Ashoka the Great

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|name =Ashoka the Great (Asoka
|title=Mauryan Samrat
|image =
[[File:Indian relief from Amaravati, Guntur. Preserved in Guimet Museum.jpg|thumb|Indian_relief_from_Amaravati,_Guntur._Preserved_in_Guimet_Museum]]
|caption =A Chakravatin,(possibly Ashoka the great) 1st century BC/CE.&lt;br/&gt; Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati. Preserved at Musee Guimet
|reign =273 BC-232 BC
|coronation =270 BC
|othertitles = Samrat. Other titles include Devanampriya Priyadarsi, Dhammarakhit, Dharmarajika, Dhammarajika, Dhammaradnya, Chakravartin, Samrat, Radnyashreshtha, Magadhrajshretha, Magadharajan, Bhupatin, Mauryaraja, Aryashok, Dharmashok, Dhammashok, Asokvadhhan , Ashokavardhan, Prajapita,Dhammanayak, Dharmanayak
|full name =Ashok Bindusara Maurya
|religion = [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]]
|predecessor =Bindusara
|successor =Dasaratha Maurya
|queen = Maharani Devi
|spouse 1 = Rani Tishyaraksha
|spouse 2 = Rani Padmavati
|spouse 3 = Rani Kaurwaki
|spouse 4 =
|spouse 5 =
|issue=Mahendra, Sanghamitra,Teevala, Kunala
|royal house = Mauryan dynasty
|father =Bindusara
|mother =Rani Dharma or Shubhadrangi
|brothers =[[Vitthashoka]], [[Susima]]
|date of birth = 304 BC
|place of birth = Pataliputra, Patna
|date of death = 232 BC (aged 72)
|place of death = Pataliputra, Patna
|date of burial = Cremated 232 BC, less than 24 hours after death
|place of burial = Ashes immersed in [[Ganges]] River, possibly in Varanasi
|influenced by  = [[Buddha]] {{·}} [[Chandragupta Maurya]] {{·}}[[Bindusara]] {{·}} [[Chanakya]] {{·}}[[Mahavira]]{{·}}[[Alexander the Great]] {{·}}[[Seleucus I Nicator]] {{·}}[[Diodotus I]] {{·}}[[Antiochus I Soter]]  {{·}}
|influenced  = [[Kunal]] {{·}} [[Harsha]] {{·}}[[Samudragupta]] {{·}}[[Ramagupta]] {{·}}[[Chandragupta]] II [[Kumaragupta]] {{·}}[[Skandagupta]] {{·}}[[Purugupta]] [[Vishnugupta]]
}}

[[File:Mauryan Empire under Ashoka.png|thumb|Mauryan_Empire_under_Ashoka]]

'''Ashoka''' ek [[India]]n [[emperor]] rahaa jiske [[Maurya dynasty]]  [[India]] pe  273 BCE tse lae ke 232 BCE talak raj karis. Uske India ke sab se barraa raja maana jaawe hae aur uu India ke lagbhag sab jagah pe military conquest ke baad, raj karis rahaa. Ek larrai, jisme 200,457 log ke maut hoe gais, uu Buddhist ban  gais. 

== Jaankari ke srot ==

Ashoka ke baare me jaankari  [[List of Edicts of Ashoka|uske inscriptions]], duusra inscriptions jon uske charchaa kare hae, nai to hoe sake uske raaj se, aur puraana literature, khaas kar ke Buddhist books.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=5–8}} Ii sab srot dher dafe ek duusre ke  contradict kare hae, lekin dher historians uulog ke testiminy ke correlate kare ke kosos katin rahaa testimony.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}}

[[File:Ashoka Rock Edict at Junagadh.jpg|thumb|[[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict]]  [[Junagadh]] me inscriptions by Ashoka (fourteen of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]]), [[Rudradaman I]] aur [[Skandagupta]] hae.]]
===Inscriptions===

Ashoka ke inscriptions sab se puraana self-representations of imperial power in the Indian subcontinent hae.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=131}} lekin, ii sab inscriptions jaada kar ke topic of ''[[Ashoka's policy of Dhamma|dhamma]]'' pe focus kare hae, aur  [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] state aur  society ke baare me bahut kamtii jaan kari de hae.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}}   American academic [[John S. Strong]] ke anusaar, ii kabhi-kabhi helpful rahe hae ki ii socho ki  Ashoka ke sandes  propaganda hae ek politician se jiske aim hae, aapan aur aapan raaj ke baare me achchhaa chij batae, aur khaali itihasik jaanjari nai.  {{sfn|Strong|1995|p=141}}

Kuchh aur inscriptions ajaankari de hae Ashoka ke baare me.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}} jaise, uu Ashoka  [[2nd-century]] [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]] me.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=8}} [[Aramaic Inscription of Taxila|Ek inscription]] jiske [[Sirkap]] me paawa gais hae mention kare hae ek khoyaa bais sabd jon &quot;Priyadari&quot; se suruu hoe hae, jiske maana jaawe hae ki  Ashoka ke title &quot;Priyadarshi&quot; rahaa, kaaheki   Aramaic 3rd century BCE ke me likha gais hae, lekin ii certain nai hae.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=7}} Kuchh aur inscriptions, jaise [[Sohgaura copper plate inscription]] aur Mahasthan inscription, keo Ashoka ke jamaana ke date karaa gais hae,  scholars se, lekin kuchh log iske biswas nai kare hae.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=7–8}}

===Buddhist legends===

Ashoka ke baare me dher jaankari Buddhist legends se aawe hae, jon uske dekhae hae ek barraa, ideal samrat ke ruup me.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=331–332}} Ii sab kahaani  ke Ashoka ke time nai likha gais rahaa  aur inke Buddhist authors likhe rahin, jon dher khissa ke kaam me laae ke ii dekhae ke kosis kare hae ki Buddhism kaise Ashoka ke affect karis rahaa.  Ii kaaran se ii jaankari ke itihasik jaankari ke srot me kaam me laae pe  caution exercise kare ke chaahi.  {{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=8–9}} Aaj-kal ke scholars me, ii srot ke baare me raae  range kare hae downright dismissal of these legends as mythological seacceptance of all historical portions that seem plausible.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=12}}

Ashoka ke baare me Buddhist legends dher bhasa me hae, jisme hae [[Sanskrit]], [[Pali]], [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Lao language|Lao]], aur [[Khotanese language|Khotanese]]. Ii sab kahani ke dui primary traditions pe trace karaa jaae sake hae:{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}}
* North Indian tradition jon Sanskrit-bhasa waala texts me preserved hae, jaise  ''[[Divyavadana]]'' (jisme ''[[Ashokavadana]]'' bhi hae); aur Chinese sources jaise ''A-yü wang chuan'' and ''A-yü wang ching''.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}}
* the Sri Lankan tradition jon Pali-bhasa waala texts me preserved hae, jaise  ''[[Dipavamsa]]'', ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', ''Vamsatthapakasini'' ( ''Mahavamsa'' pe commentary), Buddhaghosha ke commentary Vinaya pe, aur ''Samanta-pasadika''.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=8}}{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}}

Ii dui tradition me dher khaas antar hae . Jaise,  Sri Lankan tradition Ashoka ke role  [[Third Buddhist council]] ke balae me, aur uske missionaries ke duur-duur bhejna, jisme uske larrka [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda]]  Sri Lanka aais rahaa, bhi hae.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}} Lekin,  North Indian tradition ii sab events ke baare me kuchh nai batae hae. Isme aur kuch jaankari hae jon   Sri Lankan tradition me nai hae, jaise ek khissa ek duusra larrka,  Kunala ke baare me.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=144}}

Jaana-maana khissa jon duuno tradition me hae, ke batae me duuno traditions diverge hoe hae dher rakam se. Jaise, duuno ''Ashokavadana'' aur ''Mahavamsa''jikar kare hae Ashoka ke empress [[Tishyarakshita]]  [[Bodhi Tree]] ke naas kar diis rahaa.  ''Ashokavadana'' me, empress perr ke bachae le hae jab uu ii realise kare hae ki uu maistake karis hae.  ''Mahavamsa'' me, uu perr ke sab din ke khaatir naas kar de hae, lekin ii, uske baad jab perr ke ek daali ke  Sri Lanka me boe deewa gais rahaa.{{sfn|Strong|1995|pp=152–154}} Ek aur khissa me , duuno texts describe kare hae Ashoka ke unsuccessful attempts karis rahaa   Gautama Buddha ke relics ke [[Ramagrama stupa|Ramagrama]] se batore ke.  ''Ashokavadana'' me, Ashoka isme asafal rahe hae kaaheki uu   [[Nāga]]s wjiske lage relics rahaa, ke devotion ke match nai kare sakaa rahaa; lekin me ''Mahavamsa'', uske relics nai mile hae kaaheki Buddha batai rahaa ki ii relics King [[Dutthagamani]] of [[Anuradhapura Kingdom|Sri Lanka]] ke lage rahii.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=155}} Aisan khissa ke kaam me laae ke,  ''Mahavamsa'' Sri Lanka ke glorify kare hae  as the new preserve of Buddhism.{{sfn|Strong|1995|pp=154–157}}

[[File:013 King Asoka visits Ramagrama (33428090870).jpg|thumb|800px|center|King Ashoka Ramagrama jaawe hae, Buddha ke relics ke  [[Nāga|Nagas]] se le ke khaatir, lekin uu asafal rahe hae. Southern gateway, Stupa 1, [[Sanchi]].{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=162}}]]


{{BD|-304BC|-232BC|Ashoka}}

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      <text bytes="9221" sha1="qsdf1tg997o7mm7ges5wrantboi0njd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Monarch
|name =Ashoka the Great (Asoka
|title=Mauryan Samrat
|image =
[[File:Indian relief from Amaravati, Guntur. Preserved in Guimet Museum.jpg|thumb|Indian_relief_from_Amaravati,_Guntur._Preserved_in_Guimet_Museum]]
|caption =A Chakravatin,(possibly Ashoka the great) 1st century BC/CE.&lt;br/&gt; Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati. Preserved at Musee Guimet
|reign =273 BC-232 BC
|coronation =270 BC
|othertitles = Samrat. Other titles include Devanampriya Priyadarsi, Dhammarakhit, Dharmarajika, Dhammarajika, Dhammaradnya, Chakravartin, Samrat, Radnyashreshtha, Magadhrajshretha, Magadharajan, Bhupatin, Mauryaraja, Aryashok, Dharmashok, Dhammashok, Asokvadhhan , Ashokavardhan, Prajapita,Dhammanayak, Dharmanayak
|full name =Ashok Bindusara Maurya
|religion = [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]]
|predecessor =Bindusara
|successor =Dasaratha Maurya
|queen = Maharani Devi
|spouse 1 = Rani Tishyaraksha
|spouse 2 = Rani Padmavati
|spouse 3 = Rani Kaurwaki
|spouse 4 =
|spouse 5 =
|issue=Mahendra, Sanghamitra,Teevala, Kunala
|royal house = Mauryan dynasty
|father =Bindusara
|mother =Rani Dharma or Shubhadrangi
|brothers =[[Vitthashoka]], [[Susima]]
|date of birth = 304 BC
|place of birth = Pataliputra, Patna
|date of death = 232 BC (aged 72)
|place of death = Pataliputra, Patna
|date of burial = Cremated 232 BC, less than 24 hours after death
|place of burial = Ashes immersed in [[Ganges]] River, possibly in Varanasi
|influenced by  = [[Buddha]] {{·}} [[Chandragupta Maurya]] {{·}}[[Bindusara]] {{·}} [[Chanakya]] {{·}}[[Mahavira]]{{·}}[[Alexander the Great]] {{·}}[[Seleucus I Nicator]] {{·}}[[Diodotus I]] {{·}}[[Antiochus I Soter]]  {{·}}
|influenced  = [[Kunal]] {{·}} [[Harsha]] {{·}}[[Samudragupta]] {{·}}[[Ramagupta]] {{·}}[[Chandragupta]] II [[Kumaragupta]] {{·}}[[Skandagupta]] {{·}}[[Purugupta]] [[Vishnugupta]]
}}

[[File:Mauryan Empire under Ashoka.png|thumb|Mauryan_Empire_under_Ashoka]]

'''Ashoka''' ek [[India]]n [[emperor]] rahaa jiske [[Maurya dynasty]]  [[India]] pe  273 BCE tse lae ke 232 BCE talak raj karis. Uske India ke sab se barraa raja maana jaawe hae aur uu India ke lagbhag sab jagah pe military conquest ke baad, raj karis rahaa. Ek larrai, jisme 200,457 log ke maut hoe gais, uu Buddhist ban  gais. 

== Jaankari ke srot ==

Ashoka ke baare me jaankari  [[List of Edicts of Ashoka|uske inscriptions]], duusra inscriptions jon uske charchaa kare hae, nai to hoe sake uske raaj se, aur puraana literature, khaas kar ke Buddhist books.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=5–8}} Ii sab srot dher dafe ek duusre ke  contradict kare hae, lekin dher historians uulog ke testiminy ke correlate kare ke kosos katin rahaa testimony.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}}

[[File:Ashoka Rock Edict at Junagadh.jpg|thumb|[[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict]]  [[Junagadh]] me inscriptions by Ashoka (fourteen of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]]), [[Rudradaman I]] aur [[Skandagupta]] hae.]]
===Inscriptions===

Ashoka ke inscriptions sab se puraana self-representations of imperial power in the Indian subcontinent hae.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=131}} lekin, ii sab inscriptions jaada kar ke topic of ''[[Ashoka's policy of Dhamma|dhamma]]'' pe focus kare hae, aur  [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] state aur  society ke baare me bahut kamtii jaan kari de hae.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}}   American academic [[John S. Strong]] ke anusaar, ii kabhi-kabhi helpful rahe hae ki ii socho ki  Ashoka ke sandes  propaganda hae ek politician se jiske aim hae, aapan aur aapan raaj ke baare me achchhaa chij batae, aur khaali itihasik jaanjari nai.  {{sfn|Strong|1995|p=141}}

Kuchh aur inscriptions ajaankari de hae Ashoka ke baare me.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}} jaise, uu Ashoka  [[2nd-century]] [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]] me.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=8}} [[Aramaic Inscription of Taxila|Ek inscription]] jiske [[Sirkap]] me paawa gais hae mention kare hae ek khoyaa bais sabd jon &quot;Priyadari&quot; se suruu hoe hae, jiske maana jaawe hae ki  Ashoka ke title &quot;Priyadarshi&quot; rahaa, kaaheki   Aramaic 3rd century BCE ke me likha gais hae, lekin ii certain nai hae.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=7}} Kuchh aur inscriptions, jaise [[Sohgaura copper plate inscription]] aur Mahasthan inscription, keo Ashoka ke jamaana ke date karaa gais hae,  scholars se, lekin kuchh log iske biswas nai kare hae.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=7–8}}

===Buddhist legends===

Ashoka ke baare me dher jaankari Buddhist legends se aawe hae, jon uske dekhae hae ek barraa, ideal samrat ke ruup me.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=331–332}} Ii sab kahaani  ke Ashoka ke time nai likha gais rahaa  aur inke Buddhist authors likhe rahin, jon dher khissa ke kaam me laae ke ii dekhae ke kosis kare hae ki Buddhism kaise Ashoka ke affect karis rahaa.  Ii kaaran se ii jaankari ke itihasik jaankari ke srot me kaam me laae pe  caution exercise kare ke chaahi.  {{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=8–9}} Aaj-kal ke scholars me, ii srot ke baare me raae  range kare hae downright dismissal of these legends as mythological seacceptance of all historical portions that seem plausible.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=12}}

Ashoka ke baare me Buddhist legends dher bhasa me hae, jisme hae [[Sanskrit]], [[Pali]], [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Lao language|Lao]], aur [[Khotanese language|Khotanese]]. Ii sab kahani ke dui primary traditions pe trace karaa jaae sake hae:{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}}
* North Indian tradition jon Sanskrit-bhasa waala texts me preserved hae, jaise  ''[[Divyavadana]]'' (jisme ''[[Ashokavadana]]'' bhi hae); aur Chinese sources jaise ''A-yü wang chuan'' and ''A-yü wang ching''.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}}
* the Sri Lankan tradition jon Pali-bhasa waala texts me preserved hae, jaise  ''[[Dipavamsa]]'', ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', ''Vamsatthapakasini'' ( ''Mahavamsa'' pe commentary), Buddhaghosha ke commentary Vinaya pe, aur ''Samanta-pasadika''.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=8}}{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}}

Ii dui tradition me dher khaas antar hae . Jaise,  Sri Lankan tradition Ashoka ke role  [[Third Buddhist council]] ke balae me, aur uske missionaries ke duur-duur bhejna, jisme uske larrka [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda]]  Sri Lanka aais rahaa, bhi hae.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}} Lekin,  North Indian tradition ii sab events ke baare me kuchh nai batae hae. Isme aur kuch jaankari hae jon   Sri Lankan tradition me nai hae, jaise ek khissa ek duusra larrka,  Kunala ke baare me.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=144}}

Jaana-maana khissa jon duuno tradition me hae, ke batae me duuno traditions diverge hoe hae dher rakam se. Jaise, duuno ''Ashokavadana'' aur ''Mahavamsa''jikar kare hae Ashoka ke empress [[Tishyarakshita]]  [[Bodhi Tree]] ke naas kar diis rahaa.  ''Ashokavadana'' me, empress perr ke bachae le hae jab uu ii realise kare hae ki uu maistake karis hae.  ''Mahavamsa'' me, uu perr ke sab din ke khaatir naas kar de hae, lekin ii, uske baad jab perr ke ek daali ke  Sri Lanka me boe deewa gais rahaa.{{sfn|Strong|1995|pp=152–154}} Ek aur khissa me , duuno texts describe kare hae Ashoka ke unsuccessful attempts karis rahaa   Gautama Buddha ke relics ke [[Ramagrama stupa|Ramagrama]] se batore ke.  ''Ashokavadana'' me, Ashoka isme asafal rahe hae kaaheki uu   [[Nāga]]s wjiske lage relics rahaa, ke devotion ke match nai kare sakaa rahaa; lekin me ''Mahavamsa'', uske relics nai mile hae kaaheki Buddha batai rahaa ki ii relics King [[Dutthagamani]] of [[Anuradhapura Kingdom|Sri Lanka]] ke lage rahii.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=155}} Aisan khissa ke kaam me laae ke,  ''Mahavamsa'' Sri Lanka ke glorify kare hae  as the new preserve of Buddhism.{{sfn|Strong|1995|pp=154–157}}

[[File:013 King Asoka visits Ramagrama (33428090870).jpg|thumb|800px|center|King Ashoka Ramagrama jaawe hae, Buddha ke relics ke  [[Nāga|Nagas]] se le ke khaatir, lekin uu asafal rahe hae. Southern gateway, Stupa 1, [[Sanchi]].{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=162}}]]

===Duusra srot===

Numismatic, sculptural, aur archaeological sabuut Ashoka pe research ke supplement kare hae.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=11}} Ashoka ke naam Mauryan samrat ke suchi me  dher  [[Puranas]] me hae. Lekin ii texts uske baare me aur detail nai de hae kaaheki [[Brahmanism|Brahmanical]] lekhak ke  Mauryans patronise nai karat rahin.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=15}} Aur texts, jaise ''[[Arthashastra]]'' aur [[Indica (Megasthenes)|''Indica'' of Megasthenes]], jon Maurya jamaana ke baare me jaankari de hae, ke kaam me laae ke  Ashoka ke raaj ke baare me jaankari ekkatha karaa jaae sake hae.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=9}} Lekin ''Arthashastra'' ek text hae jon  ideal pe focus kare hae  historical state pe nai, aur iske  Mauryan jamaana ke date kare pe  debate hae. ''Indica'' ek [[Lost literary work|lost work]], aur iske khaali kuchh hissa bachaa hae jon paraphrases in later writings hae.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}}

12th-century text ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' mentions kare hae ek [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] raja [[Ashoka (Gonandiya)|Ashoka of Gonandiya dynasty]] jon dhe banais rahaa [[stupa]]s: kuchh scholars, jaise [[Aurel Stein]], ii raja ke  Maurya emperor Ashoka batais hae; aur log, jaise [[Ananda W. P. Guruge]] ii identification ke galat batais hae.{{sfn|Guruge|1995b|pp=185-188}}


{{BD|-304BC|-232BC|Ashoka}}

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|name =Ashoka the Great (Asoka
|title=Mauryan Samrat
|image =
[[File:Indian relief from Amaravati, Guntur. Preserved in Guimet Museum.jpg|thumb|Indian_relief_from_Amaravati,_Guntur._Preserved_in_Guimet_Museum]]
|caption =A Chakravatin,(possibly Ashoka the great) 1st century BC/CE.&lt;br/&gt; Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati. Preserved at Musee Guimet
|reign =273 BC-232 BC
|coronation =270 BC
|othertitles = Samrat. Other titles include Devanampriya Priyadarsi, Dhammarakhit, Dharmarajika, Dhammarajika, Dhammaradnya, Chakravartin, Samrat, Radnyashreshtha, Magadhrajshretha, Magadharajan, Bhupatin, Mauryaraja, Aryashok, Dharmashok, Dhammashok, Asokvadhhan , Ashokavardhan, Prajapita,Dhammanayak, Dharmanayak
|full name =Ashok Bindusara Maurya
|religion = [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]]
|predecessor =Bindusara
|successor =Dasaratha Maurya
|queen = Maharani Devi
|spouse 1 = Rani Tishyaraksha
|spouse 2 = Rani Padmavati
|spouse 3 = Rani Kaurwaki
|spouse 4 =
|spouse 5 =
|issue=Mahendra, Sanghamitra,Teevala, Kunala
|royal house = Mauryan dynasty
|father =Bindusara
|mother =Rani Dharma or Shubhadrangi
|brothers =[[Vitthashoka]], [[Susima]]
|date of birth = 304 BC
|place of birth = Pataliputra, Patna
|date of death = 232 BC (aged 72)
|place of death = Pataliputra, Patna
|date of burial = Cremated 232 BC, less than 24 hours after death
|place of burial = Ashes immersed in [[Ganges]] River, possibly in Varanasi
|influenced by  = [[Buddha]] {{·}} [[Chandragupta Maurya]] {{·}}[[Bindusara]] {{·}} [[Chanakya]] {{·}}[[Mahavira]]{{·}}[[Alexander the Great]] {{·}}[[Seleucus I Nicator]] {{·}}[[Diodotus I]] {{·}}[[Antiochus I Soter]]  {{·}}
|influenced  = [[Kunal]] {{·}} [[Harsha]] {{·}}[[Samudragupta]] {{·}}[[Ramagupta]] {{·}}[[Chandragupta]] II [[Kumaragupta]] {{·}}[[Skandagupta]] {{·}}[[Purugupta]] [[Vishnugupta]]
}}

[[File:Mauryan Empire under Ashoka.png|thumb|Mauryan_Empire_under_Ashoka]]

'''Ashoka''' ek [[India]]n [[emperor]] rahaa jiske [[Maurya dynasty]]  [[India]] pe  273 BCE tse lae ke 232 BCE talak raj karis. Uske India ke sab se barraa raja maana jaawe hae aur uu India ke lagbhag sab jagah pe military conquest ke baad, raj karis rahaa. Ek larrai, jisme 200,457 log ke maut hoe gais, uu Buddhist ban  gais. 

== Jaankari ke srot ==

Ashoka ke baare me jaankari  [[List of Edicts of Ashoka|uske inscriptions]], duusra inscriptions jon uske charchaa kare hae, nai to hoe sake uske raaj se, aur puraana literature, khaas kar ke Buddhist books.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=5–8}} Ii sab srot dher dafe ek duusre ke  contradict kare hae, lekin dher historians uulog ke testiminy ke correlate kare ke kosos katin rahaa testimony.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}}

[[File:Ashoka Rock Edict at Junagadh.jpg|thumb|[[Ashoka's Major Rock Edict]]  [[Junagadh]] me inscriptions by Ashoka (fourteen of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]]), [[Rudradaman I]] aur [[Skandagupta]] hae.]]
===Inscriptions===

Ashoka ke inscriptions sab se puraana self-representations of imperial power in the Indian subcontinent hae.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=131}} lekin, ii sab inscriptions jaada kar ke topic of ''[[Ashoka's policy of Dhamma|dhamma]]'' pe focus kare hae, aur  [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] state aur  society ke baare me bahut kamtii jaan kari de hae.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}}   American academic [[John S. Strong]] ke anusaar, ii kabhi-kabhi helpful rahe hae ki ii socho ki  Ashoka ke sandes  propaganda hae ek politician se jiske aim hae, aapan aur aapan raaj ke baare me achchhaa chij batae, aur khaali itihasik jaanjari nai.  {{sfn|Strong|1995|p=141}}

Kuchh aur inscriptions ajaankari de hae Ashoka ke baare me.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}} jaise, uu Ashoka  [[2nd-century]] [[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]] me.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=8}} [[Aramaic Inscription of Taxila|Ek inscription]] jiske [[Sirkap]] me paawa gais hae mention kare hae ek khoyaa bais sabd jon &quot;Priyadari&quot; se suruu hoe hae, jiske maana jaawe hae ki  Ashoka ke title &quot;Priyadarshi&quot; rahaa, kaaheki   Aramaic 3rd century BCE ke me likha gais hae, lekin ii certain nai hae.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=7}} Kuchh aur inscriptions, jaise [[Sohgaura copper plate inscription]] aur Mahasthan inscription, keo Ashoka ke jamaana ke date karaa gais hae,  scholars se, lekin kuchh log iske biswas nai kare hae.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=7–8}}

===Buddhist legends===

Ashoka ke baare me dher jaankari Buddhist legends se aawe hae, jon uske dekhae hae ek barraa, ideal samrat ke ruup me.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=331–332}} Ii sab kahaani  ke Ashoka ke time nai likha gais rahaa  aur inke Buddhist authors likhe rahin, jon dher khissa ke kaam me laae ke ii dekhae ke kosis kare hae ki Buddhism kaise Ashoka ke affect karis rahaa.  Ii kaaran se ii jaankari ke itihasik jaankari ke srot me kaam me laae pe  caution exercise kare ke chaahi.  {{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=8–9}} Aaj-kal ke scholars me, ii srot ke baare me raae  range kare hae downright dismissal of these legends as mythological seacceptance of all historical portions that seem plausible.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=12}}

Ashoka ke baare me Buddhist legends dher bhasa me hae, jisme hae [[Sanskrit]], [[Pali]], [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Lao language|Lao]], aur [[Khotanese language|Khotanese]]. Ii sab kahani ke dui primary traditions pe trace karaa jaae sake hae:{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}}
* North Indian tradition jon Sanskrit-bhasa waala texts me preserved hae, jaise  ''[[Divyavadana]]'' (jisme ''[[Ashokavadana]]'' bhi hae); aur Chinese sources jaise ''A-yü wang chuan'' and ''A-yü wang ching''.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}}
* the Sri Lankan tradition jon Pali-bhasa waala texts me preserved hae, jaise  ''[[Dipavamsa]]'', ''[[Mahavamsa]]'', ''Vamsatthapakasini'' ( ''Mahavamsa'' pe commentary), Buddhaghosha ke commentary Vinaya pe, aur ''Samanta-pasadika''.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=8}}{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}}

Ii dui tradition me dher khaas antar hae . Jaise,  Sri Lankan tradition Ashoka ke role  [[Third Buddhist council]] ke balae me, aur uske missionaries ke duur-duur bhejna, jisme uske larrka [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda]]  Sri Lanka aais rahaa, bhi hae.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=143}} Lekin,  North Indian tradition ii sab events ke baare me kuchh nai batae hae. Isme aur kuch jaankari hae jon   Sri Lankan tradition me nai hae, jaise ek khissa ek duusra larrka,  Kunala ke baare me.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=144}}

Jaana-maana khissa jon duuno tradition me hae, ke batae me duuno traditions diverge hoe hae dher rakam se. Jaise, duuno ''Ashokavadana'' aur ''Mahavamsa''jikar kare hae Ashoka ke empress [[Tishyarakshita]]  [[Bodhi Tree]] ke naas kar diis rahaa.  ''Ashokavadana'' me, empress perr ke bachae le hae jab uu ii realise kare hae ki uu maistake karis hae.  ''Mahavamsa'' me, uu perr ke sab din ke khaatir naas kar de hae, lekin ii, uske baad jab perr ke ek daali ke  Sri Lanka me boe deewa gais rahaa.{{sfn|Strong|1995|pp=152–154}} Ek aur khissa me , duuno texts describe kare hae Ashoka ke unsuccessful attempts karis rahaa   Gautama Buddha ke relics ke [[Ramagrama stupa|Ramagrama]] se batore ke.  ''Ashokavadana'' me, Ashoka isme asafal rahe hae kaaheki uu   [[Nāga]]s wjiske lage relics rahaa, ke devotion ke match nai kare sakaa rahaa; lekin me ''Mahavamsa'', uske relics nai mile hae kaaheki Buddha batai rahaa ki ii relics King [[Dutthagamani]] of [[Anuradhapura Kingdom|Sri Lanka]] ke lage rahii.{{sfn|Strong|1995|p=155}} Aisan khissa ke kaam me laae ke,  ''Mahavamsa'' Sri Lanka ke glorify kare hae  as the new preserve of Buddhism.{{sfn|Strong|1995|pp=154–157}}

[[File:013 King Asoka visits Ramagrama (33428090870).jpg|thumb|800px|center|King Ashoka Ramagrama jaawe hae, Buddha ke relics ke  [[Nāga|Nagas]] se le ke khaatir, lekin uu asafal rahe hae. Southern gateway, Stupa 1, [[Sanchi]].{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=162}}]]

===Duusra srot===

Numismatic, sculptural, aur archaeological sabuut Ashoka pe research ke supplement kare hae.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=11}} Ashoka ke naam Mauryan samrat ke suchi me  dher  [[Puranas]] me hae. Lekin ii texts uske baare me aur detail nai de hae kaaheki [[Brahmanism|Brahmanical]] lekhak ke  Mauryans patronise nai karat rahin.{{sfn|Thapar|1995|p=15}} Aur texts, jaise ''[[Arthashastra]]'' aur [[Indica (Megasthenes)|''Indica'' of Megasthenes]], jon Maurya jamaana ke baare me jaankari de hae, ke kaam me laae ke  Ashoka ke raaj ke baare me jaankari ekkatha karaa jaae sake hae.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=9}} Lekin ''Arthashastra'' ek text hae jon  ideal pe focus kare hae  historical state pe nai, aur iske  Mauryan jamaana ke date kare pe  debate hae. ''Indica'' ek [[Lost literary work|lost work]], aur iske khaali kuchh hissa bachaa hae jon paraphrases in later writings hae.{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=132}}

12th-century text ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' mentions kare hae ek [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] raja [[Ashoka (Gonandiya)|Ashoka of Gonandiya dynasty]] jon dhe banais rahaa [[stupa]]s: kuchh scholars, jaise [[Aurel Stein]], ii raja ke  Maurya emperor Ashoka batais hae; aur log, jaise [[Ananda W. P. Guruge]] ii identification ke galat batais hae.{{sfn|Guruge|1995b|pp=185-188}}

== Naam aur padwi ==
{{multiple image
| perrow            = 2
| align             = right
| direction         = horizontal
| header            = Names and titles of Ashoka
| total_width       = 300
| caption_align     = center
| image1            = Devanampiyasa Asoka.jpg
| caption1          = &quot;[[Devanampiya|Devānampiyasa]] Asoka&quot;, in the [[Maski]] [[Edict of Ashoka]].
| image2            = Ashoka in Brahmi script.jpg
| caption2          = The name &quot;Asoka&quot; (𑀅𑀲𑁄𑀓 ''A-so-ka'') in the [[Maski]] [[Minor Rock Edict]].
| image3            = Devanampiyena Piyadasi in the Lumbini Edict of Ashoka.jpg
| caption3          = Ashoka's title &quot;[[Devanampriya|Devanaṃpiyena]] [[Priyadasi|Piyadasi]]&quot; (𑀤𑁂𑀯𑀸𑀦𑀁𑀧𑀺𑀬𑁂𑀦 𑀧𑀺𑀬𑀤𑀲𑀺) in the [[Lumbini]] [[Minor Pillar Edict]].
| footer            = 
}}

&quot;A-shoka&quot; naam ke matlab &quot;without sorrow&quot; hae.  ''[[Ashokavadana]]'' legend ke anusaar, uske maiyaa uske  ii naam diis rahaa kaaheki uske paidaais uske maiyaa ke dukh se hatais rahaa.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=205}}

[[Priyadasi]] naam Ashoka se associated hae  3rd–4th century CE ''[[Dipavamsa]]'' ke anusaar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Dîpavaṃsa: An Ancient Buddhist Historical Record |date=1879 |publisher=Williams and Norgate |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dpavasaanancien00oldegoog/page/n156 147]–148 |url=https://archive.org/details/dpavasaanancien00oldegoog |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ii term ke matlab literally hae &quot;he who regards amiably&quot;, or &quot;of gracious mien&quot; ([[Sanskrit]]: Priya-darshi). Ii saait ek [[regnal name]] name rahaa hoi jiske Ashoka adopt karis rahaa.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|pp=226–227}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Asokan studies&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Asokan studies |date=1979 |page=113 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.67068/67068#page/n125/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ii naam ke ek version ke Ashoka kaam me laais hae Greek-bhasa waala inscriptions me: βασιλεὺς Πιοδασσης (&quot;[[Basileus]] Piodassēs&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Asokan studies&quot;/&gt;

Ashoka ke inscriptions mention kare hae uske title ''[[Devanampriya|Devanampiya]]'' (Sanskrit: ''Devanampriya'', &quot;Beloved of the Gods&quot;). The identification of Devanampiya and Ashoka as the same person is established by the [[Maski#Minor Rock Edict of Ashoka|Maski]] and Gujarra inscriptions, which use both these terms for the king.{{sfn|Strong|1989|p=11}}{{sfn|Lahiri|2015|p=129}} Ii title ke duusra raja log bhi kaam me laae rahin jisme uu time ke  [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura]] aur Ashoka ke descendant [[Dasharatha Maurya]] bhi hae.{{sfn|Thapar|1961|p=226}}

{{BD|-304BC|-232BC|Ashoka}}

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    <title>Otto von Bismarck</title>
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      <text bytes="7490" sha1="s7tyzboe2sfqkba1228e38yec440w4b" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = [[His Serene Highness]]
| name                = Otto von Bismarck
| honorific_suffix    = [[Prince of Bismarck]]
| image               = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0057, Otto von Bismarck (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Bismarck in 1890
| alt                 = Bismarck as an elderly man. He is balding and wears a moustache.
| office              = [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor of the German Empire]]
| term_start          = 21 March 1871
| term_end            = 18 March 1890
| monarch             = {{ubl|[[Wilhelm I]]|[[Frederick III, German Emperor|Friedrich III]]|[[Wilhelm II]]}}
| deputy              = {{ubl|[[Otto Graf zu Stolberg-Wernigerode]]|[[Karl Heinrich von Boetticher]]}}
| predecessor         = ''Position established''
| successor           = [[Leo von Caprivi]]
{{collapsed infobox section begin|Other offices held}}
| office3             = [[Minister President of Prussia]]
| term_start3         = 9 November 1873
| term_end3           = 18 March 1890
| monarch3            = {{ubl|[[Wilhelm I]]|[[Frederick III, German Emperor|Friedrich III]]|[[Wilhelm II]]}}
| predecessor3        = [[Albrecht von Roon]]
| successor3          = [[Leo von Caprivi]]
| term_start4         = 23 September 1862
| term_end4           = 1 January 1873
| monarch4            = [[Wilhelm I]]
| predecessor4        = [[Adolf zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen]]
| successor4          = Albrecht von Roon
| office2             = [[List of chancellors of Germany|Federal Chancellor of the North German Confederation]]
| term_start2         = 1 July 1867
| term_end2           = 21 March 1871
| president2          = Wilhelm I
| predecessor2        = ''Position established''
| successor2          = ''Himself'' {{small|(as [[Chancellor of the German Empire]])}}
| office5             = [[List of foreign ministers of Prussia|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start5         = 23 November 1862
| term_end5           = 18 March 1890
| primeminister5      = {{ubl|''Himself''|[[Albrecht von Roon]]}}
| predecessor5        = [[Albrecht von Bernstorff (diplomat, born 1809)|Albrecht von Bernstorff]]
| successor5          = Leo von Caprivi
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
| birth_name          = Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1815|4|1|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Schönhausen]], [[Altmark]], Prussia
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|1898|7|30|1815|4|1|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Friedrichsruh]], Germany
| resting_place       = [[Bismarck Mausoleum]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|53|31|38|N|10|20|9.96|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| party               = [[Independent politician|Independent]]&lt;!-- {{small|(close to the [[Free Conservative Party]])}}--&gt;
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Johanna von Puttkamer]]|1847|1894|end=d.}}
| children            = 3, including [[Herbert von Bismarck|Herbert]] and [[Wilhelm von Bismarck|Wilhelm]]
| alma_mater          = {{ubl|[[University of Göttingen]] |[[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]]|[[University of Greifswald]]}}
| occupation          = {{hlist|Politician|diplomat|author|farmer|official}}
| signature           = Otto vonBismarck Signature.svg
| allegiance          = [[German Confederation]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kingdom of Prussia]]
| branch              = [[Prussian Army]]
| serviceyears        = 1838–1839
| rank                = [[Colonel general#Germany|Colonel General with the rank of Field Marshal]]
| battles             = [[Second Schleswig War]]&lt;br&gt;[[Austro-Prussian War]] (1866)&lt;br&gt;[[Franco-Prussian War]] (1870)
| mawards             = [[Pour le Mérite]] with oak leaves
| module              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=1889 recording by Otto von Bismarck.ogg|title=Otto von Bismarck's voice|type=speech|description=Recorded 7 October 1889}}
}}
Prince '''Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen''' Duke of [[Lauenburg]] ([[1 April]] [[1815]] – [[30 July]] [[1898]]) [[19th century]] [[Europe]] ke ek sttaesman rahaa. [[1862]] se [[1890]] talak uu Prussia ke Prime Minister rahaa. [[1871]] me uu chhota chhota state ke ek kar ke German Empire banais rahaa, jiske uu pahila chancellor banaa. 

Bismark ke monarchy se link rahaa aur uu democracy ke supporter nai rahaa.

==Bachpan ke din==
Bismarck ke janam 1815 me Schönhausen me bhais rahaa, ek amir palwaar ke estate  [[Berlin]] ke west Prussian Saxony me. His father, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand von Bismarck (1771–1845), ek [[Swabians|Swabian]]-descendant jamindaar estate ke malik aur pahile ke Prussian military officer rahaa; uske maiyaa, Wilhelmine Luise Mencken (1789–1839), ek parrhi-likhi senior government official in Berlin ke larrki rahii, jiske palwaar me dher civil servants along aur academics rahaa. 1816 me, uske palwaar jaae ke uu log ke  Pomeranian estate, Kniephof (abhi ke Konarzewo, Poland), northeast of Stettin (abhi ke Szczecin), uu time ke-Prussian province of Farther Pomerania me jaae ke rahe lage rahin. Hian pe, Bismarck aapan bachpan bitais ek bucolic setting me.&lt;ref&gt;George Hesekiel: ''Das Buch vom Fürsten Bismarck''. Bielefeld und Leipzig 1873, [https://books.google.com/books?id=C_RZAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA56-IA1 p. 55.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307224757/https://books.google.de/books?id=C_RZAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA56-IA1 |date=7 March 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uulog ke lage dher jamiin rahe par bhi palwaar bahut dhani nai rahaa; Ferdinand ke kharaab agricultural skills ke kaaran uulog kamti paisa kamaawat rahin, aur   Bismarck ke lage kuchh khaas paisa nai rahaa [[Unification of Germany|unification]] se pahile, kaaheki uske aapan pitaji se bahut-kuchh nai mila rahaa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Otto von Bismarck |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-von-Bismarck |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Britannica |date=26 July 2024 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bismarck ke dui siblings rahaa: uske barraa bhaiyaa Bernhard (1810–1893) aur chhotaa bahini Malwine (1827–1908). Duusra log Bismarck ke ek typical backwoods Prussian jamindaar maanat rahin , ek image, jiske promote kare ke khaatir  uu military uniforms pahinat rahaa. Uu [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], and [[Russian language|Russian]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lowe |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gb_QDH2ACAgC&amp;pg=PA538 |title=Prince Bismarck: An &lt;!-- &quot;an&quot; is not a typo --&gt;Historical Biography With Two Portraits |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-4191-8003-3 |pages=538–540 |quote=French he speaks with the purity and fluency almost of a native, and the same may be said of his English. [...] Not so fluent is the Chancellor's Italian as his French, but yet he can read the journals of Rome. [...] Once, too, he boasted that he was 'about the only man in the Foreign Office who understands Russian'—a language which he [...] acquired during his residence at St. Petersburg. [...] And not only did he master Russian, but he also learned Polish to a degree enabling him to make himself understood. |access-date=1 July 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025123349/https://books.google.com/books?id=gb_QDH2ACAgC&amp;pg=PA538 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Otto von Bismarck, Jugendbildnis im Alter von 22 Jahren.jpg|left|upright=0.9|thumb|Bismarck in 1833, at age 18]]

{{BD|1815|1898|Bismarck, Otto von}}

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    <title>Donald Trump</title>
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      <text bytes="1511" sha1="h8f52v2upvusm57nngfmxx2iikkai1v" xml:space="preserve">[[file:Donald Trump official portrait.jpg|thumb|Donald Trump(45, 47 Rashtrapita America ek), 2017, 2025]]
[[file:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|USA ke jhanda]]
'''Donald Trump''' li [[United States|USA]] se Dhani Hotelier aur pichle Rashtrapati [[United States|America]] ke (45th). Li Shri [[Joe Biden]] ke predecessor hai aur Pradhan Mantri hai Smt. [[Kamala Harris]]. Li ke samay [[Mike Pence]] USA ke pradhan mantri the. Li ke bhai [[Robert Trump]] ka dehant hua tha sann 2020 mein. Li ke umar 70s mein hai. Li [[New York City|New York]] aur dusre desh aur sher mein ek popular celebrity bhi hai. Li ko [[United Nations]] se sambodith kiya jata tha New York ke taluk se. Li ne shri [[Barack Obama]] ko preceed kiya tha aur Shri Joe Biden prashan mantri the. Li ek prolific person the media aur news mein

BLacklist still stands not GVA disarmament

== Career ==
* Li ek TV show Apprentice bhi chalte the.
* Ill ke pita ka naam Fred tha aur li ke samay military mein the. 
* Li ko [[Ronald Reagan]] pichle rashtrapati (USA) ke saath samanith kiya jata hai. 
* Li comedy central roast ke liye bhi jane jate the. 
* Li ke hotel aur ghar ke bhaar bhi bheed hua karta tha New York mein. 
* Li ke hotel duniya bhar maujud hai. 
* Bete ke naam inse jude hai. Elon Musk se sambandh the.
* Crores Bounty hunting mein maujud rahe hai. War ke anth karte hai. 
== Related ==
Sting (Movie), Top Trumps, David Dushman, Imran Khan Niazi, Solar Cars, List of Billionaires, David Thomson

Economy end, covid
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    <title>Uma Dhar</title>
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      <text bytes="8990" sha1="9mrirkslsp4gbyjb6lo1l6b9mfbtxot" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Princess III of [[Dar Raj]]
| image = Uma Dhar 1990.jpg
| title = 
| termstart = 1965
| spouse = {{marriage |Subrata Bose|1989|1989|end=div}}&lt;br&gt;
{{marriage |Rajiv Singh|2001|2026||end=div}}
| parents = Raja [[Chittajit Mohan Dhar]] and Rani [[Leena Dhar]]
| children = Vinayak Singh
| relations = Raja [[Sailendra Sircar]] (great-grandparent)&lt;br&gt;
Raja [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] (great-grandparent)
| occupation = Philosopher and Academician
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|9|21}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]]
| caption = Dhar in 1980
| monarch = Raja [[Chittajit Mohan Dhar]]
}}

'''Dr. Uma Dhar''' W.B.C.S.C., B.P.S.C., N.E.T., S.R.F., Ph.D. ek Hindustani philosopher rahaa, jon ki mind ke study karis. Uu Vidyasagar University me assistant professor rahaa aur Jadavpur University ke Cognitive Science School me guest faculty rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://philpeople.org/profiles/uma-dhar|title=Uma Dhar (Jadavpur University) - PhilPeople|website=philpeople.org|language=en|access-date=2025-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Uma Dhar at Jawaharlal Nehru University, ICPR Seminar, 2014.jpg|thumb|Uma Dhar at Jawaharlal Nehru University, ICPR Seminar (2014)]]

Uu Indian Council of Philosophical Research se do general fellowship paiis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/33588608/selection-of-icpr-general-junior-research-fellowship-2013-14|title=selection of icpr general &amp;amp; junior research fellowship 2013-14|last=Yumpu.com|website=yumpu.com|language=en|access-date=2025-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uu Second Congress on Traditional Sciences &amp; Technologies of India me delegate rahaa, Anna University, Madras me, aur National Seminar on Sri Aurobindo's Contribution to Education and Culture me Jadavpur University me bhi jaais rahaa.

== Education ==
Uu Vidyasagar University me philosophy ke assistant professor ke post paiis jab uu West Bengal College Service Commission ke exam aur interview pass karis rahaa. Lekin, uu PhD research continue karis, jab uu professor banne ke letter paiis.
[[File:Dr. Uma Dhar Singh.jpg|thumb|Photograph for Indian Council of Philosophical Research.]]
Uu Jadavpur University se PhD complete karis aur NET/SRF  bhi pass karis rahaa. Uu apna PhD Dr. [[Amita Chatterjee]] ke under complete karis, jon ki Presidency University, Kolkata ke first vice-chancellor rahaa. Uu 2003 aur 2013 me Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR), New Delhi se do general fellowship paiis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.motilalbanarsidass.com/products/mind-and-cognition-an-interdisciplinary-sharing-essays-in-honour-of-amita-chatterjee-in-2-vol-set|title=Mind and Cognition- An Interdisciplinary Sharing,Essays in Honour of A|website=Motilal Banarsidass|language=en|access-date=2025-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uu apna research paper &quot;Compassion Meditation&quot; 2014 me ICPR Fellows' Meet me present karis. Uu Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research (JICPR) ke life member bhi rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;Annual Report and Accounts- Indian Council of Philosophical research- https://icpr.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2014-15-ICPR-final.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Books and Papers ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!S.No.
! Title
!Type
!Notes
|-
|1
|Philosophy: Theory and Praxis ''(An Analytical Study of the System of Yoga)''&lt;ref&gt;https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=aKjLQ24AAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=aKjLQ24AAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C&lt;/ref&gt;
|Ph.D. Thesis
|Supervised by Prof. (Dr.) [[Amita Chatterjee]]
|-
|2
|Integral Yoga&lt;ref&gt;https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=aKjLQ24AAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=aKjLQ24AAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC&lt;/ref&gt;
|Research Paper
|''The Unique Vision of Sri Aurobindo, Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 9 (03), 2019''
|-
|3
|Contemplative Neuroscience: The Brain Science of Meditation&lt;ref&gt;https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=aKjLQ24AAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=aKjLQ24AAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C&lt;/ref&gt;
|Research Paper
|Post-Doctoral
|-
|4
|The Emergence of ‘Consciousness’ in Natural Sciences: A Historical Overview&lt;ref&gt;https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=aKjLQ24AAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=aKjLQ24AAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC&lt;/ref&gt;
|Research Paper
|International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management
|-
|5
|GENESIS OF THE SUPERMAN&lt;ref&gt;http://www.vedamsbooks.com/books/jadavpur_journal_of_philosophy_vol_23_no_1_2013_14%20 Jadavpur Journal of Philosophy : Vol. 23 No. 1, 2013-14&lt;/ref&gt;
|Research Paper
|Jadavpur Journal of Philosophy 
|-
|6
|Astanga Yoga in Synergy with Medical Science&lt;ref&gt;https://www.motilalbanarsidass.com/products/mind-and-cognition-an-interdisciplinary-sharing-essays-in-honour-of-amita-chatterjee-in-2-vol-set?srsltid=AfmBOoouaV_txAf5OkWvcA7AYF72eleRIrTbs66ZxjPQKP2H7Z3VvTSD&lt;/ref&gt;
|Research Paper
|Page 105, Part 1- Fusion Philosophy- Essays in the Honour of Amita Chatterjee
|}

== Biography ==
Uma Dhar Singh ke janam 21 September 1965 (or 22 September 1966)&lt;ref&gt;Birth Records | Government of [[West Bengal]] | 1965-1966 &lt;/ref&gt; me [[Hatkhola royal family|Hatkhola ke royal family]] aur [[House of Dar]] me bhail. Uu Kashmiri-Bengali aristocratic background se rahaa. Uu Raja Shivnarayan Basu ke chothi beti ke descendant rahaa.  Uu [[Peary Charan Sarkar]] ke descendant raha.
Uu Mayurbhanj ke Dewan [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] Esq., M.A.B.L. ke great-granddaughter rahaa, aur [[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]] ke grand-daughter, aur Prince Royal [[Sailendra Sircar|Sailendra Nath Sircar]] ke granddaughter bhi rahaa. Uu [[Nripendra Nath Sircar]] aur Satyendra Mohan Dhar ICS ke niece bhi rahaa.
[[file:Asst Prof. Uma Dhar Singh.jpg|thumb|Dhar in 2019]]
Uu Padma Bhushan recipient, Indian film producer Birendranath Sircar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Sur|first=Ansu|title=[[Bengali film directory]]|editor=Ansu Sur|publisher=Nandan, Calcutta|year=1999|page=319}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Mukherjee&gt;{{cite web|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Partha, Priyanka|title=New Awakening|url=http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=18495&amp;index1=1|website=harmonyindia.org|publisher=harmonyindia.org|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120750/http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=18495&amp;index1=1|archive-date=26 August 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ke niece aur Dr. [[Manojit Mohan Dhar]], Director of Central Drug Research Institute&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Academy |first=Indian National Science |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_I/za3aAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&amp;dq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&amp;printsec=frontcover |title=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |date=2004 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bhatnagar_Laureates_1958_91/o9srAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;bsq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&amp;dq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&amp;printsec=frontcover |title=Bhatnagar Laureates, 1958-91 |date=1992 |publisher=Human Resource Development Group, Council of Scientific &amp; Industrial Research |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ke niece rahaa. Uu apna father Prince [[Chittajit Mohan Dhar]] ke daughter rahaa, jon ki ek chemical industrialist aur parliament member rahaa.

Uma Dhar Singh ke ek beta Prince Thakur Vinayak Singh Oberoi bhi rahaa.Vinayak Singh Oberoi, uske larka, National Institute of Medical Sciences, Jaipur me Cardiac Surgery and Perfusion Technology ka student hai.&lt;ref&gt;https://sciprofiles.com/profile/4693156&lt;/ref&gt; Uma Dhar ke shaadi Subrata Bose se 101 din tak rahaa. Subrata Bose Bose parivaar se rahaa, jiske abhi pakarr liya gais hai, jiske Dhar parivaar ke saath poora dhokhaa karis aur 'Dhaarmik Purush' ke roop mein sab jaaydaad loot liis. Ii kaaran se, ek sajish ke hissa ke roop mein Uma Dhar ke jabarjasti Subrata Bose se 3 mahina tak shaadi karwaaya gais aur baad mein talaak de dewa gais, jiske kaaran Bose parivaar ke sab sadasyon ke pakarr liya gais. Uu Thakur Rajiv Singh ke doosar wife rahaa, jon ki Dogra-Suryavanshi Rajput royal family ke descendant rahaa.

==Marriage==
Marriage Uma Dhar, 1989 me Subrata Bose ke saath contract ke tahat shaadi kiya gaya jab uske papa [[Chittajit Mohan Dhar]] ke maut ho gayi. Ee shaadi 101 din ke baad talaak ke saath khatam ho gayi, aur Calcutta High Court ke notice ke mutabik, Bose parivaar ke sab member, Subrata Bose samet, giraftaar kiya gaya, kyunki ee shaadi Dhar parivaar se paisa ke laabh ke liye kiya gaya tha shaadi ke rishte ke madhyam se.&lt;ref&gt;High Court of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], Hearings 1989, Session SUBRATA BOSE VS UMA DHAR&lt;/ref&gt; Baad me 2001 me, Uma Dhar Rajiv Singh se shaadi ki aur ek beta Vinayak Singh paida hua. Rajiv Singh ke saath Uma Dhar ne 2026 May 16 ko divorce kiya aur May 17 ko Rajiv Singh died of Cardiac Arrest. 
[[File:Uma Dhar forced marriage Case with Subrata Bose- 1989.jpg|thumb]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Indian Educators]]
[[Category:Hatkhola Royal Family]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dar Raj</title>
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      <comment>/* List of Rulers and Zamindars */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7264" sha1="4oa64h99cemkhrn03zsvmb18m5abwsi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=Dar Raj|settlement_type=Zamindari Raj|image_flag=Flag of Dar Raj 1699-1801.png|flag_caption=Dar Raj ke jhanda|image_seal=Emblem (or seal) of Dar Raj دار راج.png|seal_caption=Dar Raj ke raj muhar|subdivision_type=Country (today)|subdivision_name=India, Bangladesh|established_title=Zamindari start|established_date=1699|extinct_title=Abolition of Zamindari System|extinct_date=1803|founder=Maharaja [[Virendra Mohan Dar]]|seat=[[Dar|Dar, Akhnoor]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Dhar Rajbari]]|religion=Hinduisn|native_name=دار راج}}'''Dar Raj''' (Kashmiri: {{lang|ks|در راج}}), jiske '''Dhar Raj''' naam se bhi jaana jaawe hai, ek prabhavshali [[Jamidar|Zamidari]] rajya rahaa. Ii rajya lagbhag 1699 se 1803 tak ke samay me aaj ke [[Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu aur Kashmir]] aur [[Bangladesh]] ke kshetra me phailal rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;Akhtar, S. (1973). ''The Role of the Zamindars in Bengal (1707–1772)''. University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dar Rajvansh ke asli sansthapak rahaa Hari Krishna Mohan Dar, ek [[Kashmiri Pandit]]. U [[Shrinagar]] (Jammu) se aake [[Akhnoor]] ke Dar kshetra me bas gaye aur Dar vansh ke aadhaar rakhe. Lekin unke potha [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar]] ke raj me hi Dar Raj ke jamidari sach me vikasit bhae. Ii karan se unke Dar Raj parivaar ke pitamah aur prabhavi sansthapak maana jaawe hai.&lt;ref&gt;South Asian Architectural Review (2011). ''Colonial-Era Zamindar Residences in Eastern Bengal''. Vol. 9(1), pp. 98-111.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hari Krishna ke aath bachcha rahaa, jisme [[Madhusudan Mohan Dar|Ramhari Mohan Dar]]—[[Virendra Mohan Dar|Virendra]] ke pita—rahle ek. Ramhari apne bhai Madhusudan ke maut ke baad uske putra ke godh le le—[[Vaqif Ali Khan Dar|Vakif Ali Khan Dar]] (janam 1752). Dar Rajvansh ke aupcharik parampara [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar]] se suru bhae.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Muslim_Civilization_in_India/ciBuAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Muslim Civilization in India and Pakistan: A Political and Cultural History|last=Ikram|first=Sheikh Mohamad|date=1989|publisher=Institute of Islamic Culture|language=en|isbn=978-969-469-001-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Virendra Mohan Dar|Virendra]] ke putra Raja Mukund Mohan Dar ke bahut bachcha rahaa. Unme se ek rahaa Rai Bahadur Hara Mohan Dhar, jo [[Middle Temple]] ke barrister rahaa. Hara Mohan Dhar ke bachcha me [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] rahaa—jo [[Mayurbhanj]] rajya ke purana [[Diwan]] aur nyayadhish rahaa—aur saath me Jyotindra Dhar, Sarla Dhar aur Kadambini Dhar rahin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EiYLAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=mohini+Mohan+Dhar|title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Mayurbhanj|publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press|date=1967|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kalik%C4%81t%C4%81ra_itibr%CC%A5tta_o_any%C4%81nya_racan/N8ktAAAAIAAJ|title=Kalikātāra itibr̥tta o anyānya racanā|last=Datta|first=Prāṇakr̥shṇa|date=1991|publisher=Pustaka Bipaṇi|language=bn|isbn=978-81-85471-02-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] ke chaar bachcha me [[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]]—ek barrister—aur Satyendra Mohan Dhar CIE, ICS rahaa, jo [[Bharatiya Civil Service]] ke adhikari rahaa. Dhirendra Mohan Dhar ke biyaah Amiya Bala se bhae, jo [[Peary Charan Sarkar|Piyari Charan Sarkar]] ke naatni aur [[Hatkhola royal family|Hatkhola Raj parivaar]] ke vanshaj rahin. Unke do bachcha rahaa—[[Chittajit Mohan Dhar|Chittajit Dhar]] aur Pritilata Dhar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/International_Guide_to_Art_Research_Mate/uL8YAAAAYAAJ|title=International Guide to Art Research Materials: Indian languages &amp; literature|last=Sinha|first=Biswajit|last2=Choudhury|first2=Ashok Kumar|date=2001|publisher=Eastern Book Linkers|language=en|isbn=978-81-7854-007-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.266332|title=Kolikata - Darpan Parba 1|last=Mitra|first=Radharaman|date=1952}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Virendra Mohan Dar|Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar]] ke raj me Dar Raj ke jamidari [[Akhnoor]] ke Dar kshetra ke aadha se jyada bhumi me phailal rahaa. Saath hi aaj ke [[Bangladesh]] ke alag-alag kshetra me hajaaron acre zameen unke adhikar me rahaa—jisme [[Dhamrai]], [[Nannar]], [[Royail]], [[Sharifbagh]], [[Demra]], [[Ashulia]], Jalsin, Char Talibari aur Rajarajeshwar shaamil rahaa. Ii sab kshetra ke kuchh hissa aaj [[Paschim Bengal]] aur [[Bangladesh]] me sammilit baa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Gharera_kath%C4%81_o_yugas%C4%81hitya/fqqwUYy7ThQC|title=Gharera kathā o yugasāhitya|last=Sen|first=Dinesh Chandra|date=1969|publisher=Jijñāsā|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1801 me [[Padma Nadi]] ke bhayankar bhangan se Rajarajeshwar ke Char Talibari me sthit Char Dar Rajbari chhor dewa paral. Uske baad [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar]] [[Dhamrai]] ke [[Nannar]] gaon me naya [[Dhar Zamindar Bari|Dar Rajbari]] banawale, je baad me Dar Rajvansh ke mukhya aawas aur prashasanik kendra rahal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dh%C4%81k%C4%81ra_itih%C4%81sa/I8tIAQAAMAAJ|title=Dhākāra itihāsa|last=Rāẏa|first=Yatīndramohana|date=1913|publisher=S.M. Rāẏa|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== List of Rulers and Zamindars ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ List of Rulers and Zamindars of Dar Raj&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Mah%C4%81r%C4%81ja_V%C4%ABrendra_Mohan_D%C4%81r_of_Akhn.html?id=eUy3EQAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y Mahārāja Vīrendra Mohan Dār of Akhnūr] by Ramesh Chandra Mukherjee 21 July 1987&lt;/ref&gt;
! Serial No.
! Portrait
! Name
! Title
! Zamindari Period
! Dynastic Relationship
! Remarks
|-
| 1
| [[File:Kalighat Patachitra of Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar.jpg|80px]]
| [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Virendra Mohan Dar]]
| [[Raja|Maharaja]]
| 1801–1829
| Founder of the Dar Raj dynasty's influence
| His reign marks the beginning of the formal and cultural traditions of Dar Raj
|-
| 2
| [[File:Oil portrait of Raja Mukund Mohan Dar of Akhnoor and dhamrai.png|80px]]
| [[Mukund Mohan Dar]]
| [[Raja]]
| 1829–1856
| Son of [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Virendra Mohan Dar]]
| Barrister of Lincoln's Inn; scholar of the Persian language
|-
| 3
| [[File:Sin foto.svg|80px]]
| [[Har Mohan Dhar]]
| Rai Bahadur
| 1856–1898
| Son of Mukund Mohan Dar
| Barrister of the Middle Temple
|-
| 4
| [[File:Mohini Mohan Dhar Locket.jpg|80px]]
| [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]]
| [[Diwan]] and [[Judge]]
| 1898–1920
| Son of Har Mohan Dhar
| Former Diwan and Judge of the [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]] State
|-
|5
|[[file:Barrister Dhirendra Mohan Dhar.jpg|80px]]
|[[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]]
|Barrister and Mathematician 
|1921-1949
|Son of [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] 
|Barrister-at-law from Grays Inn- Mathematician
|-
|6
|[[File:Chittajit Mohan Dhar, PhD.jpg|80px]]
|[[Chittajit Mohan Dhar]]
|Former member of parliament and chemical industrialist 
|1949-1975
|Son of [[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]] 
|Former Member of Parliament and Chemical Industrialist 
|-
|7
|[[file:Vinayak Singh (Jaipur, 2026).jpg|80px]]
|[[Vinayak Singh]]
|Titular Raja VI of Dar Raj
|[[Incumbent]]
|Son of Princess III [[Uma Dhar]]
|Titular Raja of Dar Raj, 
|}

== Tathyasrot ==
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      <text bytes="7517" sha1="a6reetmr6mhqny8lsj2w7p5mno2v427" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=Dar Raj|settlement_type=Zamindari Raj|image_flag=Flag of Dar Raj 1699-1801.png|flag_caption=Dar Raj ke jhanda|image_seal=Emblem (or seal) of Dar Raj دار راج.png|seal_caption=Dar Raj ke raj muhar|subdivision_type=Country (today)|subdivision_name=India, Bangladesh|established_title=Zamindari start|established_date=1699|extinct_title=Abolition of Zamindari System|extinct_date=1803|founder=Maharaja [[Virendra Mohan Dar]]|seat=[[Dar|Dar, Akhnoor]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Dhar Rajbari]]|religion=Hinduisn|native_name=دار راج}}'''Dar Raj''' (Kashmiri: {{lang|ks|در راج}}), jiske '''Dhar Raj''' naam se bhi jaana jaawe hai, ek prabhavshali [[Jamidar|Zamidari]] rajya rahaa. Ii rajya lagbhag 1699 se 1803 tak ke samay me aaj ke [[Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu aur Kashmir]] aur [[Bangladesh]] ke kshetra me phailal rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;Akhtar, S. (1973). ''The Role of the Zamindars in Bengal (1707–1772)''. University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dar Rajvansh ke asli sansthapak rahaa Hari Krishna Mohan Dar, ek [[Kashmiri Pandit]]. U [[Shrinagar]] (Jammu) se aake [[Akhnoor]] ke Dar kshetra me bas gaye aur Dar vansh ke aadhaar rakhe. Lekin unke potha [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar]] ke raj me hi Dar Raj ke jamidari sach me vikasit bhae. Ii karan se unke Dar Raj parivaar ke pitamah aur prabhavi sansthapak maana jaawe hai.&lt;ref&gt;South Asian Architectural Review (2011). ''Colonial-Era Zamindar Residences in Eastern Bengal''. Vol. 9(1), pp. 98-111.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hari Krishna ke aath bachcha rahaa, jisme [[Madhusudan Mohan Dar|Ramhari Mohan Dar]]—[[Virendra Mohan Dar|Virendra]] ke pita—rahle ek. Ramhari apne bhai Madhusudan ke maut ke baad uske putra ke godh le le—[[Vaqif Ali Khan Dar|Vakif Ali Khan Dar]] (janam 1752). Dar Rajvansh ke aupcharik parampara [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar]] se suru bhae.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Muslim_Civilization_in_India/ciBuAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Muslim Civilization in India and Pakistan: A Political and Cultural History|last=Ikram|first=Sheikh Mohamad|date=1989|publisher=Institute of Islamic Culture|language=en|isbn=978-969-469-001-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Virendra Mohan Dar|Virendra]] ke putra Raja Mukund Mohan Dar ke bahut bachcha rahaa. Unme se ek rahaa Rai Bahadur Hara Mohan Dhar, jo [[Middle Temple]] ke barrister rahaa. Hara Mohan Dhar ke bachcha me [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] rahaa—jo [[Mayurbhanj]] rajya ke purana [[Diwan]] aur nyayadhish rahaa—aur saath me Jyotindra Dhar, Sarla Dhar aur Kadambini Dhar rahin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EiYLAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=mohini+Mohan+Dhar|title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Mayurbhanj|publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press|date=1967|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kalik%C4%81t%C4%81ra_itibr%CC%A5tta_o_any%C4%81nya_racan/N8ktAAAAIAAJ|title=Kalikātāra itibr̥tta o anyānya racanā|last=Datta|first=Prāṇakr̥shṇa|date=1991|publisher=Pustaka Bipaṇi|language=bn|isbn=978-81-85471-02-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] ke chaar bachcha me [[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]]—ek barrister—aur Satyendra Mohan Dhar CIE, ICS rahaa, jo [[Bharatiya Civil Service]] ke adhikari rahaa. Dhirendra Mohan Dhar ke biyaah Amiya Bala se bhae, jo [[Peary Charan Sarkar|Piyari Charan Sarkar]] ke naatni aur [[Hatkhola royal family|Hatkhola Raj parivaar]] ke vanshaj rahin. Unke do bachcha rahaa—[[Chittajit Mohan Dhar|Chittajit Dhar]] aur Pritilata Dhar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/International_Guide_to_Art_Research_Mate/uL8YAAAAYAAJ|title=International Guide to Art Research Materials: Indian languages &amp; literature|last=Sinha|first=Biswajit|last2=Choudhury|first2=Ashok Kumar|date=2001|publisher=Eastern Book Linkers|language=en|isbn=978-81-7854-007-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.266332|title=Kolikata - Darpan Parba 1|last=Mitra|first=Radharaman|date=1952}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Virendra Mohan Dar|Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar]] ke raj me Dar Raj ke jamidari [[Akhnoor]] ke Dar kshetra ke aadha se jyada bhumi me phailal rahaa. Saath hi aaj ke [[Bangladesh]] ke alag-alag kshetra me hajaaron acre zameen unke adhikar me rahaa—jisme [[Dhamrai]], [[Nannar]], [[Royail]], [[Sharifbagh]], [[Demra]], [[Ashulia]], Jalsin, Char Talibari aur Rajarajeshwar shaamil rahaa. Ii sab kshetra ke kuchh hissa aaj [[Paschim Bengal]] aur [[Bangladesh]] me sammilit baa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Gharera_kath%C4%81_o_yugas%C4%81hitya/fqqwUYy7ThQC|title=Gharera kathā o yugasāhitya|last=Sen|first=Dinesh Chandra|date=1969|publisher=Jijñāsā|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1801 me [[Padma Nadi]] ke bhayankar bhangan se Rajarajeshwar ke Char Talibari me sthit Char Dar Rajbari chhor dewa paral. Uske baad [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar]] [[Dhamrai]] ke [[Nannar]] gaon me naya [[Dhar Zamindar Bari|Dar Rajbari]] banawale, je baad me Dar Rajvansh ke mukhya aawas aur prashasanik kendra rahal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dh%C4%81k%C4%81ra_itih%C4%81sa/I8tIAQAAMAAJ|title=Dhākāra itihāsa|last=Rāẏa|first=Yatīndramohana|date=1913|publisher=S.M. Rāẏa|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== List of Rulers and Zamindars ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ List of Rulers and Zamindars of Dar Raj&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Mah%C4%81r%C4%81ja_V%C4%ABrendra_Mohan_D%C4%81r_of_Akhn.html?id=eUy3EQAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y Mahārāja Vīrendra Mohan Dār of Akhnūr] by Ramesh Chandra Mukherjee 21 July 1987&lt;/ref&gt;
! Serial No.
! Portrait
! Name
! Title
! Zamindari Period
! Dynastic Relationship
! Remarks
|-
| 1
| [[File:Kalighat Patachitra of Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar.jpg|80px]]
| [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Virendra Mohan Dar]]
| [[Raja|Maharaja]]
| 1801–1829
| Founder of the Dar Raj dynasty's influence
| His reign marks the beginning of the formal and cultural traditions of Dar Raj
|-
| 2
| [[File:Oil portrait of Raja Mukund Mohan Dar of Akhnoor and dhamrai.png|80px]]
| [[Mukund Mohan Dar]]
| [[Raja]]
| 1829–1856
| Son of [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Virendra Mohan Dar]]
| Barrister of Lincoln's Inn; scholar of the Persian language
|-
| 3
| [[File:Sin foto.svg|80px]]
| [[Har Mohan Dhar]]
| Rai Bahadur
| 1856–1898
| Son of Mukund Mohan Dar
| Barrister of the Middle Temple
|-
| 4
| [[File:Mohini Mohan Dhar Locket.jpg|80px]]
| [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]]
| [[Diwan]] and [[Judge]]
| 1898–1920
| Son of Har Mohan Dhar
| Former Diwan and Judge of the [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]] State
|-
|5
|[[file:Barrister Dhirendra Mohan Dhar.jpg|80px]]
|[[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]]
|Barrister and Mathematician 
|1921-1949
|Son of [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] 
|Barrister-at-law from Grays Inn- Mathematician
|-
|6
|[[File:Chittajit Mohan Dhar, PhD.jpg|80px]]
|[[Chittajit Mohan Dhar]]
|Former member of parliament and chemical industrialist 
|1949-1975
|Son of [[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]] 
|Former Member of Parliament and Chemical Industrialist 
|-
|7
|[[file:Vinayak Singh (Jaipur, 2026).jpg|80px]]
|[[Vinayak Singh]]
|Titular Raja VI of Dar Raj
|[[Incumbent]]
|Son of Princess III [[Uma Dhar]]
|Titular Raja of Dar Raj&lt;ref&gt;According to Line of Succession Rules mentioned from '''pp'''. 69-73- [https://books.google.co.in/books/about?id=1lnvEQAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y ''LETTERS AND PAMPHLETS OF RAJA VIRENDRAMOHAN''], Gopi Basu MABL, MR Dice Esq.  1919- Thacker, Sping, &amp; Co&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Tathyasrot ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>a6reetmr6mhqny8lsj2w7p5mno2v427</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>336333</id>
      <parentid>336332</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-29T16:00:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-37508-92</username>
        <id>40510</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* List of Rulers and Zamindars */</comment>
      <origin>336333</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7518" sha1="0b7cbtw2tbaucf8rklwui1ogaek37x2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=Dar Raj|settlement_type=Zamindari Raj|image_flag=Flag of Dar Raj 1699-1801.png|flag_caption=Dar Raj ke jhanda|image_seal=Emblem (or seal) of Dar Raj دار راج.png|seal_caption=Dar Raj ke raj muhar|subdivision_type=Country (today)|subdivision_name=India, Bangladesh|established_title=Zamindari start|established_date=1699|extinct_title=Abolition of Zamindari System|extinct_date=1803|founder=Maharaja [[Virendra Mohan Dar]]|seat=[[Dar|Dar, Akhnoor]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Dhar Rajbari]]|religion=Hinduisn|native_name=دار راج}}'''Dar Raj''' (Kashmiri: {{lang|ks|در راج}}), jiske '''Dhar Raj''' naam se bhi jaana jaawe hai, ek prabhavshali [[Jamidar|Zamidari]] rajya rahaa. Ii rajya lagbhag 1699 se 1803 tak ke samay me aaj ke [[Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu aur Kashmir]] aur [[Bangladesh]] ke kshetra me phailal rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;Akhtar, S. (1973). ''The Role of the Zamindars in Bengal (1707–1772)''. University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dar Rajvansh ke asli sansthapak rahaa Hari Krishna Mohan Dar, ek [[Kashmiri Pandit]]. U [[Shrinagar]] (Jammu) se aake [[Akhnoor]] ke Dar kshetra me bas gaye aur Dar vansh ke aadhaar rakhe. Lekin unke potha [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar]] ke raj me hi Dar Raj ke jamidari sach me vikasit bhae. Ii karan se unke Dar Raj parivaar ke pitamah aur prabhavi sansthapak maana jaawe hai.&lt;ref&gt;South Asian Architectural Review (2011). ''Colonial-Era Zamindar Residences in Eastern Bengal''. Vol. 9(1), pp. 98-111.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hari Krishna ke aath bachcha rahaa, jisme [[Madhusudan Mohan Dar|Ramhari Mohan Dar]]—[[Virendra Mohan Dar|Virendra]] ke pita—rahle ek. Ramhari apne bhai Madhusudan ke maut ke baad uske putra ke godh le le—[[Vaqif Ali Khan Dar|Vakif Ali Khan Dar]] (janam 1752). Dar Rajvansh ke aupcharik parampara [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar]] se suru bhae.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/History_of_Muslim_Civilization_in_India/ciBuAAAAMAAJ|title=History of Muslim Civilization in India and Pakistan: A Political and Cultural History|last=Ikram|first=Sheikh Mohamad|date=1989|publisher=Institute of Islamic Culture|language=en|isbn=978-969-469-001-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Virendra Mohan Dar|Virendra]] ke putra Raja Mukund Mohan Dar ke bahut bachcha rahaa. Unme se ek rahaa Rai Bahadur Hara Mohan Dhar, jo [[Middle Temple]] ke barrister rahaa. Hara Mohan Dhar ke bachcha me [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] rahaa—jo [[Mayurbhanj]] rajya ke purana [[Diwan]] aur nyayadhish rahaa—aur saath me Jyotindra Dhar, Sarla Dhar aur Kadambini Dhar rahin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EiYLAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=mohini+Mohan+Dhar|title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Mayurbhanj|publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press|date=1967|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Kalik%C4%81t%C4%81ra_itibr%CC%A5tta_o_any%C4%81nya_racan/N8ktAAAAIAAJ|title=Kalikātāra itibr̥tta o anyānya racanā|last=Datta|first=Prāṇakr̥shṇa|date=1991|publisher=Pustaka Bipaṇi|language=bn|isbn=978-81-85471-02-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] ke chaar bachcha me [[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]]—ek barrister—aur Satyendra Mohan Dhar CIE, ICS rahaa, jo [[Bharatiya Civil Service]] ke adhikari rahaa. Dhirendra Mohan Dhar ke biyaah Amiya Bala se bhae, jo [[Peary Charan Sarkar|Piyari Charan Sarkar]] ke naatni aur [[Hatkhola royal family|Hatkhola Raj parivaar]] ke vanshaj rahin. Unke do bachcha rahaa—[[Chittajit Mohan Dhar|Chittajit Dhar]] aur Pritilata Dhar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/International_Guide_to_Art_Research_Mate/uL8YAAAAYAAJ|title=International Guide to Art Research Materials: Indian languages &amp; literature|last=Sinha|first=Biswajit|last2=Choudhury|first2=Ashok Kumar|date=2001|publisher=Eastern Book Linkers|language=en|isbn=978-81-7854-007-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.266332|title=Kolikata - Darpan Parba 1|last=Mitra|first=Radharaman|date=1952}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Virendra Mohan Dar|Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar]] ke raj me Dar Raj ke jamidari [[Akhnoor]] ke Dar kshetra ke aadha se jyada bhumi me phailal rahaa. Saath hi aaj ke [[Bangladesh]] ke alag-alag kshetra me hajaaron acre zameen unke adhikar me rahaa—jisme [[Dhamrai]], [[Nannar]], [[Royail]], [[Sharifbagh]], [[Demra]], [[Ashulia]], Jalsin, Char Talibari aur Rajarajeshwar shaamil rahaa. Ii sab kshetra ke kuchh hissa aaj [[Paschim Bengal]] aur [[Bangladesh]] me sammilit baa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Gharera_kath%C4%81_o_yugas%C4%81hitya/fqqwUYy7ThQC|title=Gharera kathā o yugasāhitya|last=Sen|first=Dinesh Chandra|date=1969|publisher=Jijñāsā|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;

1801 me [[Padma Nadi]] ke bhayankar bhangan se Rajarajeshwar ke Char Talibari me sthit Char Dar Rajbari chhor dewa paral. Uske baad [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar]] [[Dhamrai]] ke [[Nannar]] gaon me naya [[Dhar Zamindar Bari|Dar Rajbari]] banawale, je baad me Dar Rajvansh ke mukhya aawas aur prashasanik kendra rahal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dh%C4%81k%C4%81ra_itih%C4%81sa/I8tIAQAAMAAJ|title=Dhākāra itihāsa|last=Rāẏa|first=Yatīndramohana|date=1913|publisher=S.M. Rāẏa|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== List of Rulers and Zamindars ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ List of Rulers and Zamindars of Dar Raj&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Mah%C4%81r%C4%81ja_V%C4%ABrendra_Mohan_D%C4%81r_of_Akhn.html?id=eUy3EQAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y Mahārāja Vīrendra Mohan Dār of Akhnūr] by Ramesh Chandra Mukherjee 21 July 1987&lt;/ref&gt;
! Serial No.
! Portrait
! Name
! Title
! Zamindari Period
! Dynastic Relationship
! Remarks
|-
| 1
| [[File:Kalighat Patachitra of Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar.jpg|80px]]
| [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Virendra Mohan Dar]]
| [[Raja|Maharaja]]
| 1801–1829
| Founder of the Dar Raj dynasty's influence
| His reign marks the beginning of the formal and cultural traditions of Dar Raj
|-
| 2
| [[File:Oil portrait of Raja Mukund Mohan Dar of Akhnoor and dhamrai.png|80px]]
| [[Mukund Mohan Dar]]
| [[Raja]]
| 1829–1856
| Son of [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Virendra Mohan Dar]]
| Barrister of Lincoln's Inn; scholar of the Persian language
|-
| 3
| [[File:Sin foto.svg|80px]]
| [[Har Mohan Dhar]]
| Rai Bahadur
| 1856–1898
| Son of Mukund Mohan Dar
| Barrister of the Middle Temple
|-
| 4
| [[File:Mohini Mohan Dhar Locket.jpg|80px]]
| [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]]
| [[Diwan]] and [[Judge]]
| 1898–1920
| Son of Har Mohan Dhar
| Former Diwan and Judge of the [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]] State
|-
|5
|[[file:Barrister Dhirendra Mohan Dhar.jpg|80px]]
|[[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]]
|Barrister and Mathematician 
|1921-1949
|Son of [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] 
|Barrister-at-law from Grays Inn- Mathematician
|-
|6
|[[File:Chittajit Mohan Dhar, PhD.jpg|80px]]
|[[Chittajit Mohan Dhar]]
|Former member of parliament and chemical industrialist 
|1949-1975
|Son of [[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]] 
|Former Member of Parliament and Chemical Industrialist 
|-
|7
|[[file:Vinayak Singh (Jaipur, 2026).jpg|80px]]
|[[Vinayak Singh]]
|Titular Raja VII of Dar Raj
|[[Incumbent]]
|Son of Princess III [[Uma Dhar]]
|Titular Raja of Dar Raj&lt;ref&gt;According to Line of Succession Rules mentioned from '''pp'''. 69-73- [https://books.google.co.in/books/about?id=1lnvEQAAQBAJ&amp;redir_esc=y ''LETTERS AND PAMPHLETS OF RAJA VIRENDRAMOHAN''], Gopi Basu MABL, MR Dice Esq.  1919- Thacker, Sping, &amp; Co&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Tathyasrot ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>0b7cbtw2tbaucf8rklwui1ogaek37x2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iran war 2026</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>68382</id>
    <revision>
      <id>336306</id>
      <parentid>336303</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-29T12:21:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35653-59</username>
        <id>40378</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>336306</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1544" sha1="d50dg7egnrsxyvm8bxuolnnncwt6rbh" xml:space="preserve">Gulf se shuru ki gais war 2026 mein. US aur Israel bhi isme shamil hai.
US, Israel aur Gulf Countries, Iran aur Hezbollah jaise log ke khilaf.   

Li jung Iran ke 2025 massacres jisme 35 hazar log mare gaye aur Iran ke 2026 protests ke baad. Iran ke leaders aur generals bhi mare gaye hai. Qaseem Soleimani (jinpe 25 million USD ke bounty the) ke mauth ke baad Iran aur US ke beech jung hua tha, aur Israel tensions Palestine aur Syria se bhi hua tha, Israel Syria Invasion aur Palestine ke famine se jude hai.   

Police brutality mein koi admi Gulf mein mar gya tha, kais log ghayal hue.    

Shuruad mein kai log aur bacche Iran mein mare gaye the aur li war ek mahine ke upar chala gya tha. UAE aur Qatar mein kai zyada hamle hue hai, US aur Israel ko target karke Gulf mein. Baad mein Lebanon mein jung shuru kia gaya tha.     

200 billion USD se nukshaan hua. Strait of Hormuz bhi band kiya gya tha. 

New York aur UAE ya Gulf ke beech 9/11 je tensions iss samay mein hua hai. 

Close

Donald Trump was an interest for the genocide leaks of covid and later a war mongerer also with allies of Abdul Rehman Makki and gnag leaders. Showing his hatered towards india which such individuals eg. Jesus Salgado and gangs such rednecks. Robert Tump tpp was an ally in such endeavours with possible Irani interests, Robert Trump was executed for such an endeavour. Indian American cases of blacklisted individuals. - Hells Angels, bounties put on heads of google as well Mojataba Case reference case lebanese blasts, covid genocide  
[[vibhag:I]]</text>
      <sha1>d50dg7egnrsxyvm8bxuolnnncwt6rbh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>336307</id>
      <parentid>336306</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-29T12:22:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Quinlan83</username>
        <id>26871</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Restored revision 336296 by [[Special:Contributions/Langusto|Langusto]] ([[User talk:Langusto|talk]]): Restore (TwinkleGlobal)</comment>
      <origin>336307</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1004" sha1="f95ave7b4cygm6c8mibqtq4gadswg5h" xml:space="preserve">Gulf se shuru ki gais war 2026 mein. US aur Israel bhi isme shamil hai.
US, Israel aur Gulf Countries, Iran aur Hezbollah jaise log ke khilaf.   

Li jung Iran ke 2025 massacres jisme 35 hazar log mare gaye aur Iran ke 2026 protests ke baad. Iran ke leaders aur generals bhi mare gaye hai. Qaseem Soleimani (jinpe 25 million USD ke bounty the) ke mauth ke baad Iran aur US ke beech jung hua tha, aur Israel tensions Palestine aur Syria se bhi hua tha, Israel Syria Invasion aur Palestine ke famine se jude hai.   

Police brutality mein koi admi Gulf mein mar gya tha, kais log ghayal hue.    

Shuruad mein kai log aur bacche Iran mein mare gaye the aur li war ek mahine ke upar chala gya tha. UAE aur Qatar mein kai zyada hamle hue hai, US aur Israel ko target karke Gulf mein. Baad mein Lebanon mein jung shuru kia gaya tha.     

200 billion USD se nukshaan hua. Strait of Hormuz bhi band kiya gya tha. 

New York aur UAE ya Gulf ke beech 9/11 je tensions iss samay mein hua hai. 

Close
[[vibhag:I]]</text>
      <sha1>f95ave7b4cygm6c8mibqtq4gadswg5h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>336311</id>
      <parentid>336307</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-29T13:37:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35653-59</username>
        <id>40378</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>336311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1097" sha1="9mtkm0xy2uqfph310w3xjcfzbj6z13x" xml:space="preserve">Gulf se shuru ki gais war 2026 mein. US aur Israel bhi isme shamil hai.
US, Israel aur Gulf Countries, Iran aur Hezbollah jaise log ke khilaf.   

Li jung Iran ke 2025 massacres jisme 35 hazar log mare gaye aur Iran ke 2026 protests ke baad. Iran ke leaders aur generals bhi mare gaye hai. Qaseem Soleimani (jinpe 25 million USD ke bounty the) ke mauth ke baad Iran aur US ke beech jung hua tha, aur Israel tensions Palestine aur Syria se bhi hua tha, Israel Syria Invasion aur Palestine ke famine se jude hai.   

Police brutality mein koi admi Gulf mein mar gya tha, kais log ghayal hue.    

Shuruad mein kai log aur bacche Iran mein mare gaye the aur li war ek mahine ke upar chala gya tha. UAE aur Qatar mein kai zyada hamle hue hai, US aur Israel ko target karke Gulf mein. Baad mein Lebanon mein jung shuru kia gaya tha.     

200 billion USD se nukshaan hua. Strait of Hormuz bhi band kiya gya tha. 

New York aur UAE ya Gulf ke beech 9/11 je tensions iss samay mein hua hai. 

Related people tp Mjataba Khameneo bounty Mujibur Rehman and Joe Biden and Tyler Robinson. 

Close
[[vibhag:I]]</text>
      <sha1>9mtkm0xy2uqfph310w3xjcfzbj6z13x</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-29T13:38:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35653-59</username>
        <id>40378</id>
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      <text bytes="1121" sha1="tmz6hylh90swyzth2yg5uspfutwa2zu" xml:space="preserve">Gulf se shuru ki gais war 2026 mein. US aur Israel bhi isme shamil hai.
US, Israel aur Gulf Countries, Iran aur Hezbollah jaise log ke khilaf.   

Li jung Iran ke 2025 massacres jisme 35 hazar log mare gaye aur Iran ke 2026 protests ke baad. Iran ke leaders aur generals bhi mare gaye hai. Qaseem Soleimani (jinpe 25 million USD ke bounty the) ke mauth ke baad Iran aur US ke beech jung hua tha, aur Israel tensions Palestine aur Syria se bhi hua tha, Israel Syria Invasion aur Palestine ke famine se jude hai.   

Police brutality mein koi admi Gulf mein mar gya tha, kais log ghayal hue.    

Shuruad mein kai log aur bacche Iran mein mare gaye the aur li war ek mahine ke upar chala gya tha. UAE aur Qatar mein kai zyada hamle hue hai, US aur Israel ko target karke Gulf mein. Baad mein Lebanon mein jung shuru kia gaya tha.     

200 billion USD se nukshaan hua. Strait of Hormuz bhi band kiya gya tha. 

New York aur UAE ya Gulf ke beech 9/11 je tensions iss samay mein hua hai. 

Related people tp Mjataba Khameneo bounty Mujibur Rehman (Alfa Group blacklists) and Joe Biden and Tyler Robinson. 

Close
[[vibhag:I]]</text>
      <sha1>tmz6hylh90swyzth2yg5uspfutwa2zu</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>336313</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-29T13:38:29Z</timestamp>
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        <id>40378</id>
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      <text bytes="1122" sha1="euiqv0not353fyy4swebol20htsb75s" xml:space="preserve">Gulf se shuru ki gais war 2026 mein. US aur Israel bhi isme shamil hai.
US, Israel aur Gulf Countries, Iran aur Hezbollah jaise log ke khilaf.   

Li jung Iran ke 2025 massacres jisme 35 hazar log mare gaye aur Iran ke 2026 protests ke baad. Iran ke leaders aur generals bhi mare gaye hai. Qaseem Soleimani (jinpe 25 million USD ke bounty the) ke mauth ke baad Iran aur US ke beech jung hua tha, aur Israel tensions Palestine aur Syria se bhi hua tha, Israel Syria Invasion aur Palestine ke famine se jude hai.   

Police brutality mein koi admi Gulf mein mar gya tha, kais log ghayal hue.    

Shuruad mein kai log aur bacche Iran mein mare gaye the aur li war ek mahine ke upar chala gya tha. UAE aur Qatar mein kai zyada hamle hue hai, US aur Israel ko target karke Gulf mein. Baad mein Lebanon mein jung shuru kia gaya tha.     

200 billion USD se nukshaan hua. Strait of Hormuz bhi band kiya gya tha. 

New York aur UAE ya Gulf ke beech 9/11 je tensions iss samay mein hua hai. 

Related people to Mojataba Khamenei bounty Mujibur Rehman (Alfa Group blacklists) and Joe Biden and Tyler Robinson. 

Close
[[vibhag:I]]</text>
      <sha1>euiqv0not353fyy4swebol20htsb75s</sha1>
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      <id>336314</id>
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      <text bytes="1349" sha1="5ihnycez70j8dkwgyn7jo7r1ordjwl5" xml:space="preserve">Gulf se shuru ki gais war 2026 mein. US aur Israel bhi isme shamil hai.
US, Israel aur Gulf Countries, Iran aur Hezbollah jaise log ke khilaf.   

Li jung Iran ke 2025 massacres jisme 35 hazar log mare gaye aur Iran ke 2026 protests ke baad. Iran ke leaders aur generals bhi mare gaye hai. Qaseem Soleimani (jinpe 25 million USD ke bounty the) ke mauth ke baad Iran aur US ke beech jung hua tha, aur Israel tensions Palestine aur Syria se bhi hua tha, Israel Syria Invasion aur Palestine ke famine se jude hai.   

Police brutality mein koi admi Gulf mein mar gya tha, kais log ghayal hue.    

Shuruad mein kai log aur bacche Iran mein mare gaye the aur li war ek mahine ke upar chala gya tha. UAE aur Qatar mein kai zyada hamle hue hai, US aur Israel ko target karke Gulf mein. Baad mein Lebanon mein jung shuru kia gaya tha.     

200 billion USD se nukshaan hua. Strait of Hormuz bhi band kiya gya tha. 

New York aur UAE ya Gulf ke beech 9/11 je tensions iss samay mein hua hai. 

Related people to Mojataba Khamenei bounty Mujibur Rehman (Alfa Group blacklists) and Joe Biden and Tyler Robinson. UN Syrian childten fraud from Ban Ki Moon to Antonio Guterres.  

Police officer and bounty hunters from the US will have a bounty on their head from now on due to Indian hate in USA and not vomllyinh to any work in politics.  

Close
[[vibhag:I]]</text>
      <sha1>5ihnycez70j8dkwgyn7jo7r1ordjwl5</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>336315</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-29T13:40:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35653-59</username>
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      <text bytes="1434" sha1="g50jjueb0046gwwnobua8cj7ao2elak" xml:space="preserve">Gulf se shuru ki gais war 2026 mein. US aur Israel bhi isme shamil hai.
US, Israel aur Gulf Countries, Iran aur Hezbollah jaise log ke khilaf.   

Li jung Iran ke 2025 massacres jisme 35 hazar log mare gaye aur Iran ke 2026 protests ke baad. Iran ke leaders aur generals bhi mare gaye hai. Qaseem Soleimani (jinpe 25 million USD ke bounty the) ke mauth ke baad Iran aur US ke beech jung hua tha, aur Israel tensions Palestine aur Syria se bhi hua tha, Israel Syria Invasion aur Palestine ke famine se jude hai.   

Police brutality mein koi admi Gulf mein mar gya tha, kais log ghayal hue.    

Shuruad mein kai log aur bacche Iran mein mare gaye the aur li war ek mahine ke upar chala gya tha. UAE aur Qatar mein kai zyada hamle hue hai, US aur Israel ko target karke Gulf mein. Baad mein Lebanon mein jung shuru kia gaya tha.     

200 billion USD se nukshaan hua. Strait of Hormuz bhi band kiya gya tha. 

New York aur UAE ya Gulf ke beech 9/11 je tensions iss samay mein hua hai. 

Related people to Mojataba Khamenei bounty Mujibur Rehman (Alfa Group blacklists) and Joe Biden and Tyler Robinson. UN Syrian childten fraud from Ban Ki Moon to Antonio Guterres.  

Police officer and bounty hunters from the US will have a bounty on their head from now on due to Indian hate in USA and not vomllyinh to any work in politics. All parties fail to comply with payments and are lsited as fraudsters indefinitely.   

Close
[[vibhag:I]]</text>
      <sha1>g50jjueb0046gwwnobua8cj7ao2elak</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>336316</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-29T13:40:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-35653-59</username>
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      <text bytes="1434" sha1="qp9oseiv31aecxeu8xc3o0sspwhe8yk" xml:space="preserve">Gulf se shuru ki gais war 2026 mein. US aur Israel bhi isme shamil hai.
US, Israel aur Gulf Countries, Iran aur Hezbollah jaise log ke khilaf.   

Li jung Iran ke 2025 massacres jisme 35 hazar log mare gaye aur Iran ke 2026 protests ke baad. Iran ke leaders aur generals bhi mare gaye hai. Qaseem Soleimani (jinpe 25 million USD ke bounty the) ke mauth ke baad Iran aur US ke beech jung hua tha, aur Israel tensions Palestine aur Syria se bhi hua tha, Israel Syria Invasion aur Palestine ke famine se jude hai.   

Police brutality mein koi admi Gulf mein mar gya tha, kais log ghayal hue.    

Shuruad mein kai log aur bacche Iran mein mare gaye the aur li war ek mahine ke upar chala gya tha. UAE aur Qatar mein kai zyada hamle hue hai, US aur Israel ko target karke Gulf mein. Baad mein Lebanon mein jung shuru kia gaya tha.     

200 billion USD se nukshaan hua. Strait of Hormuz bhi band kiya gya tha. 

New York aur UAE ya Gulf ke beech 9/11 je tensions iss samay mein hua hai. 

Related people to Mojataba Khamenei bounty Mujibur Rehman (Alfa Group blacklists) and Joe Biden and Tyler Robinson. UN Syrian childten fraud from Ban Ki Moon to Antonio Guterres.  

Police officer and bounty hunters from the US will have a bounty on their head from now on due to Indian hate in USA and not vomllyinh to any work in politics. All parties fail to comply with payments and are listed as fraudsters indefinitely.   

Close
[[vibhag:I]]</text>
      <sha1>qp9oseiv31aecxeu8xc3o0sspwhe8yk</sha1>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>KnightMove</username>
        <id>7095</id>
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      <comment>Panna ke [[Albert Einstein]] pe redirect kar dewa gais hae</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>New user message</username>
        <id>12502</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page</comment>
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-- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 11:13, 30 Juun 2026 (UTC)</text>
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