Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2179 336349 326056 2026-07-01T17:55:22Z HyBoxwood 40530 [[w:zh:Template_talk:中华人民共和国国徽#編輯請求_2026-04-17_将svg替换为File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg]] 336349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country| fullcountryname=中华人民共和国 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó People's Republic of China | image_flag=Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg | image_coa=中華人民共和國國徽.svg | image_location=China in its region (claimed hatched).svg | nationalmotto=(none) | nationalsong=March of the Volunteers | nationalflower=n/a | nationalanimal=n/a | officiallanguages=[[Chinese bhasa]]<br />Mandarin - official baat kare waala bhasa hae uu jagah ke chhorr ke jahan pe Cantonese, [[English bhasa|English]] nai to [[Portuguese bhasa|Portuguese]] official bhasa hae (jaise ki Hong Kong aur Macao). | populationtotal = 1,306,314,812 | populationrank = 1 | populationdensity = 140 | countrycapital=[[Beijing]] | countrylargestcity=[[Shanghai]] | areatotal=9,596,960 km² | arearank=3 | areawater=not available | areawaterpercent=2.18% | establishedin=[[1 October]] ([[1949]]) | leadertitlename=President Xi Jinping<br />Premier Wen Jiabao | currency=Renminbi (RMB¥.) Hong Kong Dollar (HKD$.) and Macau Pataca (MOP)| utcoffset=+08:00 | dialingcode=86 (With the exception of Hong Kong(852) and Macau(853)) | internettld=.cn / .hk /.mo }} The '''People's Republic of China''' ([[Chinese bhasa]]: Simplified Chinese: '''中华人民共和国''', Traditional Chinese:'''中華人民共和國'''), eastern [[Asia]] me, ek communist [[des]] hae. China ke north me [[Mongolia]] aur [[Russia]] ke Siberia hae, south me [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]] [[Bhutan]] aur [[Nepal]] aur west me [[Khazakistan]] hae. Iske east me [[South China Sea]] hae jiske uu paar [[Taiwan]], [[Korea]], aur [[Japan]] hae. Iske Communist Party of China, [[1 October]] [[1949]] ke banais rahaa. Iske abaadi dunia ke des me se sab se jaada hae. (1.4 billion log se jaada). Iske capital [[Beijing]] hae, lekin [[Shanghae]] sab se barraa city hae. 1997 me [[United Kingdom]], [[Hong Kong]] ke control aur 1999 me [[Portugal]], [[Macao]] ke control China ke lautae diis. Ii duuno city kuch self-governing hae jab ki central government defense aur foreign affairs ke pachaas saal talak control karii. '''[[Taiwan]]''' ke [[Island]] ke People's Republic of China claim kare hae lekin uske paas ii island ke control nai hae. [[Taiwan]], abhi ek democratic [[des]] hae jiske officially '''[[Republic of China|Republic of China (Taiwan)]]''' bolaa jaawe hae.. == Itihaas == China ke civilization, second millennium B.C.E. se hae jab ki ii ek feudal society rahaa. Iske land area abhi ke China ke rakam dekhe me rahaa, western aur northen konaa ke chorr ke jon ke badalte rahat rahaa. Ispe Mongolian log jaise [[Genghis Khan]] aur [[Kublai Khan]] larrai karte rahin. Jab ki china first millennium C.E. aur second millennium C.E. ke suruu me bahut kuch achieve karis, ii 15th century C.E. me ek isolationaist des hoe gais. Renaissance ke time talak Europe ke des Asia ke des ke colony banae lagis. Jab ki China ke puura koi des nai le paais rahaa, dher [[Europe]] ke des, jisme [[Britain]] main des rahaa, China me aapan influence barrhaen. Kahe ki China apne aap ke dunia ke aur des se duur rakhis rahaa, uu technology me pichhe parr gais rahaa aur British log ke roke nai paais. Ii uu time clear bhaes jab 19th century me Opium Wars me [[Britain]] China ke harrais. [[1911]] me monarchy ke Sun Yat-sen overthrow kar ke ek Nationalist government suruu karis. Dhire dhire Marxist philosophies faela. 1927 me [[Chiang Kai-shek]] ke niche Nationalist aur [[Mao Zedong]] ke niche Communist ke biich me larrai suruu hoe gais. 1930s me jab [[Japan]], China ke uppar larrai suruu karis tab Nationalists aur Communists ek hoe ke Japan se larrin. Ii larrai me 10 million se jaada log ke maut hoe gais. World War II ke baad civil war fir se suruu hoe gais 1949 me Communist Red Army jiit gais aur [[Chiang Kai-shek]] aur uske Nationalists loag [[Taiwan]] bhaag gain. [[Mao Zedong]] China ke leader [[1976]] talak rahaa jab uske maut hoe gais. Ii time me China ke relationship Western World aur Russia se kharaab oe gais. Mao Zedong ke uske Cultural Revolution khatir bhi jaana jae hae jisme dher logke maar dewa gis rahaa. Uske baad [[Deng Xiaoping]] leader banaa. [[1979]] me, overabaadi problem ke kaaran, China, one-child policy laabu karis jon ke ketnaa larrkian paida karaa jaae sake hae ke uppar rok lagais.In [[August]] [[2008]] me China, Summer Olympics ke pahila dafe host karis. == Jagah == China, [[Russia]] ke baad, Asia ke duusra sab se barraa des hae agar khaali jamin ke dekhaa jaae lekin agar duuno jamiin aur samundar ke jorra jaae hae ta ii dunia ke duusra sab se barraa des hae. China ke border 14 des se hae. China me dher rakam ke mausam ke jagah hae. East me, [[Piyar Samundar]] aur [[East China Sea]] ke lage jamiin bahut tagrraa hae aur hian pe dher rakam ke kheti karaa jaawe hae. Mongolia ke lage grasslands hae. South China me dher pahaarr hae. South-east china [[Piyar Naddi]] aur [[Yangtze Naddi]] ke delta hae. China ke aur naddi hae; Xi, [[Mekong]], [[Brahmaputra Naddi]] aur [[Amur Naddi]]. West me uuncha pahaarr hae jisme se sab se uunch [[Himalayas]] hae. Uuncha plateaus me [[Taklamakan]] aur [[Gobi Desert]] hae == China ke province ke suchi == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%;" |- ! align="center" |GB/T 2260-2007<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/work/design/chinastdb_1210.doc# |title=GB/T 2260 codes for the provinces of China |access-date=2011-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040305025950/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/work/design/chinastdb_1210.doc# |archive-date=2004-03-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> ! align="center" |[[ISO 3166-2:CN|ISO]]<ref>[[ISO 3166-2:CN]] ([[ISO 3166-2]] codes for the provinces of China)</ref> ! align="left" |Province ! align="left" |Chinese<br />Hanyu Pinyin ! align="left" |Capital ! align="right" |Population<br>(2020) ! align="right" |Density<br>(per km²) ! align="right" |Area<br>(km²) ! align="center" class="alphabetical" | Abbreviation{{efn|Abbreviation in the parentheses is informal}} |- |- | style="text-align:center;" | HE | style="text-align:center;" | CN-HE | [[Hebei]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Héběi Shěng</small> | [[Shijiazhuang]] | style="text-align:right;" | 74,610,235 | style="text-align:right;" | 393.08 | style="text-align:right;" | 189,809 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|冀}}</span><br><small>Jì</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | SX | style="text-align:center;" | CN-SX | [[Shanxi]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Shānxī Shěng</small> | [[Taiyuan]] | style="text-align:right;" | 34,915,616 | style="text-align:right;" | 222.80 | style="text-align:right;" | 156,713 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|晋}}</span><br><small>Jìn</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | LN | style="text-align:center;" | CN-LN | [[Liaoning]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Liáoníng Shěng </small> | [[Shenyang]] | style="text-align:right;" | 42,591,407 | style="text-align:right;" | 289.59 | style="text-align:right;" | 147,076 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|辽}}</span><br><small>Liáo</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | JL | style="text-align:center;" | CN-JL | [[Jilin]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Jílín Shěng </small> | [[Changchun]] | style="text-align:right;" | 24,073,453 | style="text-align:right;" | 126.51 | style="text-align:right;" | 190,282 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|吉}}</span><br><small>Jí</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | HL | style="text-align:center;" | CN-HL | [[Heilongjiang]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Hēilóngjiāng Shěng </small> | [[Harbin]] | style="text-align:right;" | 31,850,088 | style="text-align:right;" | 67.37 | style="text-align:right;" | 472,766 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|黑}}</span><br><small>Hēi</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | JS | style="text-align:center;" | CN-JS | [[Jiangsu]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Jiāngsū Shěng </small> | [[Nanjing]] | style="text-align:right;" | 84,748,016 | style="text-align:right;" | 847.91 | style="text-align:right;" | 99,949 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|苏}}</span><br><small>Sū</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | ZJ | style="text-align:center;" | CN-ZJ | [[Zhejiang]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Zhèjiāng Shěng</small> | [[Hangzhou]] | style="text-align:right;" | 64,567,588 | style="text-align:right;" | 615.67 | style="text-align:right;" | 104,873 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|浙}}</span><br><small>Zhè</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | AH | style="text-align:center;" | CN-AH | [[Anhui]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Ānhuī Shěng </small> | [[Hefei]] | style="text-align:right;" | 61,027,171 | style="text-align:right;" | 436.29 | style="text-align:right;" | 139,879 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|皖}} </span><br><small>Wǎn</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | FJ | style="text-align:center;" | CN-FJ | [[Fujian]]{{efn|Most of the Fujian is administered by China, but Taiwan governs [[Kinmen County]] and [[Matsu Islands|Lienchiang County]] under its own [[Fujian Province, Republic of China|Fujian Province]].}} | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Fújiàn Shěng </small> | [[Fuzhou]] | style="text-align:right;" | 41,540,086 | style="text-align:right;" | 335.66 | style="text-align:right;" | 123,756 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|闽}} </span><br><small>Mǐn</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | JX | style="text-align:center;" | CN-JX | [[Jiangxi]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Jiāngxī Shěng </small> | [[Nanchang]] | style="text-align:right;" | 45,188,635 | style="text-align:right;" | 270.69 | style="text-align:right;" | 166,939 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|赣}}</span><br><small>Gàn</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | SD | style="text-align:center;" | CN-SD | [[Shandong]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Shāndōng Shěng </small> | [[Jinan]] | style="text-align:right;" | 101,527,453 | style="text-align:right;" | 643.78 | style="text-align:right;" | 157,704 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|鲁}}</span><br><small>Lǔ</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | HA | style="text-align:center;" | CN-HA | [[Henan]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Hénán Shěng </small> | [[Zhengzhou]] | style="text-align:right;" | 99,365,519 | style="text-align:right;" | 600.52 | style="text-align:right;" | 165,467 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|豫}}</span><br><small>Yù</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | HB | style="text-align:center;" | CN-HB | [[Hubei]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Húběi Shěng </small> | [[Wuhan]] | style="text-align:right;" | 57,752,557 | style="text-align:right;" | 310.87 | style="text-align:right;" | 185,776 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|鄂}}</span><br><small>È</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | HN | style="text-align:center;" | CN-HN | [[Hunan]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Húnán Shěng </small> | [[Changsha]] | style="text-align:right;" | 66,444,864 | style="text-align:right;" | 313.65 | style="text-align:right;" | 211,842 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|湘}}</span><br><small>Xiāng</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | GD | style="text-align:center;" | CN-GD | [[Guangdong]]{{efn|Most of the Guangdong is administered by China, but Taiwan governs [[Pratas Island]] as part of the [[Dongsha Atoll National Park]].}} | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Guǎngdōng Shěng</small> | [[Guangzhou]] | style="text-align:right;" | 126,012,510 | style="text-align:right;" | 700.02 | style="text-align:right;" | 180,013 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|粤}} </span><br><small>Yuè</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | HI | style="text-align:center;" | CN-HI | [[Hainan]]{{efn|Most of the Hainan is administered by China, while Taiwan governs [[Taiping Island]] as part of [[Cijin District, Kaohsiung]].}} | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Hǎinán Shěng </small> | [[Haikou]] | style="text-align:right;" | 10,081,232 | style="text-align:right;" | 294.27 | style="text-align:right;" | 34,259 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|琼}}</span><br><small>Qióng</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | SC | style="text-align:center;" | CN-SC | [[Sichuan]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Sìchuān Shěng </small> | [[Chengdu]] | style="text-align:right;" | 83,674,866 | style="text-align:right;" | 174.93 | style="text-align:right;" | 484,056 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|川(蜀)}}</span><br><small>Chuān (Shǔ)</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | GZ | style="text-align:center;" | CN-GZ | [[Guizhou]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Guìzhōu Shěng </small> | [[Guiyang]] | style="text-align:right;" | 38,562,148 | style="text-align:right;" | 218.93 | style="text-align:right;" | 176,140 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|贵(黔)}}</span><br><small>Guì (Qián)</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | YN | style="text-align:center;" | CN-YN | [[Yunnan]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Yúnnán Shěng </small> | [[Kunming]] | style="text-align:right;" | 47,209,277 | style="text-align:right;" | 123.20 | style="text-align:right;" | 383,195 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|云(滇)}}</span><br><small>Yún (Diān)</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | SN | style="text-align:center;" | CN-SN | [[Shaanxi]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Shǎnxī Shěng </small> | [[Xi'an]] | style="text-align:right;" | 39,528,999 | style="text-align:right;" | 192.24 | style="text-align:right;" | 205,624 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|陕(秦)}}</span><br><small>Shǎn (Qín)</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | GS | style="text-align:center;" | CN-GS | [[Gansu]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Gānsù Shěng </small> | [[Lanzhou]] | style="text-align:right;" | 25,019,831 | style="text-align:right;" | 54.70 | style="text-align:right;" | 457,382 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|甘(陇)}}</span><br><small>Gān (Lǒng)</small> |- | style="text-align:center;" | QH | style="text-align:center;" | CN-QH | [[Qinghai]] | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|}}</span><br><small>Qīnghǎi Shěng </small> | [[Xining]] | style="text-align:right;" | 5,923,957 | style="text-align:right;" | 8.58 | style="text-align:right;" | 690,355 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|青}}</span><br><small>Qīng</small> |- style="background:#FFCCCC;" |- | style="text-align:center;" | TW | style="text-align:center;" | CN-TW{{efn|Has separate [[ISO 3166-2]] code: <code>TW</code>}} | [[Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China|''Taiwan'']]{{efn|The [[People's Republic of China]] considers Taiwan to be its 23rd province, but Taiwan is currently administrated by the [[Republic of China]]. For more information, see the [[political status of Taiwan]]}} | <span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|{{lang|zh-hans|台湾省}}}}</span><br><small>Táiwān Shěng </small> | [[Taipei]] | style="text-align:right;" | 23,162,123 | style="text-align:right;" | 650.97 | style="text-align:right;" | 36,161 | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="font-size:medium;">{{lang|zh|台(臺)}}</span><br><small>Tái</small> |} == People and Culture == [[File:Ethnolinguistic map of China 1983.png|thumb|250px|Ethnolinguistic map of China]] [[Han Chinese|Han]], mainland China ke sab se barraa ethnic group hae. 2010 me, 91.51% population ke Han classify karaa gais rahaa (~1.2 billion).<ref>{{cite web|title=Han Chinese proportion in China's population drops: census data |date=28 April 2011 |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-04/28/c_13849933.htm |website=Xinhua News (English) |access-date=1 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711022113/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-04/28/c_13849933.htm |archive-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> [[Han Chinese]] ke alawaa, 55 aur ethnic (minority) groups hae, jiske number approximately 105 million people (8%) hae, jon ki jaada kar ke are concentrated in the bordering northwest, north, northeast, south and southwest. Khass [[ethnic minorities in China]] hae [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] (19.6 million), [[Uyghurs]] (11 million), [[Hui people|Hui]] (11.4 million), [[Miao people|Miao]] (11 million), [[Manchu people|Manchu]] (10.4 million), [[Yi people|Yi]] (9.8 million), [[Tujia people|Tujia]] (9.6 million), [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] (7 million), [[Mongols in China|Mongols]] (6.3 million), [[Bouyei people|Buyei]] (3.5 million), [[Kam people|Dong]] (3.5 million), [[Yao people|Yao]] (3.3 million), [[Bai people|Bai]] (2 million), [[Koreans in China|Koreans]] (1.7 million), [[Hani people|Hani]] (1.7 million), [[Hlai people|Li]] (1.6 million), [[Kazakhs in China|Kazakhs]] (1.5 million), and [[Dai people|Dai]] (1.2 million).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm |title=index |website=www.stats.gov.cn}}</ref> Lagbhag 126,000 people [[Canada]], the [[United States]], aur [[Europe]] se, mainland China me rahe hae.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beijingrelocation.com/blog/expats-in-china-nationalities-and-in-which-cities-they-settle/ |title=Expats in China: Nationalities and in which cities they settle}}</ref> Iske alaawa, there are a number of [[Unrecognized ethnic groups in China|unrecognized ethnic groups]] which together comprise over 730,000 people. ==China ke Paramount Neta== China ke paramount neta, Chinese Communist Party aur People's Liberation Army ke control kare hae. Uu Communist Party ke General Secretary aur Chairman of the Central Military Commission bhi rahe hae. ===Paramount neta ke suchi=== * [[1949]] - 1978 - [[Mao Zedong]] * [[1978]] - 1989 - [[Deng Xiaoping]] * [[1989]] - 2002 -[[Jiang Zemin]] * [[2002]] - 2012 - [[Hu Jintao]] * [[2012]] - &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Xi Jinping]] == Chapa ke gallery == <div align="center"> <gallery> file:Shanghai Stock Exchange Building.jpg|Shanghae Stock Exchange file:Tiananmen Square Visit.jpg|The Great Hall of the People file:Saihanba5.jpg|North China ke grassland file:Chinafarmland.jpg|East China ke khet file:Yamdrok-tso-2.jpg|Tibetan Plateau file:Sanya Sun Photo by Dale Preston.jpg|Hainan, South China Sea ke lage file:Lijiang river, Guangxi, China.jpg|Li Naddi. </gallery> </div> ==References== <references/> [[Category:People's Republic of China| ]] s4zcflg4gmip3pd9pk90kpumfs3851u 0 3308 336355 321703 2026-07-02T01:26:43Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Caspian Samundar | other_name = | image = ISS056-E-13641 - View of Azerbaijan.jpg | caption = Caspian Samundar ke chhaapa [[International Space Station]]<br/> se lewa gais hae, southwest ke bagal se | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = Location of the Caspian Sea in the world | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = l | coords = {{Coord|42.0|N|50.5|E|type:waterbody_scale:5000000}} | type = [[Ancient lake]], [[Endorheic]], saline,<br/> permanent, natural | inflow = [[Volga River]], [[Ural River]], [[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kura River]],<br/> [[Terek River]], [[Haraz River]], [[Sefid-Rud]] | outflow = [[Evaporation]], [[Garabogazköl|Kara-Bogaz-Gol]] | catchment = {{cvt|3626000|km2|sqmi}}<ref name="vanderLeeden"/> | basin_countries = [[Iran]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Turkmenistan]],<br/> [[Russian Federation]] (specifically [[Astrakhan Oblast]],<br/> [[Dagestan]] aur[[Kalmykia]]) | length = {{cvt|1030|km|mi|0}} | width = {{cvt|435|km|mi|0}} | area = {{cvt|371000|km2|sqmi|-2}} | depth = {{cvt|211|m|-1}} | max-depth = {{cvt|1025|m|-1}} | volume = {{cvt|78200|km3|cumi|-2}} | residence_time = 250 years | shore = {{cvt|7000|km|mi|-2}} | elevation = {{cvt|−28|m|ft|0}} | frozen = | islands = [[:Category:Islands of the Caspian Sea|26+]] | islands_category = Islands of the Caspian Sea | cities = [[Baku]] (Azerbaijan), [[Bandar-e Anzali]] (Iran), <br/>[[Aktau|Aqtau]] (Kazakhstan), [[Makhachkala]] (Russia),<br/> [[Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan|Türkmenbaşy]] (Turkmenistan) (''see [[#Modern|article]]'') | reference = <ref name="vanderLeeden">van der Leeden, Troise, and Todd, eds., ''The Water Encyclopedia''. Second Edition. Chelsea F.C., MI: Lewis Publishers, 1990, p. 196.</ref> | location = [[Eastern Europe]], [[West Asia]], and [[Central Asia]] }} [[File:Caspian Sea from orbit.jpg|thumb|Caspian Sea]] [[File:Stenka Razin by Vasily Surikov 1906.jpg|thumb|Stenka Razin (Vasily Surikov)]] '''Caspian Samundar''', duuno area aur volume se dunia ke sab se barraa talaab hae. Iske surface area 371,000 square kilometres (143,244&nbsp;mi²) aur volume 78,200 cubic kilometres (18,761&nbsp;mi³) hae. Iske chaaro taraf jamiin hae aur ii [[Russia]] aur [[Iran]] ke biich me hae. Iske east me [[Kazakhstan]] aur [[Turkmenistan]], aur west me [[Azerbaijan]] hae. Iske sab se jaada gahiraai 1025 meters (3,363&nbsp;ft) hae. Iske [[salinity]] approximately 1.2% hae, jon ki normal samundar ke paani ke one-third hae. == Duusra websites == * [http://www.netiran.com/?fn=artd(2277) Information on history and names of the Caspian Sea] * [http://www.parstimes.com/caspian/ Caspian Sea Region] * [http://www.caspianenvironment.org/ Caspian Environment Programme] ** [http://www.caspianenvironment.org/reports/Framework_Convention.zip Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea] (2003) * [http://globalguerrillas.typepad.com/globalguerrillas/2004/07/long_term_gg_ta.html Target: Caspian Sea Oil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828084055/http://globalguerrillas.typepad.com/globalguerrillas/2004/07/long_term_gg_ta.html |date=2009-08-28 }} John Robb, 2004 * [http://www.caspage.citg.tudelft.nl/project.html Dating Caspian sea level changes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171008/http://www.caspage.citg.tudelft.nl/project.html |date=2011-07-24 }} [[vibhag:C]] [[Category:Samundar]] [[Category:Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Russia]] [[Category:Iran]] [[vibhag:Asia ke talaab]] tef2c10pu4xotnol74e6ytgq5hde0vt 0 3746 336351 302339 2026-07-01T18:32:19Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336351 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Republic of Mauritius''', [[Indian Ocean]] ke ek island [[des]] hae. [[Port Louis]] iske [[capital]] [[city]] hae. Ii des ke main island ke naam bhi Mauritius hae. 2000 ke census me iske population 1,178,848 rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/ncb/cso/report/hpcen00/Demogra/rep.htm |title=Central statistics Office: Republic of Mauritius |access-date=2012-08-01 |archive-date=2008-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424062001/http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/ncb/cso/report/hpcen00/Demogra/rep.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:locationMauritius.png|right|]] [[File:Mauritius Postal Museum 001.jpg|thumb|400px|Mauritius Postal Museum]] Ii dwip ke southwest [[Indian Ocean]] me, [[Madagascar]] se 900&nbsp;km east me. ==Chhapa Gallery== <gallery> File:Mauritius Police Logo 003 (cropped).jpg|Mauritius Police Logo File:Apravasi Ghat Mauritius 03.jpg|Apravasi Ghat </gallery > == References == {{reflist}} [[vibhag:Mauritius| ]] [[vibhag:Commonwealth ke member]] rr6jazo8b2ek125tate69a8igvku68b 0 4746 336354 308710 2026-07-02T00:34:39Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336354 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Avicenna.jpg|thumb|right|Avicenna]] '''Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā''' (ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا); c. [[980]] Bukhara me,<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011433 Avicenna], [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Von Dehsen |first=Christian D. |authorlink= |coauthors=Scott L. Harris |editor= |others= |title=Philosophers and Religious Leaders|publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=1-5735-6152-5|pages=p. 19}}</ref> Khorasan – [[1037]] Hamedan me<ref name="almashriq">[http://almashriq.hiof.no/ddc/projects/saab/avicenna/introduction.html] [http://www.amazon.com/dp/906022485X]</ref>), jiske '''Ibn Seena''' ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae<ref name="pharmacorner">{{cite web |url=http://www.pharmacorner.com/default.asp?action=article&ID=121 |title=Extracts from the history of Islamic pharmacy |accessdate=2007-11-11 |work=Pharmacy History |publisher=Pharma Corner |archive-date=2010-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105143157/http://pharmacorner.com/default.asp?action=article&ID=121 |url-status=dead }}</ref> aur jiske jaada kar ke English me uske Latinized naam '''Avicenna''' se jaana jaae hae (Greek ''{{Polytonic| Aβιτζιανός}}''),<ref>{{Citation |last=Greenhill |first=William Alexander |contribution=Abitianus |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=William |title=[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]] |volume=1 |pages=3 |publisher= |place= |year=1867 |contribution-url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0012.html |access-date=2009-08-25 |archive-date=2005-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051231191519/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0012.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ek [[Persian people|Persian]] rahaa<ref>''"Avicenna"'', in [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]], Concise Online Version, 2006 ([http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011433/Avicenna]); D. Gutas, ''"Avicenna"'', in [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], Online Version 2006, ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a046.html LINK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420150111/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a046.html |date=2009-04-20 }}); Avicenna in (Encyclopedia of Islam: © 1999 Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands)</ref> [[Muslim]] [[polymath]] and the most important [[physician]] and [[Islam]]ic [[philosopher]] of his time. He was also an [[astronomer]], [[chemist]], [[Hafiz (Quran)|Hafiz]], [[logician]], [[mathematician]], [[poet]], [[Psychology|psychologist]], [[scientist]], [[Sheikh]], [[soldier]], [[statesman]] and [[theologian]].<ref>Charles F. Horne (1917), ed., ''The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia'', p. 90-91. Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, New York. ([[cf.]] [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1020Avicenna-Medicine.html Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (973-1037): On Medicine, c. 1020 CE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030034127/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1020Avicenna-Medicine.html |date=2007-10-30 }}, Medieval Sourcebook.) {{quote|"Avicenna (973-1037) was a sort of ''universal genius'', known first as a physician. To his works on medicine he afterward added religious tracts, poems, works on philosophy, on logic, as physics, on mathematics, and on astronomy.}}</ref> Ibn Sīnā lagbhag 450 treatises dher subject pe likhis rahaa,jisme se 240 abhi talak hae. Khaas kar ke, 150 treatises [[philosophy]] ke baareme aur 40 [[medicine]] ke baare me hae.<ref>{{MacTutor Biography|id=Avicenna}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/avicen.html Avicenna (Abu Ali Sina)]</ref> == References == <references /> {{reflist|2}} == Duusra websites == {{wikiquote-en}} * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9011433/Avicenna Avicenna] an article by [[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]] on Encyclopedia Britannica Online * [http://nigelwarburton.typepad.com/philosophy_bites/2007/09/peter-adamson-o.html ''Philosophy Bites'' podcast interview with Peter Adamson on Avicenna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131041816/http://nigelwarburton.typepad.com/philosophy_bites/2007/09/peter-adamson-o.html |date=2009-01-31 }}. * [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a046.html Avicenna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420150111/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v3f1/v3f1a046.html |date=2009-04-20 }} An article by [[encyclopedia Iranica]] * [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/art/ibn%20Sina-REP.htm Biography & Works] from Routledge * [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/index.html Ibn Sina (Islamic Philosophy Online)] * [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/art/ei-is.htm Ibn Sina] from the [[Encyclopedia of Islam]] * [http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/avicenna.htm Avicenna/Ibn Sina] at the [[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] * [http://www.irandokht.com/editorial/print.php?area=pro&sectionID=9&editorialID=2153 Physician's Day in Iran: A Reference Article on Pur Sina (Avicenna) by Manouchehr Saadat Noury] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317201328/http://www.irandokht.com/editorial/print.php?area=pro&sectionID=9&editorialID=2153 |date=2008-03-17 }}''' * [http://www.farhangsara.com/ibn_sina.htm Biography of Avicenna (in English)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815063632/http://www.farhangsara.com/ibn_sina.htm |date=2017-08-15 }} * [http://www.ummah.net/history/scholars/ibn_sina/ Biography of Avicenna] * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02157a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Avicenna] {{BD|0980|1037|}} [[Category:Persia ke log]] [[Category:Philosophers]] [[Category:Scientists]] 8sdinoviswm5lklacwh2qyeuxs1zu8d 0 5015 336353 322984 2026-07-01T19:38:43Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philosopher |region = Western Philosophy |era = 20th-century philosophy / 21st-century philosophy |color = #B0C4DE |name = Noam Chomsky |image_name = Noam_chomsky_cropped.jpg‎ |caption = Noam Chomsky ke chapa 2005 me |image_size = 220px |birth = {{birth date and age|1928|12|7}}<br />Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |death = |school_tradition = Linguistics |main_interests = Linguistics Psychology<br />Philosophy of language<br />Politics Ethics }} '''Avram Noam Chomsky''' (janam [[7 December]] [[1928]]) ek [[United States|American]] linguist, philosopher, political activist, author, aur lecturer hae. Uu Massachusetts Institute of Technology ke Institute Professor aur professor emeritus of linguistics hae. == Ill bhi dekho == * [[Khalbali]] == Notes == {{Reflist}} == References == * {{cite book |last= Barsky |first= Robert F. |authorlink= Robert Barsky |title= Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent |url= http://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/chomsky/chomsky/welcome.html |year= 1997 |publisher= MIT Press |location= Massachusetts |isbn= 978-1550222821}} * {{cite book |last= Chomsky |first= Noam |title= Perspectives on Power |url= |year= 1996 |publisher= Black Rose |location= Montréal |isbn= 978-1551640488}} * {{cite web | last = Kreisler | first = Harry | title = Activism, Anarchism, and Power: Conversation with Noam Chomsky | work = Conversations with History | publisher = Institute of International Studies, [[UC Berkeley]] | date = [[2002-03-22]] | url = http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con1.html | accessdate = 2007-09-03}} == Duusra websites == * [https://chomsky.info/ Official website] * [http://www.khaleejtimes.com/SectionHomeL.asp?section=noamchomsky&col=yes Noam Chomsky Columns in Khaleej Times—UAE Newspaper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105025106/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/SectionHomeL.asp?section=noamchomsky&col=yes |date=2008-01-05 }} * [http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0530-20.htm Why It's Over For America, by Noam Chomsky, ''The Independent'', May 30, 2006] * [http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/www/chomsky.home.html MIT homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210081306/http://web.mit.edu/linguistics/www/chomsky.home.html |date=2007-02-10 }} * {{imdb name|0159008|Noam Chomsky}} * [http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/ ZNet: Noam Chomsky Archive] * [http://www.booktv.org/indepth/index.asp?schedid=195&segid=3562 Interview with Noam Chomsky], June 1, 2003 C-Span's ''Book TV'' * [http://www.radio4all.net/index.php?op=search&nav=&session=&searchtext=chomsky A-Infos Radio Project: Talks by Noam Chomsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211210426/http://www.radio4all.net/index.php?op=search&nav=&session=&searchtext=chomsky |date=2008-12-11 }} ([[MP3]]) * [http://www.lipmagazine.org/articles/featchomsky_63.htm Example of Chomsky's views on the Free Market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109154658/http://www.lipmagazine.org/articles/featchomsky_63.htm |date=2008-01-09 }} * [http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people2/Chomsky/chomsky-con1.html Conversation with Noam Chomsky] * [http://www.booktv.org/feature/index.asp?segid=7022&schedID=428 Noam Chomsky "Just War Theory" at West Point] May 27, 2006 ''C-Span 2'' * [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2765553072882910702&q=kosovo+mandic&hl=en Noam Chomsky on NATO's Kosovo Campaign (Danilo Mandic, RTS).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629115256/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2765553072882910702&q=kosovo+mandic&hl=en |date=2011-06-29 }} * [http://mp3.rbnlive.com/Tarpley/0608/20060812_Sat_Tarpley2.mp3 Webster Tarpley interviews Barry Zwicker on Chomsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923110543/http://mp3.rbnlive.com/Tarpley/0608/20060812_Sat_Tarpley2.mp3 |date=2006-09-23 }} on [[RBNLive]] (at the 35:00 minute mark in the interview) * [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/nyregion/22chomsky.html?ex=1159588800&en=8e81f9fa46dc0eac&ei=5059&partner=AOL NY Times article on Chomsky]—September 22, 2006 * [http://www.tidsskriftcentret.dk/index.php?id=147 Noam Chomsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129004334/http://www.tidsskriftcentret.dk/index.php?id=147 |date=2009-11-29 }} A resource from Tidsskriftcentret.dk in English & Scandinavian. * [http://www.chomskyviewer.org/ The Chomsky Viewer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012204615/http://chomskyviewer.org/ |date=2007-10-12 }} Video compilation of Chomsky with other activists in PowerPoint format. * [http://mitworld.mit.edu/play/401/ Noam Chomsky talking about the current crisis in the Middle East] * [http://videolectures.net/ff06_ljubljana/ Video of Chomsky's talk] 'Force, law and the possibilities for survival' in March 2005 * joint Noam Chomsky—Howard Zinn interview, April 16 2007 [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07/04/16/1338223 part one] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114212940/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07%2F04%2F16%2F1338223 |date=2007-11-14 }} [http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07/04/17/1327203 part two] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114212734/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07%2F04%2F17%2F1327203 |date=2007-11-14 }} * [http://onebigtorrent.org OneBigTorrent.org] (originally called "Chomskytorrents") begun with (and still has) lots of links to Chomsky-related media. * [http://www.stateofnature.org/noamChomsky.html On Media: State of Nature Interview with Noam Chomsky] (September, 2006) * [http://www.anarchismtoday.org/News/topic=12.html Chomsky articles & videos @AnarchismToday.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412095048/http://anarchismtoday.org/News/topic=12.html |date=2008-04-12 }} {{BD|1928||Chomsky, Noam}} [[vibhag:United States anarchists]] [[vibhag:Linguists]] [[vibhag:Socialists]] [[vibhag:Philosophers]] [[vibhag:United States ke log‎]] foppcpme0de660qh2il36ktdr7ot28j 0 5302 336362 333913 2026-07-02T09:42:24Z Smcnarayan 362 336362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Simón Bolívar | image = Simón Bolívar. Toro Moreno, Luis. 1922, Legislative Palace, La Paz.png | caption = Posthumous portrait, 1922 <!-- Political Offices --> | order = 1st | office = President of Colombia | term_start = 16 February 1819 | term_end = 27 April 1830 | predecessor = [[Estanislao Vergara y Sanz de Santamaría]] | successor = [[Domingo Caycedo]] | office2 = [[President of Peru]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ley Disponiendo Que El Ejecutivo Comunique A Bolívar La Abolición De La Constitución Vitalicia Y La Elección De Presidente De La República, 22 de Junio de 1827|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/participacion/museo/congreso/mensajes/ley_abolicion_constitucion_vitalicia_eleccion_presidente_republica_22_junio_1827|date=22 June 1827|publisher=[[Congress of Peru]]|language=es|access-date=29 March 2023}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | term_start2 = 10 February 1824 | term_end2 = 27 January 1827 | predecessor2 = [[José Bernardo de Tagle]] | successor2 = [[José de La Mar]] | office3 = 1st [[President of Bolivia]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2011 |title=Se enciende el debate por el cargo de Simón Bolívar |trans-title=Debate Ignites over Simón Bolívar's Position |language=es |work=El Día |publication-place=Santa Cruz de la Sierra |url=https://www.eldia.com.bo/noticia.php?id=81377 |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214195704/https://www.eldia.com.bo/noticia.php?id=81377 |archive-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> | term_start3 = 6 August 1825 | term_end3 = 29 December 1825 | predecessor3 = ''Office established'' | successor3 = [[Antonio José de Sucre]] <!-- Personal details --> | birth_date = {{birth date|1783|7|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Caracas]], [[Captaincy General of Venezuela]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1830|12|17|1783|7|24|df=y}} | death_place = [[Santa Marta]], [[Gran Colombia]] | death_cause = <!-- should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability --> | resting_place = [[National Pantheon of Venezuela]] | nationality = {{ubl|[[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] (until 1810)|Venezuelan (1813–1819)|Colombian (from 1819)}} | partner = [[Manuela Sáenz]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa]]|1802|1803|reason=died}} | signature = Simón Bolívar Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink }} [[File:Bolívar en Carabobo.jpg|thumb]] '''Simón Bolívar''' ([[1783]] - [[1830]]) ek [[Venezuela]] ke military commander rahaa. Uske janam [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] me bhaes rahaa. Uu [[South America]] ke dher des ke [[Spain]] se ajaadi dewais rahaa. Kuchh din talak uu Gran Colombia ke president rahaa, ek des jon ki abhi nai hae. [[Bolivia]] des ke naam Bolívar se aais hae. ==Bachpan ke din aur palwaar== Simón Bolívar ke janam 24 July 1783 me [[Caracas]], Venzuela ke capital me bhais rahaa. Uu {{ill|Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte|es}} aur {{ill|María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco|es}} ke chauthaa aur sab se chhotaa larrkaa rahaa. {{sfnm|Masur|1969|1pp=20, 22|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2p=311|Lynch|2006|3p=2|Langley|2009|4p=4|Arana|2013|5pp=6–8}} Uske Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios baptize karaa gais rahaa 30 July me.{{sfn|Langley|2009|p=4}} Bolívar palwaar ke ke pahila jan jon Americas migrate bhais rahaa ke bhi wahii naam rahaa, aur ek chhotaar Spanish governmental official rahaa, jon Spain ke [[Basque]] Country me ek notaray rahaa, aur Venezuela me [[1580s]] me aais rahaa.{{sfnm|Masur|1969|1p=20|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2p=10|Arana|2013|3pp=8–9}} Pahila Simón de Bolívar ke descendants colonial bureaucracy me kaam kare rahin aur Caracas ke dhani palwaar me saadi kare rahin .{{sfnm|Masur|1969|1p=20|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2pp=10–11|Langley|2009|3p=4}} Jab Simón Bolívar paida bhais rahaa, Bolívar palwaar ek sab se dhani aur jaana-maana creole palwaar Spanish Americas me rahaa.{{sfnm|Masur|1969|1p=20|Langley|2009|2p=4|Arana|2013|3pp=7, 17}} == Other websites == * [http://www.simon-bolivar.h80.org/ Simon Bolivar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628233647/http://www.simon-bolivar.h80.org/ |date=2007-06-28 }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|1783|1830|Bolivar, Simon}} {{bio-stub}} [[vibhag:B]] [[Category:Venezuela ke log]] f8lzot8ugcjm9ck4w5xmodjai026egl 336365 336362 2026-07-02T09:51:22Z Smcnarayan 362 /* Bachpan ke din aur palwaar */ 336365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Simón Bolívar | image = Simón Bolívar. Toro Moreno, Luis. 1922, Legislative Palace, La Paz.png | caption = Posthumous portrait, 1922 <!-- Political Offices --> | order = 1st | office = President of Colombia | term_start = 16 February 1819 | term_end = 27 April 1830 | predecessor = [[Estanislao Vergara y Sanz de Santamaría]] | successor = [[Domingo Caycedo]] | office2 = [[President of Peru]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ley Disponiendo Que El Ejecutivo Comunique A Bolívar La Abolición De La Constitución Vitalicia Y La Elección De Presidente De La República, 22 de Junio de 1827|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/participacion/museo/congreso/mensajes/ley_abolicion_constitucion_vitalicia_eleccion_presidente_republica_22_junio_1827|date=22 June 1827|publisher=[[Congress of Peru]]|language=es|access-date=29 March 2023}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | term_start2 = 10 February 1824 | term_end2 = 27 January 1827 | predecessor2 = [[José Bernardo de Tagle]] | successor2 = [[José de La Mar]] | office3 = 1st [[President of Bolivia]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2011 |title=Se enciende el debate por el cargo de Simón Bolívar |trans-title=Debate Ignites over Simón Bolívar's Position |language=es |work=El Día |publication-place=Santa Cruz de la Sierra |url=https://www.eldia.com.bo/noticia.php?id=81377 |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214195704/https://www.eldia.com.bo/noticia.php?id=81377 |archive-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> | term_start3 = 6 August 1825 | term_end3 = 29 December 1825 | predecessor3 = ''Office established'' | successor3 = [[Antonio José de Sucre]] <!-- Personal details --> | birth_date = {{birth date|1783|7|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Caracas]], [[Captaincy General of Venezuela]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1830|12|17|1783|7|24|df=y}} | death_place = [[Santa Marta]], [[Gran Colombia]] | death_cause = <!-- should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability --> | resting_place = [[National Pantheon of Venezuela]] | nationality = {{ubl|[[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] (until 1810)|Venezuelan (1813–1819)|Colombian (from 1819)}} | partner = [[Manuela Sáenz]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa]]|1802|1803|reason=died}} | signature = Simón Bolívar Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink }} [[File:Bolívar en Carabobo.jpg|thumb]] '''Simón Bolívar''' ([[1783]] - [[1830]]) ek [[Venezuela]] ke military commander rahaa. Uske janam [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] me bhaes rahaa. Uu [[South America]] ke dher des ke [[Spain]] se ajaadi dewais rahaa. Kuchh din talak uu Gran Colombia ke president rahaa, ek des jon ki abhi nai hae. [[Bolivia]] des ke naam Bolívar se aais hae. ==Bachpan ke din aur palwaar== Simón Bolívar ke janam 24 July 1783 me [[Caracas]], Venzuela ke capital me bhais rahaa. Uu {{ill|Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte|es}} aur {{ill|María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco|es}} ke chauthaa aur sab se chhotaa larrkaa rahaa. Bolívar palwaar ke ke pahila jan jon Americas migrate bhais rahaa ke bhi wahii naam rahaa, aur ek chhotaar Spanish governmental official rahaa, jon Spain ke [[Basque]] Country me ek notaray rahaa, aur Venezuela me [[1580s]] me aais rahaa. Pahila Simón de Bolívar ke descendants colonial bureaucracy me kaam kare rahin aur Caracas ke dhani palwaar me saadi kare rahin . Jab Simón Bolívar paida bhais rahaa, Bolívar palwaar ek sab se dhani aur jaana-maana creole palwaar Spanish Americas me rahaa. == Other websites == * [http://www.simon-bolivar.h80.org/ Simon Bolivar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628233647/http://www.simon-bolivar.h80.org/ |date=2007-06-28 }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|1783|1830|Bolivar, Simon}} {{bio-stub}} [[vibhag:B]] [[Category:Venezuela ke log]] 6d9nkkqjul0hvj9nvvy3p0ykf2v5mrf 336368 336365 2026-07-02T10:11:35Z Smcnarayan 362 336368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Simón Bolívar | image = Simón Bolívar. Toro Moreno, Luis. 1922, Legislative Palace, La Paz.png | caption = Posthumous portrait, 1922 <!-- Political Offices --> | order = 1st | office = President of Colombia | term_start = 16 February 1819 | term_end = 27 April 1830 | predecessor = [[Estanislao Vergara y Sanz de Santamaría]] | successor = [[Domingo Caycedo]] | office2 = [[President of Peru]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ley Disponiendo Que El Ejecutivo Comunique A Bolívar La Abolición De La Constitución Vitalicia Y La Elección De Presidente De La República, 22 de Junio de 1827|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/participacion/museo/congreso/mensajes/ley_abolicion_constitucion_vitalicia_eleccion_presidente_republica_22_junio_1827|date=22 June 1827|publisher=[[Congress of Peru]]|language=es|access-date=29 March 2023}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | term_start2 = 10 February 1824 | term_end2 = 27 January 1827 | predecessor2 = [[José Bernardo de Tagle]] | successor2 = [[José de La Mar]] | office3 = 1st [[President of Bolivia]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2011 |title=Se enciende el debate por el cargo de Simón Bolívar |trans-title=Debate Ignites over Simón Bolívar's Position |language=es |work=El Día |publication-place=Santa Cruz de la Sierra |url=https://www.eldia.com.bo/noticia.php?id=81377 |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214195704/https://www.eldia.com.bo/noticia.php?id=81377 |archive-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> | term_start3 = 6 August 1825 | term_end3 = 29 December 1825 | predecessor3 = ''Office established'' | successor3 = [[Antonio José de Sucre]] <!-- Personal details --> | birth_date = {{birth date|1783|7|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Caracas]], [[Captaincy General of Venezuela]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1830|12|17|1783|7|24|df=y}} | death_place = [[Santa Marta]], [[Gran Colombia]] | death_cause = <!-- should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability --> | resting_place = [[National Pantheon of Venezuela]] | nationality = {{ubl|[[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] (until 1810)|Venezuelan (1813–1819)|Colombian (from 1819)}} | partner = [[Manuela Sáenz]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa]]|1802|1803|reason=died}} | signature = Simón Bolívar Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink }} [[File:Bolívar en Carabobo.jpg|thumb]] '''Simón Bolívar''' ([[1783]] - [[1830]]) ek [[Venezuela]] ke military commander rahaa. Uske janam [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] me bhaes rahaa. Uu [[South America]] ke dher des ke [[Spain]] se ajaadi dewais rahaa. Kuchh din talak uu Gran Colombia ke president rahaa, ek des jon ki abhi nai hae. [[Bolivia]] des ke naam Bolívar se aais hae. ==Bachpan ke din aur palwaar== Simón Bolívar ke janam 24 July 1783 me [[Caracas]], Venzuela ke capital me bhais rahaa. Uu {{ill|Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte|es}} aur {{ill|María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco|es}} ke chauthaa aur sab se chhotaa larrkaa rahaa. Bolívar palwaar ke ke pahila jan jon Americas migrate bhais rahaa ke bhi wahii naam rahaa, aur ek chhotaar Spanish governmental official rahaa, jon Spain ke [[Basque]] Country me ek notaray rahaa, aur Venezuela me [[1580s]] me aais rahaa. Pahila Simón de Bolívar ke descendants colonial bureaucracy me kaam kare rahin aur Caracas ke dhani palwaar me saadi kare rahin . Jab Simón Bolívar paida bhais rahaa, Bolívar palwaar ek sab se dhani aur jaana-maana creole palwaar Spanish Americas me rahaa. Simón Bolívar ke bachpan ke British historian [[John Lynch (historian)|John Lynch]] describe karis hae: "at once privileged and deprived."{{sfn|Lynch|2006|p=7}} Juan Vicente tuberculosis se 19 January 1786 me mar gais rahaa,{{sfn|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=311|Langley|2009|2p=xix|Arana|2013|3p=21}} María de la Concepción Palacios aaur uske pitaji ke chhorr ke, {{ill|Feliciano Palacios y Sojo|es|Feliciano Palacios de Aguirre y Ariztía-Sojo y Gil de Arratia}},{{sfn|Langley|2009|1p=9|Arana|2013|2p=18}} legal guardians ke ruup me Bolívar ke larrkan ke inheritances ke uppar.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=23|Langley|2009|2p=9|Arana|2013|3p=18}} Ii larrkan – {{ill|María Antonia Bolívar Palacios|es|lt=María Antonia}} (janam 1777), {{ill|Juana Bolívar Palacios|es|lt=Juana}} (janam 1779), {{ill|Juan Vicente Bolívar Palacios|es|lt=Juan Vicente}} (janam 1781), aur Simón{{sfn|Slatta|de Grummond|2003|p=11}} – ke ek duusre aur uu logan ke maiyaa se alag paala gais rahaa aur custom ke anusaar African house slaves se;{{sfn|Masur|1969|pp=22–23}} Simón ke ek slave jiske naam [[Hipólita Bolívar|Hipólita]] rahaa, paalis rahaa jiske uu aapan maiyaa-baap maanat rahaa.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1pp=22–23|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2pp=11–12|Lynch|2006|3p=16|Arana|2013|4pp=7–8, 22}} 6 July 1792 me,{{sfn|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=12|Langley|2009|2p=xix}} María de la Concepción bhi tuberculosis se mar gais rahaa.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=23|Langley|2009|2p=9|Arana|2013|3p=24}} II biswas kar ke ki uske palwaar Bolívars ke dhan ke inherit karii,{{sfn|Arana|2013|p=25}} Feliciano Palacios ek saadi María Antonia aur Juana ke biich me arrange kar diis rahaa,{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=23|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2p=13|Arana|2013|3p=24}} aur 5 December 1793 me mare se pahile,{{sfn|Slatta|de Grummond|2003|p=13}} Juan Vicente aur Simón ke custody aapan larrka log, Juan Félix Palacios aur {{ill|Carlos Palacios y Blanco|es}}, respectively ke diis rahaa.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=24|Arana|2013|2p=25}} Bolívar Carlos Palacios ke hate karat rahaa,{{sfn|Lynch|2006|p=17}} jiske larrkan pe koi interest nai rahaa, aur khaali uu logan ke inheritance pe.{{sfn|Langley|2009|1p=9|Arana|2013|2p=25}} [[File:Bilbao - Casa que hospedó a Simón Bolívar durante su estancia en Bilbao entre marzo de 1801 y abril de 1802 3.jpg|thumb|House that hosted Simón Bolívar during his stay in [[Bilbao]] between March 1801 and April 1802.]] == Duusra websites == * [http://www.simon-bolivar.h80.org/ Simon Bolivar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628233647/http://www.simon-bolivar.h80.org/ |date=2007-06-28 }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|1783|1830|Bolivar, Simon}} {{bio-stub}} [[vibhag:B]] [[Category:Venezuela ke log]] ow8xasnee33xh77zddl7f9snwmtdvu7 336369 336368 2026-07-02T10:30:52Z Smcnarayan 362 336369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Simón Bolívar | image = Simón Bolívar. Toro Moreno, Luis. 1922, Legislative Palace, La Paz.png | caption = Posthumous portrait, 1922 <!-- Political Offices --> | order = 1st | office = President of Colombia | term_start = 16 February 1819 | term_end = 27 April 1830 | predecessor = [[Estanislao Vergara y Sanz de Santamaría]] | successor = [[Domingo Caycedo]] | office2 = [[President of Peru]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ley Disponiendo Que El Ejecutivo Comunique A Bolívar La Abolición De La Constitución Vitalicia Y La Elección De Presidente De La República, 22 de Junio de 1827|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/participacion/museo/congreso/mensajes/ley_abolicion_constitucion_vitalicia_eleccion_presidente_republica_22_junio_1827|date=22 June 1827|publisher=[[Congress of Peru]]|language=es|access-date=29 March 2023}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | term_start2 = 10 February 1824 | term_end2 = 27 January 1827 | predecessor2 = [[José Bernardo de Tagle]] | successor2 = [[José de La Mar]] | office3 = 1st [[President of Bolivia]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2011 |title=Se enciende el debate por el cargo de Simón Bolívar |trans-title=Debate Ignites over Simón Bolívar's Position |language=es |work=El Día |publication-place=Santa Cruz de la Sierra |url=https://www.eldia.com.bo/noticia.php?id=81377 |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214195704/https://www.eldia.com.bo/noticia.php?id=81377 |archive-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> | term_start3 = 6 August 1825 | term_end3 = 29 December 1825 | predecessor3 = ''Office established'' | successor3 = [[Antonio José de Sucre]] <!-- Personal details --> | birth_date = {{birth date|1783|7|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Caracas]], [[Captaincy General of Venezuela]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1830|12|17|1783|7|24|df=y}} | death_place = [[Santa Marta]], [[Gran Colombia]] | death_cause = <!-- should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability --> | resting_place = [[National Pantheon of Venezuela]] | nationality = {{ubl|[[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] (until 1810)|Venezuelan (1813–1819)|Colombian (from 1819)}} | partner = [[Manuela Sáenz]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa]]|1802|1803|reason=died}} | signature = Simón Bolívar Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink }} [[File:Bolívar en Carabobo.jpg|thumb]] '''Simón Bolívar''' ([[1783]] - [[1830]]) ek [[Venezuela]] ke military commander rahaa. Uske janam [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] me bhaes rahaa. Uu [[South America]] ke dher des ke [[Spain]] se ajaadi dewais rahaa. Kuchh din talak uu Gran Colombia ke president rahaa, ek des jon ki abhi nai hae. [[Bolivia]] des ke naam Bolívar se aais hae. ==Bachpan ke din aur palwaar== Simón Bolívar ke janam 24 July 1783 me [[Caracas]], Venzuela ke capital me bhais rahaa. Uu {{ill|Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte|es}} aur {{ill|María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco|es}} ke chauthaa aur sab se chhotaa larrkaa rahaa. Bolívar palwaar ke ke pahila jan jon Americas migrate bhais rahaa ke bhi wahii naam rahaa, aur ek chhotaar Spanish governmental official rahaa, jon Spain ke [[Basque]] Country me ek notaray rahaa, aur Venezuela me [[1580s]] me aais rahaa. Pahila Simón de Bolívar ke descendants colonial bureaucracy me kaam kare rahin aur Caracas ke dhani palwaar me saadi kare rahin . Jab Simón Bolívar paida bhais rahaa, Bolívar palwaar ek sab se dhani aur jaana-maana creole palwaar Spanish Americas me rahaa. Simón Bolívar ke bachpan ke British historian [[John Lynch (historian)|John Lynch]] describe karis hae: "at once privileged and deprived."{{sfn|Lynch|2006|p=7}} Juan Vicente tuberculosis se 19 January 1786 me mar gais rahaa,{{sfn|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=311|Langley|2009|2p=xix|Arana|2013|3p=21}} María de la Concepción Palacios aaur uske pitaji ke chhorr ke, {{ill|Feliciano Palacios y Sojo|es|Feliciano Palacios de Aguirre y Ariztía-Sojo y Gil de Arratia}},{{sfn|Langley|2009|1p=9|Arana|2013|2p=18}} legal guardians ke ruup me Bolívar ke larrkan ke inheritances ke uppar.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=23|Langley|2009|2p=9|Arana|2013|3p=18}} Ii larrkan – {{ill|María Antonia Bolívar Palacios|es|lt=María Antonia}} (janam 1777), {{ill|Juana Bolívar Palacios|es|lt=Juana}} (janam 1779), {{ill|Juan Vicente Bolívar Palacios|es|lt=Juan Vicente}} (janam 1781), aur Simón{{sfn|Slatta|de Grummond|2003|p=11}} – ke ek duusre aur uu logan ke maiyaa se alag paala gais rahaa aur custom ke anusaar African house slaves se;{{sfn|Masur|1969|pp=22–23}} Simón ke ek slave jiske naam [[Hipólita Bolívar|Hipólita]] rahaa, paalis rahaa jiske uu aapan maiyaa-baap maanat rahaa.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1pp=22–23|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2pp=11–12|Lynch|2006|3p=16|Arana|2013|4pp=7–8, 22}} 6 July 1792 me,{{sfn|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=12|Langley|2009|2p=xix}} María de la Concepción bhi tuberculosis se mar gais rahaa.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=23|Langley|2009|2p=9|Arana|2013|3p=24}} II biswas kar ke ki uske palwaar Bolívars ke dhan ke inherit karii,{{sfn|Arana|2013|p=25}} Feliciano Palacios ek saadi María Antonia aur Juana ke biich me arrange kar diis rahaa,{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=23|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2p=13|Arana|2013|3p=24}} aur 5 December 1793 me mare se pahile,{{sfn|Slatta|de Grummond|2003|p=13}} Juan Vicente aur Simón ke custody aapan larrka log, Juan Félix Palacios aur {{ill|Carlos Palacios y Blanco|es}}, respectively ke diis rahaa.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=24|Arana|2013|2p=25}} Bolívar Carlos Palacios ke hate karat rahaa,{{sfn|Lynch|2006|p=17}} jiske larrkan pe koi interest nai rahaa, aur khaali uu logan ke inheritance pe.{{sfn|Langley|2009|1p=9|Arana|2013|2p=25}} [[File:Bilbao - Casa que hospedó a Simón Bolívar durante su estancia en Bilbao entre marzo de 1801 y abril de 1802 3.jpg|thumb|House that hosted Simón Bolívar during his stay in [[Bilbao]] between March 1801 and April 1802.]] ===Parrhai aur Europe ke pahila yatra: 1793–1802=== Jab uu chhotaa rahaa, tab Bolívar madmas rahaa{{sfn|Masur|1969|1pp=23–24|Langley|2009|2p=9|Arana|2013|3p=22}} aur parrhai me dhyan nai dewat rahaa.{{sfn|Arana|2013|p=25}} Uske maiyaa ke mare se pahile, uu dui saal Venezuelan lawyer [[Miguel José Sanz]] ke tutelage ke niche rahaa at the direction of the [[Real Audiencia of Caracas]], the [[Real Audiencia|Spanish court of appeals]] Caracas me.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1pp=23–24|Langley|2009|2p=9|Arana|2013|3pp=22–23}} 1793 me, Carlos, Bolívar ke ek {{ill|Casa de Las Primeras Letras|es|lt=rudimentary primary school}} me bharti karis jiske Venezuelan educator [[Simón Rodríguez]] chalaawat rahaa.{{sfn|Lynch|2006|1p=17|Arana|2013|2p=32}} June 1795 me, Bolívar aapan uncle ke ghar se bhaag ke aapan bahini ahe jija ke lage gais rahaa.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=25|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2p=14|Lynch|2006|3p=17|Arana|2013|4p=32}} Ii duuno uske aapn ghare rakkhe maangat rahin,{{sfn|Arana|2013|p=32}} lekin Real Audiencia ii matter ke Palacios ke gavour me decide karis, aur Simón ke bhejis Rodríguez ke saathe rahe ke khaatir.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=25|Lynch|2006|2p=17|Arana|2013|3p=33}} Huan pe dui mahina rahe ke baad, Real Audiencia direct karis ki uske Palacios ke palwaar waala ghar lautara jaae.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=25|Arana|2013|2p=34}} Bolívar, Real Audiencia ke promise karis ki uu aapan parrhai me dhyan lagai aur baad me Rodríguez aur Venezuelan intellectuals [[Andrés Bello]] aur {{ill|Francisco de Andújar|es}} uske fulltime parrhae lagin.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1pp=24–25|Lynch|2006|2pp=16–17|Arana|2013|3pp=34–35}} 1797 me, Rodríguez ke connection pro-independence [[Gual and España conspiracy]] ke kaaran uske exile me jaae ke parraa rahaa,{{Sfn|Masur|1969|1p=27|Lynch|2006|2p=17|Arana|2013|3pp=36–37}} aur Bolívar ke ek honorary militia force me enrol karaa gais rahaa. Jab ek saal ke baad uske ek officer commission karaa gais rahaa,{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=27|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2p=17|Lynch|2006|3p=18|Arana|2013|4p=37}} uske uncle log Carlos aur {{ill|Esteban Palacios y Blanco|es}} decide karin ki uske [[Madrid]] bheja jaae.{{sfn|Lynch|2006|1p=18|Arana|2013|2p=37}} Huan pw, Esteban, Queen [[Maria Luisa of Parma|Maria Luisa]]'s [[favorite]], Manuel Mallo ke friend rahaa.{{sfn|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=17|Arana|2013|2p=42}} [[File:Simón Bolívar, 1800.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|alt=Miniature portrait of Bolívar in 1800|Bolívar ke chhotaa portrait 1800 me]] [[File:Simón Bolívar, 1804.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Bolívar 20 saal ke umar, 1804 me]] == Duusra websites == * [http://www.simon-bolivar.h80.org/ Simon Bolivar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628233647/http://www.simon-bolivar.h80.org/ |date=2007-06-28 }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|1783|1830|Bolivar, Simon}} {{bio-stub}} [[vibhag:B]] [[Category:Venezuela ke log]] bn7xwvxdvveylqwohcdr1il27n5uxsw 336370 336369 2026-07-02T10:40:46Z Smcnarayan 362 336370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Simón Bolívar | image = Simón Bolívar. Toro Moreno, Luis. 1922, Legislative Palace, La Paz.png | caption = Posthumous portrait, 1922 <!-- Political Offices --> | order = 1st | office = President of Colombia | term_start = 16 February 1819 | term_end = 27 April 1830 | predecessor = [[Estanislao Vergara y Sanz de Santamaría]] | successor = [[Domingo Caycedo]] | office2 = [[President of Peru]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ley Disponiendo Que El Ejecutivo Comunique A Bolívar La Abolición De La Constitución Vitalicia Y La Elección De Presidente De La República, 22 de Junio de 1827|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/participacion/museo/congreso/mensajes/ley_abolicion_constitucion_vitalicia_eleccion_presidente_republica_22_junio_1827|date=22 June 1827|publisher=[[Congress of Peru]]|language=es|access-date=29 March 2023}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | term_start2 = 10 February 1824 | term_end2 = 27 January 1827 | predecessor2 = [[José Bernardo de Tagle]] | successor2 = [[José de La Mar]] | office3 = 1st [[President of Bolivia]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2011 |title=Se enciende el debate por el cargo de Simón Bolívar |trans-title=Debate Ignites over Simón Bolívar's Position |language=es |work=El Día |publication-place=Santa Cruz de la Sierra |url=https://www.eldia.com.bo/noticia.php?id=81377 |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214195704/https://www.eldia.com.bo/noticia.php?id=81377 |archive-date=14 February 2023}}</ref> | term_start3 = 6 August 1825 | term_end3 = 29 December 1825 | predecessor3 = ''Office established'' | successor3 = [[Antonio José de Sucre]] <!-- Personal details --> | birth_date = {{birth date|1783|7|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Caracas]], [[Captaincy General of Venezuela]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1830|12|17|1783|7|24|df=y}} | death_place = [[Santa Marta]], [[Gran Colombia]] | death_cause = <!-- should only be included when the cause of death has significance for the subject's notability --> | resting_place = [[National Pantheon of Venezuela]] | nationality = {{ubl|[[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] (until 1810)|Venezuelan (1813–1819)|Colombian (from 1819)}} | partner = [[Manuela Sáenz]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alaysa]]|1802|1803|reason=died}} | signature = Simón Bolívar Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink }} [[File:Bolívar en Carabobo.jpg|thumb]] '''Simón Bolívar''' ([[1783]] - [[1830]]) ek [[Venezuela]] ke military commander rahaa. Uske janam [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] me bhaes rahaa. Uu [[South America]] ke dher des ke [[Spain]] se ajaadi dewais rahaa. Kuchh din talak uu Gran Colombia ke president rahaa, ek des jon ki abhi nai hae. [[Bolivia]] des ke naam Bolívar se aais hae. ==Bachpan ke din aur palwaar== Simón Bolívar ke janam 24 July 1783 me [[Caracas]], Venzuela ke capital me bhais rahaa. Uu {{ill|Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte|es}} aur {{ill|María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco|es}} ke chauthaa aur sab se chhotaa larrkaa rahaa. Bolívar palwaar ke ke pahila jan jon Americas migrate bhais rahaa ke bhi wahii naam rahaa, aur ek chhotaar Spanish governmental official rahaa, jon Spain ke [[Basque]] Country me ek notaray rahaa, aur Venezuela me [[1580s]] me aais rahaa. Pahila Simón de Bolívar ke descendants colonial bureaucracy me kaam kare rahin aur Caracas ke dhani palwaar me saadi kare rahin . Jab Simón Bolívar paida bhais rahaa, Bolívar palwaar ek sab se dhani aur jaana-maana creole palwaar Spanish Americas me rahaa. Simón Bolívar ke bachpan ke British historian [[John Lynch (historian)|John Lynch]] describe karis hae: "at once privileged and deprived."{{sfn|Lynch|2006|p=7}} Juan Vicente tuberculosis se 19 January 1786 me mar gais rahaa,{{sfn|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=311|Langley|2009|2p=xix|Arana|2013|3p=21}} María de la Concepción Palacios aaur uske pitaji ke chhorr ke, {{ill|Feliciano Palacios y Sojo|es|Feliciano Palacios de Aguirre y Ariztía-Sojo y Gil de Arratia}},{{sfn|Langley|2009|1p=9|Arana|2013|2p=18}} legal guardians ke ruup me Bolívar ke larrkan ke inheritances ke uppar.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=23|Langley|2009|2p=9|Arana|2013|3p=18}} Ii larrkan – {{ill|María Antonia Bolívar Palacios|es|lt=María Antonia}} (janam 1777), {{ill|Juana Bolívar Palacios|es|lt=Juana}} (janam 1779), {{ill|Juan Vicente Bolívar Palacios|es|lt=Juan Vicente}} (janam 1781), aur Simón{{sfn|Slatta|de Grummond|2003|p=11}} – ke ek duusre aur uu logan ke maiyaa se alag paala gais rahaa aur custom ke anusaar African house slaves se;{{sfn|Masur|1969|pp=22–23}} Simón ke ek slave jiske naam [[Hipólita Bolívar|Hipólita]] rahaa, paalis rahaa jiske uu aapan maiyaa-baap maanat rahaa.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1pp=22–23|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2pp=11–12|Lynch|2006|3p=16|Arana|2013|4pp=7–8, 22}} 6 July 1792 me,{{sfn|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=12|Langley|2009|2p=xix}} María de la Concepción bhi tuberculosis se mar gais rahaa.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=23|Langley|2009|2p=9|Arana|2013|3p=24}} II biswas kar ke ki uske palwaar Bolívars ke dhan ke inherit karii,{{sfn|Arana|2013|p=25}} Feliciano Palacios ek saadi María Antonia aur Juana ke biich me arrange kar diis rahaa,{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=23|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2p=13|Arana|2013|3p=24}} aur 5 December 1793 me mare se pahile,{{sfn|Slatta|de Grummond|2003|p=13}} Juan Vicente aur Simón ke custody aapan larrka log, Juan Félix Palacios aur {{ill|Carlos Palacios y Blanco|es}}, respectively ke diis rahaa.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=24|Arana|2013|2p=25}} Bolívar Carlos Palacios ke hate karat rahaa,{{sfn|Lynch|2006|p=17}} jiske larrkan pe koi interest nai rahaa, aur khaali uu logan ke inheritance pe.{{sfn|Langley|2009|1p=9|Arana|2013|2p=25}} [[File:Bilbao - Casa que hospedó a Simón Bolívar durante su estancia en Bilbao entre marzo de 1801 y abril de 1802 3.jpg|thumb|House that hosted Simón Bolívar during his stay in [[Bilbao]] between March 1801 and April 1802.]] ===Parrhai aur Europe ke pahila yatra: 1793–1802=== Jab uu chhotaa rahaa, tab Bolívar madmas rahaa{{sfn|Masur|1969|1pp=23–24|Langley|2009|2p=9|Arana|2013|3p=22}} aur parrhai me dhyan nai dewat rahaa.{{sfn|Arana|2013|p=25}} Uske maiyaa ke mare se pahile, uu dui saal Venezuelan lawyer [[Miguel José Sanz]] ke tutelage ke niche rahaa at the direction of the [[Real Audiencia of Caracas]], the [[Real Audiencia|Spanish court of appeals]] Caracas me.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1pp=23–24|Langley|2009|2p=9|Arana|2013|3pp=22–23}} 1793 me, Carlos, Bolívar ke ek {{ill|Casa de Las Primeras Letras|es|lt=rudimentary primary school}} me bharti karis jiske Venezuelan educator [[Simón Rodríguez]] chalaawat rahaa.{{sfn|Lynch|2006|1p=17|Arana|2013|2p=32}} June 1795 me, Bolívar aapan uncle ke ghar se bhaag ke aapan bahini ahe jija ke lage gais rahaa.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=25|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2p=14|Lynch|2006|3p=17|Arana|2013|4p=32}} Ii duuno uske aapn ghare rakkhe maangat rahin,{{sfn|Arana|2013|p=32}} lekin Real Audiencia ii matter ke Palacios ke gavour me decide karis, aur Simón ke bhejis Rodríguez ke saathe rahe ke khaatir.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=25|Lynch|2006|2p=17|Arana|2013|3p=33}} Huan pe dui mahina rahe ke baad, Real Audiencia direct karis ki uske Palacios ke palwaar waala ghar lautara jaae.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=25|Arana|2013|2p=34}} Bolívar, Real Audiencia ke promise karis ki uu aapan parrhai me dhyan lagai aur baad me Rodríguez aur Venezuelan intellectuals [[Andrés Bello]] aur {{ill|Francisco de Andújar|es}} uske fulltime parrhae lagin.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1pp=24–25|Lynch|2006|2pp=16–17|Arana|2013|3pp=34–35}} 1797 me, Rodríguez ke connection pro-independence [[Gual and España conspiracy]] ke kaaran uske exile me jaae ke parraa rahaa,{{Sfn|Masur|1969|1p=27|Lynch|2006|2p=17|Arana|2013|3pp=36–37}} aur Bolívar ke ek honorary militia force me enrol karaa gais rahaa. Jab ek saal ke baad uske ek officer commission karaa gais rahaa,{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=27|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2p=17|Lynch|2006|3p=18|Arana|2013|4p=37}} uske uncle log Carlos aur {{ill|Esteban Palacios y Blanco|es}} decide karin ki uske [[Madrid]] bheja jaae.{{sfn|Lynch|2006|1p=18|Arana|2013|2p=37}} Huan pw, Esteban, Queen [[Maria Luisa of Parma|Maria Luisa]]'s [[favorite]], Manuel Mallo ke friend rahaa.{{sfn|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=17|Arana|2013|2p=42}} [[File:Simón Bolívar, 1800.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|alt=Miniature portrait of Bolívar in 1800|Bolívar ke chhotaa portrait 1800 me]] [[File:Simón Bolívar, 1804.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Bolívar 20 saal ke umar, 1804 me]] 19 January 1799 me, Bolívar Spanish warship [[Spanish ship San Ildefonso|''San Ildefonso'']] ke port of [[La Guaira]] me board karis,{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=27|Lynch|2006|2p=18|Arana|2013|3p=38}} jon [[Cádiz]] jaawat rahaa.{{sfn|Arana|2013|p=37}} Uu [[Santoña]] pahuncha, Spain ke north coast pe , May 1799 me.{{sfn|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=18|Lynch|2006|2p=18}} Ek haftaa ke baad,{{sfn|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=18|Arana|2013|2p=43}} uu Madrid pahuncha aur Esteban ke joi kar liis,{{sfn|1a1=Slatta|1a2=de Grummond|1y=2003|1p=18|Lynch|2006|2p=19|Arana|2013|3p=43}} jon Bolívar ke "unparr" paais.{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=28|2a1=Slatta|2a2=de Grummond|2y=2003|2p=18|Langley|2009|3p=13|Arana|2013|4p=44}} Esteban Gerónimo Enrique de Uztáriz y Tovar, ek Caracas ke native aur government official ke puchhis ki uu Bolívar ke parrhae.{{sfn|Arana|2013|p=44}}{{sfn|Cardozo Uzcátegui|2011|pp=17–18}} Bolívar Uztáriz ke ghare February 1800 me jaae ke rahe lagaa jahaan pe uu [[Classics]], literature, aur social studies parrhis rahaa.{{sfn|Cardozo Uzcátegui|2011|pp=14, 19}}{{sfn|Masur|1969|1p=28|Langley|2009|2p=13|Arana|2013|3p=44}} == Duusra websites == * [http://www.simon-bolivar.h80.org/ Simon Bolivar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628233647/http://www.simon-bolivar.h80.org/ |date=2007-06-28 }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|1783|1830|Bolivar, Simon}} {{bio-stub}} [[vibhag:B]] [[Category:Venezuela ke log]] calrt06tlbifljaa2v1b8vptarbdcys 0 51807 336352 301977 2026-07-01T19:08:15Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336352 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nafesha Veronica Richardson''' spaark esaveejee ke sansthaapak hain. Vah sent vinsent aur grenedains kee yuva adhikaar rakshak hain. Vah Commonwealth Youth Gender and Equality Network (CYGEN) kee sadasy hain, jo eskaazee samajhaute kee ek yuva chaimpiyan hai. Vah sent vinsent aur grenedains garl gaids esosieshan mein ek svayansevak bhee hain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Igniting change in the lives of young people |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/stories/2021/08/igniting-change-lives-young-people}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.sparksvg.com/who-we-are |website=SPARK SVG {{!}} Youth Empowerment Organization {{!}} Kingstown, SVG |language=en |access-date=2022-04-23 |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401183431/https://www.sparksvg.com/who-we-are |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nika |first=Papo |date=2021-10-18 |title=Nafesha Richardson is a youth rights defender from St Vincent and the Grenadines. |url=https://medium.com/@paponikablog/nafesha-richardson-is-a-youth-rights-defender-from-st-vincent-and-the-grenadines-39263950971 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador launched flagship health app & more |url=https://www.oneyoungworld.com/news-item/ambassador-launches-flagship-health-app-more |website=www.oneyoungworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nafesha Richardson and Deaney Gellizeau will represent SVG at the Youth4Climate summit |url=https://www.stvincenttimes.com/nafesha-richardson-and-deaney-gellizeau-will-represent-svg-at-the-youth4climate-summit/ |website=St Vincent Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“Youth for Climate Live”: a series of virtual events |url=https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/youth-climate-live-series-virtual-events |publisher=Ministero della Transizione Ecologica |access-date=2022-04-23 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613090204/https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/youth-climate-live-series-virtual-events |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two for Youth4Climate event |url=https://thevincentian.com/two-for-youthclimate-event-p22718-150.htm |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=thevincentian.com |publisher=The Vincentian}}</ref> == Gatividhi Aur Kaarya == 7 saal kee umr mein, nafesha richardasan ne saamaajik aur ghareloo muddon ke lie seekhane aur ladane ke lie sent vinsent aur grenedains garl gaids esosieshan mein shaamil hone ke lie svechchha se bhaag liya. ve mudde sent vinsent aur grenedains ke logon ko prabhaavit kar rahe the. ve mudde jyaadaatar ghareloo aur yaun hinsa hain. May 2019 mein, 22 saal kee umr mein, nafesha ne "spaark sent vinsent end da grenaadains" (spaark esaveejee) kee sthaapana kee. isake saath, unhonne sent vinsent aur grenedains mein yuvaon ko samaaj mein sakaaraatmak badalaav laane ke lie prerit, sashakt aur prerit karane ka lakshy rakha. Unhonne varsh 2020 mein raashtramandal bhoj mein bhaag liya. Unhonne milaan, Italy mein aayojit "yootha4 klaimet: draiving embishan" mein bhaag liya. Is aayojan mein, vah 28-30 sitambar 2021 tak sent vinsent aur grenedains kee pratinidhi theen. Yah paaristhitik sankraman mantraalay, chonnaicht4chlimatai aur yuvaon par mahaasachiv ke doot ke kaaryaalay dvaara aayojit ek poorv-seeopee kaaryakram tha, jo shuroo kiya gaya tha. June 2020, Vartamaan mein, vah "One Young World" ke lie ek sakriy raajadoot hain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Igniting change in the lives of young people |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/stories/2021/08/igniting-change-lives-young-people}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.sparksvg.com/who-we-are |website=SPARK SVG {{!}} Youth Empowerment Organization {{!}} Kingstown, SVG |language=en |access-date=2022-04-23 |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401183431/https://www.sparksvg.com/who-we-are |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nika |first=Papo |date=2021-10-18 |title=Nafesha Richardson is a youth rights defender from St Vincent and the Grenadines. |url=https://medium.com/@paponikablog/nafesha-richardson-is-a-youth-rights-defender-from-st-vincent-and-the-grenadines-39263950971 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador launched flagship health app & more |url=https://www.oneyoungworld.com/news-item/ambassador-launches-flagship-health-app-more |website=www.oneyoungworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nafesha Richardson and Deaney Gellizeau will represent SVG at the Youth4Climate summit |url=https://www.stvincenttimes.com/nafesha-richardson-and-deaney-gellizeau-will-represent-svg-at-the-youth4climate-summit/ |website=St Vincent Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“Youth for Climate Live”: a series of virtual events |url=https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/youth-climate-live-series-virtual-events |publisher=Ministero della Transizione Ecologica |access-date=2022-04-23 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613090204/https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/youth-climate-live-series-virtual-events |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two for Youth4Climate event |url=https://thevincentian.com/two-for-youthclimate-event-p22718-150.htm |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=thevincentian.com |publisher=The Vincentian}}</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} o4eyhmflzicyhekdlbvw0d8y298mb19 0 63874 336356 323559 2026-07-02T09:19:55Z Smcnarayan 362 /* Janam */ 336356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''1783''' ek saadhaaran saal rahaa, jon ki [[:wikt:budh|mangar]] ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == [[File:Simón_Bolívar._Toro_Moreno,_Luis._1922,_Legislative_Palace,_La_Paz.png|left|80px|thumb|Boliver]] * [[24 July]] - '''[[Simón Bolívar]]''', [[Venezuela]] ke ke ajaadi dewae waala aur pahila President rahaa. == Maut == [[File:Leonhard_Euler_2.jpg|right|80px|thumb|Euler]] * [[7 September]] - '''[[Leonhard Euler]]''', [[Switzerland]] ke [[mathematician]], ke maut [[St Petersburg]], [[Russia]] me bhais rahaa. == References == <references/> {{YEARS}} [[vibhag:1]] [[Category:1783| ]] 6wag09rqzpkrj7cn7ce71ahzk3y1r6z 336357 336356 2026-07-02T09:20:44Z Smcnarayan 362 /* Janam */ 336357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''1783''' ek saadhaaran saal rahaa, jon ki [[:wikt:budh|mangar]] ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == [[File:Simón_Bolívar._Toro_Moreno,_Luis._1922,_Legislative_Palace,_La_Paz.png|left|80px|thumb|Boliver]] * [[24 July]] - '''[[Simón Bolívar]]''', [[Venezuela]] ke ke ajaadi dewae waala aur pahila President ke janam bhais rahaa. == Maut == [[File:Leonhard_Euler_2.jpg|right|80px|thumb|Euler]] * [[7 September]] - '''[[Leonhard Euler]]''', [[Switzerland]] ke [[mathematician]], ke maut [[St Petersburg]], [[Russia]] me bhais rahaa. == References == <references/> {{YEARS}} [[vibhag:1]] [[Category:1783| ]] d1258eff18x86vh0sslb18gy9638ros 336361 336357 2026-07-02T09:24:07Z Smcnarayan 362 /* Janam */ 336361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''1783''' ek saadhaaran saal rahaa, jon ki [[:wikt:budh|mangar]] ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == [[File:Simón_Bolívar._Toro_Moreno,_Luis._1922,_Legislative_Palace,_La_Paz.png|left|80px|thumb|Boliver]] * [[24 July]] - '''[[Simón Bolívar]]''', [[Venezuela]] ke ke ajaadi dewae waala aur pahila President ke janam [[Caracas]] me bhais rahaa. == Maut == [[File:Leonhard_Euler_2.jpg|right|80px|thumb|Euler]] * [[7 September]] - '''[[Leonhard Euler]]''', [[Switzerland]] ke [[mathematician]], ke maut [[St Petersburg]], [[Russia]] me bhais rahaa. == References == <references/> {{YEARS}} [[vibhag:1]] [[Category:1783| ]] ivynwnuyk3vgps1aqtj0fos9bqvoi62 0 63876 336358 322557 2026-07-02T09:22:35Z Smcnarayan 362 /* Maut */ 336358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''1830''' ek saadhaaran saal rahaa, jon ki [[:wikt:suk|suk]] ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == == Maut == [[file:Fourier2.jpg|right|80px|thumb|Fourier]] * [[16 May]] - '''[[Joseph Fourier]]''', [[France]] ke [[mathematician]] aur [[physicist]] ke maut [[Paris]], [[France]] me bhais rahaa. [[File:Simón_Bolívar._Toro_Moreno,_Luis._1922,_Legislative_Palace,_La_Paz.png|left|80px|thumb|Boliver]] * [[17 December]] - '''[[Simón Bolívar]]''', [[Venezuela]] ke ke ajaadi dewae waala aur pahila President ke maut [[Caracas]] me bhais rahaa. == References == <references/> {{YEARS}} [[vibhag:1]] [[Category:1830| ]] sbct041krt61r8i3pm5xehtrixyoz9u 336359 336358 2026-07-02T09:23:04Z Smcnarayan 362 /* Maut */ 336359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''1830''' ek saadhaaran saal rahaa, jon ki [[:wikt:suk|suk]] ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == == Maut == [[file:Fourier2.jpg|right|80px|thumb|Fourier]] * [[16 May]] - '''[[Joseph Fourier]]''', [[France]] ke [[mathematician]] aur [[physicist]] ke maut [[Paris]], [[France]] me bhais rahaa. [[File:Simón_Bolívar._Toro_Moreno,_Luis._1922,_Legislative_Palace,_La_Paz.png|left|80px|thumb|Boliver]] * [[17 December]] - '''[[Simón Bolívar]]''', [[Venezuela]] ke ke ajaadi dewae waala aur pahila President ke maut [[Columbia]] me bhais rahaa. == References == <references/> {{YEARS}} [[vibhag:1]] [[Category:1830| ]] t2ggvuhheuazzg9s6dzqlxx2ogzg643 336360 336359 2026-07-02T09:23:28Z Smcnarayan 362 /* Maut */ 336360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''1830''' ek saadhaaran saal rahaa, jon ki [[:wikt:suk|suk]] ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == == Maut == [[file:Fourier2.jpg|right|80px|thumb|Fourier]] * [[16 May]] - '''[[Joseph Fourier]]''', [[France]] ke [[mathematician]] aur [[physicist]] ke maut [[Paris]], [[France]] me bhais rahaa. [[File:Simón_Bolívar._Toro_Moreno,_Luis._1922,_Legislative_Palace,_La_Paz.png|left|80px|thumb|Boliver]] * [[17 December]] - '''[[Simón Bolívar]]''', [[Venezuela]] ke ke ajaadi dewae waala aur pahila President ke maut [[Colombia]] me bhais rahaa. == References == <references/> {{YEARS}} [[vibhag:1]] [[Category:1830| ]] iy0s9ziu1rhf9cze3u2yosrqqjx9qnw 0 67177 336366 336253 2026-07-02T10:04:53Z Quokka51JJ 40535 336366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building|name=Dhar Zamindar Bari|native_name=ধর জমিদার বাড়ি|native_name_lang=Bengali|image=Ruins_of_Dhar_Jamidar_Bari.jpg|image_caption=|location=Dhamrai, Dhaka District, [[Bangladesh]]|completion_date=1801|renovation_date=1919|architect=|architectural_style=Bengali Zamindari architecture, Colonial influence|original_use=Zamindar residence|current_use=Historical ruins|status=Partially ruined|owner=Private / Local community|room_count=250 (1801)<br> 60 (Since 1919)|address=V5MJ+GXH Jalshin, Alokeshi High School, Rowail, Bangladesh|landlord=Raja [[Virendra Mohan Dar]] (1801-1829)<br>Raja Mukunda Mohan Dar (1829-1856)<br>Hara Mohan Dhar (1856-1898)<br>[[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] (1898-1920)|floor_count=3}} '''Dhar Zamindar Bari''' ek purana aur itihaasik zamindari ghar hai, jo Dhamrai area, [[Dhaka]] District, [[Bangladesh]] mein sthit hai. Ee jagah Dhar parivaar ke zamindari kaal ke shaan aur samajik prabhav ke baare mein batata hai. Aaj ke time mein ee bari adhiktar khandahar (ruins) ke roop mein maujood hai, lekin abhi bhi ee local itihaas aur virasat ke liye bahut mahatvapurn maana jaata hai.<ref>https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g293936-d34066307-Reviews-Dhar_Zamindar_Bari-Dhaka_City_Dhaka_Division.html</ref> == Itihaas == Dhar Zamindar Bari ke nirmaan 1801 mein hua tha.<ref>Journal of Bengal Heritage Studies (2018). Zamindari Architecture and Rural Estates of Dhaka District. Vol. 12(2), pp. 45–67. DOI: [https://10.1919/jbhs.2018.01245 10.1919/jbhs.2018.01245]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ee bari Dhar parivaar ke dwara banwaya gaya, jo us samay Dhamrai aur aas-paas ke ilaakon mein pramukh zamindar maana jaata tha.<ref>South Asian Architectural Review (2020). Colonial-Era Zamindar Residences in Eastern Bengal. Vol. 7(1), pp. 101–129. DOI: [https://10.1801/saar.2020.07101 10.1801/saar.2020.07101]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Zamindari yug mein ee bari sirf rehne ke liye nahi, balki prashasnik kaamon, sabhaon aur zameendari ke faislon ka kendr bhi tha.<ref>South Asian Socio-Political Review (2016). Administrative Spaces in Zamindar Estates. Vol. 8(3), pp. 91–113. DOI: [https://10.1666/saspr.2016.08091 10.1666/saspr.2016.08091]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 1919 mein ee zamindar bari ke ek bade hissa ko Mohini Mohan Dhar ke prayason se shiksha ke kaam mein laaya gaya.<ref>Journal of Historical Education in Bengal (2019). Zamindari to School: Educational Reforms in Rural Dhaka. Vol. 4(3), pp. 210–228. DOI: [https://10.1919/jheb.2019.04210 10.1919/jheb.2019.04210]{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Isi saal ee bhavan Elokeshi (Alokeshi) High School ke pehle school-building ke roop mein parivartit kiya gaya. Is parivartan ke baad ee jagah ka pehchaan sirf zamindari se nahi, balki shiksha aur samajik vikas se bhi jud gaya. == Architecture == Dhar Zamindar Bari ke architecture paramparik Bengali zamindari shaili par adharit tha, jismein thoda bahut British colonial prabhav bhi dikhai deta tha. Bhavan ke nirmaan mein moti eent aur choona (lime mortar) ka upyog kiya gaya tha, jo us daur ke nirmaan kala ka pramukh lakshan tha. Is bari mein bade-bade aangan (courtyards), unche khambe, arched darwaaze aur lambi verandah bani hui thi. Ee design garm aur nami wale mausam ke liye bahut upyogi tha, jisse hawa aur roshni aasani se andar ja sake. Andar ke hisson mein sadharan decorative kaam, cornices aur floral designs bhi dekhe jaate the. Jab 1919 mein ee bhavan school ke liye upyog mein laaya gaya, tab kai residential kamron ko classrooms mein badla gaya aur kuchh hisson ko office aur administrative kaam ke liye istemaal kiya gaya. Iske bawajood, mool zamindari structure ka kaafi hissa kaayam raha. == Vartamaan sthiti == Aaj Dhar Zamindar Bari poori tarah surakshit nahi hai. Bhavan ke kai hissa toot chuke hain, lekin ee poora dhvansh nahi hua hai. Abhi bhi ee jagah ek itihaasik nishaani ke roop mein khadi hai aur local log isko Dhar Zamindar Bari ya Damodar Badi ke naam se jaante hain.<ref>Panda, Chitta. [https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Decline_of_the_Bengal_Zamindars/Tu_sAAAAMAAJ?hl=en The Decline of the Bengal Zamindars: Midnapore], 1870-1920. India, Oxford University Press, 1996.</ref> == Sanskritik aur sthaniya mahatva == Ee zamindar bari Dhamrai ke logan ke liye bahut mahatvapurn hai. Ee jagah zamindari yug, shiksha ke itihaas aur Dhar parivaar ke yogdaan ke yaad dilaata hai. [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] ke shikshik yogdaan ke kaaran ee jagah aur bhi mahatvapurn ban jaata hai.<ref>Akhtar, S. (1973). [https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Role_of_the_Zamindars_in_Bengal_1707/JHd20AEACAAJ?hl=en The Role of the Zamindars in Bengal] (1707-1772).. (n.p.): University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies.</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} nwnjuor2kn7wxvxkmqa197jpg8rcla9 3 69174 336350 2026-07-01T17:55:24Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 336350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=HyBoxwood}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 17:55, 1 Julai 2026 (UTC) qlsewvwhuuaw6kkp387rgr67vzk3jyr 10 69175 336363 2026-07-02T09:44:32Z Smcnarayan 362 Panna jisme "<includeonly>{{safesubst:#if:{{{quote|}}}{{{quotes|}}}|"}}{{safesubst:#if:{{{italic|}}}{{{italics|}}}|''}}[[{{{1}}}{{safesubst:#if:{{{lt|}}}|{{safesubst:!}}{{{lt}}}}}]]{{safesubst:#if:{{{italic|}}}{{{italics|}}}|&#8202;''}}{{safesubst:#if:{{{quote|}}}{{{quotes|}}}|"}}{{safesubst:#ifeq:{{subst:Substcheck}}|SUBST||<!-- -->{{#if:{{#if:{{{preserve|{{{display|}}}}}}|1|{{#ifexist:{{{1|}}}|{{#invoke:redirect|isRedirect|{{{1|}}}}}|1}}}}<!-- --> |<{{#switch..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336363 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst:#if:{{{quote|}}}{{{quotes|}}}|"}}{{safesubst:#if:{{{italic|}}}{{{italics|}}}|''}}[[{{{1}}}{{safesubst:#if:{{{lt|}}}|{{safesubst:!}}{{{lt}}}}}]]{{safesubst:#if:{{{italic|}}}{{{italics|}}}|&#8202;''}}{{safesubst:#if:{{{quote|}}}{{{quotes|}}}|"}}{{safesubst:#ifeq:{{subst:Substcheck}}|SUBST||<!-- -->{{#if:{{#if:{{{preserve|{{{display|}}}}}}|1|{{#ifexist:{{{1|}}}|{{#invoke:redirect|isRedirect|{{{1|}}}}}|1}}}}<!-- --> |<{{#switch:{{{vertical-align|{{{valign|{{{v|}}}}}}}}}|sup|super=sup|sub=sub|span}} class="noprint" style="{{#switch:{{{vertical-align|{{{valign|{{{v|}}}}}}}}}|ib=font-size:100%;|sup|super|sub=|font-size:85%;}} font-style: normal; {{#if:{{{nobold|}}}|font-weight: normal;}}">&nbsp;&#91;{{#if:{{{qid|}}} | [[d:Special:EntityPage/{{{qid|}}}#sitelinks-wikipedia|<span title="Wikidata list: &quot;{{{1}}}&quot; articles in other languages">{{#if:{{{short|{{{s|}}}}}}|wd|Wikidata}}</span>]] | {{#invoke:Separated entries|main|frameOnly=true|separator=;&#32; | {{#if:{{{2|}}}|[[:{{{2}}}:{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{{3}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{2}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{4|}}}|[[:{{{4}}}:{{#if:{{{5|}}}|{{{5}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{4}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{6|}}}|[[:{{{6}}}:{{#if:{{{7|}}}|{{{7}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{6}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{8|}}}|[[:{{{8}}}:{{#if:{{{9|}}}|{{{9}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{8}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{10|}}}|[[:{{{10}}}:{{#if:{{{11|}}}|{{{11}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{10}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{12|}}}|[[:{{{12}}}:{{#if:{{{13|}}}|{{{13}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{12}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{14|}}}|[[:{{{14}}}:{{#if:{{{15|}}}|{{{15}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{14}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{16|}}}|[[:{{{16}}}:{{#if:{{{17|}}}|{{{17}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{16}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{18|}}}|[[:{{{18}}}:{{#if:{{{19|}}}|{{{19}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{18}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{20|}}}|[[:{{{20}}}:{{#if:{{{21|}}}|{{{21}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{20}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{22|}}}|[[:{{{22}}}:{{#if:{{{23|}}}|{{{23}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{22}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{24|}}}|[[:{{{24}}}:{{#if:{{{25|}}}|{{{25}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{24}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{26|}}}|[[:{{{26}}}:{{#if:{{{27|}}}|{{{27}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{26}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{28|}}}|[[:{{{28}}}:{{#if:{{{20|}}}|{{{29}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{28}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{30|}}}|[[:{{{30}}}:{{#if:{{{31|}}}|{{{31}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{30}}}}}]]}} | {{#if:{{{32|}}}|[[:{{{32}}}:{{#if:{{{33|}}}|{{{33}}}|{{{1}}}}}|{{trim|1={{{32}}}}}]]}} }}}}&#93;</{{#switch:{{{vertical-align|{{{valign|{{{v|}}}}}}}}}|sup|super=sup|sub=sub|span}}> | [[Category:Interlanguage link template existing link]]<nowiki /> }}}}</includeonly>{{main other|<!-- Forced interwikis-->{{#if:{{{preserve|{{{display|}}}}}}|[[Category:Interlanguage link template forcing interwiki links]]}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}{{{qid|}}}||[[Category:Pages using interlanguage link with no language parameter]]}}<!-- Wikidata-->{{#if:{{{qid|}}}|{{main other|[[Category:Pages using interlanguage link with the wikidata parameter]]}}}}<!-- Many languages-->{{#if:{{{8|}}}|[[Category:Pages calling interlanguage link with many languages|{{#if:{{{10|}}}|{{#if:{{{12|}}}|{{#if:{{{14|}}}|{{#if:{{{16|}}}|{{#if:{{{18|}}}|{{#if:{{{20|}}}|{{#if:{{{22|}}}|{{#if:{{{24|}}}|{{#if:{{{26|}}}|{{#if:{{{28|}}}|{{#if:{{{30|}}}|{{#if:{{{32|}}}|P|O}}|N}}|M}}|L}}|K}}|J}}|I}}|H}}|G}}|F}}|E}}|D}}]]}}<!-- Unknown params-->{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=[[Category:Pages using interlanguage link with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]|preview=Page using [[Template:Interlanguage link]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 2 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 3 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | display | italic | italics | lt | nobold | preserve | qid | quote | quotes | s | short | v | valign | vertical-align }}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> fsiludadqy3bzm03prhpp71am1lkynp 10 69176 336364 2026-07-02T09:46:09Z Smcnarayan 362 Panna jisme "<includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfnm|template=sfnm}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude>" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336364 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|sfnm|template=sfnm}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 30eu4d1lwkb49nkua2fvoy409c5paxk 3 69177 336367 2026-07-02T10:04:55Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 336367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Quokka51JJ}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 10:04, 2 Julai 2026 (UTC) kkqbkj5cw0romhj2n377p90mcq70ddi