Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4952 336459 334616 2026-07-08T09:01:32Z Bbhamji 1047 /* Gatii */ 336459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philosopher |region = Western philosophy |era = Ancient philosophy |color = #B0C4DE |image_name = Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg |image_caption = Marble bust of Aristotle. Roman copy after a Greek bronze original by [[Lysippus]] c. 330 BC. The alabaster mantle is modern |name =(Ἀριστοτέλης), ''Aristotélēs'' |birth =384 BC<br />Stageira, Chalcidice |death =322 BC<br />Euboea |school_tradition = Peripatetic school<br />Aristotelianism |main_interests = [[Physics]], [[Metaphysics]], [[Poetry]], [[Theatre]], [[Music]], [[Rhetoric]], [[Politics]], [[Government]], [[Ethics]], [[Biology]], [[Zoology]] |notable_ideas = Golden mean, Reason, Logi], Passion |influences = Parmenides, [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], Heraclitus, Democritus |influenced = [[Alexander the Great]], Avicenna, [[Averroes]], [[Maimonides]], [[Albertus Magnus]], [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[Duns Scotus]], [[Ptolemy]], [[Copernicus]], [[Galileo]], and most of [[Islamic philosophy]], [[Jewish philosophy]], [[Christian philosophy]], [[Western philosophy]], [[science]] and '''[[List of writers influenced by Aristotle|more...]]'''. |box_width = 26em}} '''Aristotle''' ([[Greek bhasa|Greek]] Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs) (janam [[384 BC]] [[Stagira]], Macedonia, [[Greece]]; maut [[7 March]], [[323 BC]] Chalicis, Euboea, Greece) ek [[Greek]] [[philosopher]] rahaa. Bahut log ii soche hae ki [[Plato]] ke saathe, uu Western dunia ke ek khaas philosopher rahaa. Ii bataawa jaawe hae ki Aristotle 150 book likhis hae. Aristotle, [[Alexander the Great]] ke bajpan ke guru rahaa. == Jindagi == Aristotle ke pitaji, Nicomachus, Macedonia ke Amyntas Raja ke doctor rahaa. Aapan 18th janam din se lae ke 37th janam din talak Aristotle Athens me rahaa, jahaan pe uu [[Plato]] ke student rahaa. Lagbhag 18 saal ke umar me uu Athens gais aur Plato ke Academy me parrhe lagaa. Hian pe uu lagbhag 20 saal talak rahaa aur 347 BC me, jab Plato ke maut bhais, tab uu ii jagha ke chhorris. Iske baad uu Xenocrates ke saathe Asia Minor gais. Jab uu [[Asia]] me rahaa tab uu Theophrastus ke saathe Lesbos gais jahan pe uu log ii island ke botany aur zoology adhyan karin, Hermias ke maut ke baad, Aristotle ke Macdonia ke Philip II uske larrka [[Alexander the Great]] ke parrhae ke 343 B.C. me suruu karis. Aristotle ke Royal Academy of macedon ke mukhia banaawa gais rahaa. Aristotle ke Macedonian court me rahe ke time uu khaali Alexander nai, lekin aage hoe waala raja, [[Ptolemy]] aur [[Cassander]] ke bhi parrhais rahaa. Aristotle, Alexander ke [[Persia]] ke aapan niche kare ke encourage rahaa. 335 BCme Aristotle [[Athens]] laut aais aur uu Lyceum me ek library banais jisme uu dher sau "papyrus scroll" ke [[kitaab]] banais. Uu aapan school banais aur 12 saal talak huan pe parrhais. Athens me Aristotle ke aurat marr gais aur uu duusra aurat rakkhais aur uske ek larrka, Nicomachus paaida bhais. 335 aur 323 BC me jab uu Athens me rahaa tab uu aapan khaas kaam karis aur treatise likhis. Uske khaas treatises rahaa [[Physics]], [[Metaphysics]], Nicomachean Ethics, [[Politics]], On the Soul aue Poetics. Aristotle adyan karis aur khaas yogdaan [[logic]], [[metaphysics]], [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[biology]], [[botany]], [[ethics]], [[politics]], [[kheti]], [[medicine]], [[dance]] aur theatre me diis rahaa. Uske jindagi ke aakhri din talak Alexander aur Aristotle ke biich me batbhed hoe gais kaaheki Aristotle, Alexander ke Persians se sambandh uske pasand nai rahaa. Bahut jane Aristotle ke Alexander ke maut ke jimewaar bataae hae lekin iske kuchh sabuut nai hae. Alexander ke maut ke baad Athens me Macedonian ke virod me hoe gain aur Aristotle ke uske maiyaa ke palwaar ke estate me bhaag ke rahe ke parraa rahaa. == Theoretical philosophy == === Tarksastr (Logic) === Pahile se analyse kare ke baad, Aristotle is sab se pahila systematic [[tarksastr]] ke adhyan karis rahaa,{{sfn|Degnan|1994|pp=81–89}} aur uske bichaar Western tarksastr me 19th-century talak sab se jaada rahaa jisse [[mathematical logic]] me pagati bhais rahaa.{{sfn|Corcoran|2009|pp=1–20}} [[Kant]] ii bhi bolis rahaa ki ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'' ki Aristotle ke logic puura rahaa.{{sfn|Kant|1787|page=Preface}} ==== ''Organon'' ==== [[File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg| thumb | upright=0.8 | Plato (left) and Aristotle, [[Raphael]] ke [[1509]] ke fresco, ''[[The School of Athens]]'' me. Aristotle aapan ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' aur gestures to the earth ke pakrre hae, jon uske immanent realism ke raae ke represent kare hae, jab [[Plato]] swarg ke bagal dehae hae, jon uske Theory of Forms ke indicate kare hae, aur pakkrre hae aapan ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]''.{{sfn|School of Athens}}{{sfn|Stewart|2019}}]] Aristotle ke jaada kaam saait uske thiik form me nai hae , kaaheki ki iske badal dewa gais hae uske syudents nai to baad ke sikchhak dwaara. Aristotle ke tarkik kaam ke, lagbhag 40 BC me [[Andronicus of Rhodes]] aur uske duusra chela log, chhe book me, sangrah kare rahin, jiske ''[[Organon]]'' bola jaawe hae. .{{sfn|Pickover|2009|p=52}} Ii book hae: # ''[[Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]]'' # ''[[On Interpretation]]'' # ''[[Prior Analytics]]'' # ''[[Posterior Analytics]]'' # ''[[Topics (Aristotle)|Topics]]'' # ''[[On Sophistical Refutations]]'' Ii nai jaana jaawe hae ki ii book ke kon order me likha gais rahaa ( aur kon sikchha me se iske sangrah karaa gais rahaa), lekin ii suchi ke Aristotle ke lekh ke analysis se derive karaa gais hae. Ii muul baat (basics) se suruu hoe ke, simple terms ke analysis ''Categories'' me, propositions aur their elementary relations ke analysis ''On Interpretation'' me se, aur complex forms ke adhyan talak, jaise, syllogisms aur demonstration ( ''Analytics'' me){{sfn|Prior Analytics|pp=24b18–20}}{{sfn|Bobzien|2015}} aur dialectics ( ''Topics'' aur ''Sophistical Refutations'' me). Pahila tiin treatises logical theory ''stricto sensu'' ke core bane hae: the grammar of the language of logic and the correct rules of reasoning. The ''Rhetoric'' is not conventionally included, but it states that it relies on the ''Topics''.{{sfn|Smith|2017}} ==== Syllogism ==== {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ One of Aristotle's [[Syllogism#Types|types of syllogism]]{{efn-ua|This [[Syllogism#Types|type of syllogism]], with all three terms in 'a', is known by the traditional (medieval) mnemonic [[Baralipton|Barbara]].{{sfn|Lagerlund|2016}}}} ! In words !! In<br/> terms{{efn-ua|M is the Middle (here, Men), S is the Subject (Greeks), P is the Predicate (mortal).{{sfn|Lagerlund|2016}}}} !! In equations{{efn-ua|The first equation can be read as 'It is not true that there exists an x such that x is a man and that x is not mortal.'{{sfn|Predicate Logic}}}} |- |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sab admii naashwan (mortal) hae.<br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sab Greek admii hae.<br/><br/>[[∴]] Sab Greek naashwan (mortal) hae.||M a P<br/><br/>S a M<br/><br/>S a P||[[File:Modus Barbara Equations.svg|150px]] |} ==Aristotle ke paanch elements== Aapan kitaab, On Generation and Corruption, me Aristotle chaar element, [[dunia]], [[paani]], [[hawaa]], aur [[aagi]] jiske [[Empedocles]] pahile propose karis rahaa ke chaar me se dui "sensible qualities", garam, thandaa, bhiijaa aur suukha me karis rahaa. Empedoclean ke raae me sab "matter" chaar element se banaa hae, different proportion me. Aristotle, ek aur "heavenly" aether, jon ki [[taara]] aur [[planet]] ke jorris. {| class="wikitable" |+ [[Classical element|Aristotle ke elements]]{{sfn|Lloyd|1968|pages=133–139, 166–169}} ! Element !!{{font color|red|Garam}}/{{font color|blue|Thandaa}} !!{{font color|green|Bhijaa}}/{{font color|brown|Suukha}} !! Motion !! Aadhmik [[State of matter|state<br />of matter]] |- |'''[[Earth (classical element)|Dunia]]'''||{{font color|blue|Thandaa}}||{{font color|brown|Suukha}}||Down||[[Karraa]] |- |'''[[Water (classical element)|paani]]'''||{{font color|blue|Cold}}||{{font color|green|Wet}}||Down||[[Ras]] |- |'''[[Air (classical element)|Hawaa]]'''||{{font color|red|Garam}}||{{font color|green|Bhiija}}||Up||[[Gas]] |- |'''[[Fire (classical element)|Aagi]]'''||{{font color|red|Garam}}||{{font color|brown|suukha}}||Up||[[Plasma (physics)|Plasma]] |- |'''[[Aether (classical element)|Aether]]'''||(divine<br />substance)||—||Circular<br />(in heavens)||[[Vacuum]] |} ==Gatii== Aristotle dui rakam ke gatii ke baare me bataae hae: "violent" nai to "unnatural gatii", jaise ki jab ek patthar ke bigaa jaawe hae, aur "natural gatii", jaise ki koi chij gire hae. Violent gatii me, jaise iske agent ruk jaae hae, tab gatii bhi ruk jaawe hae: jiske matlab hae ki ek chij nature me ekke jagha raka rahe hai{{sfn| Allain | 2016}}, kaaheki Aristotle friction ke baare me kuchh nai bole hae.{{sfn| Drabkin | 1938 | pp=60–84}} Ii samajh ke, ii dekha jaawe hae ki, jaise Aristotle batais hae, garrhu chij ke khaskaae me jaada force lage hae aur jon chij ke jaada force se dhakela jaawe hae aur jor se chale hae.{{sfn| Susskind | 2011}} This would imply the equation{{sfn| Susskind | 2011}} Isse <math>F=mv</math> ke equation bane hae, jon aadhmik physics me sahi nai hae. {{sfn| Susskind | 2011}} Natural gatii uske element pe nirbar rahe hae: aether aasmaan me golaa ghume hae, jab ki chaar Empedoclean element sidhe uppar jaawe hae (jaise aagi me dekha jaaawe hae, nai to niche ( jaise dunia) uulog ke natural resting place me jaawe hae. [[File:Aristotle's laws of motion.svg| thumb | upright=1.5 | Aristotle ke gatii ke niyam. ''[[Physics (Aristotle)|Physics]]'' me uu batae hae ki chij gire hae uu raftaar se jon uske wajan ke proportional hae aur fluid jisme uu immersed hae ke density ke inversely proportional hae .{{sfn| Drabkin | 1938 | pp=60–84}} Ii [[dunia]] ke gravitational field me gire waala chij ke khaatir sahii hae .{{sfn| Rovelli | 2015 | pp=23–40}}]] == Duusra websites == * [http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/browse-Aristotle.html Works by Aristotle] {{BD|-0384BC|-0322BC|Aristotle}} [[vibhag:A]] [[Category:Philosophers]] [[Category:Greece ke log]] taow8u52yxc5j6fs26rj90o9d6wjcrd 336460 336459 2026-07-08T09:05:12Z Bbhamji 1047 /* Syllogism */ 336460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philosopher |region = Western philosophy |era = Ancient philosophy |color = #B0C4DE |image_name = Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg |image_caption = Marble bust of Aristotle. Roman copy after a Greek bronze original by [[Lysippus]] c. 330 BC. The alabaster mantle is modern |name =(Ἀριστοτέλης), ''Aristotélēs'' |birth =384 BC<br />Stageira, Chalcidice |death =322 BC<br />Euboea |school_tradition = Peripatetic school<br />Aristotelianism |main_interests = [[Physics]], [[Metaphysics]], [[Poetry]], [[Theatre]], [[Music]], [[Rhetoric]], [[Politics]], [[Government]], [[Ethics]], [[Biology]], [[Zoology]] |notable_ideas = Golden mean, Reason, Logi], Passion |influences = Parmenides, [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], Heraclitus, Democritus |influenced = [[Alexander the Great]], Avicenna, [[Averroes]], [[Maimonides]], [[Albertus Magnus]], [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[Duns Scotus]], [[Ptolemy]], [[Copernicus]], [[Galileo]], and most of [[Islamic philosophy]], [[Jewish philosophy]], [[Christian philosophy]], [[Western philosophy]], [[science]] and '''[[List of writers influenced by Aristotle|more...]]'''. |box_width = 26em}} '''Aristotle''' ([[Greek bhasa|Greek]] Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs) (janam [[384 BC]] [[Stagira]], Macedonia, [[Greece]]; maut [[7 March]], [[323 BC]] Chalicis, Euboea, Greece) ek [[Greek]] [[philosopher]] rahaa. Bahut log ii soche hae ki [[Plato]] ke saathe, uu Western dunia ke ek khaas philosopher rahaa. Ii bataawa jaawe hae ki Aristotle 150 book likhis hae. Aristotle, [[Alexander the Great]] ke bajpan ke guru rahaa. == Jindagi == Aristotle ke pitaji, Nicomachus, Macedonia ke Amyntas Raja ke doctor rahaa. Aapan 18th janam din se lae ke 37th janam din talak Aristotle Athens me rahaa, jahaan pe uu [[Plato]] ke student rahaa. Lagbhag 18 saal ke umar me uu Athens gais aur Plato ke Academy me parrhe lagaa. Hian pe uu lagbhag 20 saal talak rahaa aur 347 BC me, jab Plato ke maut bhais, tab uu ii jagha ke chhorris. Iske baad uu Xenocrates ke saathe Asia Minor gais. Jab uu [[Asia]] me rahaa tab uu Theophrastus ke saathe Lesbos gais jahan pe uu log ii island ke botany aur zoology adhyan karin, Hermias ke maut ke baad, Aristotle ke Macdonia ke Philip II uske larrka [[Alexander the Great]] ke parrhae ke 343 B.C. me suruu karis. Aristotle ke Royal Academy of macedon ke mukhia banaawa gais rahaa. Aristotle ke Macedonian court me rahe ke time uu khaali Alexander nai, lekin aage hoe waala raja, [[Ptolemy]] aur [[Cassander]] ke bhi parrhais rahaa. Aristotle, Alexander ke [[Persia]] ke aapan niche kare ke encourage rahaa. 335 BCme Aristotle [[Athens]] laut aais aur uu Lyceum me ek library banais jisme uu dher sau "papyrus scroll" ke [[kitaab]] banais. Uu aapan school banais aur 12 saal talak huan pe parrhais. Athens me Aristotle ke aurat marr gais aur uu duusra aurat rakkhais aur uske ek larrka, Nicomachus paaida bhais. 335 aur 323 BC me jab uu Athens me rahaa tab uu aapan khaas kaam karis aur treatise likhis. Uske khaas treatises rahaa [[Physics]], [[Metaphysics]], Nicomachean Ethics, [[Politics]], On the Soul aue Poetics. Aristotle adyan karis aur khaas yogdaan [[logic]], [[metaphysics]], [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[biology]], [[botany]], [[ethics]], [[politics]], [[kheti]], [[medicine]], [[dance]] aur theatre me diis rahaa. Uske jindagi ke aakhri din talak Alexander aur Aristotle ke biich me batbhed hoe gais kaaheki Aristotle, Alexander ke Persians se sambandh uske pasand nai rahaa. Bahut jane Aristotle ke Alexander ke maut ke jimewaar bataae hae lekin iske kuchh sabuut nai hae. Alexander ke maut ke baad Athens me Macedonian ke virod me hoe gain aur Aristotle ke uske maiyaa ke palwaar ke estate me bhaag ke rahe ke parraa rahaa. == Theoretical philosophy == === Tarksastr (Logic) === Pahile se analyse kare ke baad, Aristotle is sab se pahila systematic [[tarksastr]] ke adhyan karis rahaa,{{sfn|Degnan|1994|pp=81–89}} aur uske bichaar Western tarksastr me 19th-century talak sab se jaada rahaa jisse [[mathematical logic]] me pagati bhais rahaa.{{sfn|Corcoran|2009|pp=1–20}} [[Kant]] ii bhi bolis rahaa ki ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'' ki Aristotle ke logic puura rahaa.{{sfn|Kant|1787|page=Preface}} ==== ''Organon'' ==== [[File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg| thumb | upright=0.8 | Plato (left) and Aristotle, [[Raphael]] ke [[1509]] ke fresco, ''[[The School of Athens]]'' me. Aristotle aapan ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' aur gestures to the earth ke pakrre hae, jon uske immanent realism ke raae ke represent kare hae, jab [[Plato]] swarg ke bagal dehae hae, jon uske Theory of Forms ke indicate kare hae, aur pakkrre hae aapan ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]''.{{sfn|School of Athens}}{{sfn|Stewart|2019}}]] Aristotle ke jaada kaam saait uske thiik form me nai hae , kaaheki ki iske badal dewa gais hae uske syudents nai to baad ke sikchhak dwaara. Aristotle ke tarkik kaam ke, lagbhag 40 BC me [[Andronicus of Rhodes]] aur uske duusra chela log, chhe book me, sangrah kare rahin, jiske ''[[Organon]]'' bola jaawe hae. .{{sfn|Pickover|2009|p=52}} Ii book hae: # ''[[Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]]'' # ''[[On Interpretation]]'' # ''[[Prior Analytics]]'' # ''[[Posterior Analytics]]'' # ''[[Topics (Aristotle)|Topics]]'' # ''[[On Sophistical Refutations]]'' Ii nai jaana jaawe hae ki ii book ke kon order me likha gais rahaa ( aur kon sikchha me se iske sangrah karaa gais rahaa), lekin ii suchi ke Aristotle ke lekh ke analysis se derive karaa gais hae. Ii muul baat (basics) se suruu hoe ke, simple terms ke analysis ''Categories'' me, propositions aur their elementary relations ke analysis ''On Interpretation'' me se, aur complex forms ke adhyan talak, jaise, syllogisms aur demonstration ( ''Analytics'' me){{sfn|Prior Analytics|pp=24b18–20}}{{sfn|Bobzien|2015}} aur dialectics ( ''Topics'' aur ''Sophistical Refutations'' me). Pahila tiin treatises logical theory ''stricto sensu'' ke core bane hae: the grammar of the language of logic and the correct rules of reasoning. The ''Rhetoric'' is not conventionally included, but it states that it relies on the ''Topics''.{{sfn|Smith|2017}} ==== Syllogism ==== {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ One of Aristotle's [[Syllogism#Types|types of syllogism]] ! In words !! In<br/> terms !! In equations |- |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sab admii naashwan (mortal) hae.<br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sab Greek admii hae.<br/><br/>[[∴]] Sab Greek naashwan (mortal) hae.||M a P<br/><br/>S a M<br/><br/>S a P||[[File:Modus Barbara Equations.svg|150px]] |} ==Aristotle ke paanch elements== Aapan kitaab, On Generation and Corruption, me Aristotle chaar element, [[dunia]], [[paani]], [[hawaa]], aur [[aagi]] jiske [[Empedocles]] pahile propose karis rahaa ke chaar me se dui "sensible qualities", garam, thandaa, bhiijaa aur suukha me karis rahaa. Empedoclean ke raae me sab "matter" chaar element se banaa hae, different proportion me. Aristotle, ek aur "heavenly" aether, jon ki [[taara]] aur [[planet]] ke jorris. {| class="wikitable" |+ [[Classical element|Aristotle ke elements]]{{sfn|Lloyd|1968|pages=133–139, 166–169}} ! Element !!{{font color|red|Garam}}/{{font color|blue|Thandaa}} !!{{font color|green|Bhijaa}}/{{font color|brown|Suukha}} !! Motion !! Aadhmik [[State of matter|state<br />of matter]] |- |'''[[Earth (classical element)|Dunia]]'''||{{font color|blue|Thandaa}}||{{font color|brown|Suukha}}||Down||[[Karraa]] |- |'''[[Water (classical element)|paani]]'''||{{font color|blue|Cold}}||{{font color|green|Wet}}||Down||[[Ras]] |- |'''[[Air (classical element)|Hawaa]]'''||{{font color|red|Garam}}||{{font color|green|Bhiija}}||Up||[[Gas]] |- |'''[[Fire (classical element)|Aagi]]'''||{{font color|red|Garam}}||{{font color|brown|suukha}}||Up||[[Plasma (physics)|Plasma]] |- |'''[[Aether (classical element)|Aether]]'''||(divine<br />substance)||—||Circular<br />(in heavens)||[[Vacuum]] |} ==Gatii== Aristotle dui rakam ke gatii ke baare me bataae hae: "violent" nai to "unnatural gatii", jaise ki jab ek patthar ke bigaa jaawe hae, aur "natural gatii", jaise ki koi chij gire hae. Violent gatii me, jaise iske agent ruk jaae hae, tab gatii bhi ruk jaawe hae: jiske matlab hae ki ek chij nature me ekke jagha raka rahe hai{{sfn| Allain | 2016}}, kaaheki Aristotle friction ke baare me kuchh nai bole hae.{{sfn| Drabkin | 1938 | pp=60–84}} Ii samajh ke, ii dekha jaawe hae ki, jaise Aristotle batais hae, garrhu chij ke khaskaae me jaada force lage hae aur jon chij ke jaada force se dhakela jaawe hae aur jor se chale hae.{{sfn| Susskind | 2011}} This would imply the equation{{sfn| Susskind | 2011}} Isse <math>F=mv</math> ke equation bane hae, jon aadhmik physics me sahi nai hae. {{sfn| Susskind | 2011}} Natural gatii uske element pe nirbar rahe hae: aether aasmaan me golaa ghume hae, jab ki chaar Empedoclean element sidhe uppar jaawe hae (jaise aagi me dekha jaaawe hae, nai to niche ( jaise dunia) uulog ke natural resting place me jaawe hae. [[File:Aristotle's laws of motion.svg| thumb | upright=1.5 | Aristotle ke gatii ke niyam. ''[[Physics (Aristotle)|Physics]]'' me uu batae hae ki chij gire hae uu raftaar se jon uske wajan ke proportional hae aur fluid jisme uu immersed hae ke density ke inversely proportional hae .{{sfn| Drabkin | 1938 | pp=60–84}} Ii [[dunia]] ke gravitational field me gire waala chij ke khaatir sahii hae .{{sfn| Rovelli | 2015 | pp=23–40}}]] == Duusra websites == * [http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/browse-Aristotle.html Works by Aristotle] {{BD|-0384BC|-0322BC|Aristotle}} [[vibhag:A]] [[Category:Philosophers]] [[Category:Greece ke log]] iz2qtx7453enjt1irvao64vseaixvq1 336461 336460 2026-07-08T09:15:53Z Bbhamji 1047 336461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philosopher |region = Western philosophy |era = Ancient philosophy |color = #B0C4DE |image_name = Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg |image_caption = Marble bust of Aristotle. Roman copy after a Greek bronze original by [[Lysippus]] c. 330 BC. The alabaster mantle is modern |name =(Ἀριστοτέλης), ''Aristotélēs'' |birth =384 BC<br />Stageira, Chalcidice |death =322 BC<br />Euboea |school_tradition = Peripatetic school<br />Aristotelianism |main_interests = [[Physics]], [[Metaphysics]], [[Poetry]], [[Theatre]], [[Music]], [[Rhetoric]], [[Politics]], [[Government]], [[Ethics]], [[Biology]], [[Zoology]] |notable_ideas = Golden mean, Reason, Logi], Passion |influences = Parmenides, [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], Heraclitus, Democritus |influenced = [[Alexander the Great]], Avicenna, [[Averroes]], [[Maimonides]], [[Albertus Magnus]], [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[Duns Scotus]], [[Ptolemy]], [[Copernicus]], [[Galileo]], and most of [[Islamic philosophy]], [[Jewish philosophy]], [[Christian philosophy]], [[Western philosophy]], [[science]] and '''[[List of writers influenced by Aristotle|more...]]'''. |box_width = 26em}} '''Aristotle''' ([[Greek bhasa|Greek]] Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs) (janam [[384 BC]] [[Stagira]], Macedonia, [[Greece]]; maut [[7 March]], [[323 BC]] Chalicis, Euboea, Greece) ek [[Greek]] [[philosopher]] rahaa. Bahut log ii soche hae ki [[Plato]] ke saathe, uu Western dunia ke ek khaas philosopher rahaa. Ii bataawa jaawe hae ki Aristotle 150 book likhis hae. Aristotle, [[Alexander the Great]] ke bajpan ke guru rahaa. == Jindagi == Aristotle ke pitaji, Nicomachus, Macedonia ke Amyntas Raja ke doctor rahaa. Aapan 18th janam din se lae ke 37th janam din talak Aristotle Athens me rahaa, jahaan pe uu [[Plato]] ke student rahaa. Lagbhag 18 saal ke umar me uu Athens gais aur Plato ke Academy me parrhe lagaa. Hian pe uu lagbhag 20 saal talak rahaa aur 347 BC me, jab Plato ke maut bhais, tab uu ii jagha ke chhorris. Iske baad uu Xenocrates ke saathe Asia Minor gais. Jab uu [[Asia]] me rahaa tab uu Theophrastus ke saathe Lesbos gais jahan pe uu log ii island ke botany aur zoology adhyan karin, Hermias ke maut ke baad, Aristotle ke Macdonia ke Philip II uske larrka [[Alexander the Great]] ke parrhae ke 343 B.C. me suruu karis. Aristotle ke Royal Academy of macedon ke mukhia banaawa gais rahaa. Aristotle ke Macedonian court me rahe ke time uu khaali Alexander nai, lekin aage hoe waala raja, [[Ptolemy]] aur [[Cassander]] ke bhi parrhais rahaa. Aristotle, Alexander ke [[Persia]] ke aapan niche kare ke encourage rahaa. 335 BCme Aristotle [[Athens]] laut aais aur uu Lyceum me ek library banais jisme uu dher sau "papyrus scroll" ke [[kitaab]] banais. Uu aapan school banais aur 12 saal talak huan pe parrhais. Athens me Aristotle ke aurat marr gais aur uu duusra aurat rakkhais aur uske ek larrka, Nicomachus paaida bhais. 335 aur 323 BC me jab uu Athens me rahaa tab uu aapan khaas kaam karis aur treatise likhis. Uske khaas treatises rahaa [[Physics]], [[Metaphysics]], Nicomachean Ethics, [[Politics]], On the Soul aue Poetics. Aristotle adyan karis aur khaas yogdaan [[logic]], [[metaphysics]], [[mathematics]], [[physics]], [[biology]], [[botany]], [[ethics]], [[politics]], [[kheti]], [[medicine]], [[dance]] aur theatre me diis rahaa. Uske jindagi ke aakhri din talak Alexander aur Aristotle ke biich me batbhed hoe gais kaaheki Aristotle, Alexander ke Persians se sambandh uske pasand nai rahaa. Bahut jane Aristotle ke Alexander ke maut ke jimewaar bataae hae lekin iske kuchh sabuut nai hae. Alexander ke maut ke baad Athens me Macedonian ke virod me hoe gain aur Aristotle ke uske maiyaa ke palwaar ke estate me bhaag ke rahe ke parraa rahaa. == Theoretical philosophy == === Tarksastr (Logic) === Pahile se analyse kare ke baad, Aristotle is sab se pahila systematic [[tarksastr]] ke adhyan karis rahaa,{{sfn|Degnan|1994|pp=81–89}} aur uske bichaar Western tarksastr me 19th-century talak sab se jaada rahaa jisse [[mathematical logic]] me pagati bhais rahaa.{{sfn|Corcoran|2009|pp=1–20}} [[Kant]] ii bhi bolis rahaa ki ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]'' ki Aristotle ke logic puura rahaa.{{sfn|Kant|1787|page=Preface}} ==== ''Organon'' ==== [[File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg| thumb | upright=0.8 | Plato (left) and Aristotle, [[Raphael]] ke [[1509]] ke fresco, ''[[The School of Athens]]'' me. Aristotle aapan ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' aur gestures to the earth ke pakrre hae, jon uske immanent realism ke raae ke represent kare hae, jab [[Plato]] swarg ke bagal dehae hae, jon uske Theory of Forms ke indicate kare hae, aur pakkrre hae aapan ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]''.{{sfn|School of Athens}}{{sfn|Stewart|2019}}]] Aristotle ke jaada kaam saait uske thiik form me nai hae , kaaheki ki iske badal dewa gais hae uske syudents nai to baad ke sikchhak dwaara. Aristotle ke tarkik kaam ke, lagbhag 40 BC me [[Andronicus of Rhodes]] aur uske duusra chela log, chhe book me, sangrah kare rahin, jiske ''[[Organon]]'' bola jaawe hae. .{{sfn|Pickover|2009|p=52}} Ii book hae: # ''[[Categories (Aristotle)|Categories]]'' # ''[[On Interpretation]]'' # ''[[Prior Analytics]]'' # ''[[Posterior Analytics]]'' # ''[[Topics (Aristotle)|Topics]]'' # ''[[On Sophistical Refutations]]'' Ii nai jaana jaawe hae ki ii book ke kon order me likha gais rahaa ( aur kon sikchha me se iske sangrah karaa gais rahaa), lekin ii suchi ke Aristotle ke lekh ke analysis se derive karaa gais hae. Ii muul baat (basics) se suruu hoe ke, simple terms ke analysis ''Categories'' me, propositions aur their elementary relations ke analysis ''On Interpretation'' me se, aur complex forms ke adhyan talak, jaise, syllogisms aur demonstration ( ''Analytics'' me){{sfn|Prior Analytics|pp=24b18–20}}{{sfn|Bobzien|2015}} aur dialectics ( ''Topics'' aur ''Sophistical Refutations'' me). Pahila tiin treatises logical theory ''stricto sensu'' ke core bane hae: the grammar of the language of logic and the correct rules of reasoning. The ''Rhetoric'' is not conventionally included, but it states that it relies on the ''Topics''.{{sfn|Smith|2017}} ==== Syllogism ==== {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ One of Aristotle's [[Syllogism#Types|types of syllogism]] ! In words !! In<br/> terms !! In equations |- |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sab admii naashwan (mortal) hae.<br/><br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sab Greek admii hae.<br/><br/>[[∴]] Sab Greek naashwan (mortal) hae.||M a P<br/><br/>S a M<br/><br/>S a P||[[File:Modus Barbara Equations.svg|150px]] |} ==Aristotle ke paanch elements== Aapan kitaab, On Generation and Corruption, me Aristotle chaar element, [[dunia]], [[paani]], [[hawaa]], aur [[aagi]] jiske [[Empedocles]] pahile propose karis rahaa ke chaar me se dui "sensible qualities", garam, thandaa, bhiijaa aur suukha me karis rahaa. Empedoclean ke raae me sab "matter" chaar element se banaa hae, different proportion me. Aristotle, ek aur "heavenly" aether, jon ki [[taara]] aur [[planet]] ke jorris. {| class="wikitable" |+ [[Classical element|Aristotle ke elements]]{{sfn|Lloyd|1968|pages=133–139, 166–169}} ! Element !!{{font color|red|Garam}}/{{font color|blue|Thandaa}} !!{{font color|green|Bhijaa}}/{{font color|brown|Suukha}} !! Motion !! Aadhmik [[State of matter|state<br />of matter]] |- |'''[[Earth (classical element)|Dunia]]'''||{{font color|blue|Thandaa}}||{{font color|brown|Suukha}}||Down||[[Karraa]] |- |'''[[Water (classical element)|paani]]'''||{{font color|blue|Cold}}||{{font color|green|Wet}}||Down||[[Ras]] |- |'''[[Air (classical element)|Hawaa]]'''||{{font color|red|Garam}}||{{font color|green|Bhiija}}||Up||[[Gas]] |- |'''[[Fire (classical element)|Aagi]]'''||{{font color|red|Garam}}||{{font color|brown|suukha}}||Up||[[Plasma (physics)|Plasma]] |- |'''[[Aether (classical element)|Aether]]'''||(divine<br />substance)||—||Circular<br />(in heavens)||[[Vacuum]] |} ==Gatii== Aristotle dui rakam ke gatii ke baare me bataae hae: "violent" nai to "unnatural gatii", jaise ki jab ek patthar ke bigaa jaawe hae, aur "natural gatii", jaise ki koi chij gire hae. Violent gatii me, jaise iske agent ruk jaae hae, tab gatii bhi ruk jaawe hae: jiske matlab hae ki ek chij nature me ekke jagha raka rahe hai{{sfn| Allain | 2016}}, kaaheki Aristotle friction ke baare me kuchh nai bole hae.{{sfn| Drabkin | 1938 | pp=60–84}} Ii samajh ke, ii dekha jaawe hae ki, jaise Aristotle batais hae, garrhu chij ke khaskaae me jaada force lage hae aur jon chij ke jaada force se dhakela jaawe hae aur jor se chale hae.{{sfn| Susskind | 2011}} This would imply the equation{{sfn| Susskind | 2011}} Isse <math>F=mv</math> ke equation bane hae, jon aadhmik physics me sahi nai hae. {{sfn| Susskind | 2011}} Natural gatii uske element pe nirbar rahe hae: aether aasmaan me golaa ghume hae, jab ki chaar Empedoclean element sidhe uppar jaawe hae (jaise aagi me dekha jaaawe hae, nai to niche ( jaise dunia) uulog ke natural resting place me jaawe hae. [[File:Aristotle's laws of motion.svg| thumb | upright=1.5 | Aristotle ke gatii ke niyam. ''[[Physics (Aristotle)|Physics]]'' me uu batae hae ki chij gire hae uu raftaar se jon uske wajan ke proportional hae aur fluid jisme uu immersed hae ke density ke inversely proportional hae .{{sfn| Drabkin | 1938 | pp=60–84}} Ii [[dunia]] ke gravitational field me gire waala chij ke khaatir sahii hae .{{sfn| Rovelli | 2015 | pp=23–40}}]] === Sculptures === <gallery mode="packed" heights="170px"> File:Aristoteles Louvre.jpg|Aristotle ke pahila brinze murti, jiske Lysippos banais rahaa, ke Roman copy, jiske 1st nai 2nd century me copy karaa gais rahaa. [[Louvre Museum]] me File:DSC00218 - Aristotele - Copia romana del 117-138 dC. - Foto di G. Dall'Orto.jpg|Pahile waala Greek ke Roman jiske 117–138 AD copy karaa gais rahaa. Palermo Regional Archeology Museum me File:Formella 21, platone e aristotele o la filosofia, luca della robbia, 1437-1439.JPG|Aristotle aur Plato ke relief jiske [[Luca della Robbia]] banais rahaa, [[Florence Cathedral]], 1437–1439 File:Llyfrgell Sant Deiniol and Gladstone's Library Hawarden Penarlâg 05.JPG|Patththar ke murti, [[Gladstone's Library]], [[Hawarden]], Wales, 1899 File:Uni Freiburg - Philosophen 4.jpg|Bronze murti, [[University of Freiburg]], Germany, 1915 </gallery> == Duusra websites == * [http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/browse-Aristotle.html Works by Aristotle] {{BD|-0384BC|-0322BC|Aristotle}} [[vibhag:A]] [[Category:Philosophers]] [[Category:Greece ke log]] gg9gm8t9rkd4hsvv0tvij5fxj1tjy06 0 5326 336458 336401 2026-07-08T02:04:44Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Elizabeth I | image = Darnley stage 3.jpg | caption = The ''[[Portraiture of Elizabeth I#The Darnley Portrait|Darnley Portrait]]'', {{Circa|1575}} | alt = Full-length portrait of Queen Elizabeth in her early 40s. She has red hair, fair skin, and wears a crown and a pearl necklace. | succession = [[List of English monarchs|Queen of England]] and [[List of Irish monarchs|Ireland]] | moretext = ([[Style of the English sovereigns|more...]]) | reign = 17 November 1558{{sndash}}<br/>24 March 1603 | coronation = 15 January 1559 | cor-type = [[Coronation of Elizabeth I|Coronation]] | predecessor = [[Mary I]] and [[Philip II of Spain|Philip]] | successor = [[James VI and I|James I]] | house = [[House of Tudor|Tudor]] | father = [[Henry VIII of England]] | mother = [[Anne Boleyn]] | birth_date = 7 September 1533 | birth_place = [[Palace of Placentia]], Greenwich, England | death_date = 24 March 1603 (aged 69) | death_place = [[Richmond Palace]], Surrey, England | burial_date = 28 April 1603 | burial_place = [[Westminster Abbey]] | signature = Autograph of Elizabeth I of England.svg | religion = [[Anglicanism]] }} '''Elizabeth I of England''' ([[7 September]] [[1533]] - [[24 March]] [[1603]]), [[17 November]] [[1558]] se 1603 talak England ke rani rahii jab uske maut bhais rahaa. Uske ''The Virgin Queen'' nai to ''Good Queen Bess'' bhi bola jaawat rahaa. == Bachpan ke din == Elizabeth ke janam Greenwich Palace me bhais rahaa. Uske naam uske aaji aur naani ke baad, jon duuno ke pahila naam Elizabeth rahaa, rakkha gais rahaa. Uu Henry VIII of England ke dusra baby rahis jon ki janam ke time nai maris. Uske maiya, Henry ke duusra aurat, Anne Boleyn rahis. Janam ke time Elizabeth English throne ke heiress banis kaaheki uske barri bahini ke maiya ke Henry chhorr diis rahaa. Jab Elizabeth dui saal aur aath mahina ke rahii tab uske maiya ke execute kar dewa gais rahaa. Elizabeth ke illegitimate batawa gais aur uske princess ke naam ke hatae dewa gais. ===Parrhai=== [[File:El bieta I lat 13.jpg|thumb|Teenage Elizabeth, raani bane se pahile, jiske William Scrots paint karis rahaa uske pitaji ke khaatir, lagbhag {{Circa|1546}} me.]] Elizabeth ke pahila governess, Margaret Bryan, likhis rahaii ki Elizabeth "as toward a child and as gentle of conditions as ever I knew any in my life" rahii.{{Sfn|Jenkins, ''Elizabeth the Great''|1967|p=13}}{{Sfn|Somerset|2003|p=11}} Catherine Champernowne, jiske aur achchhaa se uske saadi waala naam, Catherine "Kat" Ashley, se jaana jaae hae, ke Elizabeth ke governess 1537 me banaawa gais rahaa, aur uu Elizabeth ke uske maut 1565 talak rahii. Champernowne Elizabeth ke chaar bhasa parrhae rahii: [[French bhasa|French]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Italian bhasa|Italian]], aaur [[Spanish bhasa|Spanish]].{{Sfn|Weir, ''Children of Henry VIII''|1997|page=7}} Jab [[William Grindal]] uske tutor 1544 me banaa rahaa, Elizabeth [[English bhasa|English]], [[Latin]], aur Italian parrhe-likhe sakat rahii. Grindal, ek talented aur skilful tutor ke niche, uu French aur [[Greek bhasa|Greek]] me bhi aage barrhi.{{Sfn|Loades|2003|pp=8–10}} 12 saal ke umar talak, uu aapan stepmother [[Catherine Parr]] ke religious kaam ''[[Prayers or Meditations]]'' ke English ise Italian, Latin, aur French me translate kare rahii, jon uu aapan pitaji ke ek New Year's gift ke ruup me diye rahii.<ref name="Seth Sanders">{{Cite news |last=Sanders |first=Seth |date=10 October 2002 |title=Book of translations reveals intellectualism of England's powerful Queen Elizabeth I |url=http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/021010/elizabeth.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228063115/http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/021010/elizabeth.shtml |archive-date=28 December 2019 |access-date=9 January 2020 |publisher=University of Chicago Chronicle}}</ref> Aapan teenage ke jiwan aur aapan jindagu bhar, uu dher chij ke Latin and Greek me translate kare rahii, jon dher classical lekhak se rahaa, jisme ''[[Pro Marcello]]'' of [[Cicero]], ''[[De consolatione philosophiae]]'' of [[Boethius]], ek treatise by [[Plutarch]], aur ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'' of [[Tacitus]] rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCall |first=Rosie |date=29 November 2019 |title=Mystery author of forgotten Tacitus translation turns out to be Elizabeth I |url=https://www.newsweek.com/mystery-author-forgotten-tacitus-translation-elizabeth-i-1474704 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110110438/https://www.newsweek.com/mystery-author-forgotten-tacitus-translation-elizabeth-i-1474704 |archive-date=10 January 2020 |access-date=9 January 2020 |website=Newsweek}}</ref><ref name="Seth Sanders"/> Tacitus ke ek translation [[Lambeth Palace]] Library se, jon chaar bachaa English translations from the early modern era me se ek hae, ke Elizabeth ke aapan 2019 me confirm karaa gais rahaa, handwriting aur paper ke detailed analysis ke baad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Faulconbridge |first=Guy |date=29 November 2019 |title=Elizabeth I revealed as the translator of Tacitus into English |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-royals-elizabethi/elizabeth-i-revealed-as-the-translator-of-tacitus-into-english-idUKKBN1Y30Y6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224041110/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-royals-elizabethi/elizabeth-i-revealed-as-the-translator-of-tacitus-into-english-idUKKBN1Y30Y6 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |access-date=9 January 2020 |publisher=Reuters }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 1548 me Grindal ke maut ke baad, Elizabeth ke parrhai brother Edward ke tutor, [[Roger Ascham]], ek sympathetic teacher jon biswas karat rahaa ki learning should be engaging, uske parrhais rahaa.{{Sfn|Somerset|2003|p=25}} Abhi ke jaankaari, Elizabeth ke schooling aur precocity ke baare me, jaada kar ke Ascham ke memoirs se aawe hae.{{Sfn|Loades|2003|pp=8–10}} 1550 me, jab Elizabeth ke formal parrhai khalaas bhais rahaa, tab uu aapan generation ke ek sab se jaada parrhi-likkhi aurat rahii.{{Sfn|Loades|2003|p=21}} Aapan jindagi ke ant me, ii bisweas karaa jaae hae ki uu [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Cornish language|Cornish]], [[Scots language|Scottish]], aur [[Irish bhasa]] me baat kare sakat rahii, uppar likha gais bhasa ke saathe. Venetian ambassador 1603 me batais rahaa ke Elizabeth "possessed [these] languages so thoroughly that each appeared to be her native tongue".<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=95577 "Venice: April 1603"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413182850/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=95577 |date=13 April 2014}}, ''Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice'', Volume 9: 1592–1603 (1897), 562–570. Retrieved 22 March 2012.</ref> Historian [[Mark Stoyle]] ii suggest karis hae ki Elizabeth ke saait Cornish William Killigrew, Groom of the Privy Chamber aur baad me [[Chamberlain of the Exchequer]] sikhais rahaa.<ref>[[Stoyle, Mark]]. ''West Britons, Cornish Identities and the Early Modern British State'', University of Exeter Press, 2002, p. 220.</ref> Elizabeth ek skilled musician bhi rahii, aur ke bajae sakt rahii [[Virginals|virginal (harpsichord)]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harley |first=John |title=William Byrd |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1999 |isbn=9781315084053 |publication-date=1999}}</ref> aur [[lute]] bhi (jiske [[Philip van Wilder]] tutor karis rahaa).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spring |first=Matthew |title=The Lute in Britain: A History of the Instrument and Its Music |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=9780195188387 |edition=1st}}</ref> Elizabeth [[Thomas Tallis]] ke pahila keyboard oeuvre ke bajais rahaa, jon abhi [[Mulliner Book]] me hae, chhote se.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harley |first=John |title=Thomas Tallis |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2020 |isbn=9780367597559 |edition=1st}}</ref> ===Jawaani=== [[File:Thomas Seymour Denizot.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth ke guardian, [[Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley]]]] Henry VIII 1547 me mar gais rahaa aur Elizabeth ke half-brother, Edward VI, raja banaa, nau saal ke umar me. Catherine Parr, Henry ke widow, [[Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley]], Edward VI ke uncle aur Lord Protector [[Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset]] ke bhaiyaa se saadi kar liis. Ii duuno Elizabeth ke aapan ghar [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] lae gain. Huan pe Elizabeth ek emotional crisis experience karis, jon kuchh itihasik biswas kare hae, uske jindagi bhar affect kare rahii. {{Sfn|Loades|2003|p=11}} Thomas Seymour 14 saal ke Elizabeth romps aur horseplay me involved rahaa, jisme uske bedroom me aapan nightgown pahin ke ghusna bhi rahaa, uske gudgudi lagaawat rahaa, aur uske buttocks ke slap karat rahaa. Elizabeth jaldi se uth ke , apne ke aapan maids se surround karat rahii, jisse ki ii unwelcome morning visits ke avaoid karaa jaae sake. Parr, aapan admii ke confront kare ke jagha , isme join karat rahii. Dui dafe uu aapan admii ke saathe, Elizabeth ke gudgudi lagais rahii, aur ek dafe uske pakrre rahii jab uske admii, Elizabeth ke black gown "hazaar piece me kaatis rahaa".{{Sfn|Starkey, ''Apprenticeship''|2001|p=69}} Lekin jab Parr discovered the pair in an embrace, uu ii kaam ke band kar diis.{{Sfn|Loades|2003|p=14}} In May 1548, Elizabeth was sent away. Thomas Seymour royal family ke control kare ke kosis karte rahaa aur apne ke raja ke governor banwae ke kosis karis rahaa.{{Sfn|Haigh|2000|p=8}}{{Sfn|Neale|1954|p=32}} Jab Parr mar gais bachchaa paida hoe ke baad, 5 September 1548 me, uu Elizabeth ke taraf aapan attitude ke fir se suruu karis, kaaheki uu Elizabeth se saadi kare maangat rahaa.{{Sfn|Williams, ''Elizabeth''|1972|p=24}} Uske governess [[Kat Ashley]], Seymour uske ke like karat rahii, aur Elizabeth ke convince kare ke kosis karis kiuu usse saadi kare. uu Elizabeth ke Seymour ke lage likhe ke kosis karis "comfort him in his sorrow",{{Sfn|Weir, ''Children of Henry VIII''|1997}} lekin Elizabeth claimed karis ki Thomasuske stepmother ke maut se saddende dnai rahaa aur comfort nai need karat rahaa. == Legacy == There have been many [[films]] about Elizabeth I. * ''The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex'' ([[1939]]) - [[Bette Davis]] * ''The Virgin Queen'' ([[1955]]) - Bette Davis * ''Elizabeth R'', a [[BBC]] [[television series]] - [[Glenda Jackson]] * ''Elizabeth'' - [[Cate Blanchett]] played Elizabeth I in the film and was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Actress]]. == Duusra websites == {{BD|1533|1603|Elizabeth I of England}} [[vibhag:England ke log]] [[vibhag:Raja aur rani]] sg8mh95wogdp2h8xilzxaek5kgw6nuy 0 7589 336472 334283 2026-07-08T10:30:02Z Girmitya 41 336472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|1901}} '''20th century''', [[1 January]] [[1901]] ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[2000]] ke khalaas bhais. ii 2nd millennium ke 10th aur aakhri century rahaa. Ii century ke suruu me dunia ke population 1.6 billion rahaa aur khalaas hoe pe 6.2 billion rahaa. {{stub}} [[Vibhag:2]] [[Category:Centuries]] disy2cv9efnh2vrmhpi8zax5gh1ndhc 336473 336472 2026-07-08T10:31:40Z Girmitya 41 336473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|1901}} '''20th century''', [[1 January]] [[1901]] ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[2000]] ke khalaas bhais. ii 2nd millennium ke 10th aur aakhri century rahaa. Ii century ke suruu me dunia ke population 1.6 billion rahaa aur khalaas hoe pe 6.2 billion rahaa. {{stub}} [[Vibhag:2nd millennium]] [[Category:Centuries]] 3mvl9evqlx84haht2y4zbskn6jmzdfn 336475 336473 2026-07-08T10:35:32Z Girmitya 41 336475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|1901}} '''20th century''', [[1 January]] [[1901]] ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[2000]] ke khalaas bhais. ii 2nd millennium ke 10th aur aakhri century rahaa. Ii century ke suruu me dunia ke population 1.6 billion rahaa aur khalaas hoe pe 6.2 billion rahaa. {{stub}} [[Vibhag:2]] [[Category:20th century| ]] ky7r5wyefn516p9t1conhtsptn2xk4v 0 7590 336474 334284 2026-07-08T10:32:58Z Girmitya 41 336474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|2001}} '''21st century''', [[1 January]] [[2001]] me suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[2100]] me khalaas hoi. Ii century suruu bhais rahaa, aatankwaad se dar se jab [[11 September]] [[2001]] ke attack bhais rahaa. {{stub}} [[Vibhag:2]] [[Category:21st century| ]] bbj2odhskac8jnuomucrrb61d7gh5og 0 7591 336466 334282 2026-07-08T10:18:45Z Girmitya 41 336466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|1801}} '''19th century''', [[1 January]] [[1801]] me suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[1900]] me khalaas hoi. Ii century me dher social badlao bhais rahaa; jaise ki gulami ke [[America]] aur [[Europe]] me band karaa gais rahaa. {{stub}} [[Vibhag:1]] [[Vibhag:19th century| ]] f62klykys0m5psysjdme7gm8om2skba 0 7663 336462 334281 2026-07-08T10:10:34Z Girmitya 41 336462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|1701}} '''19th century''', [[1 January]] [[1701]] ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[1800]] ke khalaas hoi. {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:18th Century}} [[Category:1]] [[Category:18th century| ]] nlon4y2nc4zci1b3tup3jpb44uk0io0 0 13795 336481 334280 2026-07-08T10:41:44Z Girmitya 41 336481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|1601}} '''17th century''', [[1 January]] [[1601]] (MDCI) ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[1700]] (MDCC) me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii [[Europe]] ke [[early modern period]] me parree hae aur ii continent (jiske asar [[dunia]] me barrhaat rahaa) me , jon time [[Baroque]] cultural movement, [[Spanish Golden Age]], [[Dutch Golden Age]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Exchange History NL – 400 years: the story |url=https://www.beursgeschiedenis.nl/en/the-story/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006122346/https://www.beursgeschiedenis.nl/en/the-story/ |archive-date=6 October 2022 |access-date=6 October 2022 |website=Exchange History NL |language=En}}</ref> French ''[[Grand Siècle]]'' jiske [[Louis XIV]] dimonate karis rahaa, [[Scientific Revolution]], dunia ke pahila public company aur [[megacorporation]] jiske [[Dutch East India Company]] bola jaawat rahaa, aur itihaas ke adhyan kare waala log ke anysaar, [[the General Crisis]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:17th Century}} [[Category:1]] [[Category:17th century| ]] ohbrluiseo9xeewbu4my5z5ok2t53ai 0 22168 336483 334279 2026-07-08T10:45:05Z Girmitya 41 336483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|1501}} '''16th century''', [[1 January]] [[1501]] ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[1600]] ke khalaas bhais. {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:16th Century}} [[Category:1]] [[Category:16th century| ]] a8udnemlcl0hqrc4yviwzhlgpwsbcdz 3 55352 336457 336440 2026-07-08T00:00:22Z ~2026-38761-03 40598 336457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Kiiro23}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 08:52, 12 Aprel 2023 (UTC) :Hi @[[sadasya:Kiiro23|Kiiro23]] when possible, could you check the incorrect disambiguators on the Italian Wikipedia for the following footballers: (they should be corrected by adding "calciatore" before the birth year): [[it:Kees Krijgh]], [[it:Bojan Krkić (1965)]], [[it:Artur Lekbello]], [[it:Josef Novák]], [[it:Michal Pančík]], [[it:Igors Stepanovs (1966)]], [[it:Sándor Szűcs (1961)]], [[it:Alexander Vencel]]. [[khaas:Contributions/&#126;2026-38560-83|&#126;2026-38560-83]] ([[sadasya ke baat:&#126;2026-38560-83|talk]]) 07:55, 6 Julai 2026 (UTC) ::@[[sadasya:Kiiro23|Kiiro23]] other incorrect titles: the footballers in [[it:Gunnar Olsson]] and [[it:Tomasz Sokołowski]]. [[khaas:Contributions/&#126;2026-38675-39|&#126;2026-38675-39]] ([[sadasya ke baat:&#126;2026-38675-39|talk]]) 10:22, 7 Julai 2026 (UTC) 0bhmgjz7kcver8ny3v8geam882807ac 14 59496 336470 309822 2026-07-08T10:27:40Z Girmitya 41 336470 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Articles]] 5gvonvt7k7cz8ssenxlvk7kunozi14m 0 59943 336503 317011 2026-07-08T11:19:45Z Girmitya 41 336503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}} '''Dev''' (janm 5 September 1947<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikart.ch/kuenstlerinnen.aspx?id=4004004|title=Dev|last=|first=|date=|website=Sik Isea|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>) ik [[Punjabi]] lekhak aur chitrkaar raha jo [[Bern|Switzerland]] meinrhta hai. == Biography == Dev ka janam Punjab ke nagar [[Jagraon]] mein 1947 ko hua .<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lbZUDwAAQBAJ&dq=Dev&pg=PT203|title=Legacies of the Homeland: 100 Must Read Books by Punjabi Authors|last=Singh|first=Paramjeet|publisher=Notion Press|year=2018|isbn=978-1642494235|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLAwnSA2uwQC&dq=Dev+Shabdant&pg=PA103|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Punjabi Literature: A-L|last1=Malhotra|first1=R. P.|last2=Arora|first2=Kuldeep|publisher=Global Vision Pub House|year=2003|isbn=978-8187746515|location=|pages=103}}</ref> jab uski umar 5 varsh ki rahi tu vah [[Nairobi]] chla gya ,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.art.ist-galerie.de/kuenstler/DEV-kuenstler/info-zum-kuenstler.html|title=Info zum Künstler|website=www.art.ist-galerie.de|access-date=2019-04-15|archive-date=2019-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415031052/http://www.art.ist-galerie.de/kuenstler/DEV-kuenstler/info-zum-kuenstler.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> jahan uske pita British Railway men kaam jkarty thy.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bern-ost.ch/Wege-zur-Kunst-28-Kuenstler-oeffneten-die-Tueren-zu-ihren-Ateliers-24651|title=Wege zur Kunst: 28 Künstler öffneten die Türen zu ihren Ateliers|last=|first=|date=2012-11-19|website=Internetportal BERN-OST|language=de-ch|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref> == Parkashan == * Vidhroh - 1969 * Doosre Kinare Di Talash * Matlabi Mitti * Prashan Te Parvaz * Hun Ton Pehchan * Shabdant == Awards == * Schromani Pravesi Panjabi Sahitkar - 1992 * [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Akademi award]] for his Punjabi poetry collection ''Shabant'' - 2001<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#PUNJABI|title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::..|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2019-04-15}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{BD|1947||Dev}} [[Category:Artists from Punjab, India]] [[Category:Poets from Punjab, India]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Punjabi]] [[Category:People of Punjabi descent]] ptxv1cqn74g8cc84m1of6zshwo3b5bj 0 62254 336512 335289 2026-07-08T11:38:33Z Girmitya 41 336512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''V. Vijaya Prabhakaran''' (born 13 December 1990) is an Indian politician from the state of Tamil Nadu. He currently serves as the Youth Wing Secretary of the [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] (DMDK). He is the eldest son of actor-politician [[Vijayakanth]], founder of the DMDK, and [[Premalatha Vijayakanth]], the party's General Secretary. == Early life and family == Vijaya Prabhakaran was born on 13 December 1990 into a prominent political and cinematic family in Tamil Nadu. His father, Vijayakanth, was a celebrated Tamil film actor and politician who founded the DMDK in 2005. Following Vijayakanth's death, his mother Premalatha Vijayakanth assumed a major leadership role in the party. == Political career == Vijaya Prabhakaran emerged as an active campaigner for the DMDK and gradually rose within the party ranks. He was later appointed as the Youth Wing Secretary of the party, becoming one of the prominent young leaders representing the DMDK in Tamil Nadu politics. He has actively participated in election campaigns and public meetings across Tamil Nadu, especially in the southern districts of the state. == Electoral history == === 2024 Lok Sabha election === Vijaya Prabhakaran contested the 2024 Indian general election from the Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency as a candidate of the DMDK. He was defeated by [[B. Manickam Tagore]] of the [[Indian National Congress]]. === 2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election === In the 2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, Vijaya Prabhakaran contested from the Virudhunagar Assembly constituency. He lost the election to Selvam P. of the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] (TVK). == See also == * [[Vijayakanth]] * [[Premalatha Vijayakanth]] * [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{BD|1990||Prabhakaran, Vijaya}} [[Category:Tamil Nadu politicians]] [[Category:Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam politicians]] [[Category:Indian politicians]] [[vibhag:V]] [[vibhag:P]] r3dxxdzjbifsh4f761vko9glunb8fw3 0 65935 336485 334278 2026-07-08T10:50:48Z Girmitya 41 336485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|1401}} '''15th century''', [[1 January]] [[1401]] (MCDI) ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[1500]] (MD) ke khalaas bhais. Europe me 15th century me [[Late Middle Ages]], [[Early Renaissance]] aur [[early modern period]] hae. {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT|16th Century}} [[vibhag:1]] [[Category:15th century| ]] og51x086yvbyavsezx5ap8il5yj98h8 14 65936 336484 327807 2026-07-08T10:48:26Z Girmitya 41 336484 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Centuries]] [[Vibhag:2nd millennium]] se5odzz61xd0wzjv98ze2yucrpsgqpy 14 65981 336486 327869 2026-07-08T10:51:30Z Girmitya 41 336486 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Centuries]] [[Vibhag:2nd millennium]] se5odzz61xd0wzjv98ze2yucrpsgqpy 0 65985 336488 334277 2026-07-08T10:58:32Z Girmitya 41 336488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|1301}} '''14th century''', [[1 January]] [[1301]] (MCCCI) ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[1400]] (MCD) ke khalaas bhais. Ii anumaan lagaawa jaawe hae ki ii century me 45 million log ke maut rajnitik aur natural disaster se [[Europe]] aur [[Mongol Empire]] me bhais rahaa. {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT|14th Century}} [[vibhag:1]] [[Category:14th century| ]] jkkg5klkltajotsuopkk2uoo0gzht1y 14 66024 336493 327927 2026-07-08T11:07:45Z Girmitya 41 336493 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Centuries]] [[Vibhag:2nd millennium]] se5odzz61xd0wzjv98ze2yucrpsgqpy 0 66025 336489 334276 2026-07-08T10:58:59Z Girmitya 41 336489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|1201}} '''13th century''', [[1 January]] [[1201]] (MCCI) ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[1300]] (MCCC) ke khalaas bhais. [[Mongol Empire]] ke [[Genghis Khan]] suruu karis rahaa, jon [[Eastern Asia]] se [[Eastern Europe]] talak failaa rahaa {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT|13th Century}} [[vibhag:1]] [[Category:13th century| ]] fkqh4hn02mpr9nk7021g194omd7uotl 14 66026 336494 327929 2026-07-08T11:08:11Z Girmitya 41 336494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Centuries]] [[Vibhag:2nd millennium]] se5odzz61xd0wzjv98ze2yucrpsgqpy 0 66076 336490 334275 2026-07-08T10:59:41Z Girmitya 41 336490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|1101}} '''12th century''', [[1 January]] [[1101]] (MCI) ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[1200]] (MCC) me khalaas bhais rahaa. [[Europe]] me ii century ke [[High Middle Ages]] ke hissa maana jaawe hae. ii time [[Golden Age of Islam]] me jaada pagati bhais rahaa, khaas kar ke [[Islamik Spain]] me hae. {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT|12th Century}} [[vibhag:1]] [[Category:12th century| ]] qzucycpccyw0dhruk109h9s188el2ea 14 66077 336495 328043 2026-07-08T11:08:41Z Girmitya 41 336495 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Centuries]] [[Vibhag:2nd millennium]] se5odzz61xd0wzjv98ze2yucrpsgqpy 0 66718 336510 329212 2026-07-08T11:35:14Z Girmitya 41 336510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nita Ambani | image = Nita ambani2.jpg | caption = | birth_name = Nita Dalal | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|11|1}} | birth_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India | nationality = Indian | education = B.Com. – [[Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics]] | occupation = Businesswoman, philanthropist | spouse = [[Mukesh Ambani]] (shaadi 1985) | children = [[Akash Ambani]], [[Isha Ambani]], [[Anant Ambani]] | known_for = Founder of [[Reliance Foundation]], owner of [[Mumbai Indians]] }} '''Nita Ambani''' (janam '''Nita Dalal'''; 1 November 1963) ek Bharatiya businesswoman aur philanthropist hae. U Oh [[Mukesh Ambani]] ke patni hae, je Reliance Industries ke chairman hae. Nita Ambani Reliance Foundation ke sthapna karein aur Mumbai Indians cricket team ke malik bhi hae. == Jeewan ke suruaat aur siksha == Nita Dalal ke janam 1 November 1963 ke Mumbai, Maharashtra me bhayis rahaa. U ek middle-class Gujarati pariwaar se hae. Uke pita Ravindrabhai Dalal Bharat ke [[Birla]] group me engineer rahin. Nita Narsee Monjee College se commerce me graduate bhayis rahaa. == Vyaktigat jeewan == 1985 me Nita Dalal ke shaadi Mukesh Ambani ke saath bhayis rahaa. Dono ke tin bachcha hae – Akash, Isha, aur Anant Ambani. Nita Ambani dance aur art me bahut dilchaspi rakhe hae aur Bharatnatyam dancer bhi hae. == Career == Nita Ambani Reliance Foundation ke founder aur chairperson hae, je Bharat ke sabse bada private charitable foundation me se ek hae. U education, health, rural development, aur sports me kaam kare hae. U [[Dhirubhai Ambani International School]] ke founder aur chairperson bhi hae. == Sports me yogdaan == Nita Ambani [[Mumbai Indians]] ke owner hae, je [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) ke ek safal team hae. U [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) ke member bhi hae aur pehli Bharatiya mahila hae je IOC me chunaa gayi. == Puraskar aur samman == * 2016 – IOC membership * 2017 – Rashtriya award for philanthropy * 2023 – Forbes ke "Most Powerful Women in Asia" list me naam aais rahaa. == Dekho bhi == * [[Mukesh Ambani]] * [[Reliance Foundation]] * [[Mumbai Indians]] == Sandarbh == {{reflist}} == Bahari jor == * [https://www.reliancefoundation.org/ Reliance Foundation ke adhikarik website] * [https://olympics.com/ioc International Olympic Committee profile] {{Reliance Industries}} {{BD|1963||Ambani, Nita}} [[Category:Bharatiya mahila vyapari]] [[Category:Reliance Industries ke log]] [[Category:Indian Premier League ke log]] [[Category:Mumbai ke log]] 5w61ho6hi38trza84m9cbmqrqtmpivi 0 66885 336492 334271 2026-07-08T11:04:13Z Girmitya 41 336492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|801}} '''9th century''', [[1 January]] [[801]] (DCCCI) ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[900]] (CN) ke khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii jamaana [[Renaissance]] aur Viking raids ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae. {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT|9th Century}} [[vibhag:9]] [[Category:9th century| ]] runo7l6v57z7i8nk8g2ls5euv2fck97 0 68019 336477 334285 2026-07-08T10:37:57Z Girmitya 41 336477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|2101}} '''22nd century''', [[1 January]] [[2101]] me suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[2199]] me khalaas hoi. Ii century abhi suruu nai bhais hae. 22 century ek band aur ek [[America]]n media company bhi hae. {{stub}} [[Vibhag:2]] [[Vibhag:22nd century]] 2uyd40cjz9e85g8ohfa6k66i8kgk180 14 68140 336482 332511 2026-07-08T10:43:28Z Girmitya 41 336482 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Centuries]] [[Vibhag:2nd millennium]] se5odzz61xd0wzjv98ze2yucrpsgqpy 14 68354 336463 333218 2026-07-08T10:13:54Z Girmitya 41 336463 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Centuries]] [[Vibhag:2nd millennium]] se5odzz61xd0wzjv98ze2yucrpsgqpy 0 68416 336511 334806 2026-07-08T11:36:24Z Girmitya 41 336511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Derya Karadaş | native_name = Derya Karadaş | native_name_lang = tr | image = Derya Karadaş.jpg | caption = Derya Karadaş | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|05|04}} | birth_place = [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] | nationality = Turkish | occupation = Actress, acting instructor | years_active = 2007–aaj tak | spouse = Haki Biçici (m. 2016) }} '''Derya Karadaş''' ({{lang-tr|Derya Karadaş}}; janam: 4 May 1981) ek Turkish actress aur acting instructor hai. Uu television, cinema aur theatre me kaam karis hai. Uske khaas kar ke Turkish comedy show ''Yalan Dünya'' me 'Zerrin' ke role kare khatir jaana jaawe hai. Derya Karadaş aapan career me comedy aur drama dono rakam ke role karis hai. == Janam aur parrhai == Derya Karadaş ke janam 4 May 1981 ke Turkey ke Istanbul shahar me bhais rahaa. Uske palwaar asal me Bingöl province ke rahe waala hai aur uu Kurdish (Kurd) mul ke hai. 1980s ke shuruaati time me, uske palwaar Istanbul aae gais rahaa. Uu tiin bahin me sab se chhot hai. Uu public interview me aapan Kurdish root ke confirm karis hai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medyafaresi.com/haber/derya-karadasin-isyani-evet-kurtum/154250|title=Derya Karadaş'ın isyanı! Evet Kürt'üm..|last=Medyafaresi|date=2013-12-29|website=medyafaresi.com|language=tr-TR|access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> Acting ke field me jaae khatir uu Müjdat Gezen Art Center ke Conservatory me admission liis. Huaan se uu acting ke parrhai karis. Aapan parrhai puura kare ke baad, uu wahi sanstha me ek acting instructor ke rup me parrrhawe ke kaam bhi karis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kocaeligundem.com/haber/19141801/derya-karadasin-hayati-ve-filmleri-yandaki-odanin-yildizi-hakkinda-her-sey|title="Derya Karadaş'ın Hayatı ve filmleri: "Yandaki Oda"nın Yıldızı Hakkında Her Şey"|last=Ajansı|first=İhlas Haber|date=2024-02-08|website=Kocaeli Gündem|language=tr|access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> == Television aur acting career == [[File:Derya Karadaş 2017.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Derya Karadaş (2017)]] Derya Karadaş aapan television career ke shuruaat 2007 me ''Gemilerde Talim Var'' naam ke show se karis rahaa. 2012 me, uske Kanal D ke sitcom ''Yalan Dünya'' me act kare ke mauka milaa. Ii show me uske 'Zerrin' ke character dekhe waala log ke biich me bahut popular bhais. Ii role ke kaaran uske bahut recognition milaa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sametozcelik.com/2012/06/10/derya-karadas-ben-konsomatris-degilim/|title=Derya Karadaş: “Ben konsomatris değilim”|date=2012-06-10|work=Samet Özçelik|access-date=2026-03-10|language=tr-TR}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220175432/http://sametozcelik.com/2012/06/10/derya-karadas-ben-konsomatris-degilim/ |date=2015-02-20 }}</ref> 2024 me, uu ''Yandaki Oda'' (The Next Room) naam ke ek nawaa project me dekhaai diis. == Theatre ke safar == Television ke alawa, Derya Karadaş theatre me bhi active rahis hai. Uu "Dur Bi Dakka!" aur "Stage Beauty" jaise naatak (play) me acting karis hai. Haali me, uu Turkish director Emin Alper ke pahila theatre play "Öteki" me role karis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tiyatrodergisi.com.tr/emin-alperin-ilk-tiyatro-oyunu-oteki-seyirciyle-bulusmak-icin-gun-sayiyor/|title=Emin Alper'in İlk Tiyatro Oyunu "Öteki", Seyirciyle Buluşmak İçin Gün Sayıyor {{!}} Tiyatro Dergisi|date=2023-12-26|language=tr|access-date=2026-03-10|archive-date=2023-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229095453/https://tiyatrodergisi.com.tr/emin-alperin-ilk-tiyatro-oyunu-oteki-seyirciyle-bulusmak-icin-gun-sayiyor/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Theatre aur artistic freedom ke baare me bhi uu aapan vichaar batais hai, jisme uu Turkish state theatre ke structure aur sarkaari paisa ke use ke baare me aalochna (criticism) waala baat bolis rahaa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/Radikal.aspx?aType=RadikalDetayV3&ArticleID=1081298&CategoryID=82|title=Devletten para alıp, devleti eleştirme durumu olmuyor / Hayat / Radikal İnternet|work=Radikal|access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> == Cinema aur sammaan == Cinema ke field me Derya 2015 ke comedy movie ''Geniş Aile: Yapıştır'' se shuruaat karis. Iske baad uu ''Aile Arasında'' naam ke comedy movie aur historical drama movie ''Ayla'' me bhi dekhaai diis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/derya-karadas-kimdir-2564898|title=Derya Karadaş kimdir?|date=2017-12-01|website=Milliyet|language=tr|access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> Aapan acting ke khatir uske 'Antalya Television Awards' aur 'Sadri Alışık Theatre and Cinema Awards' me best actress ke award se sammaanit karaa gais hai. == Personal life == 2016 me, Derya Karadaş Turkish actor Haki Biçici ke saathe shaadi karis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/canonicalUrl|title=Derya Karadaş ve Haki Biçici evlendi|last=DERYAHAN|first=Mustafa|date=2016-02-06|website=www.sozcu.com.tr|language=tr|access-date=2026-03-10|archive-date=2023-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203134916/https://www.sozcu.com.tr/canonicalUrl|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == {{reflist|30em}} == Bahaari jorr == * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6088783 Wikidata pe Derya Karadaş (Q6088783)] {{Authority control}} {{BD|1981||Karadaş, Derya}} [[Category:Turkey ke actress]] [[Category:Turkey ke television actress]] [[Category:Turkey ke movie actress]] [[Category:Istanbul ke log]] [[Category:2026 Wiki Loves Ramadan muqabla ke lekh]] kng6l6sb5bm0dj9i8ef8530fidanm2k 0 68420 336508 334110 2026-07-08T11:30:32Z Girmitya 41 336508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Rajkumari Nafissa | title = Iraq ke Rajkumari | image = | caption = | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz|Ali bin Hussein]]|1906|1935|reason=vidhwa}} | issue = Rajkumari Khadija Abadiya<br />[[Aliya bint Ali|Rani Aliya]]<br />[[Abd al-Ilah|Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah]]<br />Rajkumari Badiya<br />Rajkumari Jalila | father = Amir Abdullah bin Muhammad Pasha | mother = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date|1958|07|14|df=yes}} | death_place = Al-Rehab Palace, [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] | religion = [[Islam]] }} '''Rajkumari Nafissa Khanum''' (maut: 14 July 1958) [[Iraq]] ke ek rajkumari rahii. Uu Iraq ke uu time ke Crown Prince [[Abd al-Ilah|'Abd al-Ilah]] ke maa aur Iraq ke aakhiri raja [[Faisal II]] ke nani rahii. 1958 ke [[14 July Revolution]] ke time Iraqi shahi palwaar (royal family) ke hatya (massacre) me uske bhi maut hoe gais rahaa. == Shuruwaati jivan aur shaadi == Rajkumari Nafissa [[Mecca]] ke Amir aur Grand Sharif, Abdullah bin Muhammad Pasha ke larrki rahii. 1906 me [[Bosphorus]] ke Yeniköy me uske shaadi [[Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz|Ali bin Hussein]] se bhais rahaa, jon ki 1924 se 1925 talak [[Hejaz]] ke raja rahaa. 1925 me jab uske pati ke gaddi (power) se hataae dewa gais rahaa, tab ii palwaar Iraq aae ke bas gais. 1933 me uske larrki [[Aliya bint Ali|Aliya]] ke shaadi Iraq ke raja [[Ghazi of Iraq|Ghazi I]] se bhais, jisse uu Iraq ke rani banis. 1935 me Nafissa ke pati ke maut hoe gais rahaa. Aage chal ke 1939 me uske naati Faisal II Iraq ke raja banis. == 14 July ke revolution aur maut == 14 July 1958 ke, [[Baghdad]] me 'Al-Rehab Palace' pe baaghi (rebel) soldier log hamla kar diis rahaa. Jab palace ke guard log ke lagaa ki rebel log ke ginti jaada hai aur bachna muskil hai, tab uu log shahi palwaar ke surrender kare ke sallah (advice) diis. Rebel log shahi palwaar ke Ministry of Defence ke safe custody me le jaae ke waada karis rahaa. Shahi palwaar—jisme raja Faisal II, Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah, Rajkumari Hiyam, Rajkumari Nafissa aur Rajkumari Abadiya shaamil rahin—palace ke pichhe waala hissa (kitchen ke rasta) se bahaar niklin. Jab uu log rebel soldier log ke ek line ke biich se gujarat rahin, tabhi soldier log uu log pe goli chalae diis. Raja ke sir aur gardan me, jabki Crown Prince, Nafissa aur Abadiya ke piith me goli lagaa. Rajkumari Hiyam ke gorr (leg) me goli lagaa. Itihaas (History) ke source ke anusaar, rebel log Crown Prince aur Prime Minister ke jaan se maare ke faisla pahile hi le liis rahaa, lekin raja aur shahi palwaar ke aurat log ke baare me uu log ke biich me matbhed (disagreement) rahaa aur koi pakka faisla nai bhais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=462ym3ZqojwC&dq=Princess+Hiyam&pg=PA114&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Princess%20Hiyam&f=false|title=The Iraqi Revolution of 1958: A Revolutionary Quest for Unity and Security|last=Romero|first=Juan|date=2010-12-18|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC|isbn=978-0-7618-5260-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>Gourji C. Bekhor, Fascinating life and sensational death: the conditions in Iraq before and after the Six-Day War, G.C. Bekhor, 1990</ref> Goli chale ke baad, lash (body) log ke Ministry of Defence le jaae khatir gaarri me rakkha gais. Rasta me raja aur Crown Prince ke body ke bahaar nikaal ke uske saathe kharaab beohaar (mistreatment) karaa gais. Ii puura ghatna me shahi palwaar me se khaali Rajkumari Hiyam hi jinda bach paais. == Larrkan == Rajkumari Nafissa ke ek larrka aur chaar larrki rahin: * '''Rajkumari Khadija Abadiya''' (janam 1907 – maut 14 July 1958): 1958 ke shahi hatya (massacre) me maut bhais. * '''[[Aliya bint Ali|Rajkumari Aliya]]''' (janam 1911 – maut 21 December 1950): Iraq ke raja Ghazi I se shaadi karis aur Iraq ke rani banis. * '''[[Abd al-Ilah|Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah]]''' (janam 14 November 1913 – maut 14 July 1958): Iraq ke Crown Prince rahaa. * '''Rajkumari Badiya''' (janam June 1920 – maut 9 May 2020): Sharif Al-Hussein bin Ali se shaadi karis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alkhaleejtoday.co/international/93020/Iraqi-Princess-Badiya-bint-Ali-dies-aged-100.html|title=Iraqi Princess Badiya bint Ali dies aged 100|date=2020-05-10|website=AlKhaleej Today|language=ar|access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref> * '''Rajkumari Jalila''' (janam 1923 – maut 28 December 1955): Sharif Dr. Ahmad Hazim Bey se shaadi karis. == Ii bhi dekho == * [[Huzaima bint Nasser]] == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} == Bahaari jorr == * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130296780 Wikidata pe Rajkumari Nafissa] {{BD|1958||Khanum}} [[Category:Iraq ke history]] [[Category:Iraq ke royal palwaar]] [[Category:Hatya (Murder) karaa gais log]] cbx4au1bschwtd4vlz5gif0np3ci701 0 68426 336509 334114 2026-07-08T11:32:37Z Girmitya 41 336509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Helin Evrim Sommer | native_name = Helin Evrim Sommer | image = 2020-07-02 Evrim Sommer LINKE MdB by OlafKosinsky 2314.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = 2020 me [[Germany|German]] sansad (Bundestag) me Evrim Sommer | birth_name = Helin Evrim Baba | birth_date = 7 February 1971 | birth_place = Varto, Mus praant, [[Turkey]] | residence = [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] | nationality = German | education = Itihaas aur Samajshastra (History and Sociology) | alma_mater = [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Humboldt University]], Berlin | occupation = Rajnitigya (Politician) | political_party = {{Unbulleted list|Party of Democratic Socialism (1997–2007)|[[Die Linke]] (2007–2022)}} | years_active = 1999–abhitak | known_for = Bundestag (2017–2021) aur Berlin rajya sansad (1999–2016) ke purv (former) sadasya }} '''Helin Evrim Sommer''' (Janam: 7 February 1971) ek maanal-jaanal [[Germany|German]] rajnitigya (politician) rahii, jon lamba time talak Germany ke waampanthi (left-wing) rajnitik party 'Die Linke' (The Left) se jurral rahii. Uske janam [[Turkey]] me bhais rahaa, lekin uu aapan rajnitik pehchaan Germany me banais. Sommer rajya (state) aur rashtriya (federal), dono level pe rajnitik jimmewari achchha se sambhalis hai. Uu 1999 se 2016 talak Berlin rajya ke pratinidhi sabha (Abgeordnetenhaus) ke sadasya aur 2017 se 2021 talak Germany ke rashtriya sansad, [[Bundestag]] ke chuna gais sadasya ke rup me kaam karis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bundestag.de/webarchiv/abgeordnete/biografien19/S/523732-523732|title=Deutscher Bundestag - Helin Evrim Sommer|website=Deutscher Bundestag|language=de|access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref> == Shuruwaati jiwan aur parrhai == [[File:Evrim Sommer 2016 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|180px|2016 me Berlin me ek program ke dauran Evrim Sommer]] Evrim Sommer ke janam 7 February 1971 ke Turkey ke Mus praant ke Varto shahar me bhais rahaa. Janam ke time uske naam Helin Evrim Baba rahaa. Uske jiwan ke shuruwaati saal Turkey me hi beeta, aur uske kuch time baad uu aapan palwaar (family) ke saath Turkey chhorr ke Germany aai ke bas gais. Germany me rahat time uu waha ke nagrikta (citizenship) haasil karis. Ek bahaar se aais aprawasi (immigrant) ke rup me uske niji anubhav uske samajik nayaay (social justice) aur waampanthi vichardhara (left-wing ideology) ke taraf aage badhais. Uu Berlin ke mashhur [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Humboldt University]] se Itihaas (History) aur Samajshastra (Sociology) me aapan parrhai puura karis. Ii uncha siksha aur samaj ke prati uske fikar uske rajniti ke disha me aage laais. == Rajnitik jiwan == === Berlin rajya ke rajniti === Sommer ke rajnitik jiwan ke sabse bada hissa [[Berlin]] ke local rajniti se jurral rahaa hai. Saal 1999 me, uu pahila dafe Berlin ke pratinidhi sabha (House of Representatives) ke sadasya chuna gais. Berlin rajya ke ii sansad me uske kaam-kaaj lagatar 17 saal (1999 se 2016 talak) chala. Uu khaas kar ke purvi Berlin ke Lichtenberg jila me bahut active rahii, jaun ke 'Die Linke' party ke ek bahut majbut gadh (stronghold) maana jaawe hai. 2015 ke rajnitik report sab batawe hai ki Lichtenberg me party ke majbut banae rakhe me aur local level pe garib aur majdur logan ke bhalai waala niti (policies) laagu kare me Sommer ke bahut bada haath rahaa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/linke-mochte-macht-in-lichtenberg-6108517.html|title=Evrim Sommer vor der Wahl 2016: Linke möchte Macht in Lichtenberg|work=Der Tagesspiegel Online|access-date=2026-03-20|language=de-DE|issn=1865-2263}}</ref> Pratinidhi sabha me rahat time uu aurat logan ke adhikar, sabke khatir barabar siksha (education), aur local vikas jaise jaruri mudda pe aapan party ke aage rakhis aur janata ke awaaz uthais. === Bundestag (Federal sansad) me kaam === Rajya level pe ek lamba rajnitik anubhav gatorne ke baad, Sommer 2017 ke German federal chunaav (Federal Elections) me rashtriya rajniti me aage aais. Ii chunaav me uske German sansad ke nichla sadan, Bundestag ke khatir chuna gais. Bundestag me aapan chaar saal ke kaam-kaaj (2017-2021) ke dauran, Sommer dher saara jaruri sansadiya samiti (parliamentary committees) me kaam karis. Uu mukhya rup se 'Aarthik sahyog aur vikas samiti' (Committee on Economic Cooperation and Development) ke purnkalik (full-time) sadasya rahii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/committees/a19|title=German Bundestag - Committee on Economic Cooperation and Development|website=German Bundestag|language=en|access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref> Ii samiti ke hissa rahat time, uu vikas-sheel (developing) deshan ke dewe waala German aarthik madad, global level pe garibi hatawe ke program, aur antarrashtriya vyapar niti se jurral maamla pe gahan kaam karis. Bundestag me uu 'Die Linke' parliamentary group ke ek bahut majbut aur active awaaz rahii. == Party se istifa aur aage ke jiwan == Germany ke waampanthi rajniti aur 'Die Linke' party se lagbhag dui dashak (two decades) se jaada time talak jurre rahe ke baad, Sommer ke aapan hi party ke neta logan ke saath matbhed (differences) shuru ho gais. May 2022 me German samachar patra 'Neues Deutschland' (nd) me chapa ek report ke anusaar, Sommer party ke mukhya sadasyata se aadhikarik (official) rup se istifa de diis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nd-aktuell.de/artikel/1163512.evrim-sommer-die-revolution-verlaesst-die-linke.html|title=Die Revolution verlässt Die Linke|last=Fritsche|first=Andreas|website=nd-aktuell.de|language=de|access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref> Uu ii bada kadam party ke andaruni faisla, bhavishya ke disha aur vichar dhaarawale mudde pe bhaari matbhed ke chalte uthais. Ii istifa ke baad se uu active party rajniti se dur hai, lekin Germany me aprawasi (immigrant) aurat logan ke rajnitik hissedari me uske yogdaan hamesha yaad kara jaai. == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} == Bahaari jorr == * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124581 Wikidata pe Evrim Sommer] {{BD|1971||Sommer}} [[Category:German rajnitigya]] [[Category:German aurat rajnitigya]] [[Category:Bundestag ke sadasya]] [[Category:2026 Wiki Loves Ramadan Contributions]] 81w7f7vmsgqrblgxccsikjtabiv8fod 0 68755 336487 334273 2026-07-08T10:56:51Z Girmitya 41 336487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|901}} [[Image:East-Hem 900ad.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Eastern Hemisphere , 10th century ke suruu me]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''', [[1 January]] [[901]] (CMI) ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[900|1000]] (M) ke khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii jamaana me [[Song Dynasty]], [[China]] me banaa rahaa. [[Muslim]] [[dunia]] aapan taagat ke chotti pe rahaa. {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT|10th Century}} [[vibhag:1]] [[Category:10th century| ]] ctpld4t7uk4pe49g02o2qa6hjm1k99w 0 68757 336491 334274 2026-07-08T11:03:27Z Girmitya 41 336491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|1001}} [[File:East-Hem 1025ad.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Political boundaries, [[Eastern Hemisphere]] me, 11th century ke suruu me]] [[File:East-Hem 1100ad.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Political boundaries, Eastern Hemisphere me 11th century ke ant me]] '''{{PAGENAME}}''', [[1 January]] [[1001]] (MI) ke suruu bhais aur [[31 December]] [[1100]] (MC) ke khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii jamaana me [[Middle Ages]] me rahaa. Ii time [[Byzantine]] ke taagat kamtii bhais rahaa aur [[Norman]] log jaada [[Europe]] me aapan pakarr rakkhe rahin. {{stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT|11th Century}} [[vibhag:1]] [[Category:11th century| ]] 9thzb3hmtdf1arw2kb5kthzipmzwbi3 3 69207 336456 2026-07-07T15:50:23Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 336456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=VijayChauhan29}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 15:50, 7 Julai 2026 (UTC) dzf4acw8um213wm486y46s7mvqd37qv 14 69208 336464 2026-07-08T10:15:04Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Millennia]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336464 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Millennia]] pgfk6u86ocyeipgudukrut5bfv8x6je 14 69209 336465 2026-07-08T10:15:54Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Saal]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336465 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Saal]] dajrx682a9shcv1ftgdntq629vkplxa 336471 336465 2026-07-08T10:28:43Z 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[[Vibhag:Janam]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336502 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:1884]] [[Vibhag:Janam]] 6fh033gr9icccrqho5b5j5unyltzl37 14 69223 336504 2026-07-08T11:22:26Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:1950]] [[Vibhag:Films]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336504 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:1950]] [[Vibhag:Films]] ouscv2h1sw15x0hovmjcxg5n5x2cgwh 14 69224 336505 2026-07-08T11:24:14Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:1950s]] [[Vibhag:Janam]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336505 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:1950s]] [[Vibhag:Janam]] 3b6b2v1nmpeue08a615lygfuxx34y00 14 69225 336506 2026-07-08T11:28:34Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:1951]] [[Vibhag:Janam]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336506 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:1951]] [[Vibhag:Janam]] r591nlzcv3jsifvxm3bo78gfzkjmzjz 14 69226 336507 2026-07-08T11:29:12Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:1952]] [[Vibhag:Maut]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336507 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:1952]] [[Vibhag:Maut]] ie0qffns7yn1hzewdbd05m6amk6em3x 14 69227 336513 2026-07-08T11:39:22Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:2008]] [[Vibhag:Films]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336513 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:2008]] [[Vibhag:Films]] 0z3sqfq9j2f6etfrae1kra35as66od7