Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6914 336384 333789 2026-07-04T02:37:27Z Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU)) 40549 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 336384 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:24.09.2024 - Abertura do Debate Geral da 79ª Sessão da Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas (54018866744).jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|Seventy-ninth session of the United Nations General Assembly ke opening]] '''Rajniti''' uu chuj hai jisme log gut me hoe ke faisla kare hai. Social science ke uu branch jisme rajniti aur [[sarkar]] ke adhyan kara jaae hai, ke political science bola jaae hai. Rajniti kabhi-kabhi sidha matlab me bhi kaam me laawa jaae hai, jaise “political solution”, jiske matlab sanjhauta kar ke samadhan paana hai, ii fir easy rakam se “sarkar ke kalaa nai to vigyan” ke roop me samjha jaae hai. Lekin ii sabd ke kharaabe matlab bhi leke kaam me laawa jaawe hae. Ii bichaar ke alag-alag rakam se define karaa gais hai, aur alag approach ke log ke soch bhi alag hai ki iske bahut chaurraa tareeka se kaam me laae ke chaahi nai to thorraa limited tareeka se, practical (empirical) roop me ii niyam aur values (normative) ke roop me<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is there a difference beteeen political philosophy and political science? |url=https://bigthink.com/videos/is-there-a-difference-beteeen-political-philosophy-and-political-science/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Big Think |language=en-US}}</ref>, aur ii baat pe bhi ki conflict jaaada important hai ya cooperation politics me zaada jaruri hai. ==Naam== Rajniti sabd, dui sabd raaj aur niti se banaa hae. Raaj ke matlab saashan karnaa aur niti ke matlab right time aur jagha pe right kaam karnaa. Yaani ki niti se raaj karnaa. == Definitions == * [[Harold Lasswell]]: "kiske konchi mile hae, kab aur kaise"<ref>{{harvnb|Lasswell|1963}}.</ref> * [[David Easton]]: "ek samaj ke values ke achchhaa se baatna"<ref name="Easton 1981">{{harvnb|Easton|1981}}.</ref> * [[Vladimir Lenin]]: "artsastr ke ek jagha se chalaana"<ref>{{harvnb|Lenin|1965}}.</ref> * [[Otto von Bismarck]]: "sab time, badalatee sthiti mei, sabase kamti nukasaan kare waala, sabase upayog chij ke ko chune ke kshamata"<ref>Reichstag speech by Bismarck, January 29, 1886, in: ''Bismarck, The Collected Works''. Friedrichsruher edition, vol. 13: Speeches. Edited by Wilhelm Schüßler, Berlin 1930, p. 177.</ref> * [[Bernard Crick]]: "sarkar ke chalae ke ek khaas tareeka jisme log matabhed ke sulajhaawe ke khaatir milake kaam kare hain"<ref>{{harvnb|Crick|1972}}.</ref> * [[Adrian Leftwich]]: "isame samaaj ke bhittar aur uske beech me sahayog, baatacheet aur sangharsh kee sab gatividhiyaan shaamil hain"<ref>{{harvnb|Leftwich|2004|p=103}}.</ref> ==Itihaas== ===Puraana itihaas=== Suruu ke insaan ke rahan-sahan me koi centralized political structure nai rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fukuyama |first1=Francis |title=The origins of political order : from prehuman times to the French Revolution |date=2012 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-53322-9 |page=56 |oclc=1082411117}}</ref> Iske kabhi-kabhi "bina [[des]] ke samaj" bola jaawe hae. === Puraana des === Puraana itihaas me, des ke koi siimaa nai rahaa. Puraana Sumer aur Egypt pahila civilization rahaa jon siimaa ke define karis rahaa. [[12th century]] talak, dher log bina des ke samaj me rahat rahin. Ii sab chhotaa-chhotaa gut se tribe aur chiefdom talak rahaa. ==== Des ke bananaa ==== Puraana des kaise banaa rahaa ke baare me dher theory aur hypothesis hae aur gyaani log ii sanjhaae ke kosis kare hae ki kaahe kuchh samaj me des banaa aur duusra me nai. Duusra gyaani log ii bole hae ki generalizations helpful nai hae aur har ek case ke alag-alag se dekhe ke chaahi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spencer |first1=Charles S. |last2=Redmond |first2=Elsa M. |date=15 September 2004 |title=Primary State Formation in Mesoamerica |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=173–199 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143823 |issn=0084-6570}}</ref> '''Voluntary theories''' ii batae hae ki dher gut ke log saathe hoe ke ek des ke bana e hae kaaheki ek koi chij hae jon uu sab log maange hae.<ref name="Carneiro 733–738">{{harvnb|Carneiro|1970|pp=733–738}}.</ref> Ii sab theory jaada kar ke kheti, aur abaadi aur organizational pressure jon aae hae ek des ke bane ke baad. Ek khaas theory jon pahila state ke bane ke baare me hae ''hydraulic hypothesis'' hae, jon ii bole hae ki des banaa hae kaaheki baraa-barraa irrigation project ke jaruri rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/originsofstatean0000unse |title=Origins of the state : the anthropology of political evolution |date=1978 |publisher=Philadelphia : Institute for the Study of Human Issues |via=Internet Archive |page=30}}</ref> Des ke bane ke '''[[Conflict theories]]''' aur ek samaj ke duusra samaj pe raaj kare ke baare me hae.<ref name="Carneiro 733–738" /> Voluntary theories se alag, ii sab arguments me ii biswas karaa jaawe hae ki log jaan ke des nai banae hae , lekin des bane hae jab ek group ke log suure ke dabae ke uske uppar raaj kare hae. Koi-koi theory ii bahas kare hae ki des ke bane me larrai ke jaruri rahaa. <ref name="Carneiro 733–738" /> ==== Puraana itihaas ==== Pahila des puraana Sumer aur Agypt ke rahin, jon lagbhag 3000 BC me suruu bhais rahaa.<ref name="ancientlocations">{{harvnb|Daniel|2003|p=xiii}}.</ref> Pahila dynastic [[Nile Naddi]] ke lage based rahaa north-east [[Africa]] me, jon kingdom ke siimaa Nile ke kinaare rahaa aur duusra jagha jahaan pe oasis rahaa.<ref>{{harvnb|Daniel|2003|pp=9–11}}.</ref> Early dynastic [[Sumer]] was located in southern [[Mesopotamia]], with its borders extending from the [[Persian Gulf]] to parts of the [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]] and [[Tigris River|Tigris]] rivers.<ref name="ancientlocations" /> [[Egypt]]ians, [[Roman]]s, aur [[Greece|Greeks]] pahila log rahin jon des ke philosophy ke baare me soche rahin. Isse pahile des, dharam pe based rahaa.<ref>{{harvnb|Nelson|Nelson|2006|p=17}}.</ref> Des ke aur achchhaa karaa gais rahaa puraana Greece aur [[Rome]] me. Greece ke city-states, 4th century se pahile citizenship free log ke dewat rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGc9EAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Greek+city-states+before+the+4th+century+granted+citizenship+rights+to+their+free+population%3B+in+Athens+these+rights+were+combined+with+a+directly+democratic+form+of+government+that+was+to+have+a+long+afterlife+in+political+thought+and+history.&pg=PA53 |title=A Handbook of Political Geography |date=2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324145301/https://books.google.com/books?id=iGc9EAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Greek+city-states+before+the+4th+century+granted+citizenship+rights+to+their+free+population%3B+in+Athens+these+rights+were+combined+with+a+directly+democratic+form+of+government+that+was+to+have+a+long+afterlife+in+political+thought+and+history.&pg=PA53 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Aur Dekho== * [[Rajnitik dal]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:R]] [[Category:Rajniti| ]] gzgx0b1i3qaixvctjd6dh2viti67366 3 17648 336391 130720 2026-07-04T10:11:59Z Cabayi 11673 Cabayi moved panna [[sadasya ke baat:Eug.galeotti]] se [[sadasya ke baat:Euggal]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Eug.galeotti|Eug.galeotti]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Euggal|Euggal]]" 130720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{SWAGAT}} 1q72sygvduempgycltnewj5huygwnkm 0 55207 336388 310667 2026-07-04T03:51:30Z ~2026-34874-88 40550 ganesh ji ki aarti 336388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Non-hif_language|}} === ganesh ji ki aarti === जय गणेश जय गणेश जय गणेश देवा (जय गणेश जय गणेश जय गणेश देवा) माता जाकी पार्वती पिता महादेवा (माता जाकी पार्वती पिता महादेवा) '''[https://hindisanatan.com/pankaj-nagia-ganesh-ji-ki-aarti-lyrics-in-hindi/ जय गणेश जय गणेश] जय गणेश देवा''' '''(जय गणेश जय गणेश जय गणेश देवा)''' '''माता जाकी पार्वती पिता महादेवा''' '''(माता जाकी पार्वती पिता महादेवा)''' एक दंत दयावंत चार भुजा धारी (एक दंत दयावंत चार भुजा धारी) माथे पर तिलक सोहे मूस की सवारी (माथे पर तिलक सोहे मूस की सवारी) '''एक दंत दयावंत चार भुजा धारी''' '''(एक दंत दयावंत चार भुजा धारी)''' '''माथे पर तिलक सोहे मूस की सवारी''' '''(माथे पर तिलक सोहे मूस की सवारी)''' पान चढ़े फूल चढ़े और चढ़े मेवा (पान चढ़े फूल चढ़े और चढ़े मेवा) लड्डुअन का भोग लगे सन्त करें सेवा (लड्डुअन का भोग लगे सन्त करें सेवा) '''जय गणेश जय गणेश जय गणेश देवा''' '''(जय गणेश जय गणेश जय गणेश देवा)''' '''माता जाकी पार्वती पिता महादेवा''' '''(माता जाकी पार्वती पिता महादेवा)''' अंधे को आंख देत कोढ़िन को काया (अंधे को आंख देत कोढ़िन को काया) बांझन को पुत्र देत निर्धन को माया (बांझन को पुत्र देत निर्धन को माया) '''अंधे को आंख देत कोढ़िन को काया''' '''(अंधे को आंख देत कोढ़िन को काया)''' '''बांझन को पुत्र देत निर्धन को माया''' '''(बांझन को पुत्र देत निर्धन को माया)''' सूर’ श्याम शरण आए, सफल कीजे सेवा (सूर’ श्याम शरण आए, सफल कीजे सेवा) माता जाकी पार्वती पिता महादेवा (माता जाकी पार्वती पिता महादेवा) '''जय गणेश जय गणेश जय गणेश देवा''' '''(जय गणेश जय गणेश जय गणेश देवा)''' '''माता जाकी पार्वती पिता महादेवा''' '''(माता जाकी पार्वती पिता महादेवा)''' जय गणेश जय गणेश जय गणेश देवा (जय गणेश जय गणेश जय गणेश देवा) माता जाकी पार्वती पिता महादेवा (माता जाकी पार्वती पिता महादेवा) 9z3rk72wae307x45k7hi1l1uew6jb4n 3 59871 336390 310816 2026-07-04T06:52:11Z Cabayi 11673 Cabayi moved panna [[sadasya ke baat:ALANX4638299]] se [[sadasya ke baat:Renamed user 91e4d5222f348cb10003e46e01e5ad81]] without leaving a redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/ALANX4638299|ALANX4638299]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 91e4d5222f348cb10003e46e01e5ad81|Renamed user 91e4d5222f348cb10003e46e01e5ad81]]" 310816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=ALANX4638299}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 01:20, 12 Mai 2024 (UTC) 8cx8i8ta4nl888v8b8h2ytqz74czy5k 0 66648 336386 329118 2026-07-04T02:45:36Z Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU)) 40549 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 336386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | name = Grant Wood | image = Grant Wood.jpg | image_upright = 1 | caption = ''Apne ke chhaapa'', 1932 | birth_name = Grant DeVolson Wood | birth_date = {{birth date|1891|2|13}} | birth_place = [[Anamosa, Iowa]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1942|2|12|1891|2|13}} | death_place = [[Iowa City, Iowa]], U.S. | relatives = [[Nan Wood Graham]] (sister) | field = Painting, architect | training = [[School of the Art Institute of Chicago]] | movement = [[Regionalism (art)|Regionalism]] | works = ''[[American Gothic]]'' | signature = Wood Grant autograph.png }} '''Grant DeVolson Wood''' ([[13 February]], [[1891]]{{spnd}}[[12 February]], [[1942]]) ek [[America]]n chitrkaar rahaa aur Regionalism ke represent karat rahaa, ke khaas kar ke jaana jaawe hae uske painting jon rural American [[Midwest]] ke dekhae hae. Uske aur jaada ''[[American Gothic]]'' (1930) khaatir jaana jaawe hae, jon 20th century ke suruuwaat ke American [[art]] ke ek iconic example maana jaawe hae. ==Jawaani ke din== [[File:Grant wood boyhood home.jpg|thumb|Grant Wood ke bachpan ke ghar Cedar Rapids, [[Iowa]] me, jiske most endangered historic sites in Iowa me listed hae.<ref>[[Preservation Iowa]], [http://www.preservationiowa.org/programs/endangeredArchive.php?endangered_year=2008 2008 Most Endangered Properties] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105095015/http://www.preservationiowa.org/programs/endangeredArchive.php?endangered_year=2008 |date=January 5, 2016 }}</ref>|left]] Wood ke janam rural [[Iowa]], 4&nbsp;mi (6.43&nbsp;km) Anamosa ke east me , on February 13, 1891 me bhais rahaa. Uu Hattie DeEtte Wood (''[[née]]'' Weaver) aur Francis Maryville Wood ke larrka rahaa.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/444481|doi = 10.1086/444481|title = Grant Wood's Family Album|year = 2005|last1 = Taylor|first1 = Sue|journal = American Art|volume = 19|issue = 2|pages = 48–67|s2cid = 222326516|url-access = subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uipress.lib.uiowa.edu/bdi/DetailsPage.aspx?id=416|title = Details Page - the Biographical Dictionary of Iowa - the University of Iowa Libraries}}</ref> Hattie aapan palwaar ke Cedar Rapids lae gais jab 1901 me Francis mar gais rahaa. Iske thorraa din baad, Wood ek local metal shop me apprentiship suruu karis rahaa. Washington High School se graduate hoe ke baad, uu The Handicraft Guild, ek art school jiske [[Minneapolis]] me puura aurat log chalaawat rahin, me enrol bhais rahaa. 1913 me, Wood , School of the Art Institute of Chicago me bbharti bhais rahaa, jahaan pe uu 1913 se 1916 talak parrhis rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of Influence {{!}} School of the Art Institute of Chicago |url=https://www.saic.edu/why-saic/history-influence |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=www.saic.edu |language=en}}</ref> Wood, kuchh silversmith ke kaam bhi karis rahaa. ==Career== [[World War I]] ke khalaas hoe talak, Wood, [[United States]] army ke join kar liis rahaa, jisme uu chitrkaar ke ke kaam karat rahaa aur camouflage scenes aur duusra art ke design karat rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Artist Info|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1982.html|access-date=2021-07-02|website=www.nga.gov}}</ref> 1919 se 1925 talak, Wood junior high school students ke, Cedar Rapids public school system, me art parrhais rahaa. Ii kaam se uske financial stability milaa, aur ii seasonal kaam ke kaaran uu summer me [[Europe]] jaawat rahaa, art ke study kare ke khaatir. 1923–1924 school year me, Wood chhutti lae ke puura saal Europe me rahaa. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Dennis |first=James M |title=Grant Wood; A Study in American Art and Culture |publisher=Viking Press |year=1975 |location=New York |pages=27–28}}</ref> Jab uu parrhaat rahaa, tab Wood woodworking aur metalworking se experiment karis rahaa. Jaise, uu ek bench banais rahaa jisme larrkan bauth ke Principal se punishment ke wait karat rahin, jiske Woos ''Mourner's Bench'' naam diis rahaa, ek humorous reference mourner's bench ke jiske [[Methodist]] churches me kaam me laawa jaae hae.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shunnarah |first1=Mandy |title=10 Pieces of Unexpected Art from Historic Artists' Homes and Studios |url=https://savingplaces.org/stories/10-unexpected-art-hahs |publisher=National Trust for Historic Preservation |date=April 29, 2024}}</ref> 1924 se 1935 talak, Wood aapan maiyaa ke saathe rahat rahaa ek carriage house in Cedar Rapids me ke hayloft me, jiske uu badal ke uske personal studio at "5 Turner Alley" (ii sudio ke koi address nai rahaa, jab tak Wood ek ke banais nai rahaa) banais rahaa. {{BD|1891|1941|Wood, Grant}} [[vibhag:W]] [[vibhag:United States ke chitrkaar]] pf01mbmhun0mh0d10wfi6ywkbn4rpy7 3 69183 336383 2026-07-04T02:33:23Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 336383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU))}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 02:33, 4 Julai 2026 (UTC) 11ltwrf8373miva11lmsqowd4mxzqf2 336385 336383 2026-07-04T02:39:36Z Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU)) 40549 336385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU))}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 02:33, 4 Julai 2026 (UTC) @ [[sadasya:Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU))|Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU))]] ([[sadasya ke baat:Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU))|talk]]) 02:39, 4 Julai 2026 (UTC) 62xwtspehzmblto4d2oxf1otmehk4ai 336387 336385 2026-07-04T02:57:04Z Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU)) 40549 /* Model */ nawaa vibhag 336387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU))}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 02:33, 4 Julai 2026 (UTC) @ [[sadasya:Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU))|Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU))]] ([[sadasya ke baat:Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU))|talk]]) 02:39, 4 Julai 2026 (UTC) == Model == I am kazi sadia yeasmin Nipu,Software Developer,Model and Actors [[sadasya:Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU))|Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU))]] ([[sadasya ke baat:Miss world 2010 KAZI SADIA YEASMIN(NIPU))|talk]]) 02:57, 4 Julai 2026 (UTC) cwq7v83wwbmnpzz2tw30xsc7fidyhr6 3 69184 336389 2026-07-04T05:46:21Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 336389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=MD hasin akhter}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 05:46, 4 Julai 2026 (UTC) 7h4o4bqo4cke4dwffvmdvwxxzziuoqn 3 69185 336392 2026-07-04T10:11:59Z Cabayi 11673 Cabayi moved panna [[sadasya ke baat:Eug.galeotti]] se [[sadasya ke baat:Euggal]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Eug.galeotti|Eug.galeotti]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Euggal|Euggal]]" 336392 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[sadasya ke baat:Euggal]] c32cx3paps89asgfwayroed5j2cwhby