara a cikin jiki, amma musamman a cikin koda, idanu, da kwakwalwa. A cikin kwakwalwa, yawancin jan ƙarfe yana cikin basal ganglia, musamman a cikin putamen da globus pallidus (wanda aka haɗa tare da lenticular nucleus ); waɗannan yankuna galibi suna shiga cikin daidaita motsi kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hanyoyin neurocognitive kamar sarrafa abubuwan ƙarfafawa da daidaita yanayi. Lalacewar waɗannan yankuna, kuma ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar Fenton, yana haifar da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa da ake gani a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Ba a fayyace dalilin da ya sa cutar Wilson ke haifar da hemolysis ba, amma shaidu daban-daban sun nuna cewa babban matakin jan ƙarfe mara lahani (wanda ba ya ɗaure da ceruloplasmin) na iya shafar iskar oxygen na haemoglobin kai tsaye, ko kuma hana enzymes masu samar da makamashi a cikin ƙwayoyin jinin ja, ko kuma haifar da lalacewar membranes na ƙwayoyin halitta kai tsaye. == Ganewar Ganewa == [[Fayil:Basal_ganglia_and_related_structures_(2).svg|thumb|Wurin da basal ganglia yake, ɓangaren kwakwalwa da cutar Wilson ta shafa]] Ana iya zargin cutar Wilson bisa ga kowace alama da aka ambata a sama, ko kuma lokacin da aka gano wani dangi na kusa yana da Wilson's. Yawancinsu suna da gwaje-gwajen aikin hanta marasa kyau kamar ƙaruwar aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, da bilirubin . Matakan alkaline phosphatase suna da ƙarancin yawa a cikin waɗanda ke da gazawar hanta mai tsanani da ke da alaƙa da Wilson's. <ref name="pmid3758940">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shaver WA, Bhatt H, Combes B |year=1986 |title=Low serum alkaline phosphatase activity in Wilson's disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=859–63 |doi=10.1002/hep.1840060509 |pmid=3758940 |s2cid=24055787 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan lalacewar hanta tana da mahimmanci, albumin na iya raguwa saboda rashin iyawar ƙwayoyin hanta da suka lalace don samar da wannan furotin; haka nan, lokacin prothrombin (gwajin coagulation ) na iya tsawaita saboda hanta ba ta iya samar da sunadarai da aka sani da abubuwan clotting. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Idan aka ga alamun jijiyoyi, ana yin hoton maganadisu na kwakwalwa yawanci; wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar ƙarfi a ɓangaren kwakwalwa da ake kira basal ganglia a cikin saitin T2 . <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> MRI kuma na iya nuna halayyar "fuskar babban panda" . <ref name="Panda">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Das SK, Ray K |date=September 2006 |title=Wilson's disease: an update |journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=482–93 |doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0291 |pmid=16932613 |s2cid=205340375}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana jinkirta ganewar asali, tare da matsakaicin lokaci daga farkon alamun cutar zuwa ga ganewar asali na kimanin shekaru 2, kodayake wannan jinkirin na iya kasancewa daga gane nan take zuwa shekaru 30, wani ɓangare saboda bambancin gabatarwa da buƙatar gwaje-gwaje na musamman da yawa. <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerleSchaeferFerenciStremmel2007">Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 "Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study"]. ''Gut''. '''56''' (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>20. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/gut.2005.087262|10.1136/gut.2005.087262]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 1856673]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709660 16709660].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Minling |last2=Ren |first2=Linxiang |last3=Zheng |first3=Muxin |last4=Hong |first4=Mingfan |last5=Wei |first5=Zhisheng |date=2022 |title=Delayed Diagnosis of Wilson's Disease Report From 179 Newly Diagnosed Cases in China |journal=Frontiers in Neurology |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2022.884840 |issn=1664-2295 |pmc=9294220 |pmid=35865642 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba a san wani gwaji mai inganci game da cutar Wilson ba, amma matakan ceruloplasmin da jan ƙarfe a cikin jini, da kuma adadin jan ƙarfe da aka fitar a cikin fitsari a cikin awanni 24, ana amfani da su tare don samar da hoton adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin jiki. Gwaji mafi daidaito shine gwajin hanta . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> === Ceruloplasmin === [[Fayil:PBB_Protein_CP_image.jpg|thumb|Ceruloplasmin]] Matakan ceruloplasmin ba su da yawa sosai (<0.2)&nbsp;g/L) a cikin kashi 80–95% na lokuta. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yana iya kasancewa a matakan al'ada, kodayake, a cikin mutanen da ke fama da kumburi mai ci gaba, saboda furotin ne mai saurin kamuwa da cuta . Ana kuma samun ƙarancin ceruloplasmin a cikin cutar Menkes da aceruloplasminemia, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da, amma sun fi wuya fiye da cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala" /> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Haɗin alamomin jijiyoyi, alamun ido, da ƙarancin matakin ceruloplasmin ana ɗaukarsa ya isa don gano cutar Wilson. A lokuta da yawa, duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje. <ref name="Roberts2003" /> === Jini da fitsari jan ƙarfe === Tagulla a cikin jini yana da ƙasa, wanda zai iya zama kamar abin mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da cewa cutar Wilson cuta ce ta yawan jan ƙarfe. Duk da haka, kashi 95% na jan ƙarfe a cikin jini yana ɗauke da ceruloplasmin, wanda galibi yana da ƙasa a cikin cutar Wilson. Tagulla a cikin fitsari yana ƙaruwa a cikin cutar Wilson kuma ana tattara shi na tsawon awanni 24 a cikin kwalba tare da layin da ba shi da jan ƙarfe. Matakan da suka wuce 100&nbsp;μg/awa 24 (1.6)&nbsp;μmol/awa 24) sun tabbatar da cutar Wilson, kuma matakan da suka wuce 40&nbsp;μg/awa 24 (0.6)&nbsp;μmol/24h) suna da matuƙar nuna alama. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yawan matakan jan ƙarfe na fitsari ba na musamman bane ga cutar Wilson; wani lokacin ana lura da su a cikin cututtukan hepatitis na autoimmune da kuma a cikin cholestasis (duk wata cuta da ke toshe kwararar bile daga hanta zuwa ƙaramin hanji). <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> A cikin yara, ana iya amfani da gwajin penicillamine mai zuwa: a 500&nbsp;Ana ba da maganin penicillamine mg ta baki, sannan a tattara dukkan fitsari na tsawon awanni 24. Idan fitsarin yini ya ƙunshi fiye da 1600&nbsp;μg (25)&nbsp;μmol) na jan ƙarfe, alama ce mai inganci ta cutar Wilson. Ba a tabbatar da wannan gwajin a cikin manya ba. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> === Gwajin fitilar Slit-fitila === Ana duba idanun majiyyaci ta amfani da fitilar yankewa don neman zoben Kayser-Fleischer, waɗanda ke da alaƙa sosai da cutar Wilson kuma suna faruwa ne sakamakon tagulla da aka tara a cikin cornea na ciki a cikin membrane na Descemet . <ref name="Pandey">{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Nivedita |last2=John |first2=Savio |date=21 June 2022 |title=Kayser-Fleischer Ring |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ |journal=StatPearls |location=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083643 |access-date=30 November 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPandeyJohn2022">Pandey N, John S (21 June 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ "Kayser-Fleischer Ring"]. ''StatPearls''. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29083643 29083643]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta na hanta === Da zarar wasu bincike sun nuna cutar Wilson, gwajin da ya fi dacewa shine cire ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyin hanta ta hanyar yin gwajin hanta. Ana tantance wannan ta hanyar microscopic don matakin steatosis da cirrhosis, kuma ana amfani da histochemistry da kimanta jan ƙarfe don auna tsananin tarin jan ƙarfe. Mataki na 250&nbsp;μg na jan ƙarfe a kowace gram na busasshen ƙwayar hanta yana tabbatar da cutar Wilson. A wasu lokutan, ana samun ƙarancin matakan jan ƙarfe; a wannan yanayin, haɗakar binciken biopsy tare da duk sauran gwaje-gwaje na iya haifar da ganewar asali na Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> A farkon matakan cutar, biopsy yawanci yana nuna steatosis (zubar da kitse), ƙaruwar glycogen a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, da kuma yankunan necrosis (mutuwar ƙwayoyin halitta). A cikin mafi ci gaba da cutar, canje-canjen da aka lura suna kama da waɗanda ake gani a cikin cutar hepatitis ta autoimmune, kamar shigar ƙwayoyin kumburi, ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da juna, da fibrosis (tabon kyallen takarda). A cikin ci gaba da cutar, a ƙarshe, cirrhosis shine babban abin da aka gano. A cikin mummunan gazawar hanta, lalacewar ƙwayoyin hanta da rugujewar tsarin kyallen hanta ana ganin su, yawanci akan asalin canje-canje na cirrhotic. Hanyoyin histochemical don gano jan ƙarfe ba su da daidaito kuma ba su da tabbas, kuma ana ɗaukar su kaɗai a matsayin waɗanda ba su isa ba don kafa ganewar asali. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Gwajin Halittar Halitta === Ana iya yin nazarin sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta na ''ATP7B'', da kuma sauran kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta. Da zarar an tabbatar da sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta, ana iya duba 'yan uwa don gano cutar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shawarwarin iyali na kwayoyin halitta na asibiti . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Rarraba kwayoyin halitta na yankuna da ke da alaƙa da cutar Wilson yana da mahimmanci a bi, domin wannan zai iya taimaka wa likitoci su tsara dabarun tantancewa masu dacewa. Tunda sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta na ''ATP7B'' sun bambanta tsakanin al'ummomi, bincike da gwajin kwayoyin halitta da aka yi a ƙasashe kamar Amurka ko Burtaniya na iya haifar da matsaloli, saboda suna da yawan jama'a masu gauraye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferenci |first=Peter |date=2006-06-22 |title=Regional distribution of mutations of the ATP7B gene in patients with Wilson disease: impact on genetic testing |journal=Human Genetics |language=en |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=151–159 |doi=10.1007/s00439-006-0202-5 |issn=0340-6717 |pmid=16791614 |s2cid=10124665}}</ref> == Magani == === Abinci mai gina jiki === Gabaɗaya, ana ba da shawarar cin abinci mai ƙarancin sinadarin jan ƙarfe. Abincin da ake guje wa daga yawan jan ƙarfe a cikin cutar Wilson sun haɗa da namomin kaza, goro, cakulan, busassun [['ya'yan itace]], hanta, tsaban ridi, man ridi, da kifin shellfish . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Bayan jiyya ta farko ta rage matakan jan ƙarfe, likita zai iya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya cin matsakaicin adadin waɗannan abincin lafiya yayin kula da lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/eating-diet-nutrition |access-date=2026-03-29 |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> Idan ruwan famfo ya fito daga rijiya ko kuma ya ratsa bututun jan ƙarfe, ana ba da shawarar a duba matakin jan ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/eating-diet-nutrition |access-date=2026-03-29 |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> === Magani === Akwai magunguna na likitanci don magance cutar Wilson. Wasu suna ƙara yawan cire jan ƙarfe daga jiki, yayin da wasu kuma suna hana shan jan ƙarfe daga abinci. Gabaɗaya, penicillamine shine magani na farko da ake amfani da shi. Wannan yana ɗaurewa da jan ƙarfe (ta hanyar chelation ) kuma yana haifar da fitar da jan ƙarfe a cikin fitsari. Saboda haka, ana iya yin sa ido kan adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin fitsari don tabbatar da an sha isasshen magani. Penicillamine ba shi da matsala; kusan kashi 20% suna fuskantar sakamako ko rikitarwa na maganin penicillamine, kamar [[lupus]] da miyagun ƙwayoyi ke haifarwa (yana haifar da ciwon haɗin gwiwa da kuraje a fata) ko myasthenia (yanayin jijiya wanda ke haifar da raunin tsoka). Ga waɗanda suka nuna alamun jijiyoyi, kusan rabin suna fuskantar tabarbarewar alamunsu. Duk da cewa ana lura da wannan lamari a wasu jiyya ga Wilson's, yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alama don dakatar da penicillamine da fara magani na biyu. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Waɗanda ba sa jure wa penicillamine za a iya fara amfani da trientine hydrochloride, wanda kuma yana da kaddarorin chelating. Wasu suna ba da shawarar trientine a matsayin magani na farko, amma ƙwarewa tare da penicillamine ya fi yawa. <ref name="Roberts2003" /> Wani ƙarin sinadari da aka san yana aiki a cikin cutar Wilson, wanda Wilson Therapeutics ke gudanar da bincike a kansa, shine tetrathiomolybdate . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin gwaji, <ref name="Roberts2003" /> kodayake wasu bincike sun nuna sakamako mai amfani. <ref name="Ala" /> Da zarar duk sakamakon ya koma daidai, ana iya amfani da [[zinc]] (yawanci a cikin nau'in maganin zinc acetate da ake kira Galzin) maimakon chelators don kiyaye daidaiton matakan jan ƙarfe a jiki. Zinc yana motsa metallothionein, wani furotin a cikin ƙwayoyin hanji wanda ke ɗaure jan ƙarfe kuma yana hana sha da jigilar sa zuwa hanta. Ana ci gaba da maganin zinc sai dai idan alamun sun sake dawowa ko kuma idan fitar jan ƙarfe daga fitsari ya ƙaru. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> A lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun maganin da ke da tasiri a baki ba, musamman ma idan akwai cututtukan jijiyoyi masu tsanani, ana buƙatar dimercaprol (mai hana Lewisite na Burtaniya) a wasu lokutan. Ana yin wannan maganin ta hanyar jijiya (a cikin tsoka) duk bayan makonni kaɗan kuma yana da illoli marasa daɗi kamar ciwo. <ref name="Walshe1996">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=July 1996 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease: the historical background |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_qjm_1996-07_89_7/page/553 |journal=QJM |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=553–55 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/89.7.553 |pmid=8759497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mutane waɗanda ba su da alamun cutar (misali, waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar gwajin iyali ko kuma sakamakon gwajin da ba a saba gani ba) galibi ana yi musu magani, domin tarin jan ƙarfe na iya haifar da lalacewa na dogon lokaci a nan gaba. Ko waɗannan mutanen za a fi yi musu magani da penicillamine ko zinc acetate ba a fayyace ba. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Jiyya na jiki da na aiki === [[Gyaran jiki|Maganin motsa jiki]] da kuma aikin yi suna da amfani ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar ta jijiyoyi. Maganin jan ƙarfe na iya ɗaukar har zuwa watanni shida kafin ya fara aiki, kuma waɗannan hanyoyin na iya taimakawa wajen magance ataxia, dystonia, da girgizar ƙasa, da kuma hana ci gaban kwankwancewa da ka iya tasowa daga dystonia. <ref name="Brewer2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brewer GJ, Askari FK |year=2005 |title=Wilson's disease: clinical management and therapy |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=42 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=13–21 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2004.11.013 |pmid=15777568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Dashen === Dashen hanta magani ne mai inganci ga cutar Wilson, amma ana amfani da shi ne kawai a wasu yanayi na musamman saboda haɗarin da ke tattare da aikin. Ana amfani da shi galibi ga mutanen da ke fama da gazawar hanta waɗanda ba su amsa maganin likita ba ko kuma waɗanda ke fama da cutar hanta mai tsanani. Ana guje wa dashen hanta a cikin cututtukan tabin hankali masu tsanani, waɗanda ba a nuna fa'idarsa ba. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Hasashen == Idan ba a yi maganinsa ba, cutar Wilson tana ƙara ta'azzara kuma daga ƙarshe tana kashe mutane. Matsaloli masu tsanani sun haɗa da cirrhosis na hanta, gazawar koda mai tsanani, da kuma tabin hankali. [[Ciwon daji na hanta]] da kuma cholangiocarcinoma na iya faruwa, amma a ƙasa da sauran cututtukan hanta na yau da kullun, kuma haɗarin yana raguwa sosai idan aka yi magani. <ref name="Roberts 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |date=7 September 2023 |title=Current and Emerging Issues in Wilson's Disease |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=389 |issue=10 |pages=922–938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1903585 |pmid=37672695 |s2cid=261581755}}</ref> Tare da ganowa da magani da wuri, yawancin waɗanda abin ya shafa za su iya rayuwa ta al'ada kuma suna da tsawon rai kusa da na jama'a. <ref name="Roberts 2023" /> Lalacewar hanta da jijiyoyin jiki da ke faruwa kafin magani na iya inganta, amma galibi yana dindindin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition and Facts {{!}} NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/definition-facts |access-date=2019-02-01 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Haihuwa yawanci al'ada ce kuma matsalolin ciki ba sa ƙaruwa a cikin waɗanda ke da cutar Wilson da ake yi wa magani. <ref name="Roberts 2023" /> == Tarihi == Cutar tana ɗauke da sunan likitan [[Birtaniya]] Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937), wani likitan jijiyoyi wanda ya bayyana yanayin, gami da canje-canjen cututtuka a kwakwalwa da hanta, a cikin 1912. <ref name="Wilson1912">{{Cite journal |last=Kinnier Wilson SA |year=1912 |title=Progressive lenticular degeneration: a familial nervous disease associated with cirrhosis of the liver |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431640 |journal=Brain |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=295–507 |doi=10.1093/brain/34.4.295}}</ref> Aikin Wilson ya riga ya kasance tun kafin rahotanni daga likitan jijiyoyi na Jamus Karl Westphal (a cikin 1883), wanda ya kira shi "pseudo-sclerosis"; na likitan jijiyoyi na Burtaniya William Gowers (a cikin 1888); <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}</ref> na masanin ilimin jijiyoyi na Finland Ernst Alexander Homén (a cikin 1889–1892), wanda ya lura da yanayin gado na cutar; <ref name="Homén1892">{{Cite journal |last=Homén EA |date=1892 |title=Eine eigenthümliche bei drei Geschwistern auftretende typische Krankheit unter der Form einer progressiven Dementia in Verbindung mit ausgedehnten Gefässveränderungen (wohl Lues hereditaria tarda) |journal=Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten |volume=24 |pages=1–38}}</ref> da kuma na Adolph Strümpell (a cikin 1898), wanda ya lura da cirrhosis na hanta. <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertson_WM2000">Robertson WM (February 2000). "Wilson's disease". ''Arch. Neurol''. '''57''' (2): <span class="nowrap">276–</span>77. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/archneur.57.2.276|10.1001/archneur.57.2.276]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10681092 10681092].</cite></ref> Masanin ilimin jijiyoyi John Nathaniel Cumings ya yi alaƙa da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta da kwakwalwa a cikin 1948. <ref name="pmid18124738">{{Cite journal |last=Cumings JN |year=1948 |title=The copper and iron content of brain and liver in the normal and in hepato-lenticular degeneration |journal=Brain |volume=71 |issue=Dec |pages=410–15 |doi=10.1093/brain/71.4.410 |pmid=18124738}}</ref> An lura da faruwar hemolysis a cikin 1967. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McIntyre N, Clink HM, Levi AJ, Cumings JN, Sherlock S |date=February 1967 |title=Hemolytic anemia in Wilson's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1967-02-23_276_8/page/439 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=276 |issue=8 |pages=439–44 |doi=10.1056/NEJM196702232760804 |pmid=6018274}}</ref> A shekarar 1951, Cumings (a Ingila), da kuma likitan kwakwalwa na New Zealand Derek Denny-Brown (suna aiki a Amurka), sun ba da rahoton magani mai inganci na farko a lokaci guda, ta amfani da maganin ƙarfe na British anti-Lewisite . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cumings JN |date=March 1951 |title=The effects of B.A.L. in hepatolenticular degeneration |journal=Brain |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=10–22 |doi=10.1093/brain/74.1.10 |pmid=14830662}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Denny-Brown D, Porter H |date=December 1951 |title=The effect of BAL (2,3-dimercaptopropanol) on hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1951-12-13_245_24/page/917 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=245 |issue=24 |pages=917–25 |doi=10.1056/NEJM195112132452401 |pmid=14882450}}</ref> Dole ne a yi allurar wannan maganin, amma yana ɗaya daga cikin magungunan farko da ake samu a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi, wani fanni da a da ake iya lura da gano shi, amma ba shi da magunguna da za a bayar. <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vilensky JA, Robertson WM, Gilman S |date=September 2002 |title=Denny-Brown, Wilson's disease, and BAL (British antilewisite [2,3-dimercaptopropanol]) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2002-09-24_59_6/page/914 |journal=Neurology |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=914–16 |doi=10.1212/wnl.59.6.914 |pmid=12297577}}</ref> An gano maganin farko na maganin chelation na baki wanda ke aiki a cutar Wilson, penicillamine, a shekarar 1956 ta likitan kwakwalwa na Burtaniya John Walshe. <ref name="Walshe1956">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=January 1956 |title=Wilson's disease; new oral therapy |journal=Lancet |volume=270 |issue=6906 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(56)91859-1 |pmid=13279157}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, Walshe ya kuma gabatar da trientine, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=March 1982 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease with trientine (triethylene tetramine) dihydrochloride |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1982-03-20_1_8273/page/643 |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=8273 |pages=643–47 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92201-2 |pmid=6121964 |s2cid=205999334}}</ref> kuma shi ne na farko da ya samar da tetra-thiomolybdate don amfani a asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harper PL, Walshe JM |date=December 1986 |title=Reversible pancytopenia secondary to treatment with tetrathiomolybdate |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-haematology_1986-12_64_4/page/851 |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=851–53 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.1986.tb02250.x |pmid=3801328 |s2cid=11546705 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Maganin zinc acetate ya fara bayyana a Netherlands, inda likitoci Schouwink da Hoogenraad suka yi amfani da shi a shekarar 1961 da kuma a shekarun 1970, bi da bi, kuma Brewer da abokan aikinsa a Jami'ar Michigan suka ƙara haɓaka shi daga baya. <ref name="Walshe1996">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=July 1996 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease: the historical background |journal=QJM |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=553–55 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/89.7.553 |pmid=8759497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brewer GJ |date=January 2000 |title=Recognition, diagnosis, and management of Wilson's disease |url=http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/223/1/39 |url-status=dead |journal=Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=39–46 |bibcode=2000PSEBM.223...39B |doi=10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22305.x |doi-broken-date=15 April 2026 |pmid=10632959 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409223216/http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/223/1/39 |archive-date=2008-04-09 |access-date=2008-05-20}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin bincike da dama sun fayyace tushen kwayar halittar cutar Wilson, da kuma alaƙarta da maye gurbi na ''ATP7B'', a shekarun 1980 da 1990. <ref name="pmid8298639">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bull PC, Thomas GR, Rommens JM, Forbes JR, Cox DW |year=1993 |title=The Wilson disease gene is a putative copper transporting P-type ATPase similar to the Menkes gene |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=327–37 |bibcode=1993NaGen...5..327B |doi=10.1038/ng1293-327 |pmid=8298639 |s2cid=1236890}}</ref> <ref name="pmid8298641">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tanzi RE, Petrukhin K, Chernov I, etal |year=1993 |title=The Wilson disease gene is a copper transporting ATPase with homology to the Menkes disease gene |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=344–50 |bibcode=1993NaGen...5..344T |doi=10.1038/ng1293-344 |pmid=8298641 |s2cid=610188}}</ref> == A wasu dabbobi == An bayyana tarin jan ƙarfe da aka gada a cikin Bedlington Terriers, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sternlieb I, Twedt DC, Johnson GF, etal |year=1977 |title=Inherited copper toxicity of the liver in Bedlington terriers |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Med. |volume=70 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=8–9 |doi=10.1177/00359157770700S305 |pmc=1543595 |pmid=122681}}</ref> inda yawanci yake shafar hanta kawai. A cikin Bedlington Terriers yana faruwa ne saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar ''COMMD1'' (ko ''MURR1'' ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van De Sluis B, Rothuizen J, Pearson PL, van Oost BA, Wijmenga C |year=2002 |title=Identification of a new copper metabolism gene by positional cloning in a purebred dog population |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=165–73 |doi=10.1093/hmg/11.2.165 |pmid=11809725 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gano waɗannan maye gurbi a cikin karnuka ya sa masu bincike suka binciki kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam da suka dace, amma ba a iya gano maye gurbi ''na COMMD1'' a cikin mutanen da ke da yanayin tarin jan ƙarfe wanda ba na Wilson ba ne (kamar cirrhosis na yara na Indiya ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Müller T, van de Sluis B, Zhernakova A, etal |year=2003 |title=The canine copper toxicosis gene MURR1 does not cause non-Wilsonian hepatic copper toxicosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=164–68 |doi=10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00356-2 |pmid=12547404}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Tagulla a cikin lafiya == Manazarta == {{Commonscat|Wilson's disease}}{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=14152|ICD10={{ICD10|E|83|0|e|70}}|ICD9={{ICD9|275.1}}|OMIM=277900|MedlinePlus=000785|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2413|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|neuro|570}} {{eMedicine2|ped|2441}}|MeshID=D006527|GeneReviewsNBK=NBK1512|GeneReviewsName=Wilson Disease|Orphanet=905}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Mineral metabolic pathology}}{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}{{Ion pump disorders}} * Wilson disease at NLM Genetics Home Reference {{Authority control}}{{Mineral metabolic pathology}}{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}{{Ion pump disorders}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qgql13pciohxfe40vy1vl262a1wdxfl 976121 976116 2026-11-05T11:19:51Z Ibn baaz 28481 976121 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Databox}}  {{Infobox medical condition | name = Wilson's disease | image = Wilson's Disease 4.jpg | image_size = | caption = | synonym = Wilson disease, hepatolenticular degeneration | specialty = [[Gastroenterology]] | symptoms = [[edema|Swelling of the legs]], [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], personality changes<ref name=NIH2014/> | onset = Age 5 to 35<ref name=NIH2014/> | duration = | causes = Genetic | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = [[Chronic liver disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[multiple sclerosis]], others<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lynn|first1=D. Joanne|last2=Newton|first2=Herbert B.|last3=Rae-Grant|first3=Alexander|title=The 5-minute Neurology Consult|date=2004|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780683307238|page=442|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fneFeGiBonMC&pg=PA442|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107092506/https://books.google.com/books?id=fneFeGiBonMC&pg=PA442|archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sahani|first1=Dushyant V.|last2=Samir|first2=Anthony E.|title=Abdominal Imaging: Expert Radiology Series|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323431613|page=400|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36qODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA400|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107013340/https://books.google.com/books?id=36qODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA400|archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> | prevention = | treatment = Dietary changes, [[chelating agents]], [[zinc supplements]], [[liver transplant]]<ref name=NIH2014/> | medication = | frequency = ~1 per 30,000<ref name=NIH2014/> | deaths = }} {{Reflist}}'''Cutar Wilson''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''hepatolenticular degeneration''' ) [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta]] wadda ke nuna yawan tagulla a jiki. Alamomin yawanci suna da alaƙa da [[kwakwalwa]] da hanta . Alamomin da suka shafi hanta sun haɗa da [[amai]], rauni, tarin ruwa a cikin ciki, [[Kumburi|kumburin ƙafafu]], [[Shawara|fatar da ke launin rawaya]], da kuma kaikayi . Alamomin da suka shafi kwakwalwa sun haɗa da rawar jiki, taurin tsoka, wahalar magana, canje-canje a halayen mutum, damuwa, da kuma tabin hankali . <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Cutar Wilson tana faruwa a cikin kusan mutum ɗaya cikin 30,000. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Alamomin yawanci suna farawa ne tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 35. <ref name="NIH2014" /> An fara bayyana ta a shekarar 1854 ta ƙwararren masanin cututtuka na Jamus Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs kuma an sanya mata suna ne bayan likitan kwakwalwa na Burtaniya Samuel Wilson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Whonamedit – dictionary of medical eponyms |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1818.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107014106/http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1818.html |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=www.whonamedit.com}}</ref> Cutar Wilson tana faruwa ne sakamakon maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar furotin na cutar Wilson ( ''ATP7B'' ). Wannan furotin yana jigilar jan ƙarfe mai yawa zuwa bile, inda ake fitar da shi a cikin sharar gida. Yanayin yana da autosomal recessive ; domin mutane su kamu da cutar, dole ne su gaji kwafin kwayar halittar da aka canza daga iyaye biyu. Gano cutar na iya zama da wahala kuma sau da yawa ya ƙunshi haɗakar gwaje-gwajen jini, gwaje-gwajen fitsari, da kuma nazarin hanta . Ana iya amfani da gwajin kwayoyin halitta don tantance dangin waɗanda abin ya shafa. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Yawanci ana magance cutar Wilson da canje-canje a abinci da magunguna. Canje-canje a abinci sun haɗa da cin abinci mai ƙarancin jan ƙarfe da rashin amfani da kayan girki na jan ƙarfe. Magungunan da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da magungunan chelating, kamar trientine da <nowiki><small id="mwUw">D</small></nowiki> -penicillamine, da kuma [[Zinc|ƙarin zinc]] . Matsalolin cutar Wilson na iya haɗawa da gazawar hanta da matsalolin koda . Dashen hanta na iya zama da amfani ga waɗanda wasu magunguna ba su da tasiri a gare su ko kuma idan gazawar hanta ta faru. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Manyan wuraren da jan ƙarfe ke taruwa su ne hanta da [[kwakwalwa]] . Saboda haka, cututtukan hanta da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da ganewar asali. [1] Mutanen da ke da matsalolin hanta galibi suna zuwa neman kulawar likita da wuri (galibi a lokacin yara ko matasa) fiye da waɗanda ke da alamun jijiyoyi da tabin hankali, waɗanda galibi suna cikin shekarunsu na 20 ko sama da haka. Wasu ana gano su ne kawai saboda an gano danginsu suna da cutar Wilson; da yawa daga cikinsu, idan aka gwada su, sun bayyana cewa suna fuskantar alamun cutar amma ba a gano su ba. [2] === Cutar hanta === Cutar hanta na iya bayyana kanta a matsayin [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]], [[Shawara|jaundice]], ƙaruwar zubar jini ko ruɗani (saboda cutar hanta ), da kuma hauhawar jini a portal . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilson's disease - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353251 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Na ƙarshe, yanayi wanda matsin lamba a cikin jijiyar portal ya ƙaru sosai, yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin esophagus da kuma [[Sifa|splenomegaly]] da ascites . Idan aka yi bincike, ana iya ganin alamun cututtukan hanta na yau da kullun kamar gizo-gizo angiomata (ƙananan jijiyoyin jini, galibi a kan ƙirji). [[Ciwon Hanta|Hepatitis mai aiki na yau da kullun]] ya riga ya haifar da [[cirrhosis]] na hanta a yawancin marasa lafiya lokacin da suka fara bayyanar cututtuka. Duk da cewa yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cirrhosis suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar hanta (ciwon hanta), wannan haɗarin yana da ƙarancin yawa a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 5% na dukkan mutane ana gano su ne kawai lokacin da suka kamu da matsalar hanta mai tsanani, sau da yawa a cikin mahallin cutar anemia ta hemolytic (rashin jini saboda lalacewar ƙwayoyin jinin ja). Wannan yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin samar da furotin (wanda aka gano ta hanyar rashin daidaituwar coagulation ) da metabolism ta hanta. Tsarin metabolism na furotin da ya lalace yana haifar da tarin abubuwan sharar gida, kamar ammonia, a cikin jini. Lokacin da waɗannan ke fusata kwakwalwa, marasa lafiya suna kamuwa da cutar hanta - wani mummunan yanayi wanda ke haifar da rudani, suma, [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], kuma, a ƙarshe, kumburin kwakwalwa mai barazana ga rayuwa). <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> === Alamomin tabin hankali === [[Fayil:Wilson's_Disease_5.jpg|thumb|Yarinya mai fama da cutar Wilson]] Kimanin rabin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson suna da alamun jijiyoyi ko tabin hankali. Yawancinsu da farko suna da ɗan lalacewar fahimta da rashin nutsuwa, da kuma canje-canje a cikin hali. Alamomin jijiyoyi na musamman galibi suna biyo baya, sau da yawa a cikin nau'in parkinsonism (ƙarfin bugun lead ko cogwheel, bradykinesia, da rashin kwanciyar hankali a bayan jiki <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ) tare da ko ba tare da rawar jiki ta hannu ba, fuskokin fuska da aka rufe, magana mara kyau, ataxia (rashin daidaituwa), ko dystonia (juya da maimaita motsi na wani ɓangare na jiki). Karyewa da [[migraine]] sun fi yawa a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Ana samun rawar jiki ta musamman da aka bayyana a matsayin "girgizar bugun fikafikai" a cikin mutane da yawa da ke fama da cutar Wilson; wannan ba ya nan a lokacin hutawa amma ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar sace hannun da kuma lanƙwasa gwiwar hannu zuwa tsakiyar layi. Fahimta na iya shafar cutar Wilson, a cikin rukunoni biyu marasa alaƙa da juna: matsalar lobe na gaba (na iya kasancewa a matsayin rashin himma, rashin yanke hukunci, rashin sha'awa, rashin kulawa, da rashin aikin zartarwa tare da rashin kyakkyawan tsari da yanke shawara) da kuma cutar hauka ta subcortical (na iya kasancewa a matsayin tunani a hankali, rashin tunawa, da rashin aikin zartarwa, ba tare da alamun aphasia, apraxia, ko agnosia ba ). Ana tsammanin waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi fahimta suna da alaƙa kuma suna da alaƙa da bayyanar cutar ta tabin hankali. <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matsalolin tabin hankali da cutar Wilson ke haifarwa na iya haɗawa da canje-canje a halaye, [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]], [[Matsalar damuwa|matsalolin damuwa]], da kuma tabin hankali . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Alamomin tabin hankali galibi ana ganin su tare da alamomin jijiyoyi kuma ba kasafai suke bayyana kansu ba. Waɗannan alamun galibi ba a fayyace su sosai kuma wani lokacin ana iya danganta su da wasu dalilai. Saboda haka, ba kasafai ake gano cutar Wilson ba idan alamun tabin hankali kawai suka bayyana. <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Sauran tsarin gabobi === [[Fayil:Kayser-Fleischer_ringArrow.jpg|thumb|Zoben launin ruwan kasa a gefen iris ( Kayser-Fleischer ring ) abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin cutar Wilson, musamman idan akwai alamun jijiyoyi.]] An danganta yanayin lafiya da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin cutar Wilson: * '''Idanu:''' Zoben Kayser-Fleischer (zoben KF) na iya bayyana a cikin cornea na idanu, ko dai kai tsaye ko kuma a kan gwajin fitilar da aka yanke, yayin da tarin tagulla ke samar da zobe a kusa da cornea. Wannan ya faru ne saboda kasancewar jan ƙarfe a cikin membrane na cornea na Descemet . Waɗannan zoben na iya zama ko dai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, zinare, ko ja, faɗinsu ya kai mm 1 zuwa 3, kuma suna bayyana a cornea limbus. Ba sa faruwa a cikin duk mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson kuma ana iya ganin su a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cholestasis na yau da kullun. <ref name="Pandey">{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Nivedita |last2=John |first2=Savio |date=21 June 2022 |title=Kayser-Fleischer Ring |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ |journal=StatPearls |location=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083643 |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Roberts2008">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2008 |title=Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson disease: An update |journal=Hepatology |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=2089–2111 |doi=10.1002/hep.22261 |pmid=18506894 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cutar Wilson kuma tana da alaƙa da [[Cataract|cataracts]] na sunflower da ke nuna launin ruwan kasa ko kore na capsule na gaba da na baya. Babu ɗayansu da ke haifar da asarar gani mai yawa. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Zoben KF yana faruwa a kusan kashi 66% na shari'o'in da aka gano (sau da yawa a cikin waɗanda ke da alamun jijiyoyi maimakon masu matsalolin hanta). <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gut_2007-01_56_1/page/115 |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}</ref> * '''Koda:''' renal tubular acidosis (Nau'i na 2), rashin daidaituwar sarrafa bicarbonate ta hanyar bututun proximal yana haifar da nephrocalcinosis (tarin calcium a cikin kodan), raunin ƙasusuwa (saboda asarar calcium da phosphate), da kuma wani lokacin aminoaciduria (rashin muhimman [[amino acid]] da ake buƙata don haɗa furotin). <ref name="Ala" /> * '''Zuciya:''' ciwon zuciya (rauni na tsokar zuciya) matsala ce da ba kasafai ake samu ba a cikin cutar Wilson; tana iya haifar da [[gazawar zuciya]] (tarin ruwa saboda raguwar aikin famfo) da kuma bugun zuciya (abubuwan da ke faruwa na bugun zuciya mara tsari da/ko kuma mai sauri ko jinkirin bugawa). <ref name="Ala" /> * '''Hormones:''' hypoparathyroidism (gazawar glandar parathyroid wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin sinadarin calcium), panhypopituitarism (wanda ke haifar da raguwar samar da hormones daga glandar pituitary), rashin haihuwa, da kuma sake zubar da ciki . <ref name="Ala" /> <ref name="Roberts 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |date=7 September 2023 |title=Current and Emerging Issues in Wilson's Disease |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=389 |issue=10 |pages=922–938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1903585 |pmid=37672695 |s2cid=261581755}}</ref> * '''Ƙwayoyin tsoka:''' Ciwon gaɓɓai da kuma rage ƙashi ( osteopenia ko osteoporosis ). <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * '''Yatsun Yatsu:''' Farace mai launin shuɗi, ko kuma a hukumance Azure Lunula, ana ganinta a matsayin launin shuɗi wanda ke shuɗewa kusa da shi. <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> Fayil:Sunflower_cataract.jpg|Sunflower cataract and thick KF ring of a 40-year-old male with Wilson's disease and decompensated chronic liver disease Fayil:KF_ring_1.jpg|Diffuse illumination of cornea Fayil:KF_ring_2.jpg|Copper deposition on corneal Descemet's membrane </gallery> == Halittar Halitta == [[Fayil:Autorecessive.svg|thumb|Cutar Wilson tana da tsarin gado na autosomal recessive.]] <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kwayar cutar Wilson ( ''ATP7B'' ) tana kan chromosome 13 (13q14.3) kuma ana bayyana ta musamman a cikin hanta, koda, da mahaifa . Kwayar halittar tana da lambar P-type (cation transport enzyme) ATPase wanda ke jigilar jan ƙarfe zuwa bile kuma yana haɗa shi zuwa ceruloplasmin . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yawancin mutanen da ke da cutar Wilson - 60% - suna da homozygous don maye gurbi ''na ATP7B'' (kwafi biyu marasa kyau), kuma 30% daga cikinsu suna da kwafi ɗaya kawai mara kyau. <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerleSchaeferFerenciStremmel2007">Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 "Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study"]. ''Gut''. '''56''' (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>20. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/gut.2005.087262|10.1136/gut.2005.087262]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 1856673]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709660 16709660].</cite></ref> A cikin har zuwa 7% na lokuta, mutanen da ke da cutar Wilson ba su da maye gurbi da za a iya gano su. <ref name="Stattermayer">{{Cite journal |last=Stattermayer |first=Albert |last2=Zoller |first2=Heinz M. |last3=Weiss |first3=Karl Heinz |last4=Szalay |first4=Ferenc |last5=Bruha |first5=Radan |last6=Houwen |first6=Roderick |last7=Stauber |first7=Rudolf E. |last8=Steindl-Munda |first8=Petra E. |last9=Hofer |first9=Harald |last10=Stremmel |first10=Wolfgang |last11=Ferenci |first11=Peter |date=October 2014 |title=Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464 |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=60 |pages=427A |issn=0270-9139}}</ref> Duk da cewa an bayyana fiye da maye gurbi 500 na ''ATP7B'', <ref name="Stattermayer">{{Cite journal |last=Stattermayer |first=Albert |last2=Zoller |first2=Heinz M. |last3=Weiss |first3=Karl Heinz |last4=Szalay |first4=Ferenc |last5=Bruha |first5=Radan |last6=Houwen |first6=Roderick |last7=Stauber |first7=Rudolf E. |last8=Steindl-Munda |first8=Petra E. |last9=Hofer |first9=Harald |last10=Stremmel |first10=Wolfgang |last11=Ferenci |first11=Peter |date=October 2014 |title=Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464 |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=60 |pages=427A |issn=0270-9139}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStattermayerZollerWeissSzalay2014">Stattermayer A, Zoller HM, Weiss KH, Szalay F, Bruha R, Houwen R, Stauber RE, Steindl-Munda PE, Hofer H, Stremmel W, Ferenci P (October 2014). [https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx "Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464"]. ''Hepatology''. '''60''': 427A. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-9139 0270-9139].</cite></ref> ƙaramin adadin waɗannan ne ke haifar da yawancin lokuta na cutar Wilson; wanda maye gurbi da mutum zai yi ya fi dacewa da yawan jama'ar da yake ciki. Misali, a cikin al'ummar Yamma, maye gurbi na H1069Q (maye gurbin histidine da glutamine a matsayi na 1069 a cikin furotin) yana nan a cikin kashi 37%–63% na lokuta, yayin da a China wannan maye gurbi ba kasafai ake samunsa ba; R778L ( arginine zuwa leucine a 778) ana samunsa sau da yawa a can. Ba a san komai game da tasirin maye gurbi daban-daban ba, kodayake maye gurbi na H1069Q yana hasashen farkon farawa daga baya da kuma matsalolin jijiyoyi, a cewar wasu bincike. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}</ref> Cikakken tushen da aka rubuta a asibiti, WilsonGen, yana ba da rarrabuwar asibiti don bambance-bambancen kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin jagororin ACMG & AMP na baya-bayan nan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Mukesh |last2=Gaharwar |first2=Utkarsh |last3=Paul |first3=Sangita |last4=Poojary |first4=Mukta |last5=Pandhare |first5=Kavita |last6=Scaria |first6=Vinod |last7=Bk |first7=Binukumar |date=2020-06-03 |title=WilsonGen a comprehensive clinically annotated genomic variant resource for Wilson's Disease |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=9037 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.9037K |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-66099-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7270127 |pmid=32493955}}</ref> Bambancin da aka saba samu a cikin ƙwayar halittar ''PRNP'' na iya canza yanayin cutar ta hanyar jinkirta shekarun farawa da kuma shafar nau'in alamun da ke tasowa. Wannan kwayar halittar tana samar da furotin prion, wanda ke aiki a cikin kwakwalwa da sauran kyallen takarda kuma da alama yana da hannu wajen jigilar jan ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grubenbecher S, Stüve O, Hefter H, Korth C |year=2006 |title=Prion protein gene codon 129 modulates clinical course of neurological Wilson disease |journal=NeuroReport |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=549–52 |doi=10.1097/01.wnr.0000209006.48105.90 |pmid=16543824 |s2cid=37186426}}</ref> Da farko an yi zargin cewa akwai wani muhimmin rawa ga kwayar halittar ''ApoE'', amma ba a iya tabbatar da hakan ba. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Ana gadon wannan yanayin ne a cikin tsarin autosomal recessive. Domin a gada shi, dole ne dukkan iyayen mutum su ɗauki kwayar halittar da ta shafa. Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson ba su da tarihin iyali na wannan yanayin. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Mutanen da ke da kwayar halitta ɗaya tilo da ba ta dace ba ana kiransu masu ɗauke da kwayar halitta (heterozygotes) kuma suna iya samun ƙananan matsaloli, amma marasa mahimmanci a fannin lafiya, na metabolism na jan ƙarfe. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Akwai cututtuka da dama da suka shafi gado waɗanda ke haifar da yawan jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta; cutar Wilson ita ce mafi yawansu. Duk suna iya haifar da [[cirrhosis]] tun suna ƙanana. Sauran cututtukan da suka shafi jan ƙarfe sune cirrhosis na yara na Indiya (ICC), cirrhosis na yara na Tyrolean, da kuma gubar jan ƙarfe na idiopathic. Waɗannan ukun, ba kamar cutar Wilson ba, ba su da alaƙa da maye gurbi ''na ATP7B'' ; misali, an danganta ICC da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar ''KRT8'' da ''KRT18'' . <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == [[Fayil:Copper_metabolism.png|thumb|Sha da rarrabawar jan ƙarfe ta al'ada: Cu = jan ƙarfe, CP = ceruloplasmin, kore = ATP7B ɗauke da jan ƙarfe]] Jiki yana buƙatar jan ƙarfe don ayyuka da yawa, galibi a matsayin mai haɗa sinadarai ga wasu enzymes kamar ceruloplasmin, cytochrome c oxidase, dopamine β-hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase, da tyrosinase . <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Tagulla tana shiga jiki ta hanyar narkewar abinci . Wani furotin mai jigilar kaya a kan ƙwayoyin ƙaramin hanji, mai jigilar membrane na jan ƙarfe 1 (Ctr1; SLC31A1), yana ɗauke da jan ƙarfe a cikin ƙwayoyin, inda wasu ke ɗaure da metallothionein kuma wani ɓangare ana ɗaukarsa ta hanyar ATOX1 zuwa wani organelle da aka sani da hanyar sadarwa ta trans-Golgi . A nan, saboda ƙaruwar yawan jan ƙarfe, wani enzyme da ake kira ATP7A (protein na Menkes) yana sakin jan ƙarfe zuwa cikin jijiyar portal zuwa hanta. Kwayoyin hanta kuma suna ɗauke da furotin CMT1, kuma metallothionein da ATOX1 suna ɗaure shi a cikin tantanin halitta, amma a nan, ATP7B yana haɗa jan ƙarfe da ceruloplasmin kuma yana sakinsa zuwa cikin jini, da kuma cire jan ƙarfe mai yawa ta hanyar fitar da shi zuwa cikin bile. Duk ayyukan ATP7B suna da rauni a cikin cutar Wilson. Tagulla yana taruwa a cikin kyallen hanta; har yanzu ana fitar da ceruloplasmin, amma a cikin wani nau'i wanda ba shi da jan ƙarfe (wanda ake kira apo-ceruloplasmin) kuma yana raguwa cikin sauri a cikin jini. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Idan adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta ya mamaye sunadaran da suka saba ɗaure shi, yana haifar da lalacewar oxidative ga hanta ta hanyar wani tsari da aka sani da Fenton chemistry ; wannan lalacewar daga ƙarshe yana haifar da [[Ciwon Hanta|hepatitis mai aiki na yau da kullun]], fibrosis (zubar da kyallen haɗin gwiwa), da [[cirrhosis]] . Hanta kuma tana sakin jan ƙarfe cikin jini wanda ba ya ɗaure da ceruloplasmin. Wannan jan ƙarfe kyauta yana kwarara a cikin jiki, amma musamman a cikin koda, idanu, da kwakwalwa. A cikin kwakwalwa, yawancin jan ƙarfe yana cikin basal ganglia, musamman a cikin putamen da globus pallidus (wanda aka haɗa tare da lenticular nucleus ); waɗannan yankuna galibi suna shiga cikin daidaita motsi kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hanyoyin neurocognitive kamar sarrafa abubuwan ƙarfafawa da daidaita yanayi. Lalacewar waɗannan yankuna, kuma ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar Fenton, yana haifar da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa da ake gani a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Ba a fayyace dalilin da ya sa cutar Wilson ke haifar da hemolysis ba, amma shaidu daban-daban sun nuna cewa babban matakin jan ƙarfe mara lahani (wanda ba ya ɗaure da ceruloplasmin) na iya shafar iskar oxygen na haemoglobin kai tsaye, ko kuma hana enzymes masu samar da makamashi a cikin ƙwayoyin jinin ja, ko kuma haifar da lalacewar membranes na ƙwayoyin halitta kai tsaye. == Ganewar Ganewa == [[Fayil:Basal_ganglia_and_related_structures_(2).svg|thumb|Wurin da basal ganglia yake, ɓangaren kwakwalwa da cutar Wilson ta shafa]] Ana iya zargin cutar Wilson bisa ga kowace alama da aka ambata a sama, ko kuma lokacin da aka gano wani dangi na kusa yana da Wilson's. Yawancinsu suna da gwaje-gwajen aikin hanta marasa kyau kamar ƙaruwar aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, da bilirubin . Matakan alkaline phosphatase suna da ƙarancin yawa a cikin waɗanda ke da gazawar hanta mai tsanani da ke da alaƙa da Wilson's. <ref name="pmid3758940">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shaver WA, Bhatt H, Combes B |year=1986 |title=Low serum alkaline phosphatase activity in Wilson's disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=859–63 |doi=10.1002/hep.1840060509 |pmid=3758940 |s2cid=24055787 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan lalacewar hanta tana da mahimmanci, albumin na iya raguwa saboda rashin iyawar ƙwayoyin hanta da suka lalace don samar da wannan furotin; haka nan, lokacin prothrombin (gwajin coagulation ) na iya tsawaita saboda hanta ba ta iya samar da sunadarai da aka sani da abubuwan clotting. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Idan aka ga alamun jijiyoyi, ana yin hoton maganadisu na kwakwalwa yawanci; wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar ƙarfi a ɓangaren kwakwalwa da ake kira basal ganglia a cikin saitin T2 . <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> MRI kuma na iya nuna halayyar "fuskar babban panda" . <ref name="Panda">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Das SK, Ray K |date=September 2006 |title=Wilson's disease: an update |journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=482–93 |doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0291 |pmid=16932613 |s2cid=205340375}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana jinkirta ganewar asali, tare da matsakaicin lokaci daga farkon alamun cutar zuwa ga ganewar asali na kimanin shekaru 2, kodayake wannan jinkirin na iya kasancewa daga gane nan take zuwa shekaru 30, wani ɓangare saboda bambancin gabatarwa da buƙatar gwaje-gwaje na musamman da yawa. <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerleSchaeferFerenciStremmel2007">Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 "Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study"]. ''Gut''. '''56''' (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>20. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/gut.2005.087262|10.1136/gut.2005.087262]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 1856673]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709660 16709660].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Minling |last2=Ren |first2=Linxiang |last3=Zheng |first3=Muxin |last4=Hong |first4=Mingfan |last5=Wei |first5=Zhisheng |date=2022 |title=Delayed Diagnosis of Wilson's Disease Report From 179 Newly Diagnosed Cases in China |journal=Frontiers in Neurology |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2022.884840 |issn=1664-2295 |pmc=9294220 |pmid=35865642 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba a san wani gwaji mai inganci game da cutar Wilson ba, amma matakan ceruloplasmin da jan ƙarfe a cikin jini, da kuma adadin jan ƙarfe da aka fitar a cikin fitsari a cikin awanni 24, ana amfani da su tare don samar da hoton adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin jiki. Gwaji mafi daidaito shine gwajin hanta . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> === Ceruloplasmin === [[Fayil:PBB_Protein_CP_image.jpg|thumb|Ceruloplasmin]] Matakan ceruloplasmin ba su da yawa sosai (<0.2)&nbsp;g/L) a cikin kashi 80–95% na lokuta. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yana iya kasancewa a matakan al'ada, kodayake, a cikin mutanen da ke fama da kumburi mai ci gaba, saboda furotin ne mai saurin kamuwa da cuta . Ana kuma samun ƙarancin ceruloplasmin a cikin cutar Menkes da aceruloplasminemia, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da, amma sun fi wuya fiye da cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala" /> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Haɗin alamomin jijiyoyi, alamun ido, da ƙarancin matakin ceruloplasmin ana ɗaukarsa ya isa don gano cutar Wilson. A lokuta da yawa, duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje. <ref name="Roberts2003" /> === Jini da fitsari jan ƙarfe === Tagulla a cikin jini yana da ƙasa, wanda zai iya zama kamar abin mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da cewa cutar Wilson cuta ce ta yawan jan ƙarfe. Duk da haka, kashi 95% na jan ƙarfe a cikin jini yana ɗauke da ceruloplasmin, wanda galibi yana da ƙasa a cikin cutar Wilson. Tagulla a cikin fitsari yana ƙaruwa a cikin cutar Wilson kuma ana tattara shi na tsawon awanni 24 a cikin kwalba tare da layin da ba shi da jan ƙarfe. Matakan da suka wuce 100&nbsp;μg/awa 24 (1.6)&nbsp;μmol/awa 24) sun tabbatar da cutar Wilson, kuma matakan da suka wuce 40&nbsp;μg/awa 24 (0.6)&nbsp;μmol/24h) suna da matuƙar nuna alama. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yawan matakan jan ƙarfe na fitsari ba na musamman bane ga cutar Wilson; wani lokacin ana lura da su a cikin cututtukan hepatitis na autoimmune da kuma a cikin cholestasis (duk wata cuta da ke toshe kwararar bile daga hanta zuwa ƙaramin hanji). <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> A cikin yara, ana iya amfani da gwajin penicillamine mai zuwa: a 500&nbsp;Ana ba da maganin penicillamine mg ta baki, sannan a tattara dukkan fitsari na tsawon awanni 24. Idan fitsarin yini ya ƙunshi fiye da 1600&nbsp;μg (25)&nbsp;μmol) na jan ƙarfe, alama ce mai inganci ta cutar Wilson. Ba a tabbatar da wannan gwajin a cikin manya ba. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> === Gwajin fitilar Slit-fitila === Ana duba idanun majiyyaci ta amfani da fitilar yankewa don neman zoben Kayser-Fleischer, waɗanda ke da alaƙa sosai da cutar Wilson kuma suna faruwa ne sakamakon tagulla da aka tara a cikin cornea na ciki a cikin membrane na Descemet . <ref name="Pandey">{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Nivedita |last2=John |first2=Savio |date=21 June 2022 |title=Kayser-Fleischer Ring |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ |journal=StatPearls |location=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083643 |access-date=30 November 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPandeyJohn2022">Pandey N, John S (21 June 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ "Kayser-Fleischer Ring"]. ''StatPearls''. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29083643 29083643]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta na hanta === Da zarar wasu bincike sun nuna cutar Wilson, gwajin da ya fi dacewa shine cire ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyin hanta ta hanyar yin gwajin hanta. Ana tantance wannan ta hanyar microscopic don matakin steatosis da cirrhosis, kuma ana amfani da histochemistry da kimanta jan ƙarfe don auna tsananin tarin jan ƙarfe. Mataki na 250&nbsp;μg na jan ƙarfe a kowace gram na busasshen ƙwayar hanta yana tabbatar da cutar Wilson. A wasu lokutan, ana samun ƙarancin matakan jan ƙarfe; a wannan yanayin, haɗakar binciken biopsy tare da duk sauran gwaje-gwaje na iya haifar da ganewar asali na Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> A farkon matakan cutar, biopsy yawanci yana nuna steatosis (zubar da kitse), ƙaruwar glycogen a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, da kuma yankunan necrosis (mutuwar ƙwayoyin halitta). A cikin mafi ci gaba da cutar, canje-canjen da aka lura suna kama da waɗanda ake gani a cikin cutar hepatitis ta autoimmune, kamar shigar ƙwayoyin kumburi, ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da juna, da fibrosis (tabon kyallen takarda). A cikin ci gaba da cutar, a ƙarshe, cirrhosis shine babban abin da aka gano. A cikin mummunan gazawar hanta, lalacewar ƙwayoyin hanta da rugujewar tsarin kyallen hanta ana ganin su, yawanci akan asalin canje-canje na cirrhotic. Hanyoyin histochemical don gano jan ƙarfe ba su da daidaito kuma ba su da tabbas, kuma ana ɗaukar su kaɗai a matsayin waɗanda ba su isa ba don kafa ganewar asali. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Gwajin Halittar Halitta === Ana iya yin nazarin sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta na ''ATP7B'', da kuma sauran kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta. Da zarar an tabbatar da sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta, ana iya duba 'yan uwa don gano cutar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shawarwarin iyali na kwayoyin halitta na asibiti . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Rarraba kwayoyin halitta na yankuna da ke da alaƙa da cutar Wilson yana da mahimmanci a bi, domin wannan zai iya taimaka wa likitoci su tsara dabarun tantancewa masu dacewa. Tunda sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta na ''ATP7B'' sun bambanta tsakanin al'ummomi, bincike da gwajin kwayoyin halitta da aka yi a ƙasashe kamar Amurka ko Burtaniya na iya haifar da matsaloli, saboda suna da yawan jama'a masu gauraye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferenci |first=Peter |date=2006-06-22 |title=Regional distribution of mutations of the ATP7B gene in patients with Wilson disease: impact on genetic testing |journal=Human Genetics |language=en |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=151–159 |doi=10.1007/s00439-006-0202-5 |issn=0340-6717 |pmid=16791614 |s2cid=10124665}}</ref> == Magani == === Abinci mai gina jiki === Gabaɗaya, ana ba da shawarar cin abinci mai ƙarancin sinadarin jan ƙarfe. Abincin da ake guje wa daga yawan jan ƙarfe a cikin cutar Wilson sun haɗa da namomin kaza, goro, cakulan, busassun [['ya'yan itace]], hanta, tsaban ridi, man ridi, da kifin shellfish . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Bayan jiyya ta farko ta rage matakan jan ƙarfe, likita zai iya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya cin matsakaicin adadin waɗannan abincin lafiya yayin kula da lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/eating-diet-nutrition |access-date=2026-03-29 |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> Idan ruwan famfo ya fito daga rijiya ko kuma ya ratsa bututun jan ƙarfe, ana ba da shawarar a duba matakin jan ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/eating-diet-nutrition |access-date=2026-03-29 |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> === Magani === Akwai magunguna na likitanci don magance cutar Wilson. Wasu suna ƙara yawan cire jan ƙarfe daga jiki, yayin da wasu kuma suna hana shan jan ƙarfe daga abinci. Gabaɗaya, penicillamine shine magani na farko da ake amfani da shi. Wannan yana ɗaurewa da jan ƙarfe (ta hanyar chelation ) kuma yana haifar da fitar da jan ƙarfe a cikin fitsari. Saboda haka, ana iya yin sa ido kan adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin fitsari don tabbatar da an sha isasshen magani. Penicillamine ba shi da matsala; kusan kashi 20% suna fuskantar sakamako ko rikitarwa na maganin penicillamine, kamar [[lupus]] da miyagun ƙwayoyi ke haifarwa (yana haifar da ciwon haɗin gwiwa da kuraje a fata) ko myasthenia (yanayin jijiya wanda ke haifar da raunin tsoka). Ga waɗanda suka nuna alamun jijiyoyi, kusan rabin suna fuskantar tabarbarewar alamunsu. Duk da cewa ana lura da wannan lamari a wasu jiyya ga Wilson's, yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alama don dakatar da penicillamine da fara magani na biyu. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Waɗanda ba sa jure wa penicillamine za a iya fara amfani da trientine hydrochloride, wanda kuma yana da kaddarorin chelating. Wasu suna ba da shawarar trientine a matsayin magani na farko, amma ƙwarewa tare da penicillamine ya fi yawa. <ref name="Roberts2003" /> Wani ƙarin sinadari da aka san yana aiki a cikin cutar Wilson, wanda Wilson Therapeutics ke gudanar da bincike a kansa, shine tetrathiomolybdate . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin gwaji, <ref name="Roberts2003" /> kodayake wasu bincike sun nuna sakamako mai amfani. <ref name="Ala" /> Da zarar duk sakamakon ya koma daidai, ana iya amfani da [[zinc]] (yawanci a cikin nau'in maganin zinc acetate da ake kira Galzin) maimakon chelators don kiyaye daidaiton matakan jan ƙarfe a jiki. Zinc yana motsa metallothionein, wani furotin a cikin ƙwayoyin hanji wanda ke ɗaure jan ƙarfe kuma yana hana sha da jigilar sa zuwa hanta. Ana ci gaba da maganin zinc sai dai idan alamun sun sake dawowa ko kuma idan fitar jan ƙarfe daga fitsari ya ƙaru. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> A lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun maganin da ke da tasiri a baki ba, musamman ma idan akwai cututtukan jijiyoyi masu tsanani, ana buƙatar dimercaprol (mai hana Lewisite na Burtaniya) a wasu lokutan. Ana yin wannan maganin ta hanyar jijiya (a cikin tsoka) duk bayan makonni kaɗan kuma yana da illoli marasa daɗi kamar ciwo. <ref name="Walshe1996">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=July 1996 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease: the historical background |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_qjm_1996-07_89_7/page/553 |journal=QJM |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=553–55 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/89.7.553 |pmid=8759497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mutane waɗanda ba su da alamun cutar (misali, waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar gwajin iyali ko kuma sakamakon gwajin da ba a saba gani ba) galibi ana yi musu magani, domin tarin jan ƙarfe na iya haifar da lalacewa na dogon lokaci a nan gaba. Ko waɗannan mutanen za a fi yi musu magani da penicillamine ko zinc acetate ba a fayyace ba. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Jiyya na jiki da na aiki === [[Gyaran jiki|Maganin motsa jiki]] da kuma aikin yi suna da amfani ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar ta jijiyoyi. Maganin jan ƙarfe na iya ɗaukar har zuwa watanni shida kafin ya fara aiki, kuma waɗannan hanyoyin na iya taimakawa wajen magance ataxia, dystonia, da girgizar ƙasa, da kuma hana ci gaban kwankwancewa da ka iya tasowa daga dystonia. <ref name="Brewer2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brewer GJ, Askari FK |year=2005 |title=Wilson's disease: clinical management and therapy |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=42 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=13–21 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2004.11.013 |pmid=15777568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Dashen === Dashen hanta magani ne mai inganci ga cutar Wilson, amma ana amfani da shi ne kawai a wasu yanayi na musamman saboda haɗarin da ke tattare da aikin. Ana amfani da shi galibi ga mutanen da ke fama da gazawar hanta waɗanda ba su amsa maganin likita ba ko kuma waɗanda ke fama da cutar hanta mai tsanani. Ana guje wa dashen hanta a cikin cututtukan tabin hankali masu tsanani, waɗanda ba a nuna fa'idarsa ba. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Hasashen == Idan ba a yi maganinsa ba, cutar Wilson tana ƙara ta'azzara kuma daga ƙarshe tana kashe mutane. Matsaloli masu tsanani sun haɗa da cirrhosis na hanta, gazawar koda mai tsanani, da kuma tabin hankali. [[Ciwon daji na hanta]] da kuma cholangiocarcinoma na iya faruwa, amma a ƙasa da sauran cututtukan hanta na yau da kullun, kuma haɗarin yana raguwa sosai idan aka yi magani. <ref name="Roberts 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |date=7 September 2023 |title=Current and Emerging Issues in Wilson's Disease |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=389 |issue=10 |pages=922–938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1903585 |pmid=37672695 |s2cid=261581755}}</ref> Tare da ganowa da magani da wuri, yawancin waɗanda abin ya shafa za su iya rayuwa ta al'ada kuma suna da tsawon rai kusa da na jama'a. <ref name="Roberts 2023" /> Lalacewar hanta da jijiyoyin jiki da ke faruwa kafin magani na iya inganta, amma galibi yana dindindin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition and Facts {{!}} NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/definition-facts |access-date=2019-02-01 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Haihuwa yawanci al'ada ce kuma matsalolin ciki ba sa ƙaruwa a cikin waɗanda ke da cutar Wilson da ake yi wa magani. <ref name="Roberts 2023" /> == Tarihi == Cutar tana ɗauke da sunan likitan [[Birtaniya]] Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937), wani likitan jijiyoyi wanda ya bayyana yanayin, gami da canje-canjen cututtuka a kwakwalwa da hanta, a cikin 1912. <ref name="Wilson1912">{{Cite journal |last=Kinnier Wilson SA |year=1912 |title=Progressive lenticular degeneration: a familial nervous disease associated with cirrhosis of the liver |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431640 |journal=Brain |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=295–507 |doi=10.1093/brain/34.4.295}}</ref> Aikin Wilson ya riga ya kasance tun kafin rahotanni daga likitan jijiyoyi na Jamus Karl Westphal (a cikin 1883), wanda ya kira shi "pseudo-sclerosis"; na likitan jijiyoyi na Burtaniya William Gowers (a cikin 1888); <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}</ref> na masanin ilimin jijiyoyi na Finland Ernst Alexander Homén (a cikin 1889–1892), wanda ya lura da yanayin gado na cutar; <ref name="Homén1892">{{Cite journal |last=Homén EA |date=1892 |title=Eine eigenthümliche bei drei Geschwistern auftretende typische Krankheit unter der Form einer progressiven Dementia in Verbindung mit ausgedehnten Gefässveränderungen (wohl Lues hereditaria tarda) |journal=Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten |volume=24 |pages=1–38}}</ref> da kuma na Adolph Strümpell (a cikin 1898), wanda ya lura da cirrhosis na hanta. <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertson_WM2000">Robertson WM (February 2000). "Wilson's disease". ''Arch. Neurol''. '''57''' (2): <span class="nowrap">276–</span>77. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/archneur.57.2.276|10.1001/archneur.57.2.276]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10681092 10681092].</cite></ref> Masanin ilimin jijiyoyi John Nathaniel Cumings ya yi alaƙa da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta da kwakwalwa a cikin 1948. <ref name="pmid18124738">{{Cite journal |last=Cumings JN |year=1948 |title=The copper and iron content of brain and liver in the normal and in hepato-lenticular degeneration |journal=Brain |volume=71 |issue=Dec |pages=410–15 |doi=10.1093/brain/71.4.410 |pmid=18124738}}</ref> An lura da faruwar hemolysis a cikin 1967. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McIntyre N, Clink HM, Levi AJ, Cumings JN, Sherlock S |date=February 1967 |title=Hemolytic anemia in Wilson's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1967-02-23_276_8/page/439 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=276 |issue=8 |pages=439–44 |doi=10.1056/NEJM196702232760804 |pmid=6018274}}</ref> A shekarar 1951, Cumings (a Ingila), da kuma likitan kwakwalwa na New Zealand Derek Denny-Brown (suna aiki a Amurka), sun ba da rahoton magani mai inganci na farko a lokaci guda, ta amfani da maganin ƙarfe na British anti-Lewisite . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cumings JN |date=March 1951 |title=The effects of B.A.L. in hepatolenticular degeneration |journal=Brain |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=10–22 |doi=10.1093/brain/74.1.10 |pmid=14830662}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Denny-Brown D, Porter H |date=December 1951 |title=The effect of BAL (2,3-dimercaptopropanol) on hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1951-12-13_245_24/page/917 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=245 |issue=24 |pages=917–25 |doi=10.1056/NEJM195112132452401 |pmid=14882450}}</ref> Dole ne a yi allurar wannan maganin, amma yana ɗaya daga cikin magungunan farko da ake samu a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi, wani fanni da a da ake iya lura da gano shi, amma ba shi da magunguna da za a bayar. <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vilensky JA, Robertson WM, Gilman S |date=September 2002 |title=Denny-Brown, Wilson's disease, and BAL (British antilewisite [2,3-dimercaptopropanol]) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2002-09-24_59_6/page/914 |journal=Neurology |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=914–16 |doi=10.1212/wnl.59.6.914 |pmid=12297577}}</ref> An gano maganin farko na maganin chelation na baki wanda ke aiki a cutar Wilson, penicillamine, a shekarar 1956 ta likitan kwakwalwa na Burtaniya John Walshe. <ref name="Walshe1956">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=January 1956 |title=Wilson's disease; new oral therapy |journal=Lancet |volume=270 |issue=6906 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(56)91859-1 |pmid=13279157}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, Walshe ya kuma gabatar da trientine, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=March 1982 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease with trientine (triethylene tetramine) dihydrochloride |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1982-03-20_1_8273/page/643 |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=8273 |pages=643–47 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92201-2 |pmid=6121964 |s2cid=205999334}}</ref> kuma shi ne na farko da ya samar da tetra-thiomolybdate don amfani a asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harper PL, Walshe JM |date=December 1986 |title=Reversible pancytopenia secondary to treatment with tetrathiomolybdate |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-haematology_1986-12_64_4/page/851 |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=851–53 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.1986.tb02250.x |pmid=3801328 |s2cid=11546705 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Maganin zinc acetate ya fara bayyana a Netherlands, inda likitoci Schouwink da Hoogenraad suka yi amfani da shi a shekarar 1961 da kuma a shekarun 1970, bi da bi, kuma Brewer da abokan aikinsa a Jami'ar Michigan suka ƙara haɓaka shi daga baya. <ref name="Walshe1996">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=July 1996 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease: the historical background |journal=QJM |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=553–55 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/89.7.553 |pmid=8759497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brewer GJ |date=January 2000 |title=Recognition, diagnosis, and management of Wilson's disease |url=http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/223/1/39 |url-status=dead |journal=Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=39–46 |bibcode=2000PSEBM.223...39B |doi=10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22305.x |doi-broken-date=15 April 2026 |pmid=10632959 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409223216/http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/223/1/39 |archive-date=2008-04-09 |access-date=2008-05-20}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin bincike da dama sun fayyace tushen kwayar halittar cutar Wilson, da kuma alaƙarta da maye gurbi na ''ATP7B'', a shekarun 1980 da 1990. <ref name="pmid8298639">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bull PC, Thomas GR, Rommens JM, Forbes JR, Cox DW |year=1993 |title=The Wilson disease gene is a putative copper transporting P-type ATPase similar to the Menkes gene |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=327–37 |bibcode=1993NaGen...5..327B |doi=10.1038/ng1293-327 |pmid=8298639 |s2cid=1236890}}</ref> <ref name="pmid8298641">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tanzi RE, Petrukhin K, Chernov I, etal |year=1993 |title=The Wilson disease gene is a copper transporting ATPase with homology to the Menkes disease gene |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=344–50 |bibcode=1993NaGen...5..344T |doi=10.1038/ng1293-344 |pmid=8298641 |s2cid=610188}}</ref> == A wasu dabbobi == An bayyana tarin jan ƙarfe da aka gada a cikin Bedlington Terriers, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sternlieb I, Twedt DC, Johnson GF, etal |year=1977 |title=Inherited copper toxicity of the liver in Bedlington terriers |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Med. |volume=70 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=8–9 |doi=10.1177/00359157770700S305 |pmc=1543595 |pmid=122681}}</ref> inda yawanci yake shafar hanta kawai. A cikin Bedlington Terriers yana faruwa ne saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar ''COMMD1'' (ko ''MURR1'' ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van De Sluis B, Rothuizen J, Pearson PL, van Oost BA, Wijmenga C |year=2002 |title=Identification of a new copper metabolism gene by positional cloning in a purebred dog population |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=165–73 |doi=10.1093/hmg/11.2.165 |pmid=11809725 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gano waɗannan maye gurbi a cikin karnuka ya sa masu bincike suka binciki kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam da suka dace, amma ba a iya gano maye gurbi ''na COMMD1'' a cikin mutanen da ke da yanayin tarin jan ƙarfe wanda ba na Wilson ba ne (kamar cirrhosis na yara na Indiya ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Müller T, van de Sluis B, Zhernakova A, etal |year=2003 |title=The canine copper toxicosis gene MURR1 does not cause non-Wilsonian hepatic copper toxicosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=164–68 |doi=10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00356-2 |pmid=12547404}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Tagulla a cikin lafiya == Manazarta == {{Commonscat|Wilson's disease}}{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=14152|ICD10={{ICD10|E|83|0|e|70}}|ICD9={{ICD9|275.1}}|OMIM=277900|MedlinePlus=000785|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2413|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|neuro|570}} {{eMedicine2|ped|2441}}|MeshID=D006527|GeneReviewsNBK=NBK1512|GeneReviewsName=Wilson Disease|Orphanet=905}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Mineral metabolic pathology}}{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}{{Ion pump disorders}} * Wilson disease at NLM Genetics Home Reference {{Authority control}}{{Mineral metabolic pathology}}{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}{{Ion pump disorders}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9shm47pitlz5q2tlnm359zd59vfo8um 976148 976121 2026-11-05T11:52:50Z Ibn baaz 28481 976148 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Databox}}  {{Infobox medical condition | name = Wilson's disease | image = Wilson's Disease 4.jpg | image_size = | caption = | synonym = Wilson disease, hepatolenticular degeneration | specialty = [[Gastroenterology]] | symptoms = [[edema|Swelling of the legs]], [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], personality changes<ref name=NIH2014/> | onset = Age 5 to 35<ref name=NIH2014/> | duration = | causes = Genetic | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = [[Chronic liver disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[multiple sclerosis]], others<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lynn|first1=D. Joanne|last2=Newton|first2=Herbert B.|last3=Rae-Grant|first3=Alexander|title=The 5-minute Neurology Consult|date=2004|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780683307238|page=442|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fneFeGiBonMC&pg=PA442|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107092506/https://books.google.com/books?id=fneFeGiBonMC&pg=PA442|archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sahani|first1=Dushyant V.|last2=Samir|first2=Anthony E.|title=Abdominal Imaging: Expert Radiology Series|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323431613|page=400|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36qODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA400|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107013340/https://books.google.com/books?id=36qODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA400|archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> | prevention = | treatment = Dietary changes, [[chelating agents]], [[zinc supplements]], [[liver transplant]]<ref name=NIH2014/> | medication = | frequency = ~1 per 30,000<ref name=NIH2014/> | deaths = }} {{Reflist}}'''Cutar Wilson''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''hepatolenticular degeneration''' ) [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta]] wadda ke nuna yawan tagulla a jiki. Alamomin yawanci suna da alaƙa da [[kwakwalwa]] da hanta . Alamomin da suka shafi hanta sun haɗa da [[amai]], rauni, tarin ruwa a cikin ciki, [[Kumburi|kumburin ƙafafu]], [[Shawara|fatar da ke launin rawaya]], da kuma kaikayi . Alamomin da suka shafi kwakwalwa sun haɗa da rawar jiki, taurin tsoka, wahalar magana, canje-canje a halayen mutum, damuwa, da kuma tabin hankali . <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Cutar Wilson tana faruwa a cikin kusan mutum ɗaya cikin 30,000. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Alamomin yawanci suna farawa ne tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 35. <ref name="NIH2014" /> An fara bayyana ta a shekarar 1854 ta ƙwararren masanin cututtuka na Jamus Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs kuma an sanya mata suna ne bayan likitan kwakwalwa na Burtaniya Samuel Wilson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Whonamedit – dictionary of medical eponyms |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1818.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107014106/http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1818.html |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=www.whonamedit.com}}</ref> Cutar Wilson tana faruwa ne sakamakon maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar furotin na cutar Wilson ( ''ATP7B'' ). Wannan furotin yana jigilar jan ƙarfe mai yawa zuwa bile, inda ake fitar da shi a cikin sharar gida. Yanayin yana da autosomal recessive ; domin mutane su kamu da cutar, dole ne su gaji kwafin kwayar halittar da aka canza daga iyaye biyu. Gano cutar na iya zama da wahala kuma sau da yawa ya ƙunshi haɗakar gwaje-gwajen jini, gwaje-gwajen fitsari, da kuma nazarin hanta . Ana iya amfani da gwajin kwayoyin halitta don tantance dangin waɗanda abin ya shafa. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Yawanci ana magance cutar Wilson da canje-canje a abinci da magunguna. Canje-canje a abinci sun haɗa da cin abinci mai ƙarancin jan ƙarfe da rashin amfani da kayan girki na jan ƙarfe. Magungunan da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da magungunan chelating, kamar trientine da <nowiki><small id="mwUw">D</small></nowiki> -penicillamine, da kuma [[Zinc|ƙarin zinc]] . Matsalolin cutar Wilson na iya haɗawa da gazawar hanta da matsalolin koda . Dashen hanta na iya zama da amfani ga waɗanda wasu magunguna ba su da tasiri a gare su ko kuma idan gazawar hanta ta faru. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Manyan wuraren da jan ƙarfe ke taruwa su ne hanta da [[kwakwalwa]] . Saboda haka, cututtukan hanta da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da ganewar asali. [1] Mutanen da ke da matsalolin hanta galibi suna zuwa neman kulawar likita da wuri (galibi a lokacin yara ko matasa) fiye da waɗanda ke da alamun jijiyoyi da tabin hankali, waɗanda galibi suna cikin shekarunsu na 20 ko sama da haka. Wasu ana gano su ne kawai saboda an gano danginsu suna da cutar Wilson; da yawa daga cikinsu, idan aka gwada su, sun bayyana cewa suna fuskantar alamun cutar amma ba a gano su ba. [2] === Cutar hanta === Cutar hanta na iya bayyana kanta a matsayin [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]], [[Shawara|jaundice]], ƙaruwar zubar jini ko ruɗani (saboda cutar hanta ), da kuma hauhawar jini a portal . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilson's disease - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353251 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Na ƙarshe, yanayi wanda matsin lamba a cikin jijiyar portal ya ƙaru sosai, yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin esophagus da kuma [[Sifa|splenomegaly]] da ascites . Idan aka yi bincike, ana iya ganin alamun cututtukan hanta na yau da kullun kamar gizo-gizo angiomata (ƙananan jijiyoyin jini, galibi a kan ƙirji). [[Ciwon Hanta|Hepatitis mai aiki na yau da kullun]] ya riga ya haifar da [[cirrhosis]] na hanta a yawancin marasa lafiya lokacin da suka fara bayyanar cututtuka. Duk da cewa yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cirrhosis suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar hanta (ciwon hanta), wannan haɗarin yana da ƙarancin yawa a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 5% na dukkan mutane ana gano su ne kawai lokacin da suka kamu da matsalar hanta mai tsanani, sau da yawa a cikin mahallin cutar anemia ta hemolytic (rashin jini saboda lalacewar ƙwayoyin jinin ja). Wannan yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin samar da furotin (wanda aka gano ta hanyar rashin daidaituwar coagulation ) da metabolism ta hanta. Tsarin metabolism na furotin da ya lalace yana haifar da tarin abubuwan sharar gida, kamar ammonia, a cikin jini. Lokacin da waɗannan ke fusata kwakwalwa, marasa lafiya suna kamuwa da cutar hanta - wani mummunan yanayi wanda ke haifar da rudani, suma, [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], kuma, a ƙarshe, kumburin kwakwalwa mai barazana ga rayuwa). <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> === Alamomin tabin hankali === [[Fayil:Wilson's_Disease_5.jpg|thumb|Yarinya mai fama da cutar Wilson]] Kimanin rabin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson suna da alamun jijiyoyi ko tabin hankali. Yawancinsu da farko suna da ɗan lalacewar fahimta da rashin nutsuwa, da kuma canje-canje a cikin hali. Alamomin jijiyoyi na musamman galibi suna biyo baya, sau da yawa a cikin nau'in parkinsonism (ƙarfin bugun lead ko cogwheel, bradykinesia, da rashin kwanciyar hankali a bayan jiki <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ) tare da ko ba tare da rawar jiki ta hannu ba, fuskokin fuska da aka rufe, magana mara kyau, ataxia (rashin daidaituwa), ko dystonia (juya da maimaita motsi na wani ɓangare na jiki). Karyewa da [[migraine]] sun fi yawa a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Ana samun rawar jiki ta musamman da aka bayyana a matsayin "girgizar bugun fikafikai" a cikin mutane da yawa da ke fama da cutar Wilson; wannan ba ya nan a lokacin hutawa amma ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar sace hannun da kuma lanƙwasa gwiwar hannu zuwa tsakiyar layi. Fahimta na iya shafar cutar Wilson, a cikin rukunoni biyu marasa alaƙa da juna: matsalar lobe na gaba (na iya kasancewa a matsayin rashin himma, rashin yanke hukunci, rashin sha'awa, rashin kulawa, da rashin aikin zartarwa tare da rashin kyakkyawan tsari da yanke shawara) da kuma cutar hauka ta subcortical (na iya kasancewa a matsayin tunani a hankali, rashin tunawa, da rashin aikin zartarwa, ba tare da alamun aphasia, apraxia, ko agnosia ba ). Ana tsammanin waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi fahimta suna da alaƙa kuma suna da alaƙa da bayyanar cutar ta tabin hankali. <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matsalolin tabin hankali da cutar Wilson ke haifarwa na iya haɗawa da canje-canje a halaye, [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]], [[Matsalar damuwa|matsalolin damuwa]], da kuma tabin hankali . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Alamomin tabin hankali galibi ana ganin su tare da alamomin jijiyoyi kuma ba kasafai suke bayyana kansu ba. Waɗannan alamun galibi ba a fayyace su sosai kuma wani lokacin ana iya danganta su da wasu dalilai. Saboda haka, ba kasafai ake gano cutar Wilson ba idan alamun tabin hankali kawai suka bayyana. <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Sauran tsarin gabobi === [[Fayil:Kayser-Fleischer_ringArrow.jpg|thumb|Zoben launin ruwan kasa a gefen iris ( Kayser-Fleischer ring ) abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin cutar Wilson, musamman idan akwai alamun jijiyoyi.]] An danganta yanayin lafiya da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin cutar Wilson: * '''Idanu:''' Zoben Kayser-Fleischer (zoben KF) na iya bayyana a cikin cornea na idanu, ko dai kai tsaye ko kuma a kan gwajin fitilar da aka yanke, yayin da tarin tagulla ke samar da zobe a kusa da cornea. Wannan ya faru ne saboda kasancewar jan ƙarfe a cikin membrane na cornea na Descemet . Waɗannan zoben na iya zama ko dai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, zinare, ko ja, faɗinsu ya kai mm 1 zuwa 3, kuma suna bayyana a cornea limbus. Ba sa faruwa a cikin duk mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson kuma ana iya ganin su a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cholestasis na yau da kullun. <ref name="Pandey">{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Nivedita |last2=John |first2=Savio |date=21 June 2022 |title=Kayser-Fleischer Ring |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ |journal=StatPearls |location=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083643 |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Roberts2008">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2008 |title=Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson disease: An update |journal=Hepatology |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=2089–2111 |doi=10.1002/hep.22261 |pmid=18506894 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cutar Wilson kuma tana da alaƙa da [[Cataract|cataracts]] na sunflower da ke nuna launin ruwan kasa ko kore na capsule na gaba da na baya. Babu ɗayansu da ke haifar da asarar gani mai yawa. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Zoben KF yana faruwa a kusan kashi 66% na shari'o'in da aka gano (sau da yawa a cikin waɗanda ke da alamun jijiyoyi maimakon masu matsalolin hanta). <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gut_2007-01_56_1/page/115 |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}</ref> * '''Koda:''' renal tubular acidosis (Nau'i na 2), rashin daidaituwar sarrafa bicarbonate ta hanyar bututun proximal yana haifar da nephrocalcinosis (tarin calcium a cikin kodan), raunin ƙasusuwa (saboda asarar calcium da phosphate), da kuma wani lokacin aminoaciduria (rashin muhimman [[amino acid]] da ake buƙata don haɗa furotin). <ref name="Ala" /> * '''Zuciya:''' ciwon zuciya (rauni na tsokar zuciya) matsala ce da ba kasafai ake samu ba a cikin cutar Wilson; tana iya haifar da [[gazawar zuciya]] (tarin ruwa saboda raguwar aikin famfo) da kuma bugun zuciya (abubuwan da ke faruwa na bugun zuciya mara tsari da/ko kuma mai sauri ko jinkirin bugawa). <ref name="Ala" /> * '''Hormones:''' hypoparathyroidism (gazawar glandar parathyroid wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin sinadarin calcium), panhypopituitarism (wanda ke haifar da raguwar samar da hormones daga glandar pituitary), rashin haihuwa, da kuma sake zubar da ciki . <ref name="Ala" /> <ref name="Roberts 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |date=7 September 2023 |title=Current and Emerging Issues in Wilson's Disease |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=389 |issue=10 |pages=922–938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1903585 |pmid=37672695 |s2cid=261581755}}</ref> * '''Ƙwayoyin tsoka:''' Ciwon gaɓɓai da kuma rage ƙashi ( osteopenia ko osteoporosis ). <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * '''Yatsun Yatsu:''' Farace mai launin shuɗi, ko kuma a hukumance Azure Lunula, ana ganinta a matsayin launin shuɗi wanda ke shuɗewa kusa da shi. <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> Fayil:Sunflower_cataract.jpg|Sunflower cataract and thick KF ring of a 40-year-old male with Wilson's disease and decompensated chronic liver disease Fayil:KF_ring_1.jpg|Diffuse illumination of cornea Fayil:KF_ring_2.jpg|Copper deposition on corneal Descemet's membrane </gallery> == Halittar Halitta == [[Fayil:Autorecessive.svg|thumb|Cutar Wilson tana da tsarin gado na autosomal recessive.]] <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kwayar cutar Wilson ( ''ATP7B'' ) tana kan chromosome 13 (13q14.3) kuma ana bayyana ta musamman a cikin hanta, koda, da mahaifa . Kwayar halittar tana da lambar P-type (cation transport enzyme) ATPase wanda ke jigilar jan ƙarfe zuwa bile kuma yana haɗa shi zuwa ceruloplasmin . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yawancin mutanen da ke da cutar Wilson - 60% - suna da homozygous don maye gurbi ''na ATP7B'' (kwafi biyu marasa kyau), kuma 30% daga cikinsu suna da kwafi ɗaya kawai mara kyau. <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerleSchaeferFerenciStremmel2007">Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 "Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study"]. ''Gut''. '''56''' (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>20. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/gut.2005.087262|10.1136/gut.2005.087262]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 1856673]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709660 16709660].</cite></ref> A cikin har zuwa 7% na lokuta, mutanen da ke da cutar Wilson ba su da maye gurbi da za a iya gano su. <ref name="Stattermayer">{{Cite journal |last=Stattermayer |first=Albert |last2=Zoller |first2=Heinz M. |last3=Weiss |first3=Karl Heinz |last4=Szalay |first4=Ferenc |last5=Bruha |first5=Radan |last6=Houwen |first6=Roderick |last7=Stauber |first7=Rudolf E. |last8=Steindl-Munda |first8=Petra E. |last9=Hofer |first9=Harald |last10=Stremmel |first10=Wolfgang |last11=Ferenci |first11=Peter |date=October 2014 |title=Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464 |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=60 |pages=427A |issn=0270-9139}}</ref> Duk da cewa an bayyana fiye da maye gurbi 500 na ''ATP7B'', <ref name="Stattermayer">{{Cite journal |last=Stattermayer |first=Albert |last2=Zoller |first2=Heinz M. |last3=Weiss |first3=Karl Heinz |last4=Szalay |first4=Ferenc |last5=Bruha |first5=Radan |last6=Houwen |first6=Roderick |last7=Stauber |first7=Rudolf E. |last8=Steindl-Munda |first8=Petra E. |last9=Hofer |first9=Harald |last10=Stremmel |first10=Wolfgang |last11=Ferenci |first11=Peter |date=October 2014 |title=Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464 |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=60 |pages=427A |issn=0270-9139}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStattermayerZollerWeissSzalay2014">Stattermayer A, Zoller HM, Weiss KH, Szalay F, Bruha R, Houwen R, Stauber RE, Steindl-Munda PE, Hofer H, Stremmel W, Ferenci P (October 2014). [https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx "Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464"]. ''Hepatology''. '''60''': 427A. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-9139 0270-9139].</cite></ref> ƙaramin adadin waɗannan ne ke haifar da yawancin lokuta na cutar Wilson; wanda maye gurbi da mutum zai yi ya fi dacewa da yawan jama'ar da yake ciki. Misali, a cikin al'ummar Yamma, maye gurbi na H1069Q (maye gurbin histidine da glutamine a matsayi na 1069 a cikin furotin) yana nan a cikin kashi 37%–63% na lokuta, yayin da a China wannan maye gurbi ba kasafai ake samunsa ba; R778L ( arginine zuwa leucine a 778) ana samunsa sau da yawa a can. Ba a san komai game da tasirin maye gurbi daban-daban ba, kodayake maye gurbi na H1069Q yana hasashen farkon farawa daga baya da kuma matsalolin jijiyoyi, a cewar wasu bincike. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}</ref> Cikakken tushen da aka rubuta a asibiti, WilsonGen, yana ba da rarrabuwar asibiti don bambance-bambancen kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin jagororin ACMG & AMP na baya-bayan nan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Mukesh |last2=Gaharwar |first2=Utkarsh |last3=Paul |first3=Sangita |last4=Poojary |first4=Mukta |last5=Pandhare |first5=Kavita |last6=Scaria |first6=Vinod |last7=Bk |first7=Binukumar |date=2020-06-03 |title=WilsonGen a comprehensive clinically annotated genomic variant resource for Wilson's Disease |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=9037 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.9037K |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-66099-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7270127 |pmid=32493955}}</ref> Bambancin da aka saba samu a cikin ƙwayar halittar ''PRNP'' na iya canza yanayin cutar ta hanyar jinkirta shekarun farawa da kuma shafar nau'in alamun da ke tasowa. Wannan kwayar halittar tana samar da furotin prion, wanda ke aiki a cikin kwakwalwa da sauran kyallen takarda kuma da alama yana da hannu wajen jigilar jan ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grubenbecher S, Stüve O, Hefter H, Korth C |year=2006 |title=Prion protein gene codon 129 modulates clinical course of neurological Wilson disease |journal=NeuroReport |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=549–52 |doi=10.1097/01.wnr.0000209006.48105.90 |pmid=16543824 |s2cid=37186426}}</ref> Da farko an yi zargin cewa akwai wani muhimmin rawa ga kwayar halittar ''ApoE'', amma ba a iya tabbatar da hakan ba. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Ana gadon wannan yanayin ne a cikin tsarin autosomal recessive. Domin a gada shi, dole ne dukkan iyayen mutum su ɗauki kwayar halittar da ta shafa. Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson ba su da tarihin iyali na wannan yanayin. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Mutanen da ke da kwayar halitta ɗaya tilo da ba ta dace ba ana kiransu masu ɗauke da kwayar halitta (heterozygotes) kuma suna iya samun ƙananan matsaloli, amma marasa mahimmanci a fannin lafiya, na metabolism na jan ƙarfe. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Akwai cututtuka da dama da suka shafi gado waɗanda ke haifar da yawan jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta; cutar Wilson ita ce mafi yawansu. Duk suna iya haifar da [[cirrhosis]] tun suna ƙanana. Sauran cututtukan da suka shafi jan ƙarfe sune cirrhosis na yara na Indiya (ICC), cirrhosis na yara na Tyrolean, da kuma gubar jan ƙarfe na idiopathic. Waɗannan ukun, ba kamar cutar Wilson ba, ba su da alaƙa da maye gurbi ''na ATP7B'' ; misali, an danganta ICC da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar ''KRT8'' da ''KRT18'' . <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == [[Fayil:Copper_metabolism.png|thumb|Sha da rarrabawar jan ƙarfe ta al'ada: Cu = jan ƙarfe, CP = ceruloplasmin, kore = ATP7B ɗauke da jan ƙarfe]] Jiki yana buƙatar jan ƙarfe don ayyuka da yawa, galibi a matsayin mai haɗa sinadarai ga wasu enzymes kamar ceruloplasmin, cytochrome c oxidase, dopamine β-hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase, da tyrosinase . <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Tagulla tana shiga jiki ta hanyar narkewar abinci . Wani furotin mai jigilar kaya a kan ƙwayoyin ƙaramin hanji, mai jigilar membrane na jan ƙarfe 1 (Ctr1; SLC31A1), yana ɗauke da jan ƙarfe a cikin ƙwayoyin, inda wasu ke ɗaure da metallothionein kuma wani ɓangare ana ɗaukarsa ta hanyar ATOX1 zuwa wani organelle da aka sani da hanyar sadarwa ta trans-Golgi . A nan, saboda ƙaruwar yawan jan ƙarfe, wani enzyme da ake kira ATP7A (protein na Menkes) yana sakin jan ƙarfe zuwa cikin jijiyar portal zuwa hanta. Kwayoyin hanta kuma suna ɗauke da furotin CMT1, kuma metallothionein da ATOX1 suna ɗaure shi a cikin tantanin halitta, amma a nan, ATP7B yana haɗa jan ƙarfe da ceruloplasmin kuma yana sakinsa zuwa cikin jini, da kuma cire jan ƙarfe mai yawa ta hanyar fitar da shi zuwa cikin bile. Duk ayyukan ATP7B suna da rauni a cikin cutar Wilson. Tagulla yana taruwa a cikin kyallen hanta; har yanzu ana fitar da ceruloplasmin, amma a cikin wani nau'i wanda ba shi da jan ƙarfe (wanda ake kira apo-ceruloplasmin) kuma yana raguwa cikin sauri a cikin jini. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Idan adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta ya mamaye sunadaran da suka saba ɗaure shi, yana haifar da lalacewar oxidative ga hanta ta hanyar wani tsari da aka sani da Fenton chemistry ; wannan lalacewar daga ƙarshe yana haifar da [[Ciwon Hanta|hepatitis mai aiki na yau da kullun]], fibrosis (zubar da kyallen haɗin gwiwa), da [[cirrhosis]] . Hanta kuma tana sakin jan ƙarfe cikin jini wanda ba ya ɗaure da ceruloplasmin. Wannan jan ƙarfe kyauta yana kwarara a cikin jiki, amma musamman a cikin koda, idanu, da kwakwalwa. A cikin kwakwalwa, yawancin jan ƙarfe yana cikin basal ganglia, musamman a cikin putamen da globus pallidus (wanda aka haɗa tare da lenticular nucleus ); waɗannan yankuna galibi suna shiga cikin daidaita motsi kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hanyoyin neurocognitive kamar sarrafa abubuwan ƙarfafawa da daidaita yanayi. Lalacewar waɗannan yankuna, kuma ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar Fenton, yana haifar da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa da ake gani a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Ba a fayyace dalilin da ya sa cutar Wilson ke haifar da hemolysis ba, amma shaidu daban-daban sun nuna cewa babban matakin jan ƙarfe mara lahani (wanda ba ya ɗaure da ceruloplasmin) na iya shafar iskar oxygen na haemoglobin kai tsaye, ko kuma hana enzymes masu samar da makamashi a cikin ƙwayoyin jinin ja, ko kuma haifar da lalacewar membranes na ƙwayoyin halitta kai tsaye. == Ganewar Ganewa == [[Fayil:Basal_ganglia_and_related_structures_(2).svg|thumb|Wurin da basal ganglia yake, ɓangaren kwakwalwa da cutar Wilson ta shafa]] Ana iya zargin cutar Wilson bisa ga kowace alama da aka ambata a sama, ko kuma lokacin da aka gano wani dangi na kusa yana da Wilson's. Yawancinsu suna da gwaje-gwajen aikin hanta marasa kyau kamar ƙaruwar aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, da bilirubin . Matakan alkaline phosphatase suna da ƙarancin yawa a cikin waɗanda ke da gazawar hanta mai tsanani da ke da alaƙa da Wilson's. <ref name="pmid3758940">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shaver WA, Bhatt H, Combes B |year=1986 |title=Low serum alkaline phosphatase activity in Wilson's disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=859–63 |doi=10.1002/hep.1840060509 |pmid=3758940 |s2cid=24055787 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan lalacewar hanta tana da mahimmanci, albumin na iya raguwa saboda rashin iyawar ƙwayoyin hanta da suka lalace don samar da wannan furotin; haka nan, lokacin prothrombin (gwajin coagulation ) na iya tsawaita saboda hanta ba ta iya samar da sunadarai da aka sani da abubuwan clotting. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Idan aka ga alamun jijiyoyi, ana yin hoton maganadisu na kwakwalwa yawanci; wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar ƙarfi a ɓangaren kwakwalwa da ake kira basal ganglia a cikin saitin T2 . <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> MRI kuma na iya nuna halayyar "fuskar babban panda" . <ref name="Panda">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Das SK, Ray K |date=September 2006 |title=Wilson's disease: an update |journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=482–93 |doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0291 |pmid=16932613 |s2cid=205340375}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana jinkirta ganewar asali, tare da matsakaicin lokaci daga farkon alamun cutar zuwa ga ganewar asali na kimanin shekaru 2, kodayake wannan jinkirin na iya kasancewa daga gane nan take zuwa shekaru 30, wani ɓangare saboda bambancin gabatarwa da buƙatar gwaje-gwaje na musamman da yawa. <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerleSchaeferFerenciStremmel2007">Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 "Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study"]. ''Gut''. '''56''' (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>20. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/gut.2005.087262|10.1136/gut.2005.087262]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 1856673]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709660 16709660].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Minling |last2=Ren |first2=Linxiang |last3=Zheng |first3=Muxin |last4=Hong |first4=Mingfan |last5=Wei |first5=Zhisheng |date=2022 |title=Delayed Diagnosis of Wilson's Disease Report From 179 Newly Diagnosed Cases in China |journal=Frontiers in Neurology |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2022.884840 |issn=1664-2295 |pmc=9294220 |pmid=35865642 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba a san wani gwaji mai inganci game da cutar Wilson ba, amma matakan ceruloplasmin da jan ƙarfe a cikin jini, da kuma adadin jan ƙarfe da aka fitar a cikin fitsari a cikin awanni 24, ana amfani da su tare don samar da hoton adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin jiki. Gwaji mafi daidaito shine gwajin hanta . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> === Ceruloplasmin === [[Fayil:PBB_Protein_CP_image.jpg|thumb|Ceruloplasmin]] Matakan ceruloplasmin ba su da yawa sosai (<0.2)&nbsp;g/L) a cikin kashi 80–95% na lokuta. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yana iya kasancewa a matakan al'ada, kodayake, a cikin mutanen da ke fama da kumburi mai ci gaba, saboda furotin ne mai saurin kamuwa da cuta . Ana kuma samun ƙarancin ceruloplasmin a cikin cutar Menkes da aceruloplasminemia, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da, amma sun fi wuya fiye da cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala" /> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Haɗin alamomin jijiyoyi, alamun ido, da ƙarancin matakin ceruloplasmin ana ɗaukarsa ya isa don gano cutar Wilson. A lokuta da yawa, duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje. <ref name="Roberts2003" /> === Jini da fitsari jan ƙarfe === Tagulla a cikin jini yana da ƙasa, wanda zai iya zama kamar abin mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da cewa cutar Wilson cuta ce ta yawan jan ƙarfe. Duk da haka, kashi 95% na jan ƙarfe a cikin jini yana ɗauke da ceruloplasmin, wanda galibi yana da ƙasa a cikin cutar Wilson. Tagulla a cikin fitsari yana ƙaruwa a cikin cutar Wilson kuma ana tattara shi na tsawon awanni 24 a cikin kwalba tare da layin da ba shi da jan ƙarfe. Matakan da suka wuce 100&nbsp;μg/awa 24 (1.6)&nbsp;μmol/awa 24) sun tabbatar da cutar Wilson, kuma matakan da suka wuce 40&nbsp;μg/awa 24 (0.6)&nbsp;μmol/24h) suna da matuƙar nuna alama. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yawan matakan jan ƙarfe na fitsari ba na musamman bane ga cutar Wilson; wani lokacin ana lura da su a cikin cututtukan hepatitis na autoimmune da kuma a cikin cholestasis (duk wata cuta da ke toshe kwararar bile daga hanta zuwa ƙaramin hanji). <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> A cikin yara, ana iya amfani da gwajin penicillamine mai zuwa: a 500&nbsp;Ana ba da maganin penicillamine mg ta baki, sannan a tattara dukkan fitsari na tsawon awanni 24. Idan fitsarin yini ya ƙunshi fiye da 1600&nbsp;μg (25)&nbsp;μmol) na jan ƙarfe, alama ce mai inganci ta cutar Wilson. Ba a tabbatar da wannan gwajin a cikin manya ba. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> === Gwajin fitilar Slit-fitila === Ana duba idanun majiyyaci ta amfani da fitilar yankewa don neman zoben Kayser-Fleischer, waɗanda ke da alaƙa sosai da cutar Wilson kuma suna faruwa ne sakamakon tagulla da aka tara a cikin cornea na ciki a cikin membrane na Descemet . <ref name="Pandey">{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Nivedita |last2=John |first2=Savio |date=21 June 2022 |title=Kayser-Fleischer Ring |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ |journal=StatPearls |location=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083643 |access-date=30 November 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPandeyJohn2022">Pandey N, John S (21 June 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ "Kayser-Fleischer Ring"]. ''StatPearls''. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29083643 29083643]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta na hanta === Da zarar wasu bincike sun nuna cutar Wilson, gwajin da ya fi dacewa shine cire ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyin hanta ta hanyar yin gwajin hanta. Ana tantance wannan ta hanyar microscopic don matakin steatosis da cirrhosis, kuma ana amfani da histochemistry da kimanta jan ƙarfe don auna tsananin tarin jan ƙarfe. Mataki na 250&nbsp;μg na jan ƙarfe a kowace gram na busasshen ƙwayar hanta yana tabbatar da cutar Wilson. A wasu lokutan, ana samun ƙarancin matakan jan ƙarfe; a wannan yanayin, haɗakar binciken biopsy tare da duk sauran gwaje-gwaje na iya haifar da ganewar asali na Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> A farkon matakan cutar, bincikin kwakwaf yawanci yana nuna steatosis (zubar da kitse), ƙaruwar glycogen a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, da kuma yankunan necrosis (mutuwar ƙwayoyin halitta). A cikin mafi ci gaba da cutar, canje-canjen da aka lura suna kama da waɗanda ake gani a cikin cutar hepatitis ta autoimmune, kamar shigar ƙwayoyin kumburi, ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da juna, da fibrosis (tabon kyallen takarda). A cikin ci gaba da cutar, a ƙarshe, cirrhosis shine babban abin da aka gano. A cikin mummunan gazawar hanta, lalacewar ƙwayoyin hanta da rugujewar tsarin kyallen hanta ana ganin su, yawanci akan asalin canje-canje na cirrhotic. Hanyoyin histochemical don gano jan ƙarfe ba su da daidaito kuma ba su da tabbas, kuma ana ɗaukar su kaɗai a matsayin waɗanda ba su isa ba don kafa ganewar asali. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Gwajin Halittar Halitta === Ana iya yin nazarin sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta na ''ATP7B'', da kuma sauran kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta. Da zarar an tabbatar da sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta, ana iya duba 'yan uwa don gano cutar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shawarwarin iyali na kwayoyin halitta na asibiti . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Rarraba kwayoyin halitta na yankuna da ke da alaƙa da cutar Wilson yana da mahimmanci a bi, domin wannan zai iya taimaka wa likitoci su tsara dabarun tantancewa masu dacewa. Tunda sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta na ''ATP7B'' sun bambanta tsakanin al'ummomi, bincike da gwajin kwayoyin halitta da aka yi a ƙasashe kamar Amurka ko Burtaniya na iya haifar da matsaloli, saboda suna da yawan jama'a masu gauraye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferenci |first=Peter |date=2006-06-22 |title=Regional distribution of mutations of the ATP7B gene in patients with Wilson disease: impact on genetic testing |journal=Human Genetics |language=en |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=151–159 |doi=10.1007/s00439-006-0202-5 |issn=0340-6717 |pmid=16791614 |s2cid=10124665}}</ref> == Magani == === Abinci mai gina jiki === Gabaɗaya, ana ba da shawarar cin abinci mai ƙarancin sinadarin jan ƙarfe. Abincin da ake guje wa daga yawan jan ƙarfe a cikin cutar Wilson sun haɗa da namomin kaza, goro, cakulan, busassun [['ya'yan itace]], hanta, tsaban ridi, man ridi, da kifin shellfish . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Bayan jiyya ta farko ta rage matakan jan ƙarfe, likita zai iya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya cin matsakaicin adadin waɗannan abincin lafiya yayin kula da lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/eating-diet-nutrition |access-date=2026-03-29 |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> Idan ruwan famfo ya fito daga rijiya ko kuma ya ratsa bututun jan ƙarfe, ana ba da shawarar a duba matakin jan ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/eating-diet-nutrition |access-date=2026-03-29 |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> === Magani === Akwai magunguna na likitanci don magance cutar Wilson. Wasu suna ƙara yawan cire jan ƙarfe daga jiki, yayin da wasu kuma suna hana shan jan ƙarfe daga abinci. Gabaɗaya, penicillamine shine magani na farko da ake amfani da shi. Wannan yana ɗaurewa da jan ƙarfe (ta hanyar chelation ) kuma yana haifar da fitar da jan ƙarfe a cikin fitsari. Saboda haka, ana iya yin sa ido kan adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin fitsari don tabbatar da an sha isasshen magani. Penicillamine ba shi da matsala; kusan kashi 20% suna fuskantar sakamako ko rikitarwa na maganin penicillamine, kamar [[lupus]] da miyagun ƙwayoyi ke haifarwa (yana haifar da ciwon haɗin gwiwa da kuraje a fata) ko myasthenia (yanayin jijiya wanda ke haifar da raunin tsoka). Ga waɗanda suka nuna alamun jijiyoyi, kusan rabin suna fuskantar tabarbarewar alamunsu. Duk da cewa ana lura da wannan lamari a wasu jiyya ga Wilson's, yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alama don dakatar da penicillamine da fara magani na biyu. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Waɗanda ba sa jure wa penicillamine za a iya fara amfani da trientine hydrochloride, wanda kuma yana da kaddarorin chelating. Wasu suna ba da shawarar trientine a matsayin magani na farko, amma ƙwarewa tare da penicillamine ya fi yawa. <ref name="Roberts2003" /> Wani ƙarin sinadari da aka san yana aiki a cikin cutar Wilson, wanda Wilson Therapeutics ke gudanar da bincike a kansa, shine tetrathiomolybdate . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin gwaji, <ref name="Roberts2003" /> kodayake wasu bincike sun nuna sakamako mai amfani. <ref name="Ala" /> Da zarar duk sakamakon ya koma daidai, ana iya amfani da [[zinc]] (yawanci a cikin nau'in maganin zinc acetate da ake kira Galzin) maimakon chelators don kiyaye daidaiton matakan jan ƙarfe a jiki. Zinc yana motsa metallothionein, wani furotin a cikin ƙwayoyin hanji wanda ke ɗaure jan ƙarfe kuma yana hana sha da jigilar sa zuwa hanta. Ana ci gaba da maganin zinc sai dai idan alamun sun sake dawowa ko kuma idan fitar jan ƙarfe daga fitsari ya ƙaru. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> A lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun maganin da ke da tasiri a baki ba, musamman ma idan akwai cututtukan jijiyoyi masu tsanani, ana buƙatar dimercaprol (mai hana Lewisite na Burtaniya) a wasu lokutan. Ana yin wannan maganin ta hanyar jijiya (a cikin tsoka) duk bayan makonni kaɗan kuma yana da illoli marasa daɗi kamar ciwo. <ref name="Walshe1996">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=July 1996 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease: the historical background |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_qjm_1996-07_89_7/page/553 |journal=QJM |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=553–55 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/89.7.553 |pmid=8759497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mutane waɗanda ba su da alamun cutar (misali, waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar gwajin iyali ko kuma sakamakon gwajin da ba a saba gani ba) galibi ana yi musu magani, domin tarin jan ƙarfe na iya haifar da lalacewa na dogon lokaci a nan gaba. Ko waɗannan mutanen za a fi yi musu magani da penicillamine ko zinc acetate ba a fayyace ba. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Jiyya na jiki da na aiki === [[Gyaran jiki|Maganin motsa jiki]] da kuma aikin yi suna da amfani ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar ta jijiyoyi. Maganin jan ƙarfe na iya ɗaukar har zuwa watanni shida kafin ya fara aiki, kuma waɗannan hanyoyin na iya taimakawa wajen magance ataxia, dystonia, da girgizar ƙasa, da kuma hana ci gaban kwankwancewa da ka iya tasowa daga dystonia. <ref name="Brewer2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brewer GJ, Askari FK |year=2005 |title=Wilson's disease: clinical management and therapy |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=42 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=13–21 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2004.11.013 |pmid=15777568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Dashen === Dashen hanta magani ne mai inganci ga cutar Wilson, amma ana amfani da shi ne kawai a wasu yanayi na musamman saboda haɗarin da ke tattare da aikin. Ana amfani da shi galibi ga mutanen da ke fama da gazawar hanta waɗanda ba su amsa maganin likita ba ko kuma waɗanda ke fama da cutar hanta mai tsanani. Ana guje wa dashen hanta a cikin cututtukan tabin hankali masu tsanani, waɗanda ba a nuna fa'idarsa ba. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Hasashen == Idan ba a yi maganinsa ba, cutar Wilson tana ƙara ta'azzara kuma daga ƙarshe tana kashe mutane. Matsaloli masu tsanani sun haɗa da cirrhosis na hanta, gazawar koda mai tsanani, da kuma tabin hankali. [[Ciwon daji na hanta]] da kuma cholangiocarcinoma na iya faruwa, amma a ƙasa da sauran cututtukan hanta na yau da kullun, kuma haɗarin yana raguwa sosai idan aka yi magani. <ref name="Roberts 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |date=7 September 2023 |title=Current and Emerging Issues in Wilson's Disease |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=389 |issue=10 |pages=922–938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1903585 |pmid=37672695 |s2cid=261581755}}</ref> Tare da ganowa da magani da wuri, yawancin waɗanda abin ya shafa za su iya rayuwa ta al'ada kuma suna da tsawon rai kusa da na jama'a. <ref name="Roberts 2023" /> Lalacewar hanta da jijiyoyin jiki da ke faruwa kafin magani na iya inganta, amma galibi yana dindindin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition and Facts {{!}} NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/definition-facts |access-date=2019-02-01 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Haihuwa yawanci al'ada ce kuma matsalolin ciki ba sa ƙaruwa a cikin waɗanda ke da cutar Wilson da ake yi wa magani. <ref name="Roberts 2023" /> == Tarihi == Cutar tana ɗauke da sunan likitan [[Birtaniya]] Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937), wani likitan jijiyoyi wanda ya bayyana yanayin, gami da canje-canjen cututtuka a kwakwalwa da hanta, a cikin 1912. <ref name="Wilson1912">{{Cite journal |last=Kinnier Wilson SA |year=1912 |title=Progressive lenticular degeneration: a familial nervous disease associated with cirrhosis of the liver |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431640 |journal=Brain |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=295–507 |doi=10.1093/brain/34.4.295}}</ref> Aikin Wilson ya riga ya kasance tun kafin rahotanni daga likitan jijiyoyi na Jamus Karl Westphal (a cikin 1883), wanda ya kira shi "pseudo-sclerosis"; na likitan jijiyoyi na Burtaniya William Gowers (a cikin 1888); <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}</ref> na masanin ilimin jijiyoyi na Finland Ernst Alexander Homén (a cikin 1889–1892), wanda ya lura da yanayin gado na cutar; <ref name="Homén1892">{{Cite journal |last=Homén EA |date=1892 |title=Eine eigenthümliche bei drei Geschwistern auftretende typische Krankheit unter der Form einer progressiven Dementia in Verbindung mit ausgedehnten Gefässveränderungen (wohl Lues hereditaria tarda) |journal=Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten |volume=24 |pages=1–38}}</ref> da kuma na Adolph Strümpell (a cikin 1898), wanda ya lura da cirrhosis na hanta. <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertson_WM2000">Robertson WM (February 2000). "Wilson's disease". ''Arch. Neurol''. '''57''' (2): <span class="nowrap">276–</span>77. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/archneur.57.2.276|10.1001/archneur.57.2.276]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10681092 10681092].</cite></ref> Masanin ilimin jijiyoyi John Nathaniel Cumings ya yi alaƙa da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta da kwakwalwa a cikin 1948. <ref name="pmid18124738">{{Cite journal |last=Cumings JN |year=1948 |title=The copper and iron content of brain and liver in the normal and in hepato-lenticular degeneration |journal=Brain |volume=71 |issue=Dec |pages=410–15 |doi=10.1093/brain/71.4.410 |pmid=18124738}}</ref> An lura da faruwar hemolysis a cikin 1967. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McIntyre N, Clink HM, Levi AJ, Cumings JN, Sherlock S |date=February 1967 |title=Hemolytic anemia in Wilson's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1967-02-23_276_8/page/439 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=276 |issue=8 |pages=439–44 |doi=10.1056/NEJM196702232760804 |pmid=6018274}}</ref> A shekarar 1951, Cumings (a Ingila), da kuma likitan kwakwalwa na New Zealand Derek Denny-Brown (suna aiki a Amurka), sun ba da rahoton magani mai inganci na farko a lokaci guda, ta amfani da maganin ƙarfe na British anti-Lewisite . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cumings JN |date=March 1951 |title=The effects of B.A.L. in hepatolenticular degeneration |journal=Brain |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=10–22 |doi=10.1093/brain/74.1.10 |pmid=14830662}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Denny-Brown D, Porter H |date=December 1951 |title=The effect of BAL (2,3-dimercaptopropanol) on hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1951-12-13_245_24/page/917 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=245 |issue=24 |pages=917–25 |doi=10.1056/NEJM195112132452401 |pmid=14882450}}</ref> Dole ne a yi allurar wannan maganin, amma yana ɗaya daga cikin magungunan farko da ake samu a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi, wani fanni da a da ake iya lura da gano shi, amma ba shi da magunguna da za a bayar. <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vilensky JA, Robertson WM, Gilman S |date=September 2002 |title=Denny-Brown, Wilson's disease, and BAL (British antilewisite [2,3-dimercaptopropanol]) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2002-09-24_59_6/page/914 |journal=Neurology |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=914–16 |doi=10.1212/wnl.59.6.914 |pmid=12297577}}</ref> An gano maganin farko na maganin chelation na baki wanda ke aiki a cutar Wilson, penicillamine, a shekarar 1956 ta likitan kwakwalwa na Burtaniya John Walshe. <ref name="Walshe1956">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=January 1956 |title=Wilson's disease; new oral therapy |journal=Lancet |volume=270 |issue=6906 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(56)91859-1 |pmid=13279157}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, Walshe ya kuma gabatar da trientine, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=March 1982 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease with trientine (triethylene tetramine) dihydrochloride |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1982-03-20_1_8273/page/643 |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=8273 |pages=643–47 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92201-2 |pmid=6121964 |s2cid=205999334}}</ref> kuma shi ne na farko da ya samar da tetra-thiomolybdate don amfani a asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harper PL, Walshe JM |date=December 1986 |title=Reversible pancytopenia secondary to treatment with tetrathiomolybdate |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-haematology_1986-12_64_4/page/851 |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=851–53 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.1986.tb02250.x |pmid=3801328 |s2cid=11546705 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Maganin zinc acetate ya fara bayyana a Netherlands, inda likitoci Schouwink da Hoogenraad suka yi amfani da shi a shekarar 1961 da kuma a shekarun 1970, bi da bi, kuma Brewer da abokan aikinsa a Jami'ar Michigan suka ƙara haɓaka shi daga baya. <ref name="Walshe1996">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=July 1996 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease: the historical background |journal=QJM |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=553–55 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/89.7.553 |pmid=8759497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brewer GJ |date=January 2000 |title=Recognition, diagnosis, and management of Wilson's disease |url=http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/223/1/39 |url-status=dead |journal=Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=39–46 |bibcode=2000PSEBM.223...39B |doi=10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22305.x |doi-broken-date=15 April 2026 |pmid=10632959 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409223216/http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/223/1/39 |archive-date=2008-04-09 |access-date=2008-05-20}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin bincike da dama sun fayyace tushen kwayar halittar cutar Wilson, da kuma alaƙarta da maye gurbi na ''ATP7B'', a shekarun 1980 da 1990. <ref name="pmid8298639">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bull PC, Thomas GR, Rommens JM, Forbes JR, Cox DW |year=1993 |title=The Wilson disease gene is a putative copper transporting P-type ATPase similar to the Menkes gene |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=327–37 |bibcode=1993NaGen...5..327B |doi=10.1038/ng1293-327 |pmid=8298639 |s2cid=1236890}}</ref> <ref name="pmid8298641">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tanzi RE, Petrukhin K, Chernov I, etal |year=1993 |title=The Wilson disease gene is a copper transporting ATPase with homology to the Menkes disease gene |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=344–50 |bibcode=1993NaGen...5..344T |doi=10.1038/ng1293-344 |pmid=8298641 |s2cid=610188}}</ref> == A wasu dabbobi == An bayyana tarin jan ƙarfe da aka gada a cikin Bedlington Terriers, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sternlieb I, Twedt DC, Johnson GF, etal |year=1977 |title=Inherited copper toxicity of the liver in Bedlington terriers |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Med. |volume=70 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=8–9 |doi=10.1177/00359157770700S305 |pmc=1543595 |pmid=122681}}</ref> inda yawanci yake shafar hanta kawai. A cikin Bedlington Terriers yana faruwa ne saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar ''COMMD1'' (ko ''MURR1'' ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van De Sluis B, Rothuizen J, Pearson PL, van Oost BA, Wijmenga C |year=2002 |title=Identification of a new copper metabolism gene by positional cloning in a purebred dog population |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=165–73 |doi=10.1093/hmg/11.2.165 |pmid=11809725 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gano waɗannan maye gurbi a cikin karnuka ya sa masu bincike suka binciki kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam da suka dace, amma ba a iya gano maye gurbi ''na COMMD1'' a cikin mutanen da ke da yanayin tarin jan ƙarfe wanda ba na Wilson ba ne (kamar cirrhosis na yara na Indiya ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Müller T, van de Sluis B, Zhernakova A, etal |year=2003 |title=The canine copper toxicosis gene MURR1 does not cause non-Wilsonian hepatic copper toxicosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=164–68 |doi=10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00356-2 |pmid=12547404}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Tagulla a cikin lafiya == Manazarta == {{Commonscat|Wilson's disease}}{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=14152|ICD10={{ICD10|E|83|0|e|70}}|ICD9={{ICD9|275.1}}|OMIM=277900|MedlinePlus=000785|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2413|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|neuro|570}} {{eMedicine2|ped|2441}}|MeshID=D006527|GeneReviewsNBK=NBK1512|GeneReviewsName=Wilson Disease|Orphanet=905}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Mineral metabolic pathology}}{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}{{Ion pump disorders}} * Wilson disease at NLM Genetics Home Reference {{Authority control}}{{Mineral metabolic pathology}}{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}{{Ion pump disorders}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lez41ah08jgpbeum6f4z2ahue9u0zsh 976149 976148 2026-11-05T11:54:29Z Ibn baaz 28481 976149 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Databox}}  {{Infobox medical condition | name = Wilson's disease | image = Wilson's Disease 4.jpg | image_size = | caption = | synonym = Wilson disease, hepatolenticular degeneration | specialty = [[Gastroenterology]] | symptoms = [[edema|Swelling of the legs]], [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], personality changes<ref name=NIH2014/> | onset = Age 5 to 35<ref name=NIH2014/> | duration = | causes = Genetic | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = [[Chronic liver disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[multiple sclerosis]], others<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lynn|first1=D. Joanne|last2=Newton|first2=Herbert B.|last3=Rae-Grant|first3=Alexander|title=The 5-minute Neurology Consult|date=2004|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780683307238|page=442|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fneFeGiBonMC&pg=PA442|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107092506/https://books.google.com/books?id=fneFeGiBonMC&pg=PA442|archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sahani|first1=Dushyant V.|last2=Samir|first2=Anthony E.|title=Abdominal Imaging: Expert Radiology Series|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323431613|page=400|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36qODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA400|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107013340/https://books.google.com/books?id=36qODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA400|archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref> | prevention = | treatment = Dietary changes, [[chelating agents]], [[zinc supplements]], [[liver transplant]]<ref name=NIH2014/> | medication = | frequency = ~1 per 30,000<ref name=NIH2014/> | deaths = }} {{Reflist}}'''Cutar Wilson''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''hepatolenticular degeneration''' ) [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta]] wadda ke nuna yawan tagulla a jiki. Alamomin yawanci suna da alaƙa da [[kwakwalwa]] da hanta . Alamomin da suka shafi hanta sun haɗa da [[amai]], rauni, tarin ruwa a cikin ciki, [[Kumburi|kumburin ƙafafu]], [[Shawara|fatar da ke launin rawaya]], da kuma kaikayi . Alamomin da suka shafi kwakwalwa sun haɗa da rawar jiki, taurin tsoka, wahalar magana, canje-canje a halayen mutum, damuwa, da kuma tabin hankali . <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Cutar Wilson tana faruwa a cikin kusan mutum ɗaya cikin 30,000. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Alamomin yawanci suna farawa ne tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 35. <ref name="NIH2014" /> An fara bayyana ta a shekarar 1854 ta ƙwararren masanin cututtuka na Jamus Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs kuma an sanya mata suna ne bayan likitan kwakwalwa na Burtaniya Samuel Wilson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Whonamedit – dictionary of medical eponyms |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1818.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107014106/http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/1818.html |archive-date=2016-11-07 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=www.whonamedit.com}}</ref> Cutar Wilson tana faruwa ne sakamakon maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar furotin na cutar Wilson ( ''ATP7B'' ). Wannan furotin yana jigilar jan ƙarfe mai yawa zuwa bile, inda ake fitar da shi a cikin sharar gida. Yanayin yana da autosomal recessive ; domin mutane su kamu da cutar, dole ne su gaji kwafin kwayar halittar da aka canza daga iyaye biyu. Gano cutar na iya zama da wahala kuma sau da yawa ya ƙunshi haɗakar gwaje-gwajen jini, gwaje-gwajen fitsari, da kuma nazarin hanta . Ana iya amfani da gwajin kwayoyin halitta don tantance dangin waɗanda abin ya shafa. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> Yawanci ana magance cutar Wilson da canje-canje a abinci da magunguna. Canje-canje a abinci sun haɗa da cin abinci mai ƙarancin jan ƙarfe da rashin amfani da kayan girki na jan ƙarfe. Magungunan da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da magungunan chelating, kamar trientine da <nowiki><small id="mwUw">D</small></nowiki> -penicillamine, da kuma [[Zinc|ƙarin zinc]] . Matsalolin cutar Wilson na iya haɗawa da gazawar hanta da matsalolin koda . Dashen hanta na iya zama da amfani ga waɗanda wasu magunguna ba su da tasiri a gare su ko kuma idan gazawar hanta ta faru. <ref name="NIH2014">{{Cite web |date=July 2014 |title=Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004223012/https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/wilson-disease/Pages/facts.aspx |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-06 |website=NIDDK}}</ref> == Alamomi da Alamomi == Manyan wuraren da jan ƙarfe ke taruwa su ne hanta da [[kwakwalwa]] . Saboda haka, cututtukan hanta da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da ganewar asali. [1] Mutanen da ke da matsalolin hanta galibi suna zuwa neman kulawar likita da wuri (galibi a lokacin yara ko matasa) fiye da waɗanda ke da alamun jijiyoyi da tabin hankali, waɗanda galibi suna cikin shekarunsu na 20 ko sama da haka. Wasu ana gano su ne kawai saboda an gano danginsu suna da cutar Wilson; da yawa daga cikinsu, idan aka gwada su, sun bayyana cewa suna fuskantar alamun cutar amma ba a gano su ba. [2] === Cutar hanta === Cutar hanta na iya bayyana kanta a matsayin [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]], [[Shawara|jaundice]], ƙaruwar zubar jini ko ruɗani (saboda cutar hanta ), da kuma hauhawar jini a portal . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wilson's disease - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/wilsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353251 |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> Na ƙarshe, yanayi wanda matsin lamba a cikin jijiyar portal ya ƙaru sosai, yana haifar da canje-canje a cikin esophagus da kuma [[Sifa|splenomegaly]] da ascites . Idan aka yi bincike, ana iya ganin alamun cututtukan hanta na yau da kullun kamar gizo-gizo angiomata (ƙananan jijiyoyin jini, galibi a kan ƙirji). [[Ciwon Hanta|Hepatitis mai aiki na yau da kullun]] ya riga ya haifar da [[cirrhosis]] na hanta a yawancin marasa lafiya lokacin da suka fara bayyanar cututtuka. Duk da cewa yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cirrhosis suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar hanta (ciwon hanta), wannan haɗarin yana da ƙarancin yawa a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Kimanin kashi 5% na dukkan mutane ana gano su ne kawai lokacin da suka kamu da matsalar hanta mai tsanani, sau da yawa a cikin mahallin cutar anemia ta hemolytic (rashin jini saboda lalacewar ƙwayoyin jinin ja). Wannan yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa a cikin samar da furotin (wanda aka gano ta hanyar rashin daidaituwar coagulation ) da metabolism ta hanta. Tsarin metabolism na furotin da ya lalace yana haifar da tarin abubuwan sharar gida, kamar ammonia, a cikin jini. Lokacin da waɗannan ke fusata kwakwalwa, marasa lafiya suna kamuwa da cutar hanta - wani mummunan yanayi wanda ke haifar da rudani, suma, [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], kuma, a ƙarshe, kumburin kwakwalwa mai barazana ga rayuwa). <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> === Alamomin tabin hankali === [[Fayil:Wilson's_Disease_5.jpg|thumb|Yarinya mai fama da cutar Wilson]] Kimanin rabin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson suna da alamun jijiyoyi ko tabin hankali. Yawancinsu da farko suna da ɗan lalacewar fahimta da rashin nutsuwa, da kuma canje-canje a cikin hali. Alamomin jijiyoyi na musamman galibi suna biyo baya, sau da yawa a cikin nau'in parkinsonism (ƙarfin bugun lead ko cogwheel, bradykinesia, da rashin kwanciyar hankali a bayan jiki <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ) tare da ko ba tare da rawar jiki ta hannu ba, fuskokin fuska da aka rufe, magana mara kyau, ataxia (rashin daidaituwa), ko dystonia (juya da maimaita motsi na wani ɓangare na jiki). Karyewa da [[migraine]] sun fi yawa a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Ana samun rawar jiki ta musamman da aka bayyana a matsayin "girgizar bugun fikafikai" a cikin mutane da yawa da ke fama da cutar Wilson; wannan ba ya nan a lokacin hutawa amma ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar sace hannun da kuma lanƙwasa gwiwar hannu zuwa tsakiyar layi. Fahimta na iya shafar cutar Wilson, a cikin rukunoni biyu marasa alaƙa da juna: matsalar lobe na gaba (na iya kasancewa a matsayin rashin himma, rashin yanke hukunci, rashin sha'awa, rashin kulawa, da rashin aikin zartarwa tare da rashin kyakkyawan tsari da yanke shawara) da kuma cutar hauka ta subcortical (na iya kasancewa a matsayin tunani a hankali, rashin tunawa, da rashin aikin zartarwa, ba tare da alamun aphasia, apraxia, ko agnosia ba ). Ana tsammanin waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi fahimta suna da alaƙa kuma suna da alaƙa da bayyanar cutar ta tabin hankali. <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Matsalolin tabin hankali da cutar Wilson ke haifarwa na iya haɗawa da canje-canje a halaye, [[Babban rashin damuwa|baƙin ciki]], [[Matsalar damuwa|matsalolin damuwa]], da kuma tabin hankali . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Alamomin tabin hankali galibi ana ganin su tare da alamomin jijiyoyi kuma ba kasafai suke bayyana kansu ba. Waɗannan alamun galibi ba a fayyace su sosai kuma wani lokacin ana iya danganta su da wasu dalilai. Saboda haka, ba kasafai ake gano cutar Wilson ba idan alamun tabin hankali kawai suka bayyana. <ref name="Lorincz2010">{{Cite journal |last=Lorincz MT |year=2010 |title=Neurologic Wilson's disease |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78731/1/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x.pdf |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=1184 |issue=1 |pages=173–87 |bibcode=2010NYASA1184..173L |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05109.x |pmid=20146697 |s2cid=2989668 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Sauran tsarin gabobi === [[Fayil:Kayser-Fleischer_ringArrow.jpg|thumb|Zoben launin ruwan kasa a gefen iris ( Kayser-Fleischer ring ) abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin cutar Wilson, musamman idan akwai alamun jijiyoyi.]] An danganta yanayin lafiya da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin cutar Wilson: * '''Idanu:''' Zoben Kayser-Fleischer (zoben KF) na iya bayyana a cikin cornea na idanu, ko dai kai tsaye ko kuma a kan gwajin fitilar da aka yanke, yayin da tarin tagulla ke samar da zobe a kusa da cornea. Wannan ya faru ne saboda kasancewar jan ƙarfe a cikin membrane na cornea na Descemet . Waɗannan zoben na iya zama ko dai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, zinare, ko ja, faɗinsu ya kai mm 1 zuwa 3, kuma suna bayyana a cornea limbus. Ba sa faruwa a cikin duk mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson kuma ana iya ganin su a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cholestasis na yau da kullun. <ref name="Pandey">{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Nivedita |last2=John |first2=Savio |date=21 June 2022 |title=Kayser-Fleischer Ring |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ |journal=StatPearls |location=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083643 |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> <ref name="Roberts2008">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2008 |title=Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson disease: An update |journal=Hepatology |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=2089–2111 |doi=10.1002/hep.22261 |pmid=18506894 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cutar Wilson kuma tana da alaƙa da [[Cataract|cataracts]] na sunflower da ke nuna launin ruwan kasa ko kore na capsule na gaba da na baya. Babu ɗayansu da ke haifar da asarar gani mai yawa. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Zoben KF yana faruwa a kusan kashi 66% na shari'o'in da aka gano (sau da yawa a cikin waɗanda ke da alamun jijiyoyi maimakon masu matsalolin hanta). <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gut_2007-01_56_1/page/115 |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}</ref> * '''Koda:''' renal tubular acidosis (Nau'i na 2), rashin daidaituwar sarrafa bicarbonate ta hanyar bututun proximal yana haifar da nephrocalcinosis (tarin calcium a cikin kodan), raunin ƙasusuwa (saboda asarar calcium da phosphate), da kuma wani lokacin aminoaciduria (rashin muhimman [[amino acid]] da ake buƙata don haɗa furotin). <ref name="Ala" /> * '''Zuciya:''' ciwon zuciya (rauni na tsokar zuciya) matsala ce da ba kasafai ake samu ba a cikin cutar Wilson; tana iya haifar da [[gazawar zuciya]] (tarin ruwa saboda raguwar aikin famfo) da kuma bugun zuciya (abubuwan da ke faruwa na bugun zuciya mara tsari da/ko kuma mai sauri ko jinkirin bugawa). <ref name="Ala" /> * '''Hormones:''' hypoparathyroidism (gazawar glandar parathyroid wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin sinadarin calcium), panhypopituitarism (wanda ke haifar da raguwar samar da hormones daga glandar pituitary), rashin haihuwa, da kuma sake zubar da ciki . <ref name="Ala" /> <ref name="Roberts 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |date=7 September 2023 |title=Current and Emerging Issues in Wilson's Disease |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=389 |issue=10 |pages=922–938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1903585 |pmid=37672695 |s2cid=261581755}}</ref> * '''Ƙwayoyin tsoka:''' Ciwon gaɓɓai da kuma rage ƙashi ( osteopenia ko osteoporosis ). <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * '''Yatsun Yatsu:''' Farace mai launin shuɗi, ko kuma a hukumance Azure Lunula, ana ganinta a matsayin launin shuɗi wanda ke shuɗewa kusa da shi. <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> Fayil:Sunflower_cataract.jpg|Sunflower cataract and thick KF ring of a 40-year-old male with Wilson's disease and decompensated chronic liver disease Fayil:KF_ring_1.jpg|Diffuse illumination of cornea Fayil:KF_ring_2.jpg|Copper deposition on corneal Descemet's membrane </gallery> == Halittar Halitta == [[Fayil:Autorecessive.svg|thumb|Cutar Wilson tana da tsarin gado na autosomal recessive.]] <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>Kwayar cutar Wilson ( ''ATP7B'' ) tana kan chromosome 13 (13q14.3) kuma ana bayyana ta musamman a cikin hanta, koda, da mahaifa . Kwayar halittar tana da lambar P-type (cation transport enzyme) ATPase wanda ke jigilar jan ƙarfe zuwa bile kuma yana haɗa shi zuwa ceruloplasmin . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yawancin mutanen da ke da cutar Wilson - 60% - suna da homozygous don maye gurbi ''na ATP7B'' (kwafi biyu marasa kyau), kuma 30% daga cikinsu suna da kwafi ɗaya kawai mara kyau. <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerleSchaeferFerenciStremmel2007">Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 "Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study"]. ''Gut''. '''56''' (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>20. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/gut.2005.087262|10.1136/gut.2005.087262]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 1856673]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709660 16709660].</cite></ref> A cikin har zuwa 7% na lokuta, mutanen da ke da cutar Wilson ba su da maye gurbi da za a iya gano su. <ref name="Stattermayer">{{Cite journal |last=Stattermayer |first=Albert |last2=Zoller |first2=Heinz M. |last3=Weiss |first3=Karl Heinz |last4=Szalay |first4=Ferenc |last5=Bruha |first5=Radan |last6=Houwen |first6=Roderick |last7=Stauber |first7=Rudolf E. |last8=Steindl-Munda |first8=Petra E. |last9=Hofer |first9=Harald |last10=Stremmel |first10=Wolfgang |last11=Ferenci |first11=Peter |date=October 2014 |title=Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464 |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=60 |pages=427A |issn=0270-9139}}</ref> Duk da cewa an bayyana fiye da maye gurbi 500 na ''ATP7B'', <ref name="Stattermayer">{{Cite journal |last=Stattermayer |first=Albert |last2=Zoller |first2=Heinz M. |last3=Weiss |first3=Karl Heinz |last4=Szalay |first4=Ferenc |last5=Bruha |first5=Radan |last6=Houwen |first6=Roderick |last7=Stauber |first7=Rudolf E. |last8=Steindl-Munda |first8=Petra E. |last9=Hofer |first9=Harald |last10=Stremmel |first10=Wolfgang |last11=Ferenci |first11=Peter |date=October 2014 |title=Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464 |url=https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx |journal=Hepatology |language=en-US |volume=60 |pages=427A |issn=0270-9139}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStattermayerZollerWeissSzalay2014">Stattermayer A, Zoller HM, Weiss KH, Szalay F, Bruha R, Houwen R, Stauber RE, Steindl-Munda PE, Hofer H, Stremmel W, Ferenci P (October 2014). [https://journals.lww.com/hep/citation/2014/10001/patients_with_wilson_disease_without_detectable.464.aspx "Patients with Wilson disease without detectable ATP7B mutations: 464"]. ''Hepatology''. '''60''': 427A. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-9139 0270-9139].</cite></ref> ƙaramin adadin waɗannan ne ke haifar da yawancin lokuta na cutar Wilson; wanda maye gurbi da mutum zai yi ya fi dacewa da yawan jama'ar da yake ciki. Misali, a cikin al'ummar Yamma, maye gurbi na H1069Q (maye gurbin histidine da glutamine a matsayi na 1069 a cikin furotin) yana nan a cikin kashi 37%–63% na lokuta, yayin da a China wannan maye gurbi ba kasafai ake samunsa ba; R778L ( arginine zuwa leucine a 778) ana samunsa sau da yawa a can. Ba a san komai game da tasirin maye gurbi daban-daban ba, kodayake maye gurbi na H1069Q yana hasashen farkon farawa daga baya da kuma matsalolin jijiyoyi, a cewar wasu bincike. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}</ref> Cikakken tushen da aka rubuta a asibiti, WilsonGen, yana ba da rarrabuwar asibiti don bambance-bambancen kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin jagororin ACMG & AMP na baya-bayan nan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Mukesh |last2=Gaharwar |first2=Utkarsh |last3=Paul |first3=Sangita |last4=Poojary |first4=Mukta |last5=Pandhare |first5=Kavita |last6=Scaria |first6=Vinod |last7=Bk |first7=Binukumar |date=2020-06-03 |title=WilsonGen a comprehensive clinically annotated genomic variant resource for Wilson's Disease |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=9037 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.9037K |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-66099-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=7270127 |pmid=32493955}}</ref> Bambancin da aka saba samu a cikin ƙwayar halittar ''PRNP'' na iya canza yanayin cutar ta hanyar jinkirta shekarun farawa da kuma shafar nau'in alamun da ke tasowa. Wannan kwayar halittar tana samar da furotin prion, wanda ke aiki a cikin kwakwalwa da sauran kyallen takarda kuma da alama yana da hannu wajen jigilar jan ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grubenbecher S, Stüve O, Hefter H, Korth C |year=2006 |title=Prion protein gene codon 129 modulates clinical course of neurological Wilson disease |journal=NeuroReport |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=549–52 |doi=10.1097/01.wnr.0000209006.48105.90 |pmid=16543824 |s2cid=37186426}}</ref> Da farko an yi zargin cewa akwai wani muhimmin rawa ga kwayar halittar ''ApoE'', amma ba a iya tabbatar da hakan ba. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Ana gadon wannan yanayin ne a cikin tsarin autosomal recessive. Domin a gada shi, dole ne dukkan iyayen mutum su ɗauki kwayar halittar da ta shafa. Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cutar Wilson ba su da tarihin iyali na wannan yanayin. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Mutanen da ke da kwayar halitta ɗaya tilo da ba ta dace ba ana kiransu masu ɗauke da kwayar halitta (heterozygotes) kuma suna iya samun ƙananan matsaloli, amma marasa mahimmanci a fannin lafiya, na metabolism na jan ƙarfe. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Akwai cututtuka da dama da suka shafi gado waɗanda ke haifar da yawan jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta; cutar Wilson ita ce mafi yawansu. Duk suna iya haifar da [[cirrhosis]] tun suna ƙanana. Sauran cututtukan da suka shafi jan ƙarfe sune cirrhosis na yara na Indiya (ICC), cirrhosis na yara na Tyrolean, da kuma gubar jan ƙarfe na idiopathic. Waɗannan ukun, ba kamar cutar Wilson ba, ba su da alaƙa da maye gurbi ''na ATP7B'' ; misali, an danganta ICC da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar ''KRT8'' da ''KRT18'' . <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == [[Fayil:Copper_metabolism.png|thumb|Sha da rarrabawar jan ƙarfe ta al'ada: Cu = jan ƙarfe, CP = ceruloplasmin, kore = ATP7B ɗauke da jan ƙarfe]] Jiki yana buƙatar jan ƙarfe don ayyuka da yawa, galibi a matsayin mai haɗa sinadarai ga wasu enzymes kamar ceruloplasmin, cytochrome c oxidase, dopamine β-hydroxylase, superoxide dismutase, da tyrosinase . <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Tagulla tana shiga jiki ta hanyar narkewar abinci . Wani furotin mai jigilar kaya a kan ƙwayoyin ƙaramin hanji, mai jigilar membrane na jan ƙarfe 1 (Ctr1; SLC31A1), yana ɗauke da jan ƙarfe a cikin ƙwayoyin, inda wasu ke ɗaure da metallothionein kuma wani ɓangare ana ɗaukarsa ta hanyar ATOX1 zuwa wani organelle da aka sani da hanyar sadarwa ta trans-Golgi . A nan, saboda ƙaruwar yawan jan ƙarfe, wani enzyme da ake kira ATP7A (protein na Menkes) yana sakin jan ƙarfe zuwa cikin jijiyar portal zuwa hanta. Kwayoyin hanta kuma suna ɗauke da furotin CMT1, kuma metallothionein da ATOX1 suna ɗaure shi a cikin tantanin halitta, amma a nan, ATP7B yana haɗa jan ƙarfe da ceruloplasmin kuma yana sakinsa zuwa cikin jini, da kuma cire jan ƙarfe mai yawa ta hanyar fitar da shi zuwa cikin bile. Duk ayyukan ATP7B suna da rauni a cikin cutar Wilson. Tagulla yana taruwa a cikin kyallen hanta; har yanzu ana fitar da ceruloplasmin, amma a cikin wani nau'i wanda ba shi da jan ƙarfe (wanda ake kira apo-ceruloplasmin) kuma yana raguwa cikin sauri a cikin jini. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Idan adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta ya mamaye sunadaran da suka saba ɗaure shi, yana haifar da lalacewar oxidative ga hanta ta hanyar wani tsari da aka sani da Fenton chemistry ; wannan lalacewar daga ƙarshe yana haifar da [[Ciwon Hanta|hepatitis mai aiki na yau da kullun]], fibrosis (zubar da kyallen haɗin gwiwa), da [[cirrhosis]] . Hanta kuma tana sakin jan ƙarfe cikin jini wanda ba ya ɗaure da ceruloplasmin. Wannan jan ƙarfe kyauta yana kwarara a cikin jiki, amma musamman a cikin koda, idanu, da kwakwalwa. A cikin kwakwalwa, yawancin jan ƙarfe yana cikin basal ganglia, musamman a cikin putamen da globus pallidus (wanda aka haɗa tare da lenticular nucleus ); waɗannan yankuna galibi suna shiga cikin daidaita motsi kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hanyoyin neurocognitive kamar sarrafa abubuwan ƙarfafawa da daidaita yanayi. Lalacewar waɗannan yankuna, kuma ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar Fenton, yana haifar da alamun cututtukan kwakwalwa da ake gani a cikin cutar Wilson. <ref name="deBie2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW |date=November 2007 |title=Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes |journal=J. Med. Genet. |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=673–88 |doi=10.1136/jmg.2007.052746 |pmc=2752173 |pmid=17717039}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFde_BieMullerWijmengaKlomp2007">de Bie P, Muller P, Wijmenga C, Klomp LW (November 2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 "Molecular pathogenesis of Wilson and Menkes disease: correlation of mutations with molecular defects and disease phenotypes"]. ''J. Med. Genet''. '''44''' (11): <span class="nowrap">673–</span>88. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/jmg.2007.052746|10.1136/jmg.2007.052746]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752173 2752173]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17717039 17717039].</cite></ref> Ba a fayyace dalilin da ya sa cutar Wilson ke haifar da hemolysis ba, amma shaidu daban-daban sun nuna cewa babban matakin jan ƙarfe mara lahani (wanda ba ya ɗaure da ceruloplasmin) na iya shafar iskar oxygen na haemoglobin kai tsaye, ko kuma hana enzymes masu samar da makamashi a cikin ƙwayoyin jinin ja, ko kuma haifar da lalacewar membranes na ƙwayoyin halitta kai tsaye. == Ganewar Ganewa == [[Fayil:Basal_ganglia_and_related_structures_(2).svg|thumb|Wurin da basal ganglia yake, ɓangaren kwakwalwa da cutar Wilson ta shafa]] Ana iya zargin cutar Wilson bisa ga kowace alama da aka ambata a sama, ko kuma lokacin da aka gano wani dangi na kusa yana da Wilson's. Yawancinsu suna da gwaje-gwajen aikin hanta marasa kyau kamar ƙaruwar aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, da bilirubin . Matakan alkaline phosphatase suna da ƙarancin yawa a cikin waɗanda ke da gazawar hanta mai tsanani da ke da alaƙa da Wilson's. <ref name="pmid3758940">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Shaver WA, Bhatt H, Combes B |year=1986 |title=Low serum alkaline phosphatase activity in Wilson's disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=859–63 |doi=10.1002/hep.1840060509 |pmid=3758940 |s2cid=24055787 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan lalacewar hanta tana da mahimmanci, albumin na iya raguwa saboda rashin iyawar ƙwayoyin hanta da suka lalace don samar da wannan furotin; haka nan, lokacin prothrombin (gwajin coagulation ) na iya tsawaita saboda hanta ba ta iya samar da sunadarai da aka sani da abubuwan clotting. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Idan aka ga alamun jijiyoyi, ana yin hoton maganadisu na kwakwalwa yawanci; wannan yana nuna ƙaruwar ƙarfi a ɓangaren kwakwalwa da ake kira basal ganglia a cikin saitin T2 . <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> MRI kuma na iya nuna halayyar "fuskar babban panda" . <ref name="Panda">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Das SK, Ray K |date=September 2006 |title=Wilson's disease: an update |journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=482–93 |doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0291 |pmid=16932613 |s2cid=205340375}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana jinkirta ganewar asali, tare da matsakaicin lokaci daga farkon alamun cutar zuwa ga ganewar asali na kimanin shekaru 2, kodayake wannan jinkirin na iya kasancewa daga gane nan take zuwa shekaru 30, wani ɓangare saboda bambancin gabatarwa da buƙatar gwaje-gwaje na musamman da yawa. <ref name="Merle2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W |year=2007 |title=Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study |journal=Gut |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=115–20 |doi=10.1136/gut.2005.087262 |pmc=1856673 |pmid=16709660}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMerleSchaeferFerenciStremmel2007">Merle U, Schaefer M, Ferenci P, Stremmel W (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 "Clinical presentation, diagnosis and long-term outcome of Wilson's disease: a cohort study"]. ''Gut''. '''56''' (1): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>20. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1136/gut.2005.087262|10.1136/gut.2005.087262]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856673 1856673]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16709660 16709660].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yu |first=Minling |last2=Ren |first2=Linxiang |last3=Zheng |first3=Muxin |last4=Hong |first4=Mingfan |last5=Wei |first5=Zhisheng |date=2022 |title=Delayed Diagnosis of Wilson's Disease Report From 179 Newly Diagnosed Cases in China |journal=Frontiers in Neurology |volume=13 |doi=10.3389/fneur.2022.884840 |issn=1664-2295 |pmc=9294220 |pmid=35865642 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba a san wani gwaji mai inganci game da cutar Wilson ba, amma matakan ceruloplasmin da jan ƙarfe a cikin jini, da kuma adadin jan ƙarfe da aka fitar a cikin fitsari a cikin awanni 24, ana amfani da su tare don samar da hoton adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin jiki. Gwaji mafi daidaito shine gwajin hanta . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> === Ceruloplasmin === [[Fayil:PBB_Protein_CP_image.jpg|thumb|Ceruloplasmin]] Matakan ceruloplasmin ba su da yawa sosai (<0.2)&nbsp;g/L) a cikin kashi 80–95% na lokuta. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yana iya kasancewa a matakan al'ada, kodayake, a cikin mutanen da ke fama da kumburi mai ci gaba, saboda furotin ne mai saurin kamuwa da cuta . Ana kuma samun ƙarancin ceruloplasmin a cikin cutar Menkes da aceruloplasminemia, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da, amma sun fi wuya fiye da cutar Wilson. <ref name="Ala" /> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Haɗin alamomin jijiyoyi, alamun ido, da ƙarancin matakin ceruloplasmin ana ɗaukarsa ya isa don gano cutar Wilson. A lokuta da yawa, duk da haka, ana buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje. <ref name="Roberts2003" /> === Jini da fitsari jan ƙarfe === Tagulla a cikin jini yana da ƙasa, wanda zai iya zama kamar abin mamaki idan aka yi la'akari da cewa cutar Wilson cuta ce ta yawan jan ƙarfe. Duk da haka, kashi 95% na jan ƙarfe a cikin jini yana ɗauke da ceruloplasmin, wanda galibi yana da ƙasa a cikin cutar Wilson. Tagulla a cikin fitsari yana ƙaruwa a cikin cutar Wilson kuma ana tattara shi na tsawon awanni 24 a cikin kwalba tare da layin da ba shi da jan ƙarfe. Matakan da suka wuce 100&nbsp;μg/awa 24 (1.6)&nbsp;μmol/awa 24) sun tabbatar da cutar Wilson, kuma matakan da suka wuce 40&nbsp;μg/awa 24 (0.6)&nbsp;μmol/24h) suna da matuƙar nuna alama. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> Yawan matakan jan ƙarfe na fitsari ba na musamman bane ga cutar Wilson; wani lokacin ana lura da su a cikin cututtukan hepatitis na autoimmune da kuma a cikin cholestasis (duk wata cuta da ke toshe kwararar bile daga hanta zuwa ƙaramin hanji). <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> A cikin yara, ana iya amfani da gwajin penicillamine mai zuwa: a 500&nbsp;Ana ba da maganin penicillamine mg ta baki, sannan a tattara dukkan fitsari na tsawon awanni 24. Idan fitsarin yini ya ƙunshi fiye da 1600&nbsp;μg (25)&nbsp;μmol) na jan ƙarfe, alama ce mai inganci ta cutar Wilson. Ba a tabbatar da wannan gwajin a cikin manya ba. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> === Gwajin fitilar Slit-fitila === Ana duba idanun majiyyaci ta amfani da fitilar yankewa don neman zoben Kayser-Fleischer, waɗanda ke da alaƙa sosai da cutar Wilson kuma suna faruwa ne sakamakon tagulla da aka tara a cikin cornea na ciki a cikin membrane na Descemet . <ref name="Pandey">{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Nivedita |last2=John |first2=Savio |date=21 June 2022 |title=Kayser-Fleischer Ring |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ |journal=StatPearls |location=Treasure Island, Florida |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29083643 |access-date=30 November 2022}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPandeyJohn2022">Pandey N, John S (21 June 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459187/ "Kayser-Fleischer Ring"]. ''StatPearls''. Treasure Island, Florida: StatPearls Publishing. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29083643 29083643]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> === Binciken ƙwayoyin cuta na hanta === Da zarar wasu bincike sun nuna cutar Wilson, gwajin da ya fi dacewa shine cire ƙaramin adadin ƙwayoyin hanta ta hanyar yin gwajin hanta. Ana tantance wannan ta hanyar microscopic don matakin steatosis da cirrhosis, kuma ana amfani da histochemistry da kimanta jan ƙarfe don auna tsananin tarin jan ƙarfe. Mataki na 250&nbsp;μg na jan ƙarfe a kowace gram na busasshen ƙwayar hanta yana tabbatar da cutar Wilson. A wasu lokutan, ana samun ƙarancin matakan jan ƙarfe; a wannan yanayin, haɗakar binciken biopsy tare da duk sauran gwaje-gwaje na iya haifar da ganewar asali na Wilson. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> A farkon matakan cutar, bincikin kwakwaf yawanci yana nuna steatosis (zubar da kitse), ƙaruwar glycogen a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, da kuma yankunan necrosis (mutuwar ƙwayoyin halitta). A cikin mafi ci gaba da cutar, canje-canjen da aka lura suna kama da waɗanda ake gani a cikin cutar hepatitis ta autoimmune, kamar shigar ƙwayoyin kumburi, ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da juna, da fibrosis (tabon kyallen takarda). A cikin ci gaba da cutar, a ƙarshe, cirrhosis shine babban abin da aka gano. A cikin mummunan gazawar hanta, lalacewar ƙwayoyin hanta da rugujewar tsarin kyallen hanta ana ganin su, yawanci akan asalin canje-canje na cirrhotic. Hanyoyin histochemical don gano jan ƙarfe ba su da daidaito kuma ba su da tabbas, kuma ana ɗaukar su kaɗai a matsayin waɗanda ba su isa ba don kafa ganewar asali. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_hepatology_2003-06_37_6/page/1475 |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Gwajin Halittar Halitta === Ana iya yin nazarin sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta na ''ATP7B'', da kuma sauran kwayoyin halitta da ke da alaƙa da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta. Da zarar an tabbatar da sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta, ana iya duba 'yan uwa don gano cutar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shawarwarin iyali na kwayoyin halitta na asibiti . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Rarraba kwayoyin halitta na yankuna da ke da alaƙa da cutar Wilson yana da mahimmanci a bi, domin wannan zai iya taimaka wa likitoci su tsara dabarun tantancewa masu dacewa. Tunda sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta na ''ATP7B'' sun bambanta tsakanin al'ummomi, bincike da gwajin kwayoyin halitta da aka yi a ƙasashe kamar Amurka ko Burtaniya na iya haifar da matsaloli, saboda suna da yawan jama'a masu gauraye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferenci |first=Peter |date=2006-06-22 |title=Regional distribution of mutations of the ATP7B gene in patients with Wilson disease: impact on genetic testing |journal=Human Genetics |language=en |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=151–159 |doi=10.1007/s00439-006-0202-5 |issn=0340-6717 |pmid=16791614 |s2cid=10124665}}</ref> == Magani == === Abinci mai gina jiki === Gabaɗaya, ana ba da shawarar cin abinci mai ƙarancin sinadarin jan ƙarfe. Abincin da ake guje wa daga yawan jan ƙarfe a cikin cutar Wilson sun haɗa da namomin kaza, goro, cakulan, busassun [['ya'yan itace]], hanta, tsaban ridi, man ridi, da kifin shellfish . <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> Bayan jiyya ta farko ta rage matakan jan ƙarfe, likita zai iya ba da shawarar cewa za a iya cin matsakaicin adadin waɗannan abincin lafiya yayin kula da lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/eating-diet-nutrition |access-date=2026-03-29 |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> Idan ruwan famfo ya fito daga rijiya ko kuma ya ratsa bututun jan ƙarfe, ana ba da shawarar a duba matakin jan ƙarfe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating, Diet, & Nutrition for Wilson Disease |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/eating-diet-nutrition |access-date=2026-03-29 |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> === Magani === Akwai magunguna na likitanci don magance cutar Wilson. Wasu suna ƙara yawan cire jan ƙarfe daga jiki, yayin da wasu kuma suna hana shan jan ƙarfe daga abinci. Gabaɗaya, penicillamine shine magani na farko da ake amfani da shi. Wannan yana ɗaurewa da jan ƙarfe (ta hanyar chelation ) kuma yana haifar da fitar da jan ƙarfe a cikin fitsari. Saboda haka, ana iya yin sa ido kan adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin fitsari don tabbatar da an sha isasshen magani. Penicillamine ba shi da matsala; kusan kashi 20% suna fuskantar sakamako ko rikitarwa na maganin penicillamine, kamar [[lupus]] da miyagun ƙwayoyi ke haifarwa (yana haifar da ciwon haɗin gwiwa da kuraje a fata) ko myasthenia (yanayin jijiya wanda ke haifar da raunin tsoka). Ga waɗanda suka nuna alamun jijiyoyi, kusan rabin suna fuskantar tabarbarewar alamunsu. Duk da cewa ana lura da wannan lamari a wasu jiyya ga Wilson's, yawanci ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin alama don dakatar da penicillamine da fara magani na biyu. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlaWalkerAshkanDooley2007">Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML (2007). "Wilson's disease". ''Lancet''. '''369''' (9559): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>408. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Lanc..369..397A 2007Lanc..369..397A]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276780 17276780]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24663871 24663871].</cite></ref> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> Waɗanda ba sa jure wa penicillamine za a iya fara amfani da trientine hydrochloride, wanda kuma yana da kaddarorin chelating. Wasu suna ba da shawarar trientine a matsayin magani na farko, amma ƙwarewa tare da penicillamine ya fi yawa. <ref name="Roberts2003" /> Wani ƙarin sinadari da aka san yana aiki a cikin cutar Wilson, wanda Wilson Therapeutics ke gudanar da bincike a kansa, shine tetrathiomolybdate . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin gwaji, <ref name="Roberts2003" /> kodayake wasu bincike sun nuna sakamako mai amfani. <ref name="Ala" /> Da zarar duk sakamakon ya koma daidai, ana iya amfani da [[zinc]] (yawanci a cikin nau'in maganin zinc acetate da ake kira Galzin) maimakon chelators don kiyaye daidaiton matakan jan ƙarfe a jiki. Zinc yana motsa metallothionein, wani furotin a cikin ƙwayoyin hanji wanda ke ɗaure jan ƙarfe kuma yana hana sha da jigilar sa zuwa hanta. Ana ci gaba da maganin zinc sai dai idan alamun sun sake dawowa ko kuma idan fitar jan ƙarfe daga fitsari ya ƙaru. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertsSchilsky2003">Roberts EA, Schilsky ML (2003). [[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|"A practice guideline on Wilson disease"]]. ''Hepatology''. '''37''' (6): <span class="nowrap">1475–</span>92. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50252|10.1053/jhep.2003.50252]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12774027 12774027]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263620 263620].</cite></ref> A lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun maganin da ke da tasiri a baki ba, musamman ma idan akwai cututtukan jijiyoyi masu tsanani, ana buƙatar dimercaprol (mai hana Lewisite na Burtaniya) a wasu lokutan. Ana yin wannan maganin ta hanyar jijiya (a cikin tsoka) duk bayan makonni kaɗan kuma yana da illoli marasa daɗi kamar ciwo. <ref name="Walshe1996">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=July 1996 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease: the historical background |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_qjm_1996-07_89_7/page/553 |journal=QJM |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=553–55 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/89.7.553 |pmid=8759497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Mutane waɗanda ba su da alamun cutar (misali, waɗanda aka gano ta hanyar gwajin iyali ko kuma sakamakon gwajin da ba a saba gani ba) galibi ana yi musu magani, domin tarin jan ƙarfe na iya haifar da lalacewa na dogon lokaci a nan gaba. Ko waɗannan mutanen za a fi yi musu magani da penicillamine ko zinc acetate ba a fayyace ba. <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Jiyya na jiki da na aiki === [[Gyaran jiki|Maganin motsa jiki]] da kuma aikin yi suna da amfani ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da cutar ta jijiyoyi. Maganin jan ƙarfe na iya ɗaukar har zuwa watanni shida kafin ya fara aiki, kuma waɗannan hanyoyin na iya taimakawa wajen magance ataxia, dystonia, da girgizar ƙasa, da kuma hana ci gaban kwankwancewa da ka iya tasowa daga dystonia. <ref name="Brewer2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brewer GJ, Askari FK |year=2005 |title=Wilson's disease: clinical management and therapy |journal=Journal of Hepatology |volume=42 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=13–21 |doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2004.11.013 |pmid=15777568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Dashen === Dashen hanta magani ne mai inganci ga cutar Wilson, amma ana amfani da shi ne kawai a wasu yanayi na musamman saboda haɗarin da ke tattare da aikin. Ana amfani da shi galibi ga mutanen da ke fama da gazawar hanta waɗanda ba su amsa maganin likita ba ko kuma waɗanda ke fama da cutar hanta mai tsanani. Ana guje wa dashen hanta a cikin cututtukan tabin hankali masu tsanani, waɗanda ba a nuna fa'idarsa ba. <ref name="Ala">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ala A, Walker AP, Ashkan K, Dooley JS, Schilsky ML |year=2007 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Lancet |volume=369 |issue=9559 |pages=397–408 |bibcode=2007Lanc..369..397A |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60196-2 |pmid=17276780 |s2cid=24663871}}</ref> <ref name="Roberts2003">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |year=2003 |title=A practice guideline on Wilson disease |journal=Hepatology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=1475–92 |doi=10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 |pmid=12774027 |s2cid=263620 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Hasashen == Idan ba a yi maganinsa ba, cutar Wilson tana ƙara ta'azzara kuma daga ƙarshe tana kashe mutane. Matsaloli masu tsanani sun haɗa da cirrhosis na hanta, gazawar koda mai tsanani, da kuma tabin hankali. [[Ciwon daji na hanta]] da kuma cholangiocarcinoma na iya faruwa, amma a ƙasa da sauran cututtukan hanta na yau da kullun, kuma haɗarin yana raguwa sosai idan aka yi magani. <ref name="Roberts 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Roberts |first=Eve A. |last2=Schilsky |first2=Michael L. |date=7 September 2023 |title=Current and Emerging Issues in Wilson's Disease |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=389 |issue=10 |pages=922–938 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1903585 |pmid=37672695 |s2cid=261581755}}</ref> Tare da ganowa da magani da wuri, yawancin waɗanda abin ya shafa za su iya rayuwa ta al'ada kuma suna da tsawon rai kusa da na jama'a. <ref name="Roberts 2023" /> Lalacewar hanta da jijiyoyin jiki da ke faruwa kafin magani na iya inganta, amma galibi yana dindindin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition and Facts {{!}} NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/liver-disease/wilson-disease/definition-facts |access-date=2019-02-01 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases |language=en-US}}</ref> Haihuwa yawanci al'ada ce kuma matsalolin ciki ba sa ƙaruwa a cikin waɗanda ke da cutar Wilson da ake yi wa magani. <ref name="Roberts 2023" /> == Tarihi == Cutar tana ɗauke da sunan likitan [[Birtaniya]] Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937), wani likitan jijiyoyi wanda ya bayyana yanayin, gami da canje-canjen cututtuka a kwakwalwa da hanta, a cikin 1912. <ref name="Wilson1912">{{Cite journal |last=Kinnier Wilson SA |year=1912 |title=Progressive lenticular degeneration: a familial nervous disease associated with cirrhosis of the liver |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431640 |journal=Brain |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=295–507 |doi=10.1093/brain/34.4.295}}</ref> Aikin Wilson ya riga ya kasance tun kafin rahotanni daga likitan jijiyoyi na Jamus Karl Westphal (a cikin 1883), wanda ya kira shi "pseudo-sclerosis"; na likitan jijiyoyi na Burtaniya William Gowers (a cikin 1888); <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}</ref> na masanin ilimin jijiyoyi na Finland Ernst Alexander Homén (a cikin 1889–1892), wanda ya lura da yanayin gado na cutar; <ref name="Homén1892">{{Cite journal |last=Homén EA |date=1892 |title=Eine eigenthümliche bei drei Geschwistern auftretende typische Krankheit unter der Form einer progressiven Dementia in Verbindung mit ausgedehnten Gefässveränderungen (wohl Lues hereditaria tarda) |journal=Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten |volume=24 |pages=1–38}}</ref> da kuma na Adolph Strümpell (a cikin 1898), wanda ya lura da cirrhosis na hanta. <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRobertson_WM2000">Robertson WM (February 2000). "Wilson's disease". ''Arch. Neurol''. '''57''' (2): <span class="nowrap">276–</span>77. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1001/archneur.57.2.276|10.1001/archneur.57.2.276]]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10681092 10681092].</cite></ref> Masanin ilimin jijiyoyi John Nathaniel Cumings ya yi alaƙa da tarin jan ƙarfe a cikin hanta da kwakwalwa a cikin 1948. <ref name="pmid18124738">{{Cite journal |last=Cumings JN |year=1948 |title=The copper and iron content of brain and liver in the normal and in hepato-lenticular degeneration |journal=Brain |volume=71 |issue=Dec |pages=410–15 |doi=10.1093/brain/71.4.410 |pmid=18124738}}</ref> An lura da faruwar hemolysis a cikin 1967. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McIntyre N, Clink HM, Levi AJ, Cumings JN, Sherlock S |date=February 1967 |title=Hemolytic anemia in Wilson's disease |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1967-02-23_276_8/page/439 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=276 |issue=8 |pages=439–44 |doi=10.1056/NEJM196702232760804 |pmid=6018274}}</ref> A shekarar 1951, Cumings (a Ingila), da kuma likitan kwakwalwa na [[New Zealand]] Derek Denny-Brown (suna aiki a Amurka), sun ba da rahoton magani mai inganci na farko a lokaci guda, ta amfani da maganin ƙarfe na British anti-Lewisite . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cumings JN |date=March 1951 |title=The effects of B.A.L. in hepatolenticular degeneration |journal=Brain |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=10–22 |doi=10.1093/brain/74.1.10 |pmid=14830662}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Denny-Brown D, Porter H |date=December 1951 |title=The effect of BAL (2,3-dimercaptopropanol) on hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1951-12-13_245_24/page/917 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=245 |issue=24 |pages=917–25 |doi=10.1056/NEJM195112132452401 |pmid=14882450}}</ref> Dole ne a yi allurar wannan maganin, amma yana ɗaya daga cikin magungunan farko da ake samu a fannin ilimin jijiyoyi, wani fanni da a da ake iya lura da gano shi, amma ba shi da magunguna da za a bayar. <ref name="Robertson">{{Cite journal |last=Robertson WM |date=February 2000 |title=Wilson's disease |journal=Arch. Neurol. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=276–77 |doi=10.1001/archneur.57.2.276 |pmid=10681092}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vilensky JA, Robertson WM, Gilman S |date=September 2002 |title=Denny-Brown, Wilson's disease, and BAL (British antilewisite [2,3-dimercaptopropanol]) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_2002-09-24_59_6/page/914 |journal=Neurology |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=914–16 |doi=10.1212/wnl.59.6.914 |pmid=12297577}}</ref> An gano maganin farko na maganin chelation na baki wanda ke aiki a cutar Wilson, penicillamine, a shekarar 1956 ta likitan kwakwalwa na Burtaniya John Walshe. <ref name="Walshe1956">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=January 1956 |title=Wilson's disease; new oral therapy |journal=Lancet |volume=270 |issue=6906 |pages=25–26 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(56)91859-1 |pmid=13279157}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, Walshe ya kuma gabatar da trientine, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=March 1982 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease with trientine (triethylene tetramine) dihydrochloride |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1982-03-20_1_8273/page/643 |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=8273 |pages=643–47 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92201-2 |pmid=6121964 |s2cid=205999334}}</ref> kuma shi ne na farko da ya samar da tetra-thiomolybdate don amfani a asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Harper PL, Walshe JM |date=December 1986 |title=Reversible pancytopenia secondary to treatment with tetrathiomolybdate |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-haematology_1986-12_64_4/page/851 |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=851–53 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2141.1986.tb02250.x |pmid=3801328 |s2cid=11546705 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Maganin zinc acetate ya fara bayyana a Netherlands, inda likitoci Schouwink da Hoogenraad suka yi amfani da shi a shekarar 1961 da kuma a shekarun 1970, bi da bi, kuma Brewer da abokan aikinsa a Jami'ar Michigan suka ƙara haɓaka shi daga baya. <ref name="Walshe1996">{{Cite journal |last=Walshe JM |date=July 1996 |title=Treatment of Wilson's disease: the historical background |journal=QJM |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=553–55 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/89.7.553 |pmid=8759497 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brewer GJ |date=January 2000 |title=Recognition, diagnosis, and management of Wilson's disease |url=http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/223/1/39 |url-status=dead |journal=Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=39–46 |bibcode=2000PSEBM.223...39B |doi=10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22305.x |doi-broken-date=15 April 2026 |pmid=10632959 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409223216/http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/full/223/1/39 |archive-date=2008-04-09 |access-date=2008-05-20}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin bincike da dama sun fayyace tushen kwayar halittar cutar Wilson, da kuma alaƙarta da maye gurbi na ''ATP7B'', a shekarun 1980 da 1990. <ref name="pmid8298639">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bull PC, Thomas GR, Rommens JM, Forbes JR, Cox DW |year=1993 |title=The Wilson disease gene is a putative copper transporting P-type ATPase similar to the Menkes gene |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=327–37 |bibcode=1993NaGen...5..327B |doi=10.1038/ng1293-327 |pmid=8298639 |s2cid=1236890}}</ref> <ref name="pmid8298641">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tanzi RE, Petrukhin K, Chernov I, etal |year=1993 |title=The Wilson disease gene is a copper transporting ATPase with homology to the Menkes disease gene |journal=Nat. Genet. |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=344–50 |bibcode=1993NaGen...5..344T |doi=10.1038/ng1293-344 |pmid=8298641 |s2cid=610188}}</ref> == A wasu dabbobi == An bayyana tarin jan ƙarfe da aka gada a cikin Bedlington Terriers, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sternlieb I, Twedt DC, Johnson GF, etal |year=1977 |title=Inherited copper toxicity of the liver in Bedlington terriers |journal=Proc. R. Soc. Med. |volume=70 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=8–9 |doi=10.1177/00359157770700S305 |pmc=1543595 |pmid=122681}}</ref> inda yawanci yake shafar hanta kawai. A cikin Bedlington Terriers yana faruwa ne saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar ''COMMD1'' (ko ''MURR1'' ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=van De Sluis B, Rothuizen J, Pearson PL, van Oost BA, Wijmenga C |year=2002 |title=Identification of a new copper metabolism gene by positional cloning in a purebred dog population |journal=Hum. Mol. Genet. |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=165–73 |doi=10.1093/hmg/11.2.165 |pmid=11809725 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gano waɗannan maye gurbi a cikin karnuka ya sa masu bincike suka binciki kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam da suka dace, amma ba a iya gano maye gurbi ''na COMMD1'' a cikin mutanen da ke da yanayin tarin jan ƙarfe wanda ba na Wilson ba ne (kamar cirrhosis na yara na Indiya ). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Müller T, van de Sluis B, Zhernakova A, etal |year=2003 |title=The canine copper toxicosis gene MURR1 does not cause non-Wilsonian hepatic copper toxicosis |journal=J. Hepatol. |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=164–68 |doi=10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00356-2 |pmid=12547404}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Tagulla a cikin lafiya == Manazarta == {{Commonscat|Wilson's disease}}{{Medical condition classification and resources|DiseasesDB=14152|ICD10={{ICD10|E|83|0|e|70}}|ICD9={{ICD9|275.1}}|OMIM=277900|MedlinePlus=000785|eMedicineSubj=med|eMedicineTopic=2413|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|neuro|570}} {{eMedicine2|ped|2441}}|MeshID=D006527|GeneReviewsNBK=NBK1512|GeneReviewsName=Wilson Disease|Orphanet=905}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Mineral metabolic pathology}}{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}{{Ion pump disorders}} * Wilson disease at NLM Genetics Home Reference {{Authority control}}{{Mineral metabolic pathology}}{{CNS diseases of the nervous system}}{{Ion pump disorders}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qppisu0ewpbmj5dbc0p1jaygurv6yw8 0 161146 976022 925417 2026-11-05T05:28:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ogbomoso''' makaranta ce mallakar gwamnatin tarayya da ke Ogbomoso, [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], [[Najeriya|ƙasar Najeriya]], don ilimin jinsi biyu a wata makaranta. An kafa makarantar a ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba, a shekarar 1977. FGCS ta kasance ta ɗaliban makarantar kwana/kwana kuma tana da ɗalibai sama da 1500 da ke halartarta a yanzu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Government College Ogbomoso |url=https://www.google.com.ng/?gws_rd=ssl#q=federal+government+college+ogbomoso+website |access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Ogbomoso tana da shugabanni goma sha huɗu 14 Mista AJAGBE AJ shine shugaban Kwalejin na goma sha biyar 15 kuma shugaban kwalejin na yanzu. Nadinsa a matsayin shugaban kwalejin ya fara ne a ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba. Yana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun haɗin kai sama da 100 mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya da [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyan Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya]], Ƙasar Najeriya ke kula da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Unity Colleges |url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-unity-colleges/ |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=Federal Ministry of Education |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Mai Sauti Sultan, mawaƙi == Manazarta == i9r0duphszlbpf9je7gbh79mh2o3iio 0 161156 976027 887792 2026-11-05T05:51:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya, Yaba,''' makarantar sakandare ce mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya ga ɗaliban ƙananan da manyan makarantun sakandare kawai, wacce Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya ke gudanarwa. Makarantar sakandare ce ta gauraya da ke [[Yaba, Lagos|Yaba]], [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=Complete List of Federal Unity Schools / Colleges in Nigeria |url=https://www.allschool.com.ng/list-of-federal-unity-schools-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2022-02-14 |website=Allschool |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2021-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212165904/https://www.allschool.com.ng/list-of-federal-unity-schools-in-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun haɗin kai sama da 100 mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya da [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyan Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya]], Najeriya ke kula da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Unity Colleges |url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-unity-colleges/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Federal Ministry of Education |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Tarayya, Yaba a shekarar 1948. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST: Federal Unity Colleges in Nigeria {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/list-federal-unity-colleges-nigeria |access-date=2022-02-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == chgsy8p3f27oftzgvz0v7bcouvgh6mf 0 162057 976010 885837 2026-11-05T04:50:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin 'Yan Mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Abuloma''' makarantar sakandare ce ta 'yan mata a [[Abuloma]], [[Port Harcourt]], Jihar Rivers, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1975. == Tarihi == An kafa Kwalejin 'Yan Mata ta Gwamnatin Tarayya, Abuloma a shekarar 1974 kuma an buɗe ta a shekarar 1975, a [[Bokokiri]], [[Port Harcourt]] tare da ɗalibai 34, malamai 8 da ma'aikatan da ba malamai ba 14. Shugaban makarantar farko ita ce Mrs. Okobi. A wani ɓangare na faɗaɗa makarantar a shekarar 1976, makarantar ta ƙaura zuwa wani wuri a Abuloma. A shekarar 1987, rikicin ya shafi makarantar. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tsakanin 2006 da 2010, an gudanar da Makarantar Sakandare ta Babbar Sakandare da Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙarama daban-daban. Yana ɗaya daga cikin makarantun haɗin kai sama da 100 mallakar Gwamnatin Tarayya da [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyan Najeriya|Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya]], Najeriya ke kula da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Unity Colleges |url=https://education.gov.ng/federal-unity-colleges/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Federal Ministry of Education |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * [[Judith Amaechi]], tsohuwar matar shugaban kasa ta jihar Rivers * [[Agbani Darego]], sarauniyar kwalliya kuma sarauniyar kyau <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2011 |title=FGGC Abuloma celebrates one of their own – Miss World 2001/Model Agbani Darego receives an award from her alma mater |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2011/01/fggc-abuloma-celebrates-one-of-their-own-miss-world-2001model-agbani-darego-receives-an-award-from-her-alma-mater/ |access-date=2019-01-08 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> * [[Munachi Abii|Muna]], mawakiyar rap * [[Boma Ozobia]], lauya == Manazarta == jknjjf9enaboqh26xsm0stwlye6k7up 0 162314 976141 909680 2026-11-05T11:46:52Z Zahrah0 14848 976141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ramón Ángel Díaz''' ({{IPA|es|raˈmon ˈaŋxel ˈdi.as}} ; an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta shekara ta alif 1959) manajan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Argentina kuma tsohon ɗan wasa ne. Shi ne kocin Argentina mafi nasara a tarihi da lashe kofuna 17, kocin na biyu mafi nasara a tarihin River Plate bayan Marcelo Gallardo da kuma kocin da ya fi samun nasara a gasar Primera División ta Argentina tare da Ángel Labruna . Díaz ya taka rawar gani a kungiyar River Plate da kuma tawagar kasar Argentina a matsayin dan wasan gaba, kuma ya horar da kungiyar sau uku, inda ya lashe kofuna takwas. Ana kuma kiransa da sunan ''El Pelado'' ("Baldy"). == Aikin kulob == === Farantin Kogi === [[Fayil:Ramon_diaz_elgrafico.jpg|left|thumb|218x218px| Díaz yana buga wa River Plate wasa a shekarar 1981]] An haife shi a La Rioja, Díaz ɗan wasan matasa ne na River Plate, kuma ya kasance abin jan hankali a ƙarƙashin manajan matasa Norberto Yácono . Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyarsa ta farko - Primera División - a ranar 13 ga Agusta 1978, inda ya fara da nasara 1-0 a kan Colón, yayin da ƙungiyar ta yi amfani da wani tsari na daban yayin da 'yan wasan farko na ƙungiyar suka fita zuwa Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2020 |title=El debut de Ramón Díaz hace 42 años: los grandes de gira y los juveniles en Primera |trans-title=The debut of Ramón Díaz 42 years ago: the greats on tour and the youth in ''Primera'' |url=https://lapaginamillonaria.com/riverplate/El-debut-de-Ramon-Diaz-hace-42-anos-los-grandes-de-gira-y-los-juveniles-en-Primera-20200813-0007.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=La Página Millonaria |language=es}}</ref> Díaz ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 30 ga Agusta 1978, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Quilmes . Ya ci gaba da zama ɗan wasan farko a ƙungiyar, musamman inda ya zira kwallaye 22 a gasar a kakar wasa ta 1980 . === Italiya === A shekarar 1982, Díaz ya koma ƙasar waje a karon farko a rayuwarsa, inda ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Serie A ta Italiya Napoli . Duk da kammala kakar wasa ta farko kuma ta daya a kulob din a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye da kwallaye takwas, kakar wasa ta Napoli ta kasance abin takaici yayin da suka kare a matsayi na 10, maki biyu kacal kafin su fadi daga gasar. A shekarar alif 1983, Díaz ya fara komawa Avellino a matsayin aro, inda ya kasance dan wasa na farko da ya fara wasa akai-akai a kakar wasa uku da ya yi, kuma ya zura kwallaye 11 a kakar wasa ta na shekarar alif 1985-86 . A watan Yulin 1986, ya koma Fiorentina kan kuɗin lira biliyan 10. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 1986 |title=Milan, debutto con show |trans-title=Milan, debut with a show |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1986/07/16/milan-debutto-con-show.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[la Repubblica]] |language=it}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif 1988, Díaz ya amince da yarjejeniyar aro da Inter Milan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin [[Rabah Madjer]], wanda hakan ya gaza cimma burinsa na duba lafiyarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 1988 |title=Inter, Diaz batte Madjer... |trans-title=Inter, Díaz defeats Madjer... |url=https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1988/07/21/inter-diaz-batte-madjer.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[la Repubblica]] |language=it}}</ref> Duk da cewa ya zura kwallaye 15 a kakar wasa ta bana, kasancewarsa na biyu mafi kyawun dan wasan da ya zura kwallaye a kungiyar (bayan Aldo Serena ), Inter ba ta sayi shi ba, daga baya kuma Jürgen Klinsmann ya maye gurbinsa. === Komawa Monaco da River Plate da kuma yin ritaya === A shekarar alif 1989, Díaz ya koma kulob din Monaco na Faransa, kuma ya lashe gasar Coupe de France ta 1990-91 tare da kulob din. A shekarar 1991, ya koma kulob dinsa na farko a River Plate, inda ya zama dan wasa mafi zura kwallaye a gasar Apertura ta 1991 . A ƙarshen aikinsa, Díaz shine Babban ɗan wasan J.League a shekarar alif 1993 tare da Yokohama Marinos a Japan, kuma shine ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Yokohama derby, inda ya zira kwallaye 8 a kan Yokohama Flügels . <ref name="Profile">{{Cite web |date=January 2005 |title=Ramon Diaz: Globe-trotting thoroughbred commits to Oxford cause |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/ramon-diaz-globe-trotting-thoroughbred-commits-to-oxford-cause-14074.html |website=The Independent}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == [[Fayil:Argentina_vs_urss_1979.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px| Diaz (da ƙwallon) yana bugawa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Argentina a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta 1979]] Díaz yana cikin ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Argentina wadda ta lashe gasar FIFA World Youth Championship a shekarar 1979, tare da [[Diego Maradona]] . Díaz da Maradona su ne ginshiƙin ƙungiyar da ke da ra'ayin kai hari, kuma tare suka zira kwallaye 14 cikin 20 na ƙungiyar (70%). Díaz ya zura kwallaye 8, inda ya lashe kyautar Golden Boot saboda kasancewarsa wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. Maradona ya zura kwallaye 6, inda ya lashe kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa. Daga nan Díaz ya ci gaba da buga wasa a [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 1982|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 1982]] kuma ya zura kwallo a ragar [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta Brazil|Brazil]] a wasan da Argentina ta sha kashi da ci 3-1. An yi ta rade-radin cewa shi da Maradona sun shiga cikin rikicin da ya hana Díaz bugawa Argentina wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1986 da 1990. Duk da haka, Maradona ya musanta hakan a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa ''Yo soy el Diego'', yana mai cewa ya shaida wa manajan Argentina na lokacin, Carlos Bilardo, cewa yana son Diaz ya kasance a cikin 'yan wasan da suka buga gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1986 da 1990. <ref name="Profile"/> <ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Ramon Angel Diaz |url=http://ramondiaz.com/en/biografia/ |website=Ramon Diaz.com}}</ref> == Aikin gudanarwa == === Farantin Kogi === A shekarar 1995, an nada Díaz a matsayin manajan kulob dinsa na farko a River Plate, inda ya maye gurbin Carlos Babington da aka kora; manufarsa a lokacin ita ce ya buga wa kulob din wasa kafin ya yi ritaya, amma shugaban Alfredo Davicce ya gayyace shi a matsayin manaja. Wasansa na farko a matsayin kocin kungiyar ya faru ne a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli, wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a Copa Libertadores da Vélez Sarsfield . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2020 |title=La primera vez de Ramón Díaz como DT de River |trans-title=The first time of Ramón Díaz as manager of River |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/280846-la-primera-vez-de-ramon-diaz-como-dt-de-river |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=Página 12 |language=es}}</ref> Díaz ya lashe gasar Libertadores ta 1996 da kuma Supercopa Libertadores ta 1997 tare da River, <ref name="Profile"/> baya ga kofunan lig guda hudu a kakarsa ta farko. Ya yi murabus daga ƙungiyar a watan Fabrairun 2000, bayan rashin nasara a wasan sada zumunci da suka yi da Boca Juniors da ci 2-1, sannan kuma bayan ya yi jayayya da hukumar gudanarwar ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2000 |title=A Ramón le dieron el toque |trans-title=They gave Ramón the touch |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/2000/00-02/00-02-12/pag19.htm |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=Página 12 |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Yuni 2001, Díaz ya amince ya koma River, inda ya maye gurbin magajinsa Américo Gallego . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2001 |title=Ramón Díaz volvió a River |trans-title=Ramón Díaz returned to River |url=https://www.ambito.com/portada-principal/ramon-diaz-volvio-river-n3122681 |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=ámbito |language=es}}</ref> Ya sake lashe wani kofi na gasar ( Gasar Clausura ta 2002 ), amma Manuel Pellegrini ya maye gurbinsa a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2002, yayin da kulob din ya zabi kin sabunta kwantiraginsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2002 |title=Ramón Díaz deja River Plate |trans-title=Ramón Díaz leaves River Plate |url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2002/05/20/futbol_internacional/1021915211.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |language=es}}</ref> === Oxford United === A ranar 9 ga Disamba 2004, Díaz ya maye gurbin Graham Rix a matsayin manajan kulob din [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] na Ingila na biyu . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2004 |title=Oxford name Diaz as new manager |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/o/oxford_utd/4082191.stm |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A lokacin, Díaz ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa: "Ina son ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila kuma ina son in sami gogewa ta farko... Na ga abubuwa da yawa a talabijin... Haka kuma yana da ban sha'awa sosai a yi aiki a wannan matakin, domin ya bambanta da ƙwallon ƙafa a saman." An kuma yi iƙirarin cewa babu Díaz ko ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatansa biyar da ke ɗakin bayan gida da ke Oxford United ke biyansu albashi saboda ayyukansu. <ref name="Profile" /> A ranar 4 ga Mayu 2005, Díaz ya yi murabus daga Oxford bayan "tattaunawar da aka yi kan sabuwar kwangila ta wargaje". <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2005 |title=Argentine Diaz leaves Oxford helm |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/o/oxford_utd/4514565.stm |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> === San Lorenzo === A ranar 24 ga Disamba 2006, an naɗa Díaz a matsayin babban kocin San Lorenzo a kakar wasa mai zuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Lorenzo appoint former U's boss Diaz |url=https://www.espnfc.com/story/397356/san-lorenzo-appoint-former-us-boss-diaz |publisher=ESPN FC}}</ref> Ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen lashe gasar Clausura ta 2007, gasar da ta fara lashewa a cikin shekaru shida. Duk da cewa kungiyar ta San Lorenzo ta cancanci shiga gasar Copa Libertadores ta 2008, kungiyar Díaz ta sha kashi a hannun zakarun gasar LDU Quito a watan Mayu, kuma ya yi murabus daga kungiyar a ranar 28 ga Mayu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2008 |title=Chau Ramón Díaz: renunció como DT de San Lorenzo |trans-title=Bye Ramón Díaz: resigned as manager of San Lorenzo |url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/deportes/chau-ramon-diaz-renuncio-como-dt-de-san-lorenzo-20080528-0028.phtml |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[Perfil]] |language=es}}</ref> === Kulob ɗin Amurka === A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2008, an tabbatar da Diaz a matsayin sabon kocin Club América . Duk da cewa kulob din bai bayyana takamaiman bayanai game da kwantiragin Diaz ba, an ruwaito cewa an yi masa tayin dala miliyan 1.5 a kowace shekara, gami da kari da suka shafi aiki wanda zai iya kai jimillar ribar da ya samu zuwa dala miliyan 6. Díaz ya kasa sanya Club América ta cancanci zuwa Copa Libertadores . A farkon kakar wasa ta Clausura ta 2009, Díaz ya yi nasara a kan Santos Laguna 2-1, ya yi kunnen doki da Toluca 2-2, sannan ya sha kashi a hannun Morelia 1-0 da kuma Pachuca 3-1. Bayan rashin nasara sau biyu a jere a gasar, kuma ƙungiyar tana matsayi na 12 a teburin gasar, an kore shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Club America Sacks Diaz {{pipe}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/114/mexico/2009/02/10/1103513/club-america-sacks-diaz |publisher=Goal}}</ref> === Komawa zuwa San Lorenzo === A ranar 25 ga Mayu 2010, shugaban San Lorenzo Savino ya bayyana a hukumance cewa an nada Díaz a matsayin manaja a karo na biyu, bayan ya amince da kwangilar shekara guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2010 |title=Ramón Díaz acordó su regreso a San Lorenzo |trans-title=Ramón Díaz agreed to his return to San Lorenzo |url=https://www.clarin.com/ultimo-momento/ramon-diaz-acordo-regreso-san-lorenzo_0_BJXfLSL0pYg.html |website=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |language=es}}</ref> Bayan yakin neman zabe na tsakiyar tebur a Apertura na 2010, ya yi murabus a ranar 24 ga Afrilu 2011, yana mai cewa yana son "yaƙi don samun mukamai na farko". <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2011 |title=Ramón Díaz renunció en San Lorenzo |trans-title=Ramón Díaz resigned at San Lorenzo |url=https://www.espn.com.ar/noticias/nota?s=arg&id=1280524&type=story |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=ESPN |language=es}}</ref> === Independiente === A kan 12 Satumba 2011, Independiente ya hayar Díaz don maye gurbin Antonio Mohamed, wanda ya yi murabus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2011 |title=Ramón Díaz es el nuevo técnico de Independiente |trans-title=Ramón Díaz is the new manager of Independiente |url=https://www.clarin.com/deportes/Ramon-Diaz-cerca-Independiente_0_S1eMA4phPQx.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris 2012, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a kulob din, wanda ya kasance yana fama da matsaloli kuma ya sami kansa a ƙarshen teburin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramon Diaz quits Independiente {{pipe}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/585/argentina/2012/03/05/2947124/ramon-diaz-quits-independiente |publisher=Goal}}</ref> === Sihiri na uku a River Plate === A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2012, Díaz ya koma River Plate a karo na uku a matsayin manaja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramon Diaz returns to River Plate after being appointed coach {{pipe}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-ke/news/4500/main/2012/11/30/3566344/ramon-diaz-hired-as-new-river-plate-coach |publisher=Goal}}</ref> Ya lashe gasar Torneo Final a shekarar 2014, sannan ya lashe gasar Superfinal a kan tsohuwar kungiyar San Lorenzo da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2014 |title=River Plate claim the Copa Campeonato with victory over San Lorenzo (VIDEO) |url=https://golazoargentino.com/2014/05/25/river-plate-claim-the-copa-campeonato-with-victory-over-san-lorenzo-video/}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2014, Díaz ya bar River Plate. <ref>[https://www.fourfourtwo.com/my/news/diaz-leaves-river-plate]{{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> === Tawagar 'yan wasan Paraguay === [[Fayil:Ramón_Díaz_(25920994911)_(2).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Díaz a lokacin wani taron manema labarai a matsayin kocin Paraguay, a shekarar 2016]] A ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2014, Díaz ya zama kocin tawagar 'yan wasan Paraguay . Ya ce: "Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da na fuskanta a rayuwata... Akwai aiki da yawa da zan yi". <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2014 |title=Paraguay name Argentine Diaz as coach |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/soccer-paraguay-coach/paraguay-name-argentine-diaz-as-coach-idINKCN0JI2M120141204 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> Babban gasarsa ta farko ita ce gasar Copa America ta 2015, inda wasansa na farko ya kasance da Argentina inda suka yi kunnen doki 2-2. Daga baya Paraguay ta doke Jamaica da ci 1-0 sannan ta yi kunnen doki 1-1 da Uruguay, inda ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukuninsu. Paraguay ta yi nasara a wasan kusa da na karshe da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa ta Brazil|Brazil]] da ci 1-1 (4-3 a bugun fenariti), amma ta sha kashi a hannun Argentina da ci 6-1 a wasan kusa da na karshe wanda hakan ya ba ta damar shiga zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai wanda suka sha kashi a hannun Peru da ci 2-0, wanda hakan ya sanya Paraguay ta zama ta hudu a gasar Copa America. Ya kuma jagoranci ƙasar a gasar Copa América Centenario, inda aka fitar da Paraguay a matakin rukuni, ta hanyar yin kunnen doki da Costa Rica sannan aka sha kashi a hannun Colombia da ci 2-1 da kuma Amurka da ci 1-0. A ranar 12 ga Yuni 2016, bayan rashin nasara a gasar Copa América Centenario, Díaz ya yi murabus a matsayin manajan Paraguay. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paraguay manager Ramon Diaz resigns following Copa América elimination |url=http://www.espnfc.com/paraguay/story/2891510 |publisher=ESPN FC}}</ref> === Al-Hilal === A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2016, an nada Ramón Díaz a matsayin manajan [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] bayan an kori tsohon manaja Gustavo Matosas <ref>{{Cite web |title=صحيفة شبكة الاعلام السعودي رسميا .. الأرجنتيني رومان دياز مدربا للهلال - صحيفة شبكة الاعلام السعودي |url=http://a3lam-ksa.net.sa/?p=7518 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730235328/http://a3lam-ksa.net.sa/?p=7518 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref> tare da kwantiragin shekara guda. ==== kakar 2016–17 ==== Wasan farko da Ramón ya buga shine da Al-Fateh inda Al-Hilal ta yi nasara da ci 1-0. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, Rámon ya buga wasansa na farko mai muhimmanci da Al-Ahli inda suka yi nasara da ci 2-1. Ramón ya buga wasan daf da na Riyadh da [[Al-Nassr]] 1-1. Ramón ya yi nasara a kan Al-Taawon da ci 4-2. Ya yi nasara a kan Ittihad da ci 3-1. Ramón Diaz ya yi kunnen doki 0-0 da Al-Ahli, amma ya yi nasara a kan Al-Shabab da ci 2-1 don tabbatar da kambun gasar. Al-Hilal ta lashe gasar ne a hannun Al-Nassr a wasan da suka fafata a Riyadh Derby bayan ta yi nasara da ci 5-1 a gasar. Ramón Díaz ya sabunta kwangilarsa ta tsawon shekara guda akan dala miliyan 1.5. <ref>{{Cite web |title=أخبار الهلال ... حقيقة تجديد عقد رامون دياز مدرب الهلال - سبورت 360 عربية |url=https://arabic.sport360.com/article/الدوري-السعودي/نادي-الهلال/521321/أخبار-الهلال-حقيقة-تجديد-عقد-رامون-دياز-مدرب-الهلال/ |website=arabic.sport360.com}}</ref> Ramón ya zama na farko a gasar zakarun Turai bayan ya yi nasara a kan Al-Rayyan da ci 4-3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=كووورة: الموقع العربي الرياضي الأول |url=https://m.kooora.com/?region=-6&team=144 |website=m.kooora.com}}</ref> Ramón ya sa Al-Hilal ta cancanci zuwa wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin King's bayan ta doke Al-Taawon da ci 3-4. Ramón Díaz ya lashe Kofin Sarki da Al-Ahli a wasan ƙarshe na 3–2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2017 |title=Al-Hilal wins King's Cup |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1101626/sports |website=Arab News}}</ref> Rámon Díaz ya lashe zagaye na 16 na gasar zakarun Turai a zagaye na farko da Esteghlal Khuzestan da ci 2-1. Díaz ya sake lashe zagaye na biyu da ci 2-1 [2-4 a kan AGG] wanda hakan ya sa Al-Hilal ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun AFC. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Hilal v Esteghlal Khuzestan Live Commentary & Result, 30/05/2017, AFC Champions League {{pipe}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en/match/al-hilal-v-esteghlal-khuzestan/auwlpkhlkmh8arcqeyx2o59t5 |publisher=Goal}}</ref> ==== kakar 2017–18 ==== A ranar 4 ga watan Yuni, Díaz ya sayi [[Mukhtar Fallatah]] don ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya fara zura kwallo a kakar wasa ta bana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=رسميا.. مختار فلاتة هلالي - |url=http://prosports.mbc.net/ar/championships/jameel-league/articles/رسميا---مختار-فلاتة-هلالي.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606061015/http://prosports.mbc.net/ar/championships/jameel-league/articles/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7---%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A9-%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A.html |archive-date=6 June 2017 |website=prosports.mbc.net}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yunin 2017, Ramòn Díaz ya sanya [[Umar Khribin|Omar Kharbin]] a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa bayan ya koma aro, inda aka biya shi dala miliyan 11 (Ryals miliyan 44) sannan ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da Al-Hilal. A ranar 10 ga Janairu, Díaz ya sayi Ali Al Bulaihi kyauta daga Al-Fateh. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2019 |title=الهلال السعودي يعلن ضم مدافع الفتح |url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=598356 |website=كووورة}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Yuli, Al-Hilal ya sanya hannu kan Mohamed Kanno da Hasan Kadish daga Ettifaq . <ref>{{Cite web |last=نت |first=العربية |date=4 July 2017 |title=الهلال يضم محمد كنو وحسن كادش من الاتفاق |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/sport/saudi-sport/2017/07/04/الهلال-يضم-محمد-كنو-وحسن-كادش-من-الاتفاق.html |website=العربية نت}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, Díaz ya lashe wasan farko na kakar wasa da ci 2-1 da Al-Fayha, wanda ya fara buga gasar. A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Ramón Díaz ya lashe wasansa na biyu a kakar wasa ta bana, wanda ya kasance tsakaninsa da Al-Taawoun da ci 4-3. A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, Díaz ya yi kunnen doki da Al- Hilal da ci 0-0 a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun AFC ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2019 |title=التعادل السلبي يحسم ذهاب قمة العين والهلال الآسيوية |url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=615772 |website=كووورة}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Satumba, Díaz ya sa Al-Hilal ta cancanci zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun AFC bayan ta doke Al-Ain da ci 3-0. Bayan haka, ya ɗauki Gelmin Rivas don zama ɗan wasa na shida da ya yi rijista a ƙasar waje a kakar wasa ta 2017-18. <ref>{{Cite web |last=نت |first=العربية |date=11 September 2017 |title=الهلال يعزز خط هجومه بالفنزويلي ريفاس |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/sport/saudi-sport/2017/09/11/الفنزويلي-ريفاس-إلى-الهلال-.html |website=العربية نت}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Satumba, Ramón Díaz ya lashe wasa na uku a kakar wasa da Ohod da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=رياضي / الهلال يفوز على أحد بهدف دون مقابل في الدوري السعودي وكالة الأنباء السعودية |url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=ar&newsid=1666677}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Satumba, Al-Hilal ta yi kunnen doki da Al-Ittihad da ci 1-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2017 |title=بالفيديو : الهلال يتعادل مع الاتحاد بهدفٍ لكلٍ منهما • صحيفة المرصد |url=https://al-marsd.com/158337.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730085422/https://al-marsd.com/158337.html |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=30 July 2019}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, Diaz ya sanya Al-Hilal ta lashe gasar Riyadh Derby da [[Al-Nassr]] . A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, Díaz da tawagarsa sun yi kunnen doki a zagaye na farko na wasan karshe na gasar zakarun AFC da Urawa Red Diamonds 1-1 a Riyadh. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, sun sha kashi a karo na biyu da ci 1-0 wanda hakan ya sa suka zama na biyu a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McKirdy |first=Andrew |date=25 November 2017 |title=Urawa Reds clinch Asian Champions League title on late goal against Al Hilal |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2017/11/25/soccer/urawa-reds-clinch-asian-champions-league-title-late-goal-al-hilal/ |via=Japan Times Online}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Disamba, ya jagoranci tawagarsa wajen yin nasara a kan Al-Ahli da ci 2-0. A ranar 17 ga Disamba, Díaz da tawagarsa sun sha kashi a wasansu na farko a gasar da Al-Fayha da ci 2-1. Bayan haka, Diaz ya yi nasara a kan Ohod da ci 4-1. A ranar 20 ga Janairu, Al-Hilal ta sha kashi a hannun Al-Qadisyah a zagaye na 16. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2018 |title=بعد خروج الهلال من كأس الملك.. مغردون: سامي الجابر مطلب هلالي |url=https://www.almowaten.net/2018/01/%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%ae%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%83%d8%a3%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%84%d9%83-%d9%85%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%88%d9%86-%d8%b3%d8%a7/ |website=صحيفة المواطن الإلكترونية}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, Al-Hilal ta yi canjaras a wasanta na farko a sabon filin wasanta na King Saud University Stadium da Al-Ain 0-0 a gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, Al-Hilal ta sha kashi a hannun Esteghlal da ci 1-0 a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a Oman. A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2018, Al-Hilal ta kori Díaz saboda rashin kyawun aikinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2018 |title=Saudi giants Al Hilal sack Ramon Diaz |url=http://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/asian-football/afc-champions-league/802868/saudi-giants-al-hilal-sack-ramon-diaz/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006221730/https://www.foxsportsasia.com/football/asian-football/afc-champions-league/802868/saudi-giants-al-hilal-sack-ramon-diaz/ |archive-date=6 October 2019 |access-date=21 February 2018 |website=FOX Sports Asia}}</ref> === Dala === A ranar 26 ga Janairun 2019, an nada Díaz a matsayin manajan kungiyar Pyramids FC ta Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2019 |title=Ramón Díaz, nuevo entrenador de Pyramids de Egipto |trans-title=Ramón Díaz, new manager of Pyramids from Egypt |url=https://argentina.as.com/argentina/2019/01/26/futbol/1548531978_523050.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |language=es}}</ref> Ya bar ƙungiyar a ranar 27 ga Mayu, bayan wasanni 12 kacal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2019 |title=Ramón Díaz se desvinculó de Pyramids de Egipto |trans-title=Ramón Díaz left Pyramids from Egypt |url=https://www.tycsports.com/futbol-internacional/ramon-diaz-se-desvinculo-de-pyramids-de-egipto-20190527.html |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[TyC Sports]] |language=es}}</ref> === Libertad === A ranar 17 ga Disamba 2019, an sanar da Díaz a matsayin manajan Libertad, inda ya koma Paraguay bayan fiye da shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2019 |title=Libertad anuncia a Ramón Díaz como DT |trans-title=Libertad announce Ramón Díaz as manager |url=http://www.tigosports.com.py/futbol/libertad-anuncia-ramon-diaz-como-dt |access-date=20 December 2019 |publisher=Tigo Sports |language=es}}</ref> Ya yi murabus a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2020, bayan rashin kyawun yanayin da kulob din ke ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2020 |title=Ramón Díaz deja Libertad |trans-title=Ramón Díaz leaves Libertad |url=https://www.hoy.com.py/deportes/ramon-diaz-deja-libertad |publisher=HOY |language=es}}</ref> === Botafogo === A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2020, an nada Díaz babban kocin na Serie A side Botafogo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=Novo técnico do Botafogo, Ramón Díaz desembarca no Rio de Janeiro |trans-title=New manager of Botafogo, Ramón Díaz set foot in Rio de Janeiro |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/futebol/times/botafogo/noticia/novo-tecnico-do-botafogo-ramon-diaz-desembarca-no-rio-de-janeiro.ghtml |access-date=27 November 2020 |publisher=GloboEsporte.com |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma ƙasarsa don yin tiyatar gaggawa don cire wani ƙari, <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=Botafogo: Ramón Díaz retirou tumor benigno em cirurgia de emergência e seguirá recuperação no Paraguai |trans-title=Botafogo: Ramón Díaz removed benign tumor in emergency surgery and will be recovering in Paraguay |url=https://www.espn.com.br/futebol/artigo/_/id/7747335/botafogo-ramon-diaz-retirou-tumor-benigno-em-cirurgia-de-emergencia-e-seguira-recuperacao-no-paraguai |access-date=27 November 2020 |publisher=[[ESPN Brasil]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> kuma rashin lafiyarsa ta daɗe saboda yanayin asibiti. A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Botafogo ya sanar da ficewar Díaz da ma'aikatansa daga ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2020 |title=Nota oficial |trans-title=Official note |url=https://botafogo.com.br/ler-noticia.php?cod=6051 |access-date=27 November 2020 |publisher=Botafogo FR |language=pt-BR |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206055429/https://botafogo.com.br/ler-noticia.php?cod=6051 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya bar ƙungiyar ba tare da ya jagoranci wasa ɗaya ba a gare su, domin wasanni uku da suka buga a lokacin (duk rashin nasara) mataimakinsa da ɗansa Emiliano Díaz ne suka jagoranci su. === Al Nassr === A watan Fabrairun 2021, Díaz ya amince da kwangilar da zai daɗe har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramon Diaz lands at Al Nasr and probable Shoya Nakajima bow set to light up AGL MW15 |url=https://sport360.com/article/football/arabian-gulf-league/345813/ramon-diaz-lands-at-al-nasr-and-probable-shoya-nakajima-bow-set-to-light-up-agl-mw15 |access-date=4 February 2021 |publisher=sport360}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=رسميا..النصر يقيل كرونوسلاف والأرجنتيني دياز بديلا |url=https://www.albayan.ae/sports/emirates/2021-02-04-1.4083646 |access-date=4 February 2021 |publisher=albayan |language=ar}}</ref> Ya bar ƙungiyar kimanin shekara guda bayan haka, bayan rashin kyawun tsarin gasar. === Komawa zuwa Al Hilal === A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2022, an naɗa Díaz a matsayin sabon kocin ƙungiyar [[Al Hilal SFC|Al Hilal]] ta Saudi Professional League har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref name="youngplayer">{{Cite tweet|user=Alhilal_EN|title=📃DIAZ to coach #AlHilal 💙|date=14 February 2022|access-date=14 February 2022}}</ref> Duk da haka, daga baya ya jagoranci Al Hilal ta doke Flamengo da ci 3-2 a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=Al-Hilal record historic victory over Flamengo and could be Real Madrid's opponents in the Club World Cup final |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/real-madrid/cronica/2023/02/07/63e2c348ca47414e6c8b4567.html |publisher=Marca}}</ref> kafin ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] da ci 3-5. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2023 |title=Real Madrid 5-3 Al Hilal: Los Blancos score five in eight-goal thriller to win Club World Cup |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/club-world-cup/2022/real-madrid-v-al-hilal-club-world-cup-final-live_sto9381593/story.shtml |publisher=Eurosport}}</ref> A wasan ƙarshe na gasar zakarun AFC ta 2022, ƙungiyarsa ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 a jimilla a hannun Urawa Red Diamonds a karo na biyu bayan 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2023 |title=Urawa Red Diamonds beat Al-Hilal to win AFC Champions League |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en/football/video/urawa-red-diamonds-beat-al-hilal-to-win-afc-c/2085186 |publisher=beIN SPORTS}}</ref> Bayan ya lashe gasar cin kofin King Cup da Al-Wehda a watan Mayun 2023, Díaz ya yanke shawarar sauka daga mukaminsa ya koma kasarsa, domin ya kasance tare da iyalansa bayan mutuwar matarsa watanni biyu da suka gabata a hatsarin mota; a halin yanzu, dansa Emiliano ya zama manajan rikon kwarya na kungiyar har tsawon sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Ramon Diaz thanks Al Hilal 'for everything' as he leaves club for personal reasons |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/football/2023/05/15/ramon-diaz-thanks-al-hilal-for-everything-as-he-leaves-club-for-personal-reasons/ |publisher=The National News}}</ref> === Vasco da Gama === A ranar 15 ga Yuli 2023, Díaz ya koma Brazil bayan an sanar da shi a matsayin babban kocin Vasco da Gama a matakin farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=Vasco anuncia contratação do técnico Ramón Díaz |trans-title=Vasco announce signing of head coach Ramón Díaz |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/vasco/noticia/2023/07/15/vasco-anuncia-contratacao-do-tecnico-ramon-diaz.ghtml |access-date=15 July 2023 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Ya yi nasarar kaucewa faduwa daga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai da ƙungiyar a zagaye na ƙarshe na gasar Série A ta 2023, kuma ya sabunta kwangilarsa har zuwa 2025 a ranar 15 ga Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2023 |title=Vasco acerta renovação de Ramón Díaz até 2025 |trans-title=Vasco agree renewal of Ramón Díaz until 2025 |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/vasco/noticia/2023/12/15/vasco-acerta-renovacao-de-ramon-diaz-ate-2025.ghtml |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2024, Vasco ta kori Díaz bayan ta sha kashi 4-0 a hannun Criciúma ; <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2024 |title=Ramón Díaz é demitido do Vasco |trans-title=Ramón Díaz is sacked from Vasco |url=https://www.band.uol.com.br/esportes/ramon-diaz-e-demitido-do-vasco-16685180 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427225123/https://www.band.uol.com.br/esportes/ramon-diaz-e-demitido-do-vasco-16685180 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |access-date=27 April 2024 |publisher=[[Rede Bandeirantes]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> duk da cewa kafofin watsa labarai na Brazil sun ce ya yi murabus jim kaɗan bayan wasan, Díaz da ɗansa sun bayyana cewa an "kore su ta hanyar [[Twitter]] ". === Korintiyawa === A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2024, an sanar da Díaz a matsayin babban kocin Corinthians kan kwantiraginsa har zuwa Disamba 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2024 |title=Ramón Díaz é o novo treinador do Corinthians |trans-title=Ramón Díaz is the new head coach of Corinthians |url=https://www.corinthians.com.br/noticias/ramon-diaz-e-o-novo-treinador-do-corinthians |access-date=10 July 2024 |publisher=SC Corinthians Paulista |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa ga lashe gasar Campeonato Paulista ta 2025 a kan abokan hamayyarta Palmeiras, inda ya lashe kofi na 17 a tarihin aikinsa na koci, sannan ya zarce Helenio Herrera a matsayin kocin Argentina mafi nasara a tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title=Ramón vira técnico argentino com mais títulos na história após o Paulistão |trans-title=Ramón becomes the Argentine coach with the most titles in history after the ''Paulistão'' |url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2025/03/28/titulo-no-corinthians-faz-ramon-diaz-virar-tecnico-argentino-mais-vencedor.htm |publisher=[[Universo Online|UOL Esporte]] |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Amma a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2025, ƙungiyar ta kori Díaz bayan rashin nasara a gida da ci 2-0 a hannun Fluminense . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2025 |title=Ramón Díaz deixa o comando técnico do Corinthians |trans-title=Ramón Díaz leaves the technical command of Corinthians |url=https://www.corinthians.com.br/noticias/ramon-diaz-deixa-o-comando-tecnico-do-corinthians |access-date=17 April 2025 |publisher=SC Corinthians Paulista |language=pt-BR}}</ref> === Ƙasashen Duniya === A ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2025, an naɗa Díaz a matsayin babban kocin Internacional a matakin farko na Brazil. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2025 |title=Ramón Díaz é o novo técnico do Internacional |trans-title=Ramón Díaz is the new head coach of Internacional |url=https://internacional.com.br/noticias/masculino/ramon-diaz-e-o-novo-tecnico-do-internacional |access-date=25 September 2025 |publisher=SC Internacional |language=pt-BR}}</ref> An kore shi a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, zagaye biyu kafin karshen kakar wasa, yayin da kungiyar ta shiga yankin da za ta fadi daga gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2025 |title=Inter demite Ramón Díaz a duas rodadas do fim do Brasileirão |trans-title=Inter sack Ramón Díaz two rounds before the end of the ''Brasileirão'' |url=https://ge.globo.com/rs/futebol/times/internacional/noticia/2025/11/29/inter-demite-ramon-diaz-a-duas-rodadas-do-fim-do-brasileirao.ghtml |access-date=29 November 2025 |publisher=[[Grupo Globo|ge]] |language=pt-br}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coppa Italia]], [[Coupe de France]], [[Emperor's Cup]].}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de la Ligue]], [[J.League Cup]].}} ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="5" |River Plate |1978 | rowspan="4" |Argentine Primera División |14 |5 | | | | |14 |5 |- |1979 |22 |12 | | | | |22 |12 |- |1980 |40 |22 | | | | |40 |22 |- |1981 |47 |18 | | | | |47 |18 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !123 !57 ! ! ! ! !123 !57 |- |Napoli |1982–83 |Serie A |25 |3 | | | | |25 |3 |- | rowspan="4" |Avellino |1983–84 | rowspan="3" |Serie A |24 |7 | | | | |24 |7 |- |1984–85 |27 |5 | | | | |27 |5 |- |1985–86 |27 |10 | | | | |27 |10 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !78 !22 ! ! ! ! !78 !22 |- | rowspan="3" |Fiorentina |1986–87 | rowspan="2" |Serie A |29 |10 | | | | |29 |10 |- |1987–88 |24 |7 | | | | |24 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !53 !17 ! ! ! ! !53 !17 |- |Inter Milan |1988–89 |Serie A |33 |12 |7 |1 |3 |2 |43 |15 |- | rowspan="3" |Monaco |1989–90 | rowspan="2" |[[Ligue 1|Division 1]] |28 |15 | | | | |28 |15 |- |1990–91 |32 |9 | | | | |32 |9 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !60 !24 ! ! ! ! !60 !24 |- | rowspan="3" |River Plate |1991–92 | rowspan="2" |Argentine Primera División |31 |20 | | | | |31 |20 |- |1992–93 |21 |7 | | | | |21 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !52 !27 ! ! ! ! !52 !27 |- | rowspan="4" |Yokohama Marinos |1993 | rowspan="3" |J1 League |32 |28 |3 |1 |5 |3 |40 |32 |- |1994 |37 |23 |4 |2 |3 |1 |44 |26 |- |1995 |6 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |6 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !75 !52 !7 !3 !8 !4 !90 !59 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !499 !214 !7 !3 !8 !4 !514 !221 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === [[Fayil:Argentina_u20_ramon_diaz_festeja_final.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Díaz yana murnar cin kwallo a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta 1979]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta zura da kuma shekarar da ta gabata <ref>{{NFT player|19296}}</ref> ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="4" | Argentina | 1979 | 1 | 1 |- | 1980 | 9 | 4 |- | 1981 | 4 | 1 |- | 1982 | 8 | 4 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 22 ! 10 |} == Ƙididdigar gudanarwa == {{Updated|match played on 28 November 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Managerial record by team and tenure ! rowspan="2" |Team ! rowspan="2" |Nat. ! rowspan="2" |From ! rowspan="2" |To ! colspan="8" |Record ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|Ref|Reference}} |- !{{Tooltip|G|Games managed}} !{{Tooltip|W|Games won}} !{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}} !{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}} !{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}} !{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}} !{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}} !{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}} |- | align="left" |River Plate |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |8 July 1995 | align="left" |11 February 2000 {{WDL|252|126|66|60|for=451|against=303|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |River Plate |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |1 July 2001 | align="left" |30 June 2002 {{WDL|52|29|14|9|for=111|against=49|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |[[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] |{{Flagicon|England}} | align="left" |9 December 2004 | align="left" |4 May 2005 {{WDL|25|10|7|8|for=34|against=36|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |San Lorenzo |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |24 December 2006 | align="left" |12 June 2008 {{WDL|68|37|14|17|for=104|against=77|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |América |{{Flagicon|Mexico}} | align="left" |25 June 2008 | align="left" |12 February 2009 {{WDL|24|7|9|8|for=32|against=36|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |San Lorenzo |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |25 May 2010 | align="left" |24 April 2011 {{WDL|30|10|9|11|for=29|against=29|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Independiente |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |12 September 2011 | align="left" |5 March 2012 {{WDL|20|7|5|8|for=21|against=20|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |River Plate |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} | align="left" |30 November 2012 | align="left" |27 May 2014 {{WDL|66|30|17|19|for=76|against=57|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Paraguay |{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} | align="left" |4 December 2014 | align="left" |12 June 2016 {{WDL|20|3|9|8|for=18|against=28|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |[[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] |{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} | align="left" |15 October 2016 | align="left" |20 February 2018 {{WDL|65|41|18|6|for=126|against=58|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Al-Ittihad |{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} | align="left" |1 July 2018 | align="left" |15 September 2018 {{WDL|4|0|1|3|for=2|against=7|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Pyramids |{{Flagicon|Egypt}} | align="left" |14 February 2019 | align="left" |27 May 2019 {{WDL|13|8|4|1|for=22|against=9|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Libertad |{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} | align="left" |20 December 2019 | align="left" |24 September 2020 {{WDL|24|14|4|6|for=45|against=29|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Botafogo |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} | align="left" |4 November 2020 | align="left" |27 November 2020 {{WDL|0|0|0|0|for=0|against=0|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Al Nasr |{{Flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} | align="left" |4 February 2021 | align="left" |7 February 2022 {{WDL|37|14|8|15|for=56|against=46|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |[[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] |{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} | align="left" |14 February 2022 | align="left" |14 May 2023 {{WDL|60|39|12|9|for=123|against=53|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Vasco da Gama |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} | align="left" |15 July 2023 | align="left" |27 April 2024 {{WDL|41|17|11|13|for=58|against=52|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Corinthians |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} | align="left" |10 July 2024 | align="left" |17 April 2025 {{WDL|60|31|16|13|for=94|against=62|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Olimpia |{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} | align="left" |17 July 2025 | align="left" |24 August 2025 {{WDL|7|2|2|3|for=7|against=11|diff=yes}} | |- | align="left" |Internacional |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} | align="left" |24 September 2025 | align="left" |29 November 2025 {{WDL|13|3|5|5|for=13|against=17|diff=yes}} | |- ! colspan="4" |Total {{WDLtot|881|428|230|223|for=1422|against=979|diff=yes}} !— |} == Daraja == === Ɗan wasa === '''Farantin Kogi''' * Primera División Argentina : 1979 Metropolitano, 1979 Nacional, 1980 Metropolitano, 1981 Nacional, 1991 Apertura * Supercopa Libertadores ya zo na biyu: 1991 '''Inter Milan''' * Serie A : 1988–89 '''Monaco''' * Coupe de France : 1990–91 * Wanda ya zo na biyu [[Ligue 1|a gasar Ligue 1]] : 1990–91 '''Yokohama Marinos''' * J1 League : 1995 '''Argentina 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Matasa ta Duniya ta FIFA : 1979 <ref name="japan1979">{{Cite web |title=FIFA World Youth Championship Japan 1979&nbsp;– Awards |url=https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/archive/japan1979/awards/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906061634/http://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/archive/japan1979/awards/index.html |archive-date=6 September 2015 |access-date=16 June 2019 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Takalmin Zinare na Gasar Matasa ta Duniya ta FIFA : 1979 <ref name="japan1979"/> * Ƙungiyar Serie A ta Shekara : 1986 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guerin Sportivo Serie A Team of the Year |url=https://www.bigsoccer.com/threads/serie-a-guerin-sportivo-1980-1991-every-game-with-player-ratings.2085771/ |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=BigSoccer}}</ref> * Primera División Argentina Babban Mawaƙa : 1991 Apertura * Ɗan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Kudancin Amurka na Shekara Matsayi na biyu: 1991 * Tawagar Kudancin Amurka ta shekara: 1991 * Wanda Ya Fi Kowa Cin Kwallo a J.League : 1993 <ref name="JLE" /> * J.League Mafi Kyawun 'Yan Wasa 11 : 1993 <ref name="JLE">{{Cite web |title=『Ｊリーグアウォーズ』〜Ｊリーグ年間表彰式〜 Best Eleven |url=http://www.jleague.jp/stats/awards_eleven.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206193826/http://www.jleague.jp/stats/awards_eleven.html |archive-date=6 February 2016 |access-date=6 February 2016 |website=jleague.jp}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Japan – J-League Awards |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/jap-poy.html |access-date=7 February 2016 |publisher=RSSSF}}</ref> === Manaja === '''Farantin Kogi''' * Primera División Argentina : 1996 Apertura, 1997 Clausura, 1997 Apertura, 1999 Apertura, 2002 Clausura, 2014 Karshe * Gasar Copa Campeonato : 2014 * Copa Libertadores : 1996 * Super Cup Libertadores : 1997 * Gasar Cin [[Kofin Intercontinental]] ta zo ta biyu: 1996 * Recopa Sudamericana : 1997, 1998 '''San Lorenzo''' * Primera División Argentina : 2007 Clausura '''Al-Hilal''' * Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Saudiyya : 2016–17, 2021–22 * Kofin Sarki : 2017, 2022–23 ; wanda ya zo na biyu 2021–22 * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar zakarun AFC : 2017, 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2023 |title=Ramon Diaz praises Al Hilal's 'champion personality' after ACL final defeat to Urawa |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/football/2023/05/06/ramon-diaz-praises-al-hilals-champion-personality-after-acl-final-defeat-to-urawa/ |publisher=The National News}}</ref> * Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA Clubs : 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2023 |title=Al Hilal coach Ramon Diaz on running Real Madrid close: We hope we entertained you |url=https://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/al-hilal-coach-ramon-diaz-on-running-real-madrid-close-we-hope-we-entertained-you-4446925 |publisher=Tribal Football |access-date=26 July 2026 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508160736/https://www.tribalfootball.com/articles/al-hilal-coach-ramon-diaz-on-running-real-madrid-close-we-hope-we-entertained-you-4446925 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Al-Ittihad''' * Gasar cin kofin Saudi Super Cup ta zo ta biyu: 2018 '''Al-Nasr''' * Gasar cin kofin League ta UAE : 2020–21 * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin shugaban ƙasar UAE : 2020–21 '''Korintiyawa''' * Campeonato Paulista : 2025 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Kocin Gasar EFL na Biyu na Watan : Janairu 2005 * Kocin Ƙwararrun Gasar Saudiyya na Watan : Maris 2022, <ref>{{Cite web |title=سباق الاتحاد والهلال يقودهما إلى جوائز مارس |url=https://spl.sa/ar/news/4109 |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227150519/https://spl.sa/ar/news/4109 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mayu & Yuni 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |title=دياز المدرب الأفضل.. وسليتي والمعيوف والعقيدي يحصدون جوائز مايو ويونيو |url=https://spl.sa/ar/news/4164 |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227150520/https://spl.sa/ar/news/4164 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayanan kula == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{NFT player}} * Ramón Díaz at J.League (archive) (in Japanese) * [https://www.shrh.org/ Díaz's interview] on shrh.org [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} e3ou6k0u13zrnqxloanir63sxnoaqao 0 162723 975897 890947 2026-11-04T18:58:46Z Zahrah0 14848 975897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Romeo Vermant''' Romeo Vermant (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2004) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Belgium wanda ke buga wa Club Brugge da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Belgium wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/vermants-double-hands-belgian-cup-success-club-brugge-2025-05-04/</ref> == Aikin kulob == Vermant ya fara aikinsa a makarantar matasa ta Club Brugge . A ranar 22 ga Janairu 2021, Vermant ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Brugge, Club NXT a gasar rukunin B ta Belgium da Lierse. A ranar 5 ga Janairu 2022, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararru tare da ƙungiyar da ke da niyyar tsawaita kwangilarsa har zuwa 2024. A ranar 22 ga Janairun 2024, Vermant ya koma Westerlo a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. Bayan komawarsa Club Brugge a kakar wasa ta 2024-25, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Anderlecht da ci 2-1 a ranar 27 ga Oktoba, baya ga buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA. A ranar 4 ga Mayu 2025, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Anderlecht da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Belgium. == Manazarta == 76u0uhrng9w0jfat0vkj1tqlg6erfqd 0 162979 976111 912358 2026-11-05T10:26:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laura J. Padgett''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958) 'yar Amurka ce mai fasaha, tana aiki a [[Photography|fannin daukar hoto]] da kuma [[Fim|fina-finai]]. "Abin da nake nema yanzu shi ne wurare da suka yi daidai da tarihi, waɗanda, a wata hanya, wurare ne da ba a yi musu alama ba, kuma don a ga wannan tarihin a bayyane kuma a bayyane." Domin kuwa abin da ya gabata namu ne har abada. "Laura J. Padgett" == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Laura J. Padgett a Cambridge, Massachusetts . Mai zane ta yi karatun zane a Cibiyar Fasaha da Zane ta Pratt da ke Brooklyn, New York daga 1976-1980, inda ta sami digirinta na BFA a 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Prattfolio Fall/Winter 2019 |url=https://issuu.com/prattinstitute/docs/prattfolio_fallwinter2019 |website=Issuu}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1981 take zaune a Turai. Padgett ta ci gaba da karatun daukar hoto da fina-finai tare da Peter Kubelka da Herbert Schwöbel a Städelschule da ke Frankfurt am Main, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Tarihin Fasaha daga Frankfurt Goethe-Universität a shekarar 1994. == Sana'a == Tun da 1992, mai zane-zane ya koyar a yawancin manyan makarantun ilimi a Jamus, Amurka da Jordan, ciki har da Bauhaus-Universität a Weimar, Hochschule für Gestaltung, Offenbach, Jami'ar Paderborn, Jami'ar Drexel <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2015 |title=Photographing Space |url=https://drexel.edu/westphal/news-events/news/2015/September/2015-09-23-Padgett/ |website=Westphal College of Media Arts & Design}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Arfaa Lecture: Laura J. Padgett, "Remnants: Photographic Thoughts on Modernism" &#124; American Institute of Architects |url=https://www.aiaphiladelphia.org/events/arfaa-lecture-laura-j-padgett-remnants-photographic-thoughts-modernism |website=aiaphiladelphia.org |access-date=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2020-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702000439/https://www.aiaphiladelphia.org/events/arfaa-lecture-laura-j-padgett-remnants-photographic-thoughts-modernism |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Fim da Media Studies Department a Goethe-Jami'ar Frank. A cikin Nuwamba 2021 ta zama memba na Societyungiyar Hoto na Jamus (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Photographie eV). <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the German Photographic Society? |url=https://www.dgph.de/english/what-german-photographic-association |website=dgph}}</ref> Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Frankfurt am Main. Padgett yana bincika wurare masu mahimmanci na tarihi da al'adu ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, ciki har da fina-finai, daukar hoto, da rubutu. Ta hanyar haɗa tsarin ƙirƙirarta da bincike don tattara ilimin tarihi, Padgett ta yi aiki wanda ke bayyana ainihin wuri yayin da take gabatar da hangen nesa na yau da kullun. Ayyukanta sau da yawa suna fallasa rashin jituwa tsakanin tasirin tarihi mai ɗorewa akan yanzu da kuma ƙoƙarinmu na canza, ɓoye ko mantawa da abin da ya gabata. Tun daga shekarar 2018, Gallery-Peter-Sillem ce ta wakilta ta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett » Galerie Peter Sillem |url=http://www.galerie-peter-sillem.com/de/artists/laura-j-padgett |website=galerie-peter-sillem.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Verwunschener Garten |url=https://zeitung.faz.net/faz-edition/rm-kultur/2019-09-20/a3ae7f079815818b96d0c6415956698f |website=F.A.Z. }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1991, ayyukan Laura J. Padgett sun kasance a cikin nunin nunin kai da na rukuni da yawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett - artist, news & exhibitions - photography-now.com |url=http://photography-now.com/artist/laura-j.-padgett |website=photography-now.com}}</ref> a Jamus <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2017 |title=Bilder, um sie eine Weile festzuhalten |url=https://www.fr.de/kultur/kunst/bilder-eine-weile-festzuhalten-11018208.html |website=fr.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desire |url=http://www.ursula-blickle-stiftung.de/pop/2001_02.htm |website=ursula-blickle-stiftung.de}}</ref> da kuma a duk faɗin Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2017 |title=La fotógrafa Padgett expone su mirada melancólica a través de la arquitectura |url=https://www.canalpatrimonio.com/la-fotografa-padgett-expone-su-mirada-melancolica-traves-de-la-arquitectura/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett |url=http://fototapeta.art.pl/fti-padgett.html |website=fototapeta.art.pl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerie im Park, Burgdorf |url=https://kunstaspekte.art/venue/galerie-im-park-burgdorf |website=kunstaspekte.de |access-date=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2020-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706170028/https://kunstaspekte.art/venue/galerie-im-park-burgdorf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Photo Text Photo Text – Dialogue of Photography and Text in Contemporary Arts - Exhibitions - Explore - Fotomuseum Winterthur |url=http://www.fotomuseum.ch/en/explore/exhibitions/21591_photo_text_photo_text_dialogue_of_photography_and_text_in_contemporary_arts |website=fotomuseum.ch |access-date=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2016-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022163925/http://www.fotomuseum.ch/en/explore/exhibitions/21591_photo_text_photo_text_dialogue_of_photography_and_text_in_contemporary_arts |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma wallafa hotunanta sosai. Hotunan mai zane suna tare da kasidun Peter Zumthor a cikin ''Thinking Architecture'' (2006/2010/2012/2023). <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2011 |title=Peter Zumthor – Architektur Denken - Bücher im BauNetz |url=https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Buecher_im_BauNetz_1553573.html |website=BauNetz}}</ref> Tsakanin 2010 da 2012, Padgett ya biyo bayan sabon gini da gyaran gidan tarihi na Städel wanda ya haifar da buga littafin ''Raum über Zeit – Space over Time'' (2012). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett |url=https://www.kehrerverlag.com/en/laura-j-padgett-raum-ueber-zeit-978-3-86828-278-8?___from_store=de |website=Kehrer Verlag |access-date=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2023-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029015743/https://www.kehrerverlag.com/en/laura-j-padgett-raum-ueber-zeit-978-3-86828-278-8?___from_store=de |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin wannan lokacin na shekaru biyu ta ƙirƙiri labaran daukar hoto waɗanda ke ɗaukar lokaci a matsayin sararin da ke tsakanin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2017 |title=Fotografieren mit Helm - Laura J. Padgett zeigt die Faszination Baustelle |url=https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Laura_J._Padgett_zeigt_die_Faszination_Baustelle_5129409.html |website=BauNetz}}</ref> Zaɓaɓɓun hotunan daga littafin yanzu suna cikin tarin DZ BANK Kunststiftung. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J. Padgett, DZ BANK Kulturstiftung |url=https://kunststiftungdzbank.de/w1_34/}}</ref> An buga mujallar ''Confined Space'' a shekarar 2016, inda ta nuna hotunan da ta yi a Lebanon a lokutan da ta shafe a can daga 2011 zuwa 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=malenki.net &#124; Confined Space &#124; Laura J. Padgett |url=https://malenki.net/product/laura-padgett-confined-space/ |website=malenki.net}}</ref> Buga ta farko tare da Galerie-Peter-Sillem, ''Open Equations'', ta fito a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett Open Equations - very |url=https://veryvery.de/web/de/project/laura-padgett-open-equasions-artist-book |website=veryvery.de |access-date=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2025-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126091230/https://veryvery.de/web/de/project/laura-padgett-open-equasions-artist-book |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nunin Padgett na biyu da shi kaɗai ya yi tare da Galerie-Peter-Sillem, ''Regenerating Permanence'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J Padgett Regenerating Permanence |url=http://www.galerie-peter-sillem.com/en/exhibitions/upcoming-laura-j-padgett-regenerating-permanence |website=galerie-peter-sillem.com}}</ref> shi ma yana tare da wani ɗan gajeren bugu mai suna iri ɗaya. Aikin da aka yi a wannan baje kolin ya zo ne bayan shekaru biyu da aka ɗauki hoton Majami'ar Westend da ke Frankfurt am Main. Padgett ya rubuta yanayin musamman na wannan wurin ibada da tarihinsa. An samo hotunan shirinta daga gidan tarihin Yahudawa na Frankfurt kuma an nuna su a gidan tarihin a duk tsawon shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J Padgett Regenerating Permanence |url=https://www.juedischesmuseum.de/en/visit/detail/regenerating-permanence0/ |website=juedischesmuseum.de |access-date=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2025-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211174117/https://www.juedischesmuseum.de/en/visit/detail/regenerating-permanence0/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fara nuna shirin daukar hotunanta na ''Strata'', wanda aka shirya a shekarar 2024, a Galerie-Peter-Sillem sannan kuma ta shiga cikin baje kolin ''City of Women Photographers, Frankfurt 1844-2024'' <ref>{{Cite web |title={{!}} Historisches Museum Frankfurt |url=https://historisches-museum-frankfurt.de/en/stadt_der_fotografinnen?language=en |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=historisches-museum-frankfurt.de |language=en |archive-date=2024-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909052807/https://historisches-museum-frankfurt.de/en/stadt_der_fotografinnen?language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> a Gidan Tarihi na Frankfurt . An nuna fina-finan Padgett a ƙasashen duniya a wurare kamar Bikin Fina-finai na Media City, Detroit, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Media City Film Festival |url=http://mediacityfilmfestival.com/ |website=Media City Film Festival}}</ref> Cité Paris, <ref>{{Cite web |title=&#124; RENCONTRES INTERNATIONALES PARIS/BERLIN &#124; nouveau cinéma et art contemporain &#124; |url=http://www.art-action.org/site/fr/cat/rech/_cat_1_art_rech.php?lettre=P |website=art-action.org}}</ref> [[Haus der Kulturen der Welt|House of World Cultures]], Berlin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=&#124; RENCONTRES INTERNATIONALES PARIS/BERLIN &#124; new cinema and contemporary art &#124; |url=https://www.art-action.org/site/en/prog/18/berlin/prog_06_23.php |website=art-action.org}}</ref> Pharos Centre for Modern Art in Nicosia, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharos Art |url=http://www.pharosart.org/LauraPadgett.htm |website=pharosart.org}}</ref> Centre Georges Pompidou a Paris, Mousonturm <ref>{{Cite web |title=reel to real - Gäste |url=http://www.reeltoreal.de/FINALE/GAESTE.html |website=reeltoreal.de}}</ref> a Frankfurt am Main, Cineteca di Bologna, Künstlerhaus Kino a Vienna, Viper Filmfestival a Bern, Kunsthalle Erfurt da kuma a Bikin Fina-finai na Gajeren Gajeren Duniya Oberhausen . A shekarar 2017 ta sami kyautar zane-zane ta Marielies-Hess. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura J Padgett receives Marielies-Hess Art Award |url=https://www.kunstforum.de/nachrichten/marileis-hess-kunstpreis/Marileis-Hess-Kunstpreis |website=kunstforum.de}}</ref> A cikin baje kolin da aka yi tare da ita a Gidan Tarihi na Giersch na Jami'ar Goethe, ta kuma nuna fim ɗinta mai suna SOLITAIRE (2017). <ref>{{Cite web |title=MUSEUM GIERSCH der GOETHE-UNIVERSITÄT |url=https://www.museum-giersch.de/#/Bisherige_Ausstellungen |website=museum-giersch.de}}</ref> An gabatar da ƙaramin zaɓi na fina-finanta a bikin fina-finan CROSSROADS na San Francisco Cinematheque, mai shekaru 21. Agusta - 30. Satumba 2020, wanda Steve Polta ya tsara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CROSSROADS 2020 &#124; |url=http://www.sfcinematheque.org/festival/crossroads-2020/ |website=sfcinematheque.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2020 |title=Cross Purposes: The 2020 Crossroads Festival by Michael Sicinski |url=https://cinema-scope.com/cinema-scope-online/cross-purposes-the-2020-crossroads-festival/}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2021 fim ɗinta ''To, gaya mini game da lambun ku.'' kuma an nuna wasu daga cikin fina-finanta daga shirin fim ɗinta na ''From the Garden'' a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Deutsches Filminstitut Filmmuseum a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin fina-finan gwaji ''na Im Garten'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Im Garten |url=https://www.dff.film/veranstaltung/experimentalfilmprogramm-mit-einfuehrung-im-garten/ |website=dff.film/en/}}</ref> A shekarar 2023 ta kasance memba na Juri na Gasar Fina-finai ta Yanki na Lichter Filmfest. <ref>{{Cite web |title=16th Lichter Film fest Jury 2023 |url=https://lichter-filmfest.de/en/festival/jury/jury-2023 |website=lichter-filmfest.de}}</ref> Light Cone, Paris <ref>{{Cite web |title=Light Cone - Laura J. PADGETT |url=https://lightcone.org/en/filmmaker-1101-laura-j-padgett |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=lightcone.org}}</ref> da kuma Film-Makers' Cooperative, New York ne suka rarraba wasu daga cikin fina-finanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1987 |title=Laura J. Padgett - The Film-Makers' Cooperative |url=https://film-makerscoop.com/filmmakers/laura-j-padgett |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=film-makerscoop.com |language=en}}</ref> == Nunin kai kaɗai (zaɓi) == * 2024 ''Strata'', Galerie-Peter-Sillem, Frankfurt am Main * 2023 ''Maimaita Rayuwar Dauwama'', Gidan Tarihi na Yahudawa, Frankfurt am Main * 2022 ''Maida Dawwama'', Galerie-Peter-Sillem, Frankfurt am Main * 2019 ''Open Equations'', Galerie-Peter-Sillem, Frankfurt am Main * 2017 ''Ko ta yaya Real'', Nunin tare da karɓar Marielies-Hess Kunstpreis, Museum Giersch der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main * 2016 ''Takaitaccen sarari'', Galerie Rautenstrauch a cikin Onomato Künstlerverein, Düsseldorf * 2016 ''Yawancin Tatsuniyoyi'', Galerie Straihammer & Seidenschwann, Vienna * 2015 ''Refined Space'', Heussenstamm-Stiftung, Frankfurt am Main * 2014 ''MONUMENT'', Künstlerfahnenfestival, Eppingen * 2012 ''Standardeintellung'', {{Interlanguage link|Neuer Kunstverein Gießen|de}} * 2011 ''Frames na tunani'', Galerie Martina Detterer, Frankfurt * 2008 ''ganin abubuwa'', Pharos Arts Foundation, Nicosia, Cyprus <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharos Arts Foundation |url=http://www.thepharostrust.org/publications.htm |website=thepharostrust.org |access-date=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2020-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709075043/http://www.thepharostrust.org/publications.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2008 ''Riƙe abubuwa'', Galerie Seitz & Abokin Hulɗa, Berlin * 2006 ''slow motion'', Odakule Art Gallery, [[Istanbul]] * 2005 ''ciki-fita'', Galerie Seitz & Abokin Hulɗa, Berlin * 2004 ''vorübergehende Ortschaften'', Galerie Martina Detterer, Frankfurt am Main * 2003 ''tattaunawa guda'', Städel Museum, Frankfurt am Main * ''Abubuwan da ba za a iya yi ba'' a shekarar 2003, Galerie Seitz & Abokin Hulɗa, Berlin * 2001 ''Hotunan safiya'', AusstellungsHalle Schulstrasse 1A, Frankfurt am Main * 1999 ''abubuwan da suka faru na kowa'', KunstRaum Klaus Hinrichs, Trier * 1999 ''marginalia'', Goethe-Institut, Warsaw * 1999 ''Lokaci Mai Haske'', Ɗakin Karatu na Duchess Anna Amalia, Weimar * ''Sabunta tsarin'' 1998, tagogi masu datti, Berlin * 1997 ''Foto / Text Work'', KunstRaum Klaus Hinrichs, Trier == Littattafan tarihi == * ''Laura J. Padgett: Strata'', an buga ta tare da wani baje kolin kai kaɗai a cikin Galerie-Peter-Sillem 20.01. -16.03.2024 * ''Laura J. Padgett: Sabuntawa na dindindin'', an buga shi tare da wani baje kolin kai kaɗai a cikin Galerie-Peter-Sillem 15.01. -26.02.2022 * ''Laura J. Padgett: Buɗaɗɗen Lissafi'', [http://www.galerie-peter-sillem.com/en/publications] An buga kai tare da nunin suna iri ɗaya a Gallery Peter Sillem, Design Very [https://veryvery.de/web/en/project/laura-padgett-open-equasions-artist-book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125130330/https://veryvery.de/web/en/project/laura-padgett-open-equasions-artist-book |date=2025-01-25 }}, an buga tare da tallafin Ofishin Al'adu na Frankfurt * ''Laura J. Padgett: Tsayayyen sarari'', Anja Katharina Rautenstrauch, Galerie Rautenstrauch da Anke Ehle-Barthel, Hrg. Bücher & Hefte Verlag, Leipzig. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-9814530-5-8|<bdi>978-3-9814530-5-8</bdi>]] * ''YI GA AROLSEN - Reise nach Arglosen'', Bad Arolsen, 2016, Birgit Kümmel da Eva Claudia Scholtz, Hrg.{{ISBN|978-3-930930-38-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-930930-38-8|<bdi>978-3-930930-38-8</bdi>]] * ''Laura J. Padgett: Raum über Zeit'', Heidelberg/Berlin: Kehrer, 2012.{{ISBN|978-3-86828-278-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-86828-278-8|<bdi>978-3-86828-278-8</bdi>]] * ''Peter Zumthor: Tsarin Tunani'' Bugu na Uku [https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/300052?format=L Tsarin Tunani: Na uku, bugu da aka faɗaɗa] Tare da hotunan Haus Zumthor na Laura J. Padgett{{ISBN|978-3-0346-0585-4}} * ''Wie gemalt: Malerei ohne Malerei (Hoto cikakke)'' [https://kunstmuseum-ahlen.de/aktuelles/ausstellungen/publikationen/ Kunstmuseum Ahlen Ausstellung Publikationen - Kataloge und Werkbücher] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227032450/https://kunstmuseum-ahlen.de/aktuelles/ausstellungen/publikationen/ |date=2024-02-27 }}, Kai Uwe Schierz, Ed. Kerber Verlag, Bielefeld ne ya samar * ''Laura Padgett: Ganin Abubuwa'', Nicosia: Gidauniyar Pharos, 2008.{{ISBN|978-9963-9199-4-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-9963-9199-4-9|<bdi>978-9963-9199-4-9</bdi>]] * ''Saurari a Portikus'', Portikus, Frankfurt am Main, 1992 [https://www.portikus.de/en/publications/1101_listen_im_portikus Listen im Portikus - Portikus Frankfurt] == Kyaututtuka da guraben karo ilimi == * 2022 Neustart Kultur, Tallafin Aiki a Dijitization_ Module D – BKM, NEUSTART KULTUR und den Deutschen Künstlerbund <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neustart Kultur |url=https://www.kuenstlerbund.de/deutsch/projekte/projekte-ab-2011/2022_stipendiat_innen_runde3.html?anc=2844}}</ref> * 2017 Marielies-Hess Kunstpreis <ref>{{Cite web |title=feuilletonfrankfurt.de » Blog Archive » Laura J. Padgett erhält den Kunstpreis 2017 der Marielies Hess-Stiftung |url=https://www.feuilletonfrankfurt.de/2016/03/24/laura-j-padgett-erhaelt-den-kunstpreis-2017-der-marielies-hess-stiftung/ |access-date=2020-06-30 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627035115/https://www.feuilletonfrankfurt.de/2016/03/24/laura-j-padgett-erhaelt-den-kunstpreis-2017-der-marielies-hess-stiftung/ |archive-date=2020-06-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Lambobin Sadarwa na Masu Zane-zane na 2013, Lebanon, Cibiyar Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Waje (if), Stuttgart{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2020}} * 2008 Daukar Hoto, Dover Arts Development, Dover, Ingila <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett : and thereby hangs a tale &#124; Dover Arts Development |url=https://www.dadonline.uk/legacy/laura-padgett-and-thereby-hangs-a-tale/ |access-date=2026-08-09 |archive-date=2025-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125130651/https://dadonline.uk/legacy/laura-padgett-and-thereby-hangs-a-tale/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Masu fasaha na 2004 a Gidan zama a Burgdorf, Switzerland daga Ofishin Al'adu na Frankfurt <ref>{{Cite web |title=KulturPortal Frankfurt: Archiv der Artist in Residence Künstler |url=https://kultur-frankfurt.de/portal/de/Kunst/FrankfurterKuenstlerimAusland/1552/2061/55668/mod1411-details1/7.aspx |website=kultur-frankfurt.de}}</ref> * 2001–2002 Ɗakin zama na Studio a Landan daga Gidauniyar Al'adu ta Hessian <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laura Padgett · Hessische Kulturstiftung |url=https://www.hkst.de/en/scholarship-recipients/laura-padgett/}}</ref> * 1996–97 Matsayin Studio a Künstlerhaus Schloss Balmoral, Bad Ems * Tallafin Gidauniyar Ford ta 1978 a fannin Zane == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] ddrrbc33w02t32xxrri3us92dhrro60 0 163183 975865 894973 2026-11-04T17:38:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karin Sander''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957 a Bensberg, North Rhine-Westphalia ) <ref name="RKD">{{Cite web |title=Karin Sander |url=https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/232971 |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=RKD |language=en}}</ref> 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Berlin]] da Zurich . Karin Sander tana aiki a fannoni daban-daban na kafofin watsa labarai, ciki har da sassaka, wasan kwaikwayo, daukar hoto, bidiyo, da kuma gine-gine. Ainihin aikinta na tunani shine hulɗa da yanayi, wurare, da kuma mahallin hukumomi. Ayyukanta suna shiga tsakani a cikin tsare-tsaren da aka bayar, suna canza su, kuma suna sa su zama masu sauƙin fahimta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sander |first=Karin |date=2026-04-20 |title=Official Website |url=http://www.karinsander.de/en |access-date=2026-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260811150150/http://www.karinsander.de/en |archive-date=2026-08-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-20 |title=Artists biographies |url=https://www.estherschipper.com/artists/ |website=Gallery Esther Schipper}}</ref> == Rayuwa == === Ilimi === Sander yayi nazarin fasaha da tarihin fasaha a Freie Kunstschule Stuttgart da kuma a Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart, da sauransu tare da farfesa Jürgen Brodwolf. Daga 1989 zuwa 1990 ta sami tallafin karatu daga Hukumar Musayar Ilimi ta Jamus ( [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|DAAD-scholarship]] ) don New York, inda ta halarci Shirin Nazarin 'Yanci (ISP) na Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Amurka na Whitney . <ref>{{Cite web |orig-date=March 1994 |title=PROJECTS: KARIN SANDER |url=https://www.moma.org/momaorg/shared/pdfs/docs/press_archives/7239/releases/MOMA_1994_0025_15.pdf |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> === Koyarwa === An gayyace Sander zuwa farfesa na ziyarta a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Iceland, [[Reykjavik|Reykjavík]] (Listaháskóli Íslands, 1993), CalArts (Cibiyar Fasaha ta California, Los Angeles) (1995), Akademie der Bildenden Künste a Karlsruhe (1995 – 1996), Staatlichen Bilden, Staatliche (1997–1998) da Elam School of Fine Arts, Auckland (2003). Daga 1999 zuwa 2007, ta sami matsayin farfesa a Kunsthochschule Berlin-Weissensee. Daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2023, ta rike mukamin shugabar sashen gine-gine da fasaha a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta ETH Zurich ta Switzerland . Ta fahimci koyarwarta a matsayin ci gaba da ayyukanta na fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Karin Sander Architecture and Art |url=https://sander.arch.ethz.ch/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=ETH Zurich}}</ref> === Sauran ayyuka === Sander memba ne na Deutscher Künstlerbund (Association of German Artists) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutscher Künstlerbund e.V. - Ehrenmitglieder |url=https://www.kuenstlerbund.de/deutsch/mitglieder/mitglieder/sander-karin.html?ch=S |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=www.kuenstlerbund.de}}</ref> da Internationalen Künstlergremium (Kwamitin Mawakan Duniya). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=https://ikg-art.org/en/members/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Internationales Künstlergremium IKG (International Artists’ Committee)}}</ref> A cikin 2007, an zaɓi Sander zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Akademie der Künste]] (Academy of Arts) Berlin. Tun daga watan Nuwamba na 2021, ita ce darakta a sashen zane-zane a can. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeanine Meerapfel und Kathrin Röggla setzen ihre Arbeit als Präsidentin und Vizepräsidentin der Akademie der Künste für weitere drei Jahre fort |url=https://www.adk.de/de/news/index.htm?we_objectID=63180 |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=www.adk.de |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Directors from the Senat of the Akademie der Künste |url=https://adk.de/en/about-us/structure-tasks |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Akademie der Künste}}</ref> A wannan matsayin, ta kasance memba na alkalan da suka zaɓi Katharina Sievending (2017) da Candida Höfer (2024) a matsayin waɗanda suka karɓi kyautar Käthe Kollwitz . A shekarar 2024, ta kuma kasance cikin alkalan da suka zaɓi Simone Fattal a matsayin wadda za ta karɓi kyautar fasaha ta Berlin ta Kwalejin. A shekarar 2023, Sander da masanin tarihi a fannin fasaha da gine-gine Philip Ursprung sun wakilci Switzerland a cikin rumfar Switzerland a bikin 18th Venice Biennale of Architecture . Karin Sander yana wakilta ta galleries Esther Schipper, Berlin (tun 2012), I8 Gallery, Reykjavik (tun 2000), Galeria Helga de Alvear, Madrid (tun 1995) und Galerie Nächst St. Stephan - Rosemarie Schwarzwälder, Vienna (tun 199). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artists |url=https://www.schwarzwaelder.at/artists |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Galerie nächst St. Stephan Rosemarie Schwarzwälder}}</ref> Tana kuma da hannu a manufofin al'adu da birane a Berlin, tana fafutukar kiyaye wuraren studio na masu fasaha, ciki har da haɓaka wurin Uferhallen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uferhallen e.V. |url=https://uferhallen-ev.de/ |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, Sander yana cikin ƙungiyar masu fasaha da gine-gine 15 waɗanda suka sayi wani gini mai suna Werkhof L57, inda sojojin Prussia suka taɓa ƙera kayan aikinsu, a cikin Moabit na Berlin. Kason Sander shine hawa biyu na ginin hawa uku, ɗaya a ƙasa ɗayan kuma a hawa na uku, tare da jimlar sararin da ya kai murabba'in ƙafa 5,800. == Aiki (zaɓi) == A cikin nune-nunen da ta yi, Sander ta yi nuni da yanayin da ake ciki kuma ta yi magana kan yanayin cibiyoyi, siyasa da tarihi. Sau da yawa aikinta yana da sassaka, wanda ya shafi wurin da aka yi amfani da shi, kuma yana da hannu a ciki. Ana sake tunani game da abin da aka saba gani, yana zama wurin fara aikin bincike. Tana amfani da kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, ciki har da zane, sassaka, zane, kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki, fim da daukar hoto. Abubuwan da suka sake faruwa a aikinta sun haɗa da alaƙar da ke tsakanin fasaha da gine-gine da kuma fassara hanyoyin wakilci zuwa zane-zane masu girma uku da aka samar ta hanyar dijital. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da ƙarfin nazari da ƙwarewar ji kuma suna nuna muhimman tambayoyi na sararin samaniya, fahimta, abu, da kuma yanayin zamantakewa. Abin da ya fi tasiri shi ne yadda take amfani da fasahar zamani tun daga shekarun 1990. A shekarar 1997 ta fara aiki da tsarin duba hotuna da bugawa ta hanyar amfani da fasahar 3D, inda ta samar da nau'ikan daukar hoto masu girma uku. === Fuskokin bango (tun daga 1986) === ''Wall Pieces'' wani tsari ne na dogon lokaci wanda ya daɗe yana aiki inda ake yin yashi da goge wasu wurare na bangon don ƙirƙirar saman da ke haskakawa waɗanda ke kama da yanayinsu. Ba a samar da hoton ta hanyar ƙara kayan aiki ba, sai dai ta hanyar cire shi. Sander ya yi nuni da mafarkin buɗewa a cikin zanen allo na gargajiya kuma ya canza shi: hoton an ƙirƙira shi ne ta hanyar hangen nesa na mai kallo. Don haka an faɗaɗa alaƙar da ke tsakanin sararin samaniya na gaske da wakilcinsa a kan saman mai girma biyu. An nuna waɗannan ayyukan a [[:de:Museum Abteiberg|Gidan Tarihi na Abteiberg]], Mönchengladbach (na dindindin, tun 1992), [[:de:Museum of Modern Art|Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani]], New York (1994), da [[:de:Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim]], New York (2004), da sauransu da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anke Hervol |title=Karin Sander |url=https://nothingtoseeness.de/en_EN/artist/257062 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> === Kwai, an goge shi, danye, girman 0 (1994) === ''Kwai, wanda aka goge, danye, girman 0'' (1994) yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan sassaka na farko na Sander. Ta hanyar yin yashi da goge harsashin ƙwai mai laushi, ana ƙirƙirar wani wuri mai sheƙi mai haske sosai. Fuskar mai haske tana nuna yanayin da ke ciki, yayin da wani ƙaramin haske mai launin rawaya ke nuna cikin. Sauya wani abu mai rauni na yau da kullun zuwa sassaka mai sauƙi yana magance matsalar mata da kuma adawa kamar gani da ɓoyewa, ko siffar halitta da kayan fasaha. An haɓaka aikin don nunin tafiye-tafiye "Leiblicher Logos, 14 mata masu fasaha" (1995-2002) na [[:de:Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen|Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen]] . === Gebrauchsbilder (tun daga 1990) === The ''Gebrauchsbilder'' are among Sander’s central conceptual work groups. The idea of the image as a representation of reality is realized almost literally—as the direct imprint of a process. Instructions to collectors or institutions to install the work without protection in a place determined by the collector him/herself, create a form of shared authorship. The works are in the process of permanent change and open action. This work series illustrates how Sander deliberately intervenes in private and institutional processes in order to reveal their underlying conditions and bring about lasting change through minimal interventions. === Zane-zanen da aka aika ta wasiƙa (tun daga 2004) === === Kayan Dakin Girki (tun daga shekarar 2012) === == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nsqfyvx5ioslok97qms6r3iupkr988p 0 163514 976113 962179 2026-11-05T10:32:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lauren Henderson''' (an haife ta ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, 1986, a Marblehead, Massachusetts) mawaƙiyar jazz ce 'yar Amurka da ke zaune a New York da Miami. Ta fitar da kundin waƙoƙi goma sha ɗaya da kuma EP ɗaya ta kamfaninta na Brontosaurus Records..<ref name="ft">{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Amy |date=15 November 2019 |title=An executive MBA strikes the right note |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b59b3c86-c58b-11e9-ae6e-a26d1d0455f4 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yayinda yake yaro, Henderson ya raira waƙa a cikin mawaƙa na coci da na makaranta.<ref name="all about jazz">{{Cite web |date=24 September 2011 |title=Take Five With Lauren Henderson |url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/take-five-with-lauren-henderson-lauren-henderson-by-lauren-henderson.php |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=All About Jazz |language=en}}</ref> Ta halarci Kwalejin Wheaton, inda ta yi karatun Kiɗa da Nazarin Hispanic.<ref name="north of boston">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Jay N. |title=Music: Catching up with jazz chanteuse Lauren Henderson |url=https://northofboston.wickedlocal.com/entertainmentlife/20180322/music-catching-up-with-jazz-chanteuse-lauren-henderson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815180228/https://northofboston.wickedlocal.com/entertainmentlife/20180322/music-catching-up-with-jazz-chanteuse-lauren-henderson |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=North of Boston |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ta sami digiri na Babban Jami'ar Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Brown IE Makarantar Kasuwanci ta IE a Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABOUT |url=https://www.laurenhendersonmusic.com/about.html |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=LAUREN HENDERSON |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma yi karatu a ƙasashen waje a Mexico da Spain, inda ta karanci kiɗan gargajiya da waƙar Flamenco da rawa. Daga baya ta koma New York ta yi karatu tare da Paquito D'Rivera, Barry Harris, da Jane Monheit. Henderson ta fitar da kiɗa ta hanyar kamfaninta, Brontosaurus Records.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-17 |title=Strike a Match: Lauren Henderson's Flame Grows Bright |url=https://debbieburkeauthor.com/2018/04/17/strike-a-match-lauren-hendersons-flame-grows-bright/ |access-date=2019-08-15 |website=Debbie Burke |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ft"/> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2011, ta fitar da kundi na farko mai taken kanta.<ref name="jazz times debut">{{Cite web |last=Loudon |first=Christopher |title=Lauren Henderson: Lauren Henderson |url=https://jazztimes.com/reviews/albums/lauren-henderson-lauren-henderson/ |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=JazzTimes}}</ref><ref name="all about jazz news">{{Cite web |last=Hinte |first=Terri |date=5 March 2018 |title=Jazz news: Lauren Henderson Comes Into Her Own As Both Vocalist And Composer On &quot;Ármame,&quot; Set For Release March 30 On Her Brontosaurus Records Iimprint |url=https://news.allaboutjazz.com/lauren-henderson-comes-into-her-own-as-both-vocalist-and-composer-on-armame-set-for-release-march-30-on-her-brontosaurus-records-iimprint.php |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=All About Jazz News |language=en}}</ref> An saki kundi na biyu, A La Madrugada, wanda ta samar kuma ta shirya, a shekarar 2015. Ya kai 90 a kan sigogi na JazzWeek . <ref name="jazzweek chart">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Lauren Henderson: Lauren Henderson (Self-Released) |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/releases/2012/07/lauren-henderson-lauren-henderson-self-released/ |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=JazzWeek CD Releases |language=en}}</ref> Waƙar "Accede" daga kundin ta bayyana a fim din The Drowning . <ref name="all about jazz news" /><ref name="paris jazz">{{Cite web |title=Lauren Henderson Quintet - Saturday November, 24th 2018 - 9:00 PM @ 38 Riv {{!}} Concert {{!}} Paris Jazz Club |url=https://www.parisjazzclub.net/en/58819/concert/2018/11/24/lauren-henderson-quintet |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=www.parisjazzclub.net |language=en}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, ta fitar da kundin Ármame, wanda aka tsara a cikin JazzWeek Top 40. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018, Henderson ta fitar da EP Riptide . Ta fito da kundin ''Alma Oscura'' a watan Yunin 2019. Kundin ya fara ne a # 25 a kan jadawalin JazzWeek na mako na 29 ga Yuli, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2012 |title=Charts |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/charts/1564416000/july-29-2019/ |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=JazzWeek |language=en}}</ref> Waƙar Henderson "El Ritmo" an nuna ta a cikin El Juego de Las Llaves . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jazz |first=All About |title=Lauren Henderson music @ All About Jazz |url=https://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/laurenhenderson |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=All About Jazz Musicians |language=en}}</ref> Waƙoƙi biyu na Hendeson sun fito ne a cikin samar da wasan Romeo y Julieta, "Alma Oscura" da "Ven Muerte".<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROMEO Y JULIETA WORLD PREMIERE EVENT |url=https://www.thegreenespace.org/event/romeo-y-julieta-world-premiere-event/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=The Greene Space |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romeo y Julieta |url=https://publictheater.org/productions/season/2021/romeo-y-julieta/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611222158/https://publictheater.org/productions/season/2021/romeo-y-julieta/ |archive-date=2021-06-11 |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=publictheater.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Kundin ta na 2020, The Songbook Session, an sanya shi a cikin JazzWeek charts Top 5, da Top 50 karshen chart. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-24 |title=Lauren Henderson: The Songbook Session (Brontosaurus Records) |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/releases/2020/04/lauren-henderson-the-songbook-session-brontosaurus-records/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=JazzWeek CD Releases |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Year End |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/year-end/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=JazzWeek |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma fitar da kundin hutu a wannan shekarar mai taken Classic Christmas .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-07 |title=Yuletide Music Roundup For 2020 |url=https://downbeat.com/news/detail/yuletide-music-roundup-for-2020 |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=downbeat.com |language=en}}</ref> An saki kundin Henderson ''Musa'' a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micucci |first=Matt |date=2021-05-17 |title=Keith Jarrett, Sergio Mendes, Melissa Aldana & More: The Week in Jazz |url=https://www.jazziz.com/keith-jarrett-sergio-mendes-melissa-aldana-more-the-week-in-jazz/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=JAZZIZ Magazine |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-23 |title=NEW RELEASE: Award-Winning Singer Lauren Henderson Honors Heritage on New Album MUSA, due out June 11th, 2021 via Brontosaurus Records |url=https://lydialiebman.com/index.php/2021/04/23/new-release-award-winning-singer-lauren-henderson-honors-heritage-on-new-album-musa-due-out-june-4th-2021-via-brontosaurus-records/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=LYDIALIEBMAN.COM |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == === Kundin studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Taken ! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Bayani |- ! scope="row" |''Lauren Henderson'' | * An saki shi: 2011 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''A cikin asubahi'' | * An saki shi: 2015 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Armame'' | * An saki shi: 2018 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Alma Oscura'' | * An saki shi: 2019 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Taron Littafin Waƙoƙi'' | * An saki shi: 2020 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Kirsimeti na gargajiya'' | * An saki shi: 2020 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Musa'' | * An saki shi: 2021 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Macijin'' | * An saki shi: 2022 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Yin sihiri'' | * An saki shi: 2023 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Inuwa'' | * An saki shi: 2024 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Sauti'' | * An saki shi: 2025 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- |} === Wasanni masu tsawo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Taken ! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Bayani |- ! scope="row" |''Rashin ruwa'' | * An saki shi: 2018 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sld1iow5kwmely1cka4fo75ptuh75yl 0 163531 975905 896548 2026-11-04T19:39:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Katja Urbatsch''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1979) ita ce wadda ta kafa kuma Manajan Darakta na ƙungiyar agaji ta ArbeiterKind.de, wacce hedikwatanta ke [[Berlin]] . Ita ma marubuciya ce a fannin labaran da ba na almara ba da kuma batutuwan ilimi. == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Urbatsch a cikin 1979 kuma ya girma a Rheda-Wiedenbrück, Jamus. Iyayenta sun yi aikin koyon aikin banki. Daga baya mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin dillalin gidaje mai zaman kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=deutschlandfunk.de |date=2017-02-09 |title=Themenreihe Mittelpunkt Mensch - Rückhalt für den Bildungsweg |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/themenreihe-mittelpunkt-mensch-rueckhalt-fuer-den-100.html |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=Deutschlandfunk |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 1998, Urbatsch ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a jami'a sannan ta halarci Jami'ar Free University of Berlin inda ta yi karatun Nazarin Amurka, Gudanar da Kasuwanci, da Nazarin Sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Neugierige |url=https://publik.verdi.de/ausgabe-2009-10/die-neugierige/ |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=publik.verdi.de |language=de}}</ref> Urbatsch ya nemi tallafin karatu daga [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|Hukumar Musayar Ilimi ta Jamus]] (DAAD) kuma a shekarar 2002 ya sami damar yin shekara guda yana karatu a ƙasashen waje a Jami'ar Boston.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Einsatz für die „First Generation“ - DAAD - Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst |url=https://www2.daad.de/der-daad/daad-aktuell/de/67873-einsatz-fuer-die-first-generation/ |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=www2.daad.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260522134300/https://www2.daad.de/der-daad/daad-aktuell/de/67873-einsatz-fuer-die-first-generation/ |archive-date=2026-05-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, ta sami aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a fannin hulda da jama'a kuma ta fara aiki a kan digirin digirgir na uku a fannin Nazarin Amurka a Cibiyar Digiri na Duniya don Nazarin Al'adu (GCSC) a [[Jami'ar Giessen|Jami'ar Justus Liebig]] (JLU) Giessen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ArbeiterKind.de: Katja Urbatsch |url=https://www.uni-giessen.de/de/ueber-uns/alumni/karrierewege/kulturundsport/kaur |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] s19utqpa1mcx4ieob1mqdl4ec3ifjh7 0 165839 975825 966869 2026-11-04T12:55:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jordyn Makensey Frahm''' (an haife '''shi''' a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2002) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙwallo ne na kwaleji na Amurka wanda ke buga ƙwallon ƙwallo mai laushi a Nebraska . A matsayinta na ɗalibi a jami'ar Oklahoma, an naɗa ta a matsayin wacce ta fi kowa farin jini a fannin sabbin ɗalibai na shekara ta NFCA a shekarar 2022. An kuma nada ta a matsayin ' yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta NFCA sau biyu a 2025 da 2026. == Aikin makarantar sakandare == Frahm ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Papillion-La Vista da ke Papillion, Nebraska . Ta jagoranci Sarakuna zuwa ga kambun jiha na Class A sau uku a jere, kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta All-State duk tsawon shekaru huɗu. A lokacin shekararta ta farko a shekarar 2020, ta yi rikodin 27–0 tare da 0.15 ERA, inda ta yi nasarar jefa kwallaye 27 kacal da kuma tafiya 24 a cikin innings 139, yayin da ta yi nasarar jefa kwallaye 299. Ta kuma yi bugun .581 da RBI 59, wanda hakan ya daidaita tarihin Class A na kakar wasa ɗaya da bugun gida 22. Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau, an nada ta a matsayin 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Nebraska ta shekara. A lokacin shekararta ta ƙarshe a shekarar 2021, ta yi rikodin 27–0 tare da 0.10 ERA, ta yi nasarar jefa kwallaye 27 kacal da kuma tafiya 15 a cikin innings 137, yayin da ta fitar da batters 316. Ta kuma yi bugun .510 da bugun gida 20 da kuma bugun RBI 55. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordy Bahl |url=https://soonersports.com/sports/softball/roster/jordy-bahl/14901 |access-date=May 9, 2022 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau, an naɗa ta a matsayin 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Nebraska Softball ta Shekara a karo na biyu a jere, kuma an naɗa ta a matsayin 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Gatorade ta Shekara . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2021 |title=Bahl named 2020-21 Gatorade National Softball Player of the Year |url=https://nfca.org/divnews/hs/jordyn-bahl-gatorade-national-softball-player-of-the-year-2021 |access-date=May 9, 2022 |website=NFCA.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Beideck |first=Steve |date=July 29, 2021 |title=Papio's Jordyn Bahl named Gatorade national softball player of the year |url=https://omaha.com/sports/high-school/papios-jordyn-bahl-named-gatorade-national-softball-player-of-the-year/article_6eefe5a6-d2be-11eb-9406-47c0f6e5cc36.html |access-date=May 9, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Head |first=Nate |date=June 18, 2021 |title=Jordyn Bahl named Nebraska Gatorade softball player of the year |url=https://journalstar.com/sports/high-school/softball/jordyn-bahl-named-nebraska-gatorade-softball-player-of-the-year/article_633fc3ca-b20f-5449-95ed-c291738d4763.html |access-date=May 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620121525/https://journalstar.com/sports/high-school/softball/jordyn-bahl-named-nebraska-gatorade-softball-player-of-the-year/article_633fc3ca-b20f-5449-95ed-c291738d4763.html |archive-date=June 20, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Frahm ta kammala aikinta a Papillion da rikodin 95–3, 0.63 ERA, da kuma bugun ƙwallo 978, a cikin innings 523. Ta kuma yi rikodin wasanni 63 cikakke da wasa ɗaya cikakke. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jordyn Bahl's Softball Stats |url=https://www.maxpreps.com/athlete/jordyn-bahl/HAYct4LAEeeT-Oz0u-e-FA/softball/stats.htm |access-date=May 9, 2022 |website=maxpreps.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scarborough |first=Alex |date=April 14, 2022 |title=Inside Oklahoma softball's Jordy Bahl's 'whole other level of greatness' |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/33719980/inside-oklahoma-softball-jordy-bahl-whole-other-level-greatness |access-date=May 9, 2022 |website=[[ESPN.com]]}}</ref> An sanya Bahl a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar 2021 a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa samun nasara a gasar Softball America da Extra Inning Softball. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eads |first=Brentt |date=November 3, 2020 |title=Player Spotlight: 2021 Extra Elite 100 2021 #1 Jordyn Bahl… “Life is About Learning & Moving On” |url=https://extrainningsoftball.com/player-spotlight-2021-extra-elite-100-2021-1-jordyn-bahl-life-is-about-learning-moving-on/ |access-date=May 9, 2022 |website=extrainningsoftball.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wachen |first=Rebecca |date=August 10, 2021 |title=Why Jordyn Bahl Chose Oklahoma |url=https://www.softballamerica.com/stories/why-jordyn-bahl-chose-oklahoma/ |access-date=May 9, 2022 |website=softballamerica.com}}</ref> == Aikin kwaleji == === Oklahoma === Bahl ta fara buga wasanta na kwaleji a Oklahoma a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2022, a wasan da suka fafata da UC Santa Barbara . Ta yi nasarar kashe huɗu daga cikin batters takwas da ta fuskanta a ciki Innings Nicole May, wacce ta yi shekara ɗaya a duniya da kuma Hope Trautwein, wacce ta kammala karatun digiri, sun haɗu don kammala wasan da ya dace da Sooners. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 10, 2022 |title=Pitching Perfect, Offense Strong in Season Opener |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2022/2/10/softball-pitching-perfect-offense-strong-in-season-opener.aspx |access-date=May 9, 2022 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, ta buga wasa mai kyau da Cal State Fullerton . Ta fitar da maki 11 a cikin cikakken wasan, ba tare da ta bari bugun ko tafiya ga masu jefa ƙwallo 18 da ta fuskanta ba. Ta zama ɗalibi na farko a makarantar sakandare ta Oklahoma da ya buga wasa mai kyau tun bayan [[Paige Parker]] a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2022 |title=Bahl Perfect, OU Sweeps Day One of Nutter Classic |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2022/2/25/softball-bahl-perfect-ou-sweeps-day-one-of-nutter-classic.aspx |access-date=May 9, 2022 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> Ta kammala kakar wasa ta yau da kullun da rikodin 21-1, tare da 0.95 ERA, 199 strikeouts da kuma tafiya 29 a ciki. An buga wasanni zagaye na farko. Ta ba da damar yin gudu 18 da ta samu, yayin da ta riƙe abokan hamayyarta matsakaicin bugun .137 ciki har da rufewa bakwai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2022 |title=Three Sooners Named Top 10 Finalists for Player of the Year |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2022/5/4/softball-three-sooners-named-player-of-the-year-top-10-finalists.aspx |access-date=May 9, 2022 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Batacao |first=Jason |date=May 5, 2022 |title=OU softball: How family, fishing and failure fuels Jordy Bahl’s Michael Jordan-esque competitive fire |url=https://www.oudaily.com/sports/ou-softball-how-family-fishing-and-failure-fuels-jordy-bahl-s-michael-jordan-esque-competitive/article_4543918a-ccaf-11ec-bb99-537c7823be0b.html |access-date=May 9, 2022}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2022, ta samu rauni a lokacin atisayen motsa jiki kafin wasan Asabar a wasan karshe na jerin 'yan wasa da Oklahoma State . <ref>{{Cite web |last=McLeod |first=Justin |date=May 18, 2022 |title=Patty Gasso Discusses Jordy Bahl’s Injury, Timeline for Her Return |url=https://extrainningsoftball.com/patty-gasso-discusses-jordy-bahls-injury-timeline-for-her-return/ |access-date=May 18, 2022 |website=extrainningsoftball.com |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518143407/https://extrainningsoftball.com/patty-gasso-discusses-jordy-bahls-injury-timeline-for-her-return/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ba ta yi wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ba a gasar softball ta Big 12 Conference ta 2022 saboda ciwon hannu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Eric |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Jordy Bahl handling arm injury 'very optimistically' but frustrated she can't help Sooners |url=https://tulsaworld.com/sports/college/ou/jordy-bahl-handling-arm-injury-very-optimistically-but-frustrated-she-cant-help-sooners/article_703d277c-d612-11ec-98c1-dff63ce6697a.html |access-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518030150/https://tulsaworld.com/sports/college/ou/jordy-bahl-handling-arm-injury-very-optimistically-but-frustrated-she-cant-help-sooners/article_703d277c-d612-11ec-98c1-dff63ce6697a.html |archive-date=May 18, 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta yi wasa a karon farko tun bayan dawowa daga rauni a ranar 2 ga Yuni, a lokacin wasan farko na gasar Kwalejin Mata ta 2022 da Northwestern . Ta jefa ƙwallo sau 11, kuma ta ba da damar buga ƙwallo sau biyu yayin da take rikodin ƙwallo ɗaya kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sulley |first=Colton |date=June 2, 2022 |title='She's made differently': Sooners' Jordy Bahl returns to circle in OU's 13-2 run-rule over Northwestern |url=https://www.oudaily.com/sports/shes-made-differently-sooners-jordy-bahl-returns-to-circle-in-ous-13-2-run-rule/article_c4746374-e2dc-11ec-84df-47a967139f79.html |access-date=June 2, 2022}}</ref> A lokacin wasan gasar zakarun duniya ta Kwalejin Mata a ranar 9 ga Yuni, ta ba da damar buga bugun hudu, gudu biyu, tafiya uku da kuma bugun biyu a cikin innings huɗu kuma ta sami nasarar a wasan da ya kai ga lashe gasar. Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau, an nada ta a matsayin Big 12 Freshman of the Year da Co-Big 12 Pitcher of the Year kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin ƙungiyar farko ta All-Big 12. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2022 |title=Sooners Dominate Big 12 Awards |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2022/5/11/softball-sooners-dominate-big-12-awards.aspx |access-date=May 11, 2022 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2022 |title=2022 All-Big 12 Softball Awards Announced |url=https://big12sports.com/news/2022/5/11/2022-all-big-12-softball-awards-announced.aspx |access-date=May 11, 2022 |website=big12sports.com}}</ref> An kuma nada ta a matsayin wacce ta lashe gasar All-American a matsayin ta farko a cikin ƙungiyar, da kuma wacce ta lashe gasar National Freshman of the Year ta NFCA, da kuma wacce ta lashe gasar Softball America Freshman of the Year a matsayin ta ƙarshe a cikin waɗanda suka yi nasara a gasar USA Softball Collegiate Player of the Year . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 4, 2022 |title=USA Softball names Top 10 Finalists for 2022 USA Softball Collegiate Player of the Year |url=https://www.teamusa.org/USA-Softball/News/2022/May/04/USA-Softball-names-Top-10-Finalists-for-2022-USA-Softball-Collegiate-Player-of-the-Year |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509115430/https://www.teamusa.org/USA-Softball/News/2022/May/04/USA-Softball-names-Top-10-Finalists-for-2022-USA-Softball-Collegiate-Player-of-the-Year |archive-date=May 9, 2022 |access-date=May 9, 2022 |website=teamusa.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2022 |title=Five Sooners Named First Team All-Americans |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2022/6/1/softball-five-sooners-named-all-americans.aspx |access-date=June 2, 2022 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2022 |title=2022 NCAA Freshman Of The Year: Jordy Bahl |url=https://www.softballamerica.com/stories/2022-ncaa-freshman-of-the-year-jordy-bahl/ |access-date=June 20, 2022 |website=softballamerica.com}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2023 a shekararta ta biyu, ta yi rikodin 22-1 tare da ceton 'yan wasa huɗu. A lokacin wasannin taro 18, ta buga rikodin 7-0 tare da 0.70 ERA, ta daina yin gudu huɗu kacal. Nasarorin da ta samu a taron sun fi na kowace 'yar wasan jefa kwallo a raga, yayin da matsakaicin bugun da ta yi a kan 'yan wasanta na .130 a manyan wasanni 12 shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta fiye da kowace 'yar wasan jefa kwallo a gasar. Bayan kakar wasa, an nada ta a matsayin wacce aka zaba a matsayin wacce ta fi kowacce kungiya a gasar All-Big 12, kuma aka nada ta a matsayin wacce ta fi kowacce kungiya a gasar Big 12 Pitcher of the Year a karo na biyu a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2023 |title=2023 All-Big 12 Softball Awards Announced |url=https://big12sports.com/news/2023/5/10/2023-all-big-12-softball-awards-announced.aspx |access-date=May 10, 2023 |website=big12sports.com}}</ref> A lokacin gasar World Series ta Kwalejin Mata ta 2023, Bahl ya buga rikodin 4-0 tare da ajiye ɗaya a cikin An yi wasanni tare da an ci kwallo ba, daga baya aka nada shi a matsayin 'Yar Wasa Mafi Kyau a Duniya a Gasar Kwaleji ta Mata . Ta zama ɗan wasan jefa ƙwallo na farko tun 1992 da ta yi aiki aƙalla innings 20 a gasar World Series ba tare da barin gudu ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brunt |first=Cliff |date=June 8, 2023 |title=Oklahoma wins third straight WCWS title, extends record win streak to 53 |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/story/2023-06-08/oklahoma-wins-wcws-title-florida-state-recap |access-date=June 8, 2023}}</ref> === Nebraska === A ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2023, Bahl ta sanar da cewa za ta shiga shafin canja wurin NCAA . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chapman |first=Ryan |date=June 12, 2023 |title=OU Softball: Oklahoma Star Shocks Softball World, Enters Transfer Portal |url=https://www.si.com/college/oklahoma/softball/ou-softball-oklahoma-star-shocks-softball-world-enters-transfer-portal |access-date=June 12, 2023 |website=si.com |publisher=[[Sports Illustrated]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lederman |first=Eli |date=June 12, 2023 |title=Jordy Bahl, star pitcher who led OU to historic three-peat, enters transfer portal |url=https://tulsaworld.com/sports/college/ou/jordy-bahl-star-pitcher-who-led-ou-to-historic-three-peat-enters-transfer-portal/article_a317c1fe-093b-11ee-af2f-6fb563534be1.html |access-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612190206/https://tulsaworld.com/sports/college/ou/jordy-bahl-star-pitcher-who-led-ou-to-historic-three-peat-enters-transfer-portal/article_a317c1fe-093b-11ee-af2f-6fb563534be1.html |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin shekaru biyu a Oklahoma ta bayyana a wasanni 71 tare da fara wasa 46 kuma ta buga rikodin 44–2, 1.00 ERA da kuma bugun 397 a cikin  . ERA ɗinta ta zo ta biyu a tarihin shirin Oklahoma kuma ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta tun lokacin da aka ƙara nisan bugun daga ƙafa 40 zuwa ƙafa 43 a shekarar 1988. Ta kuma samu kaso na biyu mafi kyau na nasara (.957) da matsakaicin bugun abokan hamayya (.153) a tarihin shirin, kuma ta zo ta uku a cikin bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a cikin innings bakwai (9.62). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aber |first=Ryan |date=June 12, 2023 |title=OU softball ace Jordy Bahl announces she will transfer from Sooners 'to return home' |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/sports/college/sooners/2023/06/12/ou-softball-jordy-bahl-transfer-portal-oklahoma-sooners-going-home-nebraska/70314358007/ |access-date=June 12, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Jordy Bahl Announces Her Transfer to Nebraska |url=https://huskers.com/news/2023/06/15/jordy-bahl-announces-her-transfer-to-nebraska |access-date=June 15, 2023 |website=huskers.com}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuni, ta sanar da cewa za ta koma Nebraska . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Oklahoma pitching star Jordy Bahl announces transfer to Nebraska |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/37857616/oklahoma-pitching-star-jordy-bahl-announces-transfer-nebraska |access-date=June 15, 2023 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherman |first=Mitch |date=June 15, 2023 |title=Jordy Bahl commits to Nebraska softball: What this means for Huskers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4604790/2023/06/15/jordy-bahl-nebraska-softball/ |access-date=June 15, 2023 |publisher=[[The Athletic]]}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu, 2024, a lokacin wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2024 da Washington, Bahl ta samu rauni a gwiwarta ta hagu a karshen kakar wasa a kan anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Ta sha kaye a wasanta na farko na Husker, inda ta buga wasa , wanda ke ba da damar bugun biyu, bugun uku, gudu uku da aka samu da kuma tafiya huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2024 |title=NU Falls to Washington in Season Opener |url=https://huskers.com/news/2024/02/9/recap-vs-washington |access-date=February 8, 2024 |website=huskers.com}}</ref> Daga baya aka sanar da cewa za ta yi ritaya a kakar wasa ta 2024 kuma ta dawo a 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2024 |title=Nebraska softball pitcher Jordy Bahl out for season with ACL injury |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/39519516/nebraska-softball-pitcher-jordy-bahl-season-acl-injury |access-date=February 13, 2024 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sardis |first=Nick |date=February 14, 2024 |title=Nebraska pitcher, OU transfer Jordy Bahl's season-ending ACL injury: What we know |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/sports/college/sooners/2024/02/14/oklahoma-softball-jordy-bahl-acl-knee-injury-nebraska-softball-ou-sooners/72597868007/ |access-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref> A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025 a shekararta ta farko, ta buga rikodin 26–8, tare da 1.56 ERA. A lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na taron, ta buga rikodin 10-2 a wasan kwaikwayo na taron, tare da 1.83 ERA. Ta buga .467 a wasan kai hari, inda ta yi nasarar zura kwallaye 59, bugun 70, bugun RBI 59, bugun double 16 da kuma bugun gida 19 a kakar wasa ta yau da kullun. Ta zama Husker ta farko a tarihin shirin da ta yi rikodin doubles 15 da home runs 15 a kakar wasa ɗaya. Bayan kakar wasa ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko a tarihin Big Ten Conference da aka nada a matsayin 'yar wasa ta shekara da kuma 'yar wasan Pitcher of the Year a kakar wasa ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2025 |title=Big Ten Announces 2025 Softball Postseason Honors |url=https://bigten.org/sb/article/blt9579af5ad999d80d/ |access-date=May 9, 2025 |website=BigTen.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509172126/https://bigten.org/sb/article/blt9579af5ad999d80d/ |archive-date=May 9, 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A lokacin wasan farko na gasar softball ta NCAA Division I ta 2025 da UConn, ta buga bugun gida kuma ta zama 'yar wasa ta huɗu a tarihin NCAA Division I da ta zarce nasara 20 da bugun gida 20 a kakar wasa ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Angus-Coombs |first=Maren |date=May 16, 2025 |title=Nebraska’s Jordy Bahl Joins Elite Club with Home Run vs UConn |url=https://www.si.com/onsi/softball/college/nebraska-s-jordy-bahl-joins-elite-club-with-home-run-vs-uconn |access-date=May 16, 2025 |website=SI.com |archive-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517081301/https://www.si.com/onsi/softball/college/nebraska-s-jordy-bahl-joins-elite-club-with-home-run-vs-uconn |url-status=dead}}</ref> An kuma nada ta a matsayin ' yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta NFCA ta shekara . A watan Mayu na 2025, Frahm ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin ilimi da kimiyyar ɗan adam. <ref name="graduation">{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2025 |title=Nebraska awards 3,683 degrees in May ceremonies |url=https://news.unl.edu/article/nebraska-awards-3683-degrees-in-may-ceremonies |access-date=May 23, 2026 |website=Nebraska Today |publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln |quote=Jordyn Makensey Bahl, College of Education and Human Sciences, Bachelor of Science in Education and Human Sciences.}}</ref> <ref name="Nebraska">{{Cite web |title=Jordy Frahm |url=https://huskers.com/sports/softball/roster/player/jordy-frahm |access-date=May 23, 2026 |website=Huskers.com |publisher=University of Nebraska-Lincoln}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2026 a shekararta ta ƙarshe, ta yi rikodin 21–6, tare da 1.37 ERA, 251 strikeouts da kuma ceton 12. Ta hanyar ceton 'yan wasa 12, ta jagoranci ƙasar, kuma ta kafa tarihin ceton 'yan wasa na Nebraska a kakar wasa ɗaya, wanda ya zarce tarihin da kocinta na yanzu Rhonda Revelle ke riƙe da shi a baya. Ta taimaka wajen jagorantar Nebraska zuwa Gasar Duniya ta Kwalejin Mata a karon farko tun shekarar 2013. Bayan kakar wasa, an nada ta a matsayin babbar 'yar wasan Pitcher Ten ta Shekara a karo na biyu a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2026 |title=Big Ten Reveals 2026 Softball Postseason Honors |url=https://bigten.org/sb/article/59996/ |access-date=May 8, 2026 |website=BigTen.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260508171625/https://bigten.org/sb/article/59996/ |archive-date=May 8, 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An kuma nada ta a matsayin 'yar wasan shekara ta Kwalejin Softball ta Amurka da kuma 'yar wasan shekara ta NFCA ta kasa a karo na biyu a jere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2026 |title=Nebraska’s Jordy Frahm named 2026 USA Softball Collegiate Player of the Year |url=https://www.usasoftball.com/news/2026/05/26/nebraskas-jordy-frahm-named-2026-usa-softball-collegiate-player-of-the-year/ |access-date=May 26, 2026 |website=usasoftball.com}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Mayu, 2026, a lokacin gasar duniya ta Kwalejin Mata ta 2026 da Texas, ta samu maki mafi girma a gasar a karo na 20 da ta buga a kakar wasa ta bana. Ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko a tarihin NCAA Division I da ta rubuta kwallaye 20 a gida da kuma nasarori 20 a kakar wasa da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Silver |first=Randy |date=June 1, 2026 |title=More Than Records: The Legacy of Jordy Frahm |url=https://nebraska.tv/sports/college/jordy-frahm-leaves-lasting-legacy-as-nebraska-career-ends |access-date=June 1, 2026 |website=nebraska.tv}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == A ranar 5 ga Yuni, 2026, an naɗa Frahm a matsayin mataimakin koci ga Nebraska. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 5, 2026 |title=Frahm Joins Husker Coaching Staff |url=https://huskers.com/news/2026/06/5/frahm-joins-husker-coaching-staff |access-date=June 5, 2026 |website=huskers.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A ranar 2 ga Agusta, 2025, Frahm ta auri tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball na Nebraska Trey Frahm. Mai magana da yawun jami'a ta tabbatar wa ''Sports Illustrated'' cewa ta ɗauki sunan sabon mijinta. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2026, kwana ɗaya bayan ta fafata a gasar Duniya ta Kwalejin Mata ta 2026, Frahm ta wallafa a shafinta na [[Instagram]] cewa tana tsammanin ɗanta na fari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2026 |title=Jordy Frahm announces pregnancy following Nebraska Softball’s WCWS run |url=https://www.1011now.com/2026/06/02/jordy-frahm-announces-pregnancy-following-nebraska-softballs-wcws-run/ |access-date=June 1, 2026 |website=[[1011now.com]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Just |first=Amie |date=June 1, 2026 |title=Nebraska softball pitcher Jordy Frahm announces pregnancy |url=https://omaha.com/sports/huskers/softball/article_2ffaf3bd-0283-47d2-99c8-331bb581b470.html |access-date=June 1, 2026}}</ref> == Nassoshi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2nmu5vjfr5q3buwz7tna6fgoczetfeb 0 166213 975959 964834 2026-11-04T21:45:48Z Alfurqan 14918 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 975959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A lokacin Parade of Nations a bikin bude [[Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026]], wanda za a gudanar a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2026, 'yan wasa da ke ɗauke da tutar da sanduna na kasashensu suna jagorantar tawagarsu ta ƙasa yayin da suke tafiya a cikin Hydro a cikin birnin [[Glasgow|Glasgow, Scotland]]. Kimanin kasashe 74 za su shiga fagen wasa. A karo na farko da aka taba yi, kowace al'umma da ta halarci ta kirkiro nasu sandar a matsayin wani ɓangare na King's Baton Relay. Kowace al'umma ta kuma sanya dan wasa daya don ɗaukar sandar a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin buɗewa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Baton |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/baton |access-date=21 July 2026 |website=[[Commonwealth Sport]]}}</ref> == Umurni na tafiya == A cikin hutu daga al'ada, Ingila ba ta jagoranci fareti a matsayin kasar da ta gabata ba. Scotland ta shiga karshe a matsayin masu masaukin baki na yanzu. Duk sauran kasashe sun yi tafiya a cikin haruffa a cikin yankunansu: Afirka, Amurka, Asiya, Caribbean, Oceania, da Turai. == Kasashe da masu ɗaukar tutar == Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin ƙasashe masu zanga-zangar da masu ɗaukar tutar da aka sanar, a cikin tsari ɗaya da na fareti. Wannan ana iya rarraba shi da sunan ƙasa, sunan mai ɗaukar tutar, ko wasan mai ɗaukar tutar. Ana ba da sunaye a cikin fom ɗin da CGF ta tsara. {| class="sortable wikitable" |- !Jerin !Ƙasa !Mai Ɗaukar Tuta !Wasanni !Mai Ɗaukar Sanda !Wasanni !class="unsortable" |{{refh}} |- |align=center|1 || {{flagCGF|BOT|2026}} || Maxine Egner || Yin ruwa || Lee Eppie || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony in Pictures|url=https://www.facebook.com/BotswanaNOC/posts/glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-in-pictures-a-historic-night-in/1078828597801813/|website=Facebook|publisher=Botswana National Olympic Committee|location=Gaborone, Botswana|date=24 July 2026|access-date=28 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|2 || {{flagCGF|CMR|2026}} || Nora Monie || Wasannin motsa jiki || Junior Ngadja Nyabeyeu || Ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Glasgow 2026 : Le Cameroun entame sa campagne|trans-title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games: Cameroon begins its campaign|url=https://seasonmedia.net/commonwealth-glasgow-2026-le-cameroun-entame-sa-campagne/|website=Season Media|location=Yaoundé, Cameroon|language=fr|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|3 || {{flagCGF|SWZ|2026}} || Hayley Hoy || Yin ruwa || Mukelo Dlamini || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Eswatini proudly marched into the OVO Hydro during the Glasgow 2026 Opening Ceremony, with Hayley Hoy leading the delegation as the Flag Bearer and Mukelo Dlamini proudly carrying the Commonwealth Sport King's Baton.|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1653933572380772/|website=Facebook|publisher=Commonwealth Games Eswatini|location=Mbabane, Eswatini|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|4 || {{flagCGF|GAB|2026}} || Noélie Annette Lacour || Yin ruwa || Kurt Ogouenkero || Jami'in ƙungiya || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeux du Commonwealth 2026 : La nageuse Noélie Annette Lacour lance la campagne du Gabon|trans-title=2026 Commonwealth Games: Swimmer Noélie Annette Lacour launches Gabon's campaign|url=https://gabonallsport.com/jeux-du-commonwealth-2026-la-nageuse-noelie-annette-lacour-lance-la-campagne-du-gabon/|website=Gabon All Sport|location=Libreville, Gabon|language=fr|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Noélie Annette Suzanne Lacour of Team Gabon and King's Baton Bearer Kurt Ogouenkero of Team Gabon lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-noelie-annette-suzanne-lacour-of-team-gabon-and-news-photo/2287363000|website=Getty Images|author=Molly Darlington|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|5 || {{flagCGF|GAM|2026}} || Ousman Jobe || Yin ruwa || Pap Jonga || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Flag and King's Baton handed over: A proud moment for Team Gambia at Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.facebook.com/GambiaOlympic220/posts/flag-and-kings-baton-handed-over-a-proud-moment-for-team-gambia-at-glasgow-2026o/1329203939330687/|website=Facebook|publisher=Gambia National Olympic Committee|location=Banjul, The Gambia|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|6 || {{flagCGF|GHA|2026}} || Frema Agyei || Judo || Tahiru Haruna || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Tahiru Haruna, Frema Agyei named Team Ghana's ceremonial leaders for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/sports/tahiru-frema-glasgow/2026/2/|website=GBC Ghana Online|publisher=Ghana Broadcasting Corporation|location=Accra, Ghana|date=21 July 2026|access-date=21 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|7 || {{flagCGF|KEN|2026}} || Robert Okaka || Dambe || Hellen Wawira || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Kenya at the Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony at the OVO Hydro Arena in Glasgow, Scotland.|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DbK7mrxBgep/|website=Instagram|publisher=LTN Sports|date=23 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|8 || {{flagCGF|LES|2026}} || Rapelang Maselela || Dambe || Mathealira Seholohohlo || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Rapelang Maselela of Team Lesotho and King's Baton Bearer Mathealira Seholoholo of Lesotho lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-rapelang-maselela-of-team-lesotho-and-kings-news-photo/2287370300|website=Getty Images|author=Dean Mouhtaropoulos|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|9 || {{flagCGF|MAW|2026}} || Deborah Mtenje || Dambe || Zoe Rebello || Yin ruwa|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Deborah Mtenje of Team Malawi and King's Baton Bearer Zoe Rebello lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-deborah-mtenje-of-team-malawi-and-kings-news-photo/2287370169|website=Getty Images|author=Dean Mouhtaropoulos|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|10 || {{flagCGF|MRI|2026}} || Fabrice Valerie || Dambe || Anishta Teeluck || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Fabrice Valérie désigné porte-drapeau de la délégation mauricienne|trans-title=Fabrice Valérie named flag bearer of the Mauritian delegation|url=https://maurice-info.mu/2026/07/01/fabrice-valerie-designe-porte-drapeau-de-la-delegation-mauricienne.html|website=Maurice Info|language=French|location=Port Louis, Mauritius|date=1 July 2026|access-date=2 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|11 || {{flagCGF|MOZ|2026}} || Matthew Lawrence || Yin ruwa || Cleyton Munguambe || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Moçambique na Cerimónia de Abertura dos Jogos da Commonwealth Glasgow 2026|trans-title=Mozambique at the Opening Ceremony of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.facebook.com/comiteolimpicodemocambique/posts/pfbid0bBKGxNYJP3XkWWiVUnuZ2cTam4nzi71nehDpLojDA8AqXmx7F8fzmZPoPsKiXVWWl |website=Facebook|publisher=National Olympic Committee of Mozambique|location=Maputo, Mozambique|language=pt|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|12 || {{flagCGF|NAM|2026}} || Chenoult Lionel Coetzee || Wasannin motsa jiki || Diana Viljoen || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet Team Namibia's Flag Bearers|url=https://www.facebook.com/NamOlympic/posts/meet-team-namibias-flag-bearerswe-are-proud-to-announce-diana-viljoen-and-lionel/1816148380156728/|website=Facebook|publisher=Namibia National Olympic Committee|location=Windhoek, Namibia|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|13 || {{flagCGF|NGR|2026}} || Abdul Jabar Adama || Yin ruwa || Folashade Oluwafemiayo || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=VIDEO: Team Nigeria joins opening ceremony of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbK8bs1i40X/|website=Instagram|publisher=The Nation|location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=24 July 2026|access-date=28 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|14 || {{flagCGF|RWA|2026}} || Jayden Ntwali || Yin ruwa || Axela Echessah || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Rwanda in the opening ceremony of Commonwealth games 2026 in Glasgow.|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbJ34sCoh_c/|website=Instagram|publisher=Rwanda Aquatics Federation|date=24 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|15 || {{flagCGF|SEY|2026}} || Natasha Chetty || Wasannin motsa jiki || Adam Moncherry || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Government backs Team Seychelles with medal rewards ahead of Commonwealth Games|url=https://statehouse.gov.sc/news/7137/government-backs-team-seychelles-with-medal-rewards-ahead-of-commonwealth-games|website=State House, Seychelles|location=Victoria, Seychelles|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|16 || {{flagCGF|SLE|2026}} || Jordan Aki-Sawyerr || Wasannin motsa jiki || Josefien Betist || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Freetown Mayor Yvonne Aki-Sawyerr celebrates son’s participation at Commonwealth Games|url=https://sierraloaded.sl/sport/freetown-aki-sawyerr-commonwealth-games/|website=Sierraloaded|location=Freetown, Sierra Leone|date=25 July 2026|access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Betist: Sierra Leone's Commonwealth Games medal hopeful|url=https://sierraloaded.sl/sport/betist-sierra-leones-commonwealth-games-medal/|website=Sierraloaded|location=Freetown, Sierra Leone|date=26 July 2026|access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|17 || {{flagCGF|RSA|2026}} || Bridget Herselman || Wasan bowls || Shaun Williams || {{nowrap|Wasan kwallon kwando ta keken guragu 3x3}} || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Lambley|first=Garrin|title=Team SA flag bearers named for Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/team-sa-flag-bearers-named-for-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=The South African|location=Cape Town, South Africa|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|18 || {{flagCGF|TAN|2026}} || Collins Saliboko || Yin ruwa || Zawadi Kutaka || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Omary|first=Majuto|title=Bring home medals, govt urges Tanzania's C' Games-bound squad|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/sports/bring-home-medals-govt-urges-tanzania-s-c-games-bound-squad-5529642|work=The Citizen|location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Collins Phillip Saliboko of Team Tanzania and King's Baton Bearer Zawadi Amos Kutaka lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-collins-phillip-saliboko-of-team-tanzania-and-news-photo/2287364812|website=Getty Images|author=Mattia Ozbot|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|19 || {{flagCGF|TOG|2026}} || Fayza Abdoukerim || Wasannin motsa jiki|| Médard Nayo || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Craig|title=Commonwealth games opening ceremony in pictures featuring the Royals and the Tardis|url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-pictures-085300544.html|website=Yahoo Sports UK|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260725164334/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-pictures-085300544.html|archive-date=25 July 2026|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align=center|20 || {{flagCGF|UGA|2026}} || Mary Cholhok Nuba || Wasan netball || Dennis Mbaziira || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=#TeamUganda at the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbKYFrSsko-/|website=Instagram|publisher=Uganda Olympic Committee|date=24 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|21 || {{flagCGF|ZAM|2026}} || Muzala Samukonga || Wasannin motsa jiki || Catherine Mwape || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=CGA Zambia announces flag and baton bearers|url=https://www.facebook.com/TeamZambia/posts/cga-zambia-announces-flag-and-baton-bearersthe-commonwealth-games-association-of/2099544363990726/|website=Facebook|publisher=National Olympic Committee of Zambia|location=Lusaka, Zambia|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|22 || {{flagCGF|BAH|2026}} || Zaylie-Elizabeth Thompson || Yin ruwa || Rashield Williams || Dambe|| align=center|<ref name=cer/> |- |align=center|23 || {{flagCGF|BIZ|2026}} || Davia Richardson || Yin ruwa ||Leticia Westby || Jagoran tawaga || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=🇧🇿 A proud moment for Team Belize! Here are some unforgettable moments from the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony.|url=https://www.facebook.com/BelizeOlympicandCommonwealthGamesAssociation/posts/-a-proud-moment-for-team-belizehere-are-some-unforgettable-moments-from-the-glas/1446382764177340/|website=Facebook|publisher=Belize Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association|location=Belmopan, Belize|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ms. Leticia Westby had the distinguished honor of presenting Belize's Commonwealth Sport King’s Baton to His Majesty King Charles III during the Opening Ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DbL0tBPGusB/|website=Instagram|publisher=Hot Off The Press Belize|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|24 || {{flagCGF|BER|2026}} ||Tiara DeRosa || Wasannin motsa jiki || Caitlyn Bobb || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarke|first=Ross|title=DeRosa and Bobb to carry flag and baton at Games opening|url=https://www.royalgazette.com/general/sport/article/20260722/derosa-and-bobb-to-carry-flag-and-baton-at-games-opening/|work=The Royal Gazette|location=Hamilton, Bermuda|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|25 || {{flagCGF|CAN|2026}}|| Kady Dandeneau ||Wasan kwallon kwando ta keken guragu 3x3 || Ryan Bester || Wasan bowls|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Wheelchair basketball player Kady Dandeneau named Canadian flag-bearer for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/commonwealthgames/commonwealth-games-flag-bearer-announcement-9.7274395|website=CBC Sports|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|date=21 July 2026|access-date=21 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|26 || {{flagCGF|FAI|2026}} ||Oliver Thompson || Wasan bowls || Daphne Arthur-Almond || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Falklands Commonwealth Games flag and baton bearers announced|url=https://radio.co.fk/news-posts/falklands-commonwealth-games-flag-and-baton-bearers-announced/|work=Falklands Radio|location=Stanley, Falkland Islands|date=1 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|27 || {{flagCGF|GUY|2026}} || Travis Belgrave || Wasan kwallon kwando 3x3 || Aaliyah Moore || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref name=flag>{{cite news|title=Belgrave, Moore to carry Guyana's flag at Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://kaieteurnewsonline.com/2026/07/23/belgrave-moore-to-carry-guyanas-flag-at-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=Kaieteur News|location=Georgetown, Guyana|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|28 || {{flagCGF|SHN|2026}} ||Sean Crowie || Wasannin motsa jiki || William Caswell || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team St Helena ahead of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth|url=https://sthelenaonline.org/team-st-helena-ahead-of-glasgow-2026-commonwealth/|website=St Helena Online|location=Jamestown, Saint Helena|date=18 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|29 || {{flagCGF|BAN|2026}} || Samiul Islam Rafi || Yin ruwa || Sonia Aktar || Yin ruwa ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh set for token participation in 2026 C'wealth Games|url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/others/306137/bangladesh-set-for-token-participation-in-2026-cwealth-games|work=New Age|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |align=center|30 || {{flagCGF|BRU|2026}} || Joel Ling || Yin ruwa || Sharmeen Mohammad Mharvin || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Leong|first=Yee Chun|title=Brunei swimmers make splash at Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.brusports.com/2026/07/30/brunei-swimmers-make-splash-at-commonwealth-games/|website=BruSports|location=Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei|date=30 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|31 || {{flagCGF|IND|2026}} || Mirabai Chanu || Ɗaga nauyi || Lovlina Borgohain || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Sabyasachi|title=Mirabai Chanu, Lovlina Borgohain named India's flag bearers for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/mirabai-chanu-lovlina-borgohain-flagbearers-india-2026-commonwealth-games-glasgow-2950769-2026-07-18|work=India Today|location=NNoida, Uttar Pradesh, India|date=18 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|32 || {{flagCGF|MAS|2026}} || Abdul Latif Romly || Para wasannin motsa jiki || Emma Firyana Saroji || Wasan bowls ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Latif Romly named Malaysia's flag bearer for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://thesun.my/sports/latif-romly-named-malaysias-flag-bearer-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=The Sun|location=Petaling Jaya, Malaysia|date=11 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|33 || {{flagCGF|MDV|2026}} || {{Nowrap|Mohamed Aan Hussain}} || Yin ruwa || Meral Ayn Latheef || Yin ruwa || |- |align=center|34 || {{flagCGF|PAK|2026}} || Arshad Nadeem || Wasannin motsa jiki|| Fatima Zahra || Dambe|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Raheel|first=Natasha|title=Pakistan at disadvantage in the scaled-back 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.lostonthedesk.com/p/pakistan-at-disadvantage-in-the-2026|website=Lost on the Desk|location=Karachi, Pakistan|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|35 ||{{flagCGF|SGP|2026}} ||Gan Ching Hwee|| Yin ruwa || Mawjit Singh || Para bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Kwek|first=Kimberly|title=Gan Ching Hwee, Mawjit Singh named S’pore’s flag bearers for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/gan-ching-hwee-mawjit-singh-named-spores-flag-bearers-for-2026-commonwealth-games|work=The Straits Times|location=Singapore|date=6 July 2026|access-date=6 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|36 || {{flagCGF|SRI|2026}} || Palitha Bandara || Para wasannin motsa jiki || Janani Dhananjana || Para wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=PRESS RELEASE: Team Sri Lanka officially unveiled for the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.olympic.lk/media/news/press-release-team-sri-lanka-officially-unveiled-for-the-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|website=National Olympic Committee of Sri Lanka|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716105526/https://www.olympic.lk/media/news/press-release-team-sri-lanka-officially-unveiled-for-the-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|archive-date=16 July 2026|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align=center|37 || {{flagCGF|AIA|2026}} || Tri-tania Lowe || Wasannin motsa jiki || Jonathan Irizarry || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Huge congratulations to our flag bearer and King's Baton bearer at the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.facebook.com/AnguillaCommonwealthGamesAssociation/posts/pfbid0sL7uDd1x6Q41YFmmGZT9wjTbWDgMEbABrS22wF2XajhjAX4TfmfWGGdmk4EHzp7il|website=Facebook|publisher=Anguilla Commonwealth Games Association|location=The Valley, Anguilla|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|38 || {{flagCGF|ANT|2026}} || Alston Ryan || Dambe || Aunjulique Liddie || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Antigua and Barbuda Commonwealth Games Association announces 12-member team for Glasgow 2026|url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/antigua-and-barbuda-commonwealth-games-association-announces-12-member-team-for-glasgow-2026/|work=Antigua News Room|location=St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|39 || {{flagCGF|BAR|2026}} || Erin Pinder || Gimnastik na fasaha || Antwahn Boyce-Vaughan || Para yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Barbados launches historic dual Games bid|url=https://olympic.org.bb/archives/team-barbados-launches-historic-dual-games-bid/|website=Barbados Olympic Association|location=Bridgetown, Barbados|date=13 July 2026|access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|40 || {{flagCGF|IVB|2026}} || Adaejah Hodge|| Wasannin motsa jiki || Jaleel Croal || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=BVIOC announces teams for Commonwealth Games, CAC Games|url=https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/sports/bvioc-announces-teams-for-commonwealth-games-cac-games/article_4781f066-0018-4be8-ad9b-79e81cc393f1.html|work=The Virgin Islands Daily News|location=St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|date=10 July 2026|access-date=10 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|41 || {{flagCGF|CAY|2026}} || Connor Macdonald || Yin ruwa || Siena Santiago || Gimnastik na fasaha || align=center|<ref name=cer>{{cite web|title=Opening Ceremony HIGHLIGHTS Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games 07/23/2026|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xarm4fa|website=Dailymotion|publisher=BeIN Sports USA|date=23 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|42 || {{flagCGF|DMA|2026}} || Thea LaFond || Wasannin motsa jiki || Jasmine Schofield || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Team Dominica set for Glasgow 2026|url=https://natureisle.news/sports/team-dominica-set-for-glasgow-2026/|work=Nature Isle News|location=Roseau, Dominica|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|43 || {{flagCGF|GRN|2026}} || Zachary Gresham || Yin ruwa || Tilly Collymore || Yin ruwa|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Chase|first=Tisagh|title=Team Grenada Set for Glasgow 2026 Opening Ceremony 🇬🇩|url=https://gocgrenada.com/team-grenada-set-for-glasgow-2026-opening-ceremony-%f0%9f%87%ac%f0%9f%87%a9/|website=Grenada Olympic Committee|location=St. George's, Grenada|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|44 || {{flagCGF|JAM|2026}} || Collin McKenzie || Yin ruwa || Shamera Sterling || Wasan netball || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Fraser|first=Dwight|title=Jamaican teams build up to Commonwealth Games|url=https://iriefm.net/jamaican-teams-build-up-to-commonwealth-games/|website=IRIE FM|location=Kingston, Jamaica|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |align=center|45 || {{flagCGF|MNT|2026}} || Julius Morris || Jami'in ƙungiya || Amani Kirnon || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Photos of Team Montserrat yesterday at the opening of the Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.facebook.com/664connectmedia/posts/pfbid02juBEwcVWg1S3DBPQ8tfohrVTqwnt4kQ5x3QXmUeE3HhScYGtKDdtCzTnyKnviBR5l|website=Facebook|publisher=664 Connect Media|location=Montserrat|date=24 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|46 || {{flagCGF|LCA|2026}} || Helena Renee || Jagoran tawaga || Mai sawo kai || Mai sawo kai || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Finisterre|first=Terry|title=Alcide repping Athletes Commission at Glasgow 2026|url=https://stluciatimes.com/182321/2026/07/alcide-repping-athletes-commission-at-glasgow-2026/|work=St. Lucia Times|location=Castries, Saint Lucia|date=25 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|47 || {{flagCGF|SKN|2026}} || Skyla Connor || Yin ruwa || Jonathan Essien || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=The excitement is building as the 2026 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony is now just hours away!|url=https://www.facebook.com/SKNAQU/posts/the-excitement-is-building-as-the-2026-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-is-no/901800062999037/|website=Facebook|publisher=St. Kitts and Nevis Aquatics Federation|location=Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|48 || {{Nowrap|{{flagCGF|SVG|2026}}}} || Kennice Greene ||Yin ruwa|| Matthew Ballah || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Proudly flying the national flag, Team Saint Vincent and the Grenadines made a memorable appearance at the Opening Ceremony of the 2026 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland.|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1336847928608467|website=Facebook|publisher=High Commission for St Vincent and the Grenadines|location=London, England|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|49 || {{flagCGF|TRI|2026}} || Nigel Paul || Dambe|| Joelisa Cooper || Wasan netball || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Boxer Nigel Paul, Netballer Joelisa Cooper Named TeamTTO Flag And Baton Bearers For Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.ttt.live/boxer-nigel-paul-netballer-joelisa-cooper-named-teamtto-flag-and-baton-bearers-for-glasgow-2026/|work=TTT News|location=Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|50 || {{flagCGF|TCA|2026}} ||Lerano Missick || Wasannin motsa jiki || Arleigha Hall || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref name=cer/> |- |align=center|51 || {{flagCGF|AUS|2026}} || Nina Kennedy || Wasannin motsa jiki || Timothy Hodge || Para yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Healy|first=Jon|title=Nina Kennedy named Australian flag-bearer for Glasgow Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-07-23/nina-kennedy-tim-hodge-commonwealth-games-flag-and-baton-bearers/106946590|work=ABC News|location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|52 || {{flagCGF|COK|2026}} ||Teokotai Jim || Wasan bowls || Jacob Story || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Dasalusalu|first=Losirene|title=Cook Islands pride on display at Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/sport/commonwealth-games/cook-islands-pride-on-display-at-commonwealth-games/|work=Cook Islands News|location=Avarua, Cook Islands|date=24 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|53 || {{flagCGF|FIJ|2026}} ||David Young || Yin ruwa || Anahira McCutcheon || Yin ruwa||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=FASANOC: Young and McCutcheon to lead Team Fiji|url=https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/fasanoc-young-and-mccutcheon-to-lead-team-fiji/|work=The Fiji Times|location=Suva, Fiji|date=7 July 2026|access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|54 || {{flagCGF|KIR|2026}} || Tavita Kaoma || Dambe || Andrew Kometa || Koci || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Behind the scenes of the Opening Ceremony of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games...|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HSoyBXTbT/|website=Facebook|publisher=Kiribati Boxing Federation|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|55 || {{flagCGF|NRU|2026}} || Femily-Crystie Notte || Ɗaga nauyi || Winzar Kakiouea || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Games officially opens|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DbJxdpXimzZ/|website=Instagram|publisher=Nauru Olympic Committee|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|56 || {{flagCGF|NZL|2026}} || David Liti || Ɗaga nauyi || Moira de Villiers || Judo || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Liti and de Villiers named Ngā Pou Hāpai - our Flag bearer and Baton bearer for Glasgow 2026|url=https://olympic.org.nz/news/liti-and-de-villiers-named-nga-pou-hapai-our-flag-bearer-and-baton-bearer-for-glasgow-2026|website=New Zealand Olympic Committee|location=Auckland, New Zealand|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|57 || {{flagCGF|NIU|2026}} || Duken Tutakitoa-Williams || Dambe || Christine Ioane || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Pacific pride takes centre stage in Glasgow as Commonwealth Games 2026 begin|url=https://pmn.co.nz/read/sports/pacific-pride-takes-centre-stage-as-glasgow-commonwealth-games-begin|work=Pacific Media Network|location=Auckland, New Zealand|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|58 || {{flagCGF|NFI|2026}} || Micheal Trickey || Wasan bowls || Christine Jones || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Matthews|first=Betty|title=Norfolk Island Commonwealth Games Team, Sunday Parade|url=https://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/article/norfolk-island-commonwealth-games-team-sunday-parade|work=Norfolk Online News|location=Norfolk Island|date=3 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|59 || {{flagCGF|PNG|2026}} || Morea Baru ||Ɗaga nauyi || Pais Wisil || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Baru is flag bearer at Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/baru-is-flag-bearer-at-commonwealth-games/|work=The National|location=Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|60 || {{flagCGF|SAM|2026}} ||Sanele Mao||Ɗaga nauyi||Iuniarra Sipaia||Ɗaga nauyi|| align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Samoa team departs for the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://samoaglobalnews.com/191490-2/|work=Samoa Global News|location=Apia, Samoa|date=17 July 2026|access-date=17 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|61 || {{flagCGF|SOL|2026}} || Maximilian Makana || Dambe || Moffet Tolomae || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=OPENING CEREMONY – COMMONWEALTH GAMES 2026|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1780397746431609/|website=Facebook|publisher=Iumi Team Solomon|location=Honiara, Solomon Islands|date=23 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|62 || {{flagCGF|TGA|2026}} ||Hulita Veve || Wasan netball || Finau Ohuafi || Yin ruwa ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=TASANOC names flag and baton bearers for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://talanoaotonga.to/tasanoc-names-flag-and-baton-bearers-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Talanoa 'o Tonga|location=Nukuʻalofa, Tonga|date=12 June 2026|access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|63 || {{flagCGF|TUV|2026}} || Pasoni Taafaki || Dambe || Malia Timo || Ɗaga nauyi ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Craig|title=Commonwealth Games opening ceremony 2026 in pictures|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/26405805.commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-2026-pictures/|work=The Herald|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026|quote=Flagbearer Pasoni Badi Taafaki of Team Tuvalu and King's Baton Bearer Malia Timo of Team Tuvalu lead their team during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games at The Hydro on July 23, 2026 in Glasgow, Scotland.}}</ref> |- |align=center|64 || {{flagCGF|VAN|2026}} || Ajah Pritchard-Lolo || Ɗaga nauyi || Thomas Wilbur || Ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Hinge|first=Keith|title=Team Vanuatu Ready for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://vbtc.vu/team-vanuatu-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Vanuatu Broadcasting and Television Corporation|location=Port Vila, Vanuatu|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|65 || {{flagCGF|CYP|2026}} || Elena Kulichenko || Wasannin motsa jiki || Maria Markou || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Husseini|first=Dina|title=Kulichenko, Markou to lead Cyprus in Glasgow|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/07/16/kulichenko-markou-to-lead-cyprus-in-glasgow|work=Cyprus Mail|location=Nicosia, Cyprus|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|66 || {{flagCGF|ENG|2026}} || Sian Honnor || Wasan bowls || Luke Greenbank || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Sian Honnor and Luke Greenbank named flag and baton bearers for opening ceremony|url=https://teamengland.org/news/sian-honnor-and-luke-greenbank-named-flag-and-baton-bearers-for-opening-ceremony|website=Commonwealth Games England|location=London, England|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|67 || {{flagCGF|GIB|2026}} || Jordan Gonzalez || Yin ruwa || Holly O’Shea || Ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Gibraltar names Commonwealth Games flag and baton bearers|url=https://www.gbc.gi/news/gibraltar-names-commonwealth-games-flag-and-baton-bearers|work=GBC News|location=Gibraltar|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|68 || {{flagCGF|GUE|2026}} || Alison Merrien || Wasan bowls || Ian Merrien || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Merriens to lead out Guernsey at opening ceremony|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/ce3qlen454lo|work=BBC Sport|location=London, England|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|69 || {{flagCGF|IOM|2026}} || Alfie Bezance || Para ɗaga nauyi || Laura Kinley || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Morrey|first=Charlie|title=Kinley, Bezance to lead Team Isle of Man at Glasgow|url=https://www.manx.news/kinley-bezance-to-lead-team-isle-of-man-at-glasgow/|work=Manx News|location=Douglas, Isle of Man|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|70 || {{flagCGF|JEY|2026}} || Malcolm De Sousa || Wasan bowls || Lucy Woodward || Wasannin motsa jiki|| align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Corbel|first=Elliot|title=Flag and baton bearers prepare for opening ceremony|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport/flag-and-baton-bearers-prepare-for-opening-ceremony/|work=Bailiwick Express|location=Jersey|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|71 || {{flagCGF|MLT|2026}} ||Connie Rixon || Wasan bowls || Nick Mercieca || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Fenech|first=Gerald|title=Maltese Olympic Committee names teams for Glasgow, Taranto and Dakar|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/09/maltese-olympic-committee-names-teams-for-glasgow-taranto-and-dakar/|work=The Maltese Herald|location=Valletta, Malta|date=9 July 2026|access-date=9 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260712124657/https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/09/maltese-olympic-committee-names-teams-for-glasgow-taranto-and-dakar/|archive-date=12 July 2026|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align=center|72 || {{flagCGF|NIR|2026}} || Gary Kelly || Wasan bowls || Bethany Firth || Para yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Morton|first=Johnny|title=Team Northern Ireland reveal duo leading country out for 2026 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/sport/other-sport/team-northern-ireland-reveal-duo-leading-country-out-for-2026-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-8818569|work=News Letter|location=Belfast, Northern Ireland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|73 || {{flagCGF|WAL|2026}} || Rosie Eccles || Dambe || Daniel Salmon ||Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Richards|first=Andrew|title=Eccles and Salmon given Team Wales honour in Glasgow|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/cr596z7d1ejo|work=BBC Sport|location=London, England|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|74 || {{flagCGF|SCO|2026}} || Alex Marshall || Wasan bowls || Sarah Adlington || Judo || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last1=VanReenen|first1=Danyel|last2=Pooran|first2=Neil|last3=Bark|first3=Stephen|title=Team Scotland's Glasgow Commonwealth Games flagbearers revealed|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/team-scotlands-glasgow-commonwealth-games-37464100|work=Daily Record|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == 56mbn0zi1xikaw54jpwjw1z27vwbbub 975960 975959 2026-11-04T21:46:44Z Alfurqan 14918 975960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A lokacin Parade of Nations a bikin bude [[Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026]], wanda za a gudanar a ranar 23 ga Yulin shekarar 2026, 'yan wasa da ke ɗauke da tutar da sanduna na kasashensu suna jagorantar tawagarsu ta ƙasa yayin da suke tafiya a cikin Hydro a cikin birnin [[Glasgow|Glasgow, Scotland]]. Kimanin kasashe 74 za su shiga fagen wasa. A karo na farko da aka taba yi, kowace al'umma da ta halarci ta kirkiro nasu sandar a matsayin wani ɓangare na King's Baton Relay. Kowace al'umma ta kuma sanya dan wasa daya don ɗaukar sandar a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin buɗewa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Baton |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/baton |access-date=21 July 2026 |website=[[Commonwealth Sport]]}}</ref> == Umurni na tafiya == A cikin hutu daga al'ada, Ingila ba ta jagoranci fareti a matsayin kasar da ta gabata ba. Scotland ta shiga karshe a matsayin masu masaukin baki na yanzu. Duk sauran kasashe sun yi tafiya a cikin haruffa a cikin yankunansu: Afirka, Amurka, Asiya, Caribbean, Oceania, da Turai. == Kasashe da masu ɗaukar tutar == Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin ƙasashe masu zanga-zangar da masu ɗaukar tutar da aka sanar, a cikin tsari ɗaya da na fareti. Wannan ana iya rarraba shi da sunan ƙasa, sunan mai ɗaukar tutar, ko wasan mai ɗaukar tutar. Ana ba da sunaye a cikin fom ɗin da CGF ta tsara. {| class="sortable wikitable" |- !Jerin !Ƙasa !Mai Ɗaukar Tuta !Wasanni !Mai Ɗaukar Sanda !Wasanni !class="unsortable" |{{refh}} |- |align=center|1 || {{flagCGF|BOT|2026}} || Maxine Egner || Yin ruwa || Lee Eppie || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony in Pictures|url=https://www.facebook.com/BotswanaNOC/posts/glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-in-pictures-a-historic-night-in/1078828597801813/|website=Facebook|publisher=Botswana National Olympic Committee|location=Gaborone, Botswana|date=24 July 2026|access-date=28 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|2 || {{flagCGF|CMR|2026}} || Nora Monie || Wasannin motsa jiki || Junior Ngadja Nyabeyeu || Ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Glasgow 2026 : Le Cameroun entame sa campagne|trans-title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games: Cameroon begins its campaign|url=https://seasonmedia.net/commonwealth-glasgow-2026-le-cameroun-entame-sa-campagne/|website=Season Media|location=Yaoundé, Cameroon|language=fr|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|3 || {{flagCGF|SWZ|2026}} || Hayley Hoy || Yin ruwa || Mukelo Dlamini || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Eswatini proudly marched into the OVO Hydro during the Glasgow 2026 Opening Ceremony, with Hayley Hoy leading the delegation as the Flag Bearer and Mukelo Dlamini proudly carrying the Commonwealth Sport King's Baton.|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1653933572380772/|website=Facebook|publisher=Commonwealth Games Eswatini|location=Mbabane, Eswatini|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|4 || {{flagCGF|GAB|2026}} || Noélie Annette Lacour || Yin ruwa || Kurt Ogouenkero || Jami'in ƙungiya || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeux du Commonwealth 2026 : La nageuse Noélie Annette Lacour lance la campagne du Gabon|trans-title=2026 Commonwealth Games: Swimmer Noélie Annette Lacour launches Gabon's campaign|url=https://gabonallsport.com/jeux-du-commonwealth-2026-la-nageuse-noelie-annette-lacour-lance-la-campagne-du-gabon/|website=Gabon All Sport|location=Libreville, Gabon|language=fr|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Noélie Annette Suzanne Lacour of Team Gabon and King's Baton Bearer Kurt Ogouenkero of Team Gabon lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-noelie-annette-suzanne-lacour-of-team-gabon-and-news-photo/2287363000|website=Getty Images|author=Molly Darlington|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|5 || {{flagCGF|GAM|2026}} || Ousman Jobe || Yin ruwa || Pap Jonga || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Flag and King's Baton handed over: A proud moment for Team Gambia at Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.facebook.com/GambiaOlympic220/posts/flag-and-kings-baton-handed-over-a-proud-moment-for-team-gambia-at-glasgow-2026o/1329203939330687/|website=Facebook|publisher=Gambia National Olympic Committee|location=Banjul, The Gambia|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|6 || {{flagCGF|GHA|2026}} || Frema Agyei || Judo || Tahiru Haruna || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Tahiru Haruna, Frema Agyei named Team Ghana's ceremonial leaders for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/sports/tahiru-frema-glasgow/2026/2/|website=GBC Ghana Online|publisher=Ghana Broadcasting Corporation|location=Accra, Ghana|date=21 July 2026|access-date=21 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|7 || {{flagCGF|KEN|2026}} || Robert Okaka || Dambe || Hellen Wawira || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Kenya at the Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony at the OVO Hydro Arena in Glasgow, Scotland.|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DbK7mrxBgep/|website=Instagram|publisher=LTN Sports|date=23 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|8 || {{flagCGF|LES|2026}} || Rapelang Maselela || Dambe || Mathealira Seholohohlo || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Rapelang Maselela of Team Lesotho and King's Baton Bearer Mathealira Seholoholo of Lesotho lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-rapelang-maselela-of-team-lesotho-and-kings-news-photo/2287370300|website=Getty Images|author=Dean Mouhtaropoulos|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|9 || {{flagCGF|MAW|2026}} || Deborah Mtenje || Dambe || Zoe Rebello || Yin ruwa|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Deborah Mtenje of Team Malawi and King's Baton Bearer Zoe Rebello lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-deborah-mtenje-of-team-malawi-and-kings-news-photo/2287370169|website=Getty Images|author=Dean Mouhtaropoulos|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|10 || {{flagCGF|MRI|2026}} || Fabrice Valerie || Dambe || Anishta Teeluck || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Fabrice Valérie désigné porte-drapeau de la délégation mauricienne|trans-title=Fabrice Valérie named flag bearer of the Mauritian delegation|url=https://maurice-info.mu/2026/07/01/fabrice-valerie-designe-porte-drapeau-de-la-delegation-mauricienne.html|website=Maurice Info|language=French|location=Port Louis, Mauritius|date=1 July 2026|access-date=2 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|11 || {{flagCGF|MOZ|2026}} || Matthew Lawrence || Yin ruwa || Cleyton Munguambe || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Moçambique na Cerimónia de Abertura dos Jogos da Commonwealth Glasgow 2026|trans-title=Mozambique at the Opening Ceremony of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.facebook.com/comiteolimpicodemocambique/posts/pfbid0bBKGxNYJP3XkWWiVUnuZ2cTam4nzi71nehDpLojDA8AqXmx7F8fzmZPoPsKiXVWWl |website=Facebook|publisher=National Olympic Committee of Mozambique|location=Maputo, Mozambique|language=pt|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|12 || {{flagCGF|NAM|2026}} || Chenoult Lionel Coetzee || Wasannin motsa jiki || Diana Viljoen || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet Team Namibia's Flag Bearers|url=https://www.facebook.com/NamOlympic/posts/meet-team-namibias-flag-bearerswe-are-proud-to-announce-diana-viljoen-and-lionel/1816148380156728/|website=Facebook|publisher=Namibia National Olympic Committee|location=Windhoek, Namibia|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|13 || {{flagCGF|NGR|2026}} || Abdul Jabar Adama || Yin ruwa || Folashade Oluwafemiayo || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=VIDEO: Team Nigeria joins opening ceremony of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbK8bs1i40X/|website=Instagram|publisher=The Nation|location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=24 July 2026|access-date=28 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|14 || {{flagCGF|RWA|2026}} || Jayden Ntwali || Yin ruwa || Axela Echessah || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Rwanda in the opening ceremony of Commonwealth games 2026 in Glasgow.|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbJ34sCoh_c/|website=Instagram|publisher=Rwanda Aquatics Federation|date=24 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|15 || {{flagCGF|SEY|2026}} || Natasha Chetty || Wasannin motsa jiki || Adam Moncherry || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Government backs Team Seychelles with medal rewards ahead of Commonwealth Games|url=https://statehouse.gov.sc/news/7137/government-backs-team-seychelles-with-medal-rewards-ahead-of-commonwealth-games|website=State House, Seychelles|location=Victoria, Seychelles|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|16 || {{flagCGF|SLE|2026}} || Jordan Aki-Sawyerr || Wasannin motsa jiki || Josefien Betist || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Freetown Mayor Yvonne Aki-Sawyerr celebrates son’s participation at Commonwealth Games|url=https://sierraloaded.sl/sport/freetown-aki-sawyerr-commonwealth-games/|website=Sierraloaded|location=Freetown, Sierra Leone|date=25 July 2026|access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Betist: Sierra Leone's Commonwealth Games medal hopeful|url=https://sierraloaded.sl/sport/betist-sierra-leones-commonwealth-games-medal/|website=Sierraloaded|location=Freetown, Sierra Leone|date=26 July 2026|access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|17 || {{flagCGF|RSA|2026}} || Bridget Herselman || Wasan bowls || Shaun Williams || {{nowrap|Wasan kwallon kwando ta keken guragu 3x3}} || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Lambley|first=Garrin|title=Team SA flag bearers named for Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/team-sa-flag-bearers-named-for-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=The South African|location=Cape Town, South Africa|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|18 || {{flagCGF|TAN|2026}} || Collins Saliboko || Yin ruwa || Zawadi Kutaka || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Omary|first=Majuto|title=Bring home medals, govt urges Tanzania's C' Games-bound squad|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/sports/bring-home-medals-govt-urges-tanzania-s-c-games-bound-squad-5529642|work=The Citizen|location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Collins Phillip Saliboko of Team Tanzania and King's Baton Bearer Zawadi Amos Kutaka lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-collins-phillip-saliboko-of-team-tanzania-and-news-photo/2287364812|website=Getty Images|author=Mattia Ozbot|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|19 || {{flagCGF|TOG|2026}} || Fayza Abdoukerim || Wasannin motsa jiki|| Médard Nayo || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Craig|title=Commonwealth games opening ceremony in pictures featuring the Royals and the Tardis|url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-pictures-085300544.html|website=Yahoo Sports UK|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260725164334/https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-pictures-085300544.html|archive-date=25 July 2026|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align=center|20 || {{flagCGF|UGA|2026}} || Mary Cholhok Nuba || Wasan netball || Dennis Mbaziira || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=#TeamUganda at the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbKYFrSsko-/|website=Instagram|publisher=Uganda Olympic Committee|date=24 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|21 || {{flagCGF|ZAM|2026}} || Muzala Samukonga || Wasannin motsa jiki || Catherine Mwape || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=CGA Zambia announces flag and baton bearers|url=https://www.facebook.com/TeamZambia/posts/cga-zambia-announces-flag-and-baton-bearersthe-commonwealth-games-association-of/2099544363990726/|website=Facebook|publisher=National Olympic Committee of Zambia|location=Lusaka, Zambia|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|22 || {{flagCGF|BAH|2026}} || Zaylie-Elizabeth Thompson || Yin ruwa || Rashield Williams || Dambe|| align=center|<ref name=cer/> |- |align=center|23 || {{flagCGF|BIZ|2026}} || Davia Richardson || Yin ruwa ||Leticia Westby || Jagoran tawaga || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=🇧🇿 A proud moment for Team Belize! Here are some unforgettable moments from the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony.|url=https://www.facebook.com/BelizeOlympicandCommonwealthGamesAssociation/posts/-a-proud-moment-for-team-belizehere-are-some-unforgettable-moments-from-the-glas/1446382764177340/|website=Facebook|publisher=Belize Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association|location=Belmopan, Belize|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ms. Leticia Westby had the distinguished honor of presenting Belize's Commonwealth Sport King’s Baton to His Majesty King Charles III during the Opening Ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DbL0tBPGusB/|website=Instagram|publisher=Hot Off The Press Belize|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|24 || {{flagCGF|BER|2026}} ||Tiara DeRosa || Wasannin motsa jiki || Caitlyn Bobb || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarke|first=Ross|title=DeRosa and Bobb to carry flag and baton at Games opening|url=https://www.royalgazette.com/general/sport/article/20260722/derosa-and-bobb-to-carry-flag-and-baton-at-games-opening/|work=The Royal Gazette|location=Hamilton, Bermuda|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|25 || {{flagCGF|CAN|2026}}|| Kady Dandeneau ||Wasan kwallon kwando ta keken guragu 3x3 || Ryan Bester || Wasan bowls|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Wheelchair basketball player Kady Dandeneau named Canadian flag-bearer for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/commonwealthgames/commonwealth-games-flag-bearer-announcement-9.7274395|website=CBC Sports|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|date=21 July 2026|access-date=21 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|26 || {{flagCGF|FAI|2026}} ||Oliver Thompson || Wasan bowls || Daphne Arthur-Almond || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Falklands Commonwealth Games flag and baton bearers announced|url=https://radio.co.fk/news-posts/falklands-commonwealth-games-flag-and-baton-bearers-announced/|work=Falklands Radio|location=Stanley, Falkland Islands|date=1 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|27 || {{flagCGF|GUY|2026}} || Travis Belgrave || Wasan kwallon kwando 3x3 || Aaliyah Moore || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref name=flag>{{cite news|title=Belgrave, Moore to carry Guyana's flag at Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://kaieteurnewsonline.com/2026/07/23/belgrave-moore-to-carry-guyanas-flag-at-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=Kaieteur News|location=Georgetown, Guyana|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|28 || {{flagCGF|SHN|2026}} ||Sean Crowie || Wasannin motsa jiki || William Caswell || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team St Helena ahead of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth|url=https://sthelenaonline.org/team-st-helena-ahead-of-glasgow-2026-commonwealth/|website=St Helena Online|location=Jamestown, Saint Helena|date=18 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|29 || {{flagCGF|BAN|2026}} || Samiul Islam Rafi || Yin ruwa || Sonia Aktar || Yin ruwa ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh set for token participation in 2026 C'wealth Games|url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/others/306137/bangladesh-set-for-token-participation-in-2026-cwealth-games|work=New Age|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |align=center|30 || {{flagCGF|BRU|2026}} || Joel Ling || Yin ruwa || Sharmeen Mohammad Mharvin || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Leong|first=Yee Chun|title=Brunei swimmers make splash at Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.brusports.com/2026/07/30/brunei-swimmers-make-splash-at-commonwealth-games/|website=BruSports|location=Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei|date=30 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|31 || {{flagCGF|IND|2026}} || Mirabai Chanu || Ɗaga nauyi || Lovlina Borgohain || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Sabyasachi|title=Mirabai Chanu, Lovlina Borgohain named India's flag bearers for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/mirabai-chanu-lovlina-borgohain-flagbearers-india-2026-commonwealth-games-glasgow-2950769-2026-07-18|work=India Today|location=NNoida, Uttar Pradesh, India|date=18 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|32 || {{flagCGF|MAS|2026}} || Abdul Latif Romly || Para wasannin motsa jiki || Emma Firyana Saroji || Wasan bowls ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Latif Romly named Malaysia's flag bearer for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://thesun.my/sports/latif-romly-named-malaysias-flag-bearer-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=The Sun|location=Petaling Jaya, Malaysia|date=11 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|33 || {{flagCGF|MDV|2026}} || {{Nowrap|Mohamed Aan Hussain}} || Yin ruwa || Meral Ayn Latheef || Yin ruwa || |- |align=center|34 || {{flagCGF|PAK|2026}} || Arshad Nadeem || Wasannin motsa jiki|| Fatima Zahra || Dambe|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Raheel|first=Natasha|title=Pakistan at disadvantage in the scaled-back 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.lostonthedesk.com/p/pakistan-at-disadvantage-in-the-2026|website=Lost on the Desk|location=Karachi, Pakistan|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|35 ||{{flagCGF|SGP|2026}} ||Gan Ching Hwee|| Yin ruwa || Mawjit Singh || Para bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Kwek|first=Kimberly|title=Gan Ching Hwee, Mawjit Singh named S’pore’s flag bearers for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/gan-ching-hwee-mawjit-singh-named-spores-flag-bearers-for-2026-commonwealth-games|work=The Straits Times|location=Singapore|date=6 July 2026|access-date=6 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|36 || {{flagCGF|SRI|2026}} || Palitha Bandara || Para wasannin motsa jiki || Janani Dhananjana || Para wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=PRESS RELEASE: Team Sri Lanka officially unveiled for the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.olympic.lk/media/news/press-release-team-sri-lanka-officially-unveiled-for-the-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|website=National Olympic Committee of Sri Lanka|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716105526/https://www.olympic.lk/media/news/press-release-team-sri-lanka-officially-unveiled-for-the-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|archive-date=16 July 2026|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align=center|37 || {{flagCGF|AIA|2026}} || Tri-tania Lowe || Wasannin motsa jiki || Jonathan Irizarry || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Huge congratulations to our flag bearer and King's Baton bearer at the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.facebook.com/AnguillaCommonwealthGamesAssociation/posts/pfbid0sL7uDd1x6Q41YFmmGZT9wjTbWDgMEbABrS22wF2XajhjAX4TfmfWGGdmk4EHzp7il|website=Facebook|publisher=Anguilla Commonwealth Games Association|location=The Valley, Anguilla|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|38 || {{flagCGF|ANT|2026}} || Alston Ryan || Dambe || Aunjulique Liddie || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Antigua and Barbuda Commonwealth Games Association announces 12-member team for Glasgow 2026|url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/antigua-and-barbuda-commonwealth-games-association-announces-12-member-team-for-glasgow-2026/|work=Antigua News Room|location=St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|39 || {{flagCGF|BAR|2026}} || Erin Pinder || Gimnastik na fasaha || Antwahn Boyce-Vaughan || Para yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Barbados launches historic dual Games bid|url=https://olympic.org.bb/archives/team-barbados-launches-historic-dual-games-bid/|website=Barbados Olympic Association|location=Bridgetown, Barbados|date=13 July 2026|access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|40 || {{flagCGF|IVB|2026}} || Adaejah Hodge|| Wasannin motsa jiki || Jaleel Croal || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=BVIOC announces teams for Commonwealth Games, CAC Games|url=https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/sports/bvioc-announces-teams-for-commonwealth-games-cac-games/article_4781f066-0018-4be8-ad9b-79e81cc393f1.html|work=The Virgin Islands Daily News|location=St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|date=10 July 2026|access-date=10 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|41 || {{flagCGF|CAY|2026}} || Connor Macdonald || Yin ruwa || Siena Santiago || Gimnastik na fasaha || align=center|<ref name=cer>{{cite web|title=Opening Ceremony HIGHLIGHTS Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games 07/23/2026|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xarm4fa|website=Dailymotion|publisher=BeIN Sports USA|date=23 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|42 || {{flagCGF|DMA|2026}} || Thea LaFond || Wasannin motsa jiki || Jasmine Schofield || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Team Dominica set for Glasgow 2026|url=https://natureisle.news/sports/team-dominica-set-for-glasgow-2026/|work=Nature Isle News|location=Roseau, Dominica|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|43 || {{flagCGF|GRN|2026}} || Zachary Gresham || Yin ruwa || Tilly Collymore || Yin ruwa|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Chase|first=Tisagh|title=Team Grenada Set for Glasgow 2026 Opening Ceremony 🇬🇩|url=https://gocgrenada.com/team-grenada-set-for-glasgow-2026-opening-ceremony-%f0%9f%87%ac%f0%9f%87%a9/|website=Grenada Olympic Committee|location=St. George's, Grenada|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|44 || {{flagCGF|JAM|2026}} || Collin McKenzie || Yin ruwa || Shamera Sterling || Wasan netball || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Fraser|first=Dwight|title=Jamaican teams build up to Commonwealth Games|url=https://iriefm.net/jamaican-teams-build-up-to-commonwealth-games/|website=IRIE FM|location=Kingston, Jamaica|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |align=center|45 || {{flagCGF|MNT|2026}} || Julius Morris || Jami'in ƙungiya || Amani Kirnon || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Photos of Team Montserrat yesterday at the opening of the Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.facebook.com/664connectmedia/posts/pfbid02juBEwcVWg1S3DBPQ8tfohrVTqwnt4kQ5x3QXmUeE3HhScYGtKDdtCzTnyKnviBR5l|website=Facebook|publisher=664 Connect Media|location=Montserrat|date=24 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|46 || {{flagCGF|LCA|2026}} || Helena Renee || Jagoran tawaga || Mai sawo kai || Mai sawo kai || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Finisterre|first=Terry|title=Alcide repping Athletes Commission at Glasgow 2026|url=https://stluciatimes.com/182321/2026/07/alcide-repping-athletes-commission-at-glasgow-2026/|work=St. Lucia Times|location=Castries, Saint Lucia|date=25 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|47 || {{flagCGF|SKN|2026}} || Skyla Connor || Yin ruwa || Jonathan Essien || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=The excitement is building as the 2026 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony is now just hours away!|url=https://www.facebook.com/SKNAQU/posts/the-excitement-is-building-as-the-2026-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-is-no/901800062999037/|website=Facebook|publisher=St. Kitts and Nevis Aquatics Federation|location=Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|48 || {{Nowrap|{{flagCGF|SVG|2026}}}} || Kennice Greene ||Yin ruwa|| Matthew Ballah || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Proudly flying the national flag, Team Saint Vincent and the Grenadines made a memorable appearance at the Opening Ceremony of the 2026 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland.|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1336847928608467|website=Facebook|publisher=High Commission for St Vincent and the Grenadines|location=London, England|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|49 || {{flagCGF|TRI|2026}} || Nigel Paul || Dambe|| Joelisa Cooper || Wasan netball || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Boxer Nigel Paul, Netballer Joelisa Cooper Named TeamTTO Flag And Baton Bearers For Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.ttt.live/boxer-nigel-paul-netballer-joelisa-cooper-named-teamtto-flag-and-baton-bearers-for-glasgow-2026/|work=TTT News|location=Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|50 || {{flagCGF|TCA|2026}} ||Lerano Missick || Wasannin motsa jiki || Arleigha Hall || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref name=cer/> |- |align=center|51 || {{flagCGF|AUS|2026}} || Nina Kennedy || Wasannin motsa jiki || Timothy Hodge || Para yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Healy|first=Jon|title=Nina Kennedy named Australian flag-bearer for Glasgow Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-07-23/nina-kennedy-tim-hodge-commonwealth-games-flag-and-baton-bearers/106946590|work=ABC News|location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|52 || {{flagCGF|COK|2026}} ||Teokotai Jim || Wasan bowls || Jacob Story || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Dasalusalu|first=Losirene|title=Cook Islands pride on display at Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/sport/commonwealth-games/cook-islands-pride-on-display-at-commonwealth-games/|work=Cook Islands News|location=Avarua, Cook Islands|date=24 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|53 || {{flagCGF|FIJ|2026}} ||David Young || Yin ruwa || Anahira McCutcheon || Yin ruwa||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=FASANOC: Young and McCutcheon to lead Team Fiji|url=https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/fasanoc-young-and-mccutcheon-to-lead-team-fiji/|work=The Fiji Times|location=Suva, Fiji|date=7 July 2026|access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|54 || {{flagCGF|KIR|2026}} || Tavita Kaoma || Dambe || Andrew Kometa || Koci || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Behind the scenes of the Opening Ceremony of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games...|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HSoyBXTbT/|website=Facebook|publisher=Kiribati Boxing Federation|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|55 || {{flagCGF|NRU|2026}} || Femily-Crystie Notte || Ɗaga nauyi || Winzar Kakiouea || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Games officially opens|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DbJxdpXimzZ/|website=Instagram|publisher=Nauru Olympic Committee|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|56 || {{flagCGF|NZL|2026}} || David Liti || Ɗaga nauyi || Moira de Villiers || Judo || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Liti and de Villiers named Ngā Pou Hāpai - our Flag bearer and Baton bearer for Glasgow 2026|url=https://olympic.org.nz/news/liti-and-de-villiers-named-nga-pou-hapai-our-flag-bearer-and-baton-bearer-for-glasgow-2026|website=New Zealand Olympic Committee|location=Auckland, New Zealand|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|57 || {{flagCGF|NIU|2026}} || Duken Tutakitoa-Williams || Dambe || Christine Ioane || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Pacific pride takes centre stage in Glasgow as Commonwealth Games 2026 begin|url=https://pmn.co.nz/read/sports/pacific-pride-takes-centre-stage-as-glasgow-commonwealth-games-begin|work=Pacific Media Network|location=Auckland, New Zealand|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|58 || {{flagCGF|NFI|2026}} || Micheal Trickey || Wasan bowls || Christine Jones || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Matthews|first=Betty|title=Norfolk Island Commonwealth Games Team, Sunday Parade|url=https://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/article/norfolk-island-commonwealth-games-team-sunday-parade|work=Norfolk Online News|location=Norfolk Island|date=3 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|59 || {{flagCGF|PNG|2026}} || Morea Baru ||Ɗaga nauyi || Pais Wisil || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Baru is flag bearer at Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/baru-is-flag-bearer-at-commonwealth-games/|work=The National|location=Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|60 || {{flagCGF|SAM|2026}} ||Sanele Mao||Ɗaga nauyi||Iuniarra Sipaia||Ɗaga nauyi|| align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Samoa team departs for the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://samoaglobalnews.com/191490-2/|work=Samoa Global News|location=Apia, Samoa|date=17 July 2026|access-date=17 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|61 || {{flagCGF|SOL|2026}} || Maximilian Makana || Dambe || Moffet Tolomae || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=OPENING CEREMONY – COMMONWEALTH GAMES 2026|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1780397746431609/|website=Facebook|publisher=Iumi Team Solomon|location=Honiara, Solomon Islands|date=23 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|62 || {{flagCGF|TGA|2026}} ||Hulita Veve || Wasan netball || Finau Ohuafi || Yin ruwa ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=TASANOC names flag and baton bearers for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://talanoaotonga.to/tasanoc-names-flag-and-baton-bearers-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Talanoa 'o Tonga|location=Nukuʻalofa, Tonga|date=12 June 2026|access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|63 || {{flagCGF|TUV|2026}} || Pasoni Taafaki || Dambe || Malia Timo || Ɗaga nauyi ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Craig|title=Commonwealth Games opening ceremony 2026 in pictures|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/26405805.commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-2026-pictures/|work=The Herald|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026|quote=Flagbearer Pasoni Badi Taafaki of Team Tuvalu and King's Baton Bearer Malia Timo of Team Tuvalu lead their team during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games at The Hydro on July 23, 2026 in Glasgow, Scotland.}}</ref> |- |align=center|64 || {{flagCGF|VAN|2026}} || Ajah Pritchard-Lolo || Ɗaga nauyi || Thomas Wilbur || Ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Hinge|first=Keith|title=Team Vanuatu Ready for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://vbtc.vu/team-vanuatu-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Vanuatu Broadcasting and Television Corporation|location=Port Vila, Vanuatu|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|65 || {{flagCGF|CYP|2026}} || Elena Kulichenko || Wasannin motsa jiki || Maria Markou || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Husseini|first=Dina|title=Kulichenko, Markou to lead Cyprus in Glasgow|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/07/16/kulichenko-markou-to-lead-cyprus-in-glasgow|work=Cyprus Mail|location=Nicosia, Cyprus|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|66 || {{flagCGF|ENG|2026}} || Sian Honnor || Wasan bowls || Luke Greenbank || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Sian Honnor and Luke Greenbank named flag and baton bearers for opening ceremony|url=https://teamengland.org/news/sian-honnor-and-luke-greenbank-named-flag-and-baton-bearers-for-opening-ceremony|website=Commonwealth Games England|location=London, England|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|67 || {{flagCGF|GIB|2026}} || Jordan Gonzalez || Yin ruwa || Holly O’Shea || Ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Gibraltar names Commonwealth Games flag and baton bearers|url=https://www.gbc.gi/news/gibraltar-names-commonwealth-games-flag-and-baton-bearers|work=GBC News|location=Gibraltar|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|68 || {{flagCGF|GUE|2026}} || Alison Merrien || Wasan bowls || Ian Merrien || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Merriens to lead out Guernsey at opening ceremony|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/ce3qlen454lo|work=BBC Sport|location=London, England|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|69 || {{flagCGF|IOM|2026}} || Alfie Bezance || Para ɗaga nauyi || Laura Kinley || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Morrey|first=Charlie|title=Kinley, Bezance to lead Team Isle of Man at Glasgow|url=https://www.manx.news/kinley-bezance-to-lead-team-isle-of-man-at-glasgow/|work=Manx News|location=Douglas, Isle of Man|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|70 || {{flagCGF|JEY|2026}} || Malcolm De Sousa || Wasan bowls || Lucy Woodward || Wasannin motsa jiki|| align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Corbel|first=Elliot|title=Flag and baton bearers prepare for opening ceremony|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport/flag-and-baton-bearers-prepare-for-opening-ceremony/|work=Bailiwick Express|location=Jersey|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|71 || {{flagCGF|MLT|2026}} ||Connie Rixon || Wasan bowls || Nick Mercieca || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Fenech|first=Gerald|title=Maltese Olympic Committee names teams for Glasgow, Taranto and Dakar|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/09/maltese-olympic-committee-names-teams-for-glasgow-taranto-and-dakar/|work=The Maltese Herald|location=Valletta, Malta|date=9 July 2026|access-date=9 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260712124657/https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/09/maltese-olympic-committee-names-teams-for-glasgow-taranto-and-dakar/|archive-date=12 July 2026|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |align=center|72 || {{flagCGF|NIR|2026}} || Gary Kelly || Wasan bowls || Bethany Firth || Para yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Morton|first=Johnny|title=Team Northern Ireland reveal duo leading country out for 2026 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/sport/other-sport/team-northern-ireland-reveal-duo-leading-country-out-for-2026-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-8818569|work=News Letter|location=Belfast, Northern Ireland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|73 || {{flagCGF|WAL|2026}} || Rosie Eccles || Dambe || Daniel Salmon ||Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Richards|first=Andrew|title=Eccles and Salmon given Team Wales honour in Glasgow|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/cr596z7d1ejo|work=BBC Sport|location=London, England|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|74 || {{flagCGF|SCO|2026}} || Alex Marshall || Wasan bowls || Sarah Adlington || Judo || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last1=VanReenen|first1=Danyel|last2=Pooran|first2=Neil|last3=Bark|first3=Stephen|title=Team Scotland's Glasgow Commonwealth Games flagbearers revealed|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/team-scotlands-glasgow-commonwealth-games-37464100|work=Daily Record|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == iuph05xxyq5ejrleztb3uj8r9mfq6g5 0 166387 976031 939892 2026-11-05T06:21:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwalejin Peirce''' kwaleji ce mai zaman kanta a [[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, Amurka. Ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin manya. An sanar a watan Agusta na 2024 cewa Kwalejin Lackawanna za ta mallaki makarantar tare da kammala haɗakar a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2026 |title=U.S. Department of Education Finalizes Merger Between Lackawanna College and Peirce College |url=https://www.lackawanna.edu/u-s-department-of-education-finalizes-merger-between-lackawanna-college-and-peirce-college/ |publisher=Lackawanna College}}</ref> == Tarihi == === ƙarni na 19 === [[Fayil:Thomas_May_Peirce.png|thumb| Thomas May Peirce, malamin [[Philadelphia]] wanda ya kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1865 kuma aka sanya masa suna a madadinsa.]] A shekarar 1865, Thomas May Peirce, wani malami [[Philadelphia|a Philadelphia]], ya kafa Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Union. An tsara manhajar karatu ne don bai wa sojojin da suka dawo daga Yaƙin Basasa ilimi mai zurfi kan harkokin kasuwanci domin hasashen ci gaban kasuwanci da faɗaɗa bayan yaƙi. Sabanin sauran kwalejoji da jami'o'i na wannan lokacin, Union ta kasance mai ilimi tare a lokacin da aka kafa ta. Da farko an gina kwalejin a Handel da Haydn Hall a titin Spring Garden, daga baya kwalejin ta koma titin Chestnut. === ƙarni na 20 === A shekarar 1915, Peirce ya koma 1420 Pine Street inda zai ci gaba da zama har tsawon shekaru 107. A shekarar 1917, an sake wa makarantar suna Makarantar Gudanar da Kasuwanci ta Peirce. A shekarar 1964, an sake wa Makarantar Peirce suna zuwa Kwalejin Peirce Junior bayan ta sami amincewar bayar da digiri na haɗin gwiwa. A shekarar 1997, an amince da kwalejin don bayar da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyya, sannan aka sake masa suna zuwa Kwalejin Peirce. === ƙarni na 21 === A shekarar 2000, kwalejin ta fara bayar da darussa ta yanar gizo. An ba wa kayayyakin Pine Street kyautar sau biyu a matsayin Mafi Kyawun Aikin Cibiyoyin da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Kwangilar Gine-gine ta yi a cikin rukunin ƙasa da dala miliyan 5; a shekara ta 2001 saboda gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa College Hall, da kuma a shekara ta 2011 don sabon ɗakin karatu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chimenti |first=Vito |title=New library gets kudos from General Building Contractors Association |url=http://blog.peirce.edu/2011/12/new-library-gets-kudos-from-general.html |access-date=2026-09-05 |archive-date=2012-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109073242/http://blog.peirce.edu/2011/12/new-library-gets-kudos-from-general.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2022, bayan shekaru 107 a lamba 1420 Pine Street, kwalejin ta sanar da cewa za ta mayar da babban harabarta zuwa hawa na 19 na titin Walnut na 1608. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peirce College campus at 1608 Walnut Street in Philadelphia |url=https://www.peirce.edu/about-peirce/contact-us/peirce-college-at-1608-walnut-street |access-date=2026-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260712182616/http://www.peirce.edu/about-peirce/contact-us/peirce-college-at-1608-walnut-street/ |archive-date=2026-07-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2024, Peirce ya sanar da shirin hadewa da Kwalejin Lackawanna da ke Scranton saboda raguwar masu shiga jami'a. An kammala haɗakar a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2026. == Malamai == [[File:Pierce_College.jpg|thumb| Zauren Kwaleji a Kwalejin Peirce a watan Oktoban 2007]] Peirce yana da shirye-shiryen digiri na farko a fannin Kasuwanci, Kiwon Lafiya, Fasahar Bayanai, Nazarin Gabaɗaya, da Nazarin Lauya. Kwalejin ta bayar da shirye-shiryen digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Lafiya da Jagoranci da Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyoyi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Online Master Degree Programs in Philadelphia - Peirce |url=https://www.peirce.edu/degrees-programs/graduate-degrees |website=peirce.edu |access-date=2026-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260712185423/https://www.peirce.edu/degrees-programs/graduate-degrees/ |archive-date=2026-07-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin digirin Gudanar da Kasuwanci, an ba da fifiko a fannin lissafin kuɗi, kasuwanci/ƙananan kasuwanci, kula da albarkatun ɗan adam, tallatawa, da kuma kula da gidaje. Digirin Fasahar Bayanai ya ba da fifiko a aikace-aikacen tebur don kasuwanci, tsaron bayanai, gudanar da hanyar sadarwa, tsaron hanyar sadarwa, gudanar da fasaha, da haɓaka shirye-shirye da aikace-aikace. Peirce yana da shirye-shiryen ilimi na musamman ga waɗanda ke son neman ilimi mai sauri a lokacin yamma da ƙarshen mako a harabar jami'a, samun digirin su ta yanar gizo, ko kuma samun digirin su yayin aiki (Kwalejin Kamfanin Peirce). Yawancin darussa suna cikin tsarin makonni 7 cikin sauri, tare da wasu darussan ilimi na gabaɗaya da na masu ba da shawara kan shari'a suna bin tsarin makonni 14 na yau da kullun. Peirce ya yi amfani da kalanda na zangon karatu na 3 (kaka, bazara da bazara) tare da darussa biyu na makonni 7 ko kuma kwas ɗaya na makonni 14 a kowane zangon karatu. Hukumar Ilimi Mai Zurfi ta Ƙasashen Tsakiya ta amince da kwalejin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Institutions Archive |url=http://www.msche.org/institutions_view.asp?idinstitution=346 |access-date=February 5, 2012 |website=msche.org}}</ref> Gundumar Makarantar Philadelphia da Peirce suna da shirin haɗin gwiwa wanda ke samar da shirin digiri na gaba ɗaya na karatu a wajen harabar makaranta ga iyaye masu yara da suka yi rajista a makarantun gwamnati na Philadelphia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peirce College |date=26 September 2011 |title=Peirce College and the School District of Philadelphia kick off year two of Parent University |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwLYUZxxfCo |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605025149/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwLYUZxxfCo&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=2025-06-05 |via=YouTube |access-date=2026-09-05 }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 68st7v6hw1jud8728psuy6bf04yfry4 0 167175 976051 956287 2026-11-05T09:50:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976051 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Lam Chiu-ying''' SBS (Sinanci: 林超英; Cantonese Yale: ; : Lín Chāoyīng), wanda aka fi sani da laƙabi '<nowiki/>'''Black Ying'''' (Sinansi: 黑英; ; ), <ref name="black">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2010 |script-title=zh:政情：黑英獲頒名譽院士 |url=http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20100915/00176_094.html |access-date=2011-01-16 |publisher=[[Oriental Daily]] |language=Chinese}}</ref> masanin yanayin Hong Kong ne, Mai kallon tsuntsaye, mai kiyayewa da kuma Mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo. Ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta Hong Kong daga 2003 zuwa 2009. Har ila yau, ɗan girmamawa ne na Royal Meteorological Society, ɗan jami'a mai daraja na Jami'ar Hong Kong, da kuma shugaban girmamawa na Hong Kong Bird Watching Society. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2010 |title=Ex-Director Mr Lam Chiu-ying elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society of the United Kingdom |url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/hkonews/D4/news-20100517e.htm |access-date=2011-01-14 |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong Bird Watching Society |url=http://www.hkbws.org.hk/web/eng/index_eng.htm |access-date=2011-01-17 |publisher=Hong Kong Bird Watching Society |language=Chinese |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610173340/http://www.hkbws.org.hk/web/eng/index_eng.htm |archive-date=2019-06-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Microplanet 64288 Lamchiuying an sanya masa suna ne bayan Lam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2009 |title=Hong Kong's Heavenly Connection |url=http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcsb/csn/csn75/75e/close_up_1.html |access-date=2011-01-14 |publisher=Civil Service Newsletter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927220034/http://www.csb.gov.hk/hkgcsb/csn/csn75/75e/close_up_1.html |archive-date=2011-09-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Matasa === Lam ta fara sha'awar ilimin taurari a matsayin dalibi na Firamare 6. A cikin Form 2, ya yanke shawarar cewa yana so ya shiga Hong Kong Observatory yayin kammala lambar Boy Scout mai kallo, kodayake daga baya ya yi imanin cewa damar ba ta da yawa. Ya sami A a Physics a cikin Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination, kodayake ba a ci gaba da darajar a cikin A-Matakan A, inda ya sami A ga duk sauran batutuwa da ya ɗauka.<ref name="csn" /> Ya yi karatun lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Hong Kong . <ref name="eoc">{{Cite web |script-title=zh:林超英 |url=http://www.eoc.org.hk/eoc/OtherProject/chi/color/youthcorner/programmes/careerchallenge2006/bio/lamchiuying.htm |access-date=2011-01-14 |publisher=Equal Opportunities Commission |language=Chinese |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717172720/http://www.eoc.org.hk/eoc/OtherProject/chi/color/youthcorner/programmes/careerchallenge2006/bio/lamchiuying.htm |archive-date=2011-07-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya sami tallafin karatu na Commonwealth kuma ya tafi Kwalejin Imperial ta London, inda ya yi karatun ilimin yanayi maimakon kimiyyar lissafi saboda tsoron cewa kimiyyar halitta za ta haifar da yaƙe-yaƙe. Bayan 'yan watanni, ya yanke shawarar zuwa Amurka. Malamin ya rubuta masa wasika ta shawarwari, yana cewa shi ne ɗalibinsa mafi kyau bayan yaƙi. Koyaya, ya yi karatu ne kawai a Jami'ar Princeton na makonni uku kafin ya bar, yana cewa yana so ya sami aiki maimakon nazarin ka'idoji. Lam ya ce a wata hira da ''Wen Wei Po'' ya yi cewa sha'awar kallon tsuntsaye ya fara ne lokacin da ya ga tsuntsaye a Kabari na Hong Kong a Happy Valley lokacin da yake cikin shekaru ashirin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2010 |script-title=zh:觀鳥不拍照 享受與雀四目交投 |url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/11/12/HK0811120049.htm |access-date=2011-01-17 |publisher=[[Wen Wei Po]] |language=Chinese}}</ref> === Cibiyar Kulawa === Lam ya shiga [[Cibiyar Kula da Hong Kong|Royal Observatory Hong Kong]] a matsayin Jami'in Kimiyya <ref name="csb">{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2009 |title=Appointment of Director of the Hong Kong Observatory |url=http://www.csb.gov.hk/english/info/1925.html |access-date=2011-01-14 |publisher=Civil Service Bureau}}</ref> a ranar 4 ga Mayu 1974. Bayan an kara shi zuwa Babban Jami'in Kimiyya a watan Oktoba 1980, ya ci gaba da zama Mataimakin Darakta a watan Yulin 1992. Lam ya zama darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Hong Kong a watan Maris na shekara ta 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2003 |title=Director of the Hong Kong Observatory - retirement and appointment |url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/news/2003/pre0225e.htm |access-date=2011-01-14 |publisher=Hong Kong Observatory |language=Chinese}}</ref> Ya inganta wurin aiki na 'abokan iyali' ga ma'aikata, ya ƙarfafa ma'aikata su koma gida a kan lokaci kuma ya shirya ayyukan inda dangin ma'aikata zasu iya shiga.<ref name="eoc" /> A shekara ta 2006, Guguwar Prapiroon ta kai hari Hong Kong. Cibiyar ba ta ɗaga siginar Typhoon No. 8 ba. Wasu sun soki wannan shawarar kamar yadda ya saba wa al'ada na Observatory, yayin da wani masanin taurari ya soki tsarin gargadi na Observatory. Ya kamata Observatory ya yi la'akari da saurin iska na Sabon Yankin da tsibirai masu nisa. Ofishin mai ba da shawara ya karɓi korafe-korafe 140. Wasu ma sun bukaci shi ya yi murabus. Lam ya kare shawarar amma ya canza tsarin gargadi na guguwa. A watan Yulin 2007, Lam ya fadi daga doki a [[Mangoliya|Mongolia]] kuma ya ji mummunan rauni. An yi masa tiyata a kwakwalwa a watan Satumba.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:死過翻生 林超英 |url=http://www.hkheadline.com/culture/culture_content.asp?contid=37740&srctype=g |access-date=2011-01-16 |publisher=Headline Daily |language=Chinese}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2008, wani abin da ya faru ya faru kuma dole ne a kwantar da shi a asibiti na mako guda. Ba da daɗewa ba, Typhoon Nuri ya kai hari Hong Kong. An soki Cibiyar Nazarin saboda ɗaga siginar Typhoon No. 8, wanda wasu suka ɗauka ba dole ba ne, da kuma ɗaga shi da wuri. Har ila yau, akwai rikice-rikice game da kalmar Sinanci '清晨', wanda Lam daga baya ya bayyana. Lam ya musanta cewa Observatory ya raina ƙarfin guguwar.<ref name="late" /> A mayar da martani ga da'awar cewa Typhoon Signal No. 8, Lam ya bayyana cewa akalla mutane biyu sun mutu a cikin guguwar. Ya kuma bayyana cewa Hong Kong ta kasance 'mai sa'a sosai' cewa ikon lalacewar guguwar ba shi da ƙarfi kamar yadda aka annabta.<ref name="nohoist" /> Lam ya cika shekara sittin a shekara ta 2009. Bayan shekaru shida a matsayin Darakta, ya yi ritaya. An fara hutun ritaya a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, kuma an nada magajinsa, [[Lee Boon Ying]], a ranar 8 ga Mayu.<ref name="csb" /> Ya ce ba zai yi wani aiki don biyan kuɗi ba bayan ya yi ritaya, amma zai ci gaba da karɓar gayyata don raba ra'ayoyinsa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hhzhxprxe0ehkbzxb44bv5ffgnm8jgm 0 167389 976033 940074 2026-11-05T07:32:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kwamitin Paralympic na [[Kamaru]] (Faransanci: Comité national paralympique camerounais, '''CNPC''') shine babban kungiya a Kamaru don inganta wasanni ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Tana da ƙungiyoyi huɗu na mambobi: Ƙungiyar Wasanni ta Kamaru don Rashin Rashin Riki (FECASDEV), Ƙungiyar Wallon Kafa ta Kamaru ta Naƙasassu (FECESDEP), Ƙungiyar Wasannin Wasanni na Kamaru (FECEADI) da Ƙungiyar Wannin Wasanki ta Kurame (FECSAS). Shugaban kwamitin Paralympic na Kamaru shine Jean Jacques Ndoudoumou . Kungiyar tana da mataimakan shugabanni huɗu, waɗanda duk suna aiki a matsayin shugabannin kungiyoyin membobin CNPC. Tarihin CNPC ya samo asali ne daga farkon shekarun 2010, biyo bayan wani lokaci inda kwamitin Paralympic na kasa (NPC) na baya ke da alaƙa mara kyau da Gwamnatin Kamaru da kwamitin Paralympics na kasa da kasa (IPC). Bayan da aka kirkiro CNPC a hukumance kuma doka ta amince da ita, an kirkiro wani shiri na dabarun kuma an kafa ayyukan gina iyawa. CNPC tana da wasu kudade ta hanyar tallafi da tallafawa. Nasarar nan gaba ga CNPC ana ganin ta ne ta hanyar masu ciki kamar yadda suka dogara da tallafin gwamnati ga ƙungiyar Paralympic a Kamaru. == Gudanarwa == CNPC tana da ƙungiyoyi huɗu. Wadannan sune Kamaru Sports Federation for the Visually Disabled (FECASDEV),[fassara 1] Kamaru Sports Association for the Physially Disabled,[fassara 2] Kamaru Federation of Sports the Intellectually Disabled ("FECASDI) [fassara 3] da Kamaru Sports Union for the Deaf (FECESSO). [Fassara 4] <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Notre Organisation - International Paralympic Committee |url=http://www.camerounparalympique.org/notre-organisation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018205257/http://www.camerounparalympique.org/notre-organisation/ |archive-date=October 18, 2016 |access-date=October 5, 2016 |website=Comité National Paralympique Camerounais (CNPC) |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Shugaban kwamitin Paralympic na Kamaru shine Jean Jacques Ndoudoumou . <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cameroon - National Paralympic Committee |url=https://www.paralympic.org/cameroon |access-date=October 2, 2016 |website=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngon |first=Otric |date=September 7, 2016 |title=Sport/Jeux paralympiques: Le Cameroun présent à Rio avec un seul athlète |url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/cameroun-sportjeux-paralympiques-le-cameroun-present-a-rio-avec-un-seul-athlete-269625.html |access-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Cameroun-Info.Net: Le Portail du Cameroun |publisher=Cameroon-Info.Net |language=fr-FR |archive-date=November 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127030017/http://www.cameroon-info.net/article/cameroun-sportjeux-paralympiques-le-cameroun-present-a-rio-avec-un-seul-athlete-269625.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Akana |first=Rita |date=September 7, 2016 |title=Paralympic Games: Cameroon in Rio with one athlete, 7 man delegation |url=http://www.cameroonconcordnews.com/paralympic-games-cameroon-in-rio-with-one-athlete-7-man-delegation/ |access-date=October 3, 2016 |website=Cameroon Concord News}}</ref> Ndoudoumou ya rike wannan mukamin tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, 2011. Kafin ya ɗauki wannan matsayi, ya kasance Babban Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Kasuwancin Jama'a (ARMP). Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban reshen Kamaru na [[World Association for Advocacy and Solidarity of Albinos|Ƙungiyar Duniya don Advocacy da Solidarity of Albinos]] (ASMODISA). [Fassara 1]Ya sami rawar ne bayan zaben da aka yi a watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, inda ya lashe wa'adin shekaru hudu bayan ya tattara kuri'u 84 daga cikin 87 da ke akwai inda shi kadai ne dan takarar da ke takara.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2011 |title=Cameroun : élection du président du comité national paralympique-Le Quotidien du Peuple en ligne |url=http://french.peopledaily.com.cn/Sports/7577489.html |access-date=October 8, 2016 |website=People's Daily (China) |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Xinhua |date=August 22, 2011 |title=CCTV-Cameroun : les statuts du comité national paralympique adoptés |url=http://fr.cntv.cn/20110822/105271.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104153922/http://fr.cntv.cn/20110822/105271.shtml |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2016 |website=CNTV |language=fr-FR}}</ref> An zargi Ndoudoumou da rashin kulawa yayin da yake aiki a matsayin Babban Darakta na Kwamitin Gudanar da Sayen Jama'a (ARMP) [fassara 2] kafin a kore shi daga mukaminsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Le Jour |date=March 28, 2013 |title=Jean-Jacques Ndoudoumou, "je ne suis pas coupable de détournement" {{!}} Actualite en Afrique et Cameroun |url=http://www.africapresse.com/jean-jacques-ndoudoumou-je-ne-suis-pas-coupable-de-detournement/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022123101/http://www.africapresse.com/jean-jacques-ndoudoumou-je-ne-suis-pas-coupable-de-detournement/ |archive-date=October 22, 2016 |access-date=October 8, 2016 |website=Africa Presse |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Wadannan zabuka sun kuma ga [[Ebot Ntui]] ya zama Mataimakin Shugaban kasa. Ya taba aiki a matsayin ministan da ke kula da manufofi a Shugabancin Jamhuriyar.<ref name=":12" /> [[Etienne Songa]] ya kasance Sakatare Janar na CNPC tun shekara ta 2009. <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2012 |title=IPC Launches Websites for Cameroon and Panama |url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/ipc-launches-websites-cameroon-and-panama |access-date=October 2, 2016 |website=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Baldé |first=Assanatou |date=August 29, 2012 |title=Jeux paralympiques : le manque de moyens décourage les athlètes africains |url=http://www.afrik.com/article26776.html |access-date=October 2, 2016 |website=afrik.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trouillard |first=Stéphanie |date=August 21, 2012 |title=Les Jeux paralympiques, une course d'obstacles pour les athlètes africains |url=http://www.france24.com/fr/20120821-parcours-combattant-athletes-handisport-africains-cameroun-burundi-pistorius-londres-jeux-paralympiques |access-date=October 2, 2016 |website=France 24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Biwol |first=Ateba |date=July 23, 2009 |title=Comité international paralympique : Le Cameroun menacé de radiation |url=http://www.cameroonvoice.com/news/article-sport-495.html |access-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Cameroon Voice |language=fr-FR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326051630/http://www.cameroonvoice.com/news/article-sport-495.html |archive-date=March 26, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Songa ya yi tafiya zuwa Brazzaville, Kongo don ba da gabatarwa ga Kwamitin Paralympic na Kasa na Kongo (Faransanci: Kwamitin Paralympics na Kasa na Congo). <ref>{{Cite web |last=OKEMBA |first=Grévy Joël |date=October 17, 2014 |title=lasemaineafricaine - Développement du para-sport : Le comité paralympique décline sa vision |url=http://www.lasemaineafricaine.net/index.php/sports/10219-developpement-du-para-sport-le-comite-paralympique-decline-sa-vision |access-date=October 9, 2016 |website=lasemaineafricaine |language=fr-FR |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104085657/http://www.lasemaineafricaine.net/index.php/sports/10219-developpement-du-para-sport-le-comite-paralympique-decline-sa-vision |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kungiyar tana da mataimakan shugabanni huɗu, waɗanda duk suna aiki a matsayin shugabannin kungiyoyin membobin CNPC. Wadannan mataimakan shugabanni sun hada da Jean-Marie Aléokol Mabiemé na FECASDI, [[Herve Guy Ngoyo Ngon]] na FECESDEP, [[Norbert Tsoungui]] na FECUSDEV da [[Pierre Valery Pemha]] na FECSAS <ref name=":5" /> .<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tchapmi |first=Christian TCHAPMI |date=August 17, 2012 |title=Jeux paralympiques. Vers une nouvelle participation foireuse du Cameroun |url=http://www.cameroonvoice.com/news/article-sport-7852.html |access-date=October 9, 2016 |website=Cameroon Voice |publisher=Le Messager |language=fr-FR |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327184522/http://www.cameroonvoice.com/news/article-sport-7852.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sauran jami'ai da manyan ma'aikatan kungiya sun hada da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa [[Ogork Ntui Obot]], Babban Jami'in Kudi [[Christophe Ampoam]], Mataimakin Sakatare Janar [[Nazaire Ubalt Olinga]], Mataimakan Jami'in Kuɗi [[Jules Benjamin Mateck Ma Bilolo’o|Jules Benjamin Mateck Ma Bilolo'o]], Wakilin Wasanni [[Constance Nchifi]] da Wakilin Kocin [[Martin Luther Adibita]] . <ref name=":5" /> Manufar kungiyar ita ce haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da tattara albarkatu a Kamaru don tallafawa 'yan wasan kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comité national paralympique camerounais (Cnpc) |date=2016 |title=Notre Mission - International Paralympic Committee |url=http://www.camerounparalympique.org/notre-mission/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118191452/http://www.camerounparalympique.org/notre-mission/ |archive-date=2016-11-18 |access-date=October 5, 2016 |website=Comité national paralympique camerounais (Cnpc) |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Suna da hangen nesa na bunkasa wasanni a Kamaru don taimakawa wajen kirkirar al'umma da ta fi hada kai da daidaito ga mutanen da ke da nakasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comité national paralympique camerounais (Cnpc) |date=2016 |title=Notre Vision - International Paralympic Committee |url=http://www.camerounparalympique.org/notre-vision/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118181223/http://www.camerounparalympique.org/notre-vision/ |archive-date=2016-11-18 |access-date=October 5, 2016 |website=Comité national paralympique camerounais (Cnpc) |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ya kamata su kasance masu goyon baya ga siyasa a duk hulɗarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Permanent Mission of the Republic of Cameroon to the United Nations |date=November 2011 |title=Response du Government sur la mis en ceuvre et l'application de la resolution 16/15 du conseil des droits de l'homme relative aux droits des peronnes handicapees |url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Disability/PoliticalParticipation/States/Cameroon.pdf |access-date=October 9, 2016 |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Hedikwatar kungiyar tana cikin [[Yaounde]] . <ref name=":0" /> == Tarihi == Kafin kirkirar CNPC, NPC na Kamaru ita ce Ƙungiyar Wasanni ta Kamaru don Mutanen da ke da Naƙasasshe (FECASH). <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2008 |title=Sport pour tous - Jeux paralympiques : Le Cameroun absent à Beijing |url=http://www.news.mboa.info/sport-pour-tous/fr/content/actualite/15372,jeux-paralympiques-le-cameroun-absent-a-beijing/0,0/4389.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019044442/http://www.news.mboa.info/sport-pour-tous/fr/content/actualite/15372,jeux-paralympiques-le-cameroun-absent-a-beijing/0,0/4389.html |archive-date=October 19, 2016 |access-date=October 7, 2016 |website=Mboa.info |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Tarayyar tana da batutuwa da yawa ciki har da rashin matsayi na kungiya, mai yiwuwa gwamnatin Kamaru da IPC ba su san shi ba, da kuma ikirarin NPC da yawa duk suna da'awar wakiltar Kamaru.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 11, 2008 |title=Sport pour tous - Jeux paralympiques 2008 : Le Cameroun absent pour désordre |url=http://www.news.mboa.info/sport-pour-tous/fr/content/actualite/57841,jeux-paralympiques-2008-le-cameroun-absent-pour-desordre/0,0/4389.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013232135/http://www.news.mboa.info/sport-pour-tous/fr/content/actualite/57841,jeux-paralympiques-2008-le-cameroun-absent-pour-desordre/0,0/4389.html |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=October 7, 2016 |website=Mboa.info |language=fr-FR}}</ref> IPC ta dakatar da NPC ta Kamaru akai-akai sakamakon matsalolin da suka shafi Ma'aikatar Wasanni da CNPC, tare da IPC ta amince da CNPC amma Gwamnatin Kamaru ba ta amince da NCPC a matsayin NPC na kasar ba, kuma saboda NPC ta kasa biyan kuɗin membobin IPC.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Bih |first=Muluh Hilda |last2=Soué |first2=Emilienne |date=April 2010 |title=Handisports et loisirs : Handisport au Cameroun. |url=http://www.yanous.com/pratique/sports-loisirs/sportsloisirs100416.html |access-date=October 6, 2016 |website=Yanous! |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=September 9, 2008 |title=Jeux Olympiques - Jeux paralympiques 2008 : Pourquoi le Cameroun est absent |url=http://www.news.mboa.info/jeux-olympiques/fr/content/actualite/15807,jeux-paralympiques-2008-pourquoi-le-cameroun-est-absent.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140804014037/http://www.news.mboa.info/jeux-olympiques/fr/content/actualite/15807,jeux-paralympiques-2008-pourquoi-le-cameroun-est-absent.html |archive-date=August 4, 2014 |access-date=October 7, 2016 |website=Mboa.info |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin dakatarwa ya faru a shekara ta 2003, kuma wani daga 2005 wanda ya haɗa da 2008, 2009 da 2010 . <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":7" /> Dokar No. 2011-18 na 15 ga Yulin 2011 da ke da alaƙa da shirya da inganta Ayyukan Jiki da Wasanni da aka kirkira ta hanyar doka da gwamnati ta amince da Kwamitin Paralympic na Kamaru, yana magance batutuwan da suka gabata da suka shafi rashin amincewar gwamnati ga Kwamitin Paralympics na Kasa. <ref name=":3" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministère des Affaires Sociales (MINAS) |title=Protection des Personnes Handicapées - Page 2 |url=http://www.minas.cm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156&Itemid=182&lang=fr&limitstart=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104092149/http://www.minas.cm/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=156&Itemid=182&lang=fr&limitstart=1 |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=October 3, 2016 |website=Ministère des Affaires Sociales (MINAS) |language=fr-FR}}</ref> An rushe FECASH ta wannan doka. Dokar ta amince kuma ta sanya FECASDEV, FECASdeP, FECESDI da FECASSO a matsayin ƙungiyoyi huɗu na CNPC. <ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2011 |title=Revue de presse internationale du handicap : Mars 2011. |url=http://www.yanous.com/news/rdpresse/rdpresse1103.html |access-date=October 6, 2016 |website=Yanous! |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Bayan kirkirar majalisa ta CNPC a cikin 2011, kungiyar da sabbin kungiyoyin membobinta guda huɗu suna da kwanaki 30 don gudanar da zabe ga allon waɗannan kungiyoyin. An riga an san 'yan takarar shugabancin CNPC kafin sanarwar zaben, tare da Shugaban FECASH Abeng Mbozo'o ya yi tsalle daga takara kafin haka. Shirin da ya haifar da kirkirar CNPC ya fara ne a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011. <ref name=":12" /> Kungiyar ta canza sunansu zuwa "Comité National Paralympique Camerounais (CNPC) " a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, 2011.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=CNPC |date=2013 |title=Plan Strategique 2013-2016 due Comité National Paralympique Camerounais (CNPC) |url=http://www.camerounparalympique.org/download/clientfiles/files/PLAN%20STRATEGIQUE%20CNPC%202013-2016.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329202140/http://www.camerounparalympique.org/download/clientfiles/files/PLAN%20STRATEGIQUE%20CNPC%202013-2016.doc |archive-date=2016-03-29 |access-date=October 5, 2016 |website=Comité National Paralympique Camerounais (CNPC) |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Canjin sunan da canje-canje a cikin doka sun nuna babban canji a cikin kungiyar. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011 a [[Beijing]], CNPC ta shiga cikin taron IPC na farko.<ref name=":5" /> Canje-canjen sun daidaita dangantakar CNPC da Kwamitin Paralympic na Duniya, kuma 'yan wasan kasar sun cancanci yin gasa a wasu gasa saboda shirin Solidarity na Paralympic.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> CNPC ta samar da wani shiri na dabarun na 2013 zuwa 2016. An tsara wannan shirin ne don shirya kasar don wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2016. Yana da manyan manufofi bakwai. Wadannan sun hada da inganta tsarin ƙungiyoyi, haɓaka albarkatun ɗan adam da na ma'aikata, kiyayewa da inganta kayan aikin jiki da kayan wasanni, haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da wasanni, ƙirƙirar hanyoyin ci gaban 'yan wasa, da tabbatar da shiga Kamaru a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na ƙasa da na duniya.<ref name=":6" /> NPC tana da shafin yanar gizon su na farko a cikin 2012 a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin da Kwamitin Paralympic na Duniya ya yi don kara yawan dijital ga kasashe membobinta. An tsara wannan shafin yanar gizon tare da manufar samar da bayanai ga 'yan wasa a matakin gida har zuwa matakin ƙwararrun wasanni na Paralympic a Kamaru. Gidan yanar gizon ya kasance a Faransanci.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=IPC |date=July 9, 2013 |title=IPC launches first official website for NPC El Salvador |url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/ipc-launches-first-official-website-npc-el-salvador |access-date=October 2, 2016 |website=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gold |first=David |date=July 27, 2012 |title=IPC launches new websites for Cameroon and Panama |url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1010546/ipc-launches-new-websites-for-cameroon-and-panama |access-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2012, NPC ta shiga cikin wani taron horar da 'yan wasa (tafiye da filin) wanda IPC ta shirya a Dakar, Senegal don kasashen Afirka masu magana da Faransanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comité National Paralympique Camerounais (CNPC) |date=2016 |title=Projets - International Paralympic Committee |url=http://www.camerounparalympique.org/projets/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406001610/http://www.camerounparalympique.org/projets/ |archive-date=2016-04-06 |access-date=October 6, 2016 |website=Comité National Paralympique Camerounais (CNPC) |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Jean-Marie Aléokol Mabiemé ya rubuta jagora da ake kira, "Guide du Sport pour Personne vivant avec un Handicap". A shekara ta 2014, ya kasance mai horar da 'yan wasa a wani taron CONFEJES a Yaoundé wanda Ma'aikatar Wasanni da Ilimi ta Jiki da Kwamitin Paralympic na Kamaru suka shirya. Masu gudanar da wasanni ashirin daga kasashe hudu na Afirka ta Tsakiya sun halarci taron. A cikin shekara ta 2014, NPC ta dauki bakuncin bita na gina iyawa tare da [[IPC Academy|Kwalejin IPC]]. Gina iyawa a cikin NPCs kamar Kamaru wani bangare ne na Shirin dabarun IPC don inganta iyawar NPC da inganci a cikin shugabanci, gudanarwa, jagoranci da inganta wasanni a cikin kasashe membobin. Sauran ƙasashen da suka gudanar da irin wannan bita a cikin 2013 da 2014 sun haɗa da [[Ghana]], [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Haiti]], [[Laberiya]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[Serbiya|Serbia]], [[Seychelles]], da [[Vanuatu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=IPC |date=May 21, 2014 |title=NPCs positively progress towards developing para-sport |url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/npcs-positively-progress-towards-developing-para-sport |access-date=October 2, 2016 |website=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref> == Kudin == Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a ba da tallafi ga motsi na wasanni na nakasassu a Kamaru shine tallafin [[Agitos Foundation|Gidauniyar Agitos]]. A cikin 2014, NPC ta sami tallafi don inganta Wasanni na Paralympic a cikin ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=29 Agitos Foundation grows Paralympic Movement globally |url=https://www.paralympic.org/video/29-agitos-foundation-grows-paralympic-movement-globally |access-date=October 2, 2016 |website=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref> NPC ta sami tallafin Yuro 800 a gaban Wasannin Rio don inganta wasannin Paralympic da wasanni na para-sports kafin, yayin da kuma bayan Wasannin Paralym Olympic. Wannan tallafin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Shirin Kwarewar Kungiya (OCP). Kamaru ta yi amfani da kuɗin don karɓar bakuncin taron zuwa da gwada shi a watan Yulin 2016, kuma ta yi amfani dashi don samun ƙarin ɗaukar hoto na kafofin watsa labarai daga rediyo da labarai na talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2016 |title=Countries to receive support for awareness campaigns |url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/countries-receive-support-awareness-campaigns |access-date=October 2, 2016 |website=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2016, CNPC ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa tare da MACRON don samar da kayan aiki ga ƙungiyar Kamaru a wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2016. CNPC ta kalli wannan yarjejeniyar tallafawa ta tarihi a matsayin muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga ci gaba da ƙwarewar wasanni na Paralympic a Kamaru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comité National Paralympique Camerounais (CNPC) |date=2016 |title=News News |url=http://www.camerounparalympique.org/centre-de-presse/news/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329202148/http://www.camerounparalympique.org/centre-de-presse/news/ |archive-date=2016-03-29 |access-date=October 6, 2016 |website=Comité National Paralympique Camerounais (CNPC) |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Nasarar da ke ci gaba a cikin motsi na Paralympic ana ganin ta waɗanda ke da hannu tare da wasanni a Kamaru kamar yadda suke dogara da gwamnati don ci gaba da haɓaka tallafi.<ref name=":2" /><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 64xsphzuzxphwtcr1cpy7ikwoc6mdch 0 168165 975864 925747 2026-11-04T17:28:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975864 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Karen Lloyd''' marubuciya ce ta Ingilishi, mawaki, kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli daga Gundumar Lake . Ita ce marubucin The Gathering Tide (Saraband 2016) (wanda aka zaba a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Littattafan Masu Bincike na Shekara a cikin 2016), The Blackbird Diaries (Saraband 2017), da Abundance: Yanayi a cikin Ceto (Bloomsbury 2021).<ref name="ecologist">{{Cite web |date=27 July 2020 |title=Reimagining the Lake District |url=https://theecologist.org/2020/jul/27/reimagining-lake-district |website=theecologist.org}}</ref><ref name="spectator">{{Cite web |last=Cocker |first=Mark |date=7 October 2021 |title=Beavers, not concrete barriers, can save Britain from floods &#124; The Spectator |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/beavers-not-concrete-barriers-can-save-britain-from-floods |website=www.spectator.co.uk}}</ref> An buga rubuce-rubucenta a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'' da mujallu da mujallo daban-daban, gami da BBC Countryfile, The Ecologist da Goldsmiths ilimi sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karen Lloyd &#124; The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/karen-lloyd |website=the Guardian}}</ref><ref name="ecologist" /><ref name="goldsmiths">{{Cite web |title=Covid-19 and Reimagining the Lake District |url=https://www.gold.ac.uk/goldsmiths-press/features/covid-19-and-reimagining-the-lake-district/ |website=Goldsmiths, University of London}}</ref> An buga litattafan ta a kan Dark Mountain ('A cikin Rockpool Shrimp akwai Dying Star') a kan Mark Avery's Blog kuma a cikin fitowar Bending Genre mai zuwa: Essays on Creative Nonfiction (Bloomsbury Academic). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://dark-mountain.net/ |website=Dark Mountain}}</ref> A cikin bazara na 2020, bayan kullewar, [[BBC]] ta ba ta izinin rubuta waka don mayar da martani ga Ruskin's View a Kirkby Lonsdale, kuma ta bayyana a shirin zane-zane na BBC 3 The Verb, wanda Ian McMillan ya shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 - Ruskin's View Panel Discussion |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/ezb3v2/acts/adm3q9 |website=BBC Music Events}}</ref> Lloyd mai magana ne na yau da kullun a bukukuwan littattafai da kuma bangarorin muhalli, kuma a halin yanzu marubuci ne a zama tare da Cibiyar Wuraren Makomar Jami'ar Lancaster.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writer In Residence |url=https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/future-places/activities/writer-in-residence-/ |website=www.lancaster.ac.uk}}</ref> === Taron Taron === Littafinta na farko, The Gathering Tide: A Journey Around the Edgelands of Morecambe Bay (Saraband, 2016), wani labari ne na shekara guda da aka yi tafiya a bakin tekun wannan babban bakin teku, gami da tarihin zamantakewa, ilimin kimiyyar tarihi, namun daji kuma aikin hajji ne ta hanyar da ta gabata da yanzu. Ya lashe kyautar don Rubuce-rubucen Wuri a Lakeland Book of the Year 2016 . <ref name="goldsmiths" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nature Writing: Karen Lloyd & Mark Cocker, Guest: Linda Cracknell |url=https://www.moniackmhor.org.uk/courses/nature-writing-kathleen-jamie-mark-cocker-linda-cracknell/ |access-date=2026-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126141040/https://www.moniackmhor.org.uk/courses/nature-writing-kathleen-jamie-mark-cocker-linda-cracknell/ |archive-date=2025-01-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Marubuci kuma masanin halitta Mark Cocker ya kira shi "wani abu mai ban sha'awa"; yayin da Miriam Darlington na ''BBC Wildlife'' ta rubuta "Entrancing...sparkles with lyrical imagery-". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] h30shiwjdzyum0z7yz9ijvph7oe405o 0 168223 975983 925931 2026-11-04T22:23:04Z Alfurqan 14918 /* Nuna bambanci na addini */ 975983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yanci na addini''' shine' [['Yancin addini|'yancin yin addini]], canza addinin mutum, hada addinai, ko zama marasa addini. [[Ƙasar Falasɗinu|Addini a Falasdinu]] yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'umma, gami da tsarin shari'a da tsarin ilimi. == Tsarin shari'a == Hukumar Falasdinawa (PA) ba ta da kundin tsarin mulki; duk da haka, Dokar Tushen ta ba da 'yancin addini. Majalisar Dokokin Palasdinawa (PLC) ta amince da Dokar Tushen a shekara ta 2002 kuma Shugaba [[Yasser Arafat]] na lokacin ya sanya hannu. Dokar asali ta bayyana cewa Islama ita ce addinin hukuma amma kuma tana kira ga girmamawa da tsarki ga wasu addinan allahntaka (kamar Yahudanci da Kiristanci). PA tana buƙatar Palasdinawa su bayyana alakar addininsu a kan takardun shaida. Ko dai kotunan Ikklisiya na Musulunci ko na Kirista suna kula da batutuwan shari'a da suka shafi matsayin mutum. Irin waɗannan kotuna ne ke kula da gado, aure, da saki, waɗanda ke wanzu ga Musulmai da Kiristoci. PA ba ta da dokar aure ta gari. A shari'a, membobin ƙungiyar addini ɗaya na iya yarda da juna don gabatar da takaddamar matsayi na mutum ga wata ƙungiya daban don yin hukunci, amma a aikace wannan bai faru ba. Ikklisiyoyin da PA ba ta amince da su a hukumance ba dole ne su sami izini na musamman don yin aure ko yin hukunci kan batutuwan matsayi na mutum; duk da haka, a aikace majami'u da ba a amince da su ba da shawara ga membobinsu su yi aure (ko saki) a kasashen waje. Tun da yake addinin Musulunci shine addinin hukuma na PA, cibiyoyin Musulunci da wuraren ibada suna karɓar kulawa ta musamman bisa ga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka. A Yammacin Kogin Gaza da Gaza, PA tana da Ma'aikatar Awqaf da Harkokin Addini, wanda ke biyan kuɗin gina da kuma kula da masallatai da albashi na yawancin Imamai na Palasdinawa. Ma'aikatar ta kuma ba da tallafin kuɗi ga wasu malamai na Kirista da kungiyoyin agaji na Kirista. PA ba ta ba da tallafin kuɗi ga kowane cibiyar Yahudawa ko wuraren tsarki a Yammacin Kogin Yamma tunda waɗannan yankuna galibi suna ƙarƙashin ikon Isra'ila. Gwamnatin Jordan tana da alhakin cibiyoyin Waqf a Urushalima. PA tana buƙatar koyar da addini a makarantun PA, tare da darussan daban-daban ga ɗaliban Musulmi da Kirista. Tsarin karatun tilas yana buƙatar nazarin Kiristanci ga ɗaliban Kirista da Islama ga ɗaliban Musulmi a cikin maki ɗaya zuwa shida. Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Ilimi mafi girma ta PA (MOEHE) ta sake duba litattafan makarantar firamare da sakandare. Wani bita na Gwamnatin Amurka na tallafawa littattafan Palasdinawa ya kammala cewa littattafan ba su ƙetare layin zuwa ga motsawa ba amma sun ci gaba da nuna abubuwa na rashin daidaituwa, son zuciya, da rashin daidaito. Masu sukar sun lura da sabbin litattafan sau da yawa sun yi watsi da tarihin tarihin Yahudawa da Isra'ila da Urushalima.<ref name="Primary" /> == 'Yanci na shiga wurare masu tsarki == Wani tushen rikici shine [[Al-Aqsa|Haram al-Sharif]] . Duk da yake Gabashin Urushalima yana ƙarƙashin ikon Isra'ila, rukunin yanar gizon yana ƙarƙashin ikon Waqf na Musulunci, amintaccen addini na Jordan da ke da alaƙa da PA. Duk da yake Waqf yana da iko a kan fili, gami da wanda zai iya shiga da abin da za su iya yi, 'yan sanda na Isra'ila suna sarrafa damar shiga fili. Jami'an Waqf suna da'awar haƙƙin amincewa da ziyarar da ba Musulmai ba, yayin da bisa ga manufofin Gwamnatin Isra'ila ke adawa da bautar da ba Musulmi ba. Tun daga shekara ta 2000, Waqf ta haramta shigar da wadanda ba Musulmi ba zuwa Dome of the Rock da [[Masallacin Ƙudus|Masallacin Al-Aqsa]]. Ba za a iya sanya alamomin addini wadanda ba Musulmai ba a Dutsen Haikali / Haram al-Sharif . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel and The Occupied Territories |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2012/nea/208392.htm |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> An gano manufofin rufe Isra'ila sun shafi 'yancin addini, tare da dubban Palasdinawa da ba su iya shiga wuraren ibada a Urushalima da Yammacin Kogin ba, gami da lokacin bukukuwan addini. Manufar rufewa ta Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta hana shugabannin addinin Palasdinawa da yawa, Musulmai da Kirista, daga isa ikilisiyoyinsu. Malaman Musulmi da Kirista sun ba da rahoton matsalolin samun damar wuraren addini a Urushalima da Baitalami. Duk da yake Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta yi shirye-shirye na musamman game da bukukuwan addini ga Kiristoci da Musulmai, babban korafin ya kasance bai dace da shirye-shiryen samun dama kyauta ba dangane da yawan izinin da aka bayar da rashin samun dama mai kyau. [[Rikicin siyasar Falasdinu|Rikicin siyasa na Palasdinawa]] ya hana Isra'ilawa isa wuraren tsarki na Yahudawa kamar Kabarin Yusufu kusa da Nablus. Tun lokacin da aka barkewar Intifada, Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta haramta 'yan ƙasar Isra'ila da ba a hukuma ba daga tafiya zuwa sassan Yammacin Kogin Yamma a ƙarƙashin ikon farar hula da tsaro na PA. Wannan ƙuntatawa ya hana Larabawa Isra'ila ziyartar wuraren tsarki na Musulmai da Kirista a Yammacin Kogin, kuma ya hana Yahudawa Isra'ilawa ziyartar wasu shafuka, gami da Majami'ar Wadi Qelt da Majami'ar Shalom Al Yisrael a Jericho. Mazauna a Hebron sun tsananta wa masu bauta Musulmi a Kabarin Patriarchs a Hebron da kuma akasin haka. A lokacin bayar da rahoto, jami'an Isra'ila a wasu lokuta sun hana [[Ladani|muezzin]] a Masallacin al-Ibrahimi / Kabarin Patriarchs a Hebron daga yin kira ga addu'a lokacin da Yahudawa ke addu'a a cikin ɓangaren su na wuri mai tsarki. == Nuna bambanci na addini == Binciken na shekarar 2007 ya gano abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafin al'umma da nuna bambanci bisa ga imani na addini da farko tsakanin Kiristoci da Musulmai. Dangantaka tsakanin Yahudawa da wadanda ba Yahudawa ba sau da yawa sun kasance masu wahala sakamakon rikicin Palasdinawa da Isra'ila, da kuma ikon Isra'ila na samun dama ga wuraren tsarki ga Kiristoci da Musulmai. Dangantaka tsakanin rassa daban-daban na addinin Yahudanci ma sun kasance da matsala. Halin zamantakewa ya ci gaba da zama shingen ga auren addinai da juyowa. Yawancin iyalai na Kirista da Musulmai suna ƙarfafa yaransu - musamman 'ya'yansu mata - su yi aure a cikin addinin su. Ma'aurata da suka kalubalanci wannan al'ada ta al'umma sun fuskanci adawa mai yawa na al'umma da na iyali. Juyowa yana da ƙalubale musamman ga Musulmai da ke juyawa zuwa Kiristanci. Hukumomin Isra'ila sun bukaci malamai na Kirista da ke aiki a Yammacin Kogin Ko Urushalima, ban da wasu daga cikin wadanda yarjejeniyar ta rufe ko wadanda ke da alaƙa da kungiyar da ba ta gwamnati ba (NGOs), su bar kasar a kowace kwanaki 90 don sabunta biza ta yawon bude ido. Firistocin Katolika da Orthodox, nuns, da sauran ma'aikatan addini, galibi daga Siriya da Lebanon, suna fuskantar jinkiri mai tsawo kuma wani lokacin ana hana su aikace-aikace saboda dalilai na tsaro. Rashin malamai na kasashen waje ya hana aikin ikilisiyoyin Kirista. The [[Palestinian Authority]] failed to halt several cases of seizures of Christian-owned land in the Bethlehem area by criminal gangs. In many cases criminal gangs reportedly used forged land documents to assert ownership of lands belonging to Christians. Police failed to investigate most of these cases. In two cases police arrested and then released the suspects on bail and allowed them to continue occupying the land in question. There were reports this reporting period that Palestinian Authority security forces and judicial officials colluded with members of these gangs to seize land from Christians.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}} Har ila yau, an buga korafe-korafe cewa hukumomin Isra'ila sun kasa cikakken bincika abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali a kan Musulmai da Kiristoci da kuma rahotanni marasa tabbas game da Kiristoci da ake yi niyya don cin hanci da rashawa ko cin zarafi daga jami'an PA waɗanda PA ta kasa bincikawa. PA ba ta dauki isasshen mataki don magance cin zarafin da aka yi a baya da kuma tsoratar da mazaunan Kirista na Baitalami da yawancin Musulmai na birnin suka yi ba. A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2006, an kai hari kan majami'u bakwai don nuna rashin amincewa da maganganun da Paparoma Benedict XVI ya yi game da Islama da Muhammadu. Shugabannin Palasdinawa a duk faɗin siyasa sun yi Allah wadai da hare-haren da aka kai wa majami'u, suna kira ga hadin kai tsakanin dukkan Palasdinawa - Kirista da Musulmi. Akwai wasu hare-hare da yawa a yankin Gaza da kungiyoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suka yi, gami da gidajen cin abinci na intanet, shagunan kiɗa, kantin sayar da littattafai na Kirista (tun lokacin da aka rufe,) da kuma Makarantar Amurka ta Gaza City. An ruwaito cewa 'yan bindiga suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Musulmi Salafist sun kai hari kan bikin wasanni na makarantar firamare ta Gazan wanda Hukumar Taimako da Ayyuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don' yan gudun hijira a Gabas ta Tsakiya (UNRWA) ta tallafawa, suna mai nuna ayyukan da aka yi a makarantar ba kamar yadda ya saba da koyarwar Islama. == Halin da ake yi wa Kiristoci == Ikklisiyoyi a Urushalima, Yammacin Kogin, da Gaza suna aiki a ƙarƙashin ɗaya daga cikin manyan rukunoni uku: # Ikklisiyoyin da aka amince da su ta hanyar yarjejeniyar da aka cimma a karkashin mulkin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] a ƙarshen karni na 19. Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da Ikklisiyoyin Orthodox na Girka, Roman Katolika, Armenian Orthodox, Assuriya, Syriac Orthodox, Greek Catholic, Coptic, Ethiopian Orthodox, Episcopal da Lutheran. Ana ɗaukar hukunce-hukuncen kotun cocin su a matsayin doka game da matsayin mutum da wasu batutuwan dukiya. # Furotesta, gami da bishara, majami'u da aka kafa tsakanin ƙarshen karni na 19 da 1967, wanda, kodayake suna nan kuma suna aiki, PA ba ta amince da su a hukumance ba. Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da Majalisar Allah, Ikilisiyar Nazarene da wasu majami'u na Baptist. Ana ba su izinin aiki kyauta kuma suna iya yin wasu ayyukan shari'a na mutum. # Shaidun Jehobah da wasu ƙungiyoyin Kirista na bishara waɗanda suka fuskanci adawa da ƙoƙarin su na samun amincewa, daga Musulmai, waɗanda ke adawa da tuba, da kuma Kiristoci, waɗanda ke tsoron sabbin masu zuwa na iya rushe yanayin. Tsakanin Kiristoci 36,000-50,000 suna zaune a cikin Hukumar Falasdinawa, mafi yawansu na Orthodox (Greek Orthodox da Arab Orthodox) da Katolika (ciki har da Melchite). Yawancin Kiristoci na Palasdinawa suna zaune a yankunan Baitalami, [[Ramallah]] da Nablus. Masanin tarihin Isra'ila Benny Morris ya bayyana dangantakar Kirista da Musulmi a matsayin wani bangare na rarrabuwa a cikin al'ummar Palasdinawa. A shekara ta 2007 akwai Kiristoci 3,200 da ke zaune a [[Zirin Gaza|Yankin Gaza]]. Rabin al'ummar Kirista a Gaza sun gudu zuwa Yammacin Kogin Yamma da kasashen waje bayan da Hamas ta mamaye mulki a shekara ta 2007. Al'ummomin Kirista a cikin Hukumar Falasdinawa da Gaza sun ragu sosai a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Dalilan fitowar Kirista na Palasdinawa suna da muhawara sosai. Reuters ta ba da rahoton cewa yawancin Kiristoci na Palasdinawa suna ƙaura don neman ingantattun yanayin rayuwa, yayin da [[BBC]] ta kuma zargi faduwar tattalin arziki a cikin Hukumar Falasdinawa da matsin lamba daga halin tsaro akan salon rayuwarsu. Vatican da Cocin Katolika suna ganin mamayar Isra'ila da rikici a cikin Land mai tsarki a matsayin manyan dalilan ficewar Kirista daga yankuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israeli-Palestinian conflict blamed for Christian exodus |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/israeli-palestinian-conflict-blamed-for-christian-exodus |website=The Jerusalem Post &#124; JPost.com}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai lokuta na tsanantawa daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama, galibi a yankin Gaza.<ref name="larry" /> A cikin shekara ta 2007, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta fitar da wani binciken game da yanayin 'yancin addini a yankunan Palasdinawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken kasa da kasa na shekara-shekara. A cewar rahoton, Kiristoci da Musulmai sun ji daɗin kyakkyawar dangantaka duk da cewa akwai tashin hankali. Rikicin da ke tsakanin Yahudawa da wadanda ba Yahudawa ba ya kasance mai girma a lokacin rahoton, kuma ci gaba da tashin hankali ya kara wadannan tashin hankali. Rahoton ya kammala cewa manufofin gwamnatin PA sun ba da gudummawa ga yin addini kyauta gabaɗaya, kodayake matsalolin sun ci gaba da alaƙa da rikice-rikicen addinai, gami da nuna bambanci da kulawa ta musamman. A cikin shekara ta 2012, wani rukuni na matasa Musulmai 50 sun kai hari kan wani gidan zama na Kirista a Betphage, suna jefa duwatsu, suna murkushe motoci da windows kuma suna raunata mazauna da yawa. Shugaban Latin na Urushalima, Custos na Ƙasar Mai Tsarki da Bishop na Urushalime sun ziyarci shafin don shaida lalacewar kuma sun yi Allah wadai da lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Violence in a Christian residential complex in Jerusalem |url=http://en.lpj.org/2012/08/24/violence-in-a-christian-residential-complex-in-jerusalem |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830115213/http://en.lpj.org/2012/08/24/violence-in-a-christian-residential-complex-in-jerusalem/ |archive-date=2012-08-30 |access-date=2012-09-23}}</ref> == Halin da ake yi wa Yahudawa da addinin Yahudanci == Magana daga kungiyoyin mayakan Palasdinawa sun hada da maganganun adawa da Yahudawa. Wasu shugabannin addinin Musulmai suna yin wa'azi a gidan talabijin na PA wanda ya haɗa da maganganun adawa da Yahudawa. Daga cikin wadannan, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005, Sheikh Ibrahim Mudayri ya yi wa'azi inda ya kwatanta Yahudawa da "kwayar cuta, kamar cutar kanjamau". == Halin da ake yi game da rashin addini == Masu musun wanzuwar Allah da marasa addini a Falasdinu suna fuskantar nuna bambanci da ƙalubalen da Palasdinawa masu addini ba su fuskanta ba. [[Waleed Al-Husseini]], mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo mai musun wanzuwar Allah, jami'an leken asiri na Palasdinawa ne suka kama shi kuma ya kwashe watanni 10 a kurkuku na Yammacin Kogin Yamma saboda yin maganganun kan layi da ke sukar Islama, a lokacin da aka yi masa fyade akai-akai kuma aka yi masa tambayoyi. Daga baya ya gudu zuwa Jordan kuma ya zauna a Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Al-Husseini |first=Waleed |date=2014-08-12 |title=What It's Like to Be an Atheist in Palestine |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/what-its-like-to-be-an-atheist-in-palestine |access-date=2019-06-05 |website=The Daily Beast}}</ref> A cewar Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Ma'an, yayin da imanin siyasa na duniya "ba sabon abu ba ne" a cikin al'ummar Palasdinawa, "bayyanar ra'ayoyin da ake gani a matsayin masu adawa da addinai masu rinjaye mutane da yawa suna kallon su a matsayin masu tayar da hankali maimakon 'yancin magana". == Dubi kuma == * [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Isra'ila|'Yanci na addini a Isra'ila]] * Rashin addini a Isra'ila * Musulunci na Gaza * Musulunci na Gabashin Urushalima a ƙarƙashin mulkin Jordan * Musulunci na Dutsen Haikali == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] buxsz454qbzged3g194th5ptjtfwy80 0 170533 975957 939638 2026-11-04T21:35:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Khalid Saleh Al-Shenaif''' (Arabic) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudiyya da ya yi ritaya . A halin yanzu shi masanin wasanni ne kuma masanin KSA SportsWasanni na KSA == Ayyukan kulob din == === Al Shabab === Al-Shenaif ya fara buga gasar zakarun Turai a kakar 1990-91 kuma ya zama muhimmin bangare na tawagar Al Shabab, a cikin shekaru 10 da ya yi tare da Al Shabab ya lashe gasar zakaruna 13 mafi shahara shine ya lashe Gasar Firimiya ta Saudiyya sau 3 a jere daga 1991 zuwa 1993 kuma ya lashe kofin masu cin kofin Asiya a 2000-01. === Al-Ahli === Bayan ya shafe shekaru goma tare da [Al-Shabab], a watan Satumbar 2001 ya koma [[Al-Ahli SC (Jeddah)|Al-Ahli]], inda ya buga wasa na tsawon shekaru uku kafin ya sanar da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a shekara ta 2004, yana da shekaru 31. A cikin shekaru uku da ya yi tare da Al-Ahli, ya lashe kofunan zakarun Turai guda huɗu. === Manufofin kasa da kasa === : ''Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Saudiyya na farko.'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" !# !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. |9 ga Oktoba 1994 |[[Hiroshima|Hiroshima, Japan]] |Hong Kong  |1–1 |2–1 |Wasannin Asiya na 1994 |} == Bayan ritaya == Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa, Al-Shenaif ya fara aikinsa na mai sharhi na wasanni don Cibiyar Rediyo da Talabijin ta Larabawa, a halin yanzu shi mai sharhi ne na Wasanni na Dubai da KSA Sports. == Daraja == === Al Shabab === * Saudi Professional League: 1990-91, 1991-92, 1992-93; Wanda ya zo na biyu 1997-981997–98 * Kofin Yarima na Saudiyya: 1993, 1996, 1999; Wanda ya zo na biyu a 1992, 1994, 2000 * GCC Champions League: 1993, 1994 * Kofin Kungiyar UAFA: 1992, 1999 * Kofin Larabawa: 1995, 2000 * Kofin Masu Gasar Asiya: 2000-012000–01 === Al-Ahli === * Kofin Yarima na Saudiyya: 2002 * Kofin Tarayyar Saudiyya: 2001-02 * GCC Champions League: 2002 * Kofin Kungiyar UAFA: 2002 == Bayanan da aka ambata == * http://www.ksa-team.com/players.php?id=514 * https://web.archive.org/web/20130501142240/http://www.alriyadh.com/2010/06/08/article532967.html * http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/asgames94.html * [http://goool.mx/?tag=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81 http://goool.mx/?tag=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%D9%844D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043025/http://goool.mx/?tag=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81 |date=2016-03-04 }} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kcnyjyafq8aiuyhe79g1e1qcw8apl8l 0 172484 976007 967074 2026-11-05T04:44:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Kurket|Wasan Kurket]] shine wasan da ya fi shahara a [[Indiya]] . Ana buga shi kusan ko'ina a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Most Watched Sports in India |url=https://www.wionews.com/web-stories/sports/7-most-watched-sports-in-india-1682687266138 |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Kurket a Indiya (BCCI) ita ce hukumar da ke kula da kurket a Indiya. Tana gudanar da dukkan gasannin cikin gida a Indiya kuma tana zaɓar 'yan wasan ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta ƙasa ta Indiya da kuma ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta mata ta ƙasa ta Indiya don wakiltar Indiya a gasar kurket ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Wasan kurket na ƙasa da ƙasa a Indiya ba ya bin tsarin da aka saba gani kuma yana yaɗuwa a duk tsawon shekarar kalanda, sabanin ƙungiyoyin kurket na Australiya da Ingila waɗanda ke yawo a wasu ƙasashe a lokacin hunturunsu kuma suna wasa a gida a lokacin bazararsu. Ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta Indiya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin wasan kurket mafi nasara a duniya, bayan ta lashe Kofin Duniya na Cricket sau 2, Kofin Duniya na T20 guda 3, Kofin Zakarun Turai guda 3 kuma ta kammala a matsayi na biyu sau biyu a Gasar Gwaji ta Duniya . Ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta mata ta Indiya ta kuma lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta kurket . Indiya ta dauki nauyin gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket da dama, {{Efn|It hosted the [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]], [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]], [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]] and [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]] [[Cricket World Cup]]s, the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy|2006 Champions Trophy]] and the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016 T20 World Cup]]. It also hosted [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup]].}} kuma za ta karbi bakuncin gasar cin kofin duniya ta maza ta T20 ta 2026, {{Efn|the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]] is scheduled to take place in India, but Sri Lanka will also serve as a co-host.<ref name=C2/>}} gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta 2029, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta 2031 a nan gaba. {{Efn|the [[2031 Cricket World Cup]] is scheduled to take place in India, but Bangladesh will also serve as a co-host.<ref name=C2/>}} <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=...2024–31 men's tournament hosts confirmed. |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/usa-to-stage-t20-world-cup-2024-2031-icc-mens-tournament-hosts-confirmed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205110854/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=icc-cricket}}</ref> Wasan kurket muhimmin bangare ne na [[al'adun Indiya]] <ref name="CO">{{Cite journal |last=Nair |first=Nisha |date=2011-06-01 |title=Cricket obsession in India: through the lens of identity theory |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2011.574351 |journal=Sport in Society |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=569–580 |doi=10.1080/17430437.2011.574351 |issn=1743-0437 |s2cid=144858524 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> kuma manyan 'yan wasa, kamar Sunil Gavaskar, Mohinder Amarnath, Kapil Dev, Polly Umrigar, Bishan Singh Bedi, Lala Amarnath, Ravi Shastri, Sachin Tendulkar, Sourav Ganguly, Rahul Dravid, VVS Laxman, Yuvraj Singh, Gautam Gambhir, Virender Sehwag, MS Dhoni, Virat Kohli, Rohit Sharma, [[KL Rahul]], Ravichandran Ashwin, Ravindra Jadeja, Hardik Pandya, Jasprit Bumrah, Shubman Gill da Sanju Samson galibi suna samun matsayi na shahara kuma suna daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a kasar. Sau da yawa ana nuna wasan kurket a matsayin mai kishin ƙasa a cikin shahararrun fina-finan Indiya, ciki har da fim ɗin da aka zaɓa a matsayin Academy Award, ''Lagaan'', <nowiki><i id="mwWQ">da</i></nowiki> fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na wasanni na 2021 game da nasarar da Indiya ta samu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta kurket a 1983. Ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta Indiya tana da dogon gasa da ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta Pakistan, kuma wasannin Indiya da Pakistan suna daga cikin wasannin da ake sa ran za su fafata a duniya, kuma ɗaya daga cikin wasannin da aka fi kallo a talabijin a duniya. Gasar wasan kurket tsakanin Indiya da Ostiraliya gasa ce mai ƙarfi da gasa a cikin wasan kurket. An san fafatawar da ke tsakanin waɗannan ƙasashe saboda ƙarfinsu. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan wasannin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin da aka fi kallo a duniya. == Tarihi == An kawo wasan kurket zuwa Indiya a farkon shekarun 1700, inda aka fara buga wasan kurket a shekarar 1721. A lokacin da aka gabatar da shi, ya zama hanyar da Indiyawa za su iya shiga cikin al'adun Birtaniya. Ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin gada tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu, ya sauƙaƙa haɗakar juna. A lokacin da yake a Indiya, manyan 'yan wasan Indiya ne suka yi wasan don samun karbuwa a wurin 'yan Birtaniya. Wannan haɗin gwiwa da manyan mutane ya ƙara darajar wasanni da shahararsa a faɗin ƙasar. Duk da cewa ya fara ne a matsayin wasan ƙasashen waje, a ƙarshe wasan ya fara da alaƙa da Indiya kuma ya fara taka rawa a asalin Indiya. A ƙarshen shekarun 1800, hoton wasan kurket ya fara canzawa daga kasancewa wasa na musamman na manyan 'yan wasa yayin da 'yan wasa daga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da al'ummomin da ba su da galihu suka fara wasa da kuma nuna alamunsu. === 1800s zuwa 1918 === [[File:Ranjitsinhji_c1900.jpg|thumb|237x237px| An ɗauki Ranjitsinhji a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan bats na zamaninsa.]] Wasan farko na wasan kurket na farko da aka buga a Indiya ya faru ne a shekarar 1864 tsakanin Calcutta da Madras (yanzu Chennai). Babu rikodin da yawa daga wasan. Tarihin wasan kurket a Indiya da kuma yankin nahiyar gaba ɗaya ya dogara ne akan wanzuwar da kuma ci gaban British Raj ta hanyar Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya . === 1918 zuwa 1945 === Indiya ta zama ta shida a cikin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ta buga wasan kurket na Test a rangadin da ta yi a Ingila a shekarar 1932 . Kyaftin CK Nayudu ne, kuma gwajin farko da suka yi ya kasance ne da Ingila a filin wasan kurket na Lord's daga ranar 25 zuwa 28 ga Yuni, amma an doke su da maki 158. === 1945 zuwa 1960 === Babban abin da ya faru a tarihin wasan kurket na Indiya a wannan lokacin shine Raba ƙasar Indiya bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya Raj a shekarar 1947. Wani abin da ya fara kawo cikas ga sauyi shi ne gasar Bombay Quadrangular, wadda ta kasance cibiyar wasan kurket ta Indiya tsawon sama da shekaru 50. Sabuwar Indiya ba ta da wurin zama ga ƙungiyoyi bisa ga asalin ƙabila. Sakamakon haka, gasar Ranji ta zama ta musamman a matsayin gasar cin kofin kasa. An lashe tseren Bombay Pentangula na ƙarshe, kamar yadda ya zama, a hannun Hindu a 1945–46. Indiya ta kuma samu nasarar farko a gasar Gwaji a shekarar 1952, inda ta doke Ingila da ci daya mai ban haushi a Madras. <ref name="SC">{{Cite web |title=BBC World Service. Story of Cricket |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1157_cricket_history/page6.shtml |access-date=2012-06-16 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === 1960 zuwa 1970 === Wata ƙungiya ta mamaye wasan kurket na Indiya gaba ɗaya a shekarun 1960. A matsayin wani ɓangare na nasarori 14 a jere a gasar Ranji Trophy daga 1958–59 zuwa 1972–73, Bombay ta lashe gasar a dukkan kakar wasa goma na wannan lokacin da ake nazari a kai. Daga cikin 'yan wasanta akwai Farokh Engineer, Dilip Sardesai, Bapu Nadkarni, Ramakant Desai, Baloo Gupte, Ashok Mankad da Ajit Wadekar . An ƙaddamar da gasar Duleep Trophy a matsayin gasar yanki a kakar wasa ta 1961-1962. An sanya masa suna ne bayan ɗan'uwan Ranji, Kumar Shri Duleepsinhji (1905–59). Ganin cewa Bombay tana cikin jerin ƙasashe masu arzikin ƙasa, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Yankin Yamma ya lashe kofuna shida daga cikin tara na farko. === 1970 zuwa 1985 === Bombay (wanda yanzu ake kira Mumbai) ta ci gaba da mamaye wasan kurket na cikin gida na Indiya, inda Karnataka, Delhi, da wasu ƙungiyoyi kaɗan ne kawai suka sami damar yin kowace irin ƙalubale a wannan lokacin. Indiya ta ji daɗin manyan abubuwan duniya guda biyu. A shekarar 1971, sun lashe gasar Test Series a Ingila a karon farko, abin mamaki sun doke wadanda suka lashe gasar Ashes ta Ray Illingworth. A shekarar 1983, Indiya ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta 1983 a Ingila, karkashin jagorancin Kapil Dev. Kapil Dev ya kuma shahara da "Viv Richards Catch", inda ya zira kwallaye 175 ba tare da an cire shi ba, (ƙarni na farko na ODI daga wani ɗan Indiya), kuma ya karya tarihin duniya na 171 na Glenn Turner. 183 shine mafi ƙarancin maki da aka taɓa samu a wasan ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin duniya. A shekarun 1970, ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta Indiya ta fara ganin nasara a ƙasashen waje inda ta doke New Zealand, sannan ta riƙe Ostiraliya, Afirka ta Kudu da Ingila a kunnen doki. Kashin bayan ƙungiyar shine ƙungiyar 'yan wasan Indiya masu juyawa - Bishen Bedi, EAS Prasanna, BS Chandrasekhar da Srinivas Venkataraghavan, wanda ya haifar da abin da daga baya za a kira Zamanin Zinare na tarihin wasan kurket na Indiya. A cikin wannan shekaru goma, an kuma ga fitowar manyan 'yan wasan bats guda biyu na Indiya, Sunil Gavaskar da Gundappa Vishwanath, wadanda suka jagoranci nasarorin da suka samu a jere a shekarar 1971 a gasar West Indies da kuma a Ingila, karkashin jagorancin kyaftin din Ajit Wadekar. Tawagar mata ta Indiya ta fara gwajin a shekarar 1976, inda ta zama ƙasa ta uku da ta yi hakan. Ya fara fitowa a matsayin ODI a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1978. === 1985 zuwa 2000 === A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, gidajen yanar gizo na Burtaniya sun watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye na wasannin ƙasashen waje. Wannan babban abu ne da ya haifar da tsarin da yanzu ya zama wasan kurket na zamani. Fasaha ta zamani da kuma kafa cibiyoyin sadarwa na musamman na talabijin sun jawo hankalin duniya ga wasannin. ESPN da Star Sports sun ƙara wasan kurket a cikin shirye-shiryensu na tsawon awanni 24 na ci gaba da watsa shirye-shiryensu kai tsaye. Shahararriyar duniya ta ƙaru a yankin Gabas. An kafa [[Firimiyar Indiya|gasar Premier ta Indiya]], wacce aka fi sani da gasar cikin gida jim kaɗan bayan haka. A shekarun 1980, Indiya ta ƙirƙiro jerin 'yan wasan da suka fi mayar da hankali kan kai hari tare da ƙwararrun 'yan wasan jet kamar Mohammad Azharuddin, Dilip Vengsarkar da Ravi Shastri a cikin wannan shekarun. Duk da nasarar da Indiya ta samu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket a shekarar 1983, kungiyar ta yi rashin nasara a filin wasan Test, ciki har da wasanni 28 a jere na Test ba tare da samun nasara ba. Duk da haka, Indiya ta lashe Kofin Asiya a shekarar 1984 kuma ta lashe Gasar Cricket ta Duniya a Ostiraliya a shekarar 1985. An gudanar da gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta shekarar 1987 a Indiya da Pakistan - karo na farko da aka buga gasar a wajen Ingila. Daga kakar wasa ta 1993-94, an sauya gasar Duleep Trophy daga gasar knockout zuwa gasar lig. An sauya sunayen ƙungiya da haruffa da dama a shekarun 1990 lokacin da aka gabatar da sunayen gargajiya na Indiya don maye gurbin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Raj na Burtaniya . Mafi mahimmanci, Bombay ya zama Mumbai kuma sanannen wurin [[Chennai|Madras]] ya zama [[Chennai]] . Duk da zuwansa a shekarun 1700, shaharar wasan kurket ta ƙaru sosai yayin da take yaɗuwa a yankuna daban-daban. Ya zama abin da ke haɗa kan ƙasar, wanda ya wuce shingayen zamantakewa da al'adu. Da farko wasan ya shahara a tsakanin fitattun mutane, amma ya fara yin fice yayin da mutane daga ƙananan kabilu suka haɗu don yin wasa, kallo, da kuma yin mu'amala da wasan. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, wasan kurket ya ci gaba da bunƙasa kuma ya zama muhimmin ɓangare na al'ummar ƙasar, musamman a fafatawar da ta yi da ita, wanda ya fi shahara a tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan. Hukumar Kula da Wasan Kurket a Indiya (BCCI) ta fito a matsayin wani muhimmin karfi, wanda ke jagorantar wasan zuwa ga dunkulewar duniya baki daya. Fasaha ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ta hanyar ƙara yawan masu shiga gasar, kawo wasannin kurket kai tsaye cikin gidaje da kuma ƙara yawan masu shiga da kuma tasirinsu. Babban sauyi a dunkulewar duniya a wasan kurket a Indiya ya zo ne da nasara a fagen wasanni na duniya. Nasarorin da aka samu a manyan gasa sun taimaka wajen isa ga duniya baki ɗaya, amma an samu ci gaba a nasarar da aka samu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta 1983. Kapil Dev ne ya jagoranci wannan gasa, inda Sunil Gavaskar da Sachin Tendulkar suma suka zama fitattun 'yan wasa a cikin karuwar shaharar da wasan ya samu a wannan lokacin. Waɗannan 'yan wasan sun fito ne daga asali daga cikin manyan mutane na gargajiya, suna bayyana a matsayin shahararrun al'adu waɗanda ke wakiltar mafarkai da burin 'yan Indiya kuma suna haɓaka babban jin daɗin alfahari. Nasarar da suka samu a fagen duniya a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Indiya ta yi matukar tasiri ga Indiya yayin da ta jawo alfahari da girmamawa wanda mutane da yawa ba su ji ba tsawon lokaci. <ref name="Mustafa, Fahad 2013" /> Baya ga karuwar fahimtar kishin ƙasa wanda ya taimaka wajen dunkulewar duniya baki ɗaya, wasan kurket ya yi kama da sauyin yanayin zamantakewa da siyasa na Indiya. Ta hanyar mayar da wani wasa mai daraja zuwa wani abu da jama'a za su iya samu, wasan ya sake maimaita sauye-sauyen zamantakewa tare da karuwar matsakaicin matsayi. Kurket ya zama wani jirgin ruwa na motsa jiki na zamantakewa kuma yana ba da damammaki da bege ga mutane a faɗin Indiya ba tare da la'akari da addininsu, ƙabilarsu, ko matsayinsu na zamantakewa ba. Da karuwar shaharar da wasan ya samu a Indiya, musamman a shekarun 1980, gidajen talabijin na tauraron dan adam na duniya sun fara watsa shirye-shiryen wasan kurket saboda masu sauraronsa a duniya da kuma sabuwar kasuwar masu kallo a Indiya. Domin tabbatar da matsayinsu, waɗannan hanyoyin sadarwa sun yi shawarwari kan haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye tare da Hukumar Kula da Wasan Kurket a Indiya (BCCI) wanda ya bai wa BCCI dukiya mai yawa wanda ya ƙara taimakawa wajen haɓaka wasan kurket a duniya. Baya ga yaɗuwarta ta hanyar talabijin, haɗakarta ta duniya tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ƙaruwar masu sayayya a Indiya. Yayin da wasan ya fara samun karbuwa a Indiya a shekarun 1980 zuwa 1990, Indiya ta fuskanci karuwar tallace-tallacen talabijin da na allunan talla cikin sauri. Sakamakon haka, ya zama ruwan dare ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da 'yan wasan kurket daban-daban su tallata kayayyaki daban-daban na masu amfani wanda ya taimaka wajen haɓaka duniya. === ƙarni na 21 === [[File:Sachin_Tendulkar_at_MRF_Promotion_Event.jpg|left|thumb|199x199px| Sachin Tendulkar yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan kurket a kowane lokaci. Ana kiransa da 'Allahn Kurket'.]] Sachin Tendulkar yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan membobin ƙungiyar a tsakanin 1989 zuwa 2013 a cikin nau'ikan wasanni daban-daban. Tun daga shekarar 2000, ƙungiyar Indiya ta sami manyan ci gaba bayan naɗa John Wright, kocin ƙasar waje na farko a Indiya. Wannan naɗin ya samu nasara a duk faɗin duniya yayin da Indiya ta ci gaba da riƙe tarihinta na gida ba tare da an doke ta ba a wasanta da Australia a jerin Gwaji bayan ta doke ta a 2001 kuma ta lashe gasar ICC World Twenty20 a karon farko a 2007. Indiya ita ce kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta farko da ta yi nasara a gasar WACA a watan Janairun 2008 a kan Australia. Nasarar da Indiya ta samu a kan 'yan wasan Australiya a shekara ta 2001 ta nuna farkon zamanin mafarki ga ƙungiyar a ƙarƙashin jagorancin kyaftin Sourav Ganguly, inda ta lashe wasannin Test a Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, West Indies da Ingila. Indiya ta lashe gasar cin kofin zakarun duniya tare da Sri Lanka a gasar ICC Champions Cup kuma ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta 2003, sai dai Australia ta doke ta. A watan Satumba na 2007, Indiya ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta T20 ta farko da aka gudanar a Afirka ta Kudu, inda ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Pakistan da ci 5 a wasan karshe mai kayatarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Final: India v Pakistan at Johannesburg, Sep 24, 2007. Cricket Scorecard |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/twenty20wc/engine/match/287879.html |access-date=2013-10-21 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Indiya ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket a shekarar 2011 a karkashin jagorancin Mahendra Singh Dhoni, <ref name="SC" /> karo na farko tun 1983 (shekaru 28) - sun doke Sri Lanka a wasan karshe da aka gudanar a filin wasa na Wankhede da ke Mumbai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team India at T20 Cricket World Cup |url=http://www.cricketworldcupinformation.com/2014/08/team-india-at-cricket-world-cup.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307022723/http://www.cricketworldcupinformation.com/2014/08/team-india-at-cricket-world-cup.html |archive-date=7 March 2018 |access-date=6 April 2018 |website=www.cricketworldcupinformation.com}}</ref> Indiya ta lashe Kofin Zakarun Turai a shekarar 2013 ta hanyar doke Ingila a Ingila. Indiya ta buga wasan gwaji na 500 da New Zealand wanda Kane Williamson ya jagoranta a Kanpur daga 22 zuwa 26 ga Satumba 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Scorecard of India vs New Zealand 1st Test 2016/17 - Score Report .com |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/nz-tour-of-india-2016-17-1030193/india-vs-new-zealand-1st-test-1030213/full-scorecard |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> Indiya ta lashe wannan wasan da maki 197. Virat Kohli ya jagoranci Indiya a wannan gwajin. A ranar 29 ga Yuni 2024, Indiya ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta T20 ta 2024 ta hanyar doke Afirka ta Kudu a wasan karshe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2024 |title=India seal T20 World Cup glory after epic duel against South Africa |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/t20cricketworldcup/news/live-india-and-south-africa-face-off-in-t20-world-cup-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629191653/https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/t20cricketworldcup/news/live-india-and-south-africa-face-off-in-t20-world-cup-final |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2024 |title=India wins men's T20 World Cup, defeating South Africa in dramatic final |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/29/sport/india-south-africa-t20-mens-world-cup-final-spt-intl/index.html |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Sun zama ƙungiya ta uku bayan Ingila da West Indies da suka lashe kofin sau biyu, kuma ita ce ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar ba tare da an doke ta ba. A ranar 9 ga Maris 2025, Indiya ta lashe Kofin Zakarun Turai na 2025 ba tare da an doke ta ba. Ƙungiyar ta doke New Zealand a wasan ƙarshe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liew |first=Jonathan |date=9 March 2025 |title=India see off New Zealand to complete clinical Champions Trophy triumph |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/mar/09/india-new-zealand-champions-trophy-final-match-report |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Wannan shi ne karo na uku a jere da Indiya ta buga wasan karshe a gasar, haka kuma karo na hudu a jere da ICC ta buga wasan karshe. Indiya ta zama ƙungiya ta farko da ta lashe gasar sau uku. A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2025, Indiya ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta Cricket, inda ta doke Afirka ta Kudu da ci 52 a wasan karshe a filin wasa na DY Patil da ke Navi Mumbai . A wasan kusa da na karshe, sun bi sahun babbar manufa ta gudu 339 da Australia, wanda kuma shi ne daya daga cikin mafi girman nasarar tsere a tarihin ODI na Mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=India stun Australia in record chase to reach final |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/c629qv19g0ro}}</ref> An yi bikin wannan nasara sosai a faɗin Indiya kuma an amince da ita a matsayin wani muhimmin lokaci ga wasan kurket na mata a ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hit for six: why India's Women's Cricket World Cup win is victory for equality |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/nov/07/india-women-cricket-world-cup-win-victory-equality}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title='We were waiting for this moment' - India wins Women's Cricket World Cup for first time |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/11/02/sport/india-cricket-womenn-world-cup-intl-hnk#:~:text=India%20won%20the%20Women's%20Cricket,Deepti%20Sharma%20and%20Shafali%20Verma}}</ref> A gasar cin kofin duniya ta maza ta T20 ta shekarar 2026, Indiya ta doke New Zealand a wasan karshe . Wannan ya sanya Indiya ta zama ƙungiya ɗaya tilo da ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta T20 a jere (2024 da 2026), kuma ta lashe kofuna uku a gasar cin kofin duniya ta T20. ==Gudanarwa== '''Hukumar Kula da Wasan Kurket a Indiya''' ('''BCCI''') ita ce babbar hukumar ƙasa da ke kula da wasan kurket a Indiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24861269/bcci-covered-india-right-information-rti-act-rules-top-appellate-body|title=BCCI covered under Australia's Right to Information Act, rules top appellate body|access-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002152001/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24861269/bcci-covered-india-right-information-rti-act-rules-top-appellate-body|archive-date=2 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Hedikwatarta tana a Cibiyar Kurket da ke Filin Wasan Wankhede, Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Board of Control for Cricket in India, About us|url=https://www.bcci.tv/about/contact-us |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=www.bcci.tv |archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517071725/https://www.bcci.tv/about/contact-us |url-status=live}}</ref> BCCI ita ce hukumar kula da wasan kurket mafi arziki a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2023 |title=Explained: ... board set to earn per ICC revenue ... |url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/icc-revenue-share-model-2024-27-each-board-bcci-ecb-ca-pcb |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=23 March 2025 |website=Wisden}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI spearheading Covid-hit world? Listing revenues of top 10 richest cricket boards in 2021. |work=Times Now |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/bcci-spearheading-covid-hit-world-listing-revenues-of-top-10-richest-cricket-boards-in/763329 |url-status=live |access-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120112022/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/bcci-spearheading-covid-hit-world-listing-revenues-of-top-10-richest-cricket-boards-in/763329 |archive-date=20 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI among the richest sporting bodies, boasts 5,300 crore revenue |newspaper=Financial Express |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bcci-among-richest-sporting-bodies-boasts-of-rs5300-crore-revenue/1012016/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjJi-iw6Kb0AhVqwTgGHVYICCAQFnoECBYQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw3xVKgKOJZn9BIpB_kOUEc5 |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529175305/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bcci-among-richest-sporting-bodies-boasts-of-rs5300-crore-revenue/1012016/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjJi-iw6Kb0AhVqwTgGHVYICCAQFnoECBYQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw3xVKgKOJZn9BIpB_kOUEc5/ |url-status=live}}</ref> BCCI tana shiga cikin bunƙasa ƙwarewar ’yan wasa ta hanyar shirye-shiryen matakin tushe da makarantun koyar da wasan kurket. Shirye-shiryenta sun haɗa da bunƙasa ababen more rayuwa, horarwa, da shirye-shiryen jin daɗin ’yan wasa waɗanda aka tsara domin kiyaye da kuma inganta matsayin Indiya na fafatawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. An kafa BCCI a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1928 a tsohuwar Madras (yanzu Chennai) ƙarƙashin Dokar XXI ta shekarar 1860 ta Madras, sannan daga baya aka sake yi mata rajista ƙarƙashin Dokar Rajistar Ƙungiyoyin Tamil Nadu ta shekarar 1975.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://documents.bcci.tv/documents/bcci/documents/1638281851_BCCI-%20Constitution-.pdf|title=BCCI Constitution|page=16|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> Ƙungiya ce da ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin wasan kurket na jihohi waɗanda ke zaɓar wakilansu, waɗanda kuma ke zaɓar shugaban BCCI. Ta shiga Taron Kurket na Daular a shekarar 1926, wanda daga baya ya zama Majalisar Kurket ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa (ICC). BCCI ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta wadda ba ta ƙarƙashin ikon Ƙungiyar Wasanni ta Ƙasa ta Indiya ta Gwamnatin Indiya, kuma ba ta karɓar tallafi daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Matasa da Wasanni. BCCI tana da tasiri a wasan kurket na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life changing... |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/life-changing-womens-premier-league-teams-sold-for-806-million-ahead-of-inaugural-tournament/news-story/f6fe3556d127bd40ae68046f47ff0711 |website=Fox sports Australia |date=25 January 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206104649/https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/life-changing-womens-premier-league-teams-sold-for-806-million-ahead-of-inaugural-tournament/news-story/f6fe3556d127bd40ae68046f47ff0711 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Krishna B |first=Venkata |title=BCCI comes under NADA code, but not National Sports Federation yet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/aug/10/bcci-comes-under-nada-code-but-not-national-sports-federation-yet-2016906.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129075418/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/aug/10/bcci-comes-under-nada-code-but-not-national-sports-federation-yet-2016906.html |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=The New Indian Express|date=10 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BCCI monopoly... |website=The Hindu |date=26 January 2015 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/BCCI-monopoly-and-judicial-review/article62119580.ece/ |access-date=1 October 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001072439/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/BCCI-monopoly-and-judicial-review/article62119580.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Majalisar Kurket ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa tana raba mafi girman kaso na kuɗaɗen shigarta da BCCI. Gasar Premier ta Indiya (IPL), wadda BCCI ke gudanarwa, na ɗaya daga cikin gasannin wasanni mafi arziki a duniya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Explained. The IPL business model and how it compares to sports leagues globally |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/explained-the-ipl-business-model-and-how-it-compares-to-sports-leagues-globally/article65547025.ece |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=The Hindu |date=24 June 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415160141/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/explained-the-ipl-business-model-and-how-it-compares-to-sports-leagues-globally/article65547025.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa== Ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta ƙasar Indiya tana ƙarƙashin Hukumar Kula da Wasan Kurket a Indiya (BCCI), kuma mamba ce ta Majalisar Kurket ta Asiya (ACC). Tun daga shekarar 1926, BCCI tana da alaƙa da ICC, wato hukumar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke kula da wasan kurket na duniya. A shekarar 1983, BCCI ta zama ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ACC. ===Ayyuka=== Jerin da ke ƙasa ya ƙunshi ayyukan dukkan ƙungiyoyin wasan kurket na ƙasar Indiya a manyan gasa. ====Ƙungiyar manyan maza==== Ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta Indiya tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin wasan kurket da suka fi samun nasara a duniya, inda ta lashe Kofin Duniya na Kurket sau 2, Kofin Duniya na T20 sau 3, Champions Trophy sau 3, sannan ta zo matsayi na biyu sau biyu a Gasar Gwajin Duniya. [[File:Tendulkar closup.jpg|thumb|right|Tendulkar, lokacin da ya kai ƙarni na 38 a Test da Australia a Test na 2 a SCG a shekarar 2008, inda ya kammala wasan bai fita ba da runs 154]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" |- ! Gasa ! data-sort-type="number"|Bayyanar a wasan ƙarshe ! Bayyanar<br />ta ƙarshe ! Mafi kyawun<br />sakamako |- | ICC Men's Cricket World Cup || 4 out of 13 || 2023 ||{{sort|2|'''Zakarun''' (1983, 2011)}} |- | ICC Men's T20 World Cup || 4 out of 10 || 2026 || {{sort|2|'''Zakarun''' (2007, 2024, 2026)}} |- | ICC Champions Trophy|| 5 out of 9 || 2025|| {{sort|2|'''Zakarun''' (2002, 2013, 2025)}} |- | ICC World Test Championship|| 2 out of 3 || 2023–25 || {{sort|2|Masu matsayi na biyu (2019–21, 2021–23)}} |- | Asia Cup || 12 out of 17 || 2025 || {{sort|9|'''Zakarun''' (1984, 1988, 1990–1991, 1995, 2010, 2016, 2018, 2023, 2025)}} |- | Commonwealth Games|| 0 out of 1 || 1998 || {{sort|1|Matakin rukuni (1998)}} |- | Asian Games|| 1 out of 3 || 2022 || {{sort|1|'''Lambar yabo ta zinariya''' (2022)}} |} ====Ƙungiyar manyan mata==== Ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta mata ta Indiya ta lashe Kofin Duniya na Kurket na Mata sau ɗaya a shekarar 2025, sannan ta kai wasan ƙarshe na Kofin Duniya na T20 na Mata sau ɗaya a shekarar 2020. [[File:Indian Batswoman at Cricket Worlds Cup 2010.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Ɗan wasan batting na Indiya a Kofin Duniya na Kurket na Mata na shekarar 2010]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" |- ! Gasa ! data-sort-type="number"|Bayyanar a wasan ƙarshe ! Bayyanar<br />ta ƙarshe ! Mafi kyawun<br />sakamako |- | ICC Women's Cricket World Cup || 3 out of 13 || 2025 || {{sort|1|'''Zakarun''' (2025)}} |- | ICC Women's T20 World Cup || 1 out of 9 || 2024 || {{sort|1|Masu matsayi na biyu (2020)}} |- | Women's Asia Cup || 8 out of 10 || 2026 || {{sort|8| '''Zakarun''' (2004, 2005-2006, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2022, 2026)}} |- | Commonwealth Games || 1 out of 1 || 2022 || {{sort|1| Lambar yabo ta azurfa (2022)}} |- | Asian Games || 1 out of 3 || 2022 || {{sort|1|'''Lambar yabo ta zinariya''' (2022)}} |} ====Ƙungiyar maza ta A==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" |- ! Gasa ! data-sort-type="number"|Bayyanar a wasan ƙarshe ! Bayyanar<br />ta ƙarshe ! Mafi kyawun<br />sakamako |- | ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup || 3 out of 6 || 2024 || {{sort|1|'''Zakarun''' (2013)}} |} ====Ƙungiyar mata ta A==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" |- ! Gasa ! data-sort-type="number"|Bayyanar<br />a wasan ƙarshe ! Bayyanar<br />ta ƙarshe ! Mafi kyawun<br />sakamako |- | ACC Women's T20 Emerging Teams Asia Cup || 1 out of 1 || 2023 || {{sort|1|'''Zakarun''' (2023)}} |} ====Ƙungiyar maza 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" |- ! Gasa ! data-sort-type="number"|Bayyanar a wasan ƙarshe ! Bayyanar<br />ta ƙarshe ! Mafi kyawun<br />sakamako |- | ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup || 10 out of 16 || 2026 || {{sort|5|'''Zakarun''' (2000, 2008, 2012, 2018, 2022, 2026)}} |- | ACC Under-19 Asia Cup || 9 out of 11 || 2024 || {{sort|8|'''Zakarun''' (1989, 2003, 2012, 2013–14, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2021)}} |} ====Ƙungiyar mata 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" |- ! Gasa ! data-sort-type="number"|Bayyanar a wasan ƙarshe ! Bayyanar<br />ta ƙarshe ! Mafi kyawun<br />sakamako |- | Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup || 2 out of 2 || 2025 || {{sort|1|'''Zakarun''' (2023, 2025)}} |- | Under-19 Women's T20 Asia Cup || 1 out of 1 || 2024 || {{sort|1|'''Zakarun''' (2024)}} |} ==Ƙungiyoyin wasan kurket na jihohi da gasa masu alaƙa== Mambobin Hukumar Kula da Wasan Kurket a Indiya sun ƙunshi cikakkun mambobi da mambobin haɗin gwiwa.<ref>{{Cite book |title=BCCI Constitution PDF Archived |url=http://relaunch-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/documents/58cd5b0aa29c3-BCCI%20Constitution%20as%20Finalized%20by%20COA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127035803/http://relaunch-live.s3.amazonaws.com/cms/documents/58cd5b0aa29c3-BCCI%20Constitution%20as%20Finalized%20by%20COA.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=constitution2022>{{cite book |title=BCCI Constitution |url=https://bcciplayerimages.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/bcci/documents/1638281851_BCCI-%20Constitution-.pdf |publisher=BCCI |access-date=20 September 2022 |date=2018}}</ref> === Cikakkun mambobi === Mafi yawan cikakkun mambobin ƙungiyoyin wasan kurket na jihohi ne waɗanda ke da alaƙa da BCCI. Ana ba kowace jiha damar samun wakili guda ɗaya, ban da Gujarat da Maharashtra, waɗanda ke da wakilai uku kowacce. Haka kuma akwai ƙarin wakilai daga Railways ta Indiya, Services da Jami'o'in Indiya. Sauye-sauyen da Kwamitin Lodha ya ba da shawara, kamar takaita cikakken mambanci ga ƙungiyoyin jihohi da kuma takaita kowace jiha zuwa cikakken mamba guda ɗaya (sauran su zama mambobin haɗin gwiwa)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Menon |first1=Suresh |title=Wisden India Almanack 2017 |date=23 February 2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9789385936500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqcoDgAAQBAJ}}</ref> ba BCCI ta aiwatar da su gaba ɗaya ba. Mambobin da suke da cikakken mambanci sun ci gaba da riƙe shi, ban da Cricket Club of India (Mumbai) da National Cricket Club (Kolkata).<ref name=supremecourt2018/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Lamba !Suna !Wakilci !Shugaba !Yanki |- |1 |Andhra Cricket Association |Andhra Pradesh |P. Sarath Chandra Reddy |South |- |2 |Arunachal Cricket Association |Arunachal Pradesh |T. C. Tok |North East |- |3 |Assam Cricket Association |Assam |Taranga Gogoi |East |- |4 |Baroda Cricket Association |Vadodara |Pranav Amin |West |- |5 |Bihar Cricket Association |Bihar |Rakesh Kumar Tiwary |East |- |6 |Chhattisgarh State Cricket Sangh |Chhattisgarh |Jubin Shah |Central |- |7 |Cricket Association of Bengal |West Bengal |Snehasish Ganguly |East |- |8 |Cricket Association of Mizoram |Mizoram |Lalrochhuanga Pachuau |North East |- |9 |Cricket Association of Pondicherry<ref>{{cite news |title=Cricket Association of Pondicherry is a Full Member of BCCI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/cricket-association-of-pondicherry-is-a-full-member-of-bcci/article28563744.ece |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=18 July 2019}}</ref> |Puducherry |G.M. Arunkumar |South |- |10 |Cricket Association of Uttarakhand |Uttarakhand |Jot Singh Gunsola |Central |- |11 |Delhi & District Cricket Association |Delhi |Rohan Jaitley |North |- |12 |Goa Cricket Association |Goa |Vipul Phadke |South |- |13 |Gujarat Cricket Association |Gujarat<br>{{small|(ban da Saurashtra da Vadodara)}} |Dhanraj Nathwani |West |- |14 |Haryana Cricket Association |Haryana |Paramjit Mann |North |- |15 |Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association |Himachal Pradesh |Arun Dhumal |North |- |16 |Hyderabad Cricket Association |Telangana |Jagan Mohan Rao |South |- |17 |Jammu & Kashmir Cricket Association |Jammu and Kashmir |Anil Gupta |North |- |18 |Jharkhand State Cricket Association |Jharkhand |Sanjay Sahay |East |- |19 |Karnataka State Cricket Association |Karnataka |Venkatesh Prasad |South |- |20 |Kerala Cricket Association |Kerala |Jayesh George |South |- |21 |Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association |Madhya Pradesh |Abhilash Khandekar |Central |- |22 |Maharashtra Cricket Association |Maharashtra<br>{{small|(ban da Mumbai da Vidarbha)}} |Rohit Rajendra Pawar |West |- |23 |Manipur Cricket Association |Manipur |Nongthombam Zico Meetei |North East |- |24 |Meghalaya Cricket Association |Meghalaya |Danny Marak |North East |- |25 |Mumbai Cricket Association |Mumbai |Amol Kale |West |- |26 |Nagaland Cricket Association |Nagaland |Kechangulie Rio |North East |- |27 |Odisha Cricket Association |Odisha |Pranab Prakash Das |East |- |28 |Punjab Cricket Association |Punjab |Gulzar Inder Chahal |North |- |29 |Railways Sports Promotion Board |Indian Railways |D. K. Gayen |Central |- |30 |Rajasthan Cricket Association |Rajasthan |Vaibhav Gahlot |Central |- |31 |Saurashtra Cricket Association |Saurashtra |Jaydev Shah |West |- |32 |Services Sports Control Board |Indian Armed Forces |Varun Singh |North |- |33 |Sikkim Cricket Association |Sikkim |Tika Subba |North East |- |34 |Tamil Nadu Cricket Association |Tamil Nadu |Dr. P. Ashok Sigamani |South |- |35 |Union Territory Cricket Association<ref name=chandigarh>{{cite web |title=Cricket Association of Uttarakhand gets BCCI membership |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cricket-association-of-uttarakhand-gets-bcci-membership-1197461 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 September 2022 |date=14 August 2019}}</ref> |Chandigarh |{{center|-}} |North |- |36 |Tripura Cricket Association |Tripura |Tapan Lodh |East |- |37 |Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association |Uttar Pradesh |Dr. Nidhipati Singhania |Central |- |38 |Vidarbha Cricket Association |Vidarbha |Vinay Deshpande |Central |} === Mambobin haɗin gwiwa === Dukkan mambobin da ba su cika ƙa'idojin cikakkun mambobi ba ana rarraba su a matsayin mambobin haɗin gwiwa. Sun haɗa da: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Lamba !Suna !Wakilci !Shugaba !Yanki |- |1 |Association of Indian Universities |Indian Universities |Vinay Kumar Pathak |{{center|–}} |- |2 |Cricket Club of India<ref name=supremecourt2018>{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court approves new BCCI constitution, with a couple of key tweaks |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/supreme-court-approves-new-bcci-constitution-with-a-couple-of-key-tweaks-1154796 |access-date=2022-09-20 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name=supremecourt2022>{{cite news |title=Decoded: What does SC verdict on BCCI's new constitutional amendments mean? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/explained-supreme-court-s-verdict-on-bcci-s-new-constitutional-amendments-122091500971_1.html |access-date=20 September 2022 |work=Business Standard |date=15 September 2022}}</ref> |{{center|–}} |Madhumati Lele |{{center|–}} |} ==Jerin wasannin lig na jihohi da yankunan tarayya== === Lig-lig na yanzu === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="6" |Na maza |- !Jiha/Yankunan Tarayya !Lig !Farko !Matsayi !Na baya-bayan nan !ref |- |Assam |Assam Premier League |2026 |{{Active}} |- |Andhra Pradesh |Andhra Premier League |2023 |{{Active}} |2026 | |- |{{flagicon image|Chhattisgarh Flag(INDIA).png}} Chhattisgarh |Chhattisgarh Cricket Premier League | |{{Active}} | | |- |Jharkhand |Jharkhand T20 League |2026 |{{Active}} | | |- |{{flagicon image|..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png}} Kerala |Kerala Cricket League |2024 |{{Active}} | | |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Karnataka.svg}} Karnataka |Maharaja Trophy KSCA T20 |2023 |{{Active}} |2026 | |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Madhya Pradesh.svg}} Madhya Pradesh |Madhya Pradesh League |2024 |{{Active}} | |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} Maharashtra <small>(ban da Mumbai da Vidarbha)</small> |Maharashtra Premier League |2023 |{{Active}} |2025 |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Odisha.svg}} Odisha |Odisha Pro T20 League |- |{{flagicon image|..Punjab Flag(INDIA).png}} Punjab |Sher-E-Punjab T20 League |2023 |{{Active}} |2026 |- |{{flagicon image|..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png}} Tamil Nadu |Tamil Nadu Premier League |- |Telangana |TG20 |2026 |{{Active}} |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Uttarakhand.svg}} Uttarakhand |Uttarakhand Premier League |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Uttar Pradesh.svg}} Uttar Pradesh |UP T20 League |2023 |{{Active}} |- |West Bengal |Bengal Pro T20 League |2024 |{{Active}} |2026 |- ! colspan="6" |Lig-lig na yankunan tarayya |- |{{flagicon image|Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg}} Delhi |Delhi Premier League T20 |2024 |{{Active}} |2026 |- |{{flagicon image|Banner of Puducherry.png}} Puducherry |Pondicherry Premier League |2023 |{{Active}} |2026 |- ! colspan="6" |Sauran lig-lig |- |Mumbai {{efn|Ba jiha ba ce, amma akwai wata ƙungiya ta daban da ke kula da wasan kurket a Mumbai na Maharashtra.}} |T20 Mumbai |2023 |{{Active}} |2026 |- |Vadodara {{efn|Ba jiha ba ce, amma akwai wata ƙungiya ta daban da ke kula da wasan kurket a Vadodara na Gujarat.}} |Baroda Premier League |2025 |{{Active}} |2026 |- |Vidarbha {{efn|Ba jiha ba ce, amma akwai wata ƙungiya ta daban da ke kula da wasan kurket a Vidarbha na Maharashtra.}} |Vidarbha Premier League |2025 |{{Active}} |2026 |- |Saurashtra {{efn|Ba jiha ba ce, amma akwai wata ƙungiya ta daban da ke kula da wasan kurket a Saurashtra na Gujarat.}} |Saurashtra Pro T20 League |- |} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="6" |Na mata |- !Jiha/Yankunan Tarayya ! Lig !Matsayi !Farko !Na baya-bayan nan !ref |- |Delhi |Women's Delhi Premier League T20 |- |Madhya Pradesh |- |Maharashtra |Women's Maharashtra Premier League |- |West Bengal |Women's Bengal Pro T20 League |- ||Uttarakhand |Women's Uttarakhand Premier League |- |Vidarbha |} ===Lig na gaba=== {| class="wikitable" !Jiha !Matsayi |- |Arunachal Pradesh | |- |Bihar |- |Goa |- |Gujrat |- |Haryana |- |Himachal Pradesh |- |Manipur |- |Meghalaya |- |Mizoram |- |Nagaland |- |Rajasthan |- |Sikkim |- |Tripura |} === Lig-lig da aka daina === {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 14px;" width="100%;" !Lig !Jiha !Shekaru !Bayanan kula |- |Rajasthan Premier League |Rajasthan |2023 | |- |Saurashtra Premier League | |} ==Tsarin shirya wasan kurket a Indiya ta zamani== ===Wasan kurket na ƙasa da ƙasa=== Wasan kurket na ƙasa da ƙasa a Indiya gabaɗaya ba ya bin tsayayyen tsari, sabanin jadawalin Ingila inda Ingila ke zuwa wasu ƙasashe a lokacin hunturu kuma ta buga wasanni a gida a lokacin bazara. Gabaɗaya, a baya-bayan nan an samu ɗabi'ar buga wasannin kwana ɗaya da yawa fiye da wasannin Test. Hukumar Kula da Wasan Kurket a Indiya (BCCI) ce ke gudanar da wasan kurket a Indiya, kuma ita ce hukumar wasan kurket mafi arziki a duniya.<ref>{{cite news|title=Complimentary passes restricted for Delhi Test|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/942807.html|access-date=12 December 2015|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=21 November 2015}}</ref> ==== Ƙungiyar ƙasa ta maza ==== Ƙungiyar Wasan Kurket ta Ƙasar Indiya tana wakiltar Indiya a wasannin kurket na ƙasa da ƙasa. [[File:Wicketkeeping kit and bat of MS Dhoni at Blades of Glory Cricket Museum, Pune.jpg|thumb|Kayan wicket-keeping da jemage da Dhoni ya yi amfani da su a lokacin Kofin Duniya na Kurket na 2011, ana nuna su a Blades of Glory Cricket Museum]] Indiya ta fara shiga wasan kurket na ƙasa da ƙasa tun daga shekarar 1926, kuma ta fara fafatawa a gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa tun daga Kofin Duniya na Kurket na farko a shekarar 1975. Ta fafata a gasa da dama tsawon shekaru, ciki har da gasannin ACC. Ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta ƙasar Indiya ta kuma samar da wasu daga cikin manyan ’yan wasan kurket a duniya, wanda babban misali shi ne Sachin Tendulkar. Wasan kurket na Indiya yana da dogon tarihi. A halin yanzu, ƙungiyar ƙasa ta maza ta Indiya tana matsayi na 1 a Test, matsayi na 1 a ODI, da matsayi na 1 a T20I. Indiya ta lashe Kofin Duniya na Kurket a shekarar 1983 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kapil Dev, sannan ta sake lashe shi a shekarar 2011 ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mahendra Singh Dhoni, bayan shekaru 28 ba tare da lashe kofin ba. Haka kuma ta lashe World Championship of Cricket a shekarar 1985. *'''Test'''- [[File:CK Nayudu 1930s.jpg|thumb|upright=0.65|C. K. Nayudu, kyaftin na farko na Indiya a wasan kurket na Test]] An gayyaci Indiya zuwa Majalisar Kurket ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa a shekarar 1926, kuma ta fara buga Test a matsayin ƙasa mai buga Test a Ingila a shekarar 1932, ƙarƙashin jagorancin CK Nayudu, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasan batting na Indiya a lokacin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/about/1909-1963.html |title=History of the Imperial Cricket Conference |work=ICC |access-date=21 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321214929/http://www.icc-cricket.com/about/1909-1963.html |archive-date=21 March 2006}}</ref> An buga wasan Test ɗaya tilo tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu a Lord's da ke London. Ƙungiyar ba ta da ƙarfi wajen batting<ref>{{Cite web |title=On this day in 1932, India played its first-ever Test match |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/on-this-day-in-1932-india-played-its-first-ever-test-match20220625101205/ |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320065716/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/on-this-day-in-1932-india-played-its-first-ever-test-match20220625101205/ |url-status=live}}</ref> a wannan lokacin, kuma daga baya ta sha kashi da runs 158.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1932/IND_IN_ENG/| title=India in England, 1932| work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=8 March 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061225022912/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1932/IND_IN_ENG/| archive-date=25 December 2006| url-status=live}}</ref> Indiya ta karɓi bakuncin jerin wasannin Test na maza na farko a shekarar 1933. Ingila ce ƙungiyar baƙon da ta buga Test biyu a Bombay (yanzu Mumbai) da Calcutta (yanzu Kolkata). Baƙin sun lashe jerin wasannin da ci 2–0. Ƙungiyar Indiya ta ci gaba da inganta a cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940, amma ba ta samu nasarar ƙasa da ƙasa ba a wannan lokacin. A farkon shekarun 1940, Indiya ba ta buga wasan kurket na Test na maza ba saboda Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Jerin wasannin farko na ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta ya kasance a ƙarshen shekarar 1947 da ƙungiyar Australia ta Don Bradman. Wannan shi ne kuma jerin wasannin Test na farko da Indiya ta buga wanda ba da Ingila ba. Ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta maza ta Australia ta lashe jerin wasanni biyar da ci 4–0, inda Bradman ya wahalar da ’yan wasan bowling na Indiya a lokacin bazararsa ta ƙarshe a Australia.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1940S/1947-48/IND_IN_AUS/| title = India in Australia, 1948| work = ESPNcricinfo| access-date = 8 March 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060509070811/http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/1940S/1947-48/IND_IN_AUS/| archive-date = 9 May 2006| url-status = live}}</ref> *'''One Day International'''- [[File:President Giani Zail Singh receiving the Indian cricket team after the World Cup victory.jpg|thumb|Dev tare da Shugaban Indiya Zail Singh bayan dawowar ƙungiyar zuwa Indiya bayan lashe Kofin Duniya. Suna riƙe da Kofin Kofin Duniya na Kurket.]] Bayyanar wasan kurket na maza na One Day International (ODI) a shekarar 1971 ya samar da sabon salo a duniyar wasan kurket. Sai dai, ba a ɗauki Indiya a matsayin ƙungiya mai ƙarfi a ODI a wannan lokacin ba, kuma an san ’yan wasan batting kamar kyaftin Gavaskar da salon taka-tsantsan wajen batting. Indiya ta fara ne a matsayin ƙungiya mai rauni a ODI, kuma ba ta samu cancantar shiga zagaye na biyu ba a bugu biyu na farko na Kofin Duniya na Kurket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/team-india-on-the-brink-of-odi-record-at-vizag-remain-torchbearers-of-50-over-format/story-B1DIaBOhWX4DP2chPHzk6M.html|title=Team India on the brink of ODI record at Vizag, remain torchbearers of 50-over format|access-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024113206/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/team-india-on-the-brink-of-odi-record-at-vizag-remain-torchbearers-of-50-over-format/story-B1DIaBOhWX4DP2chPHzk6M.html|archive-date=24 October 2018|url-status=live|date=23 October 2018}}</ref> Gavaskar ya shahara da toshe hanyarsa zuwa 36 not out daga cikin ƙwallaye 174 a kan Ingila a Kofin Duniya na farko a shekarar 1975; Indiya ta ci 132/3 kacal kuma ta sha kashi da runs 202.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunny's World Cup go-slow|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sunil-gavaskar-s-indian-world-cup-go-slow-500411|access-date=6 January 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106022910/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sunil-gavaskar-s-indian-world-cup-go-slow-500411|url-status=live}}</ref> Akasin haka, Indiya tana da ƙungiya mai ƙarfi a wasannin Test, kuma ta fi ƙarfi musamman a gida, inda haɗin gwiwar ƙwararrun ’yan wasan batting da ƙwararrun ’yan wasan spin bowling ke yin iya ƙoƙarinsu. Indiya ta kafa rikodin Test a lokacin a Test na uku da West Indies a Port-of-Spain a shekarar 1976, lokacin da ta bi target na 403 domin yin nasara, godiya ga runs 112 na Viswanath.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/when-india-successfully-chased-a-400-plus-target-against-the-west-indies-to-change-world-cricket-forever-25127|title=When India successfully chased a 400-plus target against West Indies to change world cricket forever|date=12 April 2013 |access-date=16 April 2023|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416091541/https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/when-india-successfully-chased-a-400-plus-target-against-the-west-indies-to-change-world-cricket-forever-25127|url-status=live}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 1976, ƙungiyar ta kafa wani rikodin ta hanyar ci 524/9 declared a kan New Zealand a Kanpur ba tare da wani ɗan wasan batting guda ɗaya ya ci century ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/most-run-outs-and-the-lowest-score-never-made-139825|title=Most run-outs, and the lowest score never made|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114170548/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/most-run-outs-and-the-lowest-score-never-made-139825|url-status=live}}</ref> Wannan innings shi ne misali na takwas kacal a wasan Test inda dukkan ’yan wasa 11 suka kai double figures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Records. Test matches. Team records. Most batters reaching double figures in an innings|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283056.html|access-date=6 January 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106022910/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283056.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980, Indiya ta samar da jerin ’yan wasan batting masu kai hari sosai, tare da ’yan wasan da suka ƙware wajen buga stroke kamar Mohammad Azharuddin, Dilip Vengsarkar da kuma ’yan wasan da ke yin abubuwa da dama Kapil Dev da Ravi Shastri. Indiya ta lashe Kofin Duniya na Kurket a shekarar 1983, inda ta doke West Indies, waɗanda aka fi ganin za su yi nasara kuma suka kasance zakarun kare kambunsu sau biyu, a wasan ƙarshe a Lord's, saboda ƙaƙƙarfan aikin bowling. Duk da haka, ƙungiyar ta yi rashin kyau a wasannin Test, ciki har da wasannin Test 28 a jere ba tare da samun nasara ba. A shekarar 1984, Indiya ta lashe Asia Cup, sannan a shekarar 1985 ta lashe World Championship of Cricket a Australia. Ban da wannan, Indiya ta kasance ƙungiya mai rauni a wajen yankin ƙasashen Indiya. Nasarar Indiya a jerin wasannin Test na shekarar 1986 a kan Ingila ita ce nasarar jerin wasannin Test ta ƙarshe da Indiya ta samu a wajen yankin ƙasashen Indiya na tsawon shekaru 19 masu zuwa. A shekarun 1980, Gavaskar da Kapil Dev (mafi kyawun ɗan wasa mai yin abubuwa da dama na Indiya har zuwa wannan lokacin) sun kasance a kololuwar sana'o'insu. Gavaskar ya kafa rikodin Test na ƙarni 34, inda ya zama mutum na farko da ya kai alamar runs 10,000. Daga baya Kapil Dev ya zama wanda ya fi kowa wickets a wasan kurket na Test, da wickets 434. *'''T20 International'''- Indiya ta buga T20 International na farko a shekarar 2006 da South Africa. A watan Satumba 2007, Indiya ta lashe Kofin Duniya na ICC Men's T20 na farko da aka gudanar a South Africa, inda ta doke Pakistan da runs biyar a wasan ƙarshe.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-mens-t20-world-cup/on-this-day-in-2007-india-clinched-inaugural-icc-t20-world-cup/articleshow/94416092.cms|title=On this day in 2007, India clinched inaugural ICC T20 World Cup|newspaper=The Times of India|date=24 September 2022|access-date=16 April 2023|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427193425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-mens-t20-world-cup/on-this-day-in-2007-india-clinched-inaugural-icc-t20-world-cup/articleshow/94416092.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A Kofin Duniya na ICC Men's World Twenty20 na shekarar 2014 da aka gudanar a Bangladesh, Indiya ta kusa sake samun wani kofin ICC, amma ta sha kashi a hannun Sri Lanka a wasan ƙarshe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/on-this-day-in-2014-sri-lanka-won-the-t20-world-cup-beating-india-in-the-final-4942574.html|title=On This Day in 2014: Sri Lanka Won the T20 World Cup Beating India in the Final|access-date=16 April 2023|archive-date=16 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416035754/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/on-this-day-in-2014-sri-lanka-won-the-t20-world-cup-beating-india-in-the-final-4942574.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Ƙungiyar ƙasa ta mata ==== Ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta mata ta ƙasar Indiya tana wakiltar Indiya a wasannin kurket na mata na ƙasa da ƙasa. [[File:Mithali Raj Truro 2012.jpg|thumb|233x233px|Mithali Raj ita ce wadda ta fi yawan runs a wasan kurket na mata na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name="Raj-leading">{{cite web |title=Record-setting Raj top of the women's charts |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2017/content/story/1110610.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=12 July 2017 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713013557/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-cup-2017/content/story/1110610.html |archive-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Raj-6000">{{cite web |title=Mithali Raj becomes leading run-scorer in women's ODI cricket; surpasses England's Charlotte Edwards |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/mithali-raj-becomes-leading-run-scorer-in-womens-odi-cricket-surpasses-englands-charlotte-edwards-4747402/ |work=Indian Express |date=12 July 2017 |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713204545/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/mithali-raj-becomes-leading-run-scorer-in-womens-odi-cricket-surpasses-englands-charlotte-edwards-4747402/ |archive-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>]] Indiya ta shiga wasan kurket na ƙasa da ƙasa tun daga shekarar 1976, kuma ta fara fafatawa a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa tun daga bugu na biyu na Kofin Duniya na Kurket na Mata a shekarar 1978. Ta fafata a gasa da dama tsawon shekaru, ciki har da gasannin ACC. Ita ce ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta mata mafi nasara a Asiya. A halin yanzu, ƙungiyar ƙasa ta mata ta Indiya tana matsayi na 4 a ODI da matsayi na 3 a T20I. *'''Test International'''- Indiya ta fara buga Test a matsayin ƙasa mai buga Test a shekarar 1976 da West Indies. A baya, matan Indiya ba sa yawan buga Test kuma suna samun nasara a cikinsu. Amma a shekarun baya-bayan nan suna ƙara buga wasannin Test kuma suna samun nasara a cikinsu. *'''One Day International'''- Indiya ta buga ODI International na farko a shekarar 1978 da Ingila. Ba ta samu damar shiga bugu na farko na Kofin Duniya na Kurket na Mata ba. Amma a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 ta kai matakin kusa da na ƙarshe na Kofin Duniya na ODI a jere, kuma a Kofin Duniya na Kurket na Mata na shekarar 2017 ta kusa lashe kambun a wasan ƙarshe. *'''T20 International'''- Indiya ta buga T20 International na farko a shekarar 2006 da Ingila. Matan Indiya sun yi babban tasiri a T20 International tun farkon wannan tsarin. Sun kai matakin kusa da na ƙarshe na Kofin Duniya na ICC na Mata a jere a bugu biyu na farko. ===Wasan kurket na cikin gida=== ====Wasan kurket na cikin gida na maza==== =====Gasa ta First-class===== * '''Ranji Trophy''' – An kafa ta da sunan 'Cricket Championship of India' a wani taro na Hukumar Kula da Wasan Kurket a Indiya a watan Yulin 1934. Wasannin Ranji Trophy na farko sun gudana a kakar 1934–35. Syed Mohammed Hadi na Hyderabad shi ne ɗan wasa na farko da ya ci century a gasar. H. H. Sir Bhupendra Singh Mahinder Baha-dur, Maharajah na Patiala, ne ya bayar da kofin don tunawa da marigayi Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji na Nawanagar, wanda aka fi sani da Ranjitsinhji. A mafi yawancin lokuta, Ranji Trophy ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin da ke wakiltar jihohin da suka haɗa Indiya. Yawan ƙungiyoyin da ke fafatawa ya ƙaru tsawon shekaru. Wasu jihohi suna da ƙungiyar wasan kurket fiye da ɗaya, kamar Maharashtra da Gujarat. Haka kuma akwai ƙungiyoyin Railways da Services da ke wakiltar rundunonin tsaro. A da ana rarraba ƙungiyoyin zuwa yankuna – Arewa, Yamma, Gabas, Tsakiya da Kudu – kuma ana buga wasannin farko bisa tsarin lig a cikin yankunan. Ƙungiyoyi biyu mafiya matsayi har zuwa 1991–92, sannan ƙungiyoyi uku mafiya matsayi a kowace zone a shekarun da suka biyo baya, suna shiga gasar knockout ta ƙasa. Tun daga kakar 2002–03, an yi watsi da tsarin yankuna kuma aka amince da tsarin rukuni biyu, inda ƙungiyoyi biyu ake ɗaukaka daga plate league, sannan ƙungiyoyi biyu ake mayar da su ƙasa daga elite league. Idan ba a kammala wasannin knockout ba, ana yanke hukunci bisa jagorancin innings na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Ranji Trophy? Definition of Ranji Trophy, Ranji Trophy Meaning |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/ranji-trophy |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> *'''Duleep Trophy''' – An sanya wa Duleep Trophy suna ne bayan Duleepsinhji. Gasar Duleep Trophy, wadda gasa ce ta First-class, Hukumar Kula da Wasan Kurket a Indiya ta fara ta a shekarar 1961–62 da nufin samar da ƙarin gasa mai ƙarfi a wasan kurket na cikin gida, saboda ban da matakan knockout na Ranji Trophy, wannan gasar ta zama mai sauƙin hasashe, inda Bombay ke lashe Ranji Trophy tsawon shekaru goma sha biyar a jere. An kuma tsara Duleep Trophy domin taimaka wa masu zaɓe wajen tantance yanayin ƙwarewar manyan ’yan wasan kurket yayin da suke fafatawa da juna. Tsarin farko yana da ƙungiyoyi biyar, waɗanda aka ɗauko daga yankuna biyar (wato Arewa, Kudu, Gabas, Yamma da Tsakiya), kuma suna fafatawa da juna bisa tsarin knockout. Tun daga kakar 1993–94, an sauya gasar zuwa tsarin lig. *'''Irani Trophy''' – An tsara gasar Irani Trophy a kakar 1959–60 domin cika shekaru 25 da fara gasar Ranji Trophy, kuma an sanya mata suna bayan marigayi Z. R. Irani, wanda ya kasance tare da Hukumar Kula da Wasan Kurket a Indiya (BCCI) tun kafuwarta a 1928 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1970, kuma ya kasance babban mai goyon bayan wasan. Wasan farko, tsakanin zakarun Ranji Trophy da Rest of India, an buga shi a 1959–60. A shekarun farko, ana buga shi a ƙarshen kakar wasa. Bayan an fahimci muhimmancin wasan, BCCI ta mayar da shi farkon kakar wasa. Tun daga 1965–66, ya kasance bisa al'ada yana sanar da fara sabuwar kakar wasan kurket ta cikin gida. Wasan Irani Trophy yana da babban matsayi wajen shahara da muhimmanci. Yana daga cikin ƴan wasannin cikin gida da masoyan wasan kurket a ƙasar ke bibiyar su sosai. Manyan ’yan wasa suna shiga wasan, wanda sau da yawa ya kasance kamar gwajin zaɓe domin zaɓar ƙungiyar Indiya da za ta yi balaguron ƙasashen waje. =====Gasa ta limited overs===== *'''Deodhar Trophy''' – Hukumar Kula da Wasan Kurket a Indiya ta fara ta a shekarar 1973–74, kuma gasa ce ta wasan kurket na kwana ɗaya a wasan kurket na cikin gida na Indiya. A da ƙungiyoyin yankuna biyar ne suke fafatawa – North zone, South zone, East zone, West zone da Central zone. Daga 2015–16 zuwa 2017–18, waɗanda suka fafata sun kasance waɗanda suka lashe Vijay Hazare Trophy, India A da India B. Tun daga 2018–19, tana ƙunshe da India A, India B da India C. *'''Vijay Hazare Trophy''' – An sanya wa kofin suna bayan shahararren ɗan wasan kurket na Indiya Vijay Hazare. An fara gasar a 2002–03 a ƙoƙarin kai wasan limited-overs ga mafi yawan masu kallo. Gasar ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin jihohi da sauran ƙungiyoyi daga Ranji Trophy waɗanda ke fafatawa a tsarin overs 50. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, Tamil Nadu da Mumbai ne suka lashe kofin mafi yawan lokuta (5). BCCI kuma tana kiranta da Premier Cup. =====Gasa ta Twenty20===== *'''Indian Premier League''' – A matsayin martani ga ƙungiyar Indian Cricket League (ICL) mai hamayya, BCCI ta fara gasar Twenty20 da aka sani da Indian Premier League (IPL), wadda ake ɗauka a matsayin ƙirƙirar Lalit Modi. BCCI ta ƙaddamar da wannan lig a 2007–08, kuma ta samu karɓuwa sosai a faɗin ƙasar. An zaɓi ’yan wasan ne ta hanyar gwanjon ’yan wasa, sannan aka sanya su cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke wakiltar birane. An gudanar da kakar IPL ta farko daga 18 Afrilu 2008 zuwa 1 Yuni 2008, inda Rajasthan Royals, wadda Shane Warne ke jagoranta, ta lashe kambun farko a filin wasa na DY Patil Stadium da ke Navi Mumbai<ref name="cricketnext1">{{cite web|url=http://cricketnext.in.com/foxhistory/t20_history.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407104821/http://cricketnext.in.com/foxhistory/t20_history.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-04-07 |title=T20 History: History of T20 Cricket |publisher=Cricketnext.in.com |access-date=2012-06-16}}</ref> Bisa alaƙar yankuna, gasar ƙungiyoyi takwas tana amfani da wani tsarin gwanjon ƙungiyoyi da ’yan wasa na musamman kuma mashahuri, inda ake zaɓar wasu daga cikin fitattun ’yan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa a duniya tare da haɗa su da ’yan wasan Indiya, na cikin gida da na ƙasa da ƙasa, a filin wasa guda. Jimillar kuɗin kyaututtukan IPL ya kasance dala miliyan 3.<ref name="cricketnext1"/> IPL ta kuma sanya wasan kurket ya yi kama da wasannin Amurka ta hanyar ƙara masu taya ƙungiyoyi murna da kuma samar da yanayin wasan da ke cike da ci gaba da motsi kamar yadda ake gani a wasannin wasanni a Amurka. Gasar IPL ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi 10 daban-daban da ke wakiltar birane.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 19, 2022 |author=Shankar Raghuraman |title=IPL Playoffs 2022: KKR knocked out, who will join GT and LSG in the final four? - All playoffs possibilities in 6 points |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2022-kkr-knocked-out-who-will-join-gt-in-the-final-four-all-playoffs-possibilities-in-6-points/articleshow/91653975.cms |access-date=2022-05-23 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> *'''Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy''' – Bayan da Indiya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mambobin ICC Twenty20 kuma ta buga wasanta na farko na T20 na ƙasa da ƙasa da Afirka ta Kudu, BCCI ta ƙaddamar da nata tsarin na jihohi a kakar 2006–07, inda aka raba ƙungiyoyin Ranji 27 zuwa Zones 5. An buga wasan ƙarshe tsakanin Punjab da Tamil Nadu, inda ta ƙarshe ta yi nasara da wickets 2, saura kwallaye 2, kuma ta zama ƙungiya ɗaya tilo da ta taɓa lashe wannan jerin gasa. A wannan gasar, Rohit Sharma shi ma ya zama ɗan Indiya kaɗai da ya ci century a T20 a madadin Mumbai a kan Gujarat. Daga baya an maye gurbin gasar da IPL mai tsarin ƙungiyoyin franchise. An buga ta a karon farko a kakar 2008–09, kuma ita ce gasar T20 ta farko irin wannan ta yankuna da kuma ta uku gaba ɗaya a kakar wasan kurket ta Indiya, inda aka raba ƙungiyoyin Ranji bisa yankuna zuwa rukuni biyu, sannan gasar ta ƙare da wasan ƙarshe na All India T20 tsakanin waɗanda suka lashe rukunan biyu domin neman Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. An ƙaddamar da ita ne bayan nasarar IPL da kuma buƙatar BCCI na neman ƙarin ƙwarewa a yankunan da wasan kurket ke ƙaruwa. A shekarar 2020, an ga ƙarin halartar masu kallo fiye da sauran nau'o'in wasan. Jama'a sun yaba da ita sosai kuma ta samar da riba mai yawa. =====Gasa ta matasa===== *'''CK Nayudu Trophy''' - Gasa ce ta wasan kurket ta cikin gida da ake gudanarwa a Indiya tsakanin ƙungiyoyin ’yan ƙasa da shekaru 23 waɗanda ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyin wasan kurket na jihohi da yankuna daban-daban. Hukumar Kula da Wasan Kurket a Indiya (BCCI) ce ke shirya ta, kuma an sanya mata suna bayan kyaftin ɗin farko na Indiya a Test cricket, C. K. Nayudu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raiji |first=Vasant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7MyAAAAIAAJ&q=C.+K.+Nayudu+Trophy+under |title=C.K. Nayudu, the Shahenshah of Indian Cricket |date=1989 |publisher=Marine Sports |isbn=978-81-85361-00-0 |pages=62 |language=en |author-link=Vasant Raiji}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhushan |first=Aditya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiTyDwAAQBAJ&q=C.+K.+Nayudu+Trophy+under |title=A Colonel Destined To Lead |date=2019 |publisher=StoryMirror |isbn=978-93-87269-27-9 |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref> Ana buga kowane wasa na tsawon kwanaki huɗu. A tsawon tarihinta, an yi amfani da iyakokin shekaru daban-daban, ciki har da ’yan ƙasa da shekaru 22, 23 da 25. Zakarun yanzu su ne Gujarat, waɗanda suka doke Mumbai a wasan ƙarshe na 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayure |first=Subodh |date=16 March 2023 |title=CK Nayudu Trophy final: Mumbai succumb to Gujarat in just 12 minutes |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/cricket/article/mumbai-succumb-to-gujarat-in-12-mins-23275511 |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=Mid-Day |language=en}}</ref> *'''Mens Under-23 State A Trophy''' *'''Cooch Behar Trophy''' – Gasar wasannin kwana huɗu ce ta U-19 tsakanin jihohi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DDCA |url=https://ddca.in/view-scorecard/429 |website=DDCA}}</ref> *'''Vinoo Mankad Trophy''' – Gasar kofin ’yan ƙasa da shekaru 19 ce, don tunawa da shahararren ɗan wasan kurket Vinoo Mankad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MCA :: Under-19 Vinoo Mankad Trophy 2023-2024 |url=https://www.mumbaicricket.com/mca/U19_Vinoo_Mankad_Trophy_2023_2024.php |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.mumbaicricket.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome To Jammu & Kashmir Cricket Association |url=https://jkca.tv/jkca-player/vinoo-mankad-trophy-u-19-one-day |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=jkca.tv}}</ref> ====Wasan kurket na cikin gida na mata==== =====Gasa ta First-class===== * '''Senior Women's Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy''' -Gasa ce ta wasan kurket na mata ta cikin gida ta First-class a Indiya wadda Hukumar Kula da Wasan Kurket a Indiya ke shirya ta. Gasar ta fara ne a 2014–15 a matsayin gasar kwanaki biyu, sannan gasa uku da suka biyo baya a 2015–16, 2016–17 da 2017–18 aka gudanar da su a tsarin kwanaki uku. Gasar tana ƙunshe da ƙungiyoyi biyar, kowacce tana wakiltar wani yanki (ko "zone") na Indiya: Central Zone, East Zone, North Zone, South Zone da West Zone. Central Zone ita ce ƙungiyar da ta fi samun nasara a tarihin gasar, inda ta lashe gasar uku na farko. Masu riƙe da kambun su ne North Zone, waɗanda suka lashe gasar ta baya-bayan nan a 2017–18. =====Gasa ta limited overs===== * '''Senior Women's One Day Trophy''' – An fara ta a kakar 2006–07, kuma ita ce gasar wasan kurket ta List-A ta mata. Ƙungiyar mata ta Railways ce ta fi rinjaye, inda ta lashe gasa 10 cikin 11. Ana buga ta ne bisa tsarin zagaye-zagaye a matakin yankuna, sannan ƙungiyar da ta fi yin nasara ta shiga super league. An sauya tsarin a kakar 2013–14, tun daga lokacin ana buga ta ne a matakai biyu, inda ake raba jihohi zuwa rukuni 5, biyu a elite group da uku a plate group. Masu zuwa wasan ƙarshe na plate group a ƙarshen kakar ana ɗaukaka su zuwa elite group, sannan ƙungiyoyi biyu mafi raunin sakamako a elite group ana mayar da su plate group. * '''Senior Women's One Day Inter Zonal Trophy'''- =====Gasa ta Twenty20===== * '''Women's Premier League''' – Gasar franchise ce ta wasan kurket na mata ta Twenty20 a Indiya, wadda Hukumar Kula da Wasan Kurket a Indiya (BCCI) ke mallaka kuma ke gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2023 |title=Women's IPL: BCCI earns Rs 4669.99 crore windfall for 5 teams |url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/womens-ipl-adani-bags-ahmedabad-team-mumbai-rcb-delhi-lucknow-cricket/20230125.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1618178527496634369|user=JayShah|title=The @BCCI has named the league - Women's Premier League (WPL). Let the journey begin....}}</ref> * '''Senior Women's T20 Trophy''' – Gasar wasan kurket ta mata ce ta Twenty20. Ana buga ta tsakanin cikakkun mambobin BCCI. An gudanar da gasar farko a kakar 2008–09. Tun daga lokacin ana gudanar da ita kowace shekara, inda 2015–16 ya kasance bugu na 8.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/IND.html|title = CA details}}</ref> * '''Senior Women's T20 Inter Zonal Trophy''' – =====Gasa ta matasa===== * '''Women's under 23 One Day Trophy''' * '''Women's under 23 T20 Trophy''' * '''Women's under 19 One Day Trophy''' * '''Women's under 19 T20 Trophy''' * '''Women's under 15 One Day Trophy''' ==Filayen wasa== Indiya tana da filayen wasan kurket da dama masu ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa. Filin wasan kurket mafi girma a duniya, Narendra Modi Stadium, yana cikin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-07 |title=Motera Cricket Stadium In Ahmedabad With Seating Capacity Of Over A Lakh To Be World's Largest |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/motera-cricket-stadium-in-ahmedabad-with-seating-capacity-of-over-a-lakh-to-be-largest-in-the-world-359982.html |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> Eden Gardens na Kolkata, wanda shi ne filin wasan kurket na uku mafi girma a duniya, yana West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI TV |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues/2/eden-gardens |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003002201/https://www.bcci.tv/venues/2/eden-gardens |website=BCCI TV |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=3 October 2023}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin kula da wasan kurket na cikin gida kamar Ƙungiyar Wasan Kurket ta Jiha ne ke kula da ayyukan da suka shafi wasan kurket da gasa da aka amince da su a yankunansu, don haka akwai ƙungiyoyin Ranji 38. Waɗannan hukumomin wasan kurket na cikin gida suna da alaƙa da BCCI, yayin da hukumomin wasan kurket na gundumomi a ƙasar ke da alaƙa da hukumomin jihohi. Ƙasar tana da cibiyoyin horas da wasan kurket da kulake masu zaman kansu da yawa. Ana gina filin wasan kurket na uku mafi girma a duniya a Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2022-02-05 |title=World's 'third-largest' cricket stadium coming up in Jaipur |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/worlds-third-largest-cricket-stadium-coming-up-in-jaipur/article38384062.ece |access-date=2023-11-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> MRF Pace Foundation tana samar da kayan aiki da wuraren horaswa ga ’yan wasan jefa ƙwallo masu sauri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dinakar |first=S. |date=2020-09-05 |title=MRF Pace Foundation keeps itself relevant through innovation |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/mrf-pace-foundation-virtual-training-ipl-2020-uae-senthilnathan-mcgrath/article32532016.ece |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> ===Filayen wasa masu aiki=== {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible static-row-numbers" style="font-size: 95%" !rowspan=2|Sunan filin wasa !rowspan=2|Wuri !rowspan=2|Adadin kujeru !colspan=3|Adadin wasannin cikin gida da aka buga !colspan=3|Adadin wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa da aka buga !rowspan=2|Wasan farko !rowspan=2|Wasan baya-bayan nan |- !Test !ODI !T20I !Test !ODI !T20I |- |M. A. Chidambaram Stadium |Chennai |38,200 |34 |28 |2 |18 |11 |7 |{{dts|format=dmy|1934|2|10}} |Janairu 2025 |- |Eden Gardens |Kolkata |68,000 |42 |36 |11 |16 |21 |15 |{{dts|format=dmy|1935|1|5}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|11|16}} |- |Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium |Delhi |35,200 |35 |31 |7 |19 |9 |6 |{{dts|format=dmy|1948|11|10}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|10|25}} |- |Brabourne Stadium |Mumbai |50,000 |18 |9 |1 |5 |11 |10 |{{dts|format=dmy|1948|12|9}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2018|10|29}} |- |Green Park Stadium |Kanpur |32,000 |23 |15 |1 |4 |3 |2 |{{dts|format=dmy|1952|1|12}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|11|25}} |- |M. Chinnaswamy Stadium |Bengaluru |40,000 |24 |31 |11 |14 |12 |8 |{{dts|format=dmy|1974|11|22}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|1|17}} |- |Wankhede Stadium |Mumbai |33,100 |26 |28 |8 |23 |17 |9 |{{dts|format=dmy|1975|1|23}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|01|02}} |- |Barabati Stadium |Cuttack |45,000 |2 |19 |3 |1 |8 |0 |{{dts|format=dmy|1982|1|27}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2022|6|12}} |- |Sawai Mansingh Stadium |Jaipur |30,000 |1 |19 |1 |0 |9 |0 |{{dts|format=dmy|1983|10|2}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2021|11|17}} |- |Narendra Modi Stadium |Ahmedabad |132,000 |15 |31 |7 |3 |4 |12 |{{dts|format=dmy|1983|11|12}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|11|19}} |- |Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium |Mohali |27,000 |14 |26 |7 |6 |5 |3 |{{dts|format=dmy|1993|11|22}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|1|11}} |- |IPCL Sports Complex Ground |Vadodara |20,000 |0 |10 |0 |0 |11 |3 |{{dts|format=dmy|1997|12|16}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|10|14}} |- |YS Rajasekhara Reddy Stadium |Visakhapatnam |27,500 |3 |10 |5 |4 |5 |6 |{{dts|format=dmy|2005|4|5}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|2|2}} |- |Rajiv Gandhi Stadium |Hyderabad |39,200 |6 |10 |3 |4 |9 |5 |{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|16}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|1|25}} |- |Holkar Stadium |Indore |30,000 |3 |7 |4 |2 |2 |3 |{{dts|format=dmy|2006|4|15}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|1|14}} |- |VCA Stadium |Nagpur |45,000 |7 |9 |13 |0 |3 |2 |{{dts|format=dmy|2008|11|6}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|2|9}} |- |Dr. DY Patil Sports Stadium |Navi Mumbai |45,300 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |2 |{{dts|format=dmy|2009|11|11}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|10|19}} |- |MCA Stadium |Pune |42,700 |2 |12 |4 |4 |9 |8 |{{dts|format=dmy|2012|12|20}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|11|1}} |- |SCA Stadium |Rajkot |28,000 |3 |4 |5 |3 |2 |4 |{{dts|format=dmy|2013|1|11}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|2|15}} |- |JSCA Stadium |Ranchi |50,000 |3 |6 |4 |2 |3 |3 |{{dts|format=dmy|2013|1|19}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|2|23}} |- |HPCA Stadium |Dharamshala |21,200 |2 |9 |10 |2 |7 |2 |{{dts|format=dmy|2013|1|27}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|3|7}} |- |Greater Noida SC Ground |Greater Noida |8,000 |0 |5 |6 |1 |0 |0 |{{dts|format=dmy|2017|3|8}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2020|3|10}} |- |ACA Stadium |Guwahati |46,000 |0 |2 |5 |0 |2 |3 |{{dts|format=dmy|2017|10|10}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|11|28}} |- |Greenfield Stadium |Thiruvananthapuram |50,000 |0 |2 |4 |0 |3 |4 |{{dts|format=dmy|2017|11|7}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|11|26}} |- |Rajiv Gandhi Stadium |Dehradun |25,000 |1 |5 |6 |0 |0 |0 |{{dts|format=dmy|2018|6|3}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|3|15}} |- |BRSAB Vajpayee Ekana Stadium |Lucknow |50,100 |1 |9 |6 |0 |2 |3 |{{dts|format=dmy|2018|11|6}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|10|29}} |- |Lalabhai Contractor Stadium |Surat |7,000 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4 |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|9|24}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2019|10|4}} |- |SV Narayan Singh Stadium |Raipur |65,000 |0 |1 |1 |0 |1 |2 |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|1|21}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2023|12|1}} |- |Shrimant Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Stadium |Gwalior |50,000 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|10|6}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|10|6}} |- |Kotambi Stadium |Vadodara |40,000 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |3 |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|12|22}} |{{dts|format=dmy|2024|12|27}} |} ==Gasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa da aka shirya== {| class="wikitable" |- style="text-align:center; background:lightblue;" ||'''Gasa''' ||'''Bugu''' ||'''Mai nasara''' ||'''Wasan ƙarshe''' ||'''Mai matsayi na biyu''' ||'''Matsayin Indiya''' ||'''Filayen wasa''' ||'''Filin wasan ƙarshe''' ||'''Filin wasa''' |- | colspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:orange;"|'''Gasa ta manyan maza''' |- ||ICC Men's Cricket World Cup ||1987 Cricket World Cup ||'''{{cr|AUS}}''' ||{{center|'''253/5 (50 overs) – 246/8 (50 overs)'''}} ||{{cr|ENG}} |style="background:#cc9966"|'''Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe''' ||21 (a ƙasashe 2) ||Eden Gardens || [[File:ইডেন গার্ডেনে বাংলাদেশ ও পাকিস্তানের খেলা ৫.jpg|120px]] |- |Asia Cup |1990–91 Asia Cup |'''{{cr|IND}}''' |{{center|'''205/3 (42.1 overs) – 204/9 (45 overs)'''}} |{{cr|SRI}} |style="background:gold;" |'''Zakarun''' |3 (a birane 3) |Eden Gardens |[[File:ইডেন গার্ডেনে বাংলাদেশ ও পাকিস্তানের খেলা ৫.jpg|120px]] |- |ICC Men's Cricket World Cup |1996 Cricket World Cup |'''{{cr|SRI}}''' |{{center|'''241/7 (50 overs) – 245/3 (46.2 overs)'''}} |{{cr|AUS}} |style="background:#cc9966"|'''Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe''' |26 (''a ƙasashe 3'') |Gaddafi Stadium |[[File:Gaddafi stadium lahore.jpg|120px]] |- |ICC Champions Trophy |2006 ICC Champions Trophy |'''{{cr|AUS}}''' |{{center|'''116/2 (28.1 overs) - 138 (30.4 overs)'''}} |{{cr|WIN}} |Matakin rukuni |4 (''a birane 4'') |Brabourne Stadium |[[File:Cricket Club Of India Bombay.jpg|120px]] |- |ICC Men's Cricket World Cup |2011 Cricket World Cup |'''{{cr|IND}}''' |{{center|'''277/4 (48.2 overs) – 274/6 (50 overs)'''}} |{{cr|SRI}} |style="background:gold;"|'''Zakarun''' |13 (''a ƙasashe 3'') |Wankhede Stadium |[[File:Wankhede ICC WCF.jpg|120px]] |- |ICC Men's T20 World Cup |2016 ICC World Twenty20 |'''{{cr|WIN}}''' |{{center|'''161/6 (19.4 overs) – 155/9 (20 overs)'''}} |{{cr|ENG}} |style="background:#cc9966"|'''Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe''' |7 (''a birane 7'') |Eden Gardens |[[File:ইডেন গার্ডেনে বাংলাদেশ ও পাকিস্তানের খেলা ৫.jpg|120px]] |- |ICC Men's Cricket World Cup |2023 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup |'''{{cr|AUS}}''' |{{center|'''241/4 (43 overs) – 240 (50 overs)'''}} |{{cr|IND}} |style="background:silver;"|'''Masu matsayi na biyu''' |10 (''a birane 10'') |Narendra Modi Stadium |[[File:Narendra Modi Stadium view from the gallery.jpg|120px]] |- |ICC Men's T20 World Cup |2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup |'''{{cr|IND}}''' |{{center|'''255/5 (20 overs) – 159 (19 overs)'''}} |{{cr|IND}} |style="background:gold;"|'''Zakarun''' |8 (''a birane 8'') |Narendra Modi Stadium |[[File:Narendra Modi Stadium view from the gallery.jpg|120px]] |- | colspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:yellow;"|'''Gasa ta manyan mata''' |- |ICC Women's Cricket World Cup |1978 Women's Cricket World Cup |'''{{crw|AUS}}''' |{{center|'''100/2 (31.3 overs) – 96/8 (50 overs)'''}} |{{crw|ENG}} |Matakin rukuni |4 (''a birane 4'') |Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad |[[File:Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium.jpg|120px]] |- |ICC Women's Cricket World Cup |1997 Women's Cricket World Cup |'''{{crw|AUS}}''' |{{center|'''165/5 (47.4 overs) – 164 (49.3 overs)'''}} |{{crw|NZ}} |style="background:#cc9966"|'''Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe''' |27 (''a birane 21'') |Eden Gardens |[[File:ইডেন গার্ডেনে বাংলাদেশ ও পাকিস্তানের খেলা ৫.jpg|120px]] |- |Women's Asia Cup |2006 Women's Asia Cup |'''{{crw|IND}}''' |{{center|'''95/2 (27.5 overs) – 93 (44.1 overs)'''}} |{{crw|SRI}} |style="background:gold;" |'''Zakarun''' |1 (''a birni 1'') |Sawai Mansingh Stadium |[[File:Sawai-Mansingh-Stadium-Jaipur.jpg|120px]] |- |ICC Women's Cricket World Cup |2013 Women's Cricket World Cup |'''{{crw|AUS}}''' |{{center|'''259/7 (50 overs) – 145 (43.1 overs)'''}} |{{crw|WIN}} |Matakin rukuni |5 (''a birane 2'') |Brabourne Stadium |[[File:Cricket Club Of India Bombay.jpg|120px]] |- |ICC Women's T20 World Cup |2016 ICC Women's World Twenty20 |'''{{cr|WIN}}''' |{{center|'''149/2 (19.3 overs) – 148/5 (20 overs)'''}} |{{cr|AUS}} |Matakin rukuni |8 (''a birane 8'') |Eden Gardens |[[File:ইডেন গার্ডেনে বাংলাদেশ ও পাকিস্তানের খেলা ৫.jpg|120px]] |- |ICC Women's Cricket World Cup |2025 Women's Cricket World Cup |'''{{crw|IND}}''' |{{center|'''298/7 (50 overs) – 246 (45.3 overs)'''}} |{{crw|RSA}} |style="background:gold;"|'''Zakarun''' |5 (''a birane 5'') |DY Patil Stadium |[[File:D Y Patil Sports Stadium.jpg|120px]] |} ==Ayyuka a gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa== ''Akwatin ja da ke kewaye da shekarar yana nuna gasannin da aka buga a cikin Indiya'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+'''Maɓalli''' |style="background:gold" width="20"| |align="left"| Zakarun |- |style="background:silver" width="20"| |align="left"| Masu matsayi na biyu |- |style="background:#cc9966" width="20"| |align="left"| Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe |- |} === Ƙungiyar maza === ====ICC World Test Championship==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- ! rowspan=3|Lokaci ! colspan=10|Matakin lig ! colspan=4|Wasan ƙarshe |- ! rowspan=2|Matsayi ! colspan=5|Wasanni ! rowspan=2|{{abbr|DED|Rage maki}} ! rowspan=2|{{abbr|PC|Jimillar maki da ake fafatawa}} ! rowspan=2|Maki ! rowspan=2|{{abbr|PCT|Kason maki da aka samu daga maki da aka fafata}} ! rowspan=2|Wuri ! rowspan=2|Wasan ƙarshe ! rowspan=2|Matsayi ! rowspan=2|Bayani |- ! width=20|{{abbr|P|An buga}} ! width=20|{{abbr|W|An ci}} ! width=20|{{abbr|L|An sha kashi}} ! width=20|{{abbr|D|An tashi kunnen doki}} ! width=20|{{abbr|T|An yi kunnen doki}} |- style="background:silver;" | 2019–2021 | 1/9 | 17 | 12 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 720 | 520 | '''72.2''' | {{flagicon|England}}Rose Bowl, England | An sha kashi a hannun {{Cr|NZL}} da wickets 8 | Masu matsayi na biyu | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021-1195334/points-table-standings|title=ICC World Test Championship 2019–2021 Table|access-date=29 August 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812091730/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021-1195334/points-table-standings|url-status=live}}</ref> |- style="background:silver;" | 2021–2023 | 2/9 | 18 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 216 | 127 | '''58.80''' | {{flagicon|England}} The Oval, England | An sha kashi a hannun {{Cr|AUS}} da runs 209 | Masu matsayi na biyu | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/world-test-championship/standings|title=ICC World Test Championship (2021–2023) Points Table|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=1 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801071654/https://www.icc-cricket.com/world-test-championship/standings|url-status=live}}</ref> |- style="background:#cc9966;" | 2023–2025 | 3/9 | 19 | 9 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 228 | 114 | '''50.00''' | {{flagicon|England}} Lord's, England | Ba ta samu cancantar shiga ba | Matsayi na uku |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-test-championship-2023-2025-1345943|title=ICC World Test Championship 2023-25}}</ref> |} ====Kofin Duniya na ODI==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%" |- ! width=200 |Shekara ! width=150 |Zagaye ! width=50 |Matsayi ! width=50 |P ! width=50 |W ! width=50 |L ! width=50 |T ! width=50 |NR ! width=50 |Ƙungiya ! width=50 |Bayani |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} 1975 ||Matakin rukuni||6/8||3||1||2||0||0||1975 Cricket World Cup squads|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/prudential-world-cup-1975-60793|title=Prudential World Cup 1975|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206022506/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/prudential-world-cup-1975-60793|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} 1979 ||Matakin rukuni||7/8||3||0||3||0||0||1979 Cricket World Cup squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/prudential-world-cup-1979-60806|title=Prudential World Cup 1979|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206024322/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/prudential-world-cup-1979-60806|url-status=live}}</ref> |- style="background:gold;" |{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}} 1983 ||'''Zakarun'''||1/8||8||6||2||0||0||1983 Cricket World Cup squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/prudential-world-cup-1983-60832|title=Prudential World Cup 1983|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206032439/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/prudential-world-cup-1983-60832|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor="#cc9966" |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|PAK}} 1987 ||Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe||3/8||7||5||2||0||0||1987 Cricket World Cup squads#India|| <ref name="ESPN 87 88">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/reliance-world-cup-1987-88-60876|title=Reliance World Cup 1987/88|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815114752/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/reliance-world-cup-1987-88-60876|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|AUS}} {{flagicon|NZL}} 1992 ||Matakin rukuni||7/9||8||2||5||0||1||1992 Cricket World Cup squads#India|| <ref name="ESPN 87 88" /> |-bgcolor="#cc9966" |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|PAK}} {{flagicon|SRI}} 1996 ||Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe||3/12||7||4||3||0||0||1996 Cricket World Cup squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wills-world-cup-1995-96-60981|title=Wills World Cup 1995/96|access-date=20 August 2022|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820020900/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wills-world-cup-1995-96-60981|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|England}} {{flagicon|IRL}} {{flagicon|NED}} {{flagicon|SCO}} {{Flagicon|Wales}}1999 ||Super Six||6/12||8||4||4||0||0||1999 Cricket World Cup squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/reliance-world-cup-1987-88-60876|title=World Cup 1999|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815114752/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/reliance-world-cup-1987-88-60876|url-status=live}}</ref> |- style="background:silver;" |{{flagicon|RSA}} {{flagicon|ZIM}} {{flagicon|KEN}} 2003 ||Masu matsayi na biyu||2/14||11||9||2||0||0||2003 Cricket World Cup squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124|title=ICC World Cup 2002/03|access-date=4 October 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004033344/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2002-03-61124|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|WIN}} 2007 ||Matakin rukuni||9/16||3||1||2||0||0||2007 Cricket World Cup squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2006-07-125929|title=World Cup 2007|access-date=4 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930020750/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-cup-2006-07-125929|url-status=live}}</ref> |- style="background:gold;" |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|SRI}} {{flagicon|BAN}} 2011 ||'''Zakarun'''||1/14||9||7||1||1||0||2011 Cricket World Cup squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2010-11-381449|title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2010/11|access-date=4 October 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004095352/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2010-11-381449|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor="#cc9966" |{{flagicon|AUS}} {{flagicon|NZL}} 2015 ||Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe||3/14||8||7||1||0||0||2015 Cricket World Cup squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2014-15-509587|title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2014/15|access-date=4 October 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004095353/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2014-15-509587|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor="#cc9966" |{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}} 2019 ||Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe||3/10||10||7||2||0||1||2019 Cricket World Cup squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-1144415|title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2019|access-date=4 October 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004095358/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-1144415|url-status=live}}</ref> |-style="background:silver;" |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} 2023 ||Masu matsayi na biyu||2/10||11||10||1||0||0||2023 Cricket World Cup squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856|title=ICC Cricket world Cup 2023}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|SA}} {{flagicon|ZIM}} {{flagicon|NAM}} 2027 || colspan="8" |''Ba a tantance ba'' || <ref name="ICC USA T20">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682|title=USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024–2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205110854/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|BAN}} 2031 || colspan="8" |Ta samu cancantar shiga a matsayin mai masaukin baki tare da wata ƙasa || <ref name="ICC USA T20" /> |- !Jimilla !Lakabi 2 !13/13 !96 !63 !30 !1 !2 ! ! |} ====Kofin Duniya na T20==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%" |- ! width=200 |Shekara ! width=150 |Zagaye ! width=50 |Matsayi ! width=50 |P ! width=50 |W ! width=50 |L ! width=50 |T ! width=50 |NR ! width=50 |Ƙungiya ! width=50 |Bayani |- style="background:gold;" |{{flagicon|RSA}} 2007||'''Zakarun'''||1/12||7||4||1||1||1||2007 ICC World Twenty20 squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-twenty20-2007-08-286109|title=ICC World Twenty20 2007/08|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208211355/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-twenty20-2007-08-286109|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} 2009 ||Super 8||7/12||5||2||3||0||0||2009 ICC World Twenty20 squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/437/icc-world-t20-2009/matches|title=ICC World T20, 2009|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206031655/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/437/icc-world-t20-2009/matches|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|WIN}} 2010 ||Super 8||8/12||5||2||3||0||0||2010 ICC World Twenty20 squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/454/icc-world-t20-2010/matches|title=ICC World T20, 2010|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206031655/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/454/icc-world-t20-2010/matches|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|SRI}} 2012 ||Super 8||5/12||5||4||1||0||0||2012 ICC World Twenty20 squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2114/icc-world-t20-2012/matches|title=ICC World T20 2012|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206033740/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2114/icc-world-t20-2012/matches|url-status=live}}</ref> |- style="background:silver;" |{{flagicon|BAN}} 2014 ||Masu matsayi na biyu||2/16||6||5||1||0||0||2014 ICC World Twenty20 squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2243/icc-world-twenty20-2014/matches|title=ICC World Twenty20 2014|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206033741/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2243/icc-world-twenty20-2014/matches|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor="cc9966" |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} 2016 ||Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe||4/16||5||3||2||0||0||2016 ICC World Twenty20 squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2263/icc-world-t20-2016/matches|title=ICC World T20, 2016|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206033742/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/2263/icc-world-t20-2016/matches|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|UAE}} {{flagicon|OMA}} 2021 ||Super 12||6/16||5||3||2||0||0||2021 ICC World Twenty20 squads#India|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2021-22-1267897|title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021/22|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203063312/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2021-22-1267897|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor="#cc9966" |{{flagicon|AUS}} 2022 ||Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe||3/16||6||4||2||0||0||2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup squads#India|| <ref name="ICC USA T20" /> |- style="background:gold;" |{{cricon|West Indies}} {{flagicon|USA}} 2024 ||'''Zakarun''' |1/20 |9 |8 |0 |0 |1 |2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup squads#India |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2024-1411166|title=ICC Men's T20 world Cup 2024}}</ref> |- style="background:gold;" |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|SL}} 2026 || '''Zakarun''' |1/20 |9 |8 |1 |0 |0 |2026 Men's T20 World Cup squads#India |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138|title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2026}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|AUS}} {{flagicon|NZ}} 2028 ||colspan=8|''Ba a tantance ba'' | <ref name="ICC USA T20" /> |- |{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}}<br>{{flagicon|SCO}}<br>{{flagicon|IRE}} 2030 ||colspan=8|''Ba a tantance ba'' || <ref name="ICC USA T20" /> |- !Jimilla !Lakabi 3 !10/10 !62 !43 !16 !1 !2 ! ! |} ====Wasannin Olympics==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%" |- ! width=150 |Shekara ! width=150 |Zagaye ! width=50 |Matsayi ! width=50 |P ! width=50 |W ! width=50 |L ! width=50 |T ! width=50 |NR ! width=50 |Bayani |- |{{flagicon|FRA}} 1900 |colspan=8|''Ba ta shiga ba'' |- |{{flagicon|USA}} 2028 |Ba a tantance ba | | | | | | | |- !Jimilla ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! |} ====Kofin Zakarun==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%" |- ! width=200 |Shekara ! width=150 |Zagaye ! width=50 |Matsayi ! width=50 |P ! width=50 |W ! width=50 |L ! width=50 |T ! width=50 |NR ! width=50 |Ƙungiya ! width=50 |Maj. |- style="background:#cc9966;" |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} 1998||Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe||3/9||2||1||1||0||0||Ƙungiya || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wills-international-cup-1998-99-61033|title=Wills International Cup 1998/99|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929140635/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wills-international-cup-1998-99-61033|url-status=live}}</ref> |- style="background:silver;" |{{flagicon|Kenya}} 2000||Masu matsayi na biyu||2/11||4||3||1||0||0||Ƙungiya|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/745/icc-knockout-2000/matches|title=ICC KnockOut, 2000|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815142447/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/745/icc-knockout-2000/matches|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor="gold" |{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} 2002|| '''Zakarun'''||1/12||5||3||0||0||2||Ƙungiya|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2002-03-61114|title=ICC Champions Trophy 2002/03|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816093531/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2002-03-61114|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor= |{{flagicon|England}} 2004||Matakin rukuni||7/12||2||1||1||0||0||Ƙungiya|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/829/icc-champions-trophy-2004/matches|title=2004 Champions Trophy|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003170555/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/829/icc-champions-trophy-2004/matches|url-status=live}}</ref> |- style="background:;" |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|India}} 2006||Matakin rukuni|||5/10||3||1||2||0||0||Ƙungiya||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694|title=ICC Champions Trophy 2006/07|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003170552/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694|url-status=live}}</ref> |- style="background:;" |{{flagicon|South Africa}} 2009||Matakin rukuni||5/8||3||1||1||0||1||Ƙungiya|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2009-10-374074|title=ICC Champions Trophy 2009/10|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=29 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929140648/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2009-10-374074|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|England}} {{flagicon|WAL}} 2013||'''Zakarun'''||1/8||5||5||0||0||0||Ƙungiya || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2013-566910|title=ICC Champions Trophy 2013|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907065225/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2013-566910|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor=silver |{{flagicon|England}} {{flagicon|WAL}} 2017 | Masu matsayi na biyu | 2/8 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | Ƙungiya |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2017-1022345|title=ICC Champions Trophy 2017|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=13 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813025258/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2017-1022345|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|PAK}} {{flagicon|UAE}} 2025 | '''Zakarun''' | 1/8 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Ƙungiya |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2024-25-1459031|title=ICC Champions Trophy 2025}}</ref> |- |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} 2029 |colspan=8|Ta samu cancantar shiga a matsayin mai masaukin baki | <ref name="ICC USA T20" /> |- !Jimilla !3 Lakabi !9/9 !34 !23 !8 !0 !3 ! ! |} ====Kofin Asiya==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%" |- ! width=200 |Shekara ! width="150" |Zagaye ! width=50 |Matsayi ! width=50 |P ! width="50" |W ! width=50 |L ! width=50 |T ! width=50 |NR ! width=50 |Maj. |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|UAE}} 1984 | '''Zakarun''' | 1/3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/511/india-pakistan-sri-lanka-in-united-arab-emirates-1984-asia-cup/matches|title=India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka in the United Arab Emirates, 1984 ( Asia Cup )|access-date=6 December 2021|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206032028/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/511/india-pakistan-sri-lanka-in-united-arab-emirates-1984-asia-cup/matches|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|SRI}} 1986||colspan=7|''Ta kaurace gasar'' || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/austral-asia-cup-1985-86-60863|title=Austral-Asia Cup 1985/86|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815114438/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/austral-asia-cup-1985-86-60863|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|BAN}} 1988 ||'''Zakarun'''||1/4||4||3||1||0||0 || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wills-asia-cup-1988-89-60889|title=Wills Asia Cup 1988/89|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003165939/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wills-asia-cup-1988-89-60889|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor=gold |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} 1990/91 ||'''Zakarun'''||1/3||4||3||1||0||0 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Asia Cup 1990/91 |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/asia-cup-1990-91/live-cricket-scores-schedule-fixtures-results |access-date=3 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323165830/https://www.wisden.com/series/asia-cup-1990-91/live-cricket-scores-schedule-fixtures-results |archive-date=23 March 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|UAE}} 1995||'''Zakarun''' ||1/4||4||3||1||0||0|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-asia-cup-1994-95-60971|title=Pepsi Asia Cup 1994/95|access-date=5 October 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005061852/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-asia-cup-1994-95-60971|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor=silver |{{flagicon|SRI}} 1997|| Masu matsayi na biyu||2/4||4||1||2||0||1|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-asia-cup-1997-61008|title=Pepsi Asia Cup 1997|access-date=5 October 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005061853/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pepsi-asia-cup-1997-61008|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|BAN}} 2000|| Zagaye na farko|| 3/4||3||1||2||0||0|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2000-61067|title=2000 Asia Cup|access-date=5 October 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005093852/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2000-61067|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor=silver |{{flagicon|SRI}} 2004||Masu matsayi na biyu|| 2/6||6||3||3||0||0|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2004-61152|title=2004 Asia Cup|access-date=5 October 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005092346/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2004-61152|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor=silver |{{flagicon|PAK}} 2008||Masu matsayi na biyu||2/6||6||4||2||0||0|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2008-298014|title=2008 Asia Cup|access-date=5 October 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005092345/https://web.archive.org/web/20221005092345/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2008-298014|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|SRI}} 2010|| '''Zakarun''' ||1/4||4||3||1||0||0|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2010-424694|title=Asia Cup 2010|access-date=5 October 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005093850/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2010-424694|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|BAN}} 2012|| Zagaye na farko ||3/4||3||2||1||0||0|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2011-12-524504|title=Asia Cup 2011/12|access-date=5 October 2022|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005092350/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2011-12-524504|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|BAN}} 2014||Zagaye na farko||3/5||4||2||2||0||0|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2013-14-671665|title=2014 Asia Cup|access-date=4 October 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004100112/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2013-14-671665|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|BAN}} 2016||'''Zakarun''' ||1/5||5||5||0||0||0|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2015-16-966595|title=Men's T20 Asia Cup 2015/16|access-date=4 October 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004100101/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2015-16-966595|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|UAE}} 2018 |'''Zakarun''' |1/6 |6 |5 |0 |1 |0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2018-1153237|title=2018 Asia Cup|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003171032/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2018-1153237|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{Flagicon|UAE}} 2022 |Super Fours |3/6 |5 |3 |2 |0 |0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2022-1327237|title=Asia Cup 2022|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003034858/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2022-1327237|url-status=live}}</ref> |-bgcolor=gold |{{Flagicon|PAK}} {{Flagicon|SRI}} 2023 |'''Zakarun''' |1/6 |6 |4 |1 |0 |1 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asia-cup-2023-1388374/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results|title=Asia Cup 2023|access-date=17 September 2023}}</ref> |-bgcolor=gold |{{Flagicon|UAE}} 2025 |'''Zakarun''' |1/8 |7 |7 |0 |0 |0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mens-asia-cup-india-bangladesh-to-host-2025-and-2027-editions-1445361|title=India, Bangladesh to host 2025 and 2027 Men's Asia Cups|access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> |- |{{Flagicon|BAN}} 2027 |colspan=7|Ba a tantance ba | |- ! Jimilla ! 9 Lakabi ! 16/17 ! 72 ! 50 ! 19 ! 1 ! 2 ! |} ====Wasannin Asiya==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%" |- ! width=150 |Shekara ! width=150 |Zagaye ! width=50 |Matsayi ! width=50 |P ! width=50 |W ! width=50 |L ! width=50 |T ! width=50 |NR ! width=50 |Maj. |- |{{flagicon|CHN}} 2010 | colspan=8|''Ba ta shiga ba'' |- |{{flagicon|South Korea}} 2014 | colspan=8|''Ba ta shiga ba'' |- style="background:gold;" |{{flagicon|CHN}} 2022 |'''Lambar yabo ta zinariya''' | 1/14 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-games-men-s-cricket-competition-2023-1398685/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results|title=Asian Games Men's Cricket Competition 2023|access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|JPN}} 2026 | | | | | | | | |- ! Jimilla ! 1 Lakabi ! 1/3 ! 3 ! 2 ! 0 ! 0 ! 1 ! |} ====Wasannin Commonwealth==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%" |- ! width="150" |Shekara ! width="150" |Zagaye ! width="50" |Matsayi ! width="50" |P ! width="50" |W ! width="50" |L ! width="50" |T ! width="50" |NR ! width=50 |Maj. |- |{{flagicon|MAS}} 1998 | Matakin rukuni | 9/16 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/commonwealth-games-1998-99-460200|title=Commonwealth Games 1998/99|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=15 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815115857/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/commonwealth-games-1998-99-460200|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |{{flagicon|}} 2030 | | | | | | | | |- ! Jimilla ! 0 Lakabi ! 1/1 ! 3 ! 1 ! 1 ! 0 ! 1 ! |- |} ====Gasannin da aka daina==== {|class="wikitable" ! colspan=8| Gasa |- ! Australian Tri-Series ! Asian Test Championship ! Austral-Asia Cup ! NatWest Series ! World Championship of Cricket ! Nehru Cup ! Hero Cup ! Nidahas Trophy |- | style="vertical-align:top;"| * {{flagicon|AUS}} 1980–81: Matsayi na uku * {{flagicon|AUS}} 1985–86: Masu matsayi na biyu * {{flagicon|AUS}} 1991–92: Masu matsayi na biyu * {{flagicon|AUS}} 1999–2000: Matsayi na uku * {{flagicon|AUS}} 2003–04: Masu matsayi na biyu * {{flagicon|AUS}} 2007–08: '''Zakarun''' * {{flagicon|AUS}} 2011–12: Matsayi na uku * {{flagicon|AUS}} 2014–15: Matsayi na uku | style="vertical-align:top;"| * {{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|PAK}} {{flagicon|SRI}} 1999: Matakin rukuni | style="vertical-align:top;"| * {{flagicon|UAE}} 1986: Masu matsayi na biyu * {{flagicon|UAE}} 1990: Matakin rukuni * {{flagicon|UAE}} 1994: Masu matsayi na biyu | style="vertical-align:top;"| * {{flagicon|ENG}} 2002: '''Zakarun''' | style="vertical-align:top;"| * {{flagicon|AUS}} 1985: '''Zakarun''' | style="vertical-align:top;"| * {{flagicon|IND}} 1989: Wanda ya kai matakin kusa da na ƙarshe | style="vertical-align:top;"| * {{flagicon|IND}} 1993: '''Zakarun''' | style="vertical-align:top;"| * {{flagicon|SRI}} 1998: '''Zakarun''' * {{flagicon|SRI}} 2018: '''Zakarun''' |} ===Ƙungiyar mata=== ====Kofin Duniya na Wasan Kurket na Mata na ICC==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- ! Shekara !! Zagaye !! Matsayi !! An buga !! An ci !! An sha kashi !! An tashi kunnen doki !! NR |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} 1973 ||colspan=7| ''Ba ta shiga ba'' |- |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} 1978 || Matakin rukuni || 4/4 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 |- | {{flagicon|NZL}} 1982 || Matakin rukuni || 4/5 || 12 || 4 || 8 || 0 || 0 |- | {{flagicon|AUS}} 1988 ||colspan=7| ''Ba ta shiga ba'' |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} 1993 || Matakin rukuni || 4/8 || 7 || 4 || 3 || 0 || 0 |-style="background:#cc9966" |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} 1997 || Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe || 4/11 || 6 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 |-style="background:#cc9966" |{{flagicon|NZL}} 2000 || Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe || 3/8 || 8 || 5 || 3 || 0 || 0 |-style="background:silver;" |{{flagicon|RSA}} 2005 || Masu matsayi na biyu || 2/8 || 9 || 5 || 2 || 0 || 2 |-style="background:#cc9966" |{{flagicon|AUS}} 2009 || Super 6 || 3/6 || 7 || 5 || 2 || 0 || 0 |- |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} 2013 || Matakin rukuni || 7/8 || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 |-style="background:silver;" |{{flagicon|ENG}} 2017 || Masu matsayi na biyu || 2/8 || 9 || 6 || 3 || 0 || 0 |- |{{flagicon|NZL}} 2022 || Matakin rukuni || 5/8 || 7 || 3 || 4 || 0 || 0 |- |-style="background:gold" |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} 2025 ||'''Zakarun''' || 1/8 || 9 || 5 || 3 || 0 || 1 |- ! Jimilla || 10/12 || 1 Lakabi|| 81 || 42 || 34 || 1 || 4 |} ====Kofin Duniya na T20 na Mata na ICC==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width=900px;" |- ! Shekara !! Matsayi!! An buga !! An ci !! An sha kashi !! An tashi kunnen doki !! NR |-style="background:#cc9966" | {{flagicon|ENG}} 2009 || Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe|| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 |-style="background:#cc9966" | {{flagicon|WIN}} 2010 || Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe|| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 |- | {{flagicon|SL}} 2012 || Matakin rukuni|| 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 |- | {{flagicon|BAN}} 2014 || Matakin rukuni|| 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 |- |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} 2016 || Matakin rukuni || 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 |-style="background:#cc9966" | {{flagicon|UAE}} 2018 || Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe|| 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 |-style="background:silver;" | {{flagicon|AUS}} 2020 || Masu matsayi na biyu|| 6 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 1 |-style="background:#cc9966" | {{flagicon|SAF}} 2023 || Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe|| 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 |- | {{flagicon|UAE}} 2024 || Matakin rukuni || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 |- | {{flagicon|ENG}} 2026 || || || || || || |- ! Jimilla ! 0 lakabi ! 41 ! 22 ! 18 ! 0 ! 1 |} ====Wasannin Olympics==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%" |- ! width=150 |Shekara ! width=150 |Zagaye ! width=50 |Matsayi ! width=50 |P ! width=50 |W ! width=50 |L ! width=50 |T ! width=50 |NR ! Maj. |- |{{flagicon|USA}} 2028 | | | | | | | | |- ! Jimilla ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! |} ====Gasar Mata ta ICC==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- ! width=100 |Shekara ! width=100 |Zagaye ! width=50 |Matsayi ! width=50 |GP ! width=50 |W ! width=50 |L ! width=50 |D ! width=50 |T ! width=50 |NR |- |2014-16||Matakin rukuni{{efn|Ta samu damar shiga Gasar cancantar Kofin Duniya na Wasan Kurket na Mata na 2017.}} ||5/8||21||9||11||0||0||1 |- |2017-20||Matakin rukuni{{efn|Ta samu damar shiga Kofin Duniya na Wasan Kurket na Mata na 2022.}} ||4/8||21||10||8||0||0||3 |- style="background:silver;" |2022-25||Matakin rukuni{{efn|Ta samu damar shiga Kofin Duniya na Wasan Kurket na Mata na 2025.}} ||bgcolor="silver"|2/10||24||18||6||0||0||0 |- !'''Jimilla'''||3/3||0 lakabi||66||37||25||0||0||4 |- |} ====Wasannin Commonwealth==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%" |- ! width=150 |Shekara ! width=150 |Zagaye ! width=50 |Matsayi ! width=50 |GP ! width=50 |W ! width=50 |L ! width=50 |T ! width=50 |NR |- |- style="background:silver;" |{{flagicon|ENG}} 2022||Lambar yabo ta azurfa||2/8||5||3||2||0||0 |- !0 Lakabi !1/1 !5 !3 !2 !0 !0 ! |} ====Kofin Asiya==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width=900px;" |- ! Shekara !! Zagaye !Matsayi!! An buga !! An ci !! An sha kashi !! An tashi kunnen doki !! NR |-bgcolor=gold | {{flagicon|SL}} 2004 || '''Zakarun''' |1/2|| 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 |-bgcolor=gold | {{flagicon|PAK}} 2005–06 || '''Zakarun''' |1/3|| 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- |-bgcolor=gold |style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} 2006 || '''Zakarun''' |1/3|| 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 |-bgcolor=gold | {{flagicon|SL}} 2008 || '''Zakarun''' |1/4|| 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- |-bgcolor=gold | {{flagicon|CHN}} 2012 || '''Zakarun''' |1/8|| 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 |-bgcolor=gold | {{flagicon|THA}} 2016 || '''Zakarun''' |1/6|| 6 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- |-bgcolor=silver | {{flagicon|MAS}} 2018 || Masu matsayi na biyu |2/6|| 6 || 4 || 2 || 0 || 0 |- |-bgcolor=gold | {{flagicon|BAN}} 2022 || '''Zakarun''' |1/7|| 8 || 7 || 1 || 0 || 0 |- |-bgcolor=silver | {{flagicon|SRI}} 2024 ||Masu matsayi na biyu |2/8|| 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 |- |-bgcolor=gold | {{flagicon|UAE}} 2026 || '''Zakarun''' |1/8|| 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 |- !Jimilla !8 lakabi !10/10 !56 !52 !4 !0 !0 |} ====Wasannin Asiya==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%" |- ! width=150 |Shekara ! width=150 |Zagaye ! width=50 |Matsayi ! width=50 |GP ! width=50 |W ! width=50 |L ! width=50 |T ! width=50 |NR |- |{{flagicon|CHN}} 2010|| colspan=7 | ''Ba ta shiga ba'' |- |{{flagicon|South Korea}} 2014|| colspan=7 | ''Ba ta shiga ba'' |- |- style="background:gold;" |{{flagicon|CHN}} 2022||'''Lambar yabo ta zinariya'''||1/9||3||2||0||0||1 |- !Jimilla !1 Lakabi !1/1 !3 !2 !0 !0 !1 |} ====Wasannin Asiya ta Kudu==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%" |- ! width=150 |Shekara ! width=150 |Zagaye ! width=50 |Matsayi ! width=50 |P ! width=50 |W ! width=50 |L ! width=50 |T ! width=50 |NR ! width=50 |Maj. |- |{{flagicon|BAN}} 2016 | colspan=8|''Ba ta shiga ba'' |- |{{flagicon|NEP}} 2019 | colspan=8|''Ba ta shiga ba'' |- |{{flagicon|PAK}} 2026 | colspan=8|''Ba a tantance ba'' |- ! Jimilla ! 0 Lakabi ! 0/0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! |} ===Ƙungiyar maza ta U-19=== ====Kofin Duniya na U19==== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" |- ! style="background:#0889e6; color:#FF8800; text-align:center;" colspan=9|Tarihin Indiya a Kofin Duniya na Cricket na U19 |- ! width="90" |Shekara ! Sakamako ! width="40" |{{Abbr|Mats.|Matsayi}} ! width="40" |{{Abbr|Ƙungiyoyi|Adadin ƙungiyoyi}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|An buga|Wasannin da aka buga}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|An ci|An ci}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|An sha kashi|An sha kashi}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|Dokin|An tashi kunnen doki}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|NR|Ba a samu sakamako ba}} |- | {{flagicon|AUS}} 1988 | Matakin rukuni | 6 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 |- | {{flagicon|RSA}} 1998 | Zagaye na biyu | 5 | 16 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 |- bgcolor=gold | {{flagicon|LKA}} 2000 | '''Zakarun''' | '''1''' | 16 | 8 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 |- bgcolor=cc9966 | {{flagicon|NZL}} 2002 | Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe | 3 | 16 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 |- bgcolor=cc9966 | {{flagicon|BAN}} 2004 | Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe | 3 | 16 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 |- bgcolor=silver | {{flagicon|LKA}} 2006 | Masu matsayi na biyu | 2 | 16 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 |- bgcolor=gold | {{flagicon|MYS}} 2008 | '''Zakarun''' | '''1''' | 16 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 |- | {{flagicon|NZL}} 2010 | Quarter-fainal | 6 | 16 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |- bgcolor=gold | {{flagicon|AUS}} 2012 | '''Zakarun''' | '''1''' | 16 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 |- | {{flagicon|UAE}} 2014 | Quarter-fainal | 5 | 16 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 |- bgcolor=silver | {{flagicon|BAN}} 2016 | Masu matsayi na biyu | 2 | 16 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 |- bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|NZL}} 2018 | '''Zakarun''' | '''1''' | 16 |6 |6 |0 |0 |0 |- bgcolor=silver | {{flagicon|RSA}} 2020 | Masu matsayi na biyu |2 |16 |6 |5 |1 |0 |0 |- bgcolor=gold | {{flagicon|WIN}} 2022 | '''Zakarun''' | '''1''' |16 | 6 |6 |0 |0 |0 |- bgcolor=silver | {{flagicon|RSA}} 2024 | Masu matsayi na biyu | 2 |16 |7 |6 |1 |0 |0 |- bgcolor=gold | {{flagicon|ZIM}}{{flagicon|NAM}} 2026 | '''Zakarun''' | '''1''' |16 |7 |7 |0 |0 |0 |- !Jimilla !'''Lakabi 6''' ! ! !103 !82 !20 !0 !1 |} ====Kofin Asiya na U19==== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" |- ! style="background:#0889e6; color:#FF8800; text-align:center;" colspan=9|Tarihin Indiya a Kofin Asiya na U19 |- ! width="90" |Shekara ! Sakamako ! width="40" |{{Abbr|Mats.|Matsayi}} ! width="40" |{{Abbr|Ƙungiyoyi|Adadin ƙungiyoyi}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|An buga|Wasannin da aka buga}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|An ci|An ci}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|An sha kashi|An sha kashi}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|Dokin|An tashi kunnen doki}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|NR|Ba a samu sakamako ba}} |- |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} 1989 | '''Zakarun''' | '''1''' | 3 |3 |3 |0 |0 |0 |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|Pakistan}} 2003 | '''Zakarun''' | '''1''' |4 |4 |3 |1 |0 |0 |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|Malaysia}} 2012 | '''Zakarun''' | '''1''' |8 |5 |3 |1 |1 | 0 |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} 2014 | '''Zakarun''' | '''1''' |8 |5 |4 |1 |0 |0 |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} 2016 | '''Zakarun''' | '''1''' |8 |5 |5 |0 |0 |0 |- |{{flagicon|Malaysia}} 2017 |Matakin rukuni | 5 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|Bangladesh}} 2018 | '''Zakarun''' | '''1''' |8 |5 |5 |0 |0 |0 |-bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} 2019 | '''Zakarun''' | '''1''' |8 |5 |4 |0 |0 |1 |-bgcolor=gold | {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} 2021 | '''Zakarun''' | '''1''' |8 |5 |4 |1 |0 |0 |- bgcolor=cc9966 |{{Flagicon|UAE}} 2023 |Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe |4 |8 |4 |2 |2 |0 |0 |- bgcolor=silver |{{Flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} 2024 |Masu matsayi na biyu |2 |8 |5 |3 |2 |0 |0 |- bgcolor=silver |{{Flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} 2025 |Masu matsayi na biyu |2 |8 |5 |4 |1 |0 |0 |- !Jimilla !8 Lakabi ! ! !54 !41 !11 !1 !1 |} ===Ƙungiyar mata ta U-19=== ====Kofin Duniya na U19==== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" |- ! style="background:#0889e6; color:#FF8800; text-align:center;" colspan=9|Tarihin Indiya a Kofin Duniya na T20 na U19 |- ! width="90" |Shekara ! Sakamako ! width="40" |{{Abbr|Mats.|Matsayi}} ! width="40" |{{Abbr|Ƙungiyoyi|Adadin ƙungiyoyi}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|An buga|Wasannin da aka buga}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|An ci|An ci}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|An sha kashi|An sha kashi}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|Dokin|An tashi kunnen doki}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|NR|Ba a samu sakamako ba}} |- |- bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|RSA}} 2023 |'''Zakarun''' |'''1''' |16 |7 |6 |1 |0 |0 |- bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|MAS}} 2025 |'''Zakarun''' |'''1''' |16 |7 |7 |0 |0 |0 |- !Jimilla !2 Lakabi ! ! !14 !13 !1 !0 !0 |} ====Kofin Asiya na U19==== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;" |- ! style="background:#0889e6; color:#FF8800; text-align:center;" colspan=9|Tarihin Indiya a Kofin Asiya na T20 na U19 |- ! width="90" |Shekara ! Sakamako ! width="40" |{{Abbr|Mats.|Matsayi}} ! width="40" |{{Abbr|Ƙungiyoyi|Adadin ƙungiyoyi}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|An buga|Wasannin da aka buga}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|An ci|An ci}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|An sha kashi|An sha kashi}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|Dokin|An tashi kunnen doki}} ! width="20" |{{Abbr|NR|Ba a samu sakamako ba}} |- |- bgcolor=gold |{{flagicon|Malaysia}} 2024 |'''Zakarun''' |'''1''' |6 |5 |4 |0 |0 |1 |- !Jimilla !'''1 Lakabi''' ! !6 !5 !4 !0 !0 !1 |} ===Ƙungiyar maza ta A=== ====Kofin Asiya na ACC na Ƙungiyoyi Masu Tasowa==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%" |- !colspan=10|Tarihin Kofin Asiya na ACC na Ƙungiyoyi Masu Tasowa |- ! width=150 |Shekara ! width=150 |Zagaye ! width=50 |Matsayi ! width=50 |P ! width=50 |W ! width=50 |L ! width=50 |T ! width=50 |NR |- |style="background:gold;"|{{flagicon|SIN}} '''2013''' ||'''Zakarun'''|| '''1/8''' || '''5''' || '''4''' || '''1''' ||'''0''' ||'''0''' |- |{{flagicon|BAN}} 2017 || Matakin rukuni || 5/8 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 |- |style="background:silver;"|{{flagicon|SRI}} <br>{{flagicon|PAK}} 2018 || Masu matsayi na biyu || 2/8 || 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 |- |style="background:#cc9966"|{{flagicon|BAN}} 2019 || Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe || 4/8 || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 |- |style="background:silver;"|{{flagicon|SRI}} 2023 || Masu matsayi na biyu || 2/8 || 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 |- |style="background:#cc9966"|{{flagicon|OMA}} 2024 || Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe || 3/8 || 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 |- |style="background:#cc9966"|{{flagicon|QAT}} 2025 || Matakin kusa da na ƙarshe || 3/8 || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 |- !'''Jimilla'''|| '''1 Lakabi'''|| '''-''' ||'''30'''||'''21'''||'''9'''||'''0'''||'''0''' |} ===Ƙungiyar mata ta A=== ====ACC Women's T20 Emerging Teams Asia Cup==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%" |- !colspan=10|Tarihin gasar T20 Emerging Teams Asia Cup |- ! width=150 |Shekara ! width=150 |Mataki ! width=50 |Matsayi ! width=50 |P ! width=50 |W ! width=50 |L ! width=50 |T ! width=50 |NR |- style="background:gold;" |{{flagicon|HK}} '''[[2023 ACC Women's T20 Emerging Teams Asia Cup|2023]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/asian-cricket-council-women-s-emerging-teams-cup-2023-1379666|title=ACC Women's T20 Emerging Teams Asia Cup 2023|access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref>|| '''Zakarun gasar''' || '''1/8''' || '''5''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''3''' |- style="background:gold;" |{{flagicon|THA}} '''[[2026 Women's Asia Cup Rising Stars|2026]]'''||'''Zakarun gasar''' || '''1/8''' || '''5''' || '''4''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''0''' |- |'''Jimilla'''|| '''Kofuna 2'''|| '''-''' ||'''10'''||'''6'''||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''3''' |} ==Watsa wasan kurket a Indiya== ===Gasa ta cikin gida=== ====Wasan kurket na ƙungiyoyin kamfani na cikin gida==== Jerin masu watsa shirye-shirye na ''yanzu'': {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Gasa ! rowspan="2" |Lokaci ! colspan="2" |Haƙƙin Talabijin ! colspan="2" |Haƙƙin yawo kai tsaye |- !Ƙungiyar kamfani !Cibiyar sadarwa !Ƙungiyar kamfani !Dandali |- | colspan="2" |[[Indian Premier League]] |2023–2027<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL Media Rights: BCCI hits a six while Viacom18 and Star India scramble for the ball |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/ipl-media-rights-bcci-hits-a-six-while-viacom18-and-star-india-scramble-for-the-ball/2566141/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Financialexpress |date=20 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> | rowspan="2"|[[JioStar]] | rowspan="2" |[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]] | rowspan="2" |[[JioStar]] | rowspan="2" |[[JioHotstar]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Women's Premier League (cricket)|Women's Premier League]] |2023–2027<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's IPL: Viacom 18 wins media rights, to pay INR 7.09 crore per match |date=16 January 2023 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-womens-ipl-viacom-18-wins-media-rights-to-pay-bcci-over-inr-7-crore-per-match-for-five-years-1354084}}</ref> |} ====Wasan kurket na jihohi/yankuna na cikin gida==== Jerin masu watsa shirye-shirye na ''yanzu'': {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Gasa ! rowspan="2" |Lokaci ! colspan="2" |Haƙƙin Talabijin ! colspan="2" |Haƙƙin yawo kai tsaye |- !Ƙungiyar kamfani !Cibiyar sadarwa !Ƙungiyar kamfani !Dandali |- ! rowspan="4" | Wasan kurket na aji na farko | [[Ranji Trophy]] | rowspan="11" |2023–2028<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556034/bcci-announces-the-successful-bidder-for-acquiring-the-media-rights-for-the-bcci-international-matches-and-domestic-matches-for-september-2023-march-2028|title=BCCI announces the successful bidder for acquiring the Media Rights for the BCCI International Matches and Domestic Matches for September 2023 – March 2028|website=www.bcci.tv}}</ref> | rowspan="11" |[[JioStar]] | rowspan="11" |[[Star Sports (India)|Star Sports]] | rowspan="11" |[[JioStar]] | rowspan="11" |[[JioHotstar]] |- | [[Irani Cup]] |- | [[Duleep Trophy]] |- | [[Senior Women's Inter Zonal Multi-Day Trophy]] |- ! rowspan="4" | Wasan kurket na List A | [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] |- | [[Deodhar Trophy]] |- | [[Senior Women's One-Day Trophy]] |- | [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day|Senior Women's Inter Zonal One-Day Trophy]] |- ! rowspan="3" | Wasan kurket na T20 | [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] |- | [[Senior Women's T20 Trophy]] |- | [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 Trophy]] |} ==== Wasan kurket na ƙungiyoyin jihohi na cikin gida ==== Jerin masu watsa shirye-shiryen ''na yanzu'': {| class="wikitable" !rowspan="2" |Jiha !rowspan="2" |Gasa !rowspan="2" |Lokaci !colspan="2" |Haƙƙin Talabijin !colspan="2" |Haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye |- !Ƙungiyar kamfani !Cibiyar sadarwa !Ƙungiyar kamfani !Dandali |- !{{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} Bihar |Bihar Cricket League |2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-22 |title=Eurosport India acquires broadcast rights for the Bihar Cricket League (BCL) |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/eurosport-india-acquires-broadcast-rights-for-the-bihar-cricket-league-bcl-163630.html|access-date=2021-03-22 |website=MyKhel |language=en}}</ref> |WBD India |Eurosport India |WBD India |Discovery+ |- ! rowspan="2" | {{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} Maharashtra <small>(ban da Mumbai da Vidarbha)</small> |Maharashtra Premier League |2025 |rowspan="3" |JioStar |rowspan="3" |Star Sports |rowspan="3" |JioStar |rowspan="3" |JioHotstar |- |Women's Maharashtra Premier League |2025 |- !Mumbai {{efn|Ba jiha ba ce, amma akwai wata ƙungiya ta daban da ke kula da wasan kurket a Mumbai, Thane da Navi Mumbai na Maharashtra.}} |T20 Mumbai |2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-04 |title=T20 Mumbai 2025, where to watch live: TV channels, live streaming and timings|url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/t20-mumbai-2025-where-to-watch-live-tv-channels-live-streaming-and-timings|access-date=2025-06-06 |website=WISDEN|language=en}}</ref> |- !Andhra Pradesh |Andhra Premier League |2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-27 |title=Andhra Premier League 2024 starts on June 30: Where to watch |url=https://www.sportsadda.com/cricket/news/andhra-premier-league-apl-2024-schedule-telecast-watch-live-streaming-match-times-india|access-date=2024-06-27 |website=SportsAdda |language=en}}</ref> |rowspan="7" |JioStar | rowspan="2" |Star Sports |rowspan="7" |Dream Sports |rowspan="7" |FanCode |- !Vadodara {{efn|Ba jiha ba ce, amma akwai wata ƙungiya ta daban da ke kula da wasan kurket a Vadodara na Gujarat.}} |Baroda Premier League |2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-15 |title=Baroda Premier League 2025, where to watch live: TV channels and live streaming|url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/baroda-premier-league-2025-where-to-watch-live-tv-channels-and-live-streaming|access-date=2025-06-15 |website=WISDEN|language=en}}</ref> |- !{{flagicon image|..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png}} Kerala |Kerala Cricket League |2024-2030<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralacricketassociation.com/2024/08/kerala-cricket-league-broadcast-and-streaming-partner/|title=Kerala Cricket League: Broadcast and Streaming Partner|work=kca|access-date=8 August 2024}}</ref> |Star Sports, Asianet Plus |- !{{flagicon image|Flag of Karnataka.svg}} Karnataka |Maharaja Trophy KSCA T20 |2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=Maharaja Trophy KSCA T20 2024 to begin on August 15 in Bengaluru - watch live|url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/maharaja-trophy-t20-2024-schedule-dates-timing-telecast-live-streaming-info-301139.html#:~:text=Maharaja%20Trophy%20T20%20season%203%20will%20be%20telecast%20live%20on,via%20Fancode%20app%20or%20website.|access-date=2024-08-14|website=mykhel|language=en}}</ref> | rowspan="4" |Star Sports |- !{{flagicon image|Banner of Puducherry.png}} Puducherry |Pondicherry Premier League |2025 |- !{{flagicon image|..Punjab Flag(INDIA).png}} Punjab |Sher-E-Punjab T20 Cup |2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-08 |title=Sher-E-Punjab T20 2024: Know schedule, telecast and watch live streaming in India |url=https://www.sportsadda.com/cricket/news/sher-e-punjab-t20-2024-schedule-telecast-watch-live-streaming-match-times-india |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=SportsAdda |language=en}}</ref> |- !{{flagicon image|..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png}} Tamil Nadu |Tamil Nadu Premier League |2025<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-05|title=TNPL 2025, where to watch live: TV channels, live streaming and timings for Tamil Nadu Premier League|url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/tnpl-2025-where-to-watch-live-tv-channels-and-live-streaming|access-date=2025-06-05|website=Wisden|language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- !{{flagicon image|..Rajasthan Flag(INDIA).png}} Rajasthan |Rajasthan Premier League |2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=Inaugural Rajasthan Premier League 2023 begins in Jodhpur - watch live streaming in India|url=https://www.sportsadda.com/cricket/news/rajasthan-premier-league-2023-schedule-watch-live-streaming-match-times-india|access-date=2023-08-28 |website=SportsAdda |language=en}}</ref> |WBD India |Eurosport India | rowspan="3" |JioStar | rowspan="3" |JioHotstar |- ! rowspan="2" |{{flagicon image|}} West Bengal |Bengal Pro T20 League |rowspan="2" |2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-15 |title=Bengal Pro T20 League 2025, where to watch live: TV channels and live streaming|url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/bengal-pro-t20-league-2025-where-to-watch-live-tv-channels-and-live-streaming|access-date=2025-06-15 |website=WISDEN|language=en}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |JioStar | rowspan="2" |Star Sports |- |Women's Bengal Pro T20 League |- ! rowspan="2" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg}} Delhi |Delhi Premier League T20 |rowspan="2" |2025 | rowspan="2" |None | rowspan="2" |None |Dream Sports |FanCode |- |Women's Delhi Premier League T20 | | |- !rowspan="2" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Madhya Pradesh.svg}} Madhya Pradesh |Madhya Pradesh League |2025 |rowspan="2" |JioStar |rowspan="2" |Star Sports |rowspan="2" |Dream Sports |rowspan="2" |FanCode |- |Women's Madhya Pradesh League |2025 |- !{{flagicon image|Flag of Uttar Pradesh.svg}} Uttar Pradesh |UP T20 League |2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-26 |title=Live streaming, Uttar Pradesh T20 League 2024 underway in Lucknow: Where to watch - full schedule |url=https://www.sportsadda.com/cricket/news/uttar-pradesh-up-t20-league-2024-schedule-telecast-watch-live-streaming-match-times-india|access-date=2024-08-26 |website=SportsAdda |language=en}}</ref> |JioStar |Star Sports |JioStar |JioHotstar |- !Saurashtra {{efn|Ba jiha ba ce, amma akwai wata ƙungiya ta daban da ke kula da wasan kurket a Saurashtra na Gujarat.}} |Saurashtra Pro T20 League |2025<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-06|title=Saurashtra Pro T20 League, 2025: All Squads, Full Schedule, Where To Watch, Live Streaming, Telecast, Timings In IST & Fantasy|url=https://www.cricket.com/news/saurashtra-pro-t20-league-2025-all-squads-tnpl-full-schedule-where-to-watch-live-streaming-telecast-timings-in-ist-fantasy-662025-1749179482219|access-date=2025-06-06|website=Cricket.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607091159/https://www.cricket.com/news/saurashtra-pro-t20-league-2025-all-squads-tnpl-full-schedule-where-to-watch-live-streaming-telecast-timings-in-ist-fantasy-662025-1749179482219|archive-date=2025-06-07|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Saurashtra Pro T20 League 2025 Schedule, Squad, Captains, Venue and Live Streaming|url=https://uccricket.live/cricket/t20/saurashtra-pro-t20-league-2025-schedule-squad-captains-venue-63107/|access-date=2025-06-05 |website=uccricket|language=en}}</ref> |rowspan="3" |Doordarshan |rowspan="3" |DD Sports |rowspan="3" |JioStar, Dream11 |rowspan="3" |JioHotstar, Fancode, [https://wavespb.com Waves] |- !rowspan="2" |Vidarbha {{efn|Ba jiha ba ce, amma akwai wata ƙungiya ta daban da ke kula da wasan kurket a Vidarbha na Maharashtra.}} |Vidarbha Pro T20 League |rowspan="2" |2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Vidarbha Pro T20 League 2025 Schedule, Squad, Captains, Venue and Live Streaming|url=https://uccricket.live/cricket/t20/vidarbha-pro-t20-league-2025-schedule-squad-captains-venue-63122/|access-date=2025-06-05 |website=uccricket|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-07 |title=Vidarbha Pro T20 League 2025: Schedule, squads and where to watch live|url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/vidarbha-pro-t20-league-2025-schedule-squads-and-where-to-watch-live|access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Wisden|language=en}}</ref> |- |Vidarbha Pro T20 League (Women's) |- !{{flagicon image|Chhattisgarh Flag(INDIA).png}} Chhattisgarh |Chhattisgarh Cricket Premier League |2025 |rowspan="3"|Culver Max Entertainment |rowspan="3"|Sony Sports Network |Culver Max Entertainment |SonyLIV |- ! rowspan="2" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Uttarakhand.svg}} Uttarakhand |Uttarakhand Premier League |rowspan="2" |2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Sony Sports India acquires broadcast rights for the Uttarakhand Premier League (UPL) |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/news/uttarakhand-premier-league-2024-womens-schedule-date-timings-venue-and-more|access-date=2024-09-03 |website=SportsTiger |language=en}}</ref> |rowspan="4" |Dream11 |rowspan="4" |FanCode |- |Uttarakhand Premier League (Women's) |- !Arunachal Pradesh |Arunachal Premier League |2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Arunachal Premier League 2024 to begin on September 8 - watch live streaming |url=https://www.sportsadda.com/cricket/news/apl-arunachal-premier-league-t20-2024-schedule-watch-live-streaming-match-times-india/|access-date=2024-09-06 |website=SportsAdda |language=en}}</ref> |colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{center|Babu komai}} |- !{{flagicon image|Flag of Odisha.svg}} Odisha |Odisha Cricket League |2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-09 |title=Odisha Cricket League 2023 to begin on June 12 - watch live streaming in India |url=https://www.sportsadda.com/cricket/news/odisha-cricket-league-2023-schedule-watch-live-streaming-match-times-india|access-date=2023-06-09 |website=SportsAdda |language=en}}</ref> |} {{Notelist}} === Gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa === ==== Cricket na ƙasa da ƙasa (a gida) ==== Jerin masu watsa shirye-shiryen ''yanzu'': {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Gasa ! rowspan="2" |Lokaci ! colspan="2" |Hakkokin talabijin ! colspan="2" |Hakkokin yawo kai tsaye |- !Ƙungiyar kamfanoni !Cibiyar sadarwa !Ƙungiyar kamfanoni !Dandali |- | colspan="2" |{{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} Cricket na ƙasa da ƙasa a Indiya | 2023–2028<ref name=":6"/> | rowspan="1" |JioStar | rowspan="1" |Star Sports DD Sports (FTA) | rowspan="1" |JioStar | rowspan="1" |JioHotstar |} ==== Cricket na ƙasa da ƙasa (a ƙasashen waje) ==== Jerin masu watsa shirye-shiryen ''yanzu'': {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Gasa ! rowspan="2" |Lokaci ! colspan="2" |Hakkokin talabijin ! colspan="2" |Hakkokin yawo kai tsaye |- !Ƙungiyar kamfanoni !Cibiyar sadarwa !Ƙungiyar kamfanoni !Dandali |- | colspan="2" |{{flagicon image|}} International Cricket Council |2024–2027<ref>{{Cite news |title=Disney Star wins ICC media rights for Indian market |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 August 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/disney-star-wins-icc-media-rights-for-indian-market/articleshow/93823767.cms}}</ref> | rowspan="3"|JioStar | rowspan="3" |Star Sports DD Sports (FTA) (Dukkan wasannin TEST, ODI da T20I na Indiya, har da wasan kusa da na ƙarshe da na ƙarshe) | rowspan="3" |JioStar | rowspan="3" |JioHotstar |- | colspan="2" |{{flagicon image|Flag of South Africa.svg}} Cricket na ƙasa da ƙasa a Afirka ta Kudu |2024–2031<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viacom18 and Cricket South Africa Announce Long-term Partnership |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/viacom18-and-cricket-south-africa-announce-long-term-partnership-6336427.html |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Australia (converted).svg}} Cricket na ƙasa da ƙasa a Ostareliya |2023-2030<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Disney Star secure Australian cricket broadcast deal |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/disney-star-acquire-television-broadcast-rights-australian-cricket-india-subcontinent-sony/2022-07-24 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=cricket.com.au |language=en}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" |{{flagicon image|Asian Cricket Council Logo.svg}} Asian Cricket Council |2024-2031<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-22 |title=Sony Culver Max wins Asia Cup media rights at US$170, 70% hike from previous value |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/sony-culver-max-wins-asia-cup-media-rights-at-us170-70-hike-from-previous-value/articleshow/115564029.cms |access-date=2024-11-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> | rowspan="6" |Culver Max Entertainment | rowspan="6" |Sony Sports Network DD Sports (FTA)<br>(Wasannin TEST, ODI da T20I da Indiya kawai) | rowspan="4" |Culver Max Entertainment | rowspan="4" |SonyLIV |- | colspan="2" |{{flagicon image|Flag of England.svg}} Cricket na ƙasa da ƙasa a Ingila |2022–2028<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2018 |title=Sony Pictures acquires media rights for cricket matches in England |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/sony-pictures-networks-india-extends-broadcast-deal-with-ecb-till-2028-5726101.html |access-date=10 August 2022 |website=News 18}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Sri Lanka.svg}} Cricket na ƙasa da ƙasa a Sri Lanka |2023–2027<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony bags the SLC rights for four years |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/125782/sony-bags-the-slc-rights-for-four-years |access-date=2023-06-24|language=en}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" rowspan="2" |{{flagicon image|Flag of New Zealand.svg}} Cricket na ƙasa da ƙasa a New Zealand |2024-2031<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/archive/nzc-sony-pictures-networks-sign-seven-year-india-broadcast-deal/|title=NZC & Sony Pictures Networks sign seven-year India broadcast deal|website=NZC}}</ref> |- |2024-2026<ref name=":8" /> |Amazon |Amazon Prime Video |- | colspan="2" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Pakistan.svg}} Cricket na ƙasa da ƙasa a Pakistan |2025<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=Sony Sports Network secures PCB home series and PSL broadcast rights |url=https://www.adgully.com/sony-sports-network-secures-pcb-home-series-and-psl-broadcast-rights-156217.html |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref> | rowspan="4" |Dream11 | rowspan="4" |FanCode |- | colspan="2" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Zimbabwe.svg}} Cricket na ƙasa da ƙasa a Zimbabwe | 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony Sports Network bags TV and digital rights for the upcoming India tour of Zimbabwe |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/sony-sports-network-bags-tv-and-digital-rights-for-the-upcoming-india-tour-of-zimbabwe|access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Cricbuzz |date=5 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> | rowspan="3" |Prasar Bharati | rowspan="3" |DD Sports (FTA) (Wasannin TEST, ODI da T20I da Indiya kawai) |- | colspan="2" |Cricket na ƙasa da ƙasa a West Indies |2021-2024<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/fancode-picks-up-media-rights-of-west-indies-cricket-board/articleshow/81933556.cms?from=mdr |title=FanCode picks up media rights of West Indies cricket board |publisher=The Economic Times |date=6 April 2021 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref> |- | colspan="2" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Bangladesh.svg}} Cricket na ƙasa da ƙasa a Bangladesh |2025 |- | colspan="2" |{{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan.svg}} Cricket na ƙasa da ƙasa a Afghanistan |2024-2027<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Eurosport India acquires broadcast rights for Afghanistan Cricket Board till 2027 |date=21 February 2024 |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/eurosport-india-acquires-broadcast-rights-for-afghanistan-cricket-board-till-2027}}</ref> |WBD India |Eurosport India |WBD India |Discovery+ |} ==== Cricket na ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru na ƙasa da ƙasa ==== Jerin masu watsa shirye-shiryen ''yanzu'': {| class="wikitable" !rowspan="2" |Ƙasa<br />(ko)<br />Ƙungiyar nahiyoyi !rowspan="2" |Gasa !rowspan="2" |Lokaci !colspan="2" |Hakkokin talabijin !colspan="2" |Hakkokin yawo kai tsaye |- !Ƙungiyar kamfanoni !Cibiyar sadarwa !Ƙungiyar kamfanoni !Dandali |- !{{flag|Afghanistan}} |Afghanistan Premier League |2024-2027<ref name=":10" /> |WBD India |Eurosport India |WBD India |Discovery+ |- !rowspan="2" |{{flag|Australia}} |Big Bash League |rowspan="2" |2023–2030<ref name=":7" /> |rowspan="2" |JioStar |rowspan="2" |Star Sports |rowspan="2" |JioStar |rowspan="2" |JioHotstar |- |Women's Big Bash League |- !{{flag|Bangladesh}} |Bangladesh Premier League |2024-25<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Sagar |date=2024-12-30 |title=BPL 2024-25 Live Streaming Details: Where to Watch Bangladesh Premier League 2024-25 Telecast Details in India, Date, Time, and Fixtures |url=https://cricxtasy.com/news/bpl-2024-25-live-streaming-details-where-to-watch-bangladesh-premier-league-2024-25-telecast-details-in-india-date-time-and-fixtures/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Cricxtasy |language=en-IN}}</ref> |colspan="2" |{{center|Babu}} |rowspan="6" |Dream11 |rowspan="6" |Fancode |- !{{flag|Canada}} |Global T20 Canada |2024<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global T20 Canada 2024: Know schedule, telecast and watch live streaming in India |url=https://www.sportsadda.com/cricket/news/global-t20-canada-2024-schedule-match-times-telecast-watch-live-streaming-india |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=SportsAdda |language=en}}</ref> |JioStar |Star Sports |- !rowspan="2" |{{flag|England}} |The Hundred |rowspan="2" |2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hundred 2025: Where to Watch Matches - TV Channels & Live Streaming in India |url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/the-hundred-2025-where-to-watch-matches-tv-channels-live-streaming-in-india/|access-date=2025-07-21|website=CricTracker|language=English}}</ref> |rowspan="2" |Culver Max Entertainment |rowspan="2" |Sony Sports Network |- |The Women's Hundred |- !{{flag|Nepal}} |Nepal Premier League |2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where to watch Nepal Premier League in India|url=https://www.sportsadda.com/cricket/news/nepal-premier-league-npl-2024-schedule-squads-telecast-watch-live-streaming-match-times-india|access-date=2024-11-26|website=SportsAdda |language=English}}</ref> |JioStar |Star Sports |- !{{flag|Pakistan}} |Pakistan Super League |2025<ref name=":9" /> |Culver Max Entertainment |Sony Sports Network |- !{{flag|South Africa}} |SA20 |2023–2033<ref>{{Cite web |title=SA20 strikes landmark broadcast deal for Indian market |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/south-africa-news-sa20-strikes-landmark-broadcast-deal-for-indian-market-1343046 |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> |rowspan="4" |JioStar |rowspan="4" |Star Sports |JioStar |JioHotstar |- !rowspan="2" |{{flag|Sri Lanka}} |Lanka Premier League |2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=Star Sports partners with Lanka Premier League season 5 to broadcast live action in India |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/mktg/star-sports-partners-with-lanka-premier-league-season-5-to-broadcast-live-action-in-india |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=afaqs! |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-29 |title=FanCode bags three year digital rights for Lanka Premier League |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/fancode-bags-three-year-digital-rights-for-lanka-premier-league/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> |rowspan="3" |Dream11 |rowspan="3" |FanCode |- |Lanka T10 |2024<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Disney Star secures exclusive rights for T10 global tournaments - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/disney-star-secures-exclusive-rights-for-t10-global-tournaments/articleshow/113551767.cms |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref> |- !rowspan="2" |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} |Abu Dhabi T10 |2024<ref name=":11" /> |- |International League T20 |2023–2032<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee Entertainment: ZEE acquires global media rights for Emirates Cricket Board's UAE T20 league for 10 years - The Economic Times |url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/zee-acquires-global-media-rights-for-emirates-cricket-boards-uae-t20-league-for-10-years/articleshow/87996595.cms |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref> |Zee Entertainment Enterprises |Zee Network |Zee Entertainment Enterprises |ZEE5 |- !rowspan="2"|{{flag|United States}} |Major League Cricket |2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-12|title=Major League Cricket Live telecast: When and where to watch MLC 2025 live on TV and streaming in India? |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/major-league-cricket-live-telecast-when-and-where-to-watch-mlc-2025-live-on-tv-and-streaming-in-india-2025-06-12-994316 |access-date=2025-06-12 |work=INDIA TV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-12|title=MLC 2025 Live In India: TV Channels, Streaming Platforms & Match Timings|url=https://zeenews.india.com/cricket/mlc-2025-live-in-india-tv-channels-streaming-platforms-match-timings-all-you-need-to-know-2915107.html|access-date=2025-06-12 |work=ZEE news}}</ref> |rowspan="4" |JioStar |rowspan="4" |Star Sports |JioStar |JioHotstar |- |US Masters T10 |2024<ref name=":11" /> |rowspan="5" |Dream11 |rowspan="5" |FanCode |- !rowspan="3" |{{flag|West Indies}} |Caribbean Premier League |2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Vijay |date=2023-09-19 |title=CPL 2024 Squads, Format, Schedule & Broadcast Options |url=https://ultimatecricketguru.com/caribbean-premier-league-cpl-schedule-team-squads-live-broadcast/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Cricket Predictions, Tips, News, Odds & Offers |language=en-GB}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |Women's Caribbean Premier League |2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-21 |title=Women's CPL 2024, Where To Watch Live: TV Channels, Live Streaming And Match Timings For Women's Caribbean Premier League |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/womens-caribbean-premier-league-2024/cricket-news/womens-cpl-2024-where-to-watch-live-tv-channels-live-streaming-and-match-timings-for-womens-caribbean-premier-league |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Wisden |language=en}}</ref> |- |Global Super League |2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-11 |title= Global Super League T20 confirms worldwide broadcast partners for 2025 tournament |url=https://www.cricexec.com/global-super-league-t20-confirms-worldwide-broadcast-partners-for-2025-tournament/689557928/|access-date=2025-07-11 |website=cricexec.com|language=en}}</ref> |Culver Max Entertainment |Sony Sports Network |- !{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |Zim Afro T10 |2024<ref name=":11" /> |JioStar |Star Sports |} === Sauran gasa === Jerin masu watsa shirye-shiryen ''yanzu'': {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Gasa ! rowspan="2" |Lokaci ! colspan="2" |Hakkokin talabijin ! colspan="2" |Hakkokin yawo kai tsaye |- !Ƙungiyar kamfanoni !Cibiyar sadarwa !Ƙungiyar kamfanoni !Dandali |- |World Championship of Legends |2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-18 |title=World Championship of Legends, where to watch live: TV channels and live streaming for WCL 2025 |url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/world-championship-of-legends-where-to-watch-live-tv-channels-and-live-streaming-for-wcl-2025 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=WISDEN|language=en}}</ref> |JioStar |Star Sports |Dream Sports |FanCode |- |Celebrity Cricket League |2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-07 |title=CCL 2025 Live Streaming & Telecast |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/ccl-2025-live-streaming-telecast-how-to-watch-celebrity-cricket-league-season-11-on-tv-mobile-339495.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=mykhel.com|language=en}}</ref> |Culver Max Entertainment |Sony Sports Network |JioStar |JioHotstar |- |International Masters League |2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Masters League to onboard 9 brands as sponsors and partners |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/international-masters-league-to-onboard-9-brands-as-sponsors-and-partners-125022101317_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref> |JioStar |Colors Cineplex, Colors Cineplex Superhits |JioStar |JioHotstar |- |Legends League Cricket (T20) |2023-25 |JioStar |Star Sports |Dream Sports |FanCode |- |Asian Legends League |2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-10 |title=Asian Legends League 2025: Where To Watch, Schedule, Squads, Telecast, Live Streaming |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/asian-legends-league-2025-where-to-watch-schedule-squads-telecast-live-streaming-2025-03-10-980024 |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=INDIA TV|language=en}}</ref> |Culver Max Entertainment |Sony Sports Network |Dream Sports |FanCode |- |Legends League Cricket (T10) |2025 |Doordarshan |DD Sports |Prasar Bharati |[https://wavespb.com Waves] |- |Indian Street Premier League |2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-15 |title=ISPL 2025 Live Streaming: When and where to watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ispl-2025-live-streaming-when-and-where-to-watch-indian-street-premier-league-season-2-final/articleshow/118264339.cms |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref> |JioStar |Star Sports |JioStar |JioHotstar |- |Max60 Caribbean |2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-16 |title=Max60 Caribbean 2025, where to watch live: TV channels and live streaming |url=https://www.wisden.com/cricket-news/max60-caribbean-2025-where-to-watch-live-tv-channels-and-live-streaming |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=WISDEN|language=en}}</ref> |Culver Max Entertainment |Sony Sports Network |Dream Sports |FanCode |} == A cikin shahararriyar al'ada == An nuna wasan cricket a cikin shahararriyar al'adar Indiya a matsayin wani muhimmin ɓangare na asalin ƙasar Indiya.<ref name="CO" /> Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da ƙaunar ƙasa da kishin ƙasa mai ƙarfi.<ref name="CO" /> === Fina-finai === An nuna wasan cricket sau da yawa a fina-finan Indiya daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun fina-finan shi ne ''M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story'', fim ɗin da Arun Pandey da Fox Star Studios suka shirya, sannan Neeraj Pandey ya ba da umarni. Marigayi ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Sushant Singh Rajput ne ya fito a matsayin kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙasar Indiya Mahendra Singh Dhoni, wanda aka san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kyaftin da ƙwararrun masu kammala wasa a tarihin cricket. Fim ɗin na cikin nau'in fim ɗin tarihin rayuwa da wasan kwaikwayo na wasanni, kuma ya kunshi wasu sassan rayuwar Mahendra Singh Dhoni, kamar yarintarsa, dangantakar iyali, ƙalubale, aure, shugabancin tawagar cricket ta ƙasar Indiya da kuma yadda ya taimaka wa Indiya ta lashe Kofin Duniya na Cricket na 2011 ta hanyar buga ƙwallon da ta kai ga maki shida. ''M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story'' ya samu karɓuwa sosai daga masu kallo da masu suka, inda ya samu kashi 80% a Rotten Tomatoes<ref>{{Cite web |title=M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story (2016) - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ms_dhoni_the_untold_story |access-date=2017-05-13 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> da maki 8 a IMDb.<ref>{{Citation |title=M.S. Dhoni: The Untold Story (2016) - IMDb |url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt4169250/ |access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref> ''83'' ma fim ne da Reliance Entertainment ta shirya kuma Kabir Khan ya ba da umarni. Ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ranveer Singh ne ya fito a matsayin kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙasar Indiya Kapil Dev, wanda aka san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu jefa ƙwallo a tarihin cricket na Indiya. Fim ɗin na cikin nau'in fina-finan tarihi na Indiya, kuma ya ba da labarin nasarar da tawagar ƙasar Indiya ta samu a matsayin wadda ba a yi tsammanin za ta yi nasara ba a Kofin Duniya na Cricket na 1983. ''83'' ya samu karɓuwa sosai daga masu kallo da masu suka, inda ya samu kashi 80% a Rotten Tomatoes<ref>{{Cite web |title=83 - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/83 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> da maki 7.5 a IMDb.<ref name="IM">{{Citation |title='83 (2021) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7518786/?ref_=tt_urv |access-date=2023-05-13}}</ref> Bita da dama sun yaba wa fim ɗin saboda yadda ya jaddada kishin ƙasa da kuma yadda ya ba da labarin nasarar da Indiya ta samu a shekarar 1983 cikin salo mai ɗaukar hankali, duk da cewa wasu sun soki fim ɗin saboda ƙara wa wasu sassan labarin armashi fiye da kima.<ref name="IM" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verma |first1=Amit |last2=Sharma |first2=Abhishika |last3=Srivastava |first3=Amitabh |date=2023-01-02 |title=Making Indian cricket history: review of the film 83 (2021) |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2022.2099637 |journal=Media Asia |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=141–144 |doi=10.1080/01296612.2022.2099637 |issn=0129-6612 |s2cid=250659168|url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Mashahurai === Ana kallon 'yan wasan cricket na ƙasar Indiya a matsayin wasu daga cikin fitattun mashahurai a Indiya, musamman Sachin Tendulkar, wanda wasu ke ɗaukar shi da matsayi mai kama da na abin bautawa.<ref name="PC">{{Cite journal |last1=Nalapat |first1=Abilash |last2=Parker |first2=Andrew |date=December 2005 |title=Sport, Celebrity and Popular Culture: Sachin Tendulkar, Cricket and Indian Nationalisms |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1012690205065750 |journal=International Review for the Sociology of Sport |language=en |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=433–446 |doi=10.1177/1012690205065750 |issn=1012-6902 |s2cid=143036248 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A ƙarshen aikinsa na wasanni, Tendulkar ya fara shiga harkar siyasa, inda aka rantsar da shi a matsayin ɗan Majalisar Rajya Sabha, wato majalisar dattawan Indiya, a shekarar 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachin Tendulkar sworn in as MP |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/413892/amp |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> shekara guda kafin ya yi ritaya a hukumance a shekarar 2013. Duk da cewa Tendulkar bai taɓa bayyana alaƙarsa a hukumance da wata jam'iyyar siyasa ba, wasu wallafe-wallafe sun yi iƙirarin cewa ya fara zama abin koyi mai karkata ga Hindu bayan farkon ƙarni na 21 a lokacin aikinsa na cricket.<ref name="PC" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kavoori |first=Anandam |title=Cricket, Media and the Nation: An Autoethnographic Exploration of Three Mediated Moments in Indian Cricket |url=https://amityuniversity.ae/gmj-ae/journals/2021/1%20Anandam%20Kavoori.pdf |journal=Global Media Journal - Arabian Edition |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=1–14 |via=Amity University Dubai}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin cricket a kafafen sada zumunta == Ƙungiyoyin cricket biyar da suka fi shahara a kafafen sada zumunta a duniya duk ƙungiyoyin Indian Premier League ne tun daga shekarar 2024:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-25 |title=Most popular cricket clubs on social media in the world |url=https://fantasykhiladi.com/cricket/ipl/most-fan-following-ipl-team/ |access-date=2024-07-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> {{row counter| {|class{{=}}"wikitable sortable" !#!!Ƙungiyar cricket!!Wuri!!Masu bibiyarta |- |style{{=}}"text-align:center;"|_row_count||Chennai Super Kings||Chennai||40.5 miliyan |- |style{{=}}"text-align:center;"|_row_count||Mumbai Indians||Mumbai||36.3 miliyan |- |style{{=}}"text-align:center;"|_row_count||Royal Challengers Bengaluru||Bengaluru||31.9 miliyan |- |style{{=}}"text-align:center;"|_row_count||Kolkata Knight Riders||Kolkata||28.9 miliyan |- |style{{=}}"text-align:center;"|_row_count||Sunrisers Hyderabad||Hyderabad||14.2 miliyan |} }} ==Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} qw9sficrl4vltffim9a7egsro92vy5u 0 174121 976090 971836 2026-11-05T10:08:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Larisa Yefimovna Shepitko''' (Russian: Лари́са Ефи́мовна Шепи́тько, Ukrainian: Лариса Юхимівна Шепітько, romanized: Larysa Yukhymivna Shepitko; 6 January 1938 – 2 July 1979) was a Soviet film director and screenwriter of Ukrainian origin. She is considered one of the best directors of all time,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ivan-Zadeh |first=Larushka |date=2005-01-10 |title=The lady vanishes |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2005/jan/10/russia |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> with her film ''The Ascent'' being the second film directed by a woman to win a Golden Bear<ref>{{Cite web |title=27th Berlin International Film Festival |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/yearbooks/1977.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111151251/https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/yearbooks/1977.html |archive-date=Jan 11, 2023 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=www.berlinale.de |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-02-06 |title=Which directors have won at the Berlin film festival? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2015/feb/06/directors-won-berlin-film-festival-golden-bear |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> and the third film directed by a woman to win a top award at a major European film festival (Cannes, Venice, Berlin).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Берлінський міжнародний кінофестиваль " Берлінале " |url=https://calendate.com.ua/holiday/177 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=calendate.com.ua}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Лариса Шепітько — біографія, факти з життя |url=https://calendate.com.ua/person/80 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=calendate.com.ua}}</ref> An kuma dauki Shepitko a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun masu shirya fina-finai na Soviet a lokacin Khrushchev Thaw da Era of Stagnation . Khrushchev Thaw ya kasance martani kai tsaye ga iyakokin da aka tilasta wa 'yan ƙasar Soviet a lokacin mulkin Stalin, kuma ya nuna farkon dawowar sababbin fasahohin fina-finai. An yanke aikin Shepitko a shekara ta 1979 lokacin da aka kashe ta a hatsarin mota yayin da take neman wurare don fim din <nowiki><i id="mwPw">Farewell</i></nowiki> . Mijinta Elem Klimov ya kirkiro wani shirin girmamawa na minti 20 da ake kira ''Larisa'' don girmama gadonta. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Shepitko a Artemovsk, wani gari a Gabashin [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] wanda yanzu ake kira Bakhmut . Ɗaya daga cikin yara uku, mahaifiyarta ce ta yi renonta, malamar makaranta. Mahaifinta, jami'in soja, ya saki mahaifiyar Shepitko kuma ya watsar da iyalinsa lokacin da Larisa ke ƙarama. Ta tuna, "Mahaifinmu ya yi yaƙi a duk lokacin yaƙi. A gare ni, yaƙin yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi ƙarfin ra'ayi na farko. Ina tuna da jin daɗin rayuwa, iyalin sun rabu. Ina tunawa da yunwa da kuma yadda aka kwashe mahaifiyarmu da mu, yara uku. Ra'ayin bala'in duniya tabbas ya bar alamar da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba a tunanin ɗana. "Saboda wannan, aikinta sau da yawa yana ma'amala da kaɗaici da warewa. A shekara ta 1954, ta kammala makarantar sakandare a [[Lviv]] . Shepitko ta koma [[Moscow]] lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha shida, ta shiga Cibiyar Cinematography ta Jihar All-Union a matsayin dalibi na [[Alexander Dovzhenko]] . Ta kasance dalibi na Dovzhenko na tsawon watanni 18 har sai da ya mutu a shekarar 1956. Ta ji dangi tsakanin al'adun da suka raba da kuma hotunan zamantakewar al'umma. Ta kuma karɓi ƙa'idarsa, "Ka yi kowane fim kamar na ƙarshe ne". Duk da aiki a cikin yanayin da maza suka mamaye tare da tarihin fina-finai na maza da farko don koyo daga, daga baya za ta bayyana cewa, "Ban taɓa ƙoƙarin ɗaukar daraktocin maza a matsayin abin koyi ba, saboda na san kawai cewa duk wani yunkuri da abokana mata, abokan aikina - ƙarami da manyan - don yin koyi da masu yin fim na maza ba shi da ma'ana saboda duk abin da aka samo asali ne".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Larisa |url=https://criterionchannel.vhx.tv/videos/larisa |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=The Criterion Channel |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Gudanarwa === Fim din Shepitko na farko bayan cibiyar Wings ya shafi matukin jirgi na mata mai daraja na yakin duniya na biyu. Direban jirgin, yanzu shugaban kwalejin sana'a, ba shi da alaƙa da 'yarta da sabuwar tsara. Ta shiga cikin ra'ayoyin soja na hidima da biyayya cewa ba za ta iya daidaitawa da rayuwa a lokacin zaman lafiya ba. Shepitko ta kawo haske game da rayuwar ciki ta wata mace mai matsakaicin shekaru wacce dole ne ta sulhunta da ta gabata da gaskiyar ta yanzu. Ta bayyana wannan ta hanyar bambanta halayenta, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar ciki na claustrophobic da kuma abubuwan da suka dace, tare da sama, manyan hotuna na sama da girgije, wanda ke wakiltar 'yancin kwanakin tashi. Actress Maya Bulgakova tana zaune a wannan mace mai tsananin gaske amma mai ma'ana tare da tausayi da ban dariya. Fim din ya haifar da rikice-rikice na 'yan jarida na Soviet a lokacin, saboda ba a nufin fina-finai su nuna rikice-rikicen tsakanin yara da iyaye ba (Vronskaya 1972, shafi na 39). &nbsp;Ya fara muhawara ta jama'a ta hanyar amincewa da rata ta tsara da kuma zanen jarumin yaƙi a matsayin wanda aka manta da shi, wanda ya ɓace. A shekara ta 1967, ta harbe na biyu daga cikin abubuwan uku a cikin fim din mai suna Beginning of an Unknown Era, wanda aka yi don tunawa da shekaru hamsin na Juyin Juya Halin Oktoba . Shirin Shepitko, The Homeland of Electricity, ya biyo bayan wani matashi injiniya wanda ya kawo wutar lantarki zuwa wani kauye mai talauci. Hukumomi sun yanke hukuncin fim din gaba ɗaya don nuna Bolsheviks cikin haske mara kyau, kuma an bar shi ba tare da an sake shi ba. Biyu daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru, ciki har da The Homeland of Electricity, an samo su kuma an nuna su a fili a karo na farko a 1987, amma an yi imanin fim din a cikin cikakkiyar asalinsa ya ɓace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nachalo nevedomogo veka |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062026/ |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 1969, ta harbe fim dinta na farko mai launi, fim mai suna In the 13th Hour of the Night, wani sabon shekara mai suna Vladimir Basov, Georgy Vitsin, Zinovy Gerdt, Spartak Mishulin da Anatoly Papanov. A shekara ta 1977 Shepitko ta fitar da The Ascent, fim dinta na karshe da aka kammala kuma wanda ya sami mafi ''Hawan'' kulawa a Yamma. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo Boris Plotnikov da Vladimir Gostyukhin sun sami manyan rawarsu ta farko a cikin fim din. An daidaita shi daga wani labari na Vasili Bykov, Shepitko ya koma ga wahalar Yaƙin Duniya na II, yana ba da labarin gwaji da ƙunci na ƙungiyar masu goyon bayan Soviet a Belarus a cikin mummunan hunturu na 1942. Biyu daga cikin 'yan tawaye, Sotnikov da Rybak, Wehrmacht sun kama su sannan kuma wani abokin aiki na gida, wanda Anatoly Solonitsyn ya buga, ya yi musu tambayoyi, kafin a kashe hudu daga cikinsu a fili. Wannan hotuna shahadar Soviets ya dogara da yawa ga siffofin Kirista. Ascent ya lashe Golden Bear a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Berlin na 27 a shekarar 1977. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1977 |title=Berlinale 1977 – Filmdatenblatt |url=http://www.berlinale.de/de/archiv/jahresarchive/1977/02_programm_1977/02_Filmdatenblatt_1977_19770001.php |access-date=27 February 2010 |publisher=Archiv der Internationale Filmfestspiele in Berlin}}</ref> Har ila yau, gabatarwar hukuma ce ta Tarayyar Soviet don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen Waje na 50th Academy Awards a 1978, kuma an haɗa shi a cikin "Fim 1001 Dole ne Ka Ga Kafin Ka Mutu" na Steven Schneider. Shepitko yana son fim din ya bi gaskiyar abin da sojojin Soviet za su fuskanta a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. An samo simintin ne daga 'yan wasan kwaikwayo marasa suna waɗanda asalin su ya dace da haruffa da take so su nuna. An harbe fim din a Murom a lokacin matsanancin hunturu na Rasha inda yanayin zafi ya kai digiri 40 a kasa da sifili. Shepitko ya ki amincewa da wani magani na musamman kuma kawai ya sa tufafin da simintin suka sa don nuna wahalar da suka sha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2019 |title="If She Does Not Do it, Then She Dies" the Story of Larisa Shepitko |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=np7kmqiPIlI |website=Dauphine Productions}}</ref> Shahararren Shepitko na kasa da kasa ya haifar da gayyatar yin aiki a cikin juri a bikin fina-finai na kasa da duniya na Berlin na 28 a shekarar 1978. <ref name="berlinale">{{Cite web |title=Berlinale 1978: Juries |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1978/04_jury_1978/04_Jury_1978.html |access-date=4 August 2010 |website=berlinale.de}}</ref> An ba Shepitko damar jagorantar a Hollywood, wanda ta dakatar har sai ta iya inganta Turanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shepitko, Larissa (1939–1979) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/shepitko-larissa-1939-1979 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Dan Shepitko Anton Klimov ya yi iƙirarin cewa Francis Ford Coppola ya nuna fim dinsa na 1979 Apocalypse Now ga Shepitko kafin a sake shi don samun tunaninta game da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paikova |first=Valeria |date=2021-03-26 |title=Top 5 Soviet female movie directors |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/333588-soviet-female-directors |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Russia Beyond |language=en-US}}</ref> === Censorship === A lokacin mulkin Soviet, gwamnatin kwaminisanci za ta tantance fina-finai da ba su amince da su ba. Wannan shi ne yanayin fina-finai uku na farko na Shepitko: Wings, The Homeland of Electricity, da You and Me. An saki Wings ga masu sauraro kaɗan sannan daga baya aka dakatar da shi, Ba a taɓa nuna The Homeland and Electricity a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo ba, kuma an sauke You and Me kuma an maye gurbin su daga saki a bikin fina-fakarun Venice ta gwamnatin Soviet. Ta fara aiki a kan samar da fim din Belorussian Station a 1971 kuma ta shirya canza sautin kyakkyawan labari na asali zuwa mafi muni. Yayin da labarai suka fito daga waɗannan tsare-tsaren, Mosfilm ta cire ta daga samarwa kuma ta maye gurbin ta da "mai ba da rikici", Andrei Smirnov . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sorokina |first=Anastasia |date=2017 |title=The Lady Vanishes: Soviet Censorship, Socialist Realism, and the Disappearance of Larisa Shepitko |url=https://fms.wustl.edu/files/fms/imce/sorokina_shepitko.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208233344/https://fms.wustl.edu/files/fms/imce/sorokina_shepitko.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2025 |access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref> === Yin wasan kwaikwayo === Kafin Shepitko ta ba da umarnin tsayi, ta yi fim a fina-finai uku a lokacin da take VGIK . Ta kasance karin a cikin Eldar Ryazanov's Carnival Night kuma ta buga Hanna a cikin Yuriy Lysenko's ''Tavriya'' . A ƙarshe, ta buga Nina a cikin Nikolai Litus da Igor Zemgano's ''Obyknovennaya istoriya'' . Ta kuma bayyana a takaice a fim din mijinta Elem Klimov Sport, Sport, Sport. == Hanyar da jigogi == Hanyar fim din Shepitko sau da yawa ana danganta shi da hakikanin gaskiya, wanda ke nuna babban matsayi na dabi'a wanda ke ba da ainihin kwatancin batun da ta bincika. Yawancin fina-finai ana harbe su a baki da fari kuma suna da saitunan da aka ware. Abubuwan da ta yi amfani da su akai-akai suna mai da hankali kan sassan jiki wanda ke haifar da kusanci da halayenta. Halin Shepitko yana haifar da alamomi masu yawa na gani, na waka. Yawancin wannan salon ya rinjayi malaminta a VGIK, [[Alexander Dovzhenko]] . === Jigogi === Babban jigo a cikin aikin fim na Shepitko shine yaki. Fiye da haka, Yaƙin Duniya na II a cikin hangen nesa game da yadda yake da alaƙa da zamanin zamani. A cikin Wings, Shepitko ya nuna yanayin bayan yakin duniya na biyu inda tsohon matukin jirgi ya tuna ana ganinsa a matsayin jarumi na yaki. Ga The Ascent, Shepitko ta bayyana a cikin wata hira cewa dalilin da ya sa ta so ta yi fim a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu shi ne saboda ta ga jigonsa da ya dace da abin da ta nema daga yanayin zamani na al'adun Soviet: "Kowane lokaci yana kawo wasu batutuwa zuwa farfajiya, kuma tambayar jaruntaka a zamanin yau watakila kamar yadda yake a lokacin yaƙi. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talks with Larisa - The Ascent |url=https://www.criterionchannel.com/the-ascent/videos/talks-with-larisa |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=The Criterion Channel |language=en}}</ref> Jaridar Calvert ta bayyana cewa, "Shepitko mai shirya fina-finai ne na siyasa, amma wanda ya samo asali ne sosai a cikin bil'adama maimakon akidar. Dukansu Wings da The Ascent ayyuka ne masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda ke bincika - duk da cewa daga bangarori ''Hawan''-daban - mummunan sakamakon rikici. An cire tatsuniyoyin jarumiya, a maimakon haka ba tare da neman gafara ba game da farashin yaƙi mai guba ba.<ref name="Pronger">{{Cite web |last=Pronger |first=Rachel |title=How Larisa Shepitko's pursuit of truth produced a searing legacy of anti-war films |url=https://www.calvertjournal.com/articles/show/12650/larisa-sheptiko-soviet-filmmaker-antiwar-legacy-wings-the-ascent |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=The Calvert Journal}}</ref> A cewar mijin Shepitko a cikin gajeren fim dinsa na ''Larisa'', "Larisa ta zo kusa da babban jigon aikinta - hukunci mara kyau na kanka da babban alhakin da kowannensu ke da shi ga abubuwan da muka yi a rayuwa. "Wannan ya kasance ne don mayar da martani ga tunaninsa game da fim dinta You and Me, da kuma yadda daga can gaba wannan zai zama sanannen bincike a cikin fina-finai The Ascent da ''Farewell'' . Fim din Shepitko wani lokacin suna nuna jigogi na addini. The Ascent yana amfani da labarin Yahuza da Yesu don kwatanta da kuma bambanta manyan haruffa biyu. == Rayuwa ta mutum == === Aure === A cikin 1963, Shepitko ta sadu da Elem Klimov yayin da take kammala fim dinta Heat . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lim |first=Dennis |date=2008-08-10 |title=Soviet films take wing again |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-aug-10-ca-second10-story.html |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar sai su biyun suka yi aure. Suna da ɗa ɗaya, Anton, wanda aka haifa a shekara ta 1973. === Lafiya === Shepitko ta yi gwagwarmaya da matsalolin lafiyar jiki da tunani a lokuta daban-daban a rayuwarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pronger |first=Rachel |title=How Larisa Shepitko's pursuit of truth produced a searing legacy of anti-war films |url=https://www.calvertjournal.com/articles/show/12650/larisa-sheptiko-soviet-filmmaker-antiwar-legacy-wings-the-ascent |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=The Calvert Journal}}</ref> Yayinda take yin fim din Heat, ta sauka tare da Hepatitis A kuma dole ne ta jagoranci wasu al'amuran daga shimfiɗa. Sauye-sauyen da aka yi wa aikinta ya shafi lafiyar hankalinta, wanda ya haifar da lalacewa da kwantar da ita a asibiti a farkon shekarun 1970. A lokacin da aka kwantar da ita a asibiti, Shepitko ta fadi wanda ya lalata kashin baya, wanda ya rikitar da ciki kuma ya sanya haihuwar ɗanta Anton a cikin 1973 kusan mutuwa. === Mutuwa === Shepitko ta mutu a hadarin mota a kan babbar hanya kusa da birnin Tver tare da mambobi hudu na ƙungiyar harbi a 1979 yayin da take neman wurare don shirya shirye-shiryen adawa da littafin Farewell to Matyora na [[Valentin Rasputin]] . Andrei Tarkovsky, ɗan'uwan fim kuma aboki na Shepitko, ya rubuta a cikin mujallarsa game da taron bayan ya halarci jana'izarta, "... Hadarin mota. Dukkanin sun mutu nan take. Don haka ba zato ba tsammani, babu ɗaya daga cikinsu da ke da adrenaline a cikin jini. Da alama direban ya yi barci a kan motar. "Yana da sassafe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two films by Larisa Shepitko |url=http://2015.festival-lumiere.org/en/lecture-zen-uk/two-films-by-larisa-shepitko.html |access-date=2021-03-17 |website=2015.festival-lumiere.org |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026150203/http://2015.festival-lumiere.org/en/lecture-zen-uk/two-films-by-larisa-shepitko.html |archive-date=2021-10-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mijinta, darektan Elem Klimov, ya gama aikin a ƙarƙashin taken <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">Farewell</i></nowiki> kuma ya ba da kyauta ta minti 25 mai suna ''Larisa'' (1980). ''Farewell'' game da wani karamin ƙauye ne a kan wani kyakkyawan tsibiri da ke fuskantar barazanar ambaliyar ruwa. Fim din ya biyo bayan mazauna da gaisuwarsu ga ƙasarsu. "Masu sukar sun ci gaba da cewa samfurin karshe ba shi da hangen nesa na Shepitko na musamman, a bayyane yake ra'ayi wanda ba za a iya maimaita shi ba". Mawallafin Alfred Schnittke, wanda ya yi aiki tare da Shepitko sau da yawa a baya akan zira kwallaye a fina-finai, ya keɓe String Quartet No. 2 (1981) ga ƙwaƙwalwar Shepitko. Klimov ta takaitaccen fim ''Larisa'' ta yi iƙirarin cewa Shepitko ta kasance tana shirya duk rayuwarta don yin ''Farewell'', kuma tabbas zai kasance babban matsayi na aikinta.<ref name="Larisa">{{Cite web |title=Larisa |url=https://criterionchannel.vhx.tv/videos/larisa |access-date=2021-12-07 |website=The Criterion Channel |language=en}}</ref> Marubucin littafin da ''Farewell'' ya dogara da shi, Valentin Rasputin, ya bayyana cewa, "...Ina so in yi ƙoƙari in hana Matyora yin fim. Ina so in adana Matyora a cikin asalinsa, a matsayin wani nau'i, amma Larisa ta sami damar shawo kaina da sauri. Ta fara bayyana abin da ta yi tunanin fim din nan gaba ya zama kamar, kuma tana da sha'awar shi sosai, don haka na manta da niyyata kada in bar Matyora".<ref name="Larisa" /> == Kyauta == A cikin 2008, The Criterion Collection ya fitar da Eclipse Series 11, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Koresky |first=Michael |date=Aug 11, 2008 |title=Eclipse Series 11: Larisa Shepitko |url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/507-eclipse-series-11-larisa-shepitko |website=The Criterion Collection}}</ref> wanda ya nuna aikin Larisa Shepitko. Jerin ya ''Hawan'' da Wings da The Ascent . A cikin 2021, tarin ya fitar da sabuntawa mai ''Hawan.'' kansa na The Ascent . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Howe |first=Fanny |date=2021 |title=The Ascent: Out in the Cold |url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/7256-the-ascent-out-in-the-cold |website=The Criterion Collection}}</ref> An kafa takardar tunawa a kan titin Pavla Kovzhuna a [[Lviv]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]], garin da Shepitko ya girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Шукач {{!}} Меморіальна дошка Ларисі Шепітько у Львові |url=https://www.shukach.com/uk/node/73787 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=www.shukach.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629152445/https://www.shukach.com/uk/node/73787 |archive-date=2024-06-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Australian Cinémathèque a Gallery of Modern Art ([[Brisbane]]" id="mwAUY" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane">GOMA) a Brisbane, Australia ta gabatar da cikakken tarihin ayyukan Shepitko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Larisa Shepitko – Cinema |url=https://www.qagoma.qld.gov.au/cinema/program/larisa-shepitko/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Queensland Art Gallery {{!}} Gallery of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> Shirin, wanda Robert Hughes ya tsara, ya haɗa da fina-finai huɗu na Shepitko, tare da Farawar wani Lokacin da ba a sani ba da kuma fim din talabijin na fim dinta In the Thirteenth Hour of the Night . Har ila yau, sake dubawa ya nuna fina-finai biyu na Elem Klimov; ''Larisa'', wani ɗan gajeren haraji da ke tunawa da rayuwar Shepitko da gado da ''Farewell'', an kammala shi bayan mutuwarta don girmama ta. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2025, ɗakin karatu na kimiyya na Stefanyk ya rushe takardar da aka keɓe wa Shepitko tare da hadin gwiwar hukumomin yankin. An aiwatar da wannan a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban abin da ya faru na cirewa daga wuraren tunawa da jama'a ga mutanen da ke da alaƙa da Rasha da Tarayyar Soviet. Za a sake mayar da takardar zuwa Gidan Tarihin Tarihi na Yankin . <ref>{{Cite web |last=dilodmin |date=2025-10-01 |title=Олег Радик: «У нас є кому ставити меморіальні таблиці» |url=https://dilo.net.ua/lviv/oleg-radyk-u-nas-ye-komu-stavyty-memorialni-tablytsi_19710/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Діло}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Shepitko ya yi fina-finai guda biyar, ciki har da fim din TV ''A cikin Sa'a ta goma sha uku na dare''. Ta kuma yi sashi na biyu na fim din Beginning of an Unknown Era . Ta mutu a shekara ta 1979 lokacin da fim dinta na karshe, ''Farewell'', ya fara yin fim. Mijinta, Elem Klimov ya kammala fim din a 1981. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !# !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani |- |1 |1963 |''Zafin zafi'' |Daraktan | |- |2 |1966 |''Fuka-fuki'' |Daraktan |<ref name=":1" /> |- |3 |1967 |''Gidauniyar Wutar Lantarki ('' na biyu na Farawar Wani Lokaci Ba a sani ba) |Daraktan | |- |4 |1969 |''A cikin Sa'a ta goma sha uku na dare'' |Daraktan | |- |5 |1971 |''Ni da Kai'' |Daraktan |<ref name=":1" /> |- |6 |1977 |''Hawan'' |Daraktan |<ref name=":1" /> |- |7 |1983 |''Farewell'' |Daraktan |Elem Klimov ne ya kammala shi bayan mutuwar Shepitko |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Bayani |- | rowspan="4" |1977 | rowspan="4" |Berlin International Bikin Fim |Golden Bear - Fim mafi kyau | rowspan="4" |''Hawan''|{{Won}} |<ref name=":0" /> |- |Kyautar OCIC - Gasar|{{Won}} | |- |Kyautar FIPRESCI - Gasar|{{Won}} | |- |Kyautar Interfilm ta Musamman Bayyanawa - Gasar |{{Won}} | |} == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jrdyhu0uv2xx22nd4cbh4mahc0u89od 0 178002 976103 962298 2026-11-05T10:14:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976103 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laura''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Laura yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Daurawa]], [[Sabon Layi]], [[Shangi]], [[Yobuyo]] da [[Zangayari]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Laura ita ce '''761109'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bangu-laura.html Laura – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bangu-laura.html Laura – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/en/postal-codes/?C=NG&L=0&n=5&o=&page=2&r1=16&r2=02&r3=03 Bangu, Balanga – Mapanet] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} pb9xgxoe0iw5mdpb2x7k6i6h1jzjxhq 0 178360 975978 963887 2026-11-04T22:14:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975978 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''kilo[[mita]]''' (alama ta SI: '''km'''; /ˈkɪləmiːtər/ ko //kɪˈlɒmətər//), an rubuta '''kilomita''' a cikin Turanci na Amurka, yana da raka'a na tsawo a cikin Tsarin Ƙungiyoyin Duniya (SI), daidai da mita dubu ɗaya (kilo- kasancewa prefix na SI don {{Val|1000}}). Ita ce ma'aunin da aka fi so don bayyana nisan tsakanin wurare na ƙasa a mafi yawan duniya; sanannun ban da Amurka, Ingila, da Laberiya inda ake amfani [[Mil|doka mil]] din doka. == Yadda ake furta shi ==   Akwai furcin magana guda biyu na yau da kullun don kalmar. Furuci na farko yana bin wani tsari a harshen Ingilishi, inda ake sanya '''ƙarfi (stress)''' a kan gaɓa ta farko ta kalmar SI, kamar yadda ake yi a kalmomin '''kilogram, kilojoule, da kilohertz'''.Haka kuma, furucin ainihin ma’aunin tushe ba ya canzawa, ko da an ƙara masa wani '''prefix (kari)''', kamar a cikin '''centimetre, millimetre, nanometre''', da makamantansu.Gabaɗaya, '''BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation), CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation), da ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)''' sun fi amfani da wannan hanyar furuci. Sauran masu amfani da yawa, musamman a ƙasashe inda ba a amfani da SI (tsarin ma'auni) ko'ina, suna amfani da furcin na biyu tare da damuwa a kan syllable na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kilometer – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kilometer |access-date=2014-08-05 |publisher=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> Magana ta biyu ta bi ''Tasirin,'' damuwa da aka yi amfani da shi don sunayen kayan auna (kamar ''micrometer'', ''barometer'', thermometer, tachometer, da ''Speedometer''). Bambancin ya fi bayyana a cikin ƙasashe waɗanda ke amfani da rubutun Amurka na kalmar ''mita''. Wannan furcin ba daidai ba ne saboda yana sa kilomita ya zama ɗayan SI kawai tare da damuwa a kan syllable na biyu Bayan da Ostiraliya ta gabatar da tsarin ma'auni a cikin 1970, an ayyana furcin farko a matsayin hukuma ta Hukumar Ma'auni ta gwamnati. Koyaya, Firayim Ministan Australiya a lokacin, [[Gough Whitlam]], ya nace cewa furcin na biyu daidai ne saboda asalin Girkanci na ɓangarorin biyu na kalmar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Charles A. Doswell III]] |title=E-mail Discussions on "Peeves" Topics |url=http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~doswell/peeves/Discussions.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022055855/http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~doswell/peeves/Discussions.html |archive-date=2008-10-22 |access-date=2014-08-05 |website=[[Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies]] - [[University of Oklahoma]]}}</ref> == Daidaitawa ga sauran raka'a na tsawon == == Tarihi == [[File:Division_of_the_meridien.PNG|right|thumb|480x480px|Rarrabawar tarihi na meridian a Faransa]] Ta hanyar doka a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1790, Majalisar Dokokin Faransa ta ba da umarnin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Faransa ta haɓaka sabon tsarin aunawa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 1793, Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Faransa ta ba da umarnin [[mita]] a matsayin tsarin auna tsawo kawai a Jamhuriyar Faransa kuma ya dogara ne akan kashi 1 / nisan daga igiyoyin da ke kewaye da shi (ko dai Arewa ko Kudu) zuwa Equator, wannan shine ainihin rukunin duniya.  Sunan farko na kilomita shine "Millaire". Kodayake an bayyana mita a hukumance a cikin shekara ta 1799, an fi son myriametre (mita 10,000) zuwa "kilomita" don amfani na yau da kullun. &nbsp;Kalmar "myriamètre" ta bayyana sau da yawa a cikin rubutun littafin Develey Physique d'Emile: ou, Principes de la science de la nature, (wanda aka buga a 1802), yayin da kalmar ''kilomita'' kawai ta bayyana a cikin ƙarin bayani. Taswirar Faransanci da aka buga a cikin 1835 suna da ma'auni da ke nuna ''myriameters'' da "lieues de Poste" (Liga na Postal na kimanin mita {{Val|4288}}). &nbsp; Dutch, a gefe guda, sun karɓi kilomita a cikin 1817 amma sun ba shi sunan yankin ''mijl''. Sai kawai a cikin 1867 ne kalmar "''kilomita''" ta zama kawai ma'auni na hukuma a cikin Netherlands don wakiltar mita {{Val|1000}}.&nbsp; Littattafan Jamusanci guda biyu da aka rubuta a shekara ta 1842 <ref name="Europa1842">{{Cite web |title=Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842 |trans-title=Official units of measure in Europe 1842 |url=http://home.fonline.de/fo0126//geschichte/groessen/mas1.htm |access-date=26 March 2011 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014224232/http://home.fonline.de/fo0126//geschichte/groessen/mas1.htm |archive-date=14 October 2011 |url-status=dead}} Text version of Malaisé's book.</ref> da 1848 bi da bi suna ba da hoto game da amfani da kilomita a duk faɗin Turai: ana amfani da kilomita ɗin a cikin Netherlands da Italiya, kuma ana amfani da myriametre a Faransa. A cikin 1935, Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Ma'auni da Ma'aunin (CIPM) a hukumance ya soke prefix "Myria-" kuma tare da shi "myriametre", ya bar kilomita a matsayin sanannen naúrar tsawon don ma'aunin wannan girman. Alamar kilomita don kilomita tana cikin ƙananan shari'a '''km''' BIPM ta daidaita ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kilometre |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/kilometre?q=kilometre |access-date=1 November 2019 |website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=The International System of Units (SI) |url=https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf#page=33 |access-date=8 January 2020 |publisher=International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) |pages=147–149}}</ref> Kalmar magana don kilomita a Amurka, Burtaniya, da sojojin Kanada shine klick.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MARINE CORPS JARGON |url=http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/Portals/143/Docs/Onboarding/Marine%20jargon.pdf |access-date=3 March 2017 |publisher=hqmc.marines.mil}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Juyawar raka'a, don kwatanta da sauran raka'a na tsawon * Cubic mita * Tafiya mai nisa * Gabatarwa na ma'auni * Dokokin girman (tsawon) * Yankin murabba'in kilomita == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mrrhqavbwd060sd8vnex2s9j1tzzta0 0 178444 976023 964109 2026-11-05T05:34:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Gombe, Billiri | native_name = Gombe State College of Education, Billiri | former_names = College of Education, Billiri | type = Kwalejin ilimi ta gwamnati | established = 2012 | city = [[Billiri]] | state = [[Jihar Gombe]] | country = [[Najeriya]] | affiliation = [[National Commission for Colleges of Education|NCCE]] | provost = Dr. Esrom Toro Jokthan | website = [http://www.billiricoe.edu.ng/ billiricoe.edu.ng] }} '''Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Gombe, Billiri''' ({{lang-en|Gombe State College of Education, Billiri}}), wadda ake kuma kira '''College of Education, Billiri''', kwalejin ilimi ce mallakar [[Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe]] da ke [[Billiri]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar [[National Commission for Colleges of Education]] (NCCE) ta lissafa kwalejin a matsayin ''State College of Education'' a Jihar Gombe.<ref name="NCCE">{{cite web |title=NCCE Accredited Colleges |url=https://www.ncce.gov.ng/AccreditedColleges |website=National Commission for Colleges of Education |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> An kafa kwalejin ne a shekarar 2012 a lokacin gwamnatin [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]], domin ƙara damar samun ilimin manyan makarantu da kuma horar da malamai a jihar.<ref name="TRCN">{{cite web |title=TRCN 2019–2020 Statistical Digest |url=https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/TRCN-2019-2020-STATISTICAL-DIGEST.pdf |website=Federal Ministry of Education, Nigeria |access-date=6 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603082703/https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/TRCN-2019-2020-STATISTICAL-DIGEST.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Kwalejin Ilimi ta Billiri a shekarar 2012 a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Gwamna [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]]. Majiyar da ta bayyana manufofin gwamnatin Dankwambo ta lissafa kafa College of Education Billiri cikin manyan ayyukan da aka aiwatar a fannin ilimi.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Education |url=https://ibrahimdankwambo4president.wordpress.com/ |website=Ibrahim Dankwambo 4 President |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, wata majiyar da ta yi bayani kan manufofin ilimi na gwamnatin jihar ta ce ana gina Kwalejin Ilimi a Billiri a matsayin wani sabon shiri na ilimi a jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peek at the Jewel |url=https://reasonwithkumo.wordpress.com/2012/11/26/peek-at-the-jewel/ |date=26 November 2012 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyar Najeriya ta lissafa College of Education Billiri a matsayin kwalejin ilimi da ke Billiri, Jihar Gombe, tare da shekarar kafawa ta 2012.<ref name="TRCN" /> == Matsayi da amincewa == Kwalejin na ƙarƙashin ikon [[Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe]] kuma tana cikin kwalejojin ilimi da Hukumar [[National Commission for Colleges of Education|NCCE]] ta amince da su. NCCE ta bayyana ta a matsayin ''State College of Education'' kuma ta nuna Dr. Esrom Toro Jokthan a matsayin provost a bayanan da hukumar ta wallafa.<ref name="NCCE" /> Hukumar [[Tertiary Education Trust Fund]] (TETFund) ma ta lissafa Gombe State College of Education, Billiri cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na jiha da ke cin gajiyar shirye-shiryen hukumar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beneficiaries |url=https://www.tetfund.gov.ng/site/public/index.php/beneficiaries |website=Tertiary Education Trust Fund |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen karatu == Babban aikin kwalejin shi ne bayar da horo a fannin ilimi da kuma shirye-shiryen da suka shafi [[malami|koyarwa]]. Takardun bincike da aka wallafa daga ma'aikatan kwalejin sun tabbatar da kasancewar sassa kamar Mathematics and Computer Science da General Studies a cikin kwalejin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hamid |first1=Mohammed Raihanatu |last2=Aji |first2=Samaila |last3=Ajuji |first3=Mohammed |last4=Ibrahim |first4=Abba |title=Assessment of Accessibility and Utilization of Internet Services Among Staff and Students of College of Education Billiri |journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Science, Technology and Innovation |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=2024 |url=https://www.ijmrsti.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Assessment-of-Accessibility-and-Utilization-of-Internet-Services-Among-Staff-and-Students-of-College-of-Education-Billiri.pdf |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Kwalejin tana bayar da shirye-shiryen da suka kai ga samun [[Nigeria Certificate in Education|NCE]], tare da wasu shirye-shiryen ilimi da bincike da suka shafi koyarwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Colleges of Education |url=https://ibass.jamb.gov.ng/assets/uploads/nce-list-of-schools.pdf |website=Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Provost shi ne babban jami'in gudanarwa da ilimi na kwalejin. A bayanan NCCE na yanzu, an bayyana '''Dr. Esrom Toro Jokthan''' a matsayin provost na College of Education, Billiri.<ref name="NCCE" /> A shekarar 2022, kwalejin ta fitar da sanarwar neman sabon provost, inda ta ambaci [[College of Education Law, 2012|Gombe State College of Education Law, 2012]] da tsarin da majalisar gudanarwar kwalejin ke amfani da shi wajen ba da shawarar wanda zai zama provost.<ref>{{cite web |title=College Provost at Gombe State College of Education |url=https://www.hotnigerianjobs.com/hotjobs/423220/college-provost-at-gombe-state-college-of-educatio.html |website=HotNigerianJobs |date=30 March 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Kwalejin tana [[Billiri]], hedkwatar [[Billiri Local Government Area]] a kudancin Jihar Gombe. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya ta ba da adireshin kwalejin a matsayin ''Along Yola Road, Billiri LGA''.<ref name="TRCN" /> Takardun gwamnatin Jihar Gombe da aka haɗa cikin rahoton Bankin Duniya sun kuma lissafa '''Gombe State College of Education Billiri''' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin manyan makarantu na gwamnati a jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Government of Nigeria: Report of the Accountant General for the Year Ended 31st December, 2023 |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099091024125036630/pdf/P174114144fc550ff1995b1c695731b7689.pdf |website=World Bank Documents |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Kalubalen makarantar == A shekarar 2020, Vanguard ta ruwaito cewa kwalejin tana fuskantar matsalolin tsaro, musamman da dare, kuma mahukuntan makarantar sun ɗauki jami'an sa-kai 15 domin taimakawa wajen tsaron harabar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Insecurity: Gombe College hires vigilante men to watch over institution |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/insecurity-gombe-college-hires-vigilante-men-to-watch-over-institution/ |work=Vanguard |date=2 July 2020 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa a lokacin kwalejin ba ta da haɗin wutar lantarki daga babban layin ƙasa, don haka mahukuntan makarantar suka yi amfani da hasken wutar rana domin haskaka harabar. Rahoton ya kuma ambaci ƙarancin masaukin ɗalibai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubalen da kwalejin ke fuskanta.<ref name="Vanguard2020">{{cite news |title=Insecurity: Gombe College hires vigilante men to watch over institution |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/insecurity-gombe-college-hires-vigilante-men-to-watch-over-institution/ |work=Vanguard |date=2 July 2020 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Billiri]] * [[Gombe State University]] * [[Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe]] * [[National Commission for Colleges of Education]] * [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://www.ncce.gov.ng/AccreditedColleges National Commission for Colleges of Education – NCCE Accredited Colleges] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210603082703/https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/TRCN-2019-2020-STATISTICAL-DIGEST.pdf Federal Ministry of Education – TRCN Statistical Digest] * [https://www.tetfund.gov.ng/site/public/index.php/beneficiaries Tertiary Education Trust Fund – Beneficiaries] * [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/insecurity-gombe-college-hires-vigilante-men-to-watch-over-institution/ Vanguard – Insecurity: Gombe College hires vigilante men] * [https://www.ijmrsti.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Assessment-of-Accessibility-and-Utilization-of-Internet-Services-Among-Staff-and-Students-of-College-of-Education-Billiri.pdf Research article on College of Education Billiri] [[Category:Kwalejojin ilimi a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kwalejoji a Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Billiri]] [[Category:Kafaffen makarantu a Najeriya a 2012]] [[Category:2012 a Najeriya]] 3awxekssohut6sdrj3pa4kp3ny5opt2 0 178579 975835 964894 2026-11-04T13:35:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Joy Academy, Gombe | native_name = Joy Academy School, Gombe | type = Makaranta mai zaman kanta | established = 1998 | location = Along Goodluck Jonathan Street, Federal Low Cost | city = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] | state = [[Jihar Gombe]] | country = [[Najeriya]] | coordinates = {{Coord|10.291922|11.146738|type:edu_region:NG|display=inline,title}} | campus_type = Birni | grades = Nursery, Primary da Secondary | website = [https://joy-academy.net joy-academy.net] }} '''Joy Academy, Gombe''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], babban birnin [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar tana kan Goodluck Jonathan Street a yankin Federal Low Cost na birnin Gombe.<ref name="Directory">{{cite web |title=Joy Academy Gombe |url=https://www.directory.org.ng/joy_academy_gombe |website=Nigeria Directory |access-date=8 October 2026}}</ref> An kafa makarantar a shekarar '''1998'''.<ref name="Directory" /> Bayanai na makarantar sun nuna cewa tana bayar da ilimi tun daga matakan yara ƙanana da firamare, yayin da wasu kundin bayanan makarantu suka kuma lissafa ta a matsayin makarantar sakandare.<ref name="NPS">{{cite web |title=Joy Academy, Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/67654d946a1d7/Joy-Academy%2C-Gombe |website=Nigeria Private Schools |access-date=8 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Joy Academy a Gombe a shekarar 1998.<ref name="Directory" /> Makarantar ta ci gaba da aiki a matsayin makaranta mai zaman kanta a birnin Gombe, inda take ba da ilimi ga yara da matasa. Bayanan makarantar sun bayyana manufarta a matsayin samar da ilimi tare da ƙarfafa tarbiyya, ɗabi'a da haɓaka halayen ɗalibai.<ref name="NPS" /> == Wuri == Joy Academy tana kan '''Goodluck Jonathan Street''', kusa da Goodness Bakery, a yankin Federal Low Cost, [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]].<ref name="Directory" /> Wikidata ta kuma rubuta adireshin makarantar a matsayin No. 2, Goodluck Jonathan Street, P.O. Box 502, kusa da Goodness Bakery, Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Joy Academy, Gombe (Q119809607) |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119809607 |website=Wikidata |access-date=8 October 2026}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka wallafa a Gombe Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies ya kuma nuna wurin Joy Academy a taswirar makarantu da cibiyoyin ilimi na Gombe.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Gombe Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies, Vol. 1 No. 2 |journal=Gombe Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies |year=2020 |url=https://gojgesjournal.com/upload/Vol%2001%20No.%2002%2015.pdf |access-date=8 October 2026}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ilimi == Joy Academy tana da shirye-shiryen ilimi na matakan '''Nursery, Primary da Pre-School''', kamar yadda kundin bayanan Nigeria Private Schools ya nuna.<ref name="NPS" /> Wani kundin bayanan makarantu na Najeriya ya kuma lissafa Joy Academy a matsayin makarantar sakandare a Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Joy Academy Gombe |url=https://www.edusko.com/school/joy-academy-gombe |website=Edusko |access-date=8 October 2026}}</ref> == Falsafa da manufofi == Bayanan makarantar sun bayyana cewa Joy Academy tana mai da hankali kan haɗa nasarar karatu da tarbiyyar ɗalibai, tare da ƙarfafa ɗabi'a, jagoranci da haɓaka tunani.<ref name="NPS" /> Makarantar ta bayyana manufarta a matsayin samar da yanayin koyo wanda zai taimaka wa ɗalibai su haɓaka ilimi, zamantakewa da ɗabi'a domin su zama masu amfani ga al'umma.<ref name="NPS" /> == Ayyukan makaranta == Bayanan makarantar sun lissafa wasu ayyukan haɗin gwiwa da suka haɗa da wasanni, Arts and Crafts, kiɗa da ƙungiyar mawaƙa, muhawara, aikin sa-kai, coding da robotics, wasan kwaikwayo, environmental club, journalism, chess da dance.<ref name="NPS" /> Makarantar tana kuma da wasu kayayyakin ilimi da aka jera a cikin bayananta, ciki har da ɗakunan karatu, ICT laboratory, science laboratory, art room, multipurpose hall da wuraren wasanni.<ref name="NPS" /> == Matsayin makarantar == Joy Academy makaranta ce mai zaman kanta a Gombe. Nigeria Private Schools ta bayyana makarantar a matsayin mai ba da ilimi a matakan Nursery, Primary da Pre-School, yayin da wasu kundin bayanan makarantu suka nuna cewa akwai kuma matakin sakandare.<ref name="NPS" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Secondary Schools Names and Addresses |url=https://soluap.com/gombe-secondary-schools-names-and-addresses/ |website=Soluap |access-date=8 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] * [[Ilimi a Najeriya]] * [[Makarantu a Najeriya]] * [[Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]] * [[Joy Academy]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://www.directory.org.ng/joy_academy_gombe Nigeria Directory – Joy Academy Gombe] * [https://www.nigeriaprivateschools.com/index.php/en/ads/67654d946a1d7/Joy-Academy%2C-Gombe Nigeria Private Schools – Joy Academy, Gombe] * [https://www.edusko.com/school/joy-academy-gombe Edusko – Joy Academy Gombe] * [https://gojgesjournal.com/upload/Vol%2001%20No.%2002%2015.pdf Gombe Journal of Geography and Environmental Studies] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://soluap.com/gombe-secondary-schools-names-and-addresses/ Soluap – Gombe Secondary Schools] * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119809607 Wikidata – Joy Academy, Gombe] [[Category:Makarantu a Najeriya]] [[Category:Makarantu a Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Makarantu a Gombe]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Gombe (birni)]] [[Category:An kafa a Najeriya a 1998]] [[Category:1998 a Najeriya]] dityq112jnore6y3q6xvhqffzjujmox 0 178642 976035 965034 2026-11-05T07:40:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Glockentopf.jpg|thumb|Uruk-lokacin beveled rim bowl, c. 3400-3200 KZ, daga Habuba Kabira Kudu a Siriya]] Gilashin da aka yi wa lakabi (wanda ake kira Glockentöpfe) ƙananan ne, waɗanda ba a yi musu ado ba, kwalabe na yumbu da aka samar da yawa waɗanda aka fi sani a cikin karni na 4 BC a lokacin Late Chalcolithic. Sun kasance kusan kashi uku cikin huɗu na dukkan yumbu da aka samu a wuraren Al'adun Uruk, saboda haka alama ce ta musamman da abin dogaro game da kasancewar al'adun Uruc a tsohuwar [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamiya]]. Kwando na Beveled rim sun fara bayyana a farkon zamanin Uruk (c. 3900-3600 BC) a Kudancin Mesopotamiya tare da wasu misalai da aka samu a shafukan Arewacin Mesopotamiya kamar Tell Brak . Sun maye gurbin "bishiyoyi masu faɗi" (tsarin farashi, mai zurfi, kwano masu buɗewa tare da fasalin flared ko conical) sannan ya zama ruwan dare. Sun kasance sananne a zamanin Uruk na Tsakiya (c. 3600-3400 BC) a duk faɗin Mesopotamiya da kuma wasu shafuka a Iran. A ƙarshen zamanin Uruk (c. 3400-3200 BC). A cikin lokutan Late Uruk da Jemdat Nasr (c. 3400-3100 BC) amfani da su ya ragu a Kudancin Mesopotamiya da Iran tare da hauhawar yawan yumbu da ake kira "tall flowerpots" (Grosse Blumentopfe), waɗanda suke da irin wannan masana'anta kamar Beveled Rim Bowls amma an yi su, wanda amfani da shi har yanzu ba a bayyane yake ba. BRBs sun ci gaba da amfani a Arewacin Mesopotamiya a wannan lokacin. An ci gaba da amfani da kwano na rim a wasu shafuka a Syro-Anatolia a lokacin Daular I ta Farko (c. 3100-2900 BC). Da farko an ba da shawarar cewa ɗaya daga cikin alamun Proto-Cuneiform, kuma watakila alamar da ta dace a cikin Cuneiform (GAR / NINDA / AKALU), an samo shi ne daga kwano mai laushi. == Halayen jiki == [[File:Beveled_rim_bowl_from_Logardan,_near_Chamchamal,_Sulaymaniyah_Governorate,_northern_Iraq._Uruk_period,_4000-3100_BCE._Sulaymaniyah_Museum,_Iraq.jpg|thumb|Kwallon kwalliya daga Logardan, arewacin Iraki. Lokacin Uruk, 4000-3100 BC. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Sulaymaniyah, Iraki]] Ana ɗaukar kwano na rim da aka yi amfani da su daidai a girman da ke tsaye kusan {{Convert|10|cm}} in) tsayi tare da bakin kwano kusan {{Convert|18|cm}} in) a diamita. A zahiri akwai wasu bambance-bambance a girman. Misali a shafin Chogha Mish an samo kwano na rim tare da kundin daga 385 zuwa 2,580 milliliters, suna taruwa a 700+ /-200 milliliters. A Tepe Farukhabad BRB diamita ya kasance daga 15 zuwa 31 centimeters. Yawancin BRBs suna riƙe da lita 0.78-1.21 . Yankunan kwano suna da kusurwa madaidaiciya mai tsayi har zuwa tushe mai mahimmanci yawanci {{Convert|9|cm}} in) a diamita. Ana yin kwano na kayan lambu da aka yi da yumɓu mai ƙarancin wuta kuma suna da ganuwar da ta fi kauri idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan tukwane na lokacin, yana mai da su da ban mamaki. Wani lokaci ana kiransu da Chaff-Faced Ware . Abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na kwano na rim sune cewa ba a yi musu ado ba kuma an same su da yawa. Ganuwar waje na kwano tana da tsayi yayin da aka kwantar da bango na ciki kuma ya kasance gefen waje. Sau da yawa ana samun alamar yatsa a kasa. == Fitarwa == [[File:British_Museum_Middle_east_14022019_Beveled_rim_bowl_Nineveh_Late_Uruk_Period_3672.jpg|thumb|Kwanon rim mai laushi. Daga Nineveh, Late Uruk Period, 3300-3100 BC. Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya]] Duk da yake ba a san ainihin hanyar samar da kwano na beveled ba, ka'idar da aka fi yarda da ita ita ce amfani da ƙira. Ƙananan ka'idar da aka yarda da ita ita ce an yi kofuna da hannu. Masana binciken tarihi da ke kwaikwayon kwano na rim sun sami wahalar cimma bangarorin madaidaiciya da tushe mai kyau yayin amfani da hannayensu kawai. Amfani da ƙirar an gano yana da fa'ida mai mahimmanci yayin kwaikwayon kwanon rufi. Yawancin kwano da aka samo (sau da yawa a cikin shafin guda) suna da alama suna tallafawa ka'idar ƙira saboda samar da taro tare da ƙira ya fi yiwuwa fiye da yin su da hannu. Akwai muhawara tsakanin masu ba da shawara game da ka'idar ƙira. Yawancin suna tilasta amfani da ƙirar hannu wanda za'a iya yin shi da kayan aiki iri-iri ciki har da itace, ƙarfe, dutse ko ma wani kwano mai laushi. Sauran sun ba da shawarar cewa masu sana'a za su yi amfani da ƙirar ƙasa inda aka kafa kwano a cikin rami mai zurfi da aka kirkira a ƙasa.[1] == Amfani da shi == [[File:Beveled_rim_bowl_Kish_AN1981.986.jpg|thumb|Kwanon da akayi shi daga Kish.]] Da farko, galibi bisa ga abubuwan da aka gano a Uruk, ana tunanin ana amfani da kwano na rim don auna yawan abincin hatsi ([[sha'ir]], spelt, ko alkama). Za a ba da rabon a matsayin biyan kuɗi ga ma'aikata don ayyukan da aka bayar a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin Aiki na Corvée.<ref>Johnson, G. A., "Local Exchange and Early State Development in Southwestern Iran", Volume 51 of Anthropological Papers Series, University of Michigan Press, 1973 {{ISBN|9781949098075}}</ref><ref>Nissen, Hans J., "The early history of the ancient Near East, 9000-2000 BC", University of Chicago Press, 1988 {{ISBN|9780226586588}}</ref> Hakanan ana tallafawa da gaskiyar cewa ana samun kwano gaba ɗaya kuma a cikin manyan tarin kamar ana iya zubar da su. Za a yi amfani da kwano don rarraba sau ɗaya ko sau biyu sannan a watsar da su a wani wuri na tsakiya.Amfani da BRBs a matsayin kwanon abinci an kalubalanci shi. Wata ka'ida ta daban ita ce an yi amfani da kwanon don yin burodi, wanda kuma ana iya rarraba shi a cikin akwati. Da farko, bayan da aka sami BRBs da yawa a tsaye, a cikin hanyar Aramaic charts bowls, an ba da shawarar cewa suna aiki a matsayin hadayu. Duk da yake amfani da farko na BRBs bai riga ya cika ba, nazarin raguwa ya nuna cewa wasu lokuta ana amfani da su a wasu hanyoyi, mai yiwuwa a cikin ayyukan sakandare (sake amfani). BRBs da aka samo a Shakhi Kora an nuna cewa an yi amfani da su don riƙe nama, da farko daga ruminants, da kayan madara a cikin abin da masu bincike suka kira "souffle".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perruchini |first=Elsa |last2=Glatz |first2=Claudia |last3=Heimvik |first3=Synnøve Gravdal |last4=Bendrey |first4=Robin |last5=Hald |first5=Mette Marie |last6=Del Bravo |first6=Francesco |last7=Mohammed Sameen |first7=Salh |last8=Toney |first8=Jaime |date=2023 |title=Revealing invisible stews: New results of organic residue analyses of Beveled Rim Bowls from the Late Chalcolithic site of Shakhi Kora, Kurdistan Region of Iraq |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X22003935 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports |volume=48 |bibcode=2023JArSR..48j3730P |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103730 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Rarraba == [[File:Uruk_expansion.svg|thumb|Yaduwar Uruk da wuraren mulkin mallaka, c. 3600-3100 BC]] A cikin Anatolia an sami kofuna a Arslantepe, Başur Höyük, Tilbeş Höyük, Hassek Höyük, Kurban Höyük, Samsat, da Tepecik. A Siriya ta zamani an samo su a Tell Humeida, Tell Sheikh Hassan, Hacınebi Tepe, Jebel Aruda, Habuba Kabira, Hamoukar, Jerablus Tahtani, Tell Brak, Tell er-Ramadi, da Tell Qraya kusa da [[Terqa]]. A cikin Iraki na zamani an sami BRBs a Uruk, Girsu, Jemdet Nasr, Eridu, Gasur, Tell Mohammed 'Arab, Abu Salabikh, Jemdet Zabi , Telul eth-Thalathat, Shakhi Kora, Tell al-Hawa, Tulul al-Baqarat, Tell Rubeidheh, Tell Uqair, Grai Resh, Kani Shaie, Girdi Qala da Logardan, Tell Begum, da Nineveh An kuma sami adadi a Kish da Khafajah.<ref>[https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/oip63.pdf] {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Pinhas Delougaz, "Pottery from the Diyala Region", Oriental Institute Publications 63, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1952, {{ISBN|0-226-14233-7}}</ref> A bakin tekun [[Pakistan]] na zamani kusa da Tekun Oman (Miri Qalat) wanda ke cikin al'adun Kechi-Makran. == Dubi kuma == * Kwanon Coba == Manazarta == kdeyrdxp4cj2c06jmhwqkwaxkwm63le 0 178775 975997 965721 2026-11-05T01:12:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975997 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kogunan Jihar Gombe''' su ne koguna da rafuka da suke gudana a cikin Jihar Gombe, da ke yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Albarkatun ruwan jihar suna da muhimmanci ga noma, kamun kifi, samar da ruwan sha da sauran ayyukan tattalin arziki. Daga cikin muhimman tsarin kogunan yankin akwai Kogin Gongola, wanda ya haɗa da yankunan da ke kewaye da madatsar ruwa ta Dadin Kowa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Dam Project |url=https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |website=Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority |access-date=2026-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261002043644/https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |archive-date=2026-10-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manyan koguna == === Kogin Gongola === '''Kogin Gongola''' yana daga cikin manyan kogunan Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, kuma yana daga cikin manyan rafukan da suke kwarara zuwa Kogin Benue. Kogin yana gudana ta yankuna da dama na arewa maso gabashin ƙasar, ciki har da wasu sassan Jihar Gombe. Ruwan kogin da rafukansa suna ƙaruwa a lokacin damina, musamman a watannin Agusta da Satumba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Dam Project |url=https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |website=Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority |access-date=2026-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261002043644/https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |archive-date=2026-10-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeremiah |first=Kingsley |title=Buhari flags-off search for petroleum in Gongola Basin |url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-flags-off-search-for-petroleum-in-gongola-basin/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2019-02-03}}</ref> Kogin Gongola yana da muhimmanci ga al'ummomin da suke zaune a gefensa. Ana amfani da ruwan yankin wajen ayyukan noma da kamun kifi, yayin da wasu al'ummomi suke dogara da hanyoyin ruwa domin zirga-zirga. A shekarar 2025, gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin sufurin ruwa a ƙauyen Kupto da ke Ƙaramar Hukumar Funakaye, a kan ɓangaren sama na Kogin Gongola, tare da samar da rigunan kariya ga fasinjojin kwale-kwale.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sani |first=Najib |title=Gombe launches marine service, supplies 700 life jackets for boat passengers |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-launches-marine-service-supplies-700-life-jackets-for-boat-passengers/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2025-09-09}}</ref> === Kogin da ke samar da Tafkin Dadin Kowa === Kogin Gongola yana ciyar da madatsar ruwa ta Dadin Kowa, wadda take kusa da ƙauyen Dadin Kowa a Ƙaramar Hukumar Yamaltu/Deba ta Jihar Gombe. Madatsar ta samar da babban tafki da ake kira Tafkin Dadin Kowa, wanda yake da muhimmanci wajen adana ruwa da gudanar da ayyukan samar da ruwan sha, ban-ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Dam Project |url=https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |website=Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority |access-date=2026-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261002043644/https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |archive-date=2026-10-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Satumba na shekarar 2024, Ma'aikatar Yaɗa Labarai da Wayar da Kan Jama'a ta Tarayyar Najeriya ta wallafa rahoton ziyarar ministan albarkatun ruwa zuwa madatsar Dadin Kowa. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa ana gudanar da sa ido da bincike akai-akai domin tabbatar da tsaron madatsar da ingancin aikinta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadin-Kowa Dam is Secure and Fully Functional, Says Minister of Water Resources and Sanitation |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/dadin-kowa-dam-is-secure-and-fully-functional-says-minister-of-water-resources-and-sanitation/ |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=2024-09-04}}</ref> == Muhimmancin kogunan jihar == === Noma da ban-ruwa === Koguna da tafkunan da ke Jihar Gombe suna taimakawa wajen samar da ruwa ga ayyukan noma. Musamman, tsarin ban-ruwa na Dadin Kowa yana amfani da ruwan madatsar domin taimaka wa manoma wajen noman amfanin gona. Wannan yana da muhimmanci a yankin da ake fuskantar sauyin yanayin ruwan sama tsakanin lokacin damina da lokacin rani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Irrigation Scheme (DKIS) |url=https://www.triming.org/schemes/dadin-kowa-irrigation-scheme-dkis/ |website=Transforming Irrigation Management in Nigeria |access-date=2026-10-10}}</ref> === Kamun kifi da tattalin arziki === Ruwan Kogin Gongola da Tafkin Dadin Kowa suna samar da muhalli ga kifaye, tare da ba wasu mazauna yankin damar gudanar da kamun kifi da sana'o'in da suka danganci albarkatun ruwa. Haka kuma, samar da hanyoyin sufurin ruwa a wasu yankuna yana taimaka wa zirga-zirgar jama'a, musamman a al'ummomin karkara da suke kusa da kogin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sani |first=Najib |title=Gombe launches marine service, supplies 700 life jackets for boat passengers |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-launches-marine-service-supplies-700-life-jackets-for-boat-passengers/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2025-09-09}}</ref> === Ruwan sha da samar da wutar lantarki === Madatsar Dadin Kowa tana daga cikin muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa a jihar. An tsara ta ne domin amfani da ruwa wajen ban-ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki, sannan ayyukan samar da ruwan sha sun taimaka wajen kai ruwa ga birnin Gombe da wasu al'ummomin da ke kusa. Hukumar kula da rafin Upper Benue ce take wallafa bayanai game da ayyukan madatsar da shirye-shiryen ban-ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Dam Project |url=https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |website=Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority |access-date=2026-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261002043644/https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |archive-date=2026-10-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Matsaloli da kare muhalli == Koguna da tafkunan jihar na iya fuskantar matsalolin ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin damina, zaizayar ƙasa, gurɓacewar ruwa da kuma matsin lamba daga ayyukan ɗan Adam. Saboda haka, sa ido kan matakin ruwa, kiyaye muhalli da bin ƙa'idojin tsaron sufurin ruwa suna da muhimmanci wajen kare rayuka da dukiyoyi. A shekarar 2025, rahotannin ƙasa baki ɗaya sun nuna cewa Kogin Gongola yana cikin kogunan da za su iya taimakawa wajen ƙara haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa idan matakan ruwan suka yi yawa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ochojila |first=Ameh |title=NiHSA issues red alert as major dams overflow |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nihsa-issues-red-alert-as-major-dams-overflow/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2025-09-18}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kogin Gongola]] * [[Madatsar Ruwa ta Dadin Kowa]] * [[Tafkin Dadin Kowa]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} r5damz6vmu12r04l8v416uhqm8t81ug 0 178960 975924 966469 2026-11-04T20:48:04Z Ibn baaz 28481 975924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cutar Ebola a Mali''' ta faru ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, <ref name="WHO20141025">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Ebola Response Roadmap Situation Report Update |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137185/1/roadmapupdate25Oct14_eng.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=World Health organization}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da damuwa game da yiwuwar ɓarkewar cutar Ebola a Mali. An kawo yaro daga Guinea kuma ya mutu a arewa maso yammacin birnin [[Kayes (birni)|Kayes]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Mali confirms its first case of Ebola |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/24-october-2014/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024191150/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/24-october-2014/en/ |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Tattaunawar Mali ta gano sama da mutane 100 da ke da hulɗa da yaron; an kammala gano ganowa a tsakiyar Nuwamba ba tare da ƙarin shari'o'i ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOS - Mali |url=https://www.internationalsos.com/ebola/index.cfm?content_id=443&language_id=ENG |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, barkewar cutar ta biyu ta faru a babban birnin Mali, [[Bamako]]. Mutane da yawa a wani asibiti ana zaton wani mutum ne ya kamu da cutar. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu, an ayyana Mali ba tare da cutar Ebola ba bayan kwanaki 42 ba tare da sabbin kamuwa da cutar ba. An samu jimillar shari'o'i takwas tare da mutuwar mutum shida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2015 |title=Mali announces end of its Ebola outbreak |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/18/mali-announces-end-of-its-ebola-outbreak/ |website=The Washington Times}}</ref> Ya zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2014, annobar kwayar cutar Ebola a makwabtan kudancin Mali [[Laberiya]], [[Saliyo]], da [[Gini|Guinea]] sun haifar da dubban mutuwar. Mali, ƙasa mai kimanin mutane miliyan 16.5, an sanya ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe huɗu da ke cikin haɗarin barkewar cutar kafin rahoton farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francois Rihouay |date=October 25, 2014 |title=Mali Red Cross Says Ebola Tracking Hampered by Health System |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-25/mali-red-cross-says-ebola-tracking-complicated-by-health-system |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025183458/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-25/mali-red-cross-says-ebola-tracking-complicated-by-health-system |archive-date=October 25, 2014 |publisher=Businessweek}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == A ƙarshen Oktoba 2014, wata yarinya mai shekaru biyu ta mutu daga cutar Ebola a garin Kayes . <ref name="bbcmaligirl">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Ebola crisis: 'Many exposed' to infected Mali girl |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29755443 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Yaron, wanda daga baya aka gano shi a matsayin Fanta Kone, an kwantar da shi a asibiti a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, inda ta gwada tabbatacciyar cutar [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]]. Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun tabbatar da Ebola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oct 24, 2014 |title=Ebola patient in Mali dies: health official |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ebola-patient-in-mali-dies-health-official-1.2812473 |publisher=CBC}}</ref><ref name="APfantakone">{{Cite web |title=Mali rushes to track Ebola after toddler dies |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/f2157299bb3b4156be426fe291bff8b0/mali-rushes-track-ebola-after-toddler-dies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031231449/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/f2157299bb3b4156be426fe291bff8b0/mali-rushes-track-ebola-after-toddler-dies |archive-date=2014-10-31 |access-date=2014-10-31 |website=The Big Story}}</ref> Yaron, kakarta, kawunta, da 'yar'uwarta mai shekaru biyar <ref name="bbcmaligirl" /> sun isa [[Bamako]] bayan sun yi tafiya kusan kilomita 1000 (600 miles) daga Guinea, inda mahaifin Kone ya mutu. <ref name="APfantakone" /><ref name="sciamer">{{Cite web |last=Tom Miles |date=31 Oct 2014 |title=Two Suspected Ebola Cases Reported in Mali, 57 Contacts Sought |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/two-suspected-ebola-cases-reported-in-mali-57-contacts-sought/ |publisher=Scientific American}}</ref> &nbsp;Daga nan sai suka yi tafiya zuwa Kayes ta bas.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=First Ebola patient in Mali dies |url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/25/first-ebola-patient-in-mali-dies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025154731/http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/25/first-ebola-patient-in-mali-dies/ |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=euronews.com}}</ref> Mahaifin Fanta Kone, ma'aikacin [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]], ya taimaka a wani asibitin kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa a Beyla wanda mahaifinsa, kakan mahaifin Fanta ya mallaka kuma ke gudanarwa. Ana zargin cewa yana iya kamuwa da cutar Ebola daga wani manomi daga wani kauye, wanda ya nemi magani a asibitin kuma 'ya'yansa mata biyu ne suka kasance tare da shi. Manomi ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Satumba, kuma 'ya'yansa mata a ranar 23 ga Satumba. Bayan ya yi rashin lafiya a ƙarshen Satumba, mahaifin Fanta ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙauyensa na Sokodugu, mai nisan kilomita 70, inda ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, kakan mahaifinsa, matarsa, da 'ya'ya maza biyu ma sun mutu, tare da wasu mutuwar da aka tabbatar sun kasance daga cutar Ebola. Mahaifiyar Fanta da ɗan'uwanta mai watanni 3 sun kasance marasa cuta kuma suna zaune a Guinea a lokacin makoki na kwanaki 40 kafin su shiga sauran iyalinta a Mali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO - Mali case, Ebola imported from Guinea |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/10-november-2014-mali/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111151000/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/10-november-2014-mali/en/ |archive-date=November 11, 2014}}</ref> Likitan asibitin yara a Kayes ya ce an gaya masa cewa an haifi yaron kuma ya girma a Kayes, kuma ba a sanar da shi game da tafiyarta daga Guinea ba.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2014 |title=Mali Scrambles to Trace Ebola Victim's Contacts |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/mali-scrambles-to-trace-contacts-of-ebola-stricken-baby-girl/2500379.html |website=VOA}}</ref> An gwada samfurori na yaro a Cibiyar Nazarin Tubergine da Cutar Cutar AIDS ta Mali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2014 |title=WHO &#124; Ebola virus disease – Mali |url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/31-october-2014-ebola/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102154219/http://www.who.int/csr/don/31-october-2014-ebola/en/ |archive-date=2014-11-02}}</ref> Rashin zazzabi kamar Ebola, Kwayar cutar Marburg, da zazzabi na Lassa na iya samun irin waɗannan alamomi, kuma gwaji na iya taimakawa wajen tantance ko mutum yana da ɗayan waɗannan cututtukan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-16 |title=Mali remains 'free' of deadly Ebola epidemic |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-remains-free-of-deadly-Ebola-epidemic-20140415 |website=News24}}</ref> Akwai kusan rabin miliyan na zazzabin Lassa a kowace shekara a Yammacin Afirka, wanda ke haifar da kusan mutuwar 5,000.<ref name="safety">{{Cite web |title=Lassa fever |url=http://www.allcountries.org/health/lassa_fever.html |access-date=2 August 2011 |website=Health Topics A to Z |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> ==== Binciken hulɗa ==== Akwai damuwa cewa Kone ta fallasa wasu ga kwayar cutar yayin tafiyarta saboda tana zubar da jini daga hanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO warns of Mali Ebola risk as infected toddler dies |url=http://www.dw.de/who-warns-of-mali-ebola-risk-as-infected-toddler-dies/a-18020449 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Saduwa da jini ko turare daga wani da ke fama da cutar Ebola babban haɗari ne ga cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Message for U.S. Citizens: Bamako (Mali), Ebola Virus Disease (Update) |url=https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=16186 |access-date=2014-10-27 |publisher=United States Department of State}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, an kiyasta cewa yaron [[Binciken hulɗa|yana da hulɗa]] da mutane 300, 43 daga cikinsu an warewa su don hana yaduwar cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-25 |title=Mali Ebola toddler dies, fears dozens exposed |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-Ebola-toddler-dies-fears-dozens-exposed-20141025 |publisher=news24.com}}</ref> Daga cikin 43, 10 ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-25 |title=Dozens feared exposed to Ebola in Mali |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/257773/dozens-feared-exposed-to-ebola-in-mali |publisher=Radio New Zealand}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, an gano mutane 111 a matsayin lambobin sadarwa, amma binciken ya sami cikas saboda rashin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, kuma an horar da masu sa kai 40 don taimakawa tare da bin diddigin lamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olivier Monnier |last2=Francois Rihouay |date=28 October 2014 |title=WHO Said to Track 111 People in Mali After Ebola Death |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-28/who-said-to-track-111-people-in-mali-after-ebola-death.html |website=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO says 82 being monitored for Ebola in Mali |url=https://www.foxnews.com/health/who-says-82-being-monitored-for-ebola-in-mali/ |access-date=24 November 2014 |website=Fox News}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba an yi tunanin tana da hulɗa da mutane 141, duk da haka ba dukansu ba ne aka samu, ciki har da 6 daga cikin mutane 10 da ke cikin bas din tare da yaron daga iyakar Guinea zuwa Bamako. Ya zuwa 5 ga Nuwamba babu sanannun shari'o'i ban da yaron, kodayake har yanzu ana ɗaukar haɗarin ƙarin shari'o-tafiye da yawa.<ref name="intsos">{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.internationalsos.com/ebola/index.cfm?content_id=443&language_id=ENG |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> Mutane 108 da suka yi hulɗa da yaron an keɓe su, kodayake lambobin sadarwa 40 sun ɓace har zuwa 9 ga Nuwamba.<ref name="intsos" /> Wadanda ake kallo suna shan zafin jiki sau biyu a kowace rana.<ref name=":2" /> Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Mali ta yi fatan sakin wadannan mutane 108 daga saka idanu a tsakiyar Nuwamba, kuma duk lambobin sadarwa sun samu nasarar kammala lokacin jiran su na kwanaki 21 a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba. ==manazarta== p3ps8xgn65824j5d5m4c8nv8hpfwabv 975925 975924 2026-11-04T20:51:16Z Ibn baaz 28481 975925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cutar Ebola a Mali''' ta faru ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, <ref name="WHO20141025">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Ebola Response Roadmap Situation Report Update |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137185/1/roadmapupdate25Oct14_eng.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=World Health organization}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da damuwa game da yiwuwar ɓarkewar cutar Ebola a Mali. An kawo yaro daga Guinea kuma ya mutu a arewa maso yammacin birnin [[Kayes (birni)|Kayes]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Mali confirms its first case of Ebola |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/24-october-2014/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024191150/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/24-october-2014/en/ |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Tattaunawar Mali ta gano sama da mutane 100 da ke da hulɗa da yaron; an kammala gano ganowa a tsakiyar Nuwamba ba tare da ƙarin shari'o'i ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOS - Mali |url=https://www.internationalsos.com/ebola/index.cfm?content_id=443&language_id=ENG |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, barkewar cutar ta biyu ta faru a babban birnin Mali, [[Bamako]]. Mutane da yawa a wani asibiti ana zaton wani mutum ne ya kamu da cutar. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu, an ayyana Mali ba tare da cutar Ebola ba bayan kwanaki 42 ba tare da sabbin kamuwa da cutar ba. An samu jimillar shari'o'i takwas tare da mutuwar mutum shida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2015 |title=Mali announces end of its Ebola outbreak |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/18/mali-announces-end-of-its-ebola-outbreak/ |website=The Washington Times}}</ref> Ya zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2014, annobar ƙwayar cutar Ebola a makwabtan kudancin Mali [[Laberiya]], [[Saliyo]], da [[Gini|Guinea]] sun haifar da dubban mutuwar. Mali, ƙasa mai kimanin mutane miliyan 16.5, an sanya ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe huɗu da ke cikin haɗarin barkewar cutar kafin rahoton farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francois Rihouay |date=October 25, 2014 |title=Mali Red Cross Says Ebola Tracking Hampered by Health System |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-25/mali-red-cross-says-ebola-tracking-complicated-by-health-system |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025183458/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-25/mali-red-cross-says-ebola-tracking-complicated-by-health-system |archive-date=October 25, 2014 |publisher=Businessweek}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == A ƙarshen Oktoba 2014, wata yarinya mai shekaru biyu ta mutu daga cutar Ebola a garin Kayes . <ref name="bbcmaligirl">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Ebola crisis: 'Many exposed' to infected Mali girl |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29755443 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Yaron, wanda daga baya aka gano shi a matsayin Fanta Kone, an kwantar da shi a asibiti a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, inda ta gwada tabbatacciyar cutar [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]]. Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun tabbatar da Ebola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oct 24, 2014 |title=Ebola patient in Mali dies: health official |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ebola-patient-in-mali-dies-health-official-1.2812473 |publisher=CBC}}</ref><ref name="APfantakone">{{Cite web |title=Mali rushes to track Ebola after toddler dies |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/f2157299bb3b4156be426fe291bff8b0/mali-rushes-track-ebola-after-toddler-dies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031231449/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/f2157299bb3b4156be426fe291bff8b0/mali-rushes-track-ebola-after-toddler-dies |archive-date=2014-10-31 |access-date=2014-10-31 |website=The Big Story}}</ref> Yaron, kakarta, kawunta, da 'yar'uwarta mai shekaru biyar <ref name="bbcmaligirl" /> sun isa [[Bamako]] bayan sun yi tafiya kusan kilomita 1000 (600 miles) daga Guinea, inda mahaifin Kone ya mutu. <ref name="APfantakone" /><ref name="sciamer">{{Cite web |last=Tom Miles |date=31 Oct 2014 |title=Two Suspected Ebola Cases Reported in Mali, 57 Contacts Sought |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/two-suspected-ebola-cases-reported-in-mali-57-contacts-sought/ |publisher=Scientific American}}</ref> &nbsp;Daga nan sai suka yi tafiya zuwa Kayes ta bas.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=First Ebola patient in Mali dies |url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/25/first-ebola-patient-in-mali-dies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025154731/http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/25/first-ebola-patient-in-mali-dies/ |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=euronews.com}}</ref> Mahaifin Fanta Kone, ma'aikacin [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]], ya taimaka a wani asibitin kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa a Beyla wanda mahaifinsa, kakan mahaifin Fanta ya mallaka kuma ke gudanarwa. Ana zargin cewa yana iya kamuwa da cutar Ebola daga wani manomi daga wani kauye, wanda ya nemi magani a asibitin kuma 'ya'yansa mata biyu ne suka kasance tare da shi. Manomi ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Satumba, kuma 'ya'yansa mata a ranar 23 ga Satumba. Bayan ya yi rashin lafiya a ƙarshen Satumba, mahaifin Fanta ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙauyensa na Sokodugu, mai nisan kilomita 70, inda ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, kakan mahaifinsa, matarsa, da 'ya'ya maza biyu ma sun mutu, tare da wasu mutuwar da aka tabbatar sun kasance daga cutar Ebola. Mahaifiyar Fanta da ɗan'uwanta mai watanni 3 sun kasance marasa cuta kuma suna zaune a Guinea a lokacin makoki na kwanaki 40 kafin su shiga sauran iyalinta a Mali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO - Mali case, Ebola imported from Guinea |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/10-november-2014-mali/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111151000/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/10-november-2014-mali/en/ |archive-date=November 11, 2014}}</ref> Likitan asibitin yara a Kayes ya ce an gaya masa cewa an haifi yaron kuma ya girma a Kayes, kuma ba a sanar da shi game da tafiyarta daga Guinea ba.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2014 |title=Mali Scrambles to Trace Ebola Victim's Contacts |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/mali-scrambles-to-trace-contacts-of-ebola-stricken-baby-girl/2500379.html |website=VOA}}</ref> An gwada samfurori na yaro a Cibiyar Nazarin Tubergine da Cutar Cutar AIDS ta Mali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2014 |title=WHO &#124; Ebola virus disease – Mali |url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/31-october-2014-ebola/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102154219/http://www.who.int/csr/don/31-october-2014-ebola/en/ |archive-date=2014-11-02}}</ref> Rashin zazzabi kamar Ebola, Kwayar cutar Marburg, da zazzabi na Lassa na iya samun irin waɗannan alamomi, kuma gwaji na iya taimakawa wajen tantance ko mutum yana da ɗayan waɗannan cututtukan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-16 |title=Mali remains 'free' of deadly Ebola epidemic |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-remains-free-of-deadly-Ebola-epidemic-20140415 |website=News24}}</ref> Akwai kusan rabin miliyan na zazzabin Lassa a kowace shekara a Yammacin Afirka, wanda ke haifar da kusan mutuwar 5,000.<ref name="safety">{{Cite web |title=Lassa fever |url=http://www.allcountries.org/health/lassa_fever.html |access-date=2 August 2011 |website=Health Topics A to Z |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> ==== Binciken hulɗa ==== Akwai damuwa cewa Kone ta fallasa wasu ga kwayar cutar yayin tafiyarta saboda tana zubar da jini daga hanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO warns of Mali Ebola risk as infected toddler dies |url=http://www.dw.de/who-warns-of-mali-ebola-risk-as-infected-toddler-dies/a-18020449 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Saduwa da jini ko turare daga wani da ke fama da cutar Ebola babban haɗari ne ga cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Message for U.S. Citizens: Bamako (Mali), Ebola Virus Disease (Update) |url=https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=16186 |access-date=2014-10-27 |publisher=United States Department of State}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, an kiyasta cewa yaron [[Binciken hulɗa|yana da hulɗa]] da mutane 300, 43 daga cikinsu an warewa su don hana yaduwar cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-25 |title=Mali Ebola toddler dies, fears dozens exposed |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-Ebola-toddler-dies-fears-dozens-exposed-20141025 |publisher=news24.com}}</ref> Daga cikin 43, 10 ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-25 |title=Dozens feared exposed to Ebola in Mali |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/257773/dozens-feared-exposed-to-ebola-in-mali |publisher=Radio New Zealand}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, an gano mutane 111 a matsayin lambobin sadarwa, amma binciken ya sami cikas saboda rashin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, kuma an horar da masu sa kai 40 don taimakawa tare da bin diddigin lamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olivier Monnier |last2=Francois Rihouay |date=28 October 2014 |title=WHO Said to Track 111 People in Mali After Ebola Death |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-28/who-said-to-track-111-people-in-mali-after-ebola-death.html |website=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO says 82 being monitored for Ebola in Mali |url=https://www.foxnews.com/health/who-says-82-being-monitored-for-ebola-in-mali/ |access-date=24 November 2014 |website=Fox News}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba an yi tunanin tana da hulɗa da mutane 141, duk da haka ba dukansu ba ne aka samu, ciki har da 6 daga cikin mutane 10 da ke cikin bas din tare da yaron daga iyakar Guinea zuwa Bamako. Ya zuwa 5 ga Nuwamba babu sanannun shari'o'i ban da yaron, kodayake har yanzu ana ɗaukar haɗarin ƙarin shari'o-tafiye da yawa.<ref name="intsos">{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.internationalsos.com/ebola/index.cfm?content_id=443&language_id=ENG |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> Mutane 108 da suka yi hulɗa da yaron an keɓe su, kodayake lambobin sadarwa 40 sun ɓace har zuwa 9 ga Nuwamba.<ref name="intsos" /> Wadanda ake kallo suna shan zafin jiki sau biyu a kowace rana.<ref name=":2" /> Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Mali ta yi fatan sakin wadannan mutane 108 daga saka idanu a tsakiyar Nuwamba, kuma duk lambobin sadarwa sun samu nasarar kammala lokacin jiran su na kwanaki 21 a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba. ==manazarta== 5kduu52na6gqz67loyq7vu3fjby8eha 975926 975925 2026-11-04T20:52:05Z Ibn baaz 28481 975926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cutar Ebola a Mali''' ta faru ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, <ref name="WHO20141025">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Ebola Response Roadmap Situation Report Update |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/137185/1/roadmapupdate25Oct14_eng.pdf?ua=1 |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=World Health organization}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da damuwa game da yiwuwar ɓarkewar cutar Ebola a Mali. An kawo yaro daga Guinea kuma ya mutu a arewa maso yammacin birnin [[Kayes (birni)|Kayes]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Mali confirms its first case of Ebola |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/24-october-2014/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024191150/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/24-october-2014/en/ |archive-date=October 24, 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Tattaunawar Mali ta gano sama da mutane 100 da ke da hulɗa da yaron; an kammala gano ganowa a tsakiyar Nuwamba ba tare da ƙarin shari'o'i ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOS - Mali |url=https://www.internationalsos.com/ebola/index.cfm?content_id=443&language_id=ENG |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba, barkewar cutar ta biyu ta faru a babban birnin Mali, [[Bamako]]. Mutane da yawa a wani asibiti ana zaton wani mutum ne ya kamu da cutar. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu, an ayyana Mali ba tare da cutar Ebola ba bayan kwanaki 42 ba tare da sabbin kamuwa da cutar ba. An samu jimillar shari'o'i takwas tare da mutuwar mutum shida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2015 |title=Mali announces end of its Ebola outbreak |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/18/mali-announces-end-of-its-ebola-outbreak/ |website=The Washington Times}}</ref> Ya zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2014, annobar ƙwayar cutar Ebola a makwabtan kudancin Mali [[Laberiya]], [[Saliyo]], da [[Gini|Guinea]] sun haifar da dubban mutuwar. Mali, ƙasa mai kimanin mutane miliyan 16.5, an sanya ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe huɗu da ke cikin haɗarin barkewar cutar kafin rahoton farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francois Rihouay |date=October 25, 2014 |title=Mali Red Cross Says Ebola Tracking Hampered by Health System |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-25/mali-red-cross-says-ebola-tracking-complicated-by-health-system |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025183458/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-25/mali-red-cross-says-ebola-tracking-complicated-by-health-system |archive-date=October 25, 2014 |publisher=Businessweek}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == A ƙarshen [[Oktoba]] 2014, wata yarinya mai shekaru biyu ta mutu daga cutar Ebola a garin Kayes . <ref name="bbcmaligirl">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=Ebola crisis: 'Many exposed' to infected Mali girl |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29755443 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Yaron, wanda daga baya aka gano shi a matsayin Fanta Kone, an kwantar da shi a asibiti a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, inda ta gwada tabbatacciyar cutar [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]]. Ƙarin gwaje-gwaje sun tabbatar da Ebola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oct 24, 2014 |title=Ebola patient in Mali dies: health official |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/ebola-patient-in-mali-dies-health-official-1.2812473 |publisher=CBC}}</ref><ref name="APfantakone">{{Cite web |title=Mali rushes to track Ebola after toddler dies |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/f2157299bb3b4156be426fe291bff8b0/mali-rushes-track-ebola-after-toddler-dies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031231449/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/f2157299bb3b4156be426fe291bff8b0/mali-rushes-track-ebola-after-toddler-dies |archive-date=2014-10-31 |access-date=2014-10-31 |website=The Big Story}}</ref> Yaron, kakarta, kawunta, da 'yar'uwarta mai shekaru biyar <ref name="bbcmaligirl" /> sun isa [[Bamako]] bayan sun yi tafiya kusan kilomita 1000 (600 miles) daga Guinea, inda mahaifin Kone ya mutu. <ref name="APfantakone" /><ref name="sciamer">{{Cite web |last=Tom Miles |date=31 Oct 2014 |title=Two Suspected Ebola Cases Reported in Mali, 57 Contacts Sought |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/two-suspected-ebola-cases-reported-in-mali-57-contacts-sought/ |publisher=Scientific American}}</ref> &nbsp;Daga nan sai suka yi tafiya zuwa Kayes ta bas.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2014 |title=First Ebola patient in Mali dies |url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/25/first-ebola-patient-in-mali-dies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025154731/http://www.euronews.com/2014/10/25/first-ebola-patient-in-mali-dies/ |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=euronews.com}}</ref> Mahaifin Fanta Kone, ma'aikacin [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]], ya taimaka a wani asibitin kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa a Beyla wanda mahaifinsa, kakan mahaifin Fanta ya mallaka kuma ke gudanarwa. Ana zargin cewa yana iya kamuwa da cutar Ebola daga wani manomi daga wani kauye, wanda ya nemi magani a asibitin kuma 'ya'yansa mata biyu ne suka kasance tare da shi. Manomi ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Satumba, kuma 'ya'yansa mata a ranar 23 ga Satumba. Bayan ya yi rashin lafiya a ƙarshen Satumba, mahaifin Fanta ya yi tafiya zuwa ƙauyensa na Sokodugu, mai nisan kilomita 70, inda ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Oktoba. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, kakan mahaifinsa, matarsa, da 'ya'ya maza biyu ma sun mutu, tare da wasu mutuwar da aka tabbatar sun kasance daga cutar Ebola. Mahaifiyar Fanta da ɗan'uwanta mai watanni 3 sun kasance marasa cuta kuma suna zaune a Guinea a lokacin makoki na kwanaki 40 kafin su shiga sauran iyalinta a Mali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO - Mali case, Ebola imported from Guinea |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/10-november-2014-mali/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111151000/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/10-november-2014-mali/en/ |archive-date=November 11, 2014}}</ref> Likitan asibitin yara a Kayes ya ce an gaya masa cewa an haifi yaron kuma ya girma a Kayes, kuma ba a sanar da shi game da tafiyarta daga Guinea ba.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2014 |title=Mali Scrambles to Trace Ebola Victim's Contacts |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/mali-scrambles-to-trace-contacts-of-ebola-stricken-baby-girl/2500379.html |website=VOA}}</ref> An gwada samfurori na yaro a Cibiyar Nazarin Tubergine da Cutar Cutar AIDS ta Mali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2014 |title=WHO &#124; Ebola virus disease – Mali |url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/31-october-2014-ebola/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102154219/http://www.who.int/csr/don/31-october-2014-ebola/en/ |archive-date=2014-11-02}}</ref> Rashin zazzabi kamar Ebola, Kwayar cutar Marburg, da zazzabi na Lassa na iya samun irin waɗannan alamomi, kuma gwaji na iya taimakawa wajen tantance ko mutum yana da ɗayan waɗannan cututtukan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-16 |title=Mali remains 'free' of deadly Ebola epidemic |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-remains-free-of-deadly-Ebola-epidemic-20140415 |website=News24}}</ref> Akwai kusan rabin miliyan na zazzabin Lassa a kowace shekara a Yammacin Afirka, wanda ke haifar da kusan mutuwar 5,000.<ref name="safety">{{Cite web |title=Lassa fever |url=http://www.allcountries.org/health/lassa_fever.html |access-date=2 August 2011 |website=Health Topics A to Z |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> ==== Binciken hulɗa ==== Akwai damuwa cewa Kone ta fallasa wasu ga kwayar cutar yayin tafiyarta saboda tana zubar da jini daga hanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO warns of Mali Ebola risk as infected toddler dies |url=http://www.dw.de/who-warns-of-mali-ebola-risk-as-infected-toddler-dies/a-18020449 |publisher=Deutsche Welle}}</ref> Saduwa da jini ko turare daga wani da ke fama da cutar Ebola babban haɗari ne ga cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Message for U.S. Citizens: Bamako (Mali), Ebola Virus Disease (Update) |url=https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=16186 |access-date=2014-10-27 |publisher=United States Department of State}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, an kiyasta cewa yaron [[Binciken hulɗa|yana da hulɗa]] da mutane 300, 43 daga cikinsu an warewa su don hana yaduwar cutar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-25 |title=Mali Ebola toddler dies, fears dozens exposed |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-Ebola-toddler-dies-fears-dozens-exposed-20141025 |publisher=news24.com}}</ref> Daga cikin 43, 10 ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-25 |title=Dozens feared exposed to Ebola in Mali |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/257773/dozens-feared-exposed-to-ebola-in-mali |publisher=Radio New Zealand}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Oktoba, an gano mutane 111 a matsayin lambobin sadarwa, amma binciken ya sami cikas saboda rashin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, kuma an horar da masu sa kai 40 don taimakawa tare da bin diddigin lamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olivier Monnier |last2=Francois Rihouay |date=28 October 2014 |title=WHO Said to Track 111 People in Mali After Ebola Death |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-28/who-said-to-track-111-people-in-mali-after-ebola-death.html |website=Bloomberg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO says 82 being monitored for Ebola in Mali |url=https://www.foxnews.com/health/who-says-82-being-monitored-for-ebola-in-mali/ |access-date=24 November 2014 |website=Fox News}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Oktoba an yi tunanin tana da hulɗa da mutane 141, duk da haka ba dukansu ba ne aka samu, ciki har da 6 daga cikin mutane 10 da ke cikin bas din tare da yaron daga iyakar Guinea zuwa Bamako. Ya zuwa 5 ga Nuwamba babu sanannun shari'o'i ban da yaron, kodayake har yanzu ana ɗaukar haɗarin ƙarin shari'o-tafiye da yawa.<ref name="intsos">{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.internationalsos.com/ebola/index.cfm?content_id=443&language_id=ENG |access-date=24 November 2014}}</ref> Mutane 108 da suka yi hulɗa da yaron an keɓe su, kodayake lambobin sadarwa 40 sun ɓace har zuwa 9 ga Nuwamba.<ref name="intsos" /> Wadanda ake kallo suna shan zafin jiki sau biyu a kowace rana.<ref name=":2" /> Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Mali ta yi fatan sakin wadannan mutane 108 daga saka idanu a tsakiyar Nuwamba, kuma duk lambobin sadarwa sun samu nasarar kammala lokacin jiran su na kwanaki 21 a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba. ==manazarta== dpp709ttfft8tzxwt2m05ixzlh7qqvr 0 179246 975922 971662 2026-11-04T20:45:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 5 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri''' (a hukumance PM Shri Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri) babbar makarantar sakandare ce ta hadin gwiwa wacce ke Janakpuri, West Delhi, Indiya. An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1973, [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]] (KVS), wata hukuma mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta ƙasa (Indiya)|Ma'aikatar Ilimi]], Gwamnatin Indiya ce ke gudanar da ita. Cibiyar tana aiki a sassa biyu, inda aikin na biyu zai fara a watan Satumba na 2004. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri |url=https://janakpuri.kvs.ac.in/en/about-kv/}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Makarantar tana da matsayi na musamman na zama ofishin yanki na KVS Delhi daga Oktoba 1984 zuwa Nuwamba 1992. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Genesis {{!}} REGIONAL OFFICE, DELHI {{!}} India |url=https://rodelhi.kvs.gov.in/en/genesis/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> An sanya ta a matsayin Makarantar PM SHRI a ƙarƙashin shirin ilimi na Gwamnatin Indiya mai taken haɓaka makarantun ƙira a faɗin ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PM SHRI Schools {{!}} KVS - Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, Government of India {{!}} India |url=https://kvsangathan.nic.in/en/pm-shri-schools/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Kafa da shekarun farko === An kafa Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri a shekarar 1973 a matsayin wani ɓangare na cibiyar sadarwa ta Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS), wacce ke aiki a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Gwamnatin Indiya . An kafa wannan cibiyar ne domin samar da ingantaccen ilimi ga yaran ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsakiya da za a iya canjawa wuri, ciki har da waɗanda ke cikin ɓangaren tsaro da na sojoji masu zaman kansu, don tabbatar da ci gaba da ilimi duk da yawan ƙaura. === Hedkwatar ofishin yanki (1984–1992) === Daga Oktoba 1984 zuwa Nuwamba 1992, harabar makarantar ta yi aiki a matsayin hedikwatar Ofishin Yankin KVS Delhi, wanda aka ƙaura daga Kendriya Vidyalaya Sector 2, RK Puram. A wannan lokacin, Yankin Delhi ya ƙunshi makarantu 33, waɗanda tun daga lokacin suka faɗaɗa zuwa [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan|Kendriya Vidyalayas]] 69, gami da sauye-sauye na biyu. <ref name=":1" /> === Faɗaɗawa da ci gaban zamani === A watan Satumba na 2004, Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri ta faɗaɗa don biyan buƙatun ilimi da ke ƙaruwa ta hanyar ƙaddamar da aikinta na biyu. Dangane da sabbin bayanai da ake da su, kimanin ɗalibai 2,600 ne suka yi karatu a canjin aiki na farko, da kuma ɗalibai 1,300 a canjin aiki na biyu, tare da haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatan koyarwa sama da 128 na masu ilimi da ma'aikatan gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=पीएम श्री केन्द्रीय विद्यालय जनकपुरी नई दिल्ली {{!}} India |url=https://janakpurishift2.kvs.ac.in/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261014201935/https://janakpurishift2.kvs.ac.in/ |archive-date=2026-10-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Harabar jami'a da kayayyakin more rayuwa == === Wuri da kuma kayan aiki na gabaɗaya === Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri yana a C-2 Block, Janakpuri, New Delhi - 110058. <ref>{{Cite journal |title=VIDYALAYA PROFILE JANAKPURI |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3kv02917f17d1a076a9ca052eb0e82c42/uploads/2024/05/2024053160.pdf? |journal=cdnbbsr}}</ref> === Yankin harabar jami'a === Makarantar ta mamaye fadin eka 7.37, wanda hakan ke samar da sarari don dalilai na ilimi, nishaɗi, da gudanarwa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=PM Shri Kendriya Vidyalaya (KV), Janakpuri, New Delhi: Admission, Fee, Affiliation |url=https://school.careers360.com/schools/pm-shri-kendriya-vidyalaya-janakpuri-new-delhi |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=school.careers360.com |language=en}}</ref> === Kayayyakin ilimi === Makarantar tana da kayan aiki na ilimi, ciki har da: * Azuzuwan da ke da fasahar allo mai wayo * Dakunan karatu masu kyau ga ɗalibai biyu * Dakunan gwaje-gwajen kimiyya don kimiyyar lissafi, sinadarai, da ilmin halitta * Dakunan gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta da kuma azuzuwan lantarki masu amfani da fasahar sadarwa (ICT) * Dakin Gwaji na Harshe na Dijital * Atal Tinkering Lab (wanda aka kafa a shekarar 2020) don ilimin kirkire-kirkire da fasaha <ref name=":0" /> === Wasanni da nishaɗi === Harabar makarantar tana da wurare masu yawa na wasanni, ciki har da: * Filin wasa don wasan ƙwallon raga, [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]], wasannin motsa jiki, da [[wasannin gargajiya na Indiya]] * Filin wasan badminton da wasan teburi * Filin [[Kurket|wasan kurket]] da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] <ref name=":2" /> === Ƙarin wurare === Sauran abubuwan more rayuwa na harabar jami'a sun haɗa da: * Wuraren kiwon lafiya da shirye-shiryen lafiya * Na'urar sanya ido ta CCTV don tsaro * Tsarin tsarkake ruwa * Hanyoyin zamani da wuraren shakatawa masu kyau <ref name=":2" /> == Malamai == === Manhaja ta Manhaja === Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri tana da alaƙa da Hukumar Ilimi ta Tsakiya (CBSE) a ƙarƙashin lambar haɗin gwiwa 2700007. Makarantar tana bin manhajar karatu ta CBSE daga Aji na 1 zuwa Aji na 12, tana ba da ilimi mai inganci kuma wanda aka amince da shi a duk faɗin ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=- SARAS |url=https://saras.cbse.gov.in/SARAS/AffiliatedList/AfflicationDetails/2700007 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=saras.cbse.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261014202213/https://saras.cbse.gov.in/SARAS/AffiliatedList/AfflicationDetails/2700007 |archive-date=2026-10-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Manyan hanyoyin sakandare === A matakin +2 (Aji XI–XII), Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri tana bayar da kwararar ilimi guda uku a dukkan lokutan biyu: * [[Ilmi|Kimiyya]] (tare da zaɓuɓɓukan Ayyukan [[Biology|Halittu]] da Informatics ) * Kasuwanci * Ilimin ɗan adam / Fasaha An tsara waɗannan hanyoyin don biyan buƙatun ɗalibai daban-daban da kuma burin aiki. <ref name=":0" /> === Harshen koyarwa === Makarantar tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar da ke da harsuna biyu, tana ba da koyarwa a harsunan [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]], wanda ke taimaka wa ɗalibai su sami ƙwarewa a harsunan biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TEACHING OF REGIONAL LANGUAGE IN KENDRIYA VIDYALAYAS |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/loksabhaquestions/annex/183/AU123_N2eKcy.pdf?source=pqals}}</ref> === Aikin ilimi === Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri ta ci gaba da samun sakamako mai kyau a fannin ilimi a Jarrabawar Hukumar CBSE, inda ta ci gaba da samun maki mai yawa a jarrabawar Aji na X da Aji na XII. Kendriya Vidyalayas a yankin Delhi sun sami maki mafi yawa a tarihi, wanda ya wuce kashi 99%. == Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa == === 'Yan leƙen asiri da jagorori === Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri yana da ingantaccen shirin Scouts da jagorori . Dalibai suna shiga cikin ayyukan leƙen asiri daban-daban, ciki har da tarurrukan gangami, sansanonin sojoji, da ayyukan hidimar al'umma. Makarantar tana shirya sansanonin Rajya Puraskar da Rashtrapati Puraskar, kuma ɗalibai daga azuzuwan III zuwa na biyar suna shiga ayyukan Cubs da Bulbul. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna da nufin haɓaka jagoranci, ladabi, da kuma ɗaukar nauyin zamantakewa tsakanin ɗalibai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NCC/Scout & Guides |url=https://janakpuri.kvs.ac.in/en/ncc-scout-guides/}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Atal Tinkering Lab === An kafa Atal Tinkering Lab a farkon shekarar 2020, kuma yana haɓaka kirkire-kirkire, halayyar kimiyya, da kuma ilmantarwa ta hannu a cikin fasahohin zamani, ciki har da na'urorin robot, bugu na 3D, na'urorin lantarki, da kuma [[Kirkirar Basira|basirar wucin gadi]] . Dalibai suna shiga cikin ƙalubalen ƙirƙira da gasannin ƙasa da ƙungiyar Atal Innovation Mission ta shirya a ƙarƙashin NITI Aayog . <ref>{{Cite web |last=AvianWe |title=Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) |url=https://aim.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007230956/https://www.aim.gov.in/ |archive-date=2020-10-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Majalisar Matasa === Makarantar tana shiga cikin gasar Majalisar Matasa ta Ƙasa, tana ba wa ɗalibai dandamali don shiga cikin muhawara irin ta 'yan majalisa, haɓaka ƙwarewar jagoranci, da fahimtar hanyoyin dimokuraɗiyya. Gasar tana haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a da kuma iya magana a bainar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Youth Parliament Janakpuri |url=https://janakpuri.kvs.ac.in/en/youth-parliament/}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat === A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin haɗin gwiwa na ƙasa, makarantar tana gudanar da ayyukan da ke nuna bambancin al'adu, ciki har da raye-rayen gargajiya, kiɗan gargajiya, nune-nunen fasaha, koyon harshe, da musayar al'adu da ƙasashe masu haɗin gwiwa. Wannan shirin yana nuna haɗin kai a cikin bambancin ra'ayi kuma ana gudanar da shi kowace shekara a Kendriya Vidyalayas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=एक भारत श्रेष्ठ भारत |url=https://janakpuri.kvs.ac.in/en/ek-bharat-shrestha-bharat/}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Nasarorin wasanni === Ɗaliban KV Janakpuri sun samu nasara a gasar wasanni ta yanki da ta ƙasa. A gasar cin kofin Delhi ta 2022 da yankin KVS Delhi ya shirya, dalibai sun yi fice a wasan kwallon raga, wasannin motsa jiki, da wasannin kungiya. Dalibai takwas sun shiga gasar wasanni ta ƙasa baki ɗaya kuma sun sami matsayi na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Cup - 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXnjJydemKM}}</ref> === Ayyukan al'adu === Makarantar tana shirya shirye-shiryen al'adu na yau da kullun waɗanda suka haɗa da: * Bukukuwan Ranar Shekara-shekara * Bikin Ranar 'Yanci da kuma Bikin Ranar Jamhuriya * Nunin kimiyya * Gasar fasaha da sana'a * Waƙoƙin kiɗa da rawa <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Kendriya Vidyalya Janakpuri |url=https://janakpuri.kvs.ac.in/ |access-date=2026-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005221128/https://janakpuri.kvs.ac.in/ |archive-date=2024-10-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == === Kyaututtukan cibiyoyi === Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri ta sami lambobin yabo da dama na cibiyoyi saboda matsayinta na ilimi da kuma gudunmawarta ga ilimi na gaba ɗaya: * An zaɓe shi a matsayin Makarantar PM SHRI a ƙarƙashin shirin Gwamnatin Indiya na ƙasa don haɓaka makarantun ƙira. * Na sami kyautar Makaranta Mai Kyau ga Muhalli (2013) don ayyukan da suka daɗe a harabar jami'a. * An karrama ta da lambar yabo ta "Girls-Centric Education and Training Award" (2018) saboda haɓaka ilimi mai haɗaka da ƙarfafawa ga ɗalibai mata. === Nasarorin malamai === An karrama malaman makarantar a matakin yanki da na ƙasa saboda ƙwarewarsu a fannin koyarwa da kirkire-kirkire: * Sh. Kyautar Harshen Hindi ta Sushil Upadhyay (2024) saboda ƙwarewa a fannin ilimin Hindi. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Teacher Achiever |url=https://janakpurishift2.kvs.ac.in/teacher-achiever/ |access-date=2026-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261014214002/https://janakpurishift2.kvs.ac.in/teacher-achiever/ |archive-date=2026-10-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Mrs. Punita – Kyautar Laxmi Mazumdar saboda gudunmawar da ta bayar ga ƙungiyar Bharat Scouts da Guides . <ref name=":3" /> * Mrs. Monika Batra – Kyauta ta Yanki don kayan koyarwa masu ƙirƙira ( ''Littafin Technofun'' ). <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |title=ACHIEVEMENTS KVJP |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s3kv02917f17d1a076a9ca052eb0e82c42/uploads/2024/05/2024053160.pdf |journal=cdnbbsr}}</ref> * Ms. Manpreet Kaur – Kyauta ta Yanki don ƙirƙirar sabbin abubuwa na ilimi ( ''Littafin Technofun'' ). <ref name=":4" /> * Mista Vinay Kumar – Kyautar Malami Mai Kirkire-kirkire don haɗa fasaha da ilimin aji. === Nasarorin ɗalibai === Daliban Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri sun sami karramawa a fannin ilimi, ayyukan da suka shafi manhaja, da wasanni a matakin jiha, yanki, da kuma ƙasa: * Kasancewa da nasara akai-akai a gasar Olympics ta ƙasa da ta ƙasa (Lissafi, Kimiyya, Intanet, da kuma gasar Olympics ta kore). * Wakilci a Nunin Kimiyya da Zamantakewa na Ƙasa wanda [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]] da NCERT suka shirya. * An yi gagarumin wasan kwaikwayo a Kala Utsav, inda ɗalibai ke wakiltar Yankin Delhi a matakin ƙasa. * Masu lashe lambobin yabo da yawa a taron wasanni na yanki da na ƙasa na KVS, musamman a wasan ƙwallon raga, wasannin motsa jiki, da kuma tarurrukan ƙungiya. * Shiga cikin gasannin Lab na Atal Tinkering, gami da ƙalubalen matakin ƙasa wanda Ofishin Atal Innovation Mission, NITI Aayog, ya shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Student Achiever |url=https://janakpuri.kvs.ac.in/en/student-achiever/}} {{Dead link|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Majalisar ɗalibai da jagoranci == Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri tana da Majalisar Dalibai masu aiki da ake zaɓa kowace shekara don ƙarfafa ɗalibai su shiga cikin shugabancin makaranta, ladabtarwa, da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa na manhaja. Majalisar ta ƙunshi mukamai kamar Kyaftin Makaranta (Sarara da 'Yan Mata), Mataimakan Kyaftin, Kyaftin na Majalisa, Kyaftin na Wasanni, Kyaftin na Ayyukan Kwas ɗin Haɗaka (CCA), Kyaftin na Ladabtarwa, da Kyaftin na Buga Littattafai. <ref name=":5" /> == Taken makaranta da falsafa == Taken Kendriya Vidyalaya Janakpuri shine "Tat Tvam Pooshan Apavrinu" (तत् त्वं पूषण अपावृणु), ayar da ta samo asali daga ''Isha Upanishad'' . Yana fassara zuwa:<blockquote>"Ya Ubangiji, fuskar Gaskiya an lulluɓe ta da faifan zinare. Don Allah ka cire wannan rufin ka bayyana gaskiya ga mai neman adalci."</blockquote>Wannan ka'ida mai jagora tana nuna falsafar ilimi ta makarantar, wadda ke jaddada: * Neman gaskiya da ilimi ta hanyar koyo mai kyau. * Cire jahilci da sanin kai a matsayin hanyar samun wayewa . * Ilimi a matsayin hanyar adalci ( dharma ) da kuma ci gaban ɗan adam gaba ɗaya. Taken ya yi daidai da hangen nesa na [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]], wanda ke neman haɓaka ilimi, ɗabi'a, da ruhaniya a cikin ɗalibai tare da haɓaka haɗin kai na ƙasa da wayar da kan jama'a a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=rnpatel1962 |date=2020-12-14 |title=KVS Foundation Day |url=https://kvlakhisarailibrarysite.wordpress.com/2020/12/14/kvs-foundation-day/ |access-date=2025-10-17 |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Kendriya Vidyalayas * [[Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]] * Babban Hukumar Ilimi ta Sakandare * Majalisar Ƙasa ta Bincike da Horarwa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rj7qjdndilqf6v5ydlnmdy62dzu4kmv 0 179737 976001 970120 2026-11-05T02:08:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kreshnik Hajrizi''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1999) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Sion ta ƙasar Switzerland. An haife shi a [[Switzerland]], kuma yana bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kosovo wasa . == Aikin kulob == === Chiasso === A ranar 19 ga Yuni 2019, Hajrizi ya koma ƙungiyar Chiasso ta Swiss Challenge League . Bayan wata guda, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da aka doke Wil da ci 0-1 a gida bayan ya yi canji a minti na 74 a madadin Ivan Lurati. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiasso vs. Wil 0–1 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/07/20/switzerland/challenge-league/fc-chiasso/fc-wil-1900/3039668/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> === Lugano === A ranar 25 ga Maris 2021, Hajrizi ta wani hoto a shafinsa na [[Instagram]] ya sanar da cewa daga kakar wasa ta 2021 zuwa 22, zai kasance cikin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Swiss Super League Lugano . Bayan watanni huɗu, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 0-2 a hannun Zürich bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2021 |title=Lugano–Zurigo 0–2 |trans-title=Lugano–Zurich 0–2 |url=https://www.fclugano.com/lugano-zurigo-0-2/ |publisher=[[FC Lugano]] |language=Italian |access-date=21 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219231411/https://www.fclugano.com/lugano-zurigo-0-2/ |archive-date=19 February 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Widzew Łódź === A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2024, Hajrizi ya koma ƙungiyar Widzew Łódź ta Poland a Ekstraklasa bayan ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da zaɓin tsawaita shekara ɗaya kuma ya sami lambar 5 ta ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2024 |title=Kreshnik Hajrizi nowym piłkarzem Widzewa Łódź |trans-title=Kreshnik Hajrizi is the new player of Widzew Łódź |url=https://widzew.com/aktualnosci/item/Kreshnik-Hajrizi-nowym-pilkarzem-Widzewa-Lodz/ |publisher=[[Widzew Łódź]] |language=Polish}}</ref> === Sion === A ranar 15 ga Janairun 2025, ya koma Switzerland don komawa Sion a matsayin aro har zuwa sauran kakar wasa, tare da zaɓin siye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Galiński |first=Tomasz |date=15 January 2025 |title=Nieudany eksperyment. Widzew wypożyczył Kosowianina |url=https://sportowefakty.wp.pl/pilka-nozna/1167358/nieudany-eksperyment-widzew-wypozyczyl-kosowianina |access-date=15 January 2025 |website=sportowefakty.wp.pl |language=pl}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, Sion ta yi amfani da yarjejeniyar sayen Hajrizi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2025 |title=Kreshnik Hajrizi jednak w FC Sion |url=https://lodzkisport.pl/kreshnik-hajrizi-jednak-w-fc-sion/ |access-date=2 July 2025 |website=lodzkisport.pl |language=pl}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == === Matasa === A kakar wasa ta 2015-16, Hajrizi ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar matasa ta ƙasa da ƙasa [[Switzerland|ta Switzerland]], bi da bi yana cikin ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 kuma ya buga wasanni goma sha biyu tare da wannan ƙungiyar kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2018, Kosovo U21 ta gayyaci shi don buga wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan kasa da shekara 21 ta UEFA ta 2019 da Isra'ila U21, <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title=Prekazi publikon listën e futbollistëve për ndeshjen kundër Izraelit |trans-title=Prekazi publishes the list of footballers for the match against Israel |url=http://www.ffk-kosova.com/federata/2018/10/04/prekazi-publikon-listen-e-futbollisteve-per-ndeshjen-kunder-izraelit/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009041201/http://www.ffk-kosova.com/federata/2018/10/04/prekazi-publikon-listen-e-futbollisteve-per-ndeshjen-kunder-izraelit/ |archive-date=9 October 2018 |access-date=25 July 2021 |publisher=[[Football Federation of Kosovo]] |language=Albanian}}</ref> kuma ya fara wasa ne bayan ya maye gurbin Fuad Rahimi a minti na 46. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel U21 vs. Kosovo U21 3–0 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/10/16/europe/uefa-u21-championship/israel-under-21/kosovo-u21/2429830/ |access-date=16 October 2018 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> === Babban ɗalibi === A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2022, Hajrizi ya sami kiran shiga gasar daga Kosovo don buga wasannin sada zumunta da Armenia da Faroe Islands . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2022 |title=Giresse publikon listën e futbollistëve për miqësoret e nëntorit |trans-title=Giresse publishes the list of footballers for the November friendlies |url=http://www.ffk-kosova.com/giresse-publikon-listen-e-futbollisteve-per-miqesoret-e-nentorit/ |publisher=[[Football Federation of Kosovo]] |language=Albanian}}</ref> Wasansa na farko da Kosovo ya faru ne bayan kwana takwas a wasan sada zumunci da Faroe Islands bayan an sanya shi a cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fara wasa. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Hajrizi a Switzerland ga iyayensa 'yan asalin Albaniya daga Shtime . == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 22 May 2025|<ref name=WF/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfl.ch/superleague/klubs/fc-chiasso/player/kreshnik-hajrizi/season/202122/|title=Kreshnik Hajrizi {{!}} FC Lugano {{!}} Super League 2021/22|website=Swiss Football League|accessdate=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725181543/https://www.sfl.ch/superleague/klubs/fc-chiasso/player/kreshnik-hajrizi/season/202122/|archive-date=25 July 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Swiss Cup]], [[Polish Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Young Boys U21 |2016–17 |Swiss 1. Liga |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2017–18 |Swiss 1. Liga |22 |0 |0 |0 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[Swiss 1. Liga (football)|Swiss 1. Liga]] play-offs|name=S1LPO}} |0 |24 |0 |- |2018–19 |Swiss 1. Liga |22 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |22 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !45 !1 !0 !0 !2 !0 !47 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |Chiasso |2019–20 |Swiss Challenge League |26 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |27 |0 |- |2020–21 |Swiss Challenge League |29 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |30 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !55 !1 !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !57 !1 |- | rowspan="4" |Lugano |2021–22 |Swiss Super League |30 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |34 |1 |- |2022–23 |Swiss Super League |19 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |21 |1 |- |2023–24 |Swiss Super League |22 |2 |2 |0 |8{{Efn|Two appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]], six appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}} |0 |32 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !71 !4 !8 !0 !8 !0 !87 !4 |- |Widzew Łódź |2024–25 |Ekstraklasa |4 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6 |0 |- |Sion (loan) |2024–25 |Swiss Super League |15 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |2 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !190 !8 !12 !0 !10 !0 !212 !8 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="4" | Kosovo | 2022 | 1 | 0 |- | 2023 | 3 | 0 |- | 2025 | 1 | 0 |- | 2026 | 2 | 1 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 7 ! 1 |} : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamakon sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Kosovo ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Hajrizi ta ci.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Kreshnik Hajrizi ya ci a wasannin kasa da kasa ! scope="col" | A'a. ! scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasar |- | style="text-align:center" | 1 | 26 Maris 2026 | Tehelné pole, [[Bratislava]], Slovakia |{{Fb|SVK}} | style="text-align:center" | 1–1 | style="text-align:center" | 4–3 | Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 |} == Daraja == '''Lugano''' * Kofin Switzerland : 2021–22 <ref>{{Cite web |last=svizzera |first=RSI Radiotelevisione |title=Tripudio bianconero, la Coppa è del Lugano! |url=https://www.rsi.ch/sport/calcio/Tripudio-bianconero-la-Coppa-%C3%A8-del-Lugano-15328390.html |website=rsi}}</ref> == Nassoshi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Soccerway}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] pqipomu0ua4lo04nevianayzjzp66ba 0 179753 976036 970294 2026-11-05T07:42:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976036 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #198035 !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; border: 3px solid #f5f10e !important;" |Kwara Falcons |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Kwara_Falcons_logo.png|frameless|Kwara Falcons logo]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Taron | class="infobox-data" |Atlantic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ruwa | class="infobox-data" |[[Nigerian Premier League (basketball)|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An kafa shi | class="infobox-data" |1980 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tarihi | class="infobox-data" |'''Kwara Falcons''' (1980-yanzu) <br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin wasa | class="infobox-data" |Gidan Wasanni na Cikin Gida <ref>https://crossriverwatch.com/2022/08/kwara-government-renovated-stadiums-indoor-sports-hall-with-n72-million-on-record-nothing-on-the-ground-to-show-for-it/</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Capacity | class="infobox-data" |2,000 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin da yake | class="infobox-data" |[[Ilorin]], [[Kwara]], Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shugaban kasa | class="infobox-data" |Aliu Jubril |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Babban kocin | class="infobox-data" |[[Baba Jubril]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kyaftin din tawagar | class="infobox-data" |Ajileye Seyi Gideon |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gasar Zakarun Turai | class="infobox-data" |1 ([[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]]) |} '''[[Kwara (Jiha)|Kwara]] Falcons''' kungiya ce ta kwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ta Najeriya da ke [[Ilorin]], [[Kwara]] . Kungiyar tana taka leda a [[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]] kuma ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai daya a shekarar 2022. Bayan gasar zakarun kasa, Falcons sun kuma fafata a gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka (BAL) a shekarar 2023. An kafa su a shekarar 1980, Falcons suna buga wasanninsu na gida a Gidan Wasanni na Kwara Stadium . <ref>{{Cite web |title=KWARA FALCONS TO MOVE TO THE UNILORIN ARENA TEMPORARILY AS KWARA STATE GOVERNMENT RENOVATES THE INDOOR SPORTS HALL |url=http://bballnaija.com/single.php?msg_id=172&cat=league |access-date=6 March 2020 |website=bballnaija.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202051100/http://bballnaija.com/single.php?msg_id=172&cat=league |archive-date=2 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Kwara Falcons a cikin 1980. Kwara Falcons sun ci gaba zuwa Premier League a shekarar 2013, bayan sun lashe gasar Atlantic a Division 1.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title="LOW KEY! ALL OF THEM DON DEY NOTICE" - THE JOURNEY OF THE KWARA FALCONS IN FIREBOY DML`S WORDS |url=http://bballnaija.com/single.php?msg_id=374&cat=home |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=bballnaija.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227085832/http://bballnaija.com/single.php?msg_id=374&cat=home |archive-date=2023-02-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko a saman jirgin, Falcons sun sami nasarar kauce wa raguwa. A shekara ta 2015, kungiyar ta kammala ta uku a taron Atlantic, a bayan 'yan wasa kamar Baba Jubril, Lanre Alimi da Tunde El-Alawa . <ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2016 da 2017, Falcons sun kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun kasa. A cikin shekara ta 2018, Kwara sun kasance masu cin gaba a gasar Firimiya, sun kammala ne kawai a bayan Rivers Hoopers . A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2022, Falcons ta lashe gasar zakarun kasa ta farko bayan ta lashe kakar 2022. A sakamakon haka, sun cancanci kai tsaye don kakar 2023 ta Kungiyar Kwando ta Afirka (BAL). Don kakar wasa ta farko ta BAL, Falcons sun ƙarfafa jerin sunayensu tare da AJ Wilson, Michael Kolawole da Jeremiah Mordi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-26 |title=BAL 2023 : LES KWARA FALCONS SIGNENT TROIS NOUVEAUX JOUEURS. |url=https://sports7.info/2023/02/26/bal-2023-les-kwara-falcons-signent-trois-nouveaux-joueurs/,%20https://sports7.info/2023/02/26/bal-2023-les-kwara-falcons-signent-trois-nouveaux-joueurs/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Falcons sun shiga Taron Sahara kuma sun rasa dukkan wasanninta biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What happened at the 2023 Sahara Conference? |url=https://bal.nba.com/news/what-happened-at-the-2023-sahara-conference |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=The BAL |language=en}}</ref> Kwara Falcons sun jawo matsakaicin halartar gida na 398 a cikin 2024 NBBF Premier League, daya daga cikin matsakaicin matsakaicin dukkan kungiyoyin kwallon kwando na Najeriya. == Daraja == '''[[Bauchi Nets BC|Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya]]''' * '''Zakarun (1):''' [[2022 NBBF Premier League|2022]] ** Wanda ya zo na biyu (1): 2018 *** Matsayi na uku (1): [[Kofin Shugaban Kasa na NBBF 2019|2019]] '''Gasar gayyata ta Louis Edem''' * Masu cin nasara (1): 2023 == 'Yan wasa == === Jerin 2023 === Jerin Kwara Falcons masu zuwa sun buga a kakar BAL ta 2023.    == Manazarta == ol2hw2vtqiefgjwe7kgo7kt2fzgqnm1 0 180238 975989 972888 2026-11-04T23:39:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 975989 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Actinidia_fruits.jpg|right|thumb|Kiwifruit ta jinsuna: A = A. arguta, C = A.<nowiki><i id="mwFQ">A. chinensis<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwFg">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki> var. . <br />&nbsp;chinensis, D = A.<nowiki><i id="mwGg">A. chinensis<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwGw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki> var. . &nbsp;<nowiki><i id="mwHA">mai daɗi</i></nowiki>, E = ''A. eriantha<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwIA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>'', I = ''[[Actinidia indochinensis|A. indochinensis&nbsp;]]'', P = A. polygama, S = <nowiki><i id="mwKw">A.</i></nowiki> chinensis var. <nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwLA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<nowiki><i id="mwLg">setosa</i></nowiki>]] [[File:Kiwifruit_cross_section.jpg|thumb|Yankin giciye na kiwifruit]] [[File:Kiwifruit_'Gold'_cross_section.jpg|thumb|Yankin giciye na Kiwifruit na zinariya]] [[File:Kiwi's_morphology.svg|thumb|Yanayin kiwifruit]] ''''''kiwi'''''' (sau da yawa an taƙaita shi zuwa kiwi), ko kuma gooseberry na Sinanci (Al'adun Sinanci; sauƙaƙe Sinanci: ː桃; : ), ita ce 'Ya'yan itace mai cin abinci na nau'ikan itatuwan inabi masu katako da yawa a cikin jinsin Actinidia . <ref name="Morton">{{Cite web |last=Morton J |year=2011 |title=Kiwifruit: ''Actinidia deliciosa'' In: Fruits of Warm Climates, 1987 |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/kiwifruit_ars.html |access-date=8 April 2014 |publisher=Center for New Crops & Plant Products at Purdue University}}</ref><ref name="PWNEP">{{Cite web |last=Stirk |first=Bernadine |year=2005 |title=Growing Kiwifruit |url=https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw507.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824155835/https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw507.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2020 |access-date=4 January 2013 |publisher=Pacific Northwest Extension Publishing}}</ref> Ƙungiyar shuka mafi yawan kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa 'Hayward') tana da nau'i-nau'i, game da girman kwai mai girma: 5-8 centimeters (2-3 inci) a tsawon da 4.5-5.5 +3⁄4- in) a diamita.<ref name="Beutel">{{Cite book|edition=J.E.}}</ref> {{Convert|4.5|-|5.5|cm|in}}Kiwifruit yana da bakin ciki, mai laushi, mai layin layin laushi, launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa wanda yake da kyau amma ana iya cinyewa, da kuma kore mai haske ko nama mai zinariya wanda ke dauke da layuka na ƙananan ƙwayoyin baƙar fata masu cin abinci. 'Ya'yan itace suna da ɗanɗano mai laushi tare da ɗanɗana mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗana da ɗanɗani na musamman. Kiwifruit 'yar asalin tsakiyar da gabashin kasar Sin ce, tare da bayanin farko da aka rubuta tun daga karni na 12 a lokacin Daular Song.<ref name="Morton" /> A farkon karni na 20, noman kiwifruit ya bazu daga China zuwa New Zealand, inda aka fara shuka shuka kasuwanci.<ref name="Morton" /> Ya sami shahara tsakanin ma'aikatan Burtaniya da Amurka da ke zaune a New Zealand a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma daga baya ya zama ana fitar dashi, na farko zuwa Ingila da Ostiraliya daga 1953, <ref name="Morton" />:{{Rp|204}} sannan California ta biyo baya a 1959. Daga ƙarshen karni na 20, ƙasashe da suka wuce New Zealand sun fara shirye-shiryen kiwifruit masu zaman kansu, gami da China da Italiya.<ref name="ming">{{Cite web |date=2008-06-26 |title=Kiwi plant named 'Hongyang', patent number US20080155721P1 (abandoned) |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20080155721P1/en |publisher=US Patent Office}}</ref><ref name="testolin">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Testolin R |date=1 September 2015 |title=Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) in Italy: the History of the Industry, International Scientific Cooperation and Recent Advances in Genetics and Breeding |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283636417 |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=1096 |pages=47–61 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1096.2}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, kasar Sin ta kai kashi 55% na jimlar samar da 'ya'yan itace a duniya, wanda ya sa ta zama mafi girma a duniya.<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web |year=2025 |title=Kiwifruit production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists) |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |access-date=19 March 2025 |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)}}</ref> == Magana == A shekara ta 1959, Turners & Growers, babban mai fitar da kayayyaki na New Zealand, ya fara amfani da sunan ''"kiwifruit"'' bayan wani abokin ciniki na Amurka, Norman Sondag, ya shawarce shi, cewa samfuran da ke da sunan ''Gooseberry na kasar Sin'' na iya samun wahalar wucewa ta hanyar keɓewa. Sondag ya yi imanin cewa jami'an keɓewa sun fi shakku game da Gooseberries na Turai da sauran jigilar 'ya'yan itace, saboda tsoron cewa' ya'yan itacen da aka shuka kusa da ƙasa na iya shiga cikin ƙasa da aka gurɓata da ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'', wani abu da ba batun kiwifruit ba ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Truong |first=Thanh |date=7 September 2021 |title=How did the Chinese kiwifruit end up with a Māori name? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/the-cook-up-with-adam-liaw/article/how-did-the-chinese-kiwifruit-end-up-with-a-maori-name/uho5zagxe |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=SBS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Jack |date=1 September 2024 |title=The history of the naming of the kiwifruit |url=https://www.epictepuke.co.nz/explore/posts/1313194-the-history-of-the-naming-of-kiwifruit-by-jac?page=posts&tc=795618 |access-date=15 January 2025 |publisher=EPIC Te Puke, New Zealand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260426175504/https://www.epictepuke.co.nz/explore/posts/1313194-the-history-of-the-naming-of-kiwifruit-by-jac%3Fpage%3Dposts%26tc%3D795618 |archive-date=26 April 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jack Turner na Turners & Growers ne ya kirkiro sunan kiwi, yana mai da hankali kan kiwi, sunan da aka yi amfani da shi don bayyana New Zealanders, wanda Turner ya ji cewa ma'aikatan Amurka da ke zaune a cikin Pacific a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu za su fi so.<ref name="TamarilloKiwifruit2020" /> Turners & Growers ne suka fara yin rajistar sunan a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1959, kuma a shekarar 1970, duk fitarwa daga New Zealand sun yi amfani da sunan kiwifruit. <ref name="TamarilloKiwifruit2020" /><ref name="Time" /> ''Kiwifruit'' daga ƙarshe ya zama sunan gama gari ga duk kiwifruit da aka shuka a kasuwanci daga jinsin Actinidia . <ref name="Morton" /> A Amurka da Kanada, ana amfani da gajeren sunan ''kiwi'' lokacin da ake magana game da 'ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernadine C. Strik |last2=Amanda J. Davis |date=1 March 2021 |title=Growing kiwifruit |url=https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw507.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824155835/https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/pnw507.pdf |archive-date=24 August 2020 |access-date=7 April 2021 |publisher=Extension Service, Oregon State University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Northern kiwi |url=https://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/CropOp/en/spec_fruit/vine_fruit/kiwi.html |access-date=7 April 2021 |publisher=Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs}}</ref> An danganta tatsuniyoyi da yawa da sunan kiwi, gami da cewa yana nufin furry na New Zealand, launin ruwan kasa, tsuntsu na kasa - kiwi, ko kuma an maye gurbin sunan ''Gooseberry na kasar Sin'' don mayar da martani ga ra'ayin adawa da kasar Sin a Amurka. A New Zealand da Australia, kalmar ''kiwi'' kadai ko dai tana nufin tsuntsu ko kuma ana amfani da ita azaman laƙabi ga New Zealanders. == Tarihi ==   Kiwifruit asalinsa ne a tsakiya da gabashin kasar Sin.<ref name="Morton" /> Bayani na farko da za a iya ganowa game da shuka kamar ''Actinidia chinensis'' ya fito ne daga waƙar Daular Tang ta Cen Shen, wanda ya bayyana shuka na tunnutao da ke girma sama da rijiyar a Shaanxi ta zamani. Bayani na farko da aka rubuta game da kiwifruit ya kasance a karni na 12 a kasar Sin a lokacin Daular Song. Kamar yadda yawanci ana tattara shi daga daji kuma ana cinye shi don dalilai da ake tsammani a cikin maganin gargajiya, ba a [[Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)|nomawa]] shuka shuka ba ko kiwo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=H. |last2=Ferguson, A. R. |year=2003 |title=Kiwifruit (''Actinidia chinesis'' and ''A. deliciosa'') plantings and production in China, 2002 |journal=New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=197–202 |bibcode=2003NZJCH..31..197H |doi=10.1080/01140671.2003.9514253 |s2cid=86106541}}</ref> Sunayen Sinanci na yau da kullun don 'ya'yan itace kafin karni na 20 sun haɗa da Chinese-language romanisation" typeof="mw:Transclusion">míhóutáo (Sinanci), Chinese-language romanisation" typeof="mw:Transclusion">húlítáo (Sunanci), Chinese language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Chinese-language romanisation" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ténglí (Sinansi: 藤梨, 'pear inabi') da {{Lang|zh|yángtáo}} (Sananci: 羊桃, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=徐宏化 |last2=魏芳 |last3=杨娜 |last4=赵佳 |last5=杨嘉辉 |last6=吕素华 |date=2017 |title=奇异水果猕猴桃--起源, 栽培和应用 |journal=Horticulture |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–6}}</ref> peach tumaki'). Daga cikin sunayen harshen Ingilishi na farko don 'ya'yan itace sune ''yangtao'', sunan da ake amfani da shi a yankunan kwarin Yangtze na tsakiyar kasar Sin, Wilson's gooseberry (bayan mai tara shuke-shuke na Burtaniya [[Ernest Henry Wilson]]), gooseberri vine, da Ichang gooseberries, wanda ke nufin [[Yichang]], wani tashar jiragen ruwa a lardin [[Hubei]].<ref name="TamarilloKiwifruit20202" /> Magana ta farko da aka sani game da sunan ''Gooseberry na kasar Sin'' ya fito ne daga 1917 a New Zealand, amma mai yiwuwa ana amfani da sunan kafin wannan lokacin. A cikin shekarun 1920, gooseberry na kasar Sin ya zama sunan da aka saba amfani da shi don 'ya'yan itace a Turanci har zuwa shekarun 1950.<ref name="TamarilloKiwifruit20202" /> A cikin Sinanci na zamani, ana kiran 'ya'yan itace a matsayin Chinese-language romanisation" typeof="mw:Transclusion">qíyìguǒ (Sinanci: 奇异果), fassarar daga Turanci. Shuka shuke-shuke na kasar Sin ya bazu daga kasar Sin a farkon karni na 20 zuwa New Zealand, inda shuke-huke na kasuwanci na farko ya faru.<ref name="Morton" /> Bayan an haɓaka nau'ikan Hayward, ma'aikatan Burtaniya da Amurka da ke zaune a New Zealand sun cinye 'ya'yan itacen a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. An fitar da 'ya'yan itace zuwa Burtaniya da Ostiraliya daga 1953, <ref name="Morton" />:{{Rp|204}} sannan zuwa [[California]] daga 1959. m7nsarl799w0qyl4uh8nfz6fq7y0fjy 0 180423 975906 974349 2026-11-04T19:40:50Z IB Muazzam 15405 975906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Robert Greene | birth_date = 14 Mayu 1959 | birth_place = Los Angeles, California, Amurka | occupation = Marubuci | nationality = Ba'amurke | alma_mater = Jami'ar Wisconsin–Madison }} '''Robert Greene''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Watan Mayu na shekarar alif 1959) marubuci ne ɗan ƙasar [[Amurka]] wanda ya shahara wajen rubuta littattafai kan dabarun iko, halayyar [[ɗan Adam]], yaudara da dabarun yaƙi. Ya shahara sosai sakamakon littafinsa mai suna ''The 48 Laws of Power'', wanda aka wallafa a shekarar 1998.<ref name="PRH">{{Cite web |title=Robert Greene |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/243460/robert-greene/ |website=Penguin Random House |access-date=31 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da karatunsa == Greene ya halarci Jami'ar '''California''', '''Berkeley''', kafin ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar (Wisconsin–Madison), inda ya samu digiri a fannin Classical Studies.<ref name="Official">{{Cite web |title=About Robert Greene |url=https://powerseductionandwar.com/about/ |website=Robert Greene Official Website |access-date=31 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Sana'a/Aiki == '''Robert Greene''' ya fara samun shahara a matsayin marubuci bayan wallafa littafinsa ''The 48 Laws of Power'' a shekarar (1998). Littafin ya tattauna dabarun samun iko da yadda mutane ke amfani da su a zamantakewa da harkokin kasuwanci. Daga cikin sauran littattafansa akwai ''The Art of Seduction'' (2001), ''The 33 Strategies of War'' (2006), ''The 50th Law'' (2009), ''Mastery'' (2012), ''The Laws of Human Nature'' (2018) da ''The Daily Laws'' (2021).<ref name="Books">{{Cite web |title=Robert Greene: Books |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/243460/robert-greene/ |website=Penguin Random House |access-date=31 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Littattafansa == * ''The 48 Laws of Power'' (1998) * ''The Art of Seduction'' (2001) * ''The 33 Strategies of War'' (2006) * ''The 50th Law'' (2009) * ''Mastery'' (2012) * ''The Laws of Human Nature'' (2018) * ''The Daily Laws'' (2021) ==Manazarta== 79kp5ql9t298iupqn6gfol9g3nkjqj6 0 180468 976047 974529 2026-11-05T08:39:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 976047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|Name=L.A.X|image=L.A.X Musician (cropped).jpg|image_size=|Landscape=|alt=|caption=L.A.X Performing At Corporate Elite 2017|native_name=|native_name_lang=|Birth_name=Damilola Abdul Rasak Afolabi|Alias=L.A.X|birth_date={{birth date and age|1993|4|10}}|birth_place=[[Lagos State]], Nigeria|Origin=[[London]], [[United Kingdom]]|death_date=<!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) -->|death_place=|Genre={{flatlist| *[[Afrobeats]] *[[Reggae]] *[[Fuji music|fuji]] *[[Afro pop music|Afropop]]}}|Occupation=Performer, songwriter, recording artist|Instrument=Vocals|Years_active=2008–present|Label=Rasaki Music Group [[Starboy Entertainment|Starboy]] (Former)|Associated_acts={{flatlist| *[[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]] *[[Legendury Beatz]] *[[YCEE]] *[[Olamide]] *[[Ice Prince]]}}|website={{URL|izzlax.com}}}}'''Damilola Afolabi''' (an haife ta a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 1993), wanda aka fi sani da sunan L.A.X, mawaƙi ne, marubucin waƙoƙi kuma mawaƙin rap ɗan Najeriya. L.A.X ya fara harkar waƙa ne a matsayin mawaƙin rap, kuma ya kasance cikin wata ƙungiyar mawaka mutum uku mai suna Flyboiz a lokacin da yake karatun sakandare. A ranar 20 ga Agusta 2013, L.A.X ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar waƙa da babban kamfanin kiɗa na Starboy Entertainment, jim kaɗan bayan fitar da waƙarsa mai suna "Caro", wadda ta samu karɓuwa mai kyau daga masu sharhi kan harkokin kiɗa. Waƙar ta kuma ba shi damar lashe kyautar Mawaƙin Ƙasashen Waje na Shekara (Diaspora Artiste of the Year) a bikin Nigeria Entertainment Awards na shekarar 2014..<ref>{{cite news |last=Tayo |first=Ayomide O. |date=10 April 2015 |title=Celebrity Birthday:Vast of Bracket, Alexx Ekubo, L.A.X are today's birthday boys |url=http://pulse.ng/celebrities/celebrity-birthday-vast-of-bracket-alexx-ekubo-l-a-x-are-todays-birthday-boys-id3643835.html |accessdate=6 May 2016 |work=Pulse Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417054124/http://pulse.ng/celebrities/celebrity-birthday-vast-of-bracket-alexx-ekubo-l-a-x-are-todays-birthday-boys-id3643835.html |archive-date=17 April 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Arogundade |first=Funsho |date=16 April 2016 |title=I've proper recording deal with Wizkid, says L.A.X |url=http://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/04/ive-proper-recording-deal-with-wizkid-says-l-a-x/ |accessdate=6 May 2016 |work=The News Nigeria}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{cite news |date=6 February 2016 |title=I am not Wizkid's boy – LAX |url=http://punchng.com/i-am-not-wizkids-boy-lax/ |accessdate=6 May 2016 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Damilola Afolabi a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]] .Ya yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Kasa da Kasa ta Turkiyya ta Najeriya, Legas inda ya kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa da ake kira Flyboiz, inda ya saki guda ɗaya mai taken "Busy Body". Tare da ra'ayi na inganta karatunsa, LAX ya bar kungiyar don yin karatu a [[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] inda ya fara yin rikodin waƙoƙi kuma ya harbe bidiyo kaɗan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Showemimo |first=Dayo |date=12 November 2014 |title=NET Exclusive: Wizkid's first act, L.A.X is another billionaire's son in music |url=https://thenet.ng/net-exclusive-wizkids-first-act-l-a-x-is-another-billionaires-son-in-music/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706235343/http://thenet.ng/2014/11/net-exclusive-wizkids-first-act-l-a-x-is-another-billionaires-son-in-music/ |archive-date=6 July 2016 |access-date=6 May 2016 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Netng|The NET]]}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite news |date=6 February 2016 |title=I am not Wizkid's boy – LAX |url=http://punchng.com/i-am-not-wizkids-boy-lax/ |accessdate=6 May 2016 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, LAX ta fitar da babbar wakar sa ta farko "Jaye" wacce ta nuna bayyanar murya daga Ice Prince.Bayan ya dawo Najeriya, ya sadu da [[Wizkid]] ta hanyar mai salo kuma ya ci gaba da sanya hannu kan kwangilar rikodin kwararru ta farko tare da Starboy Entertainment a shekarar 2013. A ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, L.A.X ya haɗu da Wizkid don fitar da waƙarsa ta farko a ƙarƙashin alamar da ake kira "Caro" wanda ya sami babban iska kuma ya kara shigar da shi cikin masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya. "Caro" ya sami babban iska kuma an yarda da shi sosai tsakanin masu sukar kiɗa.An zabi waƙar a cikin rukunin "Mafi Girma na Shekara" a 2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 April 2016 |title=L.A.X DROPS NEW SINGLE, OLE |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/l-x-drops-new-single-ole/ |accessdate=6 May 2016 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=3 September 2015 |title=Full list of winners for the NEA Awards 2014 |url=http://www.nigerianeye.com/2014/09/full-list-of-winner-for-nea-awards-2014.html?m=1 |accessdate=6 May 2016 |work=The Nigerian Eye}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lere |first=Mohammed |date=14 September 2015 |title=Wizkid, Davido, Olamide, others shine at 2015 NEA Awards |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/music/190072-wizkid-davido-olamide-others-shine-at-2015-nea-awards.html |accessdate=6 May 2016 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Bayan nasarar "Caro", LAX ta nuna Wizkid a wani waƙar da ake kira "Ginger".An zabi waƙar a cikin rukunin "Hadin gwiwar Mafi Kyawu" a cikin 2014 na BEN Television Awards. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu daga Jami'ar Manchester. A wata hira da Encomium Magazine, LAX ya bayyana cewa yana aiki a kan kundi na farko na studio.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 April 2014 |title=L.A.X – Ginger ft. Wizkid (Prod by Legendury Beatz) |url=http://tooxclusive.com/audio/audiol-a-x-ginger-ft-wizkid/ |accessdate=6 May 2016 |work=[[tooXclusive]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514155935/http://tooxclusive.com/audio/audiol-a-x-ginger-ft-wizkid/ |archive-date=14 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 September 2015 |title=It's About to Go Down! View the Ben Television Awards Categories for Music, Movies & More |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/09/its-about-to-go-down-view-the-ben-television-awards-categories-for-music-movies-more/ |accessdate=6 May 2016 |work=[[BellaNaija]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2014 |title=Starboy act, L.A.X is now a master degree holder |url=https://thenet.ng/starboy-act-l-a-x-is-now-a-master-degree-holder/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Netng|The NET]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Akan |first=Joey |date=26 August 2014 |title=Star Boy!:Wizkid's Singer, L.A.X Graduates With Masters In UK |url=http://pulse.ng/music/star-boy-wizkids-singer-l-a-x-graduates-with-masters-in-uk-id3082878.html |accessdate=6 May 2016 |work=Pulse Nigeria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604213652/http://pulse.ng/music/star-boy-wizkids-singer-l-a-x-graduates-with-masters-in-uk-id3082878.html |archive-date=4 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 December 2014 |title='I love my country and I want to be part of her success', says DAMILOLA AFOLABI (LAX) |url=http://encomium.ng/i-love-my-country-and-i-want-to-be-part-of-her-success-says-damilola-afolabi-lax/ |accessdate=6 May 2016 |work=Ecomium Magazine}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Maris 2018, LAX ta kafa lakabin rikodin sa Rasaki Music Group (wanda aka fi sani da Rasaki Music Ltd ko Rasaki Music), tare da hedkwatarsa a Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=10 May 2018 |title=Wizkid, M.I Show Support As L.A.X Launches Rasaki Music Group HQ in Lagos |url=https://culturecustodian.com/l-a-x-launches-rasaki-music-group/ |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.)}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya ba da sanarwar sanya hannu tare da Empire Distribution, Records and Publishing Inc., tare da sakin waƙarsa "Lose My Mind", waƙar buɗewa a cikin kundi na biyu na ''ZaZa Vibes'', wanda aka saki a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2020, ta hanyar Rasaki Music, da Empire. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2020 |title=New Music: L.A.X. – Lose My Mind |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/new-music-l-a-x-lose-my-mind/ |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref><ref name="bella naija">{{Cite web |last=Poroosotum |first=Shenead |date=25 November 2021 |title=L.A.X Releases Extended Version of Popular Album 'ZaZa Vibes' |url=https://www.newwavemagazine.com/single-post/l-a-x-releases-extended-version-of-popular-album-zaza-vibes |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=newwavemagazine |language=en}}</ref> Kundin ya ƙunshi Mr Eazi, [[Tekno (mawaki)|Tekno]], [[Tiwa Savage]], [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]], Peruzzi, TimiBOI, da OmarTheDJ . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2020 |title=New EP: L.A.X feat Tekno, Simi, Peruzzi, Tiwa Savage – Zaza Vibes |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/11/lax-zaza-vibes-ep/ |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=BellaNaija}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2021, ya fitar da wani karin kundin, tare da sabbin fasali daga Zaider, Lil Silvio, da Bella Shmurda.<ref name="bella naija" /> A cikin 2021, L.A.X ta rufe bugawa ta Deeds Magazine mai taken "L.A. X: Syncing Good Vibes and Exceptional Music", biyo bayan nasarar kundin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alabi |first=Jacqueline |title=L.A.X: Syncing Good Vibes and Exceptional Music |url=https://www.deedsmag.com/stories/l-a-x-syncing-good-vibes-and-exceptional-music |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=Deeds Magazine |publisher=Deeds Magazine}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Waƙar !Album |- | rowspan="2" |2012 |"Jaye" <span style="font-size:85%; "> (tare da Ice Prince) </span> | rowspan="11" |Waƙoƙin da ba na kundi ba |- |"Looking For Me" <span style="font-size:85%; "> (tare da Shyce, T.I.J & Bolly) </span> |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |"Y.G.I" |- |"Caro" <span style="font-size:85%; "> (tare da [[Wizkid]]) </span> |- |2014 |"Ginger" <span style="font-size:85%; "> (tare da Wizkid) </span> |- | rowspan="3" |2015 |"Morenike" |- |"Fine Boy" <span style="font-size:85%; "> (tare da Olamide) </span> |- |"Bayan da Ƙarƙashin" |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |"Ole" <span style="font-size:85%; "> (tare da Dremo & YCEE) </span> |- |"Ka ba ni Dat" |- |"Awon Da" |- |2017 |"Babban Baba" |"Runaway" | |- |2021 |"Sempe" |ZaZa Vibes |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! !'''A matsayin mai zane-zane''' ! |- |2016 |"Ka ba ka ƙauna" ([http://notjustok.com/artists/dj-juls/ Juls] Featuring L.A.X) |Ba-Album Single ba |- |2017 |"Ku zauna tare da Ni" (Lekaa Beats Featuring L.A.X) |Ba-Album Single ba |} == Hotunan bidiyo == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Jerin bidiyon kiɗa, tare da daraktoci, suna nuna shekarar da aka saki ! scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Taken ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Darakta (s) |- ! scope="row" |"Jaye" (tare da Ice Prince) <br />{{Small|(featuring [[Ice Prince]])}} |2012 |Moe Musa <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=VIDEO: LAX ft Ice Prince - Jaye |url=http://tooxclusive.com/audio/video-lax-ft-ice-prince-jaye/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Y.G.I" | rowspan="3" |2013|{{N/a}} |- ! scope="row" |"Caro" (tare da Wizkid) <br />{{Small|(featuring [[Wizkid (musician)|Wizkid]])}} |Moe Musa <ref>{{Cite web |last=qazim |date= |title=New Video: Starboy ft Wizkid & LAX - Caro (and Audio Download) - 360Nobs.com |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2013/08/new-video-starboy-caro-ft-lax-wizkid/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |website=360Nobs.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508151556/https://www.360nobs.com/2013/08/new-video-starboy-caro-ft-lax-wizkid/ |archive-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Ginger" (tare da Wizkid) <br />{{Small|(featuring Wizkid)}} |{{N/a}} |- ! scope="row" |"Morenikeji" | rowspan="3" |2015 |[[Clarence Peters]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=VIDEO: L.A.X - "Morenike" |url=http://tooxclusive.com/video/video-l-a-x-morenike/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |publisher=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Fine Boy" (tare da Olamide) <br />{{Small|(featuring [[Olamide]])}} |Unlimited L.A <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=DOWNLOAD:VIDEO Premiere: L.A.X ft. Olamide - Fine Boy (prod. Legendury Beatz) –notjustOk |url=http://notjustok.com/2015/07/23/video-premiere-l-a-x-ft-olamide-fine-boy-prod-legendury-beatz/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |website=notjustOk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519053446/http://notjustok.com/2015/07/23/video-premiere-l-a-x-ft-olamide-fine-boy-prod-legendury-beatz/ |archive-date=19 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Bayan da Ƙarƙashin" |Alexx Adjei <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oghene Michael |date= |title=VIDEO: L.A.X – Open and Close |url=https://www.360nobs.com/2015/11/video-l-a-x-open-and-close/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |website=360Nobs.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508151122/https://www.360nobs.com/2015/11/video-l-a-x-open-and-close/ |archive-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Ole" (tare da Dremo & YCEE) <br />{{Small|(featuring Dremo & [[YCEE]])}} |2016 |Daraktan Q |- ! scope="row" |"Babban Baba" |2017 |Mikes Pro <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=VIDEO: L.A.X – Big Daddy–tooXclusive |url=http://tooxclusive.com/video-download/video-l-x-big-daddy/ |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=tooXclusive}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Ku yi gudu" |2017 |Labi <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=L.A.X – Run Away [New Video]–tooXclusive |url=http://tooxclusive.com/video-download/video-l-x-run-away/ |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=tooXclusive}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Sempe" |2021 |?<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=L.A.X – Sempe – YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J6yVmapKVlg&t=0s |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=}}</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Kyautar !Mai karɓa / Aikin da aka zaba !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="3" |2014 | rowspan="2" |[[Kyaututtukan wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya 2014|Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2014]] |Mafi Kyawun Shekara |"Caro"|{{Nom}} | |- |Mai zane-zane na shekara |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} |<ref name="bella" /> |- |Kyautar Talabijin ta BEN ta 2014 |Haɗin kai mafi kyau |"Ginger"|{{Nom}} | |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] hmjq8axzkc3r3sp5kwlbfcul4vceupf 0 180558 975833 975597 2026-11-04T13:29:53Z ~2026-58400-70 50765 Added Category to the Article 975833 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ALINATION''', born '''Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde''', is a Nigerian Entrepreneur, filmmaker, digital entrepreneur, content creator, music distributor, and entertainment professional.<ref name="vanguard">{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/ajanaku-aliu-babatunde/ |website=Vanguard News}}</ref><ref name="frwiki">{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanaku_Aliu_Babatunde |website=Wikipedia (French)}}</ref><ref name="wikiname">{{cite web |title=Meet Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde: The Nigerian Entrepreneur Exploring Music, Entertainment, and Technology |url=https://www.wiki.name.ng/public_figure/meet-ajanaku-aliu-babatunde-the-nigeria-entrepreneur-exploring-music-entertainment-and-technology/ |website=WikiName}}</ref> He is associated with FAHMDOQSTV, Alinationrecord, and Alinationedit, three creative brands connected with his interests in entertainment, music, digital media, and online content production.<ref name="musicinafrica">{{cite web |title=Alinationrecord Profile |url=https://musicinafrica.net/directory-professional/alinationrecord/ |website=Music In Africa}}</ref> Known professionally as ALINATION, Babatunde has developed a creative identity that brings together music, filmmaking, video editing, digital entrepreneurship, and content creation. His activities include involvement in film projects such as ''The Return of Moba Boys'', ''OT Business'', ''Moba Boys'', and ''The Street Fraudsters & Co''.<ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde - IMDb Profile |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm18981299/ |website=IMDb}}</ref> He is also associated with the development of digital entertainment projects and creative platforms intended to support the production, distribution, and promotion of entertainment content. == Early life and background == ALINATION was born Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde on 23 December 2007 in [[Lagos]], Nigeria, according to biographical information associated with his professional profile.<ref name="vanguard" /><ref name="wikiname" /> He is Nigerian and has a background connected with Yoruba culture. From an early age, he developed an interest in entertainment, music, digital technology, and creative production. These interests later became central to his professional identity. His creative activities encompass several areas of the entertainment industry, including music, filmmaking, video production, and online content creation. Babatunde uses ALINATION as his professional name. The name is associated with his entertainment activities and the creative projects connected with his career.<ref name="frwiki" /> His work reflects an interest in combining traditional entertainment activities with digital platforms, particularly through the use of online media to reach audiences. == Age == ALINATION was reportedly born on 23 December 2007.<ref name="vanguard" /> As of 2 November 2026, he is 18 years old. He will turn 19 on 23 December 2026. His reported date of birth should be supported by a reliable source before being included as a confirmed fact in a Wikipedia biography. == Education == Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde received secondary school education in Nigeria. His educational background forms part of his personal development and his interest in creative and digital activities. Alongside his formal education, he has developed interests in music, entertainment, content creation, and technology. His creative activities involve learning and applying skills associated with digital media, video editing, music production, and entertainment development. Further information about his educational institutions, qualifications, and academic achievements would require reliable documentation. == Career == ALINATION's professional activities span several areas of the entertainment and digital media industries. His career is associated with music, content creation, filmmaking, video editing, and digital entrepreneurship. Through these activities, he has developed a professional identity connected with several creative projects.<ref name="wikiname" /> His work includes associations with FAHMDOQSTV, Alinationrecord, and Alinationedit. These projects represent different aspects of his creative interests, including entertainment content, music-related activities, and digital production. His career reflects an interest in developing a recognizable creative brand while exploring opportunities in the evolving digital entertainment industry. === FAHMDOQSTV === FAHMDOQSTV is an entertainment and digital media brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION.<ref name="vanguard" /> The brand is connected with entertainment content, video production, filmmaking, and digital media activities. Its name is associated with the production and presentation of creative content for online audiences. FAHMDOQSTV forms part of ALINATION's broader creative activities in the entertainment industry. Through the brand, he is associated with projects involving film production, video content, and digital entertainment. The brand's activities are connected with the growing use of online platforms for entertainment distribution. Digital media has created opportunities for independent creators and emerging entertainment professionals to produce and share their work with audiences beyond traditional broadcasting channels. FAHMDOQSTV is associated with film projects including ''Moba Boys'' and ''OT Business''.<ref name="imdb" /> These titles form part of the entertainment projects connected with the brand. The name FAHMDOQSTV is also associated with ALINATION's creative identity and his interest in developing entertainment-related projects. ==== FAHMDOQSTV and film production ==== FAHMDOQSTV is associated with film and video production activities involving ALINATION. Its connection with film projects reflects an interest in storytelling, visual entertainment, and the production of content for digital audiences. The brand is associated with projects such as ''Moba Boys'', ''The Return of Moba Boys'', and ''OT Business''.<ref name="imdb" /> Further information about the company's establishment, ownership structure, production history, and official activities would require independent documentation. === Alinationrecord === Alinationrecord is a music-related brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION.<ref name="musicinafrica" /> The brand forms part of his activities in the music and entertainment industries. Its name is connected with music, creative development, and the promotion of music-related projects. Alinationrecord represents an aspect of ALINATION's interest in music and the development of a professional identity within the entertainment industry. Music distribution and digital music platforms have become important parts of the modern music industry. Independent artists and creative professionals increasingly use digital services to distribute recordings, promote their work, and connect with listeners. ALINATION's association with Alinationrecord reflects his interest in these developments and in the opportunities provided by digital music distribution. ==== Music and digital distribution ==== Alinationrecord is associated with music-related activities and the development of creative projects.<ref name="musicinafrica" /> The brand's name reflects an interest in music recording, music promotion, and the digital distribution of music. Through his association with Alinationrecord, ALINATION is connected with the broader development of music and digital entertainment. Specific information about released songs, artists signed to the brand, distribution agreements, and its formal business structure requires further reliable sources. === Alinationedit === Alinationedit is a digital creative brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. The brand is connected with video editing, digital content production, and creative media activities. Its name reflects an interest in visual storytelling and the production of digital entertainment content. Video editing is an important part of modern entertainment production. It involves the arrangement of recorded footage, sound, visual effects, transitions, and other elements to create a finished video. ALINATION's association with Alinationedit reflects his involvement in creative activities related to video production and digital media. ==== Video editing and content production ==== Alinationedit is associated with the production and editing of digital content. Its activities are connected with the creation of videos and other visual materials for online platforms. The brand forms part of ALINATION's wider creative interests, which include filmmaking, entertainment content, and digital production. Further information about its establishment, clients, production credits, and business operations would require reliable documentation. == Filmography == ALINATION is associated with several film projects, including ''The Return of Moba Boys'', ''OT Business'', ''Moba Boys'', and ''The Street Fraudsters & Co''.<ref name="imdb" /> His film-related activities are connected with filmmaking, creative production, and digital entertainment. === The Return of Moba Boys === ''The Return of Moba Boys'' is a film project associated with ALINATION and FAHMDOQSTV.<ref name="imdb" /> The title is connected with the ''Moba Boys'' film project and forms part of the entertainment activities associated with his professional identity. Further information about the film's storyline, cast, production team, release date, and distribution would require reliable sources. === OT Business === ''OT Business'' is a film project associated with ALINATION and FAHMDOQSTV.<ref name="imdb" /> The project forms part of his film-related activities and is connected with his interests in entertainment and digital production. Further information about the film's plot, production, cast, and release would require independent documentation. === Moba Boys === ''Moba Boys'' is a film project associated with FAHMDOQSTV and ALINATION.<ref name="imdb" /> The title is among the entertainment projects connected with his professional activities. The film is also associated with ''The Return of Moba Boys'', a related title within the same creative project. Additional information about the film's production, storyline, cast, and distribution requires reliable sources. === The Street Fraudsters & Co === ''The Street Fraudsters & Co'' is another film title associated with ALINATION's entertainment activities. The project forms part of his involvement in filmmaking and creative production. Further details about the film's storyline, production team, cast, release date, and distribution would require reliable documentation. FILMOGRAPHY [[Jagun Jagun (Fíìmù Nàìjíŕà)]] [[Kesari (fim na 2018)]] [https://watch.plex.tv/person/ajanaku-aliu-babatunde Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Director At Fahmdoqstv] [https://www.mafab.hu/people/aliu-babatunde-ajanaku-3357176.html Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Movie At mafab] == Digital entrepreneurship == ALINATION is associated with digital entrepreneurship and creative activities involving online platforms.<ref name="wikiname" /> His professional interests include music, entertainment, content creation, and digital media. These areas have become increasingly connected through the growth of online distribution and digital production tools. Digital entrepreneurship involves the development of creative or commercial activities using digital technology. In the entertainment industry, it can include music distribution, video production, content publishing, and the development of online brands. [https://alination.netlify.app Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Official website] <references /> [[Rukuni:Nigeria Entrepreneur]] ivj3ilrold0vceeg5slaa5xbgldet8z 975834 975833 2026-11-04T13:35:12Z ~2026-58400-70 50765 Added Category to the Article 975834 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ALINATION''', born '''Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde''', is a Nigerian Entrepreneur, filmmaker, digital entrepreneur, content creator, music distributor, and entertainment professional.<ref name="vanguard">{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/ajanaku-aliu-babatunde/ |website=Vanguard News}}</ref><ref name="frwiki">{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanaku_Aliu_Babatunde |website=Wikipedia (French)}}</ref><ref name="wikiname">{{cite web |title=Meet Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde: The Nigerian Entrepreneur Exploring Music, Entertainment, and Technology |url=https://www.wiki.name.ng/public_figure/meet-ajanaku-aliu-babatunde-the-nigeria-entrepreneur-exploring-music-entertainment-and-technology/ |website=WikiName}}</ref> He is associated with FAHMDOQSTV, Alinationrecord, and Alinationedit, three creative brands connected with his interests in entertainment, music, digital media, and online content production.<ref name="musicinafrica">{{cite web |title=Alinationrecord Profile |url=https://musicinafrica.net/directory-professional/alinationrecord/ |website=Music In Africa}}</ref> Known professionally as ALINATION, Babatunde has developed a creative identity that brings together music, filmmaking, video editing, digital entrepreneurship, and content creation. His activities include involvement in film projects such as ''The Return of Moba Boys'', ''OT Business'', ''Moba Boys'', and ''The Street Fraudsters & Co''.<ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde - IMDb Profile |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm18981299/ |website=IMDb}}</ref> He is also associated with the development of digital entertainment projects and creative platforms intended to support the production, distribution, and promotion of entertainment content. == Early life and background == ALINATION was born Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde on 23 December 2007 in [[Lagos]], Nigeria, according to biographical information associated with his professional profile.<ref name="vanguard" /><ref name="wikiname" /> He is Nigerian and has a background connected with Yoruba culture. From an early age, he developed an interest in entertainment, music, digital technology, and creative production. These interests later became central to his professional identity. His creative activities encompass several areas of the entertainment industry, including music, filmmaking, video production, and online content creation. Babatunde uses ALINATION as his professional name. The name is associated with his entertainment activities and the creative projects connected with his career.<ref name="frwiki" /> His work reflects an interest in combining traditional entertainment activities with digital platforms, particularly through the use of online media to reach audiences. == Age == ALINATION was reportedly born on 23 December 2007.<ref name="vanguard" /> As of 2 November 2026, he is 18 years old. He will turn 19 on 23 December 2026. His reported date of birth should be supported by a reliable source before being included as a confirmed fact in a Wikipedia biography. == Education == Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde received secondary school education in Nigeria. His educational background forms part of his personal development and his interest in creative and digital activities. Alongside his formal education, he has developed interests in music, entertainment, content creation, and technology. His creative activities involve learning and applying skills associated with digital media, video editing, music production, and entertainment development. Further information about his educational institutions, qualifications, and academic achievements would require reliable documentation. == Career == ALINATION's professional activities span several areas of the entertainment and digital media industries. His career is associated with music, content creation, filmmaking, video editing, and digital entrepreneurship. Through these activities, he has developed a professional identity connected with several creative projects.<ref name="wikiname" /> His work includes associations with FAHMDOQSTV, Alinationrecord, and Alinationedit. These projects represent different aspects of his creative interests, including entertainment content, music-related activities, and digital production. His career reflects an interest in developing a recognizable creative brand while exploring opportunities in the evolving digital entertainment industry. === FAHMDOQSTV === FAHMDOQSTV is an entertainment and digital media brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION.<ref name="vanguard" /> The brand is connected with entertainment content, video production, filmmaking, and digital media activities. Its name is associated with the production and presentation of creative content for online audiences. FAHMDOQSTV forms part of ALINATION's broader creative activities in the entertainment industry. Through the brand, he is associated with projects involving film production, video content, and digital entertainment. The brand's activities are connected with the growing use of online platforms for entertainment distribution. Digital media has created opportunities for independent creators and emerging entertainment professionals to produce and share their work with audiences beyond traditional broadcasting channels. FAHMDOQSTV is associated with film projects including ''Moba Boys'' and ''OT Business''.<ref name="imdb" /> These titles form part of the entertainment projects connected with the brand. The name FAHMDOQSTV is also associated with ALINATION's creative identity and his interest in developing entertainment-related projects. ==== FAHMDOQSTV and film production ==== FAHMDOQSTV is associated with film and video production activities involving ALINATION. Its connection with film projects reflects an interest in storytelling, visual entertainment, and the production of content for digital audiences. The brand is associated with projects such as ''Moba Boys'', ''The Return of Moba Boys'', and ''OT Business''.<ref name="imdb" /> Further information about the company's establishment, ownership structure, production history, and official activities would require independent documentation. === Alinationrecord === Alinationrecord is a music-related brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION.<ref name="musicinafrica" /> The brand forms part of his activities in the music and entertainment industries. Its name is connected with music, creative development, and the promotion of music-related projects. Alinationrecord represents an aspect of ALINATION's interest in music and the development of a professional identity within the entertainment industry. Music distribution and digital music platforms have become important parts of the modern music industry. Independent artists and creative professionals increasingly use digital services to distribute recordings, promote their work, and connect with listeners. ALINATION's association with Alinationrecord reflects his interest in these developments and in the opportunities provided by digital music distribution. ==== Music and digital distribution ==== Alinationrecord is associated with music-related activities and the development of creative projects.<ref name="musicinafrica" /> The brand's name reflects an interest in music recording, music promotion, and the digital distribution of music. Through his association with Alinationrecord, ALINATION is connected with the broader development of music and digital entertainment. Specific information about released songs, artists signed to the brand, distribution agreements, and its formal business structure requires further reliable sources. === Alinationedit === Alinationedit is a digital creative brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. The brand is connected with video editing, digital content production, and creative media activities. Its name reflects an interest in visual storytelling and the production of digital entertainment content. Video editing is an important part of modern entertainment production. It involves the arrangement of recorded footage, sound, visual effects, transitions, and other elements to create a finished video. ALINATION's association with Alinationedit reflects his involvement in creative activities related to video production and digital media. ==== Video editing and content production ==== Alinationedit is associated with the production and editing of digital content. Its activities are connected with the creation of videos and other visual materials for online platforms. The brand forms part of ALINATION's wider creative interests, which include filmmaking, entertainment content, and digital production. Further information about its establishment, clients, production credits, and business operations would require reliable documentation. == Filmography == ALINATION is associated with several film projects, including ''The Return of Moba Boys'', ''OT Business'', ''Moba Boys'', and ''The Street Fraudsters & Co''.<ref name="imdb" /> His film-related activities are connected with filmmaking, creative production, and digital entertainment. === The Return of Moba Boys === ''The Return of Moba Boys'' is a film project associated with ALINATION and FAHMDOQSTV.<ref name="imdb" /> The title is connected with the ''Moba Boys'' film project and forms part of the entertainment activities associated with his professional identity. Further information about the film's storyline, cast, production team, release date, and distribution would require reliable sources. === OT Business === ''OT Business'' is a film project associated with ALINATION and FAHMDOQSTV.<ref name="imdb" /> The project forms part of his film-related activities and is connected with his interests in entertainment and digital production. Further information about the film's plot, production, cast, and release would require independent documentation. === Moba Boys === ''Moba Boys'' is a film project associated with FAHMDOQSTV and ALINATION.<ref name="imdb" /> The title is among the entertainment projects connected with his professional activities. The film is also associated with ''The Return of Moba Boys'', a related title within the same creative project. Additional information about the film's production, storyline, cast, and distribution requires reliable sources. === The Street Fraudsters & Co === ''The Street Fraudsters & Co'' is another film title associated with ALINATION's entertainment activities. The project forms part of his involvement in filmmaking and creative production. Further details about the film's storyline, production team, cast, release date, and distribution would require reliable documentation. FILMOGRAPHY [[Jagun Jagun (Fíìmù Nàìjíŕà)]] [[Kesari (fim na 2018)]] [https://watch.plex.tv/person/ajanaku-aliu-babatunde Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Director At Fahmdoqstv] [https://www.mafab.hu/people/aliu-babatunde-ajanaku-3357176.html Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Movie At mafab] == Digital entrepreneurship == ALINATION is associated with digital entrepreneurship and creative activities involving online platforms.<ref name="wikiname" /> His professional interests include music, entertainment, content creation, and digital media. These areas have become increasingly connected through the growth of online distribution and digital production tools. Digital entrepreneurship involves the development of creative or commercial activities using digital technology. In the entertainment industry, it can include music distribution, video production, content publishing, and the development of online brands. [https://alination.netlify.app Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Official website] <references /> [[Rukuni:Nigeria Entrepreneur]] [[Rukuni:Entertainment occupations]] rtixgw74zd8ucjii1gj0w59tw390732 975845 975834 2026-11-04T14:30:35Z Anittasluch 50764 Added image to the Article 975845 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Nation.png|alt=Nigeria Entrepreneur |thumb|Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde ]] {{Infobox biography}} '''ALINATION''', born '''Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde''', is a Nigerian Entrepreneur, filmmaker, digital entrepreneur, content creator, music distributor, and entertainment professional.<ref name="vanguard">{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/ajanaku-aliu-babatunde/ |website=Vanguard News}}</ref><ref name="frwiki">{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanaku_Aliu_Babatunde |website=Wikipedia (French)}}</ref><ref name="wikiname">{{cite web |title=Meet Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde: The Nigerian Entrepreneur Exploring Music, Entertainment, and Technology |url=https://www.wiki.name.ng/public_figure/meet-ajanaku-aliu-babatunde-the-nigeria-entrepreneur-exploring-music-entertainment-and-technology/ |website=WikiName}}</ref> He is associated with FAHMDOQSTV, Alinationrecord, and Alinationedit, three creative brands connected with his interests in entertainment, music, digital media, and online content production.<ref name="musicinafrica">{{cite web |title=Alinationrecord Profile |url=https://musicinafrica.net/directory-professional/alinationrecord/ |website=Music In Africa}}</ref> Known professionally as ALINATION, Babatunde has developed a creative identity that brings together music, filmmaking, video editing, digital entrepreneurship, and content creation. His activities include involvement in film projects such as ''The Return of Moba Boys'', ''OT Business'', ''Moba Boys'', and ''The Street Fraudsters & Co''.<ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde - IMDb Profile |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm18981299/ |website=IMDb}}</ref> He is also associated with the development of digital entertainment projects and creative platforms intended to support the production, distribution, and promotion of entertainment content. == Early life and background == ALINATION was born Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde on 23 December 2007 in [[Lagos]], Nigeria, according to biographical information associated with his professional profile.<ref name="vanguard" /><ref name="wikiname" /> He is Nigerian and has a background connected with Yoruba culture. From an early age, he developed an interest in entertainment, music, digital technology, and creative production. These interests later became central to his professional identity. His creative activities encompass several areas of the entertainment industry, including music, filmmaking, video production, and online content creation. Babatunde uses ALINATION as his professional name. The name is associated with his entertainment activities and the creative projects connected with his career.<ref name="frwiki" /> His work reflects an interest in combining traditional entertainment activities with digital platforms, particularly through the use of online media to reach audiences. == Age == ALINATION was reportedly born on 23 December 2007.<ref name="vanguard" /> As of 2 November 2026, he is 18 years old. He will turn 19 on 23 December 2026. His reported date of birth should be supported by a reliable source before being included as a confirmed fact in a Wikipedia biography. == Education == Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde received secondary school education in Nigeria. His educational background forms part of his personal development and his interest in creative and digital activities. Alongside his formal education, he has developed interests in music, entertainment, content creation, and technology. His creative activities involve learning and applying skills associated with digital media, video editing, music production, and entertainment development. Further information about his educational institutions, qualifications, and academic achievements would require reliable documentation. == Career == ALINATION's professional activities span several areas of the entertainment and digital media industries. His career is associated with music, content creation, filmmaking, video editing, and digital entrepreneurship. Through these activities, he has developed a professional identity connected with several creative projects.<ref name="wikiname" /> His work includes associations with FAHMDOQSTV, Alinationrecord, and Alinationedit. These projects represent different aspects of his creative interests, including entertainment content, music-related activities, and digital production. His career reflects an interest in developing a recognizable creative brand while exploring opportunities in the evolving digital entertainment industry. === FAHMDOQSTV === FAHMDOQSTV is an entertainment and digital media brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION.<ref name="vanguard" /> The brand is connected with entertainment content, video production, filmmaking, and digital media activities. Its name is associated with the production and presentation of creative content for online audiences. FAHMDOQSTV forms part of ALINATION's broader creative activities in the entertainment industry. Through the brand, he is associated with projects involving film production, video content, and digital entertainment. The brand's activities are connected with the growing use of online platforms for entertainment distribution. Digital media has created opportunities for independent creators and emerging entertainment professionals to produce and share their work with audiences beyond traditional broadcasting channels. FAHMDOQSTV is associated with film projects including ''Moba Boys'' and ''OT Business''.<ref name="imdb" /> These titles form part of the entertainment projects connected with the brand. The name FAHMDOQSTV is also associated with ALINATION's creative identity and his interest in developing entertainment-related projects. ==== FAHMDOQSTV and film production ==== FAHMDOQSTV is associated with film and video production activities involving ALINATION. Its connection with film projects reflects an interest in storytelling, visual entertainment, and the production of content for digital audiences. The brand is associated with projects such as ''Moba Boys'', ''The Return of Moba Boys'', and ''OT Business''.<ref name="imdb" /> Further information about the company's establishment, ownership structure, production history, and official activities would require independent documentation. === Alinationrecord === Alinationrecord is a music-related brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION.<ref name="musicinafrica" /> The brand forms part of his activities in the music and entertainment industries. Its name is connected with music, creative development, and the promotion of music-related projects. Alinationrecord represents an aspect of ALINATION's interest in music and the development of a professional identity within the entertainment industry. Music distribution and digital music platforms have become important parts of the modern music industry. Independent artists and creative professionals increasingly use digital services to distribute recordings, promote their work, and connect with listeners. ALINATION's association with Alinationrecord reflects his interest in these developments and in the opportunities provided by digital music distribution. ==== Music and digital distribution ==== Alinationrecord is associated with music-related activities and the development of creative projects.<ref name="musicinafrica" /> The brand's name reflects an interest in music recording, music promotion, and the digital distribution of music. Through his association with Alinationrecord, ALINATION is connected with the broader development of music and digital entertainment. Specific information about released songs, artists signed to the brand, distribution agreements, and its formal business structure requires further reliable sources. === Alinationedit === Alinationedit is a digital creative brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. The brand is connected with video editing, digital content production, and creative media activities. Its name reflects an interest in visual storytelling and the production of digital entertainment content. Video editing is an important part of modern entertainment production. It involves the arrangement of recorded footage, sound, visual effects, transitions, and other elements to create a finished video. ALINATION's association with Alinationedit reflects his involvement in creative activities related to video production and digital media. ==== Video editing and content production ==== Alinationedit is associated with the production and editing of digital content. Its activities are connected with the creation of videos and other visual materials for online platforms. The brand forms part of ALINATION's wider creative interests, which include filmmaking, entertainment content, and digital production. Further information about its establishment, clients, production credits, and business operations would require reliable documentation. == Filmography == ALINATION is associated with several film projects, including ''The Return of Moba Boys'', ''OT Business'', ''Moba Boys'', and ''The Street Fraudsters & Co''.<ref name="imdb" /> His film-related activities are connected with filmmaking, creative production, and digital entertainment. === The Return of Moba Boys === ''The Return of Moba Boys'' is a film project associated with ALINATION and FAHMDOQSTV.<ref name="imdb" /> The title is connected with the ''Moba Boys'' film project and forms part of the entertainment activities associated with his professional identity. Further information about the film's storyline, cast, production team, release date, and distribution would require reliable sources. === OT Business === ''OT Business'' is a film project associated with ALINATION and FAHMDOQSTV.<ref name="imdb" /> The project forms part of his film-related activities and is connected with his interests in entertainment and digital production. Further information about the film's plot, production, cast, and release would require independent documentation. === Moba Boys === ''Moba Boys'' is a film project associated with FAHMDOQSTV and ALINATION.<ref name="imdb" /> The title is among the entertainment projects connected with his professional activities. The film is also associated with ''The Return of Moba Boys'', a related title within the same creative project. Additional information about the film's production, storyline, cast, and distribution requires reliable sources. === The Street Fraudsters & Co === ''The Street Fraudsters & Co'' is another film title associated with ALINATION's entertainment activities. The project forms part of his involvement in filmmaking and creative production. Further details about the film's storyline, production team, cast, release date, and distribution would require reliable documentation. FILMOGRAPHY [[Jagun Jagun (Fíìmù Nàìjíŕà)]] [[Kesari (fim na 2018)]] [https://watch.plex.tv/person/ajanaku-aliu-babatunde Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Director At Fahmdoqstv] [https://www.mafab.hu/people/aliu-babatunde-ajanaku-3357176.html Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Movie At mafab] == Digital entrepreneurship == ALINATION is associated with digital entrepreneurship and creative activities involving online platforms.<ref name="wikiname" /> His professional interests include music, entertainment, content creation, and digital media. These areas have become increasingly connected through the growth of online distribution and digital production tools. Digital entrepreneurship involves the development of creative or commercial activities using digital technology. In the entertainment industry, it can include music distribution, video production, content publishing, and the development of online brands. [https://alination.netlify.app Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Official website] <references /> [[Rukuni:Nigeria Entrepreneur]] [[Rukuni:Entertainment occupations]] gtovkua6inr460x0gc7cjnfnut4z5bq 975860 975845 2026-11-04T16:19:57Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Nation.png|Nation.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:EugeneZelenko|EugeneZelenko]] because: Copyright violation; see [[:c:Commons:Licensing|]] ([[:c:COM:CSD#F1|F1]]): Promo/press photo. 975860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''ALINATION''', born '''Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde''', is a Nigerian Entrepreneur, filmmaker, digital entrepreneur, content creator, music distributor, and entertainment professional.<ref name="vanguard">{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/ajanaku-aliu-babatunde/ |website=Vanguard News}}</ref><ref name="frwiki">{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanaku_Aliu_Babatunde |website=Wikipedia (French)}}</ref><ref name="wikiname">{{cite web |title=Meet Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde: The Nigerian Entrepreneur Exploring Music, Entertainment, and Technology |url=https://www.wiki.name.ng/public_figure/meet-ajanaku-aliu-babatunde-the-nigeria-entrepreneur-exploring-music-entertainment-and-technology/ |website=WikiName}}</ref> He is associated with FAHMDOQSTV, Alinationrecord, and Alinationedit, three creative brands connected with his interests in entertainment, music, digital media, and online content production.<ref name="musicinafrica">{{cite web |title=Alinationrecord Profile |url=https://musicinafrica.net/directory-professional/alinationrecord/ |website=Music In Africa}}</ref> Known professionally as ALINATION, Babatunde has developed a creative identity that brings together music, filmmaking, video editing, digital entrepreneurship, and content creation. His activities include involvement in film projects such as ''The Return of Moba Boys'', ''OT Business'', ''Moba Boys'', and ''The Street Fraudsters & Co''.<ref name="imdb">{{cite web |title=Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde - IMDb Profile |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm18981299/ |website=IMDb}}</ref> He is also associated with the development of digital entertainment projects and creative platforms intended to support the production, distribution, and promotion of entertainment content. == Early life and background == ALINATION was born Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde on 23 December 2007 in [[Lagos]], Nigeria, according to biographical information associated with his professional profile.<ref name="vanguard" /><ref name="wikiname" /> He is Nigerian and has a background connected with Yoruba culture. From an early age, he developed an interest in entertainment, music, digital technology, and creative production. These interests later became central to his professional identity. His creative activities encompass several areas of the entertainment industry, including music, filmmaking, video production, and online content creation. Babatunde uses ALINATION as his professional name. The name is associated with his entertainment activities and the creative projects connected with his career.<ref name="frwiki" /> His work reflects an interest in combining traditional entertainment activities with digital platforms, particularly through the use of online media to reach audiences. == Age == ALINATION was reportedly born on 23 December 2007.<ref name="vanguard" /> As of 2 November 2026, he is 18 years old. He will turn 19 on 23 December 2026. His reported date of birth should be supported by a reliable source before being included as a confirmed fact in a Wikipedia biography. == Education == Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde received secondary school education in Nigeria. His educational background forms part of his personal development and his interest in creative and digital activities. Alongside his formal education, he has developed interests in music, entertainment, content creation, and technology. His creative activities involve learning and applying skills associated with digital media, video editing, music production, and entertainment development. Further information about his educational institutions, qualifications, and academic achievements would require reliable documentation. == Career == ALINATION's professional activities span several areas of the entertainment and digital media industries. His career is associated with music, content creation, filmmaking, video editing, and digital entrepreneurship. Through these activities, he has developed a professional identity connected with several creative projects.<ref name="wikiname" /> His work includes associations with FAHMDOQSTV, Alinationrecord, and Alinationedit. These projects represent different aspects of his creative interests, including entertainment content, music-related activities, and digital production. His career reflects an interest in developing a recognizable creative brand while exploring opportunities in the evolving digital entertainment industry. === FAHMDOQSTV === FAHMDOQSTV is an entertainment and digital media brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION.<ref name="vanguard" /> The brand is connected with entertainment content, video production, filmmaking, and digital media activities. Its name is associated with the production and presentation of creative content for online audiences. FAHMDOQSTV forms part of ALINATION's broader creative activities in the entertainment industry. Through the brand, he is associated with projects involving film production, video content, and digital entertainment. The brand's activities are connected with the growing use of online platforms for entertainment distribution. Digital media has created opportunities for independent creators and emerging entertainment professionals to produce and share their work with audiences beyond traditional broadcasting channels. FAHMDOQSTV is associated with film projects including ''Moba Boys'' and ''OT Business''.<ref name="imdb" /> These titles form part of the entertainment projects connected with the brand. The name FAHMDOQSTV is also associated with ALINATION's creative identity and his interest in developing entertainment-related projects. ==== FAHMDOQSTV and film production ==== FAHMDOQSTV is associated with film and video production activities involving ALINATION. Its connection with film projects reflects an interest in storytelling, visual entertainment, and the production of content for digital audiences. The brand is associated with projects such as ''Moba Boys'', ''The Return of Moba Boys'', and ''OT Business''.<ref name="imdb" /> Further information about the company's establishment, ownership structure, production history, and official activities would require independent documentation. === Alinationrecord === Alinationrecord is a music-related brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde, professionally known as ALINATION.<ref name="musicinafrica" /> The brand forms part of his activities in the music and entertainment industries. Its name is connected with music, creative development, and the promotion of music-related projects. Alinationrecord represents an aspect of ALINATION's interest in music and the development of a professional identity within the entertainment industry. Music distribution and digital music platforms have become important parts of the modern music industry. Independent artists and creative professionals increasingly use digital services to distribute recordings, promote their work, and connect with listeners. ALINATION's association with Alinationrecord reflects his interest in these developments and in the opportunities provided by digital music distribution. ==== Music and digital distribution ==== Alinationrecord is associated with music-related activities and the development of creative projects.<ref name="musicinafrica" /> The brand's name reflects an interest in music recording, music promotion, and the digital distribution of music. Through his association with Alinationrecord, ALINATION is connected with the broader development of music and digital entertainment. Specific information about released songs, artists signed to the brand, distribution agreements, and its formal business structure requires further reliable sources. === Alinationedit === Alinationedit is a digital creative brand associated with Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde. The brand is connected with video editing, digital content production, and creative media activities. Its name reflects an interest in visual storytelling and the production of digital entertainment content. Video editing is an important part of modern entertainment production. It involves the arrangement of recorded footage, sound, visual effects, transitions, and other elements to create a finished video. ALINATION's association with Alinationedit reflects his involvement in creative activities related to video production and digital media. ==== Video editing and content production ==== Alinationedit is associated with the production and editing of digital content. Its activities are connected with the creation of videos and other visual materials for online platforms. The brand forms part of ALINATION's wider creative interests, which include filmmaking, entertainment content, and digital production. Further information about its establishment, clients, production credits, and business operations would require reliable documentation. == Filmography == ALINATION is associated with several film projects, including ''The Return of Moba Boys'', ''OT Business'', ''Moba Boys'', and ''The Street Fraudsters & Co''.<ref name="imdb" /> His film-related activities are connected with filmmaking, creative production, and digital entertainment. === The Return of Moba Boys === ''The Return of Moba Boys'' is a film project associated with ALINATION and FAHMDOQSTV.<ref name="imdb" /> The title is connected with the ''Moba Boys'' film project and forms part of the entertainment activities associated with his professional identity. Further information about the film's storyline, cast, production team, release date, and distribution would require reliable sources. === OT Business === ''OT Business'' is a film project associated with ALINATION and FAHMDOQSTV.<ref name="imdb" /> The project forms part of his film-related activities and is connected with his interests in entertainment and digital production. Further information about the film's plot, production, cast, and release would require independent documentation. === Moba Boys === ''Moba Boys'' is a film project associated with FAHMDOQSTV and ALINATION.<ref name="imdb" /> The title is among the entertainment projects connected with his professional activities. The film is also associated with ''The Return of Moba Boys'', a related title within the same creative project. Additional information about the film's production, storyline, cast, and distribution requires reliable sources. === The Street Fraudsters & Co === ''The Street Fraudsters & Co'' is another film title associated with ALINATION's entertainment activities. The project forms part of his involvement in filmmaking and creative production. Further details about the film's storyline, production team, cast, release date, and distribution would require reliable documentation. FILMOGRAPHY [[Jagun Jagun (Fíìmù Nàìjíŕà)]] [[Kesari (fim na 2018)]] [https://watch.plex.tv/person/ajanaku-aliu-babatunde Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Director At Fahmdoqstv] [https://www.mafab.hu/people/aliu-babatunde-ajanaku-3357176.html Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Movie At mafab] == Digital entrepreneurship == ALINATION is associated with digital entrepreneurship and creative activities involving online platforms.<ref name="wikiname" /> His professional interests include music, entertainment, content creation, and digital media. These areas have become increasingly connected through the growth of online distribution and digital production tools. Digital entrepreneurship involves the development of creative or commercial activities using digital technology. In the entertainment industry, it can include music distribution, video production, content publishing, and the development of online brands. [https://alination.netlify.app Ajanaku Aliu Babatunde Official website] <references /> [[Rukuni:Nigeria Entrepreneur]] [[Rukuni:Entertainment occupations]] m0vh6jpgx7zs4skgbg6lqb5us0gdqqs 2 180592 975838 2026-11-04T13:50:06Z Doc James 4321 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1515400|Thalidomide]] to:ha #mdwikicx 975838 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="8" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Thalidomide</nowiki&gt;">Thalidomide</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Thalidomide enantiomers.svg|class=dark mode safe|231x231px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Clinical data |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Pronunciation | class="infobox-data" |<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span lang="en-fonipa" class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/]]</span></span><ref><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Thalidomide" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="269"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Thalidomide "Thalidomide"]</span>. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="270">''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (online&nbsp;ed.). </span></cite><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Thalidomide" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Oxford University Press.</cite>&#x20;<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or [https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary participating institution membership] required.)</span></ref>&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature|Trade names]] | class="infobox-data" |Contergan, Thalomid, Talidex, others |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Other names | class="infobox-data" |α-Phthalimidoglutarimide |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/thalidomide.html Monograph]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[MedlinePlus]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="medlineplus.gov">[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a699032.html a699032]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|License data]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;European Union</nowiki&gt;">EU</abbr></small>&nbsp;EMA:&nbsp;<span title="www.ema.europa.eu: 'Thalidomide' ">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/search api aggregation ema active substance and inn common name/Thalidomide by INN]</span> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr></small>&nbsp;<span title="www.accessdata.fda.gov">[[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]]:&nbsp;[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&SearchTerm=Thalidomide&SearchType=BasicSearch Thalidomide]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Pregnancy<nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>category | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Australia</nowiki&gt;">AU</abbr>:</small>&#x20;X (High risk) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Routes of<nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>administration | class="infobox-data" |By mouth (capsules) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Legal status |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Legal status | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Australia</nowiki&gt;">AU</abbr>:</small>&#x20;S4 (Prescription only) * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Canada</nowiki&gt;">CA</abbr></small>:&#x20; ℞-only * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United Kingdom</nowiki&gt;">UK</abbr>:</small>&#x20;POM (Prescription only) * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr>:</small>&#x20;℞-only </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Pharmacokinetic data |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bioavailability | class="infobox-data" |90% |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Protein binding | class="infobox-data" |55% and 66% for the (''R'')-(+)- and (''S'')-(−)-enantiomers, respectively |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Metabolism | class="infobox-data" |Liver (minimally via CYP2C19-mediated 5-hydroxylation; mostly via non-enzymatic hydrolysis at the four amide sites)<ref name="clinp" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Elimination <nowiki><span class="nowrap">half-life</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |5–7.5 hours (dose-dependent)<ref name="clinp" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Excretion | class="infobox-data" |Urine, faeces<ref name="clinp" /> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Identifiers |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>IUPAC name</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1''H''-isoindole-1,3-dione</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>)</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9022524 DTXSID9022524] [[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203174#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.029 100.000.029] [[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203174#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Chemical and physical data |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Formula | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span>₁₃<span title="Hydrogen">H</span>₁₀<span title="Nitrogen">N</span>₂<span title="Oxygen">O</span>₄ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Molar mass | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">258.233</span>&nbsp;g·mol⁻¹ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |3D model (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28N1C2CCC%28NC2%3DO%29%3DO%29C3%3DCC%3DCC%3DC3C1%3DO Interactive image]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Chirality | class="infobox-data" |Racemic mixture |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>SMILES</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C(N1C2CCC(NC2=O)=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=O</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C13H10N2O4/c16-10-6-5-9(11(17)14-10)15-12(18)7-3-1-2-4-8(7)13(15)19/h1-4,9H,5-6H2,(H,14,16,17)^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:UEJJHQNACJXSKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;^{[[File:X mark.svg|link=|alt=X mark|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}&nbsp;(what is this?)</span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=420478187&page2=Thalidomide (verify)]</span></span> |} {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="8" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Thalidomide</nowiki&gt;">Thalidomide</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Thalidomide enantiomers.svg|class=dark mode safe|231x231px]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Clinical data |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Pronunciation | class="infobox-data" |<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span lang="en-fonipa" class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt">[[Help:IPA/English|/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/]]</span></span><ref><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Thalidomide" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="269"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Thalidomide "Thalidomide"]</span>. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="270">''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (online&nbsp;ed.). </span></cite><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Thalidomide" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Oxford University Press.</cite>&#x20;<span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or [https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary participating institution membership] required.)</span></ref>&#x20; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature|Trade names]] | class="infobox-data" |Contergan, Thalomid, Talidex, others |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Other names | class="infobox-data" |α-Phthalimidoglutarimide |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/thalidomide.html Monograph]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[MedlinePlus]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="medlineplus.gov">[https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a699032.html a699032]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Regulation of therapeutic goods|License data]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;European Union</nowiki&gt;">EU</abbr></small>&nbsp;EMA:&nbsp;<span title="www.ema.europa.eu: 'Thalidomide' ">[https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/search api aggregation ema active substance and inn common name/Thalidomide by INN]</span> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr></small>&nbsp;<span title="www.accessdata.fda.gov">[[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]]:&nbsp;[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&SearchTerm=Thalidomide&SearchType=BasicSearch Thalidomide]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Pregnancy<nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>category | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Australia</nowiki&gt;">AU</abbr>:</small>&#x20;X (High risk) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Routes of<nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>administration | class="infobox-data" |By mouth (capsules) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Legal status |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Legal status | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist "> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Australia</nowiki&gt;">AU</abbr>:</small>&#x20;S4 (Prescription only) * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Canada</nowiki&gt;">CA</abbr></small>:&#x20; ℞-only * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United Kingdom</nowiki&gt;">UK</abbr>:</small>&#x20;POM (Prescription only) * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;United States</nowiki&gt;">US</abbr>:</small>&#x20;℞-only </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Pharmacokinetic data |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Bioavailability | class="infobox-data" |90% |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Protein binding | class="infobox-data" |55% and 66% for the (''R'')-(+)- and (''S'')-(−)-enantiomers, respectively |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Metabolism | class="infobox-data" |Liver (minimally via CYP2C19-mediated 5-hydroxylation; mostly via non-enzymatic hydrolysis at the four amide sites)<ref name="clinp" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Elimination <nowiki><span class="nowrap">half-life</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |5–7.5 hours (dose-dependent)<ref name="clinp" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Excretion | class="infobox-data" |Urine, faeces<ref name="clinp" /> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Identifiers |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>IUPAC name</div></div> * <div style="font-size: 97%;">2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1''H''-isoindole-1,3-dione</div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |CompTox Dashboard <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="<nowiki&gt;U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</nowiki&gt;">EPA</abbr>)</span> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="comptox.epa.gov">[https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9022524 DTXSID9022524] [[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203174#P3117|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |<nowiki><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.029 100.000.029] [[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203174#P2566|text-top|class=noprint|frameless|10x10px|Edit this at Wikidata]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Chemical and physical data |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Formula | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Carbon">C</span>₁₃<span title="Hydrogen">H</span>₁₀<span title="Nitrogen">N</span>₂<span title="Oxygen">O</span>₄ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Molar mass | class="infobox-data" |<span class="nowrap">258.233</span>&nbsp;g·mol⁻¹ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |3D model (JSmol) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)">[https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28N1C2CCC%28NC2%3DO%29%3DO%29C3%3DCC%3DCC%3DC3C1%3DO Interactive image]</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Chirality | class="infobox-data" |Racemic mixture |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>SMILES</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C(N1C2CCC(NC2=O)=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=O</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>InChI</div></div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C13H10N2O4/c16-10-6-5-9(11(17)14-10)15-12(18)7-3-1-2-4-8(7)13(15)19/h1-4,9H,5-6H2,(H,14,16,17)^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}</div> * <div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:UEJJHQNACJXSKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N^{&nbsp;[[File:Yes check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}</div> </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" |<templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;^{[[File:X mark.svg|link=|alt=X mark|8x8px]]<span style="display:none">N</span>[[File:Yes check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span>}&nbsp;(what is this?)</span><templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css" /><span class="nobold">&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=420478187&page2=Thalidomide (verify)]</span></span> |} '''Thalidomide''', wanda ake sayarwa a ƙarƙashin sunan '''Thalomid''' da sauransu, magani ne da ake amfani da shi don magance wasu cututtukan daji da suka haɗa da [[Multiple myeloma|myeloma mai yawa]], cututtukan graft-versus-host, da kuma wasu cututtukan fata da dama, ciki har da matsalolin [[kuturta]].<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Thalidomide Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/thalidomide.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=14 November 2019|language=en|archive-date=10 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910095924/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/thalidomide.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Duk da cewa an yi amfani da shi a wasu yanayi da suka shafi HIV, irin wannan amfani yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar yawan ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ana shansa da baki.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Illolin da aka saba gani sun haɗa da barci, kuraje, da kuma [[jiri]].<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Mummunan illa sun haɗa da ciwon tumor lysis syndrome, toshewar jini, da kuma neuropathy na gefe . Amfani da shi a [[Juna biyu|lokacin daukar ciki]] na iya cutar da jariri, wanda ya hada da lalacewar gaɓoɓi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ga mazan da ke shan maganin, ana ba da shawarar a yi amfani da robar roba idan abokin zamansu zai iya yin ciki.<ref name="BNF76" /> Maganin rigakafi ne kuma yana aiki ta hanyoyi da dama, ciki har da ƙarfafa ƙwayoyin T da rage samar da TNF-α.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> An fara sayar da Thalidomide a shekarar 1957 a [[Yammacin Jamus]], inda ake samunsa ba tare da takardar sayan magani ba.<ref name="Mill1991" /> Lokacin da aka fara fitar da shi, an tallata thalidomide don [[Anxiety|damuwa]], rashin barci, "tsananin damuwa", da kuma rashin lafiyar safe.<ref name="Mill1991">{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Marylin T.|title=Thalidomide Embryopathy: A Model for the Study of Congenital Incomitant Horizontal Strabismus|journal=Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society|year=1991|volume=81|pages=623–674|pmid=1808819|pmc=1298636}}</ref> Duk da cewa da farko an yi la'akari da cewa yana da lafiya a lokacin daukar ciki, an lura da damuwa game da lahani na haihuwa a shekarar 1961 kuma an cire maganin daga kasuwa a Turai a wannan shekarar.<ref name="Mill1991" /><ref name="OUP2003" /> An kiyasta jimillar mutanen da shan maganin ya shafa a lokacin daukar ciki sun kai 10,000, wanda kusan kashi 40% daga cikinsu suka mutu a lokacin haihuwa.<ref name="Mill1991" /><ref name="AHFS2019" /> Waɗanda suka tsira suna da matsalolin gaɓɓai, ido, hanyoyin fitsari, da kuma zuciya.<ref name="OUP2003" /> Frances Kelsey a hukumar FDA ta hana shi shiga kasuwar Amurka.<ref name="Lou2004" /> Nakasar haihuwar thalidomide ta haifar da ci gaban ingantaccen tsarin kula da magunguna da kuma sa ido a ƙasashe da yawa.<ref name="Lou2004" /><ref name="OUP2003" /> An amince da shi don amfani da shi a fannin likitanci a Amurka a shekarar 1998.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya . Ana samunsa a matsayin magani na gama gari . A Burtaniya, ana kashe NHS kimanin £1,194 a kowane wata tun daga shekarar 2018.<ref name="BNF76" /> Wannan adadin a Amurka yana kashe kimanin dala $9,236 a shekarar 2019.<ref name="Price2019">{{Cite web|title=Thalomid Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs|url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/thalomid|website=Drugs.com|access-date=15 November 2019|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230163629/https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/thalomid|url-status=live}}</ref><references /> 69eeo5d67ofj9s0cpjim22t1tif0jyi 975839 975838 2026-11-04T13:51:54Z Doc James 4321 975839 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thalidomide''', wanda ake sayarwa a ƙarƙashin sunan '''Thalomid''' da sauransu, magani ne da ake amfani da shi don magance wasu cututtukan daji da suka haɗa da [[Multiple myeloma|myeloma mai yawa]], cututtukan graft-versus-host, da kuma wasu cututtukan fata da dama, ciki har da matsalolin [[kuturta]].<ref name="AHFS2019">{{Cite web|title=Thalidomide Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/thalidomide.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=14 November 2019|language=en|archive-date=10 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910095924/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/thalidomide.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Duk da cewa an yi amfani da shi a wasu yanayi da suka shafi HIV, irin wannan amfani yana da alaƙa da ƙaruwar yawan ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ana shansa da baki.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Illolin da aka saba gani sun haɗa da barci, kuraje, da kuma [[jiri]].<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Mummunan illa sun haɗa da ciwon tumor lysis syndrome, toshewar jini, da kuma neuropathy na gefe . Amfani da shi a [[Juna biyu|lokacin daukar ciki]] na iya cutar da jariri, wanda ya hada da lalacewar gaɓoɓi.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Ga mazan da ke shan maganin, ana ba da shawarar a yi amfani da robar roba idan abokin zamansu zai iya yin ciki.<ref name="BNF76" /> Maganin rigakafi ne kuma yana aiki ta hanyoyi da dama, ciki har da ƙarfafa ƙwayoyin T da rage samar da TNF-α.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> An fara sayar da Thalidomide a shekarar 1957 a [[Yammacin Jamus]], inda ake samunsa ba tare da takardar sayan magani ba.<ref name="Mill1991" /> Lokacin da aka fara fitar da shi, an tallata thalidomide don [[Anxiety|damuwa]], rashin barci, "tsananin damuwa", da kuma rashin lafiyar safe.<ref name="Mill1991">{{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Marylin T.|title=Thalidomide Embryopathy: A Model for the Study of Congenital Incomitant Horizontal Strabismus|journal=Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society|year=1991|volume=81|pages=623–674|pmid=1808819|pmc=1298636}}</ref> Duk da cewa da farko an yi la'akari da cewa yana da lafiya a lokacin daukar ciki, an lura da damuwa game da lahani na haihuwa a shekarar 1961 kuma an cire maganin daga kasuwa a Turai a wannan shekarar.<ref name="Mill1991" /><ref name="OUP2003" /> An kiyasta jimillar mutanen da shan maganin ya shafa a lokacin daukar ciki sun kai 10,000, wanda kusan kashi 40% daga cikinsu suka mutu a lokacin haihuwa.<ref name="Mill1991" /><ref name="AHFS2019" /> Waɗanda suka tsira suna da matsalolin gaɓɓai, ido, hanyoyin fitsari, da kuma zuciya.<ref name="OUP2003" /> Frances Kelsey a hukumar FDA ta hana shi shiga kasuwar Amurka.<ref name="Lou2004" /> Nakasar haihuwar thalidomide ta haifar da ci gaban ingantaccen tsarin kula da magunguna da kuma sa ido a ƙasashe da yawa.<ref name="Lou2004" /><ref name="OUP2003" /> An amince da shi don amfani da shi a fannin likitanci a Amurka a shekarar 1998.<ref name="AHFS2019" /> Yana cikin Jerin Magunguna Masu Muhimmanci na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya . Ana samunsa a matsayin magani na gama gari . A Burtaniya, ana kashe NHS kimanin £1,194 a kowane wata tun daga shekarar 2018.<ref name="BNF76" /> Wannan adadin a Amurka yana kashe kimanin dala $9,236 a shekarar 2019.<ref name="Price2019">{{Cite web|title=Thalomid Prices, Coupons & Patient Assistance Programs|url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/thalomid|website=Drugs.com|access-date=15 November 2019|language=en|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230163629/https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/thalomid|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== <references /> 0eegx8z98upivl6mlhazzhv9yi2rx24 0 180593 975840 2026-11-04T14:00:14Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1383549436|Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]]" 975840 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka''' (1979 - 26 ga Oktoba 2026) ya kasance mai wa'azin Islama na Najeriya kuma malamin addini daga [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] .An san shi da koyarwarsa ta Alkur'ani da ra'ayinsa game da ayyukan addinin Islama.Ya kuma ba da shawarar zaman lafiya da tattaunawa tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.<ref name="Daily_Trust-1">{{Cite web |title=Masussuka: Life, preaching, death |url=https://dailytrust.com/masussuka-life-preaching-death/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-28 |title=Controversial Islamic cleric shot dead in northern Nigeria |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/10/controversial-islamic-cleric-shot-dead-in-northern-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Masussuka a shekara ta 1979 a ƙauyen Biyawa, a cikin Karamar Hukumar Batsari ta Jihar Katsina .Ya shafe wani bangare na yarinta a Masussuka, Karamar Hukumar Ningi ta [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], inda ya fara karatunsa na Alkur'ani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka killed: How gunmen kill Northern Islamic scholar for im home |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/ck3wvl9y75zvo |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma Katsina don ci gaba da karatunsa na Islama.Ya halarci Kwalejin Malaman Larabci a Katsina kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malaman Islama, gami da Malam Zakariya a Sabuwar Unguwa .Ya kuma ci gaba da karatun Islama a [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Oman]].<ref name="Daily_Trust-1" /> == Ayyukan addini == Masussuka ya fara wa'azi tun yana ƙarami kuma ya zama sananne ga koyarwarsa ta addini wanda ya dogara da [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].An haɗa shi da ƙungiyar Qur'aniyya, wanda ke jaddada Alkur'ani a matsayin tushen jagorar addini. Ra'ayoyinsa game da rawar da ikon [[Hadisi|hadith]] a cikin Islama sun bambanta da na yawancin malaman Islama na gargajiya.Ya yi tambaya game da sahihanci da fassarar wasu hadisai, wanda ya kawo shi cikin rashin jituwa da wasu shugabannin addini.Wa'azinsa da laccoci sun bazu ko'ina a kan kafofin sada zumunta kuma sun ja hankalin mabiya da masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRT Afrika - Gwamnatin Jihar Katsina za ta shirya muƙabala tsakanin Yahya Masussuka da sauran Malaman Musulunci |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/hausa/article/2c676f7b6e31 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.trtafrika.com |language=ha}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, ya kafa Kur'an TV / Rediyo da Masussuka International School a [[Dutsin-Ma]], Jihar Katsina.Cibiyar ta haɗu da ilimin Islama da na al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2024 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Sets Up Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://leadership.ng/sheikh-masussuka-sets-up-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Leadership |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-30 |title=Abubuwa biyar kan Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c6z982j0n4k3o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Hausa |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Establishes Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://metoricpost.com/2024/04/15/sheikh-masussuka-establishes-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Metoric Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyukan addinai == Masussuka an san shi da inganta dangantakar zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.Ya yi magana game da haƙuri na addini kuma ya ƙarfafa mutane na addinai daban-daban su zauna tare cikin salama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Nigerian controversial Islamic cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cxdd8nq55d74o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jakadan Zaman Lafiya daga Cibiyar Kula da Kyakkyawan Gudanarwa da Bayyanawa don nuna godiya ga kokarinsa na inganta zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2025-06-02 |title=Islamic cleric urges colleagues to preach peace, unity |url=https://guardian.ng/news/islamic-cleric-urges-colleagues-to-preach-peace-unity/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya kuma shirya taron zaman lafiya a Dutsin-Ma kafin mutuwarsa don ƙarfafa fahimta tsakanin al'ummomin addini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunmen Kill Islamic Cleric Yahaya Masussuka, Visitor In Katsina Home Attack Ahead Of Planned Peace Gathering |url=https://saharareporters.com/2026/10/27/gunmen-kill-islamic-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-visitor-katsina-home-attack-ahead-planned |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Dubban mutane sun halarci taron da aka shirya domin tunawa da Sheikh Masussuka |url=https://aminiya.ng/dubban-mutane-sun-halarci-taron-da-aka-shirya-domin-tunawa-da-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Aminiya |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mutuwa == A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2026, 'yan bindiga sun harbe Masussuka a waje da gidansa a Dutsin-Ma, Jihar Katsina.Abokinsa, Adamu Abubakar, shi ma an kashe shi a harin.An kai maza biyu asibiti, inda aka tabbatar da mutuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusuf |first=Ibrahim |date=2026-10-27 |title='Yan Ansaru Sun Dauki Alhakin Kashe Sheikh Masussuka a Katsina - Legit.ng |url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1738129-kungiyar-ansaru-ta-dauki-nauyin-kashe-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=hausa.legit.ng |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Yan bindiga sun kashe Yahya Masussuka a Katsina |url=https://www.dw.com/ha/yan-sanda-na-farautar-wadanda-suka-kashe-masussuka/a-79772466 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=dw.com |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mboto |first=Harry Ivan |date=2026-10-28 |title=Yahaya Masussuka: Controversial Nigerian Cleric Shot Dead After Receiving Death Threats - Tuko.co.ke |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/world/africa/644773-yahaya-masussuka-controversial-nigerian-muslim-cleric-shot-dead-alongside-friend/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.tuko.co.ke |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Controversial Nigerian cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/controversial-nigerian-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-shot-dead-in-katsina-1793160423435 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> Shugabannin addinai, jami'an gwamnati, da jama'a sun yi Allah wadai da mutuwarsa.Kisan ya ja hankalin kasa, kuma an yi kira don bincike kan yanayin da ke kewaye da harin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-condemns-murder-of-sheikh-yahaya-ibrahim-masussuka-directs-thorough-investigation/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> An binne Masussuka a Katsina biyo bayan addu'o'in jana'izar da masu makoki daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya da ƙasashe makwabta suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olaniyan |first=Segun |date=2026-10-31 |title=Masussuka, Renown Islamic Scholar Finally Laid To Rest In Katsina |url=https://independent.ng/masussuka-renown-islamic-scholar-finally-laid-to-rest-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Thousands mourn slain Islamic scholar Masussuka at Katsina burial |url=https://ghanaianminaret.com/thousands-mourn-slain-islamic-scholar-masussuka-at-katsina-burial |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Ghanaian Minaret |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:'Yan Katsina]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bluv2wwb426mnlz2g75ftkfgobmco55 975841 975840 2026-11-04T14:00:38Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 975841 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka''' (1979 - 26 ga Oktoba 2026) ya kasance mai wa'azin Islama na Najeriya kuma malamin addini daga [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] .An san shi da koyarwarsa ta Alkur'ani da ra'ayinsa game da ayyukan addinin Islama.Ya kuma ba da shawarar zaman lafiya da tattaunawa tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.<ref name="Daily_Trust-1">{{Cite web |title=Masussuka: Life, preaching, death |url=https://dailytrust.com/masussuka-life-preaching-death/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-28 |title=Controversial Islamic cleric shot dead in northern Nigeria |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/10/controversial-islamic-cleric-shot-dead-in-northern-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Masussuka a shekara ta 1979 a ƙauyen Biyawa, a cikin Karamar Hukumar Batsari ta Jihar Katsina .Ya shafe wani bangare na yarinta a Masussuka, Karamar Hukumar Ningi ta [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], inda ya fara karatunsa na Alkur'ani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka killed: How gunmen kill Northern Islamic scholar for im home |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/ck3wvl9y75zvo |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma Katsina don ci gaba da karatunsa na Islama.Ya halarci Kwalejin Malaman Larabci a Katsina kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malaman Islama, gami da Malam Zakariya a Sabuwar Unguwa .Ya kuma ci gaba da karatun Islama a [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Oman]].<ref name="Daily_Trust-1" /> == Ayyukan addini == Masussuka ya fara wa'azi tun yana ƙarami kuma ya zama sananne ga koyarwarsa ta addini wanda ya dogara da [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].An haɗa shi da ƙungiyar Qur'aniyya, wanda ke jaddada Alkur'ani a matsayin tushen jagorar addini. Ra'ayoyinsa game da rawar da ikon [[Hadisi|hadith]] a cikin Islama sun bambanta da na yawancin malaman Islama na gargajiya.Ya yi tambaya game da sahihanci da fassarar wasu hadisai, wanda ya kawo shi cikin rashin jituwa da wasu shugabannin addini.Wa'azinsa da laccoci sun bazu ko'ina a kan kafofin sada zumunta kuma sun ja hankalin mabiya da masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRT Afrika - Gwamnatin Jihar Katsina za ta shirya muƙabala tsakanin Yahya Masussuka da sauran Malaman Musulunci |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/hausa/article/2c676f7b6e31 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.trtafrika.com |language=ha}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, ya kafa Kur'an TV / Rediyo da Masussuka International School a [[Dutsin-Ma]], Jihar Katsina.Cibiyar ta haɗu da ilimin Islama da na al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2024 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Sets Up Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://leadership.ng/sheikh-masussuka-sets-up-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Leadership |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-30 |title=Abubuwa biyar kan Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c6z982j0n4k3o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Hausa |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Establishes Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://metoricpost.com/2024/04/15/sheikh-masussuka-establishes-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Metoric Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyukan addinai == Masussuka an san shi da inganta dangantakar zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.Ya yi magana game da haƙuri na addini kuma ya ƙarfafa mutane na addinai daban-daban su zauna tare cikin salama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Nigerian controversial Islamic cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cxdd8nq55d74o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jakadan Zaman Lafiya daga Cibiyar Kula da Kyakkyawan Gudanarwa da Bayyanawa don nuna godiya ga kokarinsa na inganta zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2025-06-02 |title=Islamic cleric urges colleagues to preach peace, unity |url=https://guardian.ng/news/islamic-cleric-urges-colleagues-to-preach-peace-unity/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya kuma shirya taron zaman lafiya a Dutsin-Ma kafin mutuwarsa don ƙarfafa fahimta tsakanin al'ummomin addini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunmen Kill Islamic Cleric Yahaya Masussuka, Visitor In Katsina Home Attack Ahead Of Planned Peace Gathering |url=https://saharareporters.com/2026/10/27/gunmen-kill-islamic-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-visitor-katsina-home-attack-ahead-planned |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Dubban mutane sun halarci taron da aka shirya domin tunawa da Sheikh Masussuka |url=https://aminiya.ng/dubban-mutane-sun-halarci-taron-da-aka-shirya-domin-tunawa-da-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Aminiya |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mutuwa == A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2026, 'yan bindiga sun harbe Masussuka a waje da gidansa a Dutsin-Ma, Jihar Katsina.Abokinsa, Adamu Abubakar, shi ma an kashe shi a harin.An kai maza biyu asibiti, inda aka tabbatar da mutuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusuf |first=Ibrahim |date=2026-10-27 |title='Yan Ansaru Sun Dauki Alhakin Kashe Sheikh Masussuka a Katsina - Legit.ng |url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1738129-kungiyar-ansaru-ta-dauki-nauyin-kashe-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=hausa.legit.ng |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Yan bindiga sun kashe Yahya Masussuka a Katsina |url=https://www.dw.com/ha/yan-sanda-na-farautar-wadanda-suka-kashe-masussuka/a-79772466 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=dw.com |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mboto |first=Harry Ivan |date=2026-10-28 |title=Yahaya Masussuka: Controversial Nigerian Cleric Shot Dead After Receiving Death Threats - Tuko.co.ke |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/world/africa/644773-yahaya-masussuka-controversial-nigerian-muslim-cleric-shot-dead-alongside-friend/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.tuko.co.ke |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Controversial Nigerian cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/controversial-nigerian-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-shot-dead-in-katsina-1793160423435 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> Shugabannin addinai, jami'an gwamnati, da jama'a sun yi Allah wadai da mutuwarsa.Kisan ya ja hankalin kasa, kuma an yi kira don bincike kan yanayin da ke kewaye da harin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-condemns-murder-of-sheikh-yahaya-ibrahim-masussuka-directs-thorough-investigation/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> An binne Masussuka a Katsina biyo bayan addu'o'in jana'izar da masu makoki daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya da ƙasashe makwabta suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olaniyan |first=Segun |date=2026-10-31 |title=Masussuka, Renown Islamic Scholar Finally Laid To Rest In Katsina |url=https://independent.ng/masussuka-renown-islamic-scholar-finally-laid-to-rest-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Thousands mourn slain Islamic scholar Masussuka at Katsina burial |url=https://ghanaianminaret.com/thousands-mourn-slain-islamic-scholar-masussuka-at-katsina-burial |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Ghanaian Minaret |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:'Yan Katsina]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qex3eu3uvgh68ibrk2822zmfg3c6wwe 975842 975841 2026-11-04T14:01:10Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 975842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka''' (1979 - 26 ga Oktoba 2026) ya kasance mai wa'azin Islama na Najeriya kuma malamin addini daga [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] .An san shi da koyarwarsa ta Alkur'ani da ra'ayinsa game da ayyukan addinin Islama.Ya kuma ba da shawarar zaman lafiya da tattaunawa tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.<ref name="Daily_Trust-1">{{Cite web |title=Masussuka: Life, preaching, death |url=https://dailytrust.com/masussuka-life-preaching-death/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-28 |title=Controversial Islamic cleric shot dead in northern Nigeria |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/10/controversial-islamic-cleric-shot-dead-in-northern-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Masussuka a shekara ta 1979 a ƙauyen Biyawa, a cikin Karamar Hukumar Batsari ta Jihar Katsina .Ya shafe wani bangare na yarinta a Masussuka, Karamar Hukumar Ningi ta [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], inda ya fara karatunsa na Alkur'ani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka killed: How gunmen kill Northern Islamic scholar for im home |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/ck3wvl9y75zvo |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma Katsina don ci gaba da karatunsa na Islama.Ya halarci Kwalejin Malaman Larabci a Katsina kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malaman Islama, gami da Malam Zakariya a Sabuwar Unguwa .Ya kuma ci gaba da karatun Islama a [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Oman]].<ref name="Daily_Trust-1" /> == Ayyukan addini == Masussuka ya fara wa'azi tun yana ƙarami kuma ya zama sananne ga koyarwarsa ta addini wanda ya dogara da [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].An haɗa shi da ƙungiyar Qur'aniyya, wanda ke jaddada Alkur'ani a matsayin tushen jagorar addini. Ra'ayoyinsa game da rawar da ikon [[Hadisi|hadith]] a cikin Islama sun bambanta da na yawancin malaman Islama na gargajiya.Ya yi tambaya game da sahihanci da fassarar wasu hadisai, wanda ya kawo shi cikin rashin jituwa da wasu shugabannin addini.Wa'azinsa da laccoci sun bazu ko'ina a kan kafofin sada zumunta kuma sun ja hankalin mabiya da masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRT Afrika - Gwamnatin Jihar Katsina za ta shirya muƙabala tsakanin Yahya Masussuka da sauran Malaman Musulunci |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/hausa/article/2c676f7b6e31 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.trtafrika.com |language=ha}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, ya kafa Kur'an TV / Rediyo da Masussuka International School a [[Dutsin-Ma]], Jihar Katsina.Cibiyar ta haɗu da ilimin Islama da na al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2024 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Sets Up Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://leadership.ng/sheikh-masussuka-sets-up-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Leadership |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-30 |title=Abubuwa biyar kan Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c6z982j0n4k3o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Hausa |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Establishes Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://metoricpost.com/2024/04/15/sheikh-masussuka-establishes-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Metoric Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyukan addinai == Masussuka an san shi da inganta dangantakar zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.Ya yi magana game da haƙuri na addini kuma ya ƙarfafa mutane na addinai daban-daban su zauna tare cikin salama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Nigerian controversial Islamic cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cxdd8nq55d74o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jakadan Zaman Lafiya daga Cibiyar Kula da Kyakkyawan Gudanarwa da Bayyanawa don nuna godiya ga kokarinsa na inganta zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2025-06-02 |title=Islamic cleric urges colleagues to preach peace, unity |url=https://guardian.ng/news/islamic-cleric-urges-colleagues-to-preach-peace-unity/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya kuma shirya taron zaman lafiya a Dutsin-Ma kafin mutuwarsa don ƙarfafa fahimta tsakanin al'ummomin addini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunmen Kill Islamic Cleric Yahaya Masussuka, Visitor In Katsina Home Attack Ahead Of Planned Peace Gathering |url=https://saharareporters.com/2026/10/27/gunmen-kill-islamic-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-visitor-katsina-home-attack-ahead-planned |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Dubban mutane sun halarci taron da aka shirya domin tunawa da Sheikh Masussuka |url=https://aminiya.ng/dubban-mutane-sun-halarci-taron-da-aka-shirya-domin-tunawa-da-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Aminiya |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mutuwa == A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2026, 'yan bindiga sun harbe Masussuka a waje da gidansa a Dutsin-Ma, Jihar Katsina.Abokinsa, Adamu Abubakar, shi ma an kashe shi a harin.An kai maza biyu asibiti, inda aka tabbatar da mutuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusuf |first=Ibrahim |date=2026-10-27 |title='Yan Ansaru Sun Dauki Alhakin Kashe Sheikh Masussuka a Katsina - Legit.ng |url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1738129-kungiyar-ansaru-ta-dauki-nauyin-kashe-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=hausa.legit.ng |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Yan bindiga sun kashe Yahya Masussuka a Katsina |url=https://www.dw.com/ha/yan-sanda-na-farautar-wadanda-suka-kashe-masussuka/a-79772466 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=dw.com |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mboto |first=Harry Ivan |date=2026-10-28 |title=Yahaya Masussuka: Controversial Nigerian Cleric Shot Dead After Receiving Death Threats - Tuko.co.ke |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/world/africa/644773-yahaya-masussuka-controversial-nigerian-muslim-cleric-shot-dead-alongside-friend/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.tuko.co.ke |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Controversial Nigerian cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/controversial-nigerian-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-shot-dead-in-katsina-1793160423435 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> Shugabannin addinai, jami'an gwamnati, da jama'a sun yi Allah wadai da mutuwarsa.Kisan ya ja hankalin kasa, kuma an yi kira don bincike kan yanayin da ke kewaye da harin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-condemns-murder-of-sheikh-yahaya-ibrahim-masussuka-directs-thorough-investigation/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> An binne Masussuka a Katsina biyo bayan addu'o'in jana'izar da masu makoki daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya da ƙasashe makwabta suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olaniyan |first=Segun |date=2026-10-31 |title=Masussuka, Renown Islamic Scholar Finally Laid To Rest In Katsina |url=https://independent.ng/masussuka-renown-islamic-scholar-finally-laid-to-rest-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Thousands mourn slain Islamic scholar Masussuka at Katsina burial |url=https://ghanaianminaret.com/thousands-mourn-slain-islamic-scholar-masussuka-at-katsina-burial |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Ghanaian Minaret |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:'Yan Katsina]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cgogfq4q7h2rxy26tlhgtbu7zlave80 975875 975842 2026-11-04T18:28:05Z Khaleel767 49732 Khaleel767 moved page [[Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] to [[Dtaft:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] 975842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka''' (1979 - 26 ga Oktoba 2026) ya kasance mai wa'azin Islama na Najeriya kuma malamin addini daga [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] .An san shi da koyarwarsa ta Alkur'ani da ra'ayinsa game da ayyukan addinin Islama.Ya kuma ba da shawarar zaman lafiya da tattaunawa tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.<ref name="Daily_Trust-1">{{Cite web |title=Masussuka: Life, preaching, death |url=https://dailytrust.com/masussuka-life-preaching-death/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-28 |title=Controversial Islamic cleric shot dead in northern Nigeria |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/10/controversial-islamic-cleric-shot-dead-in-northern-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Masussuka a shekara ta 1979 a ƙauyen Biyawa, a cikin Karamar Hukumar Batsari ta Jihar Katsina .Ya shafe wani bangare na yarinta a Masussuka, Karamar Hukumar Ningi ta [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], inda ya fara karatunsa na Alkur'ani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka killed: How gunmen kill Northern Islamic scholar for im home |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/ck3wvl9y75zvo |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma Katsina don ci gaba da karatunsa na Islama.Ya halarci Kwalejin Malaman Larabci a Katsina kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malaman Islama, gami da Malam Zakariya a Sabuwar Unguwa .Ya kuma ci gaba da karatun Islama a [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Oman]].<ref name="Daily_Trust-1" /> == Ayyukan addini == Masussuka ya fara wa'azi tun yana ƙarami kuma ya zama sananne ga koyarwarsa ta addini wanda ya dogara da [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].An haɗa shi da ƙungiyar Qur'aniyya, wanda ke jaddada Alkur'ani a matsayin tushen jagorar addini. Ra'ayoyinsa game da rawar da ikon [[Hadisi|hadith]] a cikin Islama sun bambanta da na yawancin malaman Islama na gargajiya.Ya yi tambaya game da sahihanci da fassarar wasu hadisai, wanda ya kawo shi cikin rashin jituwa da wasu shugabannin addini.Wa'azinsa da laccoci sun bazu ko'ina a kan kafofin sada zumunta kuma sun ja hankalin mabiya da masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRT Afrika - Gwamnatin Jihar Katsina za ta shirya muƙabala tsakanin Yahya Masussuka da sauran Malaman Musulunci |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/hausa/article/2c676f7b6e31 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.trtafrika.com |language=ha}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, ya kafa Kur'an TV / Rediyo da Masussuka International School a [[Dutsin-Ma]], Jihar Katsina.Cibiyar ta haɗu da ilimin Islama da na al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2024 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Sets Up Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://leadership.ng/sheikh-masussuka-sets-up-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Leadership |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-30 |title=Abubuwa biyar kan Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c6z982j0n4k3o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Hausa |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Establishes Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://metoricpost.com/2024/04/15/sheikh-masussuka-establishes-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Metoric Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyukan addinai == Masussuka an san shi da inganta dangantakar zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.Ya yi magana game da haƙuri na addini kuma ya ƙarfafa mutane na addinai daban-daban su zauna tare cikin salama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Nigerian controversial Islamic cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cxdd8nq55d74o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jakadan Zaman Lafiya daga Cibiyar Kula da Kyakkyawan Gudanarwa da Bayyanawa don nuna godiya ga kokarinsa na inganta zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2025-06-02 |title=Islamic cleric urges colleagues to preach peace, unity |url=https://guardian.ng/news/islamic-cleric-urges-colleagues-to-preach-peace-unity/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya kuma shirya taron zaman lafiya a Dutsin-Ma kafin mutuwarsa don ƙarfafa fahimta tsakanin al'ummomin addini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunmen Kill Islamic Cleric Yahaya Masussuka, Visitor In Katsina Home Attack Ahead Of Planned Peace Gathering |url=https://saharareporters.com/2026/10/27/gunmen-kill-islamic-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-visitor-katsina-home-attack-ahead-planned |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Dubban mutane sun halarci taron da aka shirya domin tunawa da Sheikh Masussuka |url=https://aminiya.ng/dubban-mutane-sun-halarci-taron-da-aka-shirya-domin-tunawa-da-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Aminiya |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mutuwa == A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2026, 'yan bindiga sun harbe Masussuka a waje da gidansa a Dutsin-Ma, Jihar Katsina.Abokinsa, Adamu Abubakar, shi ma an kashe shi a harin.An kai maza biyu asibiti, inda aka tabbatar da mutuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusuf |first=Ibrahim |date=2026-10-27 |title='Yan Ansaru Sun Dauki Alhakin Kashe Sheikh Masussuka a Katsina - Legit.ng |url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1738129-kungiyar-ansaru-ta-dauki-nauyin-kashe-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=hausa.legit.ng |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Yan bindiga sun kashe Yahya Masussuka a Katsina |url=https://www.dw.com/ha/yan-sanda-na-farautar-wadanda-suka-kashe-masussuka/a-79772466 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=dw.com |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mboto |first=Harry Ivan |date=2026-10-28 |title=Yahaya Masussuka: Controversial Nigerian Cleric Shot Dead After Receiving Death Threats - Tuko.co.ke |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/world/africa/644773-yahaya-masussuka-controversial-nigerian-muslim-cleric-shot-dead-alongside-friend/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.tuko.co.ke |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Controversial Nigerian cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/controversial-nigerian-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-shot-dead-in-katsina-1793160423435 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> Shugabannin addinai, jami'an gwamnati, da jama'a sun yi Allah wadai da mutuwarsa.Kisan ya ja hankalin kasa, kuma an yi kira don bincike kan yanayin da ke kewaye da harin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-condemns-murder-of-sheikh-yahaya-ibrahim-masussuka-directs-thorough-investigation/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> An binne Masussuka a Katsina biyo bayan addu'o'in jana'izar da masu makoki daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya da ƙasashe makwabta suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olaniyan |first=Segun |date=2026-10-31 |title=Masussuka, Renown Islamic Scholar Finally Laid To Rest In Katsina |url=https://independent.ng/masussuka-renown-islamic-scholar-finally-laid-to-rest-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Thousands mourn slain Islamic scholar Masussuka at Katsina burial |url=https://ghanaianminaret.com/thousands-mourn-slain-islamic-scholar-masussuka-at-katsina-burial |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Ghanaian Minaret |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:'Yan Katsina]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cgogfq4q7h2rxy26tlhgtbu7zlave80 975878 975875 2026-11-04T18:28:51Z Khaleel767 49732 Khaleel767 moved page [[Dtaft:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] to [[Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] over redirect 975842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka''' (1979 - 26 ga Oktoba 2026) ya kasance mai wa'azin Islama na Najeriya kuma malamin addini daga [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] .An san shi da koyarwarsa ta Alkur'ani da ra'ayinsa game da ayyukan addinin Islama.Ya kuma ba da shawarar zaman lafiya da tattaunawa tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.<ref name="Daily_Trust-1">{{Cite web |title=Masussuka: Life, preaching, death |url=https://dailytrust.com/masussuka-life-preaching-death/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-28 |title=Controversial Islamic cleric shot dead in northern Nigeria |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/10/controversial-islamic-cleric-shot-dead-in-northern-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Masussuka a shekara ta 1979 a ƙauyen Biyawa, a cikin Karamar Hukumar Batsari ta Jihar Katsina .Ya shafe wani bangare na yarinta a Masussuka, Karamar Hukumar Ningi ta [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], inda ya fara karatunsa na Alkur'ani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka killed: How gunmen kill Northern Islamic scholar for im home |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/ck3wvl9y75zvo |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma Katsina don ci gaba da karatunsa na Islama.Ya halarci Kwalejin Malaman Larabci a Katsina kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malaman Islama, gami da Malam Zakariya a Sabuwar Unguwa .Ya kuma ci gaba da karatun Islama a [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Oman]].<ref name="Daily_Trust-1" /> == Ayyukan addini == Masussuka ya fara wa'azi tun yana ƙarami kuma ya zama sananne ga koyarwarsa ta addini wanda ya dogara da [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].An haɗa shi da ƙungiyar Qur'aniyya, wanda ke jaddada Alkur'ani a matsayin tushen jagorar addini. Ra'ayoyinsa game da rawar da ikon [[Hadisi|hadith]] a cikin Islama sun bambanta da na yawancin malaman Islama na gargajiya.Ya yi tambaya game da sahihanci da fassarar wasu hadisai, wanda ya kawo shi cikin rashin jituwa da wasu shugabannin addini.Wa'azinsa da laccoci sun bazu ko'ina a kan kafofin sada zumunta kuma sun ja hankalin mabiya da masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRT Afrika - Gwamnatin Jihar Katsina za ta shirya muƙabala tsakanin Yahya Masussuka da sauran Malaman Musulunci |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/hausa/article/2c676f7b6e31 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.trtafrika.com |language=ha}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, ya kafa Kur'an TV / Rediyo da Masussuka International School a [[Dutsin-Ma]], Jihar Katsina.Cibiyar ta haɗu da ilimin Islama da na al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2024 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Sets Up Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://leadership.ng/sheikh-masussuka-sets-up-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Leadership |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-30 |title=Abubuwa biyar kan Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c6z982j0n4k3o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Hausa |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Establishes Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://metoricpost.com/2024/04/15/sheikh-masussuka-establishes-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Metoric Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyukan addinai == Masussuka an san shi da inganta dangantakar zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.Ya yi magana game da haƙuri na addini kuma ya ƙarfafa mutane na addinai daban-daban su zauna tare cikin salama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Nigerian controversial Islamic cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cxdd8nq55d74o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jakadan Zaman Lafiya daga Cibiyar Kula da Kyakkyawan Gudanarwa da Bayyanawa don nuna godiya ga kokarinsa na inganta zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2025-06-02 |title=Islamic cleric urges colleagues to preach peace, unity |url=https://guardian.ng/news/islamic-cleric-urges-colleagues-to-preach-peace-unity/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya kuma shirya taron zaman lafiya a Dutsin-Ma kafin mutuwarsa don ƙarfafa fahimta tsakanin al'ummomin addini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunmen Kill Islamic Cleric Yahaya Masussuka, Visitor In Katsina Home Attack Ahead Of Planned Peace Gathering |url=https://saharareporters.com/2026/10/27/gunmen-kill-islamic-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-visitor-katsina-home-attack-ahead-planned |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Dubban mutane sun halarci taron da aka shirya domin tunawa da Sheikh Masussuka |url=https://aminiya.ng/dubban-mutane-sun-halarci-taron-da-aka-shirya-domin-tunawa-da-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Aminiya |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mutuwa == A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2026, 'yan bindiga sun harbe Masussuka a waje da gidansa a Dutsin-Ma, Jihar Katsina.Abokinsa, Adamu Abubakar, shi ma an kashe shi a harin.An kai maza biyu asibiti, inda aka tabbatar da mutuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusuf |first=Ibrahim |date=2026-10-27 |title='Yan Ansaru Sun Dauki Alhakin Kashe Sheikh Masussuka a Katsina - Legit.ng |url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1738129-kungiyar-ansaru-ta-dauki-nauyin-kashe-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=hausa.legit.ng |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Yan bindiga sun kashe Yahya Masussuka a Katsina |url=https://www.dw.com/ha/yan-sanda-na-farautar-wadanda-suka-kashe-masussuka/a-79772466 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=dw.com |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mboto |first=Harry Ivan |date=2026-10-28 |title=Yahaya Masussuka: Controversial Nigerian Cleric Shot Dead After Receiving Death Threats - Tuko.co.ke |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/world/africa/644773-yahaya-masussuka-controversial-nigerian-muslim-cleric-shot-dead-alongside-friend/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.tuko.co.ke |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Controversial Nigerian cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/controversial-nigerian-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-shot-dead-in-katsina-1793160423435 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> Shugabannin addinai, jami'an gwamnati, da jama'a sun yi Allah wadai da mutuwarsa.Kisan ya ja hankalin kasa, kuma an yi kira don bincike kan yanayin da ke kewaye da harin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-condemns-murder-of-sheikh-yahaya-ibrahim-masussuka-directs-thorough-investigation/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> An binne Masussuka a Katsina biyo bayan addu'o'in jana'izar da masu makoki daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya da ƙasashe makwabta suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olaniyan |first=Segun |date=2026-10-31 |title=Masussuka, Renown Islamic Scholar Finally Laid To Rest In Katsina |url=https://independent.ng/masussuka-renown-islamic-scholar-finally-laid-to-rest-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Thousands mourn slain Islamic scholar Masussuka at Katsina burial |url=https://ghanaianminaret.com/thousands-mourn-slain-islamic-scholar-masussuka-at-katsina-burial |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Ghanaian Minaret |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:'Yan Katsina]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cgogfq4q7h2rxy26tlhgtbu7zlave80 975880 975878 2026-11-04T18:29:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 Pharouqenr moved page [[Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] to [[Draft:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] 975842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka''' (1979 - 26 ga Oktoba 2026) ya kasance mai wa'azin Islama na Najeriya kuma malamin addini daga [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] .An san shi da koyarwarsa ta Alkur'ani da ra'ayinsa game da ayyukan addinin Islama.Ya kuma ba da shawarar zaman lafiya da tattaunawa tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.<ref name="Daily_Trust-1">{{Cite web |title=Masussuka: Life, preaching, death |url=https://dailytrust.com/masussuka-life-preaching-death/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-28 |title=Controversial Islamic cleric shot dead in northern Nigeria |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/10/controversial-islamic-cleric-shot-dead-in-northern-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Masussuka a shekara ta 1979 a ƙauyen Biyawa, a cikin Karamar Hukumar Batsari ta Jihar Katsina .Ya shafe wani bangare na yarinta a Masussuka, Karamar Hukumar Ningi ta [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], inda ya fara karatunsa na Alkur'ani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka killed: How gunmen kill Northern Islamic scholar for im home |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/ck3wvl9y75zvo |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma Katsina don ci gaba da karatunsa na Islama.Ya halarci Kwalejin Malaman Larabci a Katsina kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malaman Islama, gami da Malam Zakariya a Sabuwar Unguwa .Ya kuma ci gaba da karatun Islama a [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Oman]].<ref name="Daily_Trust-1" /> == Ayyukan addini == Masussuka ya fara wa'azi tun yana ƙarami kuma ya zama sananne ga koyarwarsa ta addini wanda ya dogara da [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].An haɗa shi da ƙungiyar Qur'aniyya, wanda ke jaddada Alkur'ani a matsayin tushen jagorar addini. Ra'ayoyinsa game da rawar da ikon [[Hadisi|hadith]] a cikin Islama sun bambanta da na yawancin malaman Islama na gargajiya.Ya yi tambaya game da sahihanci da fassarar wasu hadisai, wanda ya kawo shi cikin rashin jituwa da wasu shugabannin addini.Wa'azinsa da laccoci sun bazu ko'ina a kan kafofin sada zumunta kuma sun ja hankalin mabiya da masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRT Afrika - Gwamnatin Jihar Katsina za ta shirya muƙabala tsakanin Yahya Masussuka da sauran Malaman Musulunci |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/hausa/article/2c676f7b6e31 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.trtafrika.com |language=ha}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, ya kafa Kur'an TV / Rediyo da Masussuka International School a [[Dutsin-Ma]], Jihar Katsina.Cibiyar ta haɗu da ilimin Islama da na al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2024 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Sets Up Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://leadership.ng/sheikh-masussuka-sets-up-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Leadership |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-30 |title=Abubuwa biyar kan Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c6z982j0n4k3o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Hausa |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Establishes Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://metoricpost.com/2024/04/15/sheikh-masussuka-establishes-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Metoric Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyukan addinai == Masussuka an san shi da inganta dangantakar zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.Ya yi magana game da haƙuri na addini kuma ya ƙarfafa mutane na addinai daban-daban su zauna tare cikin salama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Nigerian controversial Islamic cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cxdd8nq55d74o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jakadan Zaman Lafiya daga Cibiyar Kula da Kyakkyawan Gudanarwa da Bayyanawa don nuna godiya ga kokarinsa na inganta zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2025-06-02 |title=Islamic cleric urges colleagues to preach peace, unity |url=https://guardian.ng/news/islamic-cleric-urges-colleagues-to-preach-peace-unity/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya kuma shirya taron zaman lafiya a Dutsin-Ma kafin mutuwarsa don ƙarfafa fahimta tsakanin al'ummomin addini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunmen Kill Islamic Cleric Yahaya Masussuka, Visitor In Katsina Home Attack Ahead Of Planned Peace Gathering |url=https://saharareporters.com/2026/10/27/gunmen-kill-islamic-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-visitor-katsina-home-attack-ahead-planned |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Dubban mutane sun halarci taron da aka shirya domin tunawa da Sheikh Masussuka |url=https://aminiya.ng/dubban-mutane-sun-halarci-taron-da-aka-shirya-domin-tunawa-da-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Aminiya |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mutuwa == A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2026, 'yan bindiga sun harbe Masussuka a waje da gidansa a Dutsin-Ma, Jihar Katsina.Abokinsa, Adamu Abubakar, shi ma an kashe shi a harin.An kai maza biyu asibiti, inda aka tabbatar da mutuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusuf |first=Ibrahim |date=2026-10-27 |title='Yan Ansaru Sun Dauki Alhakin Kashe Sheikh Masussuka a Katsina - Legit.ng |url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1738129-kungiyar-ansaru-ta-dauki-nauyin-kashe-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=hausa.legit.ng |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Yan bindiga sun kashe Yahya Masussuka a Katsina |url=https://www.dw.com/ha/yan-sanda-na-farautar-wadanda-suka-kashe-masussuka/a-79772466 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=dw.com |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mboto |first=Harry Ivan |date=2026-10-28 |title=Yahaya Masussuka: Controversial Nigerian Cleric Shot Dead After Receiving Death Threats - Tuko.co.ke |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/world/africa/644773-yahaya-masussuka-controversial-nigerian-muslim-cleric-shot-dead-alongside-friend/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.tuko.co.ke |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Controversial Nigerian cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/controversial-nigerian-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-shot-dead-in-katsina-1793160423435 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> Shugabannin addinai, jami'an gwamnati, da jama'a sun yi Allah wadai da mutuwarsa.Kisan ya ja hankalin kasa, kuma an yi kira don bincike kan yanayin da ke kewaye da harin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-condemns-murder-of-sheikh-yahaya-ibrahim-masussuka-directs-thorough-investigation/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> An binne Masussuka a Katsina biyo bayan addu'o'in jana'izar da masu makoki daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya da ƙasashe makwabta suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olaniyan |first=Segun |date=2026-10-31 |title=Masussuka, Renown Islamic Scholar Finally Laid To Rest In Katsina |url=https://independent.ng/masussuka-renown-islamic-scholar-finally-laid-to-rest-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Thousands mourn slain Islamic scholar Masussuka at Katsina burial |url=https://ghanaianminaret.com/thousands-mourn-slain-islamic-scholar-masussuka-at-katsina-burial |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Ghanaian Minaret |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:'Yan Katsina]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cgogfq4q7h2rxy26tlhgtbu7zlave80 975887 975880 2026-11-04T18:40:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 Protected "[[Draft:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]]" ([Gyara=Hana sabbin user da wanda basu yi rajista ba] (indefinite) [Gusarwa=Hana sabbin user da wanda basu yi rajista ba] (indefinite)) 975842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka''' (1979 - 26 ga Oktoba 2026) ya kasance mai wa'azin Islama na Najeriya kuma malamin addini daga [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] .An san shi da koyarwarsa ta Alkur'ani da ra'ayinsa game da ayyukan addinin Islama.Ya kuma ba da shawarar zaman lafiya da tattaunawa tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.<ref name="Daily_Trust-1">{{Cite web |title=Masussuka: Life, preaching, death |url=https://dailytrust.com/masussuka-life-preaching-death/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-28 |title=Controversial Islamic cleric shot dead in northern Nigeria |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/10/controversial-islamic-cleric-shot-dead-in-northern-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Masussuka a shekara ta 1979 a ƙauyen Biyawa, a cikin Karamar Hukumar Batsari ta Jihar Katsina .Ya shafe wani bangare na yarinta a Masussuka, Karamar Hukumar Ningi ta [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], inda ya fara karatunsa na Alkur'ani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka killed: How gunmen kill Northern Islamic scholar for im home |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/ck3wvl9y75zvo |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma Katsina don ci gaba da karatunsa na Islama.Ya halarci Kwalejin Malaman Larabci a Katsina kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malaman Islama, gami da Malam Zakariya a Sabuwar Unguwa .Ya kuma ci gaba da karatun Islama a [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Oman]].<ref name="Daily_Trust-1" /> == Ayyukan addini == Masussuka ya fara wa'azi tun yana ƙarami kuma ya zama sananne ga koyarwarsa ta addini wanda ya dogara da [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].An haɗa shi da ƙungiyar Qur'aniyya, wanda ke jaddada Alkur'ani a matsayin tushen jagorar addini. Ra'ayoyinsa game da rawar da ikon [[Hadisi|hadith]] a cikin Islama sun bambanta da na yawancin malaman Islama na gargajiya.Ya yi tambaya game da sahihanci da fassarar wasu hadisai, wanda ya kawo shi cikin rashin jituwa da wasu shugabannin addini.Wa'azinsa da laccoci sun bazu ko'ina a kan kafofin sada zumunta kuma sun ja hankalin mabiya da masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRT Afrika - Gwamnatin Jihar Katsina za ta shirya muƙabala tsakanin Yahya Masussuka da sauran Malaman Musulunci |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/hausa/article/2c676f7b6e31 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.trtafrika.com |language=ha}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, ya kafa Kur'an TV / Rediyo da Masussuka International School a [[Dutsin-Ma]], Jihar Katsina.Cibiyar ta haɗu da ilimin Islama da na al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2024 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Sets Up Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://leadership.ng/sheikh-masussuka-sets-up-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Leadership |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-30 |title=Abubuwa biyar kan Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c6z982j0n4k3o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Hausa |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Establishes Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://metoricpost.com/2024/04/15/sheikh-masussuka-establishes-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Metoric Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyukan addinai == Masussuka an san shi da inganta dangantakar zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.Ya yi magana game da haƙuri na addini kuma ya ƙarfafa mutane na addinai daban-daban su zauna tare cikin salama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Nigerian controversial Islamic cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cxdd8nq55d74o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jakadan Zaman Lafiya daga Cibiyar Kula da Kyakkyawan Gudanarwa da Bayyanawa don nuna godiya ga kokarinsa na inganta zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2025-06-02 |title=Islamic cleric urges colleagues to preach peace, unity |url=https://guardian.ng/news/islamic-cleric-urges-colleagues-to-preach-peace-unity/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya kuma shirya taron zaman lafiya a Dutsin-Ma kafin mutuwarsa don ƙarfafa fahimta tsakanin al'ummomin addini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunmen Kill Islamic Cleric Yahaya Masussuka, Visitor In Katsina Home Attack Ahead Of Planned Peace Gathering |url=https://saharareporters.com/2026/10/27/gunmen-kill-islamic-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-visitor-katsina-home-attack-ahead-planned |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Dubban mutane sun halarci taron da aka shirya domin tunawa da Sheikh Masussuka |url=https://aminiya.ng/dubban-mutane-sun-halarci-taron-da-aka-shirya-domin-tunawa-da-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Aminiya |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mutuwa == A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2026, 'yan bindiga sun harbe Masussuka a waje da gidansa a Dutsin-Ma, Jihar Katsina.Abokinsa, Adamu Abubakar, shi ma an kashe shi a harin.An kai maza biyu asibiti, inda aka tabbatar da mutuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusuf |first=Ibrahim |date=2026-10-27 |title='Yan Ansaru Sun Dauki Alhakin Kashe Sheikh Masussuka a Katsina - Legit.ng |url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1738129-kungiyar-ansaru-ta-dauki-nauyin-kashe-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=hausa.legit.ng |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Yan bindiga sun kashe Yahya Masussuka a Katsina |url=https://www.dw.com/ha/yan-sanda-na-farautar-wadanda-suka-kashe-masussuka/a-79772466 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=dw.com |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mboto |first=Harry Ivan |date=2026-10-28 |title=Yahaya Masussuka: Controversial Nigerian Cleric Shot Dead After Receiving Death Threats - Tuko.co.ke |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/world/africa/644773-yahaya-masussuka-controversial-nigerian-muslim-cleric-shot-dead-alongside-friend/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.tuko.co.ke |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Controversial Nigerian cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/controversial-nigerian-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-shot-dead-in-katsina-1793160423435 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> Shugabannin addinai, jami'an gwamnati, da jama'a sun yi Allah wadai da mutuwarsa.Kisan ya ja hankalin kasa, kuma an yi kira don bincike kan yanayin da ke kewaye da harin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-condemns-murder-of-sheikh-yahaya-ibrahim-masussuka-directs-thorough-investigation/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> An binne Masussuka a Katsina biyo bayan addu'o'in jana'izar da masu makoki daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya da ƙasashe makwabta suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olaniyan |first=Segun |date=2026-10-31 |title=Masussuka, Renown Islamic Scholar Finally Laid To Rest In Katsina |url=https://independent.ng/masussuka-renown-islamic-scholar-finally-laid-to-rest-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Thousands mourn slain Islamic scholar Masussuka at Katsina burial |url=https://ghanaianminaret.com/thousands-mourn-slain-islamic-scholar-masussuka-at-katsina-burial |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Ghanaian Minaret |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:'Yan Katsina]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cgogfq4q7h2rxy26tlhgtbu7zlave80 976039 975887 2026-11-05T07:54:27Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 976039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka''' (1979 - 26 ga Oktoba 2026) ya kasance mai wa'azin Islama na Najeriya kuma malamin addini daga [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] .An san shi da koyarwarsa ta Alkur'ani da ra'ayinsa game da ayyukan addinin Islama.Ya kuma ba da shawarar zaman lafiya da tattaunawa tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.<ref name="Daily_Trust-1">{{Cite web |title=Masussuka: Life, preaching, death |url=https://dailytrust.com/masussuka-life-preaching-death/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-28 |title=Controversial Islamic cleric shot dead in northern Nigeria |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/10/controversial-islamic-cleric-shot-dead-in-northern-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Masussuka a shekara ta 1979 a ƙauyen Biyawa, a cikin Karamar Hukumar Batsari ta Jihar Katsina .Ya shafe wani bangare na yarinta a Masussuka, Karamar Hukumar Ningi ta [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], inda ya fara karatunsa na Alkur'ani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka killed: How gunmen kill Northern Islamic scholar for im home |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/ck3wvl9y75zvo |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma Katsina don ci gaba da karatunsa na Islama.Ya halarci Kwalejin Malaman Larabci a Katsina kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malaman Islama, gami da Malam Zakariya a Sabuwar Unguwa .Ya kuma ci gaba da karatun Islama a [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Oman]].<ref name="Daily_Trust-1" /> == Ayyukan addini == Masussuka ya fara wa'azi tun yana ƙarami kuma ya zama sananne ga koyarwarsa ta addini wanda ya dogara da [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].An haɗa shi da ƙungiyar Qur'aniyya, wanda ke jaddada Alkur'ani a matsayin tushen jagorar addini. Ra'ayoyinsa game da rawar da ikon [[Hadisi|hadith]] a cikin Islama sun bambanta da na yawancin malaman Islama na gargajiya.Ya yi tambaya game da sahihanci da fassarar wasu hadisai, wanda ya kawo shi cikin rashin jituwa da wasu shugabannin addini.Wa'azinsa da laccoci sun bazu ko'ina a kan kafofin sada zumunta kuma sun ja hankalin mabiya da masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRT Afrika - Gwamnatin Jihar Katsina za ta shirya muƙabala tsakanin Yahya Masussuka da sauran Malaman Musulunci |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/hausa/article/2c676f7b6e31 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.trtafrika.com |language=ha}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, ya kafa Kur'an TV / Rediyo da Masussuka International School a [[Dutsin-Ma]], Jihar Katsina.Cibiyar ta haɗu da ilimin Islama da na al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2024 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Sets Up Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://leadership.ng/sheikh-masussuka-sets-up-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Leadership |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-30 |title=Abubuwa biyar kan Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c6z982j0n4k3o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Hausa |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Establishes Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://metoricpost.com/2024/04/15/sheikh-masussuka-establishes-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Metoric Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyukan addinai == Masussuka an san shi da inganta dangantakar zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.Ya yi magana game da haƙuri na addini kuma ya ƙarfafa mutane na addinai daban-daban su zauna tare cikin salama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Nigerian controversial Islamic cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cxdd8nq55d74o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jakadan Zaman Lafiya daga Cibiyar Kula da Kyakkyawan Gudanarwa da Bayyanawa don nuna godiya ga kokarinsa na inganta zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2025-06-02 |title=Islamic cleric urges colleagues to preach peace, unity |url=https://guardian.ng/news/islamic-cleric-urges-colleagues-to-preach-peace-unity/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya kuma shirya taron zaman lafiya a Dutsin-Ma kafin mutuwarsa don ƙarfafa fahimta tsakanin al'ummomin addini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunmen Kill Islamic Cleric Yahaya Masussuka, Visitor In Katsina Home Attack Ahead Of Planned Peace Gathering |url=https://saharareporters.com/2026/10/27/gunmen-kill-islamic-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-visitor-katsina-home-attack-ahead-planned |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Dubban mutane sun halarci taron da aka shirya domin tunawa da Sheikh Masussuka |url=https://aminiya.ng/dubban-mutane-sun-halarci-taron-da-aka-shirya-domin-tunawa-da-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Aminiya |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mutuwa == A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2026, 'yan bindiga sun harbe Masussuka a waje da gidansa a Dutsin-Ma, Jihar Katsina.Abokinsa, Adamu Abubakar, shi ma an kashe shi a harin.An kai maza biyu asibiti, inda aka tabbatar da mutuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusuf |first=Ibrahim |date=2026-10-27 |title='Yan Ansaru Sun Dauki Alhakin Kashe Sheikh Masussuka a Katsina - Legit.ng |url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1738129-kungiyar-ansaru-ta-dauki-nauyin-kashe-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=hausa.legit.ng |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Yan bindiga sun kashe Yahya Masussuka a Katsina |url=https://www.dw.com/ha/yan-sanda-na-farautar-wadanda-suka-kashe-masussuka/a-79772466 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=dw.com |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mboto |first=Harry Ivan |date=2026-10-28 |title=Yahaya Masussuka: Controversial Nigerian Cleric Shot Dead After Receiving Death Threats - Tuko.co.ke |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/world/africa/644773-yahaya-masussuka-controversial-nigerian-muslim-cleric-shot-dead-alongside-friend/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.tuko.co.ke |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Controversial Nigerian cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/controversial-nigerian-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-shot-dead-in-katsina-1793160423435 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> Shugabannin addinai, jami'an gwamnati, da jama'a sun yi Allah wadai da mutuwarsa.Kisan ya ja hankalin kasa, kuma an yi kira don bincike kan yanayin da ke kewaye da harin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-condemns-murder-of-sheikh-yahaya-ibrahim-masussuka-directs-thorough-investigation/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> An binne Masussuka a Katsina biyo bayan addu'o'in jana'izar da masu makoki daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya da ƙasashe makwabta suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olaniyan |first=Segun |date=2026-10-31 |title=Masussuka, Renown Islamic Scholar Finally Laid To Rest In Katsina |url=https://independent.ng/masussuka-renown-islamic-scholar-finally-laid-to-rest-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Thousands mourn slain Islamic scholar Masussuka at Katsina burial |url=https://ghanaianminaret.com/thousands-mourn-slain-islamic-scholar-masussuka-at-katsina-burial |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Ghanaian Minaret |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:'Yan Katsina]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] h3l452f1gpkzfnpo521sv5yj4lg4eof 976040 976039 2026-11-05T07:55:00Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 A Sulaiman Z moved page [[Draft:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] to [[Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] over redirect 976039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka''' (1979 - 26 ga Oktoba 2026) ya kasance mai wa'azin Islama na Najeriya kuma malamin addini daga [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] .An san shi da koyarwarsa ta Alkur'ani da ra'ayinsa game da ayyukan addinin Islama.Ya kuma ba da shawarar zaman lafiya da tattaunawa tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.<ref name="Daily_Trust-1">{{Cite web |title=Masussuka: Life, preaching, death |url=https://dailytrust.com/masussuka-life-preaching-death/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-28 |title=Controversial Islamic cleric shot dead in northern Nigeria |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/10/controversial-islamic-cleric-shot-dead-in-northern-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Masussuka a shekara ta 1979 a ƙauyen Biyawa, a cikin Karamar Hukumar Batsari ta Jihar Katsina .Ya shafe wani bangare na yarinta a Masussuka, Karamar Hukumar Ningi ta [[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]], inda ya fara karatunsa na Alkur'ani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka killed: How gunmen kill Northern Islamic scholar for im home |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/ck3wvl9y75zvo |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> Daga baya ya koma Katsina don ci gaba da karatunsa na Islama.Ya halarci Kwalejin Malaman Larabci a Katsina kuma ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin malaman Islama, gami da Malam Zakariya a Sabuwar Unguwa .Ya kuma ci gaba da karatun Islama a [[Misra|Misira]] da [[Oman]].<ref name="Daily_Trust-1" /> == Ayyukan addini == Masussuka ya fara wa'azi tun yana ƙarami kuma ya zama sananne ga koyarwarsa ta addini wanda ya dogara da [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]].An haɗa shi da ƙungiyar Qur'aniyya, wanda ke jaddada Alkur'ani a matsayin tushen jagorar addini. Ra'ayoyinsa game da rawar da ikon [[Hadisi|hadith]] a cikin Islama sun bambanta da na yawancin malaman Islama na gargajiya.Ya yi tambaya game da sahihanci da fassarar wasu hadisai, wanda ya kawo shi cikin rashin jituwa da wasu shugabannin addini.Wa'azinsa da laccoci sun bazu ko'ina a kan kafofin sada zumunta kuma sun ja hankalin mabiya da masu sukar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRT Afrika - Gwamnatin Jihar Katsina za ta shirya muƙabala tsakanin Yahya Masussuka da sauran Malaman Musulunci |url=https://www.trtafrika.com/hausa/article/2c676f7b6e31 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.trtafrika.com |language=ha}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, ya kafa Kur'an TV / Rediyo da Masussuka International School a [[Dutsin-Ma]], Jihar Katsina.Cibiyar ta haɗu da ilimin Islama da na al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2024 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Sets Up Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://leadership.ng/sheikh-masussuka-sets-up-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Leadership |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-30 |title=Abubuwa biyar kan Sheikh Yahaya Masussuka |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c6z982j0n4k3o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=BBC News Hausa |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Sheikh Masussuka Establishes Islamic TV, Radio, School In Katsina |url=https://metoricpost.com/2024/04/15/sheikh-masussuka-establishes-islamic-tv-radio-school-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Metoric Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ayyukan addinai == Masussuka an san shi da inganta dangantakar zaman lafiya tsakanin Musulmai da Kiristoci.Ya yi magana game da haƙuri na addini kuma ya ƙarfafa mutane na addinai daban-daban su zauna tare cikin salama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-27 |title=Nigerian controversial Islamic cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina state |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cxdd8nq55d74o |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2025, ya sami lambar yabo ta Jakadan Zaman Lafiya daga Cibiyar Kula da Kyakkyawan Gudanarwa da Bayyanawa don nuna godiya ga kokarinsa na inganta zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meshioye |first=David |date=2025-06-02 |title=Islamic cleric urges colleagues to preach peace, unity |url=https://guardian.ng/news/islamic-cleric-urges-colleagues-to-preach-peace-unity/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya kuma shirya taron zaman lafiya a Dutsin-Ma kafin mutuwarsa don ƙarfafa fahimta tsakanin al'ummomin addini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunmen Kill Islamic Cleric Yahaya Masussuka, Visitor In Katsina Home Attack Ahead Of Planned Peace Gathering |url=https://saharareporters.com/2026/10/27/gunmen-kill-islamic-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-visitor-katsina-home-attack-ahead-planned |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Dubban mutane sun halarci taron da aka shirya domin tunawa da Sheikh Masussuka |url=https://aminiya.ng/dubban-mutane-sun-halarci-taron-da-aka-shirya-domin-tunawa-da-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Aminiya |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mutuwa == A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 2026, 'yan bindiga sun harbe Masussuka a waje da gidansa a Dutsin-Ma, Jihar Katsina.Abokinsa, Adamu Abubakar, shi ma an kashe shi a harin.An kai maza biyu asibiti, inda aka tabbatar da mutuwarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusuf |first=Ibrahim |date=2026-10-27 |title='Yan Ansaru Sun Dauki Alhakin Kashe Sheikh Masussuka a Katsina - Legit.ng |url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1738129-kungiyar-ansaru-ta-dauki-nauyin-kashe-sheikh-masussuka/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=hausa.legit.ng |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Yan bindiga sun kashe Yahya Masussuka a Katsina |url=https://www.dw.com/ha/yan-sanda-na-farautar-wadanda-suka-kashe-masussuka/a-79772466 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=dw.com |language=ha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mboto |first=Harry Ivan |date=2026-10-28 |title=Yahaya Masussuka: Controversial Nigerian Cleric Shot Dead After Receiving Death Threats - Tuko.co.ke |url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/world/africa/644773-yahaya-masussuka-controversial-nigerian-muslim-cleric-shot-dead-alongside-friend/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=www.tuko.co.ke |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Controversial Nigerian cleric Yahaya Masussuka shot dead in Katsina |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/controversial-nigerian-cleric-yahaya-masussuka-shot-dead-in-katsina-1793160423435 |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref> Shugabannin addinai, jami'an gwamnati, da jama'a sun yi Allah wadai da mutuwarsa.Kisan ya ja hankalin kasa, kuma an yi kira don bincike kan yanayin da ke kewaye da harin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The State House, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/president-tinubu-condemns-murder-of-sheikh-yahaya-ibrahim-masussuka-directs-thorough-investigation/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |language=en}}</ref> An binne Masussuka a Katsina biyo bayan addu'o'in jana'izar da masu makoki daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya da ƙasashe makwabta suka halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olaniyan |first=Segun |date=2026-10-31 |title=Masussuka, Renown Islamic Scholar Finally Laid To Rest In Katsina |url=https://independent.ng/masussuka-renown-islamic-scholar-finally-laid-to-rest-in-katsina/ |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-10-31 |title=Thousands mourn slain Islamic scholar Masussuka at Katsina burial |url=https://ghanaianminaret.com/thousands-mourn-slain-islamic-scholar-masussuka-at-katsina-burial |access-date=2026-10-31 |website=The Ghanaian Minaret |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:'Yan Katsina]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] h3l452f1gpkzfnpo521sv5yj4lg4eof 1 180594 975848 2026-11-04T14:55:26Z Madou Adji 50768 /* Freecas */ sabon sashe 975848 wikitext text/x-wiki == Freecas == whhhyyykksnahgg [[User:Madou Adji|Madou Adji]] ([[User talk:Madou Adji|talk]]) 14:55, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) decjryaugedrsbgvwnsedruj0f8vfy9 2 180595 975849 2026-11-04T14:56:59Z Madou Adji 50768 /* */ 975849 wikitext text/x-wiki ytwwghwbebebb 9ontkn5t3ul8to80lqtlxl02wvs757k 0 180597 975879 2026-11-04T18:28:51Z Khaleel767 49732 Khaleel767 moved page [[Dtaft:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] to [[Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] over redirect 975879 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] ofxpskn63537fzhdvaij6b87bfoqwkh 975882 975879 2026-11-04T18:31:15Z Xqbot 838 Fixing double redirect from [[Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] to [[Draft:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] 975882 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Draft:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] r8801rno8v8sg3knibpn1pmvskpq6q3 976045 975882 2026-11-05T07:57:55Z Xqbot 838 Fixing double redirect from [[Draft:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] to [[Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] 976045 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] ofxpskn63537fzhdvaij6b87bfoqwkh 1 180599 975883 2026-11-04T18:32:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Saka hujja ga muhimman bayanai */ sabon sashe 975883 wikitext text/x-wiki == Saka hujja ga muhimman bayanai == Bayan nazarin wannan makala, na gano wasu matsaloli da suka sa ya dace a mayar da ita zuwa Draft (Daftari) domin a ƙara inganta ta kafin a mayar da ita babban shafin Wikipedia. Duk da cewa makalar tana ɗauke da manazarta da dama, ba dukkan manazartan ne suke tabbatar da bayanan da aka jingina musu kai tsaye ba. Wasu daga cikin manazartan suna tabbatar da wasu bayanai ne kawai, yayin da wasu kuma ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa da bayanan da aka sanya su a matsayin hujja. Manyan matsalolin da aka gano sun haɗa da: # '''Rashin dacewar manazarta da bayanai:''' Wasu daga cikin bayanan da ke cikin makalar ba su da cikakkiyar hujja daga manazartan da aka jingina musu. # '''Saɓanin bayanai:''' Akwai saɓani a kan inda aka haifi wanda ake magana a kai, da kuma wasu bayanai game da tarihin karatunsa. # '''Rashin isassun hujjoji:''' Wasu bayanai game da harkokinsa na addini, tarihin karatunsa da kuma karramawar da aka yi masa suna buƙatar ƙarin ingantattun manazarta kai tsaye. # '''Manazarta marasa cikakken bayani:''' Wasu daga cikin manazartan suna kaiwa ne zuwa babban shafin yanar gizo maimakon kai tsaye zuwa takamaiman labarin da ke tabbatar da bayanin. # '''Ingancin manazarta:''' Makalar ta dogara da manazarta masu matakai daban-daban na inganci. Ya kamata a fi mayar da hankali kan kafafen yaɗa labarai masu zaman kansu kuma masu ingantaccen suna. # '''Bayyana zarge-zarge masu sarkakiya:''' Dole ne a yi taka-tsantsan wajen gabatar da zarge-zarge da bayanan da suka shafi mutuwarsa. Ya kamata a bayyana waɗannan bayanai tare da jingina su ga asalin majiyarsu, maimakon gabatar da su a matsayin tabbatattun abubuwa. '''Dalilin mayar da makalar zuwa Draft:''' Mayar da wannan makala zuwa Draft ba yana nufin an ƙi muhimmancin wanda ake magana a kai ba ne, ko kuma ana ƙoƙarin cire bayanan da suka shafe shi. Manufar ita ce a ba da damar gyara matsalolin da suka shafi manazarta, warware saɓanin bayanai, inganta tsaka-tsaki da tabbatar da cewa abubuwan da ke cikin makalar sun cika ƙa'idojin Wikipedia game da tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai, ingantattun manazarta da rubuta tarihin rayuwar mutane. Za a iya sake inganta makalar tare da mayar da ita babban shafin Wikipedia bayan an gyara waɗannan matsaloli yadda ya kamata. Manufar wannan mataki shine tabbatar da cewa makalar ta cika ƙa'idojin ingancin Wikipedia, tare da samar wa masu karatu da sahihan bayanai da za a iya tabbatarwa, waɗanda aka gabatar tsaka tsakiya. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 18:32, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) o8hq85ir1wrocisxtkuq9kw9wkqpmuz 975884 975883 2026-11-04T18:33:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Saka hujja ga muhimman bayanai */ 975884 wikitext text/x-wiki == Saka hujja ga muhimman bayanai == Bayan nazarin wannan makala, na gano wasu matsaloli da suka sa ya dace a mayar da ita zuwa Draft domin a ƙara inganta ta kafin a mayar da ita babban shafin Wikipedia. Duk da cewa makalar tana ɗauke da manazarta da dama, ba dukkan manazartan ne suke tabbatar da bayanan da aka jingina musu kai tsaye ba. Wasu daga cikin manazartan suna tabbatar da wasu bayanai ne kawai, yayin da wasu kuma ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa da bayanan da aka sanya su a matsayin hujja. Manyan matsalolin da aka gano sun haɗa da: # '''Rashin dacewar manazarta da bayanai:''' Wasu daga cikin bayanan da ke cikin makalar ba su da cikakkiyar hujja daga manazartan da aka jingina musu. # '''Saɓanin bayanai:''' Akwai saɓani a kan inda aka haifi wanda ake magana a kai, da kuma wasu bayanai game da tarihin karatunsa. # '''Rashin isassun hujjoji:''' Wasu bayanai game da harkokinsa na addini, tarihin karatunsa da kuma karramawar da aka yi masa suna buƙatar ƙarin ingantattun manazarta kai tsaye. # '''Manazarta marasa cikakken bayani:''' Wasu daga cikin manazartan suna kaiwa ne zuwa babban shafin yanar gizo maimakon kai tsaye zuwa takamaiman labarin da ke tabbatar da bayanin. # '''Ingancin manazarta:''' Makalar ta dogara da manazarta masu matakai daban-daban na inganci. Ya kamata a fi mayar da hankali kan kafafen yaɗa labarai masu zaman kansu kuma masu ingantaccen suna. # '''Bayyana zarge-zarge masu sarkakiya:''' Dole ne a yi taka-tsantsan wajen gabatar da zarge-zarge da bayanan da suka shafi mutuwarsa. Ya kamata a bayyana waɗannan bayanai tare da jingina su ga asalin majiyarsu, maimakon gabatar da su a matsayin tabbatattun abubuwa. '''Dalilin mayar da makalar zuwa Draft:''' Mayar da wannan makala zuwa Draft ba yana nufin an ƙi muhimmancin wanda ake magana a kai ba ne, ko kuma ana ƙoƙarin cire bayanan da suka shafe shi. Manufar ita ce a ba da damar gyara matsalolin da suka shafi manazarta, warware saɓanin bayanai, inganta tsaka-tsaki da tabbatar da cewa abubuwan da ke cikin makalar sun cika ƙa'idojin Wikipedia game da tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai, ingantattun manazarta da rubuta tarihin rayuwar mutane. Za a iya sake inganta makalar tare da mayar da ita babban shafin Wikipedia bayan an gyara waɗannan matsaloli yadda ya kamata. Manufar wannan mataki shine tabbatar da cewa makalar ta cika ƙa'idojin ingancin Wikipedia, tare da samar wa masu karatu da sahihan bayanai da za a iya tabbatarwa, waɗanda aka gabatar tsaka tsakiya. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 18:32, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 0jbbkfk1s3z9lhjebo67ecsda2u8sng 975886 975884 2026-11-04T18:36:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 975886 wikitext text/x-wiki == Saka hujja ga muhimman bayanai == Bayan nazarin wannan makala, na gano wasu matsaloli da suka sa ya dace a mayar da ita zuwa Draft domin a ƙara inganta ta kafin a mayar da ita babban shafin Wikipedia. Duk da cewa makalar tana ɗauke da manazarta da dama, ba dukkan manazartan ne suke tabbatar da bayanan da aka jingina musu kai tsaye ba. Wasu daga cikin manazartan suna tabbatar da wasu bayanai ne kawai, yayin da wasu kuma ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa da bayanan da aka sanya su a matsayin hujja. Manyan matsalolin da aka gano sun haɗa da: # '''Rashin dacewar manazarta da bayanai:''' Wasu daga cikin bayanan da ke cikin makalar ba su da cikakkiyar hujja daga manazartan da aka jingina musu. # '''Saɓanin bayanai:''' Akwai saɓani a kan inda aka haifi wanda ake magana a kai, da kuma wasu bayanai game da tarihin karatunsa. # '''Rashin isassun hujjoji:''' Wasu bayanai game da harkokinsa na addini, tarihin karatunsa da kuma karramawar da aka yi masa suna buƙatar ƙarin ingantattun manazarta kai tsaye. # '''Manazarta marasa cikakken bayani:''' Wasu daga cikin manazartan suna kaiwa ne zuwa babban shafin yanar gizo maimakon kai tsaye zuwa takamaiman labarin da ke tabbatar da bayanin. # '''Ingancin manazarta:''' Makalar ta dogara da manazarta masu matakai daban-daban na inganci. Ya kamata a fi mayar da hankali kan kafafen yaɗa labarai masu zaman kansu kuma masu ingantaccen suna. # '''Bayyana zarge-zarge masu sarkakiya:''' Dole ne a yi taka-tsantsan wajen gabatar da zarge-zarge da bayanan da suka shafi mutuwarsa. Ya kamata a bayyana waɗannan bayanai tare da jingina su ga asalin majiyarsu, maimakon gabatar da su a matsayin tabbatattun abubuwa. '''Dalilin mayar da makalar zuwa Draft:''' Mayar da wannan makala zuwa Draft ba yana nufin an ƙi muhimmancin wanda ake magana a kai ba ne, ko kuma ana ƙoƙarin cire bayanan da suka shafe shi. Manufar ita ce a ba da damar gyara matsalolin da suka shafi manazarta, warware saɓanin bayanai, inganta tsaka-tsaki da tabbatar da cewa abubuwan da ke cikin makalar sun cika ƙa'idojin Wikipedia game da tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai, ingantattun manazarta da rubuta tarihin rayuwar mutane. Za a iya sake inganta makalar tare da mayar da ita babban shafin Wikipedia bayan an gyara waɗannan matsaloli yadda ya kamata. Manufar wannan mataki shine tabbatar da cewa makalar ta cika ƙa'idojin ingancin Wikipedia, tare da samar wa masu karatu da sahihan bayanai da za a iya tabbatarwa. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 18:32, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 4v9yjuzifnrny65ko40aq1zhf7dkpvr 976042 975886 2026-11-05T07:55:00Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 A Sulaiman Z moved page [[Tattaunawa:Draft:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] to [[Tattaunawa:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] 975886 wikitext text/x-wiki == Saka hujja ga muhimman bayanai == Bayan nazarin wannan makala, na gano wasu matsaloli da suka sa ya dace a mayar da ita zuwa Draft domin a ƙara inganta ta kafin a mayar da ita babban shafin Wikipedia. Duk da cewa makalar tana ɗauke da manazarta da dama, ba dukkan manazartan ne suke tabbatar da bayanan da aka jingina musu kai tsaye ba. Wasu daga cikin manazartan suna tabbatar da wasu bayanai ne kawai, yayin da wasu kuma ba su da cikakkiyar alaƙa da bayanan da aka sanya su a matsayin hujja. Manyan matsalolin da aka gano sun haɗa da: # '''Rashin dacewar manazarta da bayanai:''' Wasu daga cikin bayanan da ke cikin makalar ba su da cikakkiyar hujja daga manazartan da aka jingina musu. # '''Saɓanin bayanai:''' Akwai saɓani a kan inda aka haifi wanda ake magana a kai, da kuma wasu bayanai game da tarihin karatunsa. # '''Rashin isassun hujjoji:''' Wasu bayanai game da harkokinsa na addini, tarihin karatunsa da kuma karramawar da aka yi masa suna buƙatar ƙarin ingantattun manazarta kai tsaye. # '''Manazarta marasa cikakken bayani:''' Wasu daga cikin manazartan suna kaiwa ne zuwa babban shafin yanar gizo maimakon kai tsaye zuwa takamaiman labarin da ke tabbatar da bayanin. # '''Ingancin manazarta:''' Makalar ta dogara da manazarta masu matakai daban-daban na inganci. Ya kamata a fi mayar da hankali kan kafafen yaɗa labarai masu zaman kansu kuma masu ingantaccen suna. # '''Bayyana zarge-zarge masu sarkakiya:''' Dole ne a yi taka-tsantsan wajen gabatar da zarge-zarge da bayanan da suka shafi mutuwarsa. Ya kamata a bayyana waɗannan bayanai tare da jingina su ga asalin majiyarsu, maimakon gabatar da su a matsayin tabbatattun abubuwa. '''Dalilin mayar da makalar zuwa Draft:''' Mayar da wannan makala zuwa Draft ba yana nufin an ƙi muhimmancin wanda ake magana a kai ba ne, ko kuma ana ƙoƙarin cire bayanan da suka shafe shi. Manufar ita ce a ba da damar gyara matsalolin da suka shafi manazarta, warware saɓanin bayanai, inganta tsaka-tsaki da tabbatar da cewa abubuwan da ke cikin makalar sun cika ƙa'idojin Wikipedia game da tabbatar da sahihancin bayanai, ingantattun manazarta da rubuta tarihin rayuwar mutane. Za a iya sake inganta makalar tare da mayar da ita babban shafin Wikipedia bayan an gyara waɗannan matsaloli yadda ya kamata. Manufar wannan mataki shine tabbatar da cewa makalar ta cika ƙa'idojin ingancin Wikipedia, tare da samar wa masu karatu da sahihan bayanai da za a iya tabbatarwa. [[User:Pharouqenr|<span style="color:orange; font-size:130%; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Captain Pharouq</span>]] 18:32, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 4v9yjuzifnrny65ko40aq1zhf7dkpvr 0 180600 975900 2026-11-04T19:19:16Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376452689|St. Gabriel's High School]]" 975900 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Gabriel''' (wanda aka takaita SGHS) wata cibiya ce ta ilimi da ke Kazipet, a gundumar Warangal ta [[Telangana]], [[Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Metro |title=SCR conducts ‘Mera Amrit Station and Operation Sindoor’ themed competitions |url=https://www.metroindia.com/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Metro India |language=en}}</ref> An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1955 ta hannun marigayi Rev. Bro. Vincent. Makarantar Cibiyar Montfortian ce. == Tarihi == Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Gabriel, Kazipet (Haɗin gwiwa) wata cibiya ce ta tsiraru. An kafa ta ne ta hanyar 'The Brothers of St. Gabriel Educational Society' a watan Yunin 1955. Gwamnatin Telangana ce ta amince da shi kuma yana gudanar da azuzuwan daga LKG zuwa X. Yana shirya ɗalibai don Jarrabawar SSC ta hanyar Tsarin Turanci. An kafa Ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwan Montfort na St. Gabriel ta hannun St. Louis Marie Grignion de Montfort (1673-1716), ɗan ƙasar Faransa, don ilimantar da yara da matasa, musamman na iyalai marasa galihu. == Waƙar yabo da tuta == Waƙar makaranta ita ce ''Lead, Kindly Light'' . Tutar makarantar tana da launuka biyu, kore da fari, da kuma alamar makarantar. Waɗannan kuma su ne launukan kayan makaranta da kuma taye. == Malamai == Manhajar karatun sakandare ta St. Gabriel kamar yadda hukumar takardar shaidar sakandare (SSC) ta tsara. Turanci ne hanyar koyarwa. Yana ba da ilimin kwamfuta ga ɗalibai daga aji 10 na renon yara. Mafi kyawun aikin makarantar shine ta sami matsayi na 1 a cikin All India Open Category a jarrabawar IIT-JEE ta 2010. == Wasanni == Makarantar tana da babban filin wasa kusa da babban tubalin. Ya haɗa da filayen [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] guda uku, filayen ƙwallon raga guda biyu, filin ƙwallon raga guda ɗaya, da kuma filayen [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] guda biyu. Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa guda biyu da aka haɗa sun zama filin [[Kurket|wasan Kurket]] . Ɗalibai suna da lokacin motsa jiki ɗaya zuwa biyu a kowane mako. Ana gudanar da gasa kamar matakin makaranta, gasa tsakanin makarantu, zaɓen wasannin Montfort da shirye-shirye daban-daban na ƙasa a makarantar. == Shugabannin makarantu == * Ɗan'uwa. Vincent (1955–1958) * Ɗan'uwa. Yahaya na Allah (1958-1962) * Ɗan'uwa. Eugenius (1962–1965) * Ɗan'uwa. Amancius (1965–1967) * Ɗan'uwa. Eugene Mary (1967–1971) * Ɗan'uwa. James Uralil (1971–1974) * Ɗan'uwa. Berchmanas (1974–1977) * Ɗan'uwa. Vincent (1977–1980) * Ɗan'uwa. Lambert Mary (1980–1983) * Ɗan'uwa. Alexander (1983–1986) * Ɗan'uwa. Claude (1986–1989) * Ɗan'uwa. John Kallararkal (1989-1990) * Ɗan'uwa. Ɗan Majalisa Thomas (1990–1994) * Ɗan'uwa. KT Chacko (1994–1997) * Ɗan'uwa. John Kallarkal (1997-2000) * Ɗan'uwa. KM Joseph (2000–2004) * Ɗan'uwa. Bala Bhaskar. M (2004–2007) * Ɗan'uwa. PT Sebastian (2007–2013) * Ɗan'uwa. Roque D'Cuhna (2013–2015) * Ɗan'uwa. Maynard Heldt (2015–2017) * Ɗan'uwa. Jaico Gervasis (2017–2019) * Ɗan'uwa. Arun Prakash (2019–2023) * Ɗan'uwa. P. Anthony (2023–2025) * Ɗan'uwa. Joseph Amala Rajan (2025-) == Kyaututtuka == Kowace shekara ana ba da kyaututtuka ga ɗaliban da suka fi samun nasara a kowane sashe a kowane aji. Ana bayar da kyaututtukan mafi kyawun ɗalibai masu fita ga ɗalibai na 10, waɗanda suka sami ƙwarewa a fannin ilimi, adabi da al'adu, da kuma a NCC . An ba da lambar zinare ga ɗalibi mafi kyau wanda ya yi fice a fagen daga wanda ya ba da mafi kyawun sakamako a kowane fanni. == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.stgabrielkazipet.com/ 1.] [http://www.stgabrielkazipet.com/ Shafin Farko na SGHS] jfcjey6mrkauudam9s3ktl1pujp2a2w 975901 975900 2026-11-04T19:20:53Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tarihi */ 975901 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Gabriel''' (wanda aka takaita SGHS) wata cibiya ce ta ilimi da ke Kazipet, a gundumar Warangal ta [[Telangana]], [[Indiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Metro |title=SCR conducts ‘Mera Amrit Station and Operation Sindoor’ themed competitions |url=https://www.metroindia.com/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Metro India |language=en}}</ref> An kafa ta ne a shekarar 1955 ta hannun marigayi Rev. Bro. Vincent. Makarantar Cibiyar Montfortian ce. == Tarihi == Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Gabriel, Kazipet (Haɗin gwiwa) wata cibiya ce ta tsiraru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahender |first=Adepu |date=2020-08-05 |title=Civil Services exam: Hanamkonda lad makes it too |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/civil-services-exam-hanamkonda-lad-makes-it-too-637486 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> An kafa ta ne ta hanyar 'The Brothers of St. Gabriel Educational Society' a watan Yunin 1955. Gwamnatin Telangana ce ta amince da shi kuma yana gudanar da azuzuwan daga LKG zuwa X. Yana shirya ɗalibai don Jarrabawar SSC ta hanyar Tsarin Turanci. An kafa Ƙungiyar 'Yan'uwan Montfort na St. Gabriel ta hannun St. Louis Marie Grignion de Montfort (1673-1716), ɗan ƙasar Faransa, don ilimantar da yara da matasa, musamman na iyalai marasa galihu. == Waƙar yabo da tuta == Waƙar makaranta ita ce ''Lead, Kindly Light'' . Tutar makarantar tana da launuka biyu, kore da fari, da kuma alamar makarantar. Waɗannan kuma su ne launukan kayan makaranta da kuma taye. == Malamai == Manhajar karatun sakandare ta St. Gabriel kamar yadda hukumar takardar shaidar sakandare (SSC) ta tsara. Turanci ne hanyar koyarwa. Yana ba da ilimin kwamfuta ga ɗalibai daga aji 10 na renon yara. Mafi kyawun aikin makarantar shine ta sami matsayi na 1 a cikin All India Open Category a jarrabawar IIT-JEE ta 2010. == Wasanni == Makarantar tana da babban filin wasa kusa da babban tubalin. Ya haɗa da filayen [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] guda uku, filayen ƙwallon raga guda biyu, filin ƙwallon raga guda ɗaya, da kuma filayen [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] guda biyu. Filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa guda biyu da aka haɗa sun zama filin [[Kurket|wasan Kurket]] . Ɗalibai suna da lokacin motsa jiki ɗaya zuwa biyu a kowane mako. Ana gudanar da gasa kamar matakin makaranta, gasa tsakanin makarantu, zaɓen wasannin Montfort da shirye-shirye daban-daban na ƙasa a makarantar. == Shugabannin makarantu == * Ɗan'uwa. Vincent (1955–1958) * Ɗan'uwa. Yahaya na Allah (1958-1962) * Ɗan'uwa. Eugenius (1962–1965) * Ɗan'uwa. Amancius (1965–1967) * Ɗan'uwa. Eugene Mary (1967–1971) * Ɗan'uwa. James Uralil (1971–1974) * Ɗan'uwa. Berchmanas (1974–1977) * Ɗan'uwa. Vincent (1977–1980) * Ɗan'uwa. Lambert Mary (1980–1983) * Ɗan'uwa. Alexander (1983–1986) * Ɗan'uwa. Claude (1986–1989) * Ɗan'uwa. John Kallararkal (1989-1990) * Ɗan'uwa. Ɗan Majalisa Thomas (1990–1994) * Ɗan'uwa. KT Chacko (1994–1997) * Ɗan'uwa. John Kallarkal (1997-2000) * Ɗan'uwa. KM Joseph (2000–2004) * Ɗan'uwa. Bala Bhaskar. M (2004–2007) * Ɗan'uwa. PT Sebastian (2007–2013) * Ɗan'uwa. Roque D'Cuhna (2013–2015) * Ɗan'uwa. Maynard Heldt (2015–2017) * Ɗan'uwa. Jaico Gervasis (2017–2019) * Ɗan'uwa. Arun Prakash (2019–2023) * Ɗan'uwa. P. Anthony (2023–2025) * Ɗan'uwa. Joseph Amala Rajan (2025-) == Kyaututtuka == Kowace shekara ana ba da kyaututtuka ga ɗaliban da suka fi samun nasara a kowane sashe a kowane aji. Ana bayar da kyaututtukan mafi kyawun ɗalibai masu fita ga ɗalibai na 10, waɗanda suka sami ƙwarewa a fannin ilimi, adabi da al'adu, da kuma a NCC . An ba da lambar zinare ga ɗalibi mafi kyau wanda ya yi fice a fagen daga wanda ya ba da mafi kyawun sakamako a kowane fanni. == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.stgabrielkazipet.com/ 1.] [http://www.stgabrielkazipet.com/ Shafin Farko na SGHS] 2p5f6gcswa6i7bv4etfrve3tvsivocn 3 180601 975928 2026-11-04T21:23:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975928 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Marceline, The Vampire Queen! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Marceline, The Vampire Queen|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 0vbqxy9zu7wvklb1og4gy5nzst5e6va 3 180602 975929 2026-11-04T21:23:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975929 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Awodiligent! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Awodiligent|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 6tob5xh3hb5ck9dghk0j9bezltzc8k8 3 180603 975930 2026-11-04T21:23:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975930 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Obbe h. norbruis! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Obbe h. norbruis|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) gv0mootqqg99hc7k7srerxl2m17vt7c 3 180604 975931 2026-11-04T21:23:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975931 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lordofwar97! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lordofwar97|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) psgv1d5r0b99k56tw25g0kna884bdlc 3 180605 975932 2026-11-04T21:23:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975932 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Scrub2! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Scrub2|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 6qkkbd2ijcxc4jurxjriyfvbu2jf8q8 3 180606 975933 2026-11-04T21:24:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975933 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Koskac! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Koskac|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) e3fc9uacjkpeskt8tu9h9rinf9vo3b0 3 180607 975934 2026-11-04T21:24:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975934 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Haddabi alhaji! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Haddabi alhaji|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) anwas5o8jutfa4x0pdtyix7uspkbugi 3 180608 975935 2026-11-04T21:24:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975935 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abdishakur Gande! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abdishakur Gande|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 3k7qqu7px8vohr9fd1bhmodl6yh63dl 3 180609 975936 2026-11-04T21:24:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975936 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Badaouiqq! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Badaouiqq|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) a4y7jdnefg762k9l4de8fvnihkvpzcw 3 180610 975937 2026-11-04T21:24:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975937 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Shuaib Audu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Shuaib Audu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) jz1fnqrzgfc83ziaikpekx9wfwx0s15 3 180611 975938 2026-11-04T21:24:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975938 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Madou Adji! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Madou Adji|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 58s7ko5d7epndwdjq043bggtdfnk8q4 3 180612 975939 2026-11-04T21:25:03Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975939 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ytterbyz! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ytterbyz|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) h1ne4ti1ytjwjb1f0pcky3pzas34xzu 3 180613 975940 2026-11-04T21:25:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975940 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, PDM270262! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/PDM270262|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) bzri4q6dkx800wh32i9tk7u85emxrh6 3 180614 975941 2026-11-04T21:25:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975941 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Anittasluch! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Anittasluch|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) ese0razj9wtjii9hixdisrt5xbujshd 3 180615 975942 2026-11-04T21:25:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975942 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jim1002011ABC! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jim1002011ABC|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) t3dr5j9nrmdxztvqaoc5iss19hby937 3 180616 975943 2026-11-04T21:25:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975943 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Delbatros! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Delbatros|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) rkv749680qrz0lt5zif7myxtsu2csdn 3 180617 975944 2026-11-04T21:25:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975944 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Muhammad Salim Ahmad! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Muhammad Salim Ahmad|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 4de0grze8d0q78n602ltq7u5x9uxg5q 3 180618 975945 2026-11-04T21:26:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975945 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jafar Mustapha! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jafar Mustapha|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) bk8mnrs47xm107vmbn19fejswk7gdt2 3 180619 975946 2026-11-04T21:26:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975946 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NAGWANDU! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NAGWANDU|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) b9om39ow6p9mtieiy868bhla3irmz18 3 180620 975947 2026-11-04T21:26:23Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975947 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Muiraquitã da Sorte! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Muiraquitã da Sorte|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 7aenficu7satte02jwltmkqaloo3yql 3 180621 975948 2026-11-04T21:26:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975948 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abubusu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abubusu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 2ol8z2pk4z05bmvm8hhdpc5umv98xf0 3 180622 975949 2026-11-04T21:26:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975949 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jeshahnawazmanzoor! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jeshahnawazmanzoor|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) np96d1b19agrunb486fl2j01xf6p8o2 3 180623 975950 2026-11-04T21:26:54Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975950 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Omnigrade! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Omnigrade|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 3v70sl00pdlcaiga7kawltm0p6ozupx 3 180624 975951 2026-11-04T21:27:04Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975951 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, GYSZ! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/GYSZ|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 2mudwp0jwpbz6aqzik2b6tmj4j93c0i 3 180625 975952 2026-11-04T21:27:14Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975952 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, K7yz3! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/K7yz3|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 90t7gflsw0k5z47iq8uz16gokhtpdzy 3 180626 975953 2026-11-04T21:27:24Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975953 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Koba98! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Koba98|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) lpbvqb59uax6k78wa9fqi5g5yizt3bu 3 180627 975954 2026-11-04T21:27:34Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975954 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MannyEc3! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MannyEc3|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) 0wuot7691sohfq406krh4bhc2cvwbve 3 180628 975955 2026-11-04T21:27:44Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 975955 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tycho.brodersen! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tycho.brodersen|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 4 Nuwamba, 2026 (UTC) eo1i40pclzyndikokml7bj4m3dbn3l5 2 180629 975958 2026-11-04T21:35:53Z Mr. Ibrahem 5513 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456918|Thalassemia]] to:ha 975958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Thalassemia |synonym =Thalassaemia, Mediterranean anemia |image =Delta Beta Thalassemia.jpg |image size = |image thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Peripheral blood film from a person with Delta Beta thalassemia |pronounce ={{IPAc-en|θ|æ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|s|iː|m|i|ə}} |specialty =[[Hematology]] |symptoms =Feeling [[fatigue (medical)|tired]], [[pale skin]], [[splenomegaly|enlarged spleen]], [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], dark urine<ref name=NIH2012Sym/> |onset = |duration = |causes =[[Genetic disorder]]s (inherited)<ref name=NIH2012Cau/> |risks = |diagnosis =Blood tests, [[genetic tests]]<ref name=NIH2012Diag/> |differential = |prevention = |treatment =[[Blood transfusions]], [[iron chelation]], [[folic acid]]<ref name=NIH2012Tx/> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =280 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> |deaths =16,800 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/> }} '''Thalassemia''' cuta ce ta jini da aka gada wadda ke da alaƙa da raguwar samar da haemoglobin.<ref name="NIH2012What">{{Cite web|title=What Are Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826182827/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Alamomin sun dogara da nau'in cutar kuma suna iya bambanta daga babu zuwa mai tsanani.<ref name="NIH2012Sym">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916112346/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Sau da yawa akwai [[Rashin jini|ƙarancin jini]] zuwa mai tsanani (ƙarancin ƙwayoyin jini ja ko haemoglobin).<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Rashin jini na iya haifar da jin [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]] da kuma fatar jiki mai launin fari.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Akwai kuma yiwuwar samun matsalolin ƙashi, [[Sifa|girman saifa]], [[Shawara|fatar da ke da launin rawaya]], da kuma fitsari mai duhu.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Ci gaba a hankali yana iya faruwa a cikin yara.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Cutar Thalassemia [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta]] da aka gada daga iyayen mutum.<ref name="NIH2012Cau">{{Cite web|title=What Causes Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826015351/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/causes|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Akwai manyan nau'i biyu, alpha thalassemia da beta thalassemia.<ref name="NIH2012What" /> Tsananin alpha da beta thalassemia ya dogara ne akan adadin kwayoyin halitta guda huɗu na alpha globin ko kwayoyin halitta guda biyu na beta globin da suka ɓace.<ref name="NIH2012Cau" /> Ana gano cutar ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen jini, gami da cikakken ƙidayar jini, gwaje-gwajen haemoglobin na musamman, da gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta.<ref name="NIH2012Diag">{{Cite web|title=How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/diagnosis|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113848/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/diagnosis|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Ana iya gano cutar kafin haihuwa ta hanyar gwajin ciki kafin haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Can Thalassemias Be Prevented?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/prevention|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916115635/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/prevention|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Maganin ya dogara ne da nau'in da kuma tsananinsa.<ref name="NIH2012Tx" /> Maganin waɗanda ke da cututtuka masu tsanani galibi ya haɗa da ƙarin jini akai-akai, sinadarin iron chelation, da kuma folic acid.<ref name="NIH2012Tx" /> Ana iya yin maganin ƙarfe ta amfani da deferoxamine ko deferasirox.<ref name="NIH2012Tx" /> A wasu lokutan, dashen ƙashi na iya zama zaɓi.<ref name="NIH2012Tx">{{Cite web|title=How Are Thalassemias Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916111713/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/treatment|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Matsalolin na iya haɗawa da yawan ƙarfe da ake samu daga ƙarin jini wanda ke haifar da cututtukan [[Cutar zuciya|zuciya]] ko hanta, [[Cutar|kamuwa da cuta]], da kuma osteoporosis.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Idan saifa ta yi girma sosai, ana iya buƙatar cire ta da tiyata.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, cutar thalassemia tana faruwa a cikin mutane kusan miliyan 280, yayin da kimanin mutane 439,000 ke fama da mummunar cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}</ref> Ya fi yawa a tsakanin mutanen Italiya, Girka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya ta Kudu, da kuma 'yan Afirka.<ref name="NIH2012What" /> Maza da mata suna da irin wannan yanayin kamuwa da cutar. Ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 16,800 a shekarar 2015, ƙasa da mutuwar mutane 36,000 a shekarar 1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref><ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|pmc=4340604|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61682-2/fulltext|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310042716/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61682-2/fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> Waɗanda ke da ƙananan matakan thalassemia, kamar waɗanda ke da [[Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila|sickle-cell]], suna da ɗan kariya daga [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], wanda ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa ake samun su a yankunan duniya inda ake da zazzabin cizon sauro.<references /> iintphufknf3a4apcjq8j3qjlvyb6xb 975976 975958 2026-11-04T22:11:49Z Mr. Ibrahem 5513 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456918|Thalassemia]] to:ha 975976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Thalassemia |synonym =Thalassaemia, Mediterranean anemia |image =Delta Beta Thalassemia.jpg |image size = |image thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Peripheral blood film from a person with Delta Beta thalassemia |pronounce ={{IPAc-en|θ|æ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|s|iː|m|i|ə}} |specialty =[[Hematology]] |symptoms =Feeling [[fatigue (medical)|tired]], [[pale skin]], [[splenomegaly|enlarged spleen]], [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], dark urine<ref name=NIH2012Sym/> |onset = |duration = |causes =[[Genetic disorder]]s (inherited)<ref name=NIH2012Cau/> |risks = |diagnosis =Blood tests, [[genetic tests]]<ref name=NIH2012Diag/> |differential = |prevention = |treatment =[[Blood transfusions]], [[iron chelation]], [[folic acid]]<ref name=NIH2012Tx/> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =280 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> |deaths =16,800 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/> }} '''Thalassemia''' cuta ce ta jini da aka gada wadda ke da alaƙa da raguwar samar da haemoglobin.<ref name="NIH2012What">{{Cite web|title=What Are Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826182827/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Alamomin sun dogara da nau'in cutar kuma suna iya bambanta daga babu zuwa mai tsanani.<ref name="NIH2012Sym">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916112346/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Sau da yawa akwai [[Rashin jini|ƙarancin jini]] zuwa mai tsanani (ƙarancin ƙwayoyin jini ja ko haemoglobin).<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Rashin jini na iya haifar da jin [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]] da kuma fatar jiki mai launin fari.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Akwai kuma yiwuwar samun matsalolin ƙashi, [[Sifa|girman saifa]], [[Shawara|fatar da ke da launin rawaya]], da kuma fitsari mai duhu.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Ci gaba a hankali yana iya faruwa a cikin yara.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Cutar Thalassemia [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta]] da aka gada daga iyayen mutum.<ref name="NIH2012Cau">{{Cite web|title=What Causes Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826015351/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/causes|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Akwai manyan nau'i biyu, alpha thalassemia da beta thalassemia.<ref name="NIH2012What" /> Tsananin alpha da beta thalassemia ya dogara ne akan adadin kwayoyin halitta guda huɗu na alpha globin ko kwayoyin halitta guda biyu na beta globin da suka ɓace.<ref name="NIH2012Cau" /> Ana gano cutar ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen jini, gami da cikakken ƙidayar jini, gwaje-gwajen haemoglobin na musamman, da gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta.<ref name="NIH2012Diag">{{Cite web|title=How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/diagnosis|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113848/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/diagnosis|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Ana iya gano cutar kafin haihuwa ta hanyar gwajin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Can Thalassemias Be Prevented?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/prevention|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916115635/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/prevention|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Maganin ya dogara ne da nau'in da kuma tsananinsa.<ref name="NIH2012Tx" /> Maganin waɗanda ke da cututtuka masu tsanani galibi ya haɗa da ƙarin jini akai-akai, sinadarin iron chelation, da kuma folic acid.<ref name="NIH2012Tx" /> Ana iya yin maganin ƙarfe ta amfani da deferoxamine ko deferasirox.<ref name="NIH2012Tx" /> A wasu lokutan, dashen ƙashi na iya zama zaɓi.<ref name="NIH2012Tx">{{Cite web|title=How Are Thalassemias Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916111713/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/treatment|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Matsalolin na iya haɗawa da yawan ƙarfe da ake samu daga ƙarin jini wanda ke haifar da cututtukan [[Cutar zuciya|zuciya]] ko hanta, [[Cutar|kamuwa da cuta]], da kuma osteoporosis.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Idan saifa ta yi girma sosai, ana iya buƙatar cire ta da tiyata.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, cutar thalassemia tana faruwa a cikin mutane kusan miliyan 280, yayin da kimanin mutane 439,000 ke fama da mummunar cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}</ref> Ya fi yawa a tsakanin mutanen Italiya, Girka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya ta Kudu, da kuma 'yan Afirka.<ref name="NIH2012What" /> Maza da mata suna da irin wannan yanayin kamuwa da cutar. Ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 16,800 a shekarar 2015, ƙasa da mutuwar mutane 36,000 a shekarar 1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref><ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|pmc=4340604|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61682-2/fulltext|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310042716/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61682-2/fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> Waɗanda ke da ƙananan matakan thalassemia, kamar waɗanda ke da [[Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila|sickle-cell]], suna da ɗan kariya daga [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], wanda ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa ake samun su a yankunan duniya inda ake da zazzabin cizon sauro. == Nassoshi == <references /> abigflwhlp8wb9q2e0vpleddib9ly0g 975977 975976 2026-11-04T22:14:37Z Mr. Ibrahem 5513 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456918|Thalassemia]] to:ha 975977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Thalassemia |synonym =Thalassaemia, Mediterranean anemia |image =Delta Beta Thalassemia.jpg |image size = |image thumbtime = |alt = |caption =Peripheral blood film from a person with Delta Beta thalassemia |pronounce ={{IPAc-en|θ|æ|l|ᵻ|ˈ|s|iː|m|i|ə}} |specialty =[[Hematology]] |symptoms =Feeling [[fatigue (medical)|tired]], [[pale skin]], [[splenomegaly|enlarged spleen]], [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], dark urine<ref name=NIH2012Sym/> |onset = |duration = |causes =[[Genetic disorder]]s (inherited)<ref name=NIH2012Cau/> |risks = |diagnosis =Blood tests, [[genetic tests]]<ref name=NIH2012Diag/> |differential = |prevention = |treatment =[[Blood transfusions]], [[iron chelation]], [[folic acid]]<ref name=NIH2012Tx/> |medication = |prognosis = |frequency =280 million (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> |deaths =16,800 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/> }} '''Thalassemia''' cuta ce ta jini da aka gada wadda ke da alaƙa da raguwar samar da haemoglobin.<ref name="NIH2012What">{{Cite web|title=What Are Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826182827/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Alamomin sun dogara da nau'in cutar kuma suna iya bambanta daga babu zuwa mai tsanani.<ref name="NIH2012Sym">{{Cite web|title=What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916112346/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/signs|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Sau da yawa akwai [[Rashin jini|ƙarancin jini]] zuwa mai tsanani (ƙarancin ƙwayoyin jini ja ko haemoglobin).<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Rashin jini na iya haifar da jin [[Rashin karfi|gajiya]] da kuma fatar jiki mai launin fari.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Akwai kuma yiwuwar samun matsalolin ƙashi, [[Sifa|girman saifa]], [[Shawara|fatar da ke da launin rawaya]], da kuma fitsari mai duhu.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Ci gaba a hankali yana iya faruwa a cikin yara.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Cutar Thalassemia [[Ciwon Kwayoyin Halitta|cuta ce ta kwayoyin halitta]] da aka gada daga iyayen mutum.<ref name="NIH2012Cau">{{Cite web|title=What Causes Thalassemias?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/causes|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826015351/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/causes|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Akwai manyan nau'i biyu, alpha thalassemia da beta thalassemia.<ref name="NIH2012What" /> Tsananin alpha da beta thalassemia ya dogara ne akan adadin kwayoyin halitta guda huɗu na alpha globin ko kwayoyin halitta guda biyu na beta globin da suka ɓace.<ref name="NIH2012Cau" /> Ana gano cutar ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen jini, gami da cikakken ƙidayar jini, gwaje-gwajen haemoglobin na musamman, da gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta.<ref name="NIH2012Diag">{{Cite web|title=How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/diagnosis|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916113848/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/diagnosis|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Ana iya gano cutar kafin haihuwa ta hanyar gwajin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Can Thalassemias Be Prevented?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/prevention|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916115635/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/prevention|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Maganin ya dogara ne da nau'in da kuma tsananinsa.<ref name="NIH2012Tx" /> Maganin waɗanda ke da cututtuka masu tsanani galibi ya haɗa da ƙarin jini akai-akai, sinadarin iron chelation, da kuma folic acid.<ref name="NIH2012Tx" /> Ana iya yin maganin ƙarfe ta amfani da deferoxamine ko deferasirox.<ref name="NIH2012Tx" /> A wasu lokutan, dashen ƙashi na iya zama zaɓi.<ref name="NIH2012Tx">{{Cite web|title=How Are Thalassemias Treated?|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/treatment|website=NHLBI|access-date=5 September 2016|date=3 July 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916111713/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/thalassemia/treatment|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> Matsalolin na iya haɗawa da yawan ƙarfe da ake samu daga ƙarin jini wanda ke haifar da cututtukan [[Cutar zuciya|zuciya]] ko hanta, [[Cutar|kamuwa da cuta]], da kuma osteoporosis.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Idan saifa ta yi girma sosai, ana iya buƙatar cire ta da tiyata.<ref name="NIH2012Sym" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2015, cutar thalassemia tana faruwa a cikin mutane kusan miliyan 280, yayin da kimanin mutane 439,000 ke fama da mummunar cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=22 August 2015|volume=386|issue=9995|pages=743–800|pmid=26063472|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4|pmc=4561509}}</ref> Ya fi yawa a tsakanin mutanen Italiya, Girka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya ta Kudu, da kuma 'yan Afirka.<ref name="NIH2012What" /> Maza da mata suna da irin wannan yanayin kamuwa da cutar.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane 16,800 a shekarar 2015, ƙasa da mutuwar mutane 36,000 a shekarar 1990.<ref name="GBD2015De">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref><ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|pmc=4340604|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61682-2/fulltext|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310042716/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61682-2/fulltext|url-status=live}}</ref> Waɗanda ke da ƙananan matakan thalassemia, kamar waɗanda ke da [[Ƙwayoyin Cutar Sikila|sickle-cell]], suna da ɗan kariya daga [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]], wanda ke bayyana dalilin da ya sa ake samun su a yankunan duniya inda ake da zazzabin cizon sauro.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> == Nassoshi == <references /> 9gvfhxrcnlempvvuxwvwsjxdmycqsdi 0 180630 976008 2026-11-05T04:49:11Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374550114|Futian station]]" 976008 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tashar Futian''' (Sinanci: 福田站; pinyin: Fútián Zhàn; Jyutping: Fuk1 Tin4 Zaam6) tashar jirgin ƙasa ce ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta jirgin ƙasa mai sauri da kuma Shenzhen a gundumar Futian, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. Tana kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express kuma ita ce tashar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarshe ta ƙasar Sin kafin layin ya shiga Hong Kong. An buɗe sashen layin dogo na ƙasar Sin a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2015, da farko tare da ayyukan gaggawa zuwa Guangzhou ta Kudu, yayin da tashar jirgin ƙasa da ke maƙwabtaka da ita ke hidimar layin jirgin ƙasa na Shenzhen Metro Lines 2, 3 da 11..<ref name="rgi2015">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2015 |title=High speed station opens in Shenzhen |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/high-speed/high-speed-station-opens-in-shenzhen/41868.article |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=Railway Gazette International}}</ref> Tashar tana ƙarƙashin tsakiya na Shennan Road da Yitian Road a cikin gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta Shenzhen.An shirya shi azaman tashar birni ta karkashin kasa a kan hanyar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong, tare da sauƙin musayar zuwa layin metro da yawa maimakon babban filin tashar ƙasa.<ref name="cri2006">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2006 |script-title=zh:广深港客运专线将在深圳市中心建地下车站 |trans-title=Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong passenger dedicated line to build underground station in Shenzhen city centre |url=http://gb.cri.cn/8606/2006/08/23/146@1186556.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305004721/http://gb.cri.cn/8606/2006/08/23/146%401186556.htm |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=China Radio International |language=zh}}</ref> Railway Gazette International ta bayyana shi a buɗewa a matsayin tashar karkashin kasa mafi girma a Asiya, tana auna kimanin {{Convert|1000|m|ft}} m (3,300 da {{Convert|80|m|ft}} , tare da dandamali masu saurin gudu guda takwas game da {{Convert|32|m|ft}} a ƙasa.<ref name="rgi2015" /><templatestyles src="Routemap/styles.css" />  == Tarihi == A watan Disamba na shekarar 2005, jami'an tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Jiragen Kasa sun ba da shawarar ƙara tashar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Shenzhen zuwa aikin layin dogo na Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong. An yi nazari kan wurare da dama da za a iya amfani da su, ciki har da Titin Yitian, Central Park, Gangxia North, Chegongmiao da Xiangmihu. A ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2006, magajin garin Shenzhen Xu Zongheng da mataimakin ministan layin dogo Lu Chunfang sun sanya hannu kan wata takardar yarjejeniya a Beijing wadda ta tabbatar da tashar jirgin ƙasa a Titin Yitian da ke Futian. <ref name="cri2006" /> Ginin tashar Futian da cibiyar sufuri ta Futian ya fara ne a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2008. Da farko ana sa ran tashar za ta buɗe a farkon shekarun 2010, amma an jinkirta buɗewa.An fara aikin gwaji a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, kuma sabis na Railway na kasar Sin ya fara ne a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015.<ref name="rgi2015" /> A lokacin budewa, tashar ta kula da nau'ikan jiragen kasa 11 a rana tsakanin Futian da Guangzhou ta Kudu, tare da tafiyar da aka tsara mafi sauri zuwa Guangzhou ta kudu da ke ɗaukar kimanin minti 50 ciki har da tsayawa ta tsakiya.<ref name="rgi2015" /> A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2016, canjin jadawalin kasa ya tsawaita nau'ikan jiragen kasa biyu na Changsha ta Kudu-Shenzhen ta Arewa zuwa Futian, wanda ya ba tashar jiragen kasa na farko masu saurin gudu bayan Guangdong.Wannan canjin ya kara nau'ikan jiragen kasa na yau da kullun daga 23 zuwa 28 kuma ya rage lokacin gudu na Futian-Shenzhen North daga minti 11 zuwa minti 8.<ref name="sztc2016">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2016 |script-title=zh:全国铁路5月15日起调整列车运行图，福田站首开长途列车 |trans-title=National railway timetable to change from 15 May; Futian station to operate long-distance trains for the first time |url=http://www.sztb.gov.cn/bsfw/wycx/hccx/cxtx/201604/t20160420_75091.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513085708/http://www.sztb.gov.cn/bsfw/wycx/hccx/cxtx/201604/t20160420_75091.htm |archive-date=13 May 2016 |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Shenzhen Municipal Transport Commission |language=zh}}</ref> Sashe na Hong Kong na Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link ya buɗe wa jama'a a ranar 23 ga Satumba 2018.Sashe na Hong Kong kusan hanyar jirgin kasa ce ta karkashin kasa mai nisan {{Convert|26|km|mi}} (16 daga West Kowloon wanda ke haɗawa da hanyar sadarwa mai sauri ta hanyar Futian . <ref name="hyd-xrl">{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong Section of Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link |url=https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/our_projects/railway_projects/xrl/index.html |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Highways Department, Hong Kong Government}}</ref> An dakatar da sabis na jirgin ƙasa mai saurin wucewa daga 30 ga Janairun 2020 a lokacin annobar COVID-19 kuma an ci gaba da ci gaba daga 15 ga Janairu 2023.<ref name="info2023-lcq">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=LCQ5: Measures to facilitate travel on the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202303/29/P2023032900388.htm |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Hong Kong Government}}</ref><ref name="info2023-resume">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Service resumption of Hong Kong section of Express Rail Link from January 15 |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202301/11/P2023011100678.htm |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Hong Kong Government}}</ref> Canje-canje na jadawalin da suka biyo baya sun kara rawar da tashar ke takawa a ayyukan tsakiyar Shenzhen.A watan Yulin 2025 jadawalin ya kara da 12 jiragen kasa tsakanin Futian da Guangzhou East. A karkashin jadawalin jirgin kasa na kasa da aka shirya don fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2026, an shirya Futian don gudanar da motsi na jirgin kasa na EMU 216 a rana, kuma ayyuka da yawa da suka fara a Shenzhen North za su fara a Futian a maimakon haka. == Tsarin tashar == Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Futian tana da matakai uku na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Matakin farko na ƙarƙashin ƙasa shine musayar sufuri da kuma hanyar shiga ga fasinjojin jirgin ƙasa mai sauri da na metro, tare da tikitin shiga, injunan tikiti da kayan aikin fasinja. Mataki na biyu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya ƙunshi wuraren jira na jirgin ƙasa mai sauri da wuraren duba tikiti da kuma hanyar shiga jirgin ƙasa ta Shenzhen Metro.<ref name="cri2006" /><ref name="rgi2015" /> Yankin Railway na kasar Sin yana da waƙoƙi takwas da dandamali na tsibirin guda huɗu.Waƙoƙi 1 zuwa 4 waƙoƙi ne na dandamali waɗanda aka fi amfani da su ta hanyar jiragen ƙasa da suka samo asali ko suka ƙare a Futian, yayin da waƙoƙoƙi 5 zuwa 8 ke aiki ta hanyar ƙetare-ƙetare da kuma nesa-ƙetaren jiragen ƙasa a kan Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link . <ref name="rgi2015" /> A farkon 2026, sabon tsarin dandamali mai saurin haske ya shiga aiki a dandamali 1 zuwa 4.Kudancin Metropolis Daily ya ba da rahoton cewa tsarin ya yi amfani da nau'in jirgin kasa da na'urori masu auna sigina don daidaitawa da matsayi daban-daban na ƙofar EMU, kuma cewa canjin ya rage lokacin shiga fasinja da kimanin minti biyar a kan dandamali da ya shafa. {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |'''Gasar B1FC<br />''' | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Canjin sufuri | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Yankin canja wurin Metro na Shenzhen, ofishin tikitin jirgin ƙasa mai saurin gudu, injunan tikiti, bayan gida, damar taksi da hanyar kasuwanci ta karkashin kasa |- style="vertical-align:top;" | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |'''B2F Gidan jira<br />''' | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Gidan jirgin ƙasa mai saurin gudu | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Binciken tsaro, ƙofofin tikiti, wuraren jira, bayan gida da wuraren shan ruwa |- | rowspan="27" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top;" |'''Tsarin B3FP<br />''' |- |←Zuwa ga '''Hong Kong Yammacin Kowloon''' | align="right" |Zuwa Guangzhou Kudu / Shenzhen Arewa→ |- | valign="top" |'''Yamma''' |- |Dandalin '''8''' |Jirgin kasa mai nisa da na ƙetare iyaka→ |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''7''' |Jirgin kasa mai nisa da na ƙetare iyaka→ |- |Dandalin '''6''' |← Jirgin kasa mai nisa da ƙetare iyaka |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''5''' |← Jirgin kasa mai nisa da ƙetare iyaka |- |Dandalin '''4''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''3''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- |Dandalin '''2''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''1''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Gabas''' | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | |} [[File:Exit_12A_of_Futian_Railway_Station_(20160811080616).jpg|thumb|Fitowa 12A]] [[File:SZMetro_Futian.jpg|thumb|Shenzhen Metro Line 2 dandamali]] [[File:Futian_Railway_Station_Platform_7-8.jpg|thumb|Dandalin CRH 7 da 8]] [[File:Futian_Train_Station_Platform.jpg|thumb|Dandalin CRH 7 da 8]] === Shenzhen Metro === {| border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" | valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="50" |'''Ƙasa''' | valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="100" | - | valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="390" |Fitarwa |- | valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="50" |'''Gasar B1FC<br />''' | valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="100" |Gidan shakatawa | valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="390" |Injin tikiti, sabis na abokin ciniki, shaguna, injunan siyarwa da kuma tantance tsaro |- | rowspan="6" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Tsarin B2FP<br />''' | |2 zuwa Chiwan {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Lianhua West}})}} |- | colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Island platform]], doors open on the left}} |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |8 zuwa Xichong {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Civic Center}})}} {{0|{{Arrow2|R}}}} |- | |11 zuwa Bitou {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Chegongmiao}})}} |- | colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Island platform]], doors open on the left}} |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |11 zuwa Hongling ta Kudu (Gangxia ta Arewa) {{0|{{Arrow2|R}}}} |- | rowspan="4" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Tsarin B3FP<br />''' | colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Side platform]], doors open on the right}} |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |3 zuwa Futian Bonded Area {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Shopping Park}})}} |- | |3 zuwa Pingdi Liulian (Fadar Yara) {{0|{{Arrow2|R}}}} |- | colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Side platform]], doors open on the right}} |} == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan jirgin kasa === Futian tana aiki da jiragen kasa masu saurin gudu da gajeren lokaci a kan Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link.Ayyuka suna haɗa tashar tare da wuraren da suka hada da Hong Kong West Kowloon, Shenzhen North, Guangzhou South, Guangzhou East, Changsha South, Wuhan, Zhengzhou East, Beijing West da sauran tashoshin ƙasa.An gina tashar ne da farko don zirga-zirgar kasuwanci tsakanin Guangzhou, Shenzhen da Hong Kong, amma jiragen kasa masu nisa sun yi amfani da shi tun daga 2016.<ref name="cri2006" /><ref name="sztc2016" /> Wasu jiragen ƙasa masu gajeren zango daga Kowloon ta Yamma ta Hong Kong sun tsaya a Futian, yayin da sauran jiragen ƙasa na Kowloon ta Yamma ta Hong Kong suka tsaya a Futian suka ci gaba da arewa zuwa Shenzhenbei da sauran wurare na babban yankin ƙasar. Bayanan jadawalin MTR sun fara aiki daga 1 ga Yuli 2026 sun lissafa tafiye-tafiyen ƙarewa na Hong Kong ta Yamma ta Kowloon-Futian tare da jadawalin lokacin aiki na mintuna 14 zuwa 16; jadawalin iri ɗaya ya lissafa jiragen ƙasa da yawa na Futian-Shenzhenbei da ke tafiya ta cikin jiragen ƙasa da misalin mintuna 10 zuwa 12..<ref name="mtr2026">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2026 |title=High Speed Rail timetable data |url=https://www.highspeed.mtr.com.hk/res/content/app/XRL_content_Timetable.json |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=High Speed Rail |publisher=MTR Corporation |format=JSON}}</ref> Shirin kasa na kashi na uku na shekara ta 2026 ya lissafa motsi na jirgin kasa na EMU 216 a rana a Futian kuma ya kara da ayyukan tsayawa na 13 na Hong Kong West Kowloon-Futian.Har ila yau, ya canza asalin ayyukan Shenzhen North-Jingdezhen North G2764 da Shenzhen North -Chengdu East G2942 zuwa Futian. === Fitarwa da haɗi === Tashar Futian tana da alaƙa da tashar Metro ta Shenzhen mai suna iri ɗaya da kuma hanyoyin tafiya na karkashin kasa da ke kusa, gami da hanyoyin zuwa Civic Center da Link City.Tare, sassan China Railway da metro na musayar suna da mafita sama da 30. Tashoshin jirgin kasa na kasar Sin tare da Hanyar Yitian sun hada da tashoshin 7, 10, 12A, 12B, 13 da 14. {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:70px" |Fitarwa !Inda aka nufa |- | align="center" |Fitarwa ta 7 |Ginin Sabis na Tafiya na Hong Kong China, Ginin Unicom na China, Cibiyar Kudi ta Times |- | align="center" |Fitarwa 10 |Kerry Plaza, Otal din Shangri-La |- | align="center" |Fitowa 12A |Tashar tashar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Futian |- | align="center" |Fitarwa 12B |Tashar tashar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Futian |- | align="center" |Fitowa 13 |Tashar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Futian |- | align="center" |Fitarwa 14 |Ginin Asusun Kudancin |} == Dubi kuma == * Tashar Shenzhen ta Arewa * Tashar jirgin kasa ta Hong Kong ta Yammacin Kowloon * Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0tqxvnxmiuk3bxb1cfxv08e1q7tjfq5 976009 976008 2026-11-05T04:50:25Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 976009 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Tashar Futian''' (Sinanci: 福田站; pinyin: Fútián Zhàn; Jyutping: Fuk1 Tin4 Zaam6) tashar jirgin ƙasa ce ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta jirgin ƙasa mai sauri da kuma Shenzhen a gundumar Futian, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. Tana kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express kuma ita ce tashar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarshe ta ƙasar Sin kafin layin ya shiga Hong Kong. An buɗe sashen layin dogo na ƙasar Sin a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2015, da farko tare da ayyukan gaggawa zuwa Guangzhou ta Kudu, yayin da tashar jirgin ƙasa da ke maƙwabtaka da ita ke hidimar layin jirgin ƙasa na Shenzhen Metro Lines 2, 3 da 11..<ref name="rgi2015">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2015 |title=High speed station opens in Shenzhen |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/high-speed/high-speed-station-opens-in-shenzhen/41868.article |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=Railway Gazette International}}</ref> Tashar tana ƙarƙashin tsakiya na Shennan Road da Yitian Road a cikin gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta Shenzhen.An shirya shi azaman tashar birni ta karkashin kasa a kan hanyar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong, tare da sauƙin musayar zuwa layin metro da yawa maimakon babban filin tashar ƙasa.<ref name="cri2006">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2006 |script-title=zh:广深港客运专线将在深圳市中心建地下车站 |trans-title=Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong passenger dedicated line to build underground station in Shenzhen city centre |url=http://gb.cri.cn/8606/2006/08/23/146@1186556.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305004721/http://gb.cri.cn/8606/2006/08/23/146%401186556.htm |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=China Radio International |language=zh}}</ref> Railway Gazette International ta bayyana shi a buɗewa a matsayin tashar karkashin kasa mafi girma a Asiya, tana auna kimanin {{Convert|1000|m|ft}} m (3,300 da {{Convert|80|m|ft}} , tare da dandamali masu saurin gudu guda takwas game da {{Convert|32|m|ft}} a ƙasa.<ref name="rgi2015" /><templatestyles src="Routemap/styles.css" />  == Tarihi == A watan Disamba na shekarar 2005, jami'an tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Jiragen Kasa sun ba da shawarar ƙara tashar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Shenzhen zuwa aikin layin dogo na Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong. An yi nazari kan wurare da dama da za a iya amfani da su, ciki har da Titin Yitian, Central Park, Gangxia North, Chegongmiao da Xiangmihu. A ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2006, magajin garin Shenzhen Xu Zongheng da mataimakin ministan layin dogo Lu Chunfang sun sanya hannu kan wata takardar yarjejeniya a Beijing wadda ta tabbatar da tashar jirgin ƙasa a Titin Yitian da ke Futian. <ref name="cri2006" /> Ginin tashar Futian da cibiyar sufuri ta Futian ya fara ne a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2008. Da farko ana sa ran tashar za ta buɗe a farkon shekarun 2010, amma an jinkirta buɗewa.An fara aikin gwaji a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, kuma sabis na Railway na kasar Sin ya fara ne a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015.<ref name="rgi2015" /> A lokacin budewa, tashar ta kula da nau'ikan jiragen kasa 11 a rana tsakanin Futian da Guangzhou ta Kudu, tare da tafiyar da aka tsara mafi sauri zuwa Guangzhou ta kudu da ke ɗaukar kimanin minti 50 ciki har da tsayawa ta tsakiya.<ref name="rgi2015" /> A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2016, canjin jadawalin kasa ya tsawaita nau'ikan jiragen kasa biyu na Changsha ta Kudu-Shenzhen ta Arewa zuwa Futian, wanda ya ba tashar jiragen kasa na farko masu saurin gudu bayan Guangdong.Wannan canjin ya kara nau'ikan jiragen kasa na yau da kullun daga 23 zuwa 28 kuma ya rage lokacin gudu na Futian-Shenzhen North daga minti 11 zuwa minti 8.<ref name="sztc2016">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2016 |script-title=zh:全国铁路5月15日起调整列车运行图，福田站首开长途列车 |trans-title=National railway timetable to change from 15 May; Futian station to operate long-distance trains for the first time |url=http://www.sztb.gov.cn/bsfw/wycx/hccx/cxtx/201604/t20160420_75091.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513085708/http://www.sztb.gov.cn/bsfw/wycx/hccx/cxtx/201604/t20160420_75091.htm |archive-date=13 May 2016 |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Shenzhen Municipal Transport Commission |language=zh}}</ref> Sashe na Hong Kong na Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link ya buɗe wa jama'a a ranar 23 ga Satumba 2018.Sashe na Hong Kong kusan hanyar jirgin kasa ce ta karkashin kasa mai nisan {{Convert|26|km|mi}} (16 daga West Kowloon wanda ke haɗawa da hanyar sadarwa mai sauri ta hanyar Futian . <ref name="hyd-xrl">{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong Section of Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link |url=https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/our_projects/railway_projects/xrl/index.html |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Highways Department, Hong Kong Government}}</ref> An dakatar da sabis na jirgin ƙasa mai saurin wucewa daga 30 ga Janairun 2020 a lokacin annobar COVID-19 kuma an ci gaba da ci gaba daga 15 ga Janairu 2023.<ref name="info2023-lcq">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=LCQ5: Measures to facilitate travel on the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202303/29/P2023032900388.htm |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Hong Kong Government}}</ref><ref name="info2023-resume">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Service resumption of Hong Kong section of Express Rail Link from January 15 |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202301/11/P2023011100678.htm |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Hong Kong Government}}</ref> Canje-canje na jadawalin da suka biyo baya sun kara rawar da tashar ke takawa a ayyukan tsakiyar Shenzhen.A watan Yulin 2025 jadawalin ya kara da 12 jiragen kasa tsakanin Futian da Guangzhou East. A karkashin jadawalin jirgin kasa na kasa da aka shirya don fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2026, an shirya Futian don gudanar da motsi na jirgin kasa na EMU 216 a rana, kuma ayyuka da yawa da suka fara a Shenzhen North za su fara a Futian a maimakon haka. == Tsarin tashar == Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Futian tana da matakai uku na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Matakin farko na ƙarƙashin ƙasa shine musayar sufuri da kuma hanyar shiga ga fasinjojin jirgin ƙasa mai sauri da na metro, tare da tikitin shiga, injunan tikiti da kayan aikin fasinja. Mataki na biyu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya ƙunshi wuraren jira na jirgin ƙasa mai sauri da wuraren duba tikiti da kuma hanyar shiga jirgin ƙasa ta Shenzhen Metro.<ref name="cri2006" /><ref name="rgi2015" /> Yankin Railway na kasar Sin yana da waƙoƙi takwas da dandamali na tsibirin guda huɗu.Waƙoƙi 1 zuwa 4 waƙoƙi ne na dandamali waɗanda aka fi amfani da su ta hanyar jiragen ƙasa da suka samo asali ko suka ƙare a Futian, yayin da waƙoƙoƙi 5 zuwa 8 ke aiki ta hanyar ƙetare-ƙetare da kuma nesa-ƙetaren jiragen ƙasa a kan Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link . <ref name="rgi2015" /> A farkon 2026, sabon tsarin dandamali mai saurin haske ya shiga aiki a dandamali 1 zuwa 4.Kudancin Metropolis Daily ya ba da rahoton cewa tsarin ya yi amfani da nau'in jirgin kasa da na'urori masu auna sigina don daidaitawa da matsayi daban-daban na ƙofar EMU, kuma cewa canjin ya rage lokacin shiga fasinja da kimanin minti biyar a kan dandamali da ya shafa. {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |'''Gasar B1FC<br />''' | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Canjin sufuri | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Yankin canja wurin Metro na Shenzhen, ofishin tikitin jirgin ƙasa mai saurin gudu, injunan tikiti, bayan gida, damar taksi da hanyar kasuwanci ta karkashin kasa |- style="vertical-align:top;" | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |'''B2F Gidan jira<br />''' | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Gidan jirgin ƙasa mai saurin gudu | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Binciken tsaro, ƙofofin tikiti, wuraren jira, bayan gida da wuraren shan ruwa |- | rowspan="27" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top;" |'''Tsarin B3FP<br />''' |- |←Zuwa ga '''Hong Kong Yammacin Kowloon''' | align="right" |Zuwa Guangzhou Kudu / Shenzhen Arewa→ |- | valign="top" |'''Yamma''' |- |Dandalin '''8''' |Jirgin kasa mai nisa da na ƙetare iyaka→ |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''7''' |Jirgin kasa mai nisa da na ƙetare iyaka→ |- |Dandalin '''6''' |← Jirgin kasa mai nisa da ƙetare iyaka |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''5''' |← Jirgin kasa mai nisa da ƙetare iyaka |- |Dandalin '''4''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''3''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- |Dandalin '''2''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''1''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Gabas''' | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | |} [[File:Exit_12A_of_Futian_Railway_Station_(20160811080616).jpg|thumb|Fitowa 12A]] [[File:SZMetro_Futian.jpg|thumb|Shenzhen Metro Line 2 dandamali]] [[File:Futian_Railway_Station_Platform_7-8.jpg|thumb|Dandalin CRH 7 da 8]] [[File:Futian_Train_Station_Platform.jpg|thumb|Dandalin CRH 7 da 8]] === Shenzhen Metro === {| border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" | valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="50" |'''Ƙasa''' | valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="100" | - | valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="390" |Fitarwa |- | valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="50" |'''Gasar B1FC<br />''' | valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="100" |Gidan shakatawa | valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="390" |Injin tikiti, sabis na abokin ciniki, shaguna, injunan siyarwa da kuma tantance tsaro |- | rowspan="6" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Tsarin B2FP<br />''' | |2 zuwa Chiwan {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Lianhua West}})}} |- | colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Island platform]], doors open on the left}} |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |8 zuwa Xichong {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Civic Center}})}} {{0|{{Arrow2|R}}}} |- | |11 zuwa Bitou {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Chegongmiao}})}} |- | colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Island platform]], doors open on the left}} |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |11 zuwa Hongling ta Kudu (Gangxia ta Arewa) {{0|{{Arrow2|R}}}} |- | rowspan="4" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Tsarin B3FP<br />''' | colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Side platform]], doors open on the right}} |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |3 zuwa Futian Bonded Area {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Shopping Park}})}} |- | |3 zuwa Pingdi Liulian (Fadar Yara) {{0|{{Arrow2|R}}}} |- | colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Side platform]], doors open on the right}} |} == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan jirgin kasa === Futian tana aiki da jiragen kasa masu saurin gudu da gajeren lokaci a kan Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link.Ayyuka suna haɗa tashar tare da wuraren da suka hada da Hong Kong West Kowloon, Shenzhen North, Guangzhou South, Guangzhou East, Changsha South, Wuhan, Zhengzhou East, Beijing West da sauran tashoshin ƙasa.An gina tashar ne da farko don zirga-zirgar kasuwanci tsakanin Guangzhou, Shenzhen da Hong Kong, amma jiragen kasa masu nisa sun yi amfani da shi tun daga 2016.<ref name="cri2006" /><ref name="sztc2016" /> Wasu jiragen ƙasa masu gajeren zango daga Kowloon ta Yamma ta Hong Kong sun tsaya a Futian, yayin da sauran jiragen ƙasa na Kowloon ta Yamma ta Hong Kong suka tsaya a Futian suka ci gaba da arewa zuwa Shenzhenbei da sauran wurare na babban yankin ƙasar. Bayanan jadawalin MTR sun fara aiki daga 1 ga Yuli 2026 sun lissafa tafiye-tafiyen ƙarewa na Hong Kong ta Yamma ta Kowloon-Futian tare da jadawalin lokacin aiki na mintuna 14 zuwa 16; jadawalin iri ɗaya ya lissafa jiragen ƙasa da yawa na Futian-Shenzhenbei da ke tafiya ta cikin jiragen ƙasa da misalin mintuna 10 zuwa 12..<ref name="mtr2026">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2026 |title=High Speed Rail timetable data |url=https://www.highspeed.mtr.com.hk/res/content/app/XRL_content_Timetable.json |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=High Speed Rail |publisher=MTR Corporation |format=JSON}}</ref> Shirin kasa na kashi na uku na shekara ta 2026 ya lissafa motsi na jirgin kasa na EMU 216 a rana a Futian kuma ya kara da ayyukan tsayawa na 13 na Hong Kong West Kowloon-Futian.Har ila yau, ya canza asalin ayyukan Shenzhen North-Jingdezhen North G2764 da Shenzhen North -Chengdu East G2942 zuwa Futian. === Fitarwa da haɗi === Tashar Futian tana da alaƙa da tashar Metro ta Shenzhen mai suna iri ɗaya da kuma hanyoyin tafiya na karkashin kasa da ke kusa, gami da hanyoyin zuwa Civic Center da Link City.Tare, sassan China Railway da metro na musayar suna da mafita sama da 30. Tashoshin jirgin kasa na kasar Sin tare da Hanyar Yitian sun hada da tashoshin 7, 10, 12A, 12B, 13 da 14. {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:70px" |Fitarwa !Inda aka nufa |- | align="center" |Fitarwa ta 7 |Ginin Sabis na Tafiya na Hong Kong China, Ginin Unicom na China, Cibiyar Kudi ta Times |- | align="center" |Fitarwa 10 |Kerry Plaza, Otal din Shangri-La |- | align="center" |Fitowa 12A |Tashar tashar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Futian |- | align="center" |Fitarwa 12B |Tashar tashar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Futian |- | align="center" |Fitowa 13 |Tashar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Futian |- | align="center" |Fitarwa 14 |Ginin Asusun Kudancin |} == Dubi kuma == * Tashar Shenzhen ta Arewa * Tashar jirgin kasa ta Hong Kong ta Yammacin Kowloon * Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b98cr7efx5owgeiq2lfl89tlk4a7ssq 976011 976009 2026-11-05T04:50:58Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 976011 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Tashar Futian''' (Sinanci: 福田站; pinyin: Fútián Zhàn; Jyutping: Fuk1 Tin4 Zaam6) tashar jirgin ƙasa ce ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta jirgin ƙasa mai sauri da kuma Shenzhen a gundumar Futian, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. Tana kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express kuma ita ce tashar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarshe ta ƙasar Sin kafin layin ya shiga Hong Kong. An buɗe sashen layin dogo na ƙasar Sin a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2015, da farko tare da ayyukan gaggawa zuwa Guangzhou ta Kudu, yayin da tashar jirgin ƙasa da ke maƙwabtaka da ita ke hidimar layin jirgin ƙasa na Shenzhen Metro Lines 2, 3 da 11..<ref name="rgi2015">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2015 |title=High speed station opens in Shenzhen |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/high-speed/high-speed-station-opens-in-shenzhen/41868.article |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=Railway Gazette International}}</ref> Tashar tana ƙarƙashin tsakiya na Shennan Road da Yitian Road a cikin gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta Shenzhen.An shirya shi azaman tashar birni ta karkashin kasa a kan hanyar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong, tare da sauƙin musayar zuwa layin metro da yawa maimakon babban filin tashar ƙasa.<ref name="cri2006">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2006 |script-title=zh:广深港客运专线将在深圳市中心建地下车站 |trans-title=Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong passenger dedicated line to build underground station in Shenzhen city centre |url=http://gb.cri.cn/8606/2006/08/23/146@1186556.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305004721/http://gb.cri.cn/8606/2006/08/23/146%401186556.htm |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=China Radio International |language=zh}}</ref> Railway Gazette International ta bayyana shi a buɗewa a matsayin tashar karkashin kasa mafi girma a Asiya, tana auna kimanin {{Convert|1000|m|ft}} m (3,300 da {{Convert|80|m|ft}} , tare da dandamali masu saurin gudu guda takwas game da {{Convert|32|m|ft}} a ƙasa.<ref name="rgi2015" /><templatestyles src="Routemap/styles.css" />  {{Databox}} == Tarihi == A watan Disamba na shekarar 2005, jami'an tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Jiragen Kasa sun ba da shawarar ƙara tashar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Shenzhen zuwa aikin layin dogo na Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong. An yi nazari kan wurare da dama da za a iya amfani da su, ciki har da Titin Yitian, Central Park, Gangxia North, Chegongmiao da Xiangmihu. A ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2006, magajin garin Shenzhen Xu Zongheng da mataimakin ministan layin dogo Lu Chunfang sun sanya hannu kan wata takardar yarjejeniya a Beijing wadda ta tabbatar da tashar jirgin ƙasa a Titin Yitian da ke Futian. <ref name="cri2006" /> Ginin tashar Futian da cibiyar sufuri ta Futian ya fara ne a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2008. Da farko ana sa ran tashar za ta buɗe a farkon shekarun 2010, amma an jinkirta buɗewa.An fara aikin gwaji a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, kuma sabis na Railway na kasar Sin ya fara ne a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015.<ref name="rgi2015" /> A lokacin budewa, tashar ta kula da nau'ikan jiragen kasa 11 a rana tsakanin Futian da Guangzhou ta Kudu, tare da tafiyar da aka tsara mafi sauri zuwa Guangzhou ta kudu da ke ɗaukar kimanin minti 50 ciki har da tsayawa ta tsakiya.<ref name="rgi2015" /> A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2016, canjin jadawalin kasa ya tsawaita nau'ikan jiragen kasa biyu na Changsha ta Kudu-Shenzhen ta Arewa zuwa Futian, wanda ya ba tashar jiragen kasa na farko masu saurin gudu bayan Guangdong.Wannan canjin ya kara nau'ikan jiragen kasa na yau da kullun daga 23 zuwa 28 kuma ya rage lokacin gudu na Futian-Shenzhen North daga minti 11 zuwa minti 8.<ref name="sztc2016">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2016 |script-title=zh:全国铁路5月15日起调整列车运行图，福田站首开长途列车 |trans-title=National railway timetable to change from 15 May; Futian station to operate long-distance trains for the first time |url=http://www.sztb.gov.cn/bsfw/wycx/hccx/cxtx/201604/t20160420_75091.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513085708/http://www.sztb.gov.cn/bsfw/wycx/hccx/cxtx/201604/t20160420_75091.htm |archive-date=13 May 2016 |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Shenzhen Municipal Transport Commission |language=zh}}</ref> Sashe na Hong Kong na Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link ya buɗe wa jama'a a ranar 23 ga Satumba 2018.Sashe na Hong Kong kusan hanyar jirgin kasa ce ta karkashin kasa mai nisan {{Convert|26|km|mi}} (16 daga West Kowloon wanda ke haɗawa da hanyar sadarwa mai sauri ta hanyar Futian . <ref name="hyd-xrl">{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong Section of Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link |url=https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/our_projects/railway_projects/xrl/index.html |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Highways Department, Hong Kong Government}}</ref> An dakatar da sabis na jirgin ƙasa mai saurin wucewa daga 30 ga Janairun 2020 a lokacin annobar COVID-19 kuma an ci gaba da ci gaba daga 15 ga Janairu 2023.<ref name="info2023-lcq">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=LCQ5: Measures to facilitate travel on the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202303/29/P2023032900388.htm |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Hong Kong Government}}</ref><ref name="info2023-resume">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Service resumption of Hong Kong section of Express Rail Link from January 15 |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202301/11/P2023011100678.htm |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Hong Kong Government}}</ref> Canje-canje na jadawalin da suka biyo baya sun kara rawar da tashar ke takawa a ayyukan tsakiyar Shenzhen.A watan Yulin 2025 jadawalin ya kara da 12 jiragen kasa tsakanin Futian da Guangzhou East. A karkashin jadawalin jirgin kasa na kasa da aka shirya don fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2026, an shirya Futian don gudanar da motsi na jirgin kasa na EMU 216 a rana, kuma ayyuka da yawa da suka fara a Shenzhen North za su fara a Futian a maimakon haka. == Tsarin tashar == Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Futian tana da matakai uku na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Matakin farko na ƙarƙashin ƙasa shine musayar sufuri da kuma hanyar shiga ga fasinjojin jirgin ƙasa mai sauri da na metro, tare da tikitin shiga, injunan tikiti da kayan aikin fasinja. Mataki na biyu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya ƙunshi wuraren jira na jirgin ƙasa mai sauri da wuraren duba tikiti da kuma hanyar shiga jirgin ƙasa ta Shenzhen Metro.<ref name="cri2006" /><ref name="rgi2015" /> Yankin Railway na kasar Sin yana da waƙoƙi takwas da dandamali na tsibirin guda huɗu.Waƙoƙi 1 zuwa 4 waƙoƙi ne na dandamali waɗanda aka fi amfani da su ta hanyar jiragen ƙasa da suka samo asali ko suka ƙare a Futian, yayin da waƙoƙoƙi 5 zuwa 8 ke aiki ta hanyar ƙetare-ƙetare da kuma nesa-ƙetaren jiragen ƙasa a kan Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link . <ref name="rgi2015" /> A farkon 2026, sabon tsarin dandamali mai saurin haske ya shiga aiki a dandamali 1 zuwa 4.Kudancin Metropolis Daily ya ba da rahoton cewa tsarin ya yi amfani da nau'in jirgin kasa da na'urori masu auna sigina don daidaitawa da matsayi daban-daban na ƙofar EMU, kuma cewa canjin ya rage lokacin shiga fasinja da kimanin minti biyar a kan dandamali da ya shafa. {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |'''Gasar B1FC<br />''' | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Canjin sufuri | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Yankin canja wurin Metro na Shenzhen, ofishin tikitin jirgin ƙasa mai saurin gudu, injunan tikiti, bayan gida, damar taksi da hanyar kasuwanci ta karkashin kasa |- style="vertical-align:top;" | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |'''B2F Gidan jira<br />''' | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Gidan jirgin ƙasa mai saurin gudu | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Binciken tsaro, ƙofofin tikiti, wuraren jira, bayan gida da wuraren shan ruwa |- | rowspan="27" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top;" |'''Tsarin B3FP<br />''' |- |←Zuwa ga '''Hong Kong Yammacin Kowloon''' | align="right" |Zuwa Guangzhou Kudu / Shenzhen Arewa→ |- | valign="top" |'''Yamma''' |- |Dandalin '''8''' |Jirgin kasa mai nisa da na ƙetare iyaka→ |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''7''' |Jirgin kasa mai nisa da na ƙetare iyaka→ |- |Dandalin '''6''' |← Jirgin kasa mai nisa da ƙetare iyaka |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''5''' |← Jirgin kasa mai nisa da ƙetare iyaka |- |Dandalin '''4''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''3''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- |Dandalin '''2''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''1''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Gabas''' | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | |} [[File:Exit_12A_of_Futian_Railway_Station_(20160811080616).jpg|thumb|Fitowa 12A]] [[File:SZMetro_Futian.jpg|thumb|Shenzhen Metro Line 2 dandamali]] [[File:Futian_Railway_Station_Platform_7-8.jpg|thumb|Dandalin CRH 7 da 8]] [[File:Futian_Train_Station_Platform.jpg|thumb|Dandalin CRH 7 da 8]] === Shenzhen Metro === {| border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" | valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="50" |'''Ƙasa''' | valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="100" | - | valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="390" |Fitarwa |- | valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="50" |'''Gasar B1FC<br />''' | valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="100" |Gidan shakatawa | valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="390" |Injin tikiti, sabis na abokin ciniki, shaguna, injunan siyarwa da kuma tantance tsaro |- | rowspan="6" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Tsarin B2FP<br />''' | |2 zuwa Chiwan {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Lianhua West}})}} |- | colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Island platform]], doors open on the left}} |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |8 zuwa Xichong {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Civic Center}})}} {{0|{{Arrow2|R}}}} |- | |11 zuwa Bitou {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Chegongmiao}})}} |- | colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Island platform]], doors open on the left}} |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |11 zuwa Hongling ta Kudu (Gangxia ta Arewa) {{0|{{Arrow2|R}}}} |- | rowspan="4" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Tsarin B3FP<br />''' | colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Side platform]], doors open on the right}} |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |3 zuwa Futian Bonded Area {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Shopping Park}})}} |- | |3 zuwa Pingdi Liulian (Fadar Yara) {{0|{{Arrow2|R}}}} |- | colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Side platform]], doors open on the right}} |} == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan jirgin kasa === Futian tana aiki da jiragen kasa masu saurin gudu da gajeren lokaci a kan Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link.Ayyuka suna haɗa tashar tare da wuraren da suka hada da Hong Kong West Kowloon, Shenzhen North, Guangzhou South, Guangzhou East, Changsha South, Wuhan, Zhengzhou East, Beijing West da sauran tashoshin ƙasa.An gina tashar ne da farko don zirga-zirgar kasuwanci tsakanin Guangzhou, Shenzhen da Hong Kong, amma jiragen kasa masu nisa sun yi amfani da shi tun daga 2016.<ref name="cri2006" /><ref name="sztc2016" /> Wasu jiragen ƙasa masu gajeren zango daga Kowloon ta Yamma ta Hong Kong sun tsaya a Futian, yayin da sauran jiragen ƙasa na Kowloon ta Yamma ta Hong Kong suka tsaya a Futian suka ci gaba da arewa zuwa Shenzhenbei da sauran wurare na babban yankin ƙasar. Bayanan jadawalin MTR sun fara aiki daga 1 ga Yuli 2026 sun lissafa tafiye-tafiyen ƙarewa na Hong Kong ta Yamma ta Kowloon-Futian tare da jadawalin lokacin aiki na mintuna 14 zuwa 16; jadawalin iri ɗaya ya lissafa jiragen ƙasa da yawa na Futian-Shenzhenbei da ke tafiya ta cikin jiragen ƙasa da misalin mintuna 10 zuwa 12..<ref name="mtr2026">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2026 |title=High Speed Rail timetable data |url=https://www.highspeed.mtr.com.hk/res/content/app/XRL_content_Timetable.json |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=High Speed Rail |publisher=MTR Corporation |format=JSON}}</ref> Shirin kasa na kashi na uku na shekara ta 2026 ya lissafa motsi na jirgin kasa na EMU 216 a rana a Futian kuma ya kara da ayyukan tsayawa na 13 na Hong Kong West Kowloon-Futian.Har ila yau, ya canza asalin ayyukan Shenzhen North-Jingdezhen North G2764 da Shenzhen North -Chengdu East G2942 zuwa Futian. === Fitarwa da haɗi === Tashar Futian tana da alaƙa da tashar Metro ta Shenzhen mai suna iri ɗaya da kuma hanyoyin tafiya na karkashin kasa da ke kusa, gami da hanyoyin zuwa Civic Center da Link City.Tare, sassan China Railway da metro na musayar suna da mafita sama da 30. Tashoshin jirgin kasa na kasar Sin tare da Hanyar Yitian sun hada da tashoshin 7, 10, 12A, 12B, 13 da 14. {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:70px" |Fitarwa !Inda aka nufa |- | align="center" |Fitarwa ta 7 |Ginin Sabis na Tafiya na Hong Kong China, Ginin Unicom na China, Cibiyar Kudi ta Times |- | align="center" |Fitarwa 10 |Kerry Plaza, Otal din Shangri-La |- | align="center" |Fitowa 12A |Tashar tashar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Futian |- | align="center" |Fitarwa 12B |Tashar tashar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Futian |- | align="center" |Fitowa 13 |Tashar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Futian |- | align="center" |Fitarwa 14 |Ginin Asusun Kudancin |} == Dubi kuma == * Tashar Shenzhen ta Arewa * Tashar jirgin kasa ta Hong Kong ta Yammacin Kowloon * Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s1sk1jrkhqk98ud0zk6k6ddwbkft2xr 976013 976011 2026-11-05T04:51:32Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 976013 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Tashar Futian''' (Sinanci: 福田站; pinyin: Fútián Zhàn; Jyutping: Fuk1 Tin4 Zaam6) tashar jirgin ƙasa ce ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa ta jirgin ƙasa mai sauri da kuma Shenzhen a gundumar Futian, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. Tana kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express kuma ita ce tashar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarshe ta ƙasar Sin kafin layin ya shiga Hong Kong. An buɗe sashen layin dogo na ƙasar Sin a ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2015, da farko tare da ayyukan gaggawa zuwa Guangzhou ta Kudu, yayin da tashar jirgin ƙasa da ke maƙwabtaka da ita ke hidimar layin jirgin ƙasa na Shenzhen Metro Lines 2, 3 da 11..<ref name="rgi2015">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2015 |title=High speed station opens in Shenzhen |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/high-speed/high-speed-station-opens-in-shenzhen/41868.article |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=Railway Gazette International}}</ref> Tashar tana ƙarƙashin tsakiya na Shennan Road da Yitian Road a cikin gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta Shenzhen.An shirya shi azaman tashar birni ta karkashin kasa a kan hanyar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong, tare da sauƙin musayar zuwa layin metro da yawa maimakon babban filin tashar ƙasa.<ref name="cri2006">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2006 |script-title=zh:广深港客运专线将在深圳市中心建地下车站 |trans-title=Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong passenger dedicated line to build underground station in Shenzhen city centre |url=http://gb.cri.cn/8606/2006/08/23/146@1186556.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305004721/http://gb.cri.cn/8606/2006/08/23/146%401186556.htm |archive-date=5 March 2017 |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=China Radio International |language=zh}}</ref> Railway Gazette International ta bayyana shi a buɗewa a matsayin tashar karkashin kasa mafi girma a Asiya, tana auna kimanin {{Convert|1000|m|ft}} m (3,300 da {{Convert|80|m|ft}} , tare da dandamali masu saurin gudu guda takwas game da {{Convert|32|m|ft}} a ƙasa.<ref name="rgi2015" /> {{Databox}} == Tarihi == A watan Disamba na shekarar 2005, jami'an tsohuwar Ma'aikatar Jiragen Kasa sun ba da shawarar ƙara tashar jirgin ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa a Shenzhen zuwa aikin layin dogo na Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong. An yi nazari kan wurare da dama da za a iya amfani da su, ciki har da Titin Yitian, Central Park, Gangxia North, Chegongmiao da Xiangmihu. A ranar 22 ga Agusta, 2006, magajin garin Shenzhen Xu Zongheng da mataimakin ministan layin dogo Lu Chunfang sun sanya hannu kan wata takardar yarjejeniya a Beijing wadda ta tabbatar da tashar jirgin ƙasa a Titin Yitian da ke Futian. <ref name="cri2006" /> Ginin tashar Futian da cibiyar sufuri ta Futian ya fara ne a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2008. Da farko ana sa ran tashar za ta buɗe a farkon shekarun 2010, amma an jinkirta buɗewa.An fara aikin gwaji a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2015, kuma sabis na Railway na kasar Sin ya fara ne a ranar 30 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015.<ref name="rgi2015" /> A lokacin budewa, tashar ta kula da nau'ikan jiragen kasa 11 a rana tsakanin Futian da Guangzhou ta Kudu, tare da tafiyar da aka tsara mafi sauri zuwa Guangzhou ta kudu da ke ɗaukar kimanin minti 50 ciki har da tsayawa ta tsakiya.<ref name="rgi2015" /> A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2016, canjin jadawalin kasa ya tsawaita nau'ikan jiragen kasa biyu na Changsha ta Kudu-Shenzhen ta Arewa zuwa Futian, wanda ya ba tashar jiragen kasa na farko masu saurin gudu bayan Guangdong.Wannan canjin ya kara nau'ikan jiragen kasa na yau da kullun daga 23 zuwa 28 kuma ya rage lokacin gudu na Futian-Shenzhen North daga minti 11 zuwa minti 8.<ref name="sztc2016">{{Cite web |date=20 April 2016 |script-title=zh:全国铁路5月15日起调整列车运行图，福田站首开长途列车 |trans-title=National railway timetable to change from 15 May; Futian station to operate long-distance trains for the first time |url=http://www.sztb.gov.cn/bsfw/wycx/hccx/cxtx/201604/t20160420_75091.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513085708/http://www.sztb.gov.cn/bsfw/wycx/hccx/cxtx/201604/t20160420_75091.htm |archive-date=13 May 2016 |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Shenzhen Municipal Transport Commission |language=zh}}</ref> Sashe na Hong Kong na Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link ya buɗe wa jama'a a ranar 23 ga Satumba 2018.Sashe na Hong Kong kusan hanyar jirgin kasa ce ta karkashin kasa mai nisan {{Convert|26|km|mi}} (16 daga West Kowloon wanda ke haɗawa da hanyar sadarwa mai sauri ta hanyar Futian . <ref name="hyd-xrl">{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong Section of Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link |url=https://www.hyd.gov.hk/en/our_projects/railway_projects/xrl/index.html |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Highways Department, Hong Kong Government}}</ref> An dakatar da sabis na jirgin ƙasa mai saurin wucewa daga 30 ga Janairun 2020 a lokacin annobar COVID-19 kuma an ci gaba da ci gaba daga 15 ga Janairu 2023.<ref name="info2023-lcq">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=LCQ5: Measures to facilitate travel on the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202303/29/P2023032900388.htm |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Hong Kong Government}}</ref><ref name="info2023-resume">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=Service resumption of Hong Kong section of Express Rail Link from January 15 |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202301/11/P2023011100678.htm |access-date=13 July 2026 |publisher=Hong Kong Government}}</ref> Canje-canje na jadawalin da suka biyo baya sun kara rawar da tashar ke takawa a ayyukan tsakiyar Shenzhen.A watan Yulin 2025 jadawalin ya kara da 12 jiragen kasa tsakanin Futian da Guangzhou East. A karkashin jadawalin jirgin kasa na kasa da aka shirya don fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2026, an shirya Futian don gudanar da motsi na jirgin kasa na EMU 216 a rana, kuma ayyuka da yawa da suka fara a Shenzhen North za su fara a Futian a maimakon haka. == Tsarin tashar == Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Futian tana da matakai uku na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Matakin farko na ƙarƙashin ƙasa shine musayar sufuri da kuma hanyar shiga ga fasinjojin jirgin ƙasa mai sauri da na metro, tare da tikitin shiga, injunan tikiti da kayan aikin fasinja. Mataki na biyu na ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya ƙunshi wuraren jira na jirgin ƙasa mai sauri da wuraren duba tikiti da kuma hanyar shiga jirgin ƙasa ta Shenzhen Metro.<ref name="cri2006" /><ref name="rgi2015" /> Yankin Railway na kasar Sin yana da waƙoƙi takwas da dandamali na tsibirin guda huɗu.Waƙoƙi 1 zuwa 4 waƙoƙi ne na dandamali waɗanda aka fi amfani da su ta hanyar jiragen ƙasa da suka samo asali ko suka ƙare a Futian, yayin da waƙoƙoƙi 5 zuwa 8 ke aiki ta hanyar ƙetare-ƙetare da kuma nesa-ƙetaren jiragen ƙasa a kan Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link . <ref name="rgi2015" /> A farkon 2026, sabon tsarin dandamali mai saurin haske ya shiga aiki a dandamali 1 zuwa 4.Kudancin Metropolis Daily ya ba da rahoton cewa tsarin ya yi amfani da nau'in jirgin kasa da na'urori masu auna sigina don daidaitawa da matsayi daban-daban na ƙofar EMU, kuma cewa canjin ya rage lokacin shiga fasinja da kimanin minti biyar a kan dandamali da ya shafa. {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |'''Gasar B1FC<br />''' | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Canjin sufuri | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Yankin canja wurin Metro na Shenzhen, ofishin tikitin jirgin ƙasa mai saurin gudu, injunan tikiti, bayan gida, damar taksi da hanyar kasuwanci ta karkashin kasa |- style="vertical-align:top;" | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |'''B2F Gidan jira<br />''' | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Gidan jirgin ƙasa mai saurin gudu | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; " |Binciken tsaro, ƙofofin tikiti, wuraren jira, bayan gida da wuraren shan ruwa |- | rowspan="27" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; vertical-align:top;" |'''Tsarin B3FP<br />''' |- |←Zuwa ga '''Hong Kong Yammacin Kowloon''' | align="right" |Zuwa Guangzhou Kudu / Shenzhen Arewa→ |- | valign="top" |'''Yamma''' |- |Dandalin '''8''' |Jirgin kasa mai nisa da na ƙetare iyaka→ |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''7''' |Jirgin kasa mai nisa da na ƙetare iyaka→ |- |Dandalin '''6''' |← Jirgin kasa mai nisa da ƙetare iyaka |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''5''' |← Jirgin kasa mai nisa da ƙetare iyaka |- |Dandalin '''4''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''3''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- |Dandalin '''2''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- | colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black; border-right:solid 2px black; border-left:solid 2px black; border-bottom:solid 2px black; font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" |Dandalin tsibirin, ƙofofi na iya buɗewa a kowane gefe |- |Dandalin '''1''' |Jirgin kasa na Guangzhou-Shenzhen wanda ya samo asali ko ya ƙare→ |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Gabas''' | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | |} [[File:Exit_12A_of_Futian_Railway_Station_(20160811080616).jpg|thumb|Fitowa 12A]] [[File:SZMetro_Futian.jpg|thumb|Shenzhen Metro Line 2 dandamali]] [[File:Futian_Railway_Station_Platform_7-8.jpg|thumb|Dandalin CRH 7 da 8]] [[File:Futian_Train_Station_Platform.jpg|thumb|Dandalin CRH 7 da 8]] === Shenzhen Metro === {| border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" | valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="50" |'''Ƙasa''' | valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="100" | - | valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="390" |Fitarwa |- | valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="50" |'''Gasar B1FC<br />''' | valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="100" |Gidan shakatawa | valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray; border-top:solid 1px gray;" width="390" |Injin tikiti, sabis na abokin ciniki, shaguna, injunan siyarwa da kuma tantance tsaro |- | rowspan="6" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Tsarin B2FP<br />''' | |2 zuwa Chiwan {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Lianhua West}})}} |- | colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Island platform]], doors open on the left}} |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |8 zuwa Xichong {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Civic Center}})}} {{0|{{Arrow2|R}}}} |- | |11 zuwa Bitou {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Chegongmiao}})}} |- | colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Island platform]], doors open on the left}} |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |11 zuwa Hongling ta Kudu (Gangxia ta Arewa) {{0|{{Arrow2|R}}}} |- | rowspan="4" valign="top" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Tsarin B3FP<br />''' | colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Side platform]], doors open on the right}} |- | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" | | style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |3 zuwa Futian Bonded Area {{Small|({{stl|SZM|Shopping Park}})}} |- | |3 zuwa Pingdi Liulian (Fadar Yara) {{0|{{Arrow2|R}}}} |- | colspan="2" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-top:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |{{Small|[[Side platform]], doors open on the right}} |} == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan jirgin kasa === Futian tana aiki da jiragen kasa masu saurin gudu da gajeren lokaci a kan Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link.Ayyuka suna haɗa tashar tare da wuraren da suka hada da Hong Kong West Kowloon, Shenzhen North, Guangzhou South, Guangzhou East, Changsha South, Wuhan, Zhengzhou East, Beijing West da sauran tashoshin ƙasa.An gina tashar ne da farko don zirga-zirgar kasuwanci tsakanin Guangzhou, Shenzhen da Hong Kong, amma jiragen kasa masu nisa sun yi amfani da shi tun daga 2016.<ref name="cri2006" /><ref name="sztc2016" /> Wasu jiragen ƙasa masu gajeren zango daga Kowloon ta Yamma ta Hong Kong sun tsaya a Futian, yayin da sauran jiragen ƙasa na Kowloon ta Yamma ta Hong Kong suka tsaya a Futian suka ci gaba da arewa zuwa Shenzhenbei da sauran wurare na babban yankin ƙasar. Bayanan jadawalin MTR sun fara aiki daga 1 ga Yuli 2026 sun lissafa tafiye-tafiyen ƙarewa na Hong Kong ta Yamma ta Kowloon-Futian tare da jadawalin lokacin aiki na mintuna 14 zuwa 16; jadawalin iri ɗaya ya lissafa jiragen ƙasa da yawa na Futian-Shenzhenbei da ke tafiya ta cikin jiragen ƙasa da misalin mintuna 10 zuwa 12..<ref name="mtr2026">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2026 |title=High Speed Rail timetable data |url=https://www.highspeed.mtr.com.hk/res/content/app/XRL_content_Timetable.json |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=High Speed Rail |publisher=MTR Corporation |format=JSON}}</ref> Shirin kasa na kashi na uku na shekara ta 2026 ya lissafa motsi na jirgin kasa na EMU 216 a rana a Futian kuma ya kara da ayyukan tsayawa na 13 na Hong Kong West Kowloon-Futian.Har ila yau, ya canza asalin ayyukan Shenzhen North-Jingdezhen North G2764 da Shenzhen North -Chengdu East G2942 zuwa Futian. === Fitarwa da haɗi === Tashar Futian tana da alaƙa da tashar Metro ta Shenzhen mai suna iri ɗaya da kuma hanyoyin tafiya na karkashin kasa da ke kusa, gami da hanyoyin zuwa Civic Center da Link City.Tare, sassan China Railway da metro na musayar suna da mafita sama da 30. Tashoshin jirgin kasa na kasar Sin tare da Hanyar Yitian sun hada da tashoshin 7, 10, 12A, 12B, 13 da 14. {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:70px" |Fitarwa !Inda aka nufa |- | align="center" |Fitarwa ta 7 |Ginin Sabis na Tafiya na Hong Kong China, Ginin Unicom na China, Cibiyar Kudi ta Times |- | align="center" |Fitarwa 10 |Kerry Plaza, Otal din Shangri-La |- | align="center" |Fitowa 12A |Tashar tashar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Futian |- | align="center" |Fitarwa 12B |Tashar tashar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Futian |- | align="center" |Fitowa 13 |Tashar jirgin kasa mai saurin gudu ta Futian |- | align="center" |Fitarwa 14 |Ginin Asusun Kudancin |} == Dubi kuma == * Tashar Shenzhen ta Arewa * Tashar jirgin kasa ta Hong Kong ta Yammacin Kowloon * Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ah704m5f4onecyiitlupby5lem0pazq 0 180631 976015 2026-11-05T05:11:27Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360016708|The Columnist (play)]]" 976015 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mai Rubuta Littafin Wasan Kwaikwayo wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka David Auburn. An fara shi ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Samuel J. Friedman na Broadway, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Daniel J. Sullivan. Wasan ya fara ne a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2012, kuma ya ƙare a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2012, inda John Lithgow ya fito a matsayin Joseph Alsop. 'Yan wasan sun kuma haɗa da Margaret Colin, Boyd Gaines, Grace Gummer, Stephen Kunken, Marc Bonan da Brian J. Smith.. == Tarihi == A cikin binciken 'yan jarida, David Auburn ya zama mai sha'awar ambaton Joseph Alsop akai-akai."Na fahimci a nan wannan mutumin ne wanda aka sani sosai, mai tasiri sosai - kusan sunan gida a zamaninsa - kuma yanzu ba a san shi ba, "in ji Auburn."Kuma, irin wasan ya fito ne daga mamakin, 'Yaya hakan ke faruwa? Ta yaya ka fito daga kasancewa wannan mutum na tsakiya zuwa kasancewa, da farko, wani nau'i na ban dariya sannan kusan an manta da shi?' Ya kasance a cikin tonowa a cikin abin da na sami labarin. " == Bayani game da shi == An kafa shi tsakanin 1954 da 1968, ɗan jaridar Amurka Joseph Alsop ya sami muhimmancinsa yana raguwa yayin da hankali ya sauya daga [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] zuwa Yaƙin Vietnam . == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * 2012 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play nominee ga John Lithgow == Manazarta == 9bh6g4d14czaabstospx7gtvht4tpsp 976016 976015 2026-11-05T05:11:51Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 976016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Mai Rubuta Littafin Wasan Kwaikwayo wani wasan kwaikwayo ne na marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka David Auburn. An fara shi ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Samuel J. Friedman na Broadway, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Daniel J. Sullivan. Wasan ya fara ne a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2012, kuma ya ƙare a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2012, inda John Lithgow ya fito a matsayin Joseph Alsop. 'Yan wasan sun kuma haɗa da Margaret Colin, Boyd Gaines, Grace Gummer, Stephen Kunken, Marc Bonan da Brian J. Smith.. == Tarihi == A cikin binciken 'yan jarida, David Auburn ya zama mai sha'awar ambaton Joseph Alsop akai-akai."Na fahimci a nan wannan mutumin ne wanda aka sani sosai, mai tasiri sosai - kusan sunan gida a zamaninsa - kuma yanzu ba a san shi ba, "in ji Auburn."Kuma, irin wasan ya fito ne daga mamakin, 'Yaya hakan ke faruwa? Ta yaya ka fito daga kasancewa wannan mutum na tsakiya zuwa kasancewa, da farko, wani nau'i na ban dariya sannan kusan an manta da shi?' Ya kasance a cikin tonowa a cikin abin da na sami labarin. " == Bayani game da shi == An kafa shi tsakanin 1954 da 1968, ɗan jaridar Amurka Joseph Alsop ya sami muhimmancinsa yana raguwa yayin da hankali ya sauya daga [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cold]] zuwa Yaƙin Vietnam . == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * 2012 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play nominee ga John Lithgow == Manazarta == eegrhibdynx4po1cbsmzhuuyjrlnyqc 0 180632 976028 2026-11-05T05:56:21Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369649021|1892 in the United States]]" 976028 wikitext text/x-wiki   Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta 1892 a Amurka . === Gwamnatin tarayya === * Shugaba : Benjamin Harrison ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R-]] [[Indiana]] ) * Mataimakin Shugaba : Levi P. Morton ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R]] - [[New York (jiha)|New York]] ) * Babban Alkali : Melville Fuller ( [[Illinois]] ) * Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai : Charles Frederick Crisp ( D - [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] ) * Majalisa : 52nd ==== Gwamnatocin jihohi ==== {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" !Gwamnoni da mataimakin gwamnoni |- | === Gwamnoni === <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Columns-list|* [[Governor of Alabama]]: [[Thomas G. Jones]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Arkansas]]: [[James Philip Eagle]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of California]]: [[Henry Markham]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Colorado]]: [[John Long Routt]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Connecticut]]: [[Morgan G. Bulkeley]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Delaware]]: [[Robert J. Reynolds]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Florida]]: [[Francis P. Fleming]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Georgia]]: [[William J. Northen]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Idaho]]: [[N. B. Willey]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Illinois]]: [[Joseph W. Fifer]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Indiana]]: [[Ira Joy Chase]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Iowa]]: [[Horace Boies]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Kansas]]: [[Lyman U. Humphrey]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Kentucky]]: [[John Young Brown (1835-1904)|John Y. Brown]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Louisiana]]: [[Francis T. Nicholls]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (until May 10), [[Murphy James Foster, Sr.]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (starting May 10) * [[Governor of Maine]]: [[Edwin C. Burleigh]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Maryland]]: [[Elihu Emory Jackson]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (until January 13), [[Frank Brown (governor)|Frank Brown]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (starting January 13) * [[Governor of Massachusetts]]: [[William E. Russell (politician)|William E. Russell]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Michigan]]: [[Edwin B. Winans (politician)|Edwin B. Winans]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Minnesota]]: [[William R. Merriam]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Mississippi]]: [[John M. Stone]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Missouri]]: [[David R. Francis]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Montana]]: [[Joseph Toole]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Nebraska]]: [[John Milton Thayer]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (until February 8), [[James E. Boyd (politician)|James E. Boyd]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (starting February 8) * [[Governor of Nevada]]: [[Roswell K. Colcord]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of New Hampshire]]: [[Hiram A. Tuttle]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of New Jersey]]: [[Leon Abbett]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of New York]]: [[Roswell P. Flower]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (starting January 1) * [[Governor of North Carolina]]: [[Thomas Michael Holt]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of North Dakota]]: [[Andrew H. Burke]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Ohio]]: [[James E. Campbell]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (until January 11), [[William McKinley]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (starting January 11) * [[Governor of Oregon]]: [[Sylvester Pennoyer]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Pennsylvania]]: [[Robert E. Pattison]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Rhode Island]]: [[Herbert W. Ladd]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (until May 31), [[D. Russell Brown]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (starting May 31) * [[Governor of South Carolina]]: [[Benjamin Ryan Tillman]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of South Dakota]]: [[Arthur C. Mellette]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Tennessee]]: [[John P. Buchanan]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Texas]]: [[James Stephen Hogg]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Vermont]]: [[Carroll S. Page]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (until October 6), [[Levi K. Fuller]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (starting October 6) * [[Governor of Virginia]]: [[Philip W. McKinney]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Washington]]: [[Elisha Peyre Ferry]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of West Virginia]]: [[Aretas B. Fleming]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Wisconsin]]: [[George Wilbur Peck|George W. Peck]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Wyoming]]: [[Amos W. Barber]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]])|colwidth=30em}} === Mataimakin gwamnoni === <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Columns-list|* [[Lieutenant Governor of California]]: [[John B. Reddick]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Colorado]]: [[William Story (attorney)|William Story]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut]]: [[Samuel E. Merwin]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Idaho]]: [[John S. Gray (Idaho)|John S. Gray]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Illinois]]: [[Lyman Ray]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Indiana]]: [[Francis M. Griffith]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Iowa]]: [[Alfred N. Poyneer]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (until month and day unknown), [[Samuel L. Bestow]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (starting month and day unknown) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Kansas]]: [[Andrew Jackson Felt|Andrew J. Felt]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky]]: [[Mitchell Cary Alford]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana]]: [[James Jeffries (Louisiana politician)|James Jeffries]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (until month and day unknown), [[Charles Parlange]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (starting month and day unknown) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts]]: [[William H. Haile]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Michigan]]: [[John Strong (Michigan politician)|John Strong]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota]]: [[Gideon S. Ives]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi]]: [[M. M. Evans]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Missouri]]: [[Stephen Hugh Claycomb]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Montana]]: [[John E. Rickards]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska]]: [[Thomas J. Majors]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Nevada]]: [[Joseph Poujade]] (political party unknown) * [[Lieutenant Governor of New York]]: [[William F. Sheehan]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (starting January 1) * [[Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina]]: vacant * [[Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota]]: [[Roger Allin]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio]]: [[William V. Marquis]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (until January 11), [[Andrew L. Harris]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (starting January 11) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania]]: [[Louis Arthur Watres]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island]]: [[Henry A. Stearns]] (political party unknown) (until May 31), [[Melville Bull]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (starting May 31) * [[Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina]]: [[Eugene B. Gary]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota]]: [[George H. Hoffman]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee]]: [[William C. Dismukes]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Texas]]: [[George Cassety Pendleton]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Vermont]]: [[Henry A. Fletcher]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (until October 6), [[F. Stewart Stranahan]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (starting October 6) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Virginia]]: [[James Hoge Tyler]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Washington]]: [[Charles E. Laughton]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin]]: [[Charles Jonas (Wisconsin politician)|Charles Jonas]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]])|colwidth=30em}} |} == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Janairu-Maris === * Janairu 1 &#x2013; Tsibirin Ellis ya fara karɓar baƙi zuwa Amurka. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Harlan D. Unrau |year=1984 |title=Ellis Island, Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York-New Jersey |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service |page=208}}</ref> * Janairu 15 &#x2013; An buga dokokin James Naismith game da ƙwallon kwando a karon farko a jaridar Springfield YMCA International Training School, a cikin wani labarin mai taken "Sabon Wasan". * 20 ga Janairu &#x2013; A YMCA da ke Springfield, Massachusetts, an buga wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] na farko a hukumance. * 1 ga Fabrairu &#x2013; An kafa gidan tarihi na Enterprise Bar and Grill a Rico, Colorado . * 12 ga Fabrairu &#x2013; An ayyana ranar haihuwar tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Abraham Lincoln]] a matsayin ranar hutu ta ƙasa a Amurka. * 18 ga Fabrairu &#x2013; An kafa Pennsauken Township, New Jersey . * 23 ga Fabrairu &#x2013; 7.1–7.2 M Girgizar ƙasa ta Laguna Salada ta girgiza Kudancin California da arewacin Mexico da ƙarfin Mercalli na VIII ( ''Mai tsanani'' ). * Maris 15 &#x2013; Jesse W. Reno ya ba da lasisin escalator na farko mai aiki, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Old Iron Pier, Coney Island, birnin New York. === Afrilu-Yuni === * Afrilu &#x2013; Yaƙin Gundumar Johnson ya ɓarke tsakanin ƙananan manoma da manyan makiyaya a [[Wyoming]] . * Afrilu 15 &#x2013; An kafa [[General Electric|Kamfanin General Electric]] ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Kamfanin Thomson-Houston da Kamfanin Edison General Electric. * 19 ga Afrilu &#x2013; Girgizar ƙasa mai tsawon mita 6.4 _{a La} Vacaville–Winters ta girgiza yankin North Bay na California tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin Mercalli na IX ( ''Rikici'' ). Wannan lamari na farko da ya faru a girgizar ƙasa sau biyu ya haifar da mutuwar mutum ɗaya, kuma bayan kwana biyu girgizar _La mai karfin maki 6.2 ta biyo baya. Jimillar barnar da ta faru ya kai dala $225,000–250,000. * 28 ga Afrilu &#x2013; An kafa Redondo Beach, California . * 30 ga Afrilu &#x2013; An kama Ephraim Grizzard, wani Ba’amurke ɗan Afirka, a Nashville, Tennessee . * 10 ga Mayu &#x2013; An kafa Glen Ellyn, Illinois . * 10 ga Mayu &#x2013; Fashewar iskar gas a mahakar ma'adinai mai lamba 1 da ke Roslyn, Washington ta kashe ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai 45, bala'in masana'antu mafi muni a tarihin [[Washington (jiha)|jihar Washington]] . * 11 ga Mayu &#x2013; Za a gudanar da gasar tsere ta Kentucky Derby ta 18 a Louisville, Kentucky; Azra ta zo ta daya, Huron ta biyu, Phil Dwyer kuma ta uku a tseren da dawaki uku kacal. * 28 ga Mayu &#x2013; John Muir ne ya shirya gasar [[Cibiyar Sierra|Sierra Club]] a [[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]] . * 6 ga Yuni &#x2013; An buɗe layin dogo mai tsayi "L" na Chicago . * 7 ga Yuni &#x2013; An kama Homer Plessy, wanda asalinsa na Afirka ne na takwas, mai launin fata mai haske, saboda zaune (da gangan) a kan motar fararen fata kawai a Louisiana, wanda hakan ya kai ga shari'ar da ta fi daukar hankali ''tsakanin Plessy da Ferguson'' . * 30 ga Yuni &#x2013; Yajin aikin Homestead ya fara ne a Homestead, Pennsylvania, wanda ya ƙare a fafatawa tsakanin ma'aikatan yajin aiki da jami'an tsaro masu zaman kansu a ranar 6 ga Yuli. === Yuli-Satumba === * 4 ga Yuli &#x2013; [[Samoa]] ta sauya yankin lokacinta zuwa sa'o'i 3 bayan California, ta yadda za ta ketare layin kwanan wata na duniya kuma 4 ga Yuli ya faru sau biyu. * 6 ga Yuli &#x2013; Yajin Aiki a Gidaje : Zuwan rundunar 'yan sanda 300 ta Pinkerton daga [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] da [[Chicago]] ya haifar da faɗa inda aka kashe kimanin mutane 10. * Agusta 1 &#x2013; An sake zaɓen Thomas G. Jones a matsayin gwamna na 28 a Alabama, inda ya kayar da Reuben Kolb . * Agusta 4 ** An sami uba da uwar Lizzie Borden da aka kashe da ƙarfi a gidansu da ke Fall River, Massachusetts ; za a wanke ta daga kisan gillar da suka yi. ** An kafa [[Franklin Park Il|Franklin Park, Illinois]] a matsayin ƙauye. * Agusta 9 &#x2013; [[Thomas Edison]] ya sami takardar izinin mallakar wayar tarho mai hanyoyi biyu. * Agusta 13 &#x2013; Jaridar ''Baltimore African-American'', wacce ita ce jaridar da ta fi dadewa a kasar mallakar 'yan Afirka, ta buga fitowarta ta farko (mawallafi, John H. Murphy, Sr. ). === Oktoba-Disamba === * 5 ga Oktoba &#x2013; Mutanen garin sun harbi ƙungiyar Dalton, waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin yin fashi a bankuna biyu a Coffeyville, Kansas ; Emmett Dalton ne kawai ya tsira, tare da raunuka 23, wanda ya shafe shekaru 14 a gidan yari. * 12 ga Oktoba &#x2013; Domin bikin cika shekaru 400 da hutun Ranar Columbus, ɗaliban makarantun gwamnati na Amurka ne suka fara karanta " Alƙawarin Aminci ". * 24 ga Oktoba &#x2013; Boston Beaneaters ta lashe gasar Fifth National League Pennant ta hanyar doke Cleveland Spiders da ci 5 da 0. * 8 ga Nuwamba ** Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka a shekarar 1892 : An zaɓi Grover Cleveland a kan Benjamin Harrison da James B. Weaver don lashe wa'adi na biyu a jere ba tare da an yi masa katsalandan ba. ** An fara yajin aikin Janar na New Orleans na tsawon kwanaki hudu. * 12 ga Nuwamba &#x2013; An biya Pudge Heffelfinger dala $525 daga Allegheny Athletic Association, inda ya zama ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa na farko na Amurka]] da aka taɓa yin rikodinsa. * 17 ga Disamba &#x2013; An ƙaddamar da mujallar ''Vogue'' . === Ba a taɓa yin kwanan wata ba === * An fara sayar da hatsin karin kumallo na alkama da aka yanka a gidajen cin abinci ta hannun Henry Perky . * Kwalejin Ithaca ta kafa a matsayin Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Ithaca a New York (jihar) ta hannun William Grant Egbert. * An kafa makarantar sakandare ta Lowell a Lowell, Indiana . * An kafa Aberdeen, Maryland . * An kafa ƙungiyar Cadet Band (wadda ake kira Highty-Tighties na zamani) ta Kwalejin Aikin Gona da Injini ta Virginia (wadda ake kira Virginia Tech a yanzu) a cikin ƙungiyar fasaha ta Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets . * [[Andrew Carnegie]] ya haɗa dukkan kasuwancinsa daban-daban zuwa Kamfanin Karfe na Carnegie, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar mallakar kamfanoni a masana'antar ƙarfe ta Amurka. === Ana ci gaba === * Juyin Juya Halin Garza a Texas da Mexico (1891–1893) * Zamanin Gilded (1869–c. 1896) * Shekarun 'Yan Luwadi (1890–1899) * Zamanin Ci Gaba (1890s-1920s) == Haihuwa == * January 9 &#x2013; Eva Bowring, U.S. Senator from Nebraska in 1954 (died 1985) * January 14 &#x2013; [[Hal Roach]], film and television producer, director and actor (died 1992) * January 16 ** Homer Burton Adkins, chemist (died 1949) ** Charles W. Ryder, general (died 1960) ** William A. Stanfill, U.S. Senator from Kentucky from 1945 to 1946 (died 1971) * January 26 &#x2013; Zara Cully, actress (died 1978) * February 19 &#x2013; Scott W. Lucas, U.S. Senator from Illinois from 1939 to 1951 (died 1968) * February 29 ** Ed Appleton, baseball player (died 1932) ** Augusta Savage, African American sculptor (died 1962) * March 9 &#x2013; Arthur Caesar, screenwriter (died 1953) * March 26 &#x2013; Paul Douglas, U.S. Senator from Illinois from 1949 to 1967 (died 1976) * April 8 &#x2013; Rose McConnell Long, U.S. Senator from Louisiana from 1936 to 1937 (died 1970) * May 5 &#x2013; Rajarsi Janakananda, millionaire and disciple of Paramahansa Yogananda (died 1955) * May 10 &#x2013; Arthur E. Nelson, U.S. Senator from Minnesota from 1942 to 1943 (died 1955) * May 16 &#x2013; Osgood Perkins, actor (died 1937) * May 19 &#x2013; Pops Foster, jazz bass player (died 1969) * May 20 &#x2013; Harry J. Anslinger, 1st Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (died 1975) * May 24 &#x2013; Joe Oeschger, baseball pitcher (died 1986) * June 6 &#x2013; Donald F. Duncan, Sr., toymaker and businessman, founder of Duncan Toys Company (died 1971) * June 15 &#x2013; Wallace Wade, American football coach, University of Alabama, Duke University (died 1986) * July 4 &#x2013; Henry M. Mullinnix, admiral (d. 1943) * July 10 &#x2013; Spessard Holland, U.S. Senator from Florida from 1946 to 1971 (died 1971) * July 24 - Alice Ball, American chemist who developed the "Ball Method", for treating [[Kuturta|leprosy]] (died 1916) * July 26 &#x2013; Sad Sam Jones, baseball player (died 1966) * July 29 &#x2013; [[William Powell]], film actor (died 1984) * August 6 &#x2013; [[Edith Achilles]], psychologist (died 1989) * August 16 &#x2013; Otto Messmer, cartoonist (died 1983) * August 20 &#x2013; George Aiken, U.S. Senator from Vermont from 1941 to 1975 (died 1984) * August 23 &#x2013; Alexander G. Barry, U.S. Senator from Oregon from 1938 to 1939 (died 1952) * October 6 &#x2013; Jackie Saunders, silent film actress (died 1954) * October 13 &#x2013; Malcolm McGregor, silent film actor (died 1945) * October 28 &#x2013; Dink Johnson, jazz musician (died 1954) * November 10 &#x2013; Frank A. Barrett, U.S. Senator from Wyoming from 1953 to 1959 (died 1962) * December 15 &#x2013; J. Paul Getty, industrialist (died 1976) == Mutuwa == * Janairu 2 &#x2013; Montgomery C. Meigs, tsohon jami'in sojan Amurka kuma injiniyan farar hula, Babban Jami'in Kwata na Rundunar Sojojin Amurka a lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka (an haife shi a 1816 ) * Fabrairu 28 &#x2013; Elias Nelson Conway, Gwamna na 5 na Arkansas daga 1852 zuwa 1860 (an haife shi a 1812 ) * Maris 7 - Horace Bonham, ɗan zane-zanen nau'in Amurka (an haife shi a shekara ta 1835) * Maris 26 &#x2013; Walt Whitman, mawaƙi, marubucin ''Leaves of Grass'' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1819 ). * Afrilu 6 &#x2013; Willard Saulsbury, Sr., Sanatan Amurka daga Delaware daga 1873 zuwa 1892 (an haife shi a 1820 ) * 14 ga Mayu &#x2013; John S. Barbour, Jr., Sanatan Amurka daga Virginia daga 1889 zuwa 1892 (an haife shi a 1820 ) * 8 ga Yuni &#x2013; Robert Ford, ɗan fashi, mai kisan Jesse James (an haife shi a shekara ta 1862 ) * 14 ga Yuli &#x2013; Newton Booth, Sanatan Amurka daga California daga 1875 zuwa 1881 (an haife shi a 1825 ) * Agusta 16 &#x2013; Thomas H. Watts, Gwamna na 18 na Alabama, Babban Lauyan Jihohi na 3 na Gundumar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1819 ) * Satumba 7 - John Greenleaf Whittier, mawaƙin Quaker kuma mai son kawar da mulkin mallaka (an haife shi a shekara ta 1807 ) * Satumba 23 &#x2013; John Pope, tsohon jami'in sojan Amurka kuma janar na Tarayyar Turai a Yaƙin Basasa (an haife shi a 1822 ) * 5 ga Oktoba &#x2013; 'Yan kungiyar ta'adda ta Dalton (an harbe su) ** Bob Dalton (an haife shi a shekara ta 1869 ) ** Grat Dalton (an haife shi a shekara ta 1861 ) * 18 ga Oktoba &#x2013; William W. Chapman, ɗan siyasa kuma lauya (an haife shi a shekara ta 1808 ) * 25 ga Oktoba &#x2013; Caroline Harrison, [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka]] a matsayin matar Shugaba Benjamin Harrison (an haife ta a shekara ta 1832 ) * 29 ga Nuwamba &#x2013; Graham N. Fitch, Sanatan Amurka daga Indiana daga 1857 zuwa 1861 (an haife shi a 1809 ) * 2 ga Disamba &#x2013; Jay Gould, mai haɓaka layin dogo kuma mai hasashe (an haife shi a shekara ta 1836 ) * Disamba 15 &#x2013; Randall L. Gibson, Sanatan Amurka daga Louisiana daga 1883 zuwa 1892 (an haife shi a 1832 ) * Disamba 31 &#x2013; Henry P. Baldwin, Gwamnan Michigan daga 1869 zuwa 1873 kuma Sanatan Amurka daga Michigan daga 1879 zuwa 1881 (an haife shi a 1814 ) * Zenas King, mai gina gada (an haife shi a shekara ta 1818 ) == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finan Amurka na shekarun 1890 * Jadawalin tarihin Amurka (1860-1899) == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} drim9wx4rarqjk3ajjzc2ud99my3yii 976029 976028 2026-11-05T05:57:44Z Baffa ali 47435 976029 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Abubuwan da suka faru daga shekara ta 1892 a '''Amurka '''. === Gwamnatin tarayya === * Shugaba : Benjamin Harrison ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R-]] [[Indiana]] ) * Mataimakin Shugaba : Levi P. Morton ( [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|R]] - [[New York (jiha)|New York]] ) * Babban Alkali : Melville Fuller ( [[Illinois]] ) * Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai : Charles Frederick Crisp ( D - [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] ) * Majalisa : 52nd ==== Gwamnatocin jihohi ==== {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" !Gwamnoni da mataimakin gwamnoni |- | === Gwamnoni === <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Columns-list|* [[Governor of Alabama]]: [[Thomas G. Jones]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Arkansas]]: [[James Philip Eagle]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of California]]: [[Henry Markham]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Colorado]]: [[John Long Routt]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Connecticut]]: [[Morgan G. Bulkeley]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Delaware]]: [[Robert J. Reynolds]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Florida]]: [[Francis P. Fleming]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Georgia]]: [[William J. Northen]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Idaho]]: [[N. B. Willey]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Illinois]]: [[Joseph W. Fifer]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Indiana]]: [[Ira Joy Chase]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Iowa]]: [[Horace Boies]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Kansas]]: [[Lyman U. Humphrey]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Kentucky]]: [[John Young Brown (1835-1904)|John Y. Brown]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Louisiana]]: [[Francis T. Nicholls]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (until May 10), [[Murphy James Foster, Sr.]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (starting May 10) * [[Governor of Maine]]: [[Edwin C. Burleigh]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Maryland]]: [[Elihu Emory Jackson]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (until January 13), [[Frank Brown (governor)|Frank Brown]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (starting January 13) * [[Governor of Massachusetts]]: [[William E. Russell (politician)|William E. Russell]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Michigan]]: [[Edwin B. Winans (politician)|Edwin B. Winans]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Minnesota]]: [[William R. Merriam]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Mississippi]]: [[John M. Stone]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Missouri]]: [[David R. Francis]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Montana]]: [[Joseph Toole]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Nebraska]]: [[John Milton Thayer]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (until February 8), [[James E. Boyd (politician)|James E. Boyd]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (starting February 8) * [[Governor of Nevada]]: [[Roswell K. Colcord]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of New Hampshire]]: [[Hiram A. Tuttle]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of New Jersey]]: [[Leon Abbett]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of New York]]: [[Roswell P. Flower]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (starting January 1) * [[Governor of North Carolina]]: [[Thomas Michael Holt]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of North Dakota]]: [[Andrew H. Burke]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Ohio]]: [[James E. Campbell]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (until January 11), [[William McKinley]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (starting January 11) * [[Governor of Oregon]]: [[Sylvester Pennoyer]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Pennsylvania]]: [[Robert E. Pattison]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Rhode Island]]: [[Herbert W. Ladd]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (until May 31), [[D. Russell Brown]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (starting May 31) * [[Governor of South Carolina]]: [[Benjamin Ryan Tillman]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of South Dakota]]: [[Arthur C. Mellette]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of Tennessee]]: [[John P. Buchanan]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Texas]]: [[James Stephen Hogg]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Vermont]]: [[Carroll S. Page]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (until October 6), [[Levi K. Fuller]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (starting October 6) * [[Governor of Virginia]]: [[Philip W. McKinney]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Washington]]: [[Elisha Peyre Ferry]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Governor of West Virginia]]: [[Aretas B. Fleming]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Wisconsin]]: [[George Wilbur Peck|George W. Peck]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Governor of Wyoming]]: [[Amos W. Barber]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]])|colwidth=30em}} === Mataimakin gwamnoni === <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Columns-list|* [[Lieutenant Governor of California]]: [[John B. Reddick]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Colorado]]: [[William Story (attorney)|William Story]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut]]: [[Samuel E. Merwin]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Idaho]]: [[John S. Gray (Idaho)|John S. Gray]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Illinois]]: [[Lyman Ray]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Indiana]]: [[Francis M. Griffith]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Iowa]]: [[Alfred N. Poyneer]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (until month and day unknown), [[Samuel L. Bestow]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (starting month and day unknown) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Kansas]]: [[Andrew Jackson Felt|Andrew J. Felt]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky]]: [[Mitchell Cary Alford]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana]]: [[James Jeffries (Louisiana politician)|James Jeffries]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (until month and day unknown), [[Charles Parlange]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (starting month and day unknown) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts]]: [[William H. Haile]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Michigan]]: [[John Strong (Michigan politician)|John Strong]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota]]: [[Gideon S. Ives]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi]]: [[M. M. Evans]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Missouri]]: [[Stephen Hugh Claycomb]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Montana]]: [[John E. Rickards]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska]]: [[Thomas J. Majors]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Nevada]]: [[Joseph Poujade]] (political party unknown) * [[Lieutenant Governor of New York]]: [[William F. Sheehan]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) (starting January 1) * [[Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina]]: vacant * [[Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota]]: [[Roger Allin]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio]]: [[William V. Marquis]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (until January 11), [[Andrew L. Harris]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (starting January 11) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania]]: [[Louis Arthur Watres]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island]]: [[Henry A. Stearns]] (political party unknown) (until May 31), [[Melville Bull]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (starting May 31) * [[Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina]]: [[Eugene B. Gary]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota]]: [[George H. Hoffman]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee]]: [[William C. Dismukes]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Texas]]: [[George Cassety Pendleton]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Vermont]]: [[Henry A. Fletcher]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (until October 6), [[F. Stewart Stranahan]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) (starting October 6) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Virginia]]: [[James Hoge Tyler]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Washington]]: [[Charles E. Laughton]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) * [[Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin]]: [[Charles Jonas (Wisconsin politician)|Charles Jonas]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]])|colwidth=30em}} |} == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Janairu-Maris === * Janairu 1 &#x2013; Tsibirin Ellis ya fara karɓar baƙi zuwa Amurka. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Harlan D. Unrau |year=1984 |title=Ellis Island, Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York-New Jersey |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service |page=208}}</ref> * Janairu 15 &#x2013; An buga dokokin James Naismith game da ƙwallon kwando a karon farko a jaridar Springfield YMCA International Training School, a cikin wani labarin mai taken "Sabon Wasan". * 20 ga Janairu &#x2013; A YMCA da ke Springfield, Massachusetts, an buga wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] na farko a hukumance. * 1 ga Fabrairu &#x2013; An kafa gidan tarihi na Enterprise Bar and Grill a Rico, Colorado . * 12 ga Fabrairu &#x2013; An ayyana ranar haihuwar tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Abraham Lincoln]] a matsayin ranar hutu ta ƙasa a Amurka. * 18 ga Fabrairu &#x2013; An kafa Pennsauken Township, New Jersey . * 23 ga Fabrairu &#x2013; 7.1–7.2 M Girgizar ƙasa ta Laguna Salada ta girgiza Kudancin California da arewacin Mexico da ƙarfin Mercalli na VIII ( ''Mai tsanani'' ). * Maris 15 &#x2013; Jesse W. Reno ya ba da lasisin escalator na farko mai aiki, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Old Iron Pier, Coney Island, birnin New York. === Afrilu-Yuni === * Afrilu &#x2013; Yaƙin Gundumar Johnson ya ɓarke tsakanin ƙananan manoma da manyan makiyaya a [[Wyoming]] . * Afrilu 15 &#x2013; An kafa [[General Electric|Kamfanin General Electric]] ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar Kamfanin Thomson-Houston da Kamfanin Edison General Electric. * 19 ga Afrilu &#x2013; Girgizar ƙasa mai tsawon mita 6.4 _{a La} Vacaville–Winters ta girgiza yankin North Bay na California tare da matsakaicin ƙarfin Mercalli na IX ( ''Rikici'' ). Wannan lamari na farko da ya faru a girgizar ƙasa sau biyu ya haifar da mutuwar mutum ɗaya, kuma bayan kwana biyu girgizar _La mai karfin maki 6.2 ta biyo baya. Jimillar barnar da ta faru ya kai dala $225,000–250,000. * 28 ga Afrilu &#x2013; An kafa Redondo Beach, California . * 30 ga Afrilu &#x2013; An kama Ephraim Grizzard, wani Ba’amurke ɗan Afirka, a Nashville, Tennessee . * 10 ga Mayu &#x2013; An kafa Glen Ellyn, Illinois . * 10 ga Mayu &#x2013; Fashewar iskar gas a mahakar ma'adinai mai lamba 1 da ke Roslyn, Washington ta kashe ma'aikatan hakar ma'adinai 45, bala'in masana'antu mafi muni a tarihin [[Washington (jiha)|jihar Washington]] . * 11 ga Mayu &#x2013; Za a gudanar da gasar tsere ta Kentucky Derby ta 18 a Louisville, Kentucky; Azra ta zo ta daya, Huron ta biyu, Phil Dwyer kuma ta uku a tseren da dawaki uku kacal. * 28 ga Mayu &#x2013; John Muir ne ya shirya gasar [[Cibiyar Sierra|Sierra Club]] a [[San Francisco|San Francisco, California]] . * 6 ga Yuni &#x2013; An buɗe layin dogo mai tsayi "L" na Chicago . * 7 ga Yuni &#x2013; An kama Homer Plessy, wanda asalinsa na Afirka ne na takwas, mai launin fata mai haske, saboda zaune (da gangan) a kan motar fararen fata kawai a Louisiana, wanda hakan ya kai ga shari'ar da ta fi daukar hankali ''tsakanin Plessy da Ferguson'' . * 30 ga Yuni &#x2013; Yajin aikin Homestead ya fara ne a Homestead, Pennsylvania, wanda ya ƙare a fafatawa tsakanin ma'aikatan yajin aiki da jami'an tsaro masu zaman kansu a ranar 6 ga Yuli. === Yuli-Satumba === * 4 ga Yuli &#x2013; [[Samoa]] ta sauya yankin lokacinta zuwa sa'o'i 3 bayan California, ta yadda za ta ketare layin kwanan wata na duniya kuma 4 ga Yuli ya faru sau biyu. * 6 ga Yuli &#x2013; Yajin Aiki a Gidaje : Zuwan rundunar 'yan sanda 300 ta Pinkerton daga [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] da [[Chicago]] ya haifar da faɗa inda aka kashe kimanin mutane 10. * Agusta 1 &#x2013; An sake zaɓen Thomas G. Jones a matsayin gwamna na 28 a Alabama, inda ya kayar da Reuben Kolb . * Agusta 4 ** An sami uba da uwar Lizzie Borden da aka kashe da ƙarfi a gidansu da ke Fall River, Massachusetts ; za a wanke ta daga kisan gillar da suka yi. ** An kafa [[Franklin Park Il|Franklin Park, Illinois]] a matsayin ƙauye. * Agusta 9 &#x2013; [[Thomas Edison]] ya sami takardar izinin mallakar wayar tarho mai hanyoyi biyu. * Agusta 13 &#x2013; Jaridar ''Baltimore African-American'', wacce ita ce jaridar da ta fi dadewa a kasar mallakar 'yan Afirka, ta buga fitowarta ta farko (mawallafi, John H. Murphy, Sr. ). === Oktoba-Disamba === * 5 ga Oktoba &#x2013; Mutanen garin sun harbi ƙungiyar Dalton, waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin yin fashi a bankuna biyu a Coffeyville, Kansas ; Emmett Dalton ne kawai ya tsira, tare da raunuka 23, wanda ya shafe shekaru 14 a gidan yari. * 12 ga Oktoba &#x2013; Domin bikin cika shekaru 400 da hutun Ranar Columbus, ɗaliban makarantun gwamnati na Amurka ne suka fara karanta " Alƙawarin Aminci ". * 24 ga Oktoba &#x2013; Boston Beaneaters ta lashe gasar Fifth National League Pennant ta hanyar doke Cleveland Spiders da ci 5 da 0. * 8 ga Nuwamba ** Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka a shekarar 1892 : An zaɓi Grover Cleveland a kan Benjamin Harrison da James B. Weaver don lashe wa'adi na biyu a jere ba tare da an yi masa katsalandan ba. ** An fara yajin aikin Janar na New Orleans na tsawon kwanaki hudu. * 12 ga Nuwamba &#x2013; An biya Pudge Heffelfinger dala $525 daga Allegheny Athletic Association, inda ya zama ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa na farko na Amurka]] da aka taɓa yin rikodinsa. * 17 ga Disamba &#x2013; An ƙaddamar da mujallar ''Vogue'' . === Ba a taɓa yin kwanan wata ba === * An fara sayar da hatsin karin kumallo na alkama da aka yanka a gidajen cin abinci ta hannun Henry Perky . * Kwalejin Ithaca ta kafa a matsayin Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Ithaca a New York (jihar) ta hannun William Grant Egbert. * An kafa makarantar sakandare ta Lowell a Lowell, Indiana . * An kafa Aberdeen, Maryland . * An kafa ƙungiyar Cadet Band (wadda ake kira Highty-Tighties na zamani) ta Kwalejin Aikin Gona da Injini ta Virginia (wadda ake kira Virginia Tech a yanzu) a cikin ƙungiyar fasaha ta Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets . * [[Andrew Carnegie]] ya haɗa dukkan kasuwancinsa daban-daban zuwa Kamfanin Karfe na Carnegie, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar mallakar kamfanoni a masana'antar ƙarfe ta Amurka. === Ana ci gaba === * Juyin Juya Halin Garza a Texas da Mexico (1891–1893) * Zamanin Gilded (1869–c. 1896) * Shekarun 'Yan Luwadi (1890–1899) * Zamanin Ci Gaba (1890s-1920s) == Haihuwa == * January 9 &#x2013; Eva Bowring, U.S. Senator from Nebraska in 1954 (died 1985) * January 14 &#x2013; [[Hal Roach]], film and television producer, director and actor (died 1992) * January 16 ** Homer Burton Adkins, chemist (died 1949) ** Charles W. Ryder, general (died 1960) ** William A. Stanfill, U.S. Senator from Kentucky from 1945 to 1946 (died 1971) * January 26 &#x2013; Zara Cully, actress (died 1978) * February 19 &#x2013; Scott W. Lucas, U.S. Senator from Illinois from 1939 to 1951 (died 1968) * February 29 ** Ed Appleton, baseball player (died 1932) ** Augusta Savage, African American sculptor (died 1962) * March 9 &#x2013; Arthur Caesar, screenwriter (died 1953) * March 26 &#x2013; Paul Douglas, U.S. Senator from Illinois from 1949 to 1967 (died 1976) * April 8 &#x2013; Rose McConnell Long, U.S. Senator from Louisiana from 1936 to 1937 (died 1970) * May 5 &#x2013; Rajarsi Janakananda, millionaire and disciple of Paramahansa Yogananda (died 1955) * May 10 &#x2013; Arthur E. Nelson, U.S. Senator from Minnesota from 1942 to 1943 (died 1955) * May 16 &#x2013; Osgood Perkins, actor (died 1937) * May 19 &#x2013; Pops Foster, jazz bass player (died 1969) * May 20 &#x2013; Harry J. Anslinger, 1st Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (died 1975) * May 24 &#x2013; Joe Oeschger, baseball pitcher (died 1986) * June 6 &#x2013; Donald F. Duncan, Sr., toymaker and businessman, founder of Duncan Toys Company (died 1971) * June 15 &#x2013; Wallace Wade, American football coach, University of Alabama, Duke University (died 1986) * July 4 &#x2013; Henry M. Mullinnix, admiral (d. 1943) * July 10 &#x2013; Spessard Holland, U.S. Senator from Florida from 1946 to 1971 (died 1971) * July 24 - Alice Ball, American chemist who developed the "Ball Method", for treating [[Kuturta|leprosy]] (died 1916) * July 26 &#x2013; Sad Sam Jones, baseball player (died 1966) * July 29 &#x2013; [[William Powell]], film actor (died 1984) * August 6 &#x2013; [[Edith Achilles]], psychologist (died 1989) * August 16 &#x2013; Otto Messmer, cartoonist (died 1983) * August 20 &#x2013; George Aiken, U.S. Senator from Vermont from 1941 to 1975 (died 1984) * August 23 &#x2013; Alexander G. Barry, U.S. Senator from Oregon from 1938 to 1939 (died 1952) * October 6 &#x2013; Jackie Saunders, silent film actress (died 1954) * October 13 &#x2013; Malcolm McGregor, silent film actor (died 1945) * October 28 &#x2013; Dink Johnson, jazz musician (died 1954) * November 10 &#x2013; Frank A. Barrett, U.S. Senator from Wyoming from 1953 to 1959 (died 1962) * December 15 &#x2013; J. Paul Getty, industrialist (died 1976) == Mutuwa == * Janairu 2 &#x2013; Montgomery C. Meigs, tsohon jami'in sojan Amurka kuma injiniyan farar hula, Babban Jami'in Kwata na Rundunar Sojojin Amurka a lokacin da kuma bayan Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka (an haife shi a 1816 ) * Fabrairu 28 &#x2013; Elias Nelson Conway, Gwamna na 5 na Arkansas daga 1852 zuwa 1860 (an haife shi a 1812 ) * Maris 7 - Horace Bonham, ɗan zane-zanen nau'in Amurka (an haife shi a shekara ta 1835) * Maris 26 &#x2013; Walt Whitman, mawaƙi, marubucin ''Leaves of Grass'' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1819 ). * Afrilu 6 &#x2013; Willard Saulsbury, Sr., Sanatan Amurka daga Delaware daga 1873 zuwa 1892 (an haife shi a 1820 ) * 14 ga Mayu &#x2013; John S. Barbour, Jr., Sanatan Amurka daga Virginia daga 1889 zuwa 1892 (an haife shi a 1820 ) * 8 ga Yuni &#x2013; Robert Ford, ɗan fashi, mai kisan Jesse James (an haife shi a shekara ta 1862 ) * 14 ga Yuli &#x2013; Newton Booth, Sanatan Amurka daga California daga 1875 zuwa 1881 (an haife shi a 1825 ) * Agusta 16 &#x2013; Thomas H. Watts, Gwamna na 18 na Alabama, Babban Lauyan Jihohi na 3 na Gundumar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1819 ) * Satumba 7 - John Greenleaf Whittier, mawaƙin Quaker kuma mai son kawar da mulkin mallaka (an haife shi a shekara ta 1807 ) * Satumba 23 &#x2013; John Pope, tsohon jami'in sojan Amurka kuma janar na Tarayyar Turai a Yaƙin Basasa (an haife shi a 1822 ) * 5 ga Oktoba &#x2013; 'Yan kungiyar ta'adda ta Dalton (an harbe su) ** Bob Dalton (an haife shi a shekara ta 1869 ) ** Grat Dalton (an haife shi a shekara ta 1861 ) * 18 ga Oktoba &#x2013; William W. Chapman, ɗan siyasa kuma lauya (an haife shi a shekara ta 1808 ) * 25 ga Oktoba &#x2013; Caroline Harrison, [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka]] a matsayin matar Shugaba Benjamin Harrison (an haife ta a shekara ta 1832 ) * 29 ga Nuwamba &#x2013; Graham N. Fitch, Sanatan Amurka daga Indiana daga 1857 zuwa 1861 (an haife shi a 1809 ) * 2 ga Disamba &#x2013; Jay Gould, mai haɓaka layin dogo kuma mai hasashe (an haife shi a shekara ta 1836 ) * Disamba 15 &#x2013; Randall L. Gibson, Sanatan Amurka daga Louisiana daga 1883 zuwa 1892 (an haife shi a 1832 ) * Disamba 31 &#x2013; Henry P. Baldwin, Gwamnan Michigan daga 1869 zuwa 1873 kuma Sanatan Amurka daga Michigan daga 1879 zuwa 1881 (an haife shi a 1814 ) * Zenas King, mai gina gada (an haife shi a shekara ta 1818 ) == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finan Amurka na shekarun 1890 * Jadawalin tarihin Amurka (1860-1899) == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline}} 6euf5ng64m6xsdij4arq87247vbgvqh 0 180633 976041 2026-11-05T07:55:00Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 A Sulaiman Z moved page [[Draft:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] to [[Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] over redirect 976041 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] ofxpskn63537fzhdvaij6b87bfoqwkh 1 180634 976043 2026-11-05T07:55:00Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 A Sulaiman Z moved page [[Tattaunawa:Draft:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] to [[Tattaunawa:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] 976043 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawa:Yahaya Ibrahim Masussuka]] pa9ml13owoy5u9tzmh94l4nb7tv4gm8