Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4861 336527 334789 2026-07-10T03:36:56Z Sundaresan 457 336527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Philosopher | region = Eastern Philosophy | era = | color = #B0C4DE | image_name = Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg| image_caption = Chanakya, Chandragupta Maurya ke court me | name = Chanakya| birth =340 BCE, Takshashila, India | death = 293 BCE, Palitaputra, Maurya EMpire | school_tradition = [[Economics]] | main_interests = | influences = | influenced = Chandragupta Maurya| notable_ideas = | }} '''Chanakya''' ([[Sanskrit]]: चाणक्य ''|Cāṇakya'') (c. [[350BC]]-[[283BC]]), jiske '''Kauyiya''' aur '''Visnugupta''' ke naam se bhi jaana jaae hae, [[Chandragupta Maurya]] ke salaahakaar (adviser) aur [[prime minister]] rahaa. Chanakya, Chandragupta ke [[Maurya Empire]] banae me madat karis rahaa. Chanakya ke [[economics]] ke ek aguwaa (pioneer) maana jaawe hae. Uu aapan bichaar ke [[Arthashastra]] me likhis hae.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3iDAAAAMAAJ|title=Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: A Statistical Investigation of the Authorship and Evolution of the Text|last=Trautmann|first=Thomas R.|date=1971|publisher=Brill|language=en}}</ref> ==Chanakya-Chandragupta ''katha'' (legend)== [[File:Nanda Empire, c.325 BCE.png|thumb|right|Dhana Nanda ke empire, {{circa|323 BCE}}]] Chanakya ke baare me koi likha gais jaankari nai hae. Uske baare me kahaani duusra barraa-barraa log ke itihaas se aawe hae. [[Thomas Trautmann]] Chanakya-Chandragupta ''katha'' (legend) ke baare me chaar jagha se jaankari ke baare me batais hae:<ref name="Namita2008">{{cite book |author=Namita Sanjay Sugandhi |title=Between the Patterns of History: Rethinking Mauryan Imperial Interaction in the Southern Deccan |url=https://www.academia.edu/1956032 |access-date=2024-12-09 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-549-74441-2 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> * Buddhist version: ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' (5th-6th cent. CE) aur iske commentary ''Vamsatthappakasini'' (Pali bhasa me) * Jain version: ''[[Parishishtaparvan]]'' (12th cent. CE) by [[Hemachandra]], jon 1st-8th century sources pe based hae * Kashmiri version: ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' (11th cent. CE) by Somadeva, ''Brihat-Katha-Manjari'' Ksemendra se * [[Vishakhadatta]]'s version: ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' (4th-8th cent. CE) , ek Sanskrit play jiske Vishakhadatta likhis rahaa; ii jaada kar ke banaawat hae {{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=43}} Ii chaaro version me, Chanakya ke Nanda king insult karis rahaa, aur uske barbaad kare ke kasam khaais rahaa. Uu Nanda ke hatae ke, uske jagha Chandragupta ke baithais rahaa. === Buddhist version (5th-6th cent. CE) === Chanakya aur [[Chandragupta]] ke legend ke [[Pali bhasa]] ke [[Sri Lanka]] ke [[Buddhist]] chronicles me likha gais hae . Iske baare me ''[[Dipavamsa]]'', sab se puraana chronicle, me nai likha gais hae.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=11}} Sab se puraana Buddhist source jon ii legend ke baare me batae hae, ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' hae, jiske jaada kare ke [[5th century]] aur [[6th century]] ke biich me date karaa jaawe hae. ''Vamsatthappakasini'' (jiske ''Mahvamsa Tika'' ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae), jon ''Mahavamsa'' ke baare me hae, ii legend ke baare me kuchh jaankari de hae. Iske lekhak ke naam nai jaana jaawe hae, aur iske [[6th century]] aur [[13th century]] ke biich me daate karaa jaawe hae.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=16}} Kuchh aur lekh ii legend ke aur jaankari de hae; jaise, ''[[Bodhi Vamsa|Maha-Bodhi-Vamsa]]'' aur ''[[Atthakatha]]'' me nau Nanda raja ke naam hae jon Chandragupta se pahile rahin.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=11}}{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|pp=18}} ====Narrative==== Buddhist legend ke anusaar, [[Nanda dynasty|Nanda emperors]] jon Chandragupta se pahile rahin, chor rahiin jon raja ban gay rahin. {{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=11}} Chanakya ([[IAST]]: Cāṇakka in ''Mahavamsa'') ek [[Brahmin]] Takkāsila ([[Takshashila]]) se rahaa. Uu tiin [[Vedas]] ke parrhis rahaa aurrajniti bhi. Uske janam se kutta waala daant rahaa, jiske royalty ke chinh maana jaawat rahaa. Uske maiyaa daraawat rahii ki uu samrat bane ke baad uu aapan maiyaa ke bhuul jaai.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=12}} Aapn maiyaa ke khusi rakkhe ke khaatir, Chanakya aapan daant ke turr diis rahaa.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=13}} Chanakya dekhe me achchhaa nai lagat rahaa, jiske uske tuutaa daant aur tehrraa gorr aur kharaab karat rahaa. Ek din, Samrat [[Dhana Nanda]], Brahmin log ke khaatir dakchhina de waala ceremony organise karis rahaa. Chanakya Pupphapura ([[Pushpapura]]) gais rahaa ii ceremony me hissa le ke khaatir. Uske appearance se nakush hoe ke, samrat uske ceremony se baahar dhakelwae diis rahaa. Chanakya gussa me aapan [[sacred thread]] ke turr diis aur, samrat ke saraap diis. Samrat uske arrest ke order karis, lekin uu ,ek [[Ājīvika]] ke bhaes me bhaag gais. Uu Dhananada ke larrka Pabbata ke aapan dost banais, aur uske protsaan diis ki uu raaj ke palat de. Ek [[signet ring]] jiske prince Chanak ke diis rahaa, ke madat se Chanak bhaag gais.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=13}} Chanakya [[Vindhya Range|Vinjha]] jangal bhaag gais rahaa. Hian pe uu 800 million sona ke coins (''[[Karshapana|kahapana]]''s) banais rahaa, ek secret technique ke kaam me laae ke, jisse uu 1 coin ke 8 coins kare sakat rahaa. Aapan paise ke lukae ke baad uu ek suitable jan ke khoj me nikla jon Dhana Nanda ke replace karii.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=13}} Ek din uu dekhis ki larrkan ke ek jhund khele hae, jisme chhotaa Chandragupta (called Chandagutta in ''Mahavamsa'') samrat ke role play karat rahaa, aur duusra larrka logan vassals, ministers, nai to robbers rahin. "robbers" log ke Chandragupta ke saamne laawa jaawat rahaa, jon order karis ki robber log ke haanth aur gorr kaat dewa jaawe , lekin baad me iske fir se jorr de. Chandragupta ke janam ek raaj kare waala pakwaar me bhais rahaa, lekin uske ek sikari paalis rahaa jab uske pitaji ke sarkar palte waala log maae de rahin, aur [[devata]] log uske maiyaa ke usse chhorrwae de rahin. Larrkaa ke adbhut taagat ke dekh ke, Chanakya uske foster-father ke 1,000 coin diis aur Chandragupta ke lae gais aapan trade sikhae ke khaatir.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=14}} Chanakya dui jan ke Dhana Nanda ke succees kare ke pais rhaa: Pabbata aur Chandragupta. Chanakya duuno ke ek amulet diis rahaa jiske uulog ke ke aapan gatai ke around ek woolen thread se pahina jaawat rahaa. Ek din Chanakya uu logan ke test kare ke nirnay karis. Jab Chandragupta sutaa rahaa, tab uu Pabbata ke bataus ki uu Chandragupta ke woolen thread ke bina uske jagae ke naikaal le, bina uske jagae. Pabbata iske nai kare paais. Kuchh din baad, jabn Pabbata sutaa rahaa, Chanakya Chandragupta ke challenge karis ki uu wahii kaam kare. Chandragupta Pabbata ke murr kaat ke thread ke nikaal liss. Agle saat saal talak, Chanakya Chandragupta ke imperial duties ke khaatir train karis. Jab Chandragupta barraa hoe gais tab, Chanakya aapan lukaawa gais paisa ke khod ke ke army ke banais.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=14}} Chanadragupta aur Chanakya ke army Dhana Nanda ke empire ke invade karis, lekin ek haar ke baad disbanded hoe gaian. Jab uu duuno disquise me ghumat rahin tan uulog ek mayaa aur larrkaa ke biich ke baat sunin. Larrka ek cake ke biich ke khaae liis rahaa aur kinaare waala hissa ke biig diis rahaa. Aurat uske daatis ki uu Chandragupta ke rakam khaana khaawe hae, jon empire ke biich waala hissa ke pahile attack karis rahaa, aur border ke gaon ke pahile nai conquer karis rahaa. Chanakya aur Chandragupta aapan mistake ke samjhin. Uulog ek army ke bator ke border ke gaon ke capture kare ke suruu kar diin. Dhire-dhire uu logan empire ke capital [[Pataliputra]] (Pāṭaliputta in ''Mahavamsa'') ke nagiich barrhin, jahaan pe uu logan Emperor Dhana Nanda ke maar diin. Chanakya machhua ke batais ki uu paawe ki Dhana Nanda kahaan aapan treasure lukais rahaa. Jaise machhua Chanakya treasure ke location ke batais, Cganakya uske marwae diis. Chanakya, Chandragupta ke nawaa samraat banaisaur ek admii, Paṇiyatappa ke baiatais ki empire se choor logaon ke bhagae.{{Sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=15}} Chanakya chhotaa-chhhotaa jahar ke uske khaana me milaawat rhaaa ki isse immune hoe jaawe. Chandragupta,jon iske baare me nai jaanat rahaa, aapan khaana ke pregnant empress Durdhara se share karis, jon bachaa paida hoe se khaali saat din bachaa rahaa. Chanakya wahii time aais jab empress jahar waala khaana khaais rahaa. Uu jaanat rahaa ki empress mar jaai aur jin bachchaa paida nai bhais rahaa ke bachae ke nirnay karis. Uu empress ke gatai kaat ke uske pet ke faarr ke bachhchaa ke nikaal diis. Agle saat din talak uu foetus ke bakrri ke pet me rakkhis jiiske har din maara jaawat rahaa. Saat din ke baad Chandragupta ke larrka "paida" bhais rahaa. Uske naam [[Bindusara]] rakkhaa gais rhaaa, kaaheki uske dehin me spot rahaas (''bindu'') bakrii ke khuun ke.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=15}} Chanakya ke updesh ke abhi bhi [[India]] aur [[Fiji]] me quote karaa jaae hae. Uske chhe khaas shlokas hae: # Aapan len-den me bahut imaandaar nai bano, jaise ki tum jangle me dekhega, siidha [[perr]] ke kaat dewaa jaae hae, jab ki tehrra perr kharraa rahe hae. # Iske baare me sab time socho: sahi [[samay]], sahi dost, sahi jagha, amdani ke sahi saadhan, kharchaa kare ke sahhi tariikaa, aur aap kisse aapan sakti letaa hae. # Jon koi kharaab nai hoe waala chij ke chhorr ke kharaab hoe waala chij rakkhae hae, uu chij kharaab nai hoe waala ke saathe kharaab hoe waala chij ke bhi haar jaae hae. # Mahaantaa, achchhaa gun se aae hae, acchhaa pad se nai. Khaali mahal ke chhat pe baithe se kaua (crow) garuda (mythical bird in Hindu and Buddhist culture) nai ban jaae hae. # Sita ke rakam koi aur sundar aur dayalu aurat nai hoe sake hae. Urvashi ke rakam koi sundar lekin ghamandi (proud) aurat nai hoe sake hae. Admi log me sabse uppar, Karna, ke rakam koi nai hoe sake hae. # Ii duniya me sab se taagatwar aujaar [[gyaan]] (knowledge) hae. Gyaani ke ii dunia me aadar karaa jaae hae. Aapan kul (clan) ke barbaad hoe pe bhi Bali, Krishna aur Ravan ke naam ii dunia me hae, uu log ke gyaan ke kaaran. ==References== <references/> {{BD|-350BC|-283BC|Chanakya}} [[Category:India ke philosopher]] [[Category:C]] ibnr0paqu0jh0ewf3so5lj9ex0fu6o1 0 4955 336528 334833 2026-07-10T03:41:57Z Sundaresan 457 336528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philosopher | region = Chinese philosophy | era = Ancient philosophy | color = #B0C4DE | image_name = Confucius - Project Gutenberg eText 15250.jpg | name = [[Chinese bhasa|孔丘]] ''Kong Qiu'' | birth = 28 September, 551 B.C.E. <br />Qufu, [[China]] | death = 479 B.C.E. <br />Qufu, China | school_tradition = Confucianism ke suruu kare waala | main_interests = Moral philosophy, Social philosophy, Ethics | influences = Zhou Era Chinese Thought | influenced = Dher Eastern philosophers, Christian Wolff, Robert Cummings Neville | notable_ideas = Confucianism | image_caption = Engraving of Confucius. Chiana akchhar me lokha hae: "Portrait of the First Teacher, Confucius, Giving a Lecture". }} '''Confucius''' (Chinese me: 孔夫子) (janam [[551 BC]], maut [[478 BC]]) ek khaas [[China|Chinese]] sikchhak aur [[philosopher]] rahaa. Uske pahile ke naam Kong Qiu (Chinese me: 孔丘) nai to Zhong Ni (Chinese me: 仲尼) rahaa. Uske janam Lu State (魯), China me Chinese Lunar [[calendar]] ke 551 BC ke 8th mahina ke 27th din me bhaes rahaa. Uske pitaji Shu Liang He (叔梁纥) rahaa, aur uske maiya Yan Zheng Zai (顏徵在) rahii. Jab uu tiin saal ke rahaa tab uske pitaji mar gais rahaa. ==Naam== {{anchor|Etymology|Name|Titles}} "Confucius" [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]] {{transliteration|zh|Kǒngfūzǐ}} ({{lang|zh|孔夫子}}) ke [[Latinisation of names|Latinized]] form hae &mdash;jiske matlab "Great Master Kong", nai to "Wise Teacher Kong" hae&mdash; jiske [[16th century]] ke ant me [[Jesuit China missions|Jesuit missionaries to China]] banae rahin.{{sfn|Nivison|1999|p=752}} Aur jaada kaam me laae waala naam, abhi {{transliteration|zh|Kǒngzǐ}} ({{lang|zh|孔子}}) hae, jiske matlab "Master Kong" hae. Confucius ke palwaar ke naam Kong rahaa aur uske dewa gais naam Qiu rahaa. Uske courtesy naam, a capping (''guan'': {{lang|zh|冠}}) jiske uske [[Coming of age|his coming of age ceremony]] me dewa gais rahaa,{{sfn|Hunter|2017|p=50}} aur jisse uske barraa palwaar ke log kaam me laawat rahin Zhongni rahaa, "Zhòng" ii dekhaat rahaa ki uu palwaar ke duusra larrka rahaa.{{sfn|Nivison|1999|p=752}}{{sfn|Wilkinson|2015|p=133}} ==Jindagi== ===Bachpan ke din=== Ii maana jaawe hae ki Confucius ke janam [[28 September]] 551 BCE me,{{sfn|Huang|2013|p=3}}{{sfn|Creel|1949|p=25}} Zou ({{lang|zh|陬}}, abhi ke [[Qufu]], [[Shandong]]) me bhais rahaa.{{sfn|Creel|1949|p=25}}{{sfn|Rainey|2010|p=16}} Ii ilaaka ke [[list of Zhou kings|kings]] of [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] control karat rahin, lekin effectively independent rahaa local lords of [[Lu (state)|Lu]] ke niche, jon bagal ke city of Qufu se raj karat rahaa. Uske pitaji, [[Kong He]] (nai to Shuliang He) ek jaada umar ke commandant of the local Lu garrison rahaa.{{sfn|Legge|1887|p=260}} [[Family tree of Confucius in the main line of descent|His ancestry]] ke trace back karaa jaae sake hae, [[Song (state)|dukes of Song]] se, [[Shang dynasty]] talak jon Zhou se pahile rahaa.{{sfn|Legge|1887|p=259}}{{sfn|Yao|1997|p=29}}{{sfn|Yao|2000|p=23}}{{sfn|Rainey|2010|p=66}} Itihasik khissa Confucius ke jindagi ke baare me, batae hae ki uske aaja aapan palwaar ke Song se Lu migrate karis rahaa.{{sfn|Creel|1949|p=26}} Abhi ke sab scholars ;og ii nai maane hae ki Confucius Song nobility se descend bhais rahaa.<ref name=Eno>{{ cite journal | last = Eno | first = Robert | title= The background of the Kong family of Lu and the origins of Ruism | year = 2003 | volume=28 | journal=Early China | publisher=Cambridge University Press | pages = 1–41 | doi = 10.1017/S0362502800000651 | jstor=23354229 | s2cid = 20828205 }} Eno concludes of Confucius's ancestry that the descent from Song nobility has been constructed to serve an ideological purpose. However he rejects the stronger statement that Confucius's immediate parentage is also fabricated, as proposed by Creel and Jensen.{{pb}}{{ cite journal | last = Jensen | first = Lionel | journal=Early China | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year = 1995 | volume= 20 | pages = 407–437 | jstor =23351776 | title= Wise man of the wilds: fatherlessness, fertility, and the mythic exemplar Kongzi | doi = 10.1017/S0362502800004570 | s2cid = 163177601 }} p. 409{{pb}}{{harvnb|Creel|1949|pp=297–298}}, cited in Eno.</ref> Kong mar gais rahaa jab Confucius tiin saal ke rahaa, aur Confucius ke uske maiyaa, [[Yan Zhengzai]] ({{lang|zh|顏徵在}}) garibi me paale rahii.{{sfn|Huang|2013|p=4}} Uske maiyaa baad me mar gais, 40 saal ke umar me.{{sfn|Huang|2013|p=4}} 19 saal ke umar me uu, ({{lang|zh|亓官氏}}) se saadi karis, aur ek saal baad ii praani ke ek larrkaa bhais rahaa, jiske naam [[Kong Li]] ({{lang|zh|孔鯉}}) rahaa.{{sfn|Huang|2013|p=4}} Qiguan aur Confucius ke baad me dui larrki bhais rahaa, jisme se ek bachpan me mar gae rahii aur duusra ke naam Kong Jiao ({{lang|zh|孔姣}}) rahaa.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schuman|first1=Michael|title=Confucius: And the World He Created|date=2015|publisher=Basic Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wb6DBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416230225/https://books.google.com/books?id=wb6DBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT25|archive-date=2017-04-16|isbn=978-0-465-04057-5}}</ref> Confucius ke sikchhaa ek saadhaaran larrkan ke school me bhais rahaa, jahaan pe uu study karis rahaa aur [[Six Arts]] ke sikhis rahaa.{{sfn|Huang|2013|pp=4–5}} Confucius ke janam ''[[Four occupations|shi]]'' ({{lang|zh|士}}) me, jon aristocracy aur sadhaaran log ke biich me rhaa, me bhais rahaa. Ii bataawa jaawe hae ki uu kuchh sarki kaam aapan early 20s me karis rahaa, aur ek bookkeeper aur bherraa aur ghorraa ke dekhe waala rahaa. {{sfn|Huang|2013|p=4}}<ref name=buryl/> Jab uske maiyaa mar gais, Confucius (23 saal ke umar me) ,ii bataawa jaawe hae ki, [[Ancestor veneration in China#Mourning|mourned for three years]], jaise ki uu time ke sankriti rahaa.<ref name=buryl>{{cite book|last1=Burgan|first1=Michael|title=Confucius: Chinese Philosopher and Teacher|date=2008|publisher=Capstone|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vM8GCpBncjEC&pg=PT12|access-date=August 12, 2015|isbn=978-0-7565-3832-3}}</ref> ===Rajnitik kaam=== Confucius ke time, [[state of Lu]] ep ek ducal house raaj karat rahaa. Duke ke niche [[Three Huan|tiin aristocratic palwaar]] rahin, jiske heads ke title viscount rahaa aur ii ek hereditary positions rahaa Lu bureaucracy me. Ji palwaar ke position rahaa "Minister over the Masses", jon "Prime Minister" bhi rahaa; Meng palwaar ke position "Minister of Works" rahaa; aur Shu palwaar ke position "Minister of War" rahaa. {{BCE|505}} ke winter me, Yang Hu—a Ji palwaar ke ek retainer— rebel kar diis aur Ji palwaar se taagat lae liis. Lekin {{BCE|501}} ke summer talak, tiin hereditary palwaar Yang Hu ke Lu se khader de rahin. Uu time talak, Confucius aapan udes ke kaara n kaafi dher chela ke bator liis rahaa, aur ii time palwaar logan ii dekhe lage rahin ki achchhaa kaam kare se, uu aslii sarkar ke wfadaari dekhae sakat rahin. Ii kaaran se, wahii saal ({{BCE|501}}), Confucius ke ek minor position of governor of a town banaawa gais rahaa. Dhire-dhire, uu aage barr ke Minister of Crime banaa rahaa.{{sfn|Dubs|1946|pp=274–276}} ''[[Xunzi (book)|Xunzi]]'' ii batae hae ki ii post le ke baad, Confucius [[Shaozheng Mao]] ke maare ke order diis rahaa, jon Lu state ke ek aur official aur scholar rahaa jiske lectures ke tiin hajaar log sune aae rahin [[Yan Hui]] ke chhorr ke. Shaozheng Mao ke 'five crimes' ke aarop lagaawa gais rahaa, jisme se sab me maut ke sajaa rahaa , jisme rahaa 'concealed evilness, stubborn abnormality, eloquent duplicity, erudition in bizarre facts and generosity to evildoers'.<ref>{{Cite book|trans-title=Xunzi|language=lzh|title-link=Xunzi (book)|last=Xun|first=Kuang|author-mask=0|script-title=zh:荀子|script-chapter=zh:宥坐|script-quote=zh:孔子為魯攝相，朝七日而誅少正卯。門人進問曰：「夫少正卯魯之聞人也，夫子為政而始誅之，得無失乎，」孔子曰：「居，吾語女其故。人有惡者五，而盜竊不與焉。一曰心達而險；二曰行辟而堅；三曰言偽而辯；四曰記醜而博；五曰順非而澤。此五者，有一於人，則不得免於君子之誅，而少正卯兼有之。故居處足以聚徒成群，言談足飾邪營眾，強足以反是獨立，此小人之桀雄也，不可不誅也。是以湯誅尹諧，文王誅潘止，周公誅管叔，太公誅華仕，管仲誅付里乙，子產誅鄧析、史付，此七子者，皆異世同心，不可不誅也。詩曰：『憂心悄悄，慍於群小。』小人成群，斯足憂也。」}}</ref> Confucius mmangat rahaa ki uu authority of the state ke duke ke lautaar de, fortifications of the city—strongholds jon tiin palwaar ke rahaa, ke dismantle kare ke baad. Ii rakam se, uu ek centralized sarkar ke bane sakat rahaa. Lekin, Confucius khaali diplomacy pe nirbhar rahaa, kaakeki uske lage koi military authority nai rahaa. 500 BC me, Hou Fan— Hou ke governor— Shu palwaar ke aapan lord ke virod me revoltkar diis. Jab ki Meng aur Shu palwaar Hou ke bina safaltaa ke besiege kare rahin, ek loyalist official Hou log ke saathe Hou Fan ke [[state of Qi]] bhaage ke majbuur kar diis. Ii chij Confucius ke favour me hoe ke chaahat rahaa, kaaheki ii Confucius ke kaam sahaj kar diis ki uu aristocratic palwaar ke ke aapan fortifications ke dismantle karwae. Dhire-dhire, ek aur aadha saal ke baad, Confucius aur uske disciples Shu palwaar ke manae liin ki uu Hu kediwaal ke tuurr de , Ji palwaar Bi ke diwaal ke ruuurr de, aur Meng palwaar Cheng ke diwaal ke rurr de. Sab se pahile, Shu palwaar ke sena Hou gais aur uske diwaal ke tuurr diis 498 BCE me.{{sfn|Dubs|1946|p=277}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Confucius, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg | width1 = 200 | image2 = Confucius and Laozi, fresco from a Western Han tomb of Dongping County, Shandong province, China.jpg | width2 = 220 | footer = A [[Western Han]] ({{BCE|202}}{{snd}}{{CE|9}}) [[fresco]] depicting Confucius and [[Laozi]], from a tomb of [[Dongping County]], Shandong }} Confucius ii maangat rahaa ki log duusra log ke baare me soche, [[paisa]] aur imaarat ke baare me nai. Uu ii biswas karat rahaa ki janata ke maane ke khaatir tagrraa niyam (rules) hoe ke chaahi. Confucius sochis ki log me paanch rista (relationshp) ke niyam hae, aur usme bhi aapan aapan niyam rahe hae. Dui jan hoe sake hae: * Rajkumar aur janata * Pitaji aur larrka * Admii aur aurat * Bujurg (elder) aur larrka * dost II sab traditional rista hae jiske "five prototypes" bola jaae hae. Confucius ii batais ki ii sab sambandh (relationship) me log ke niyam ke paalan kare ke parri. Jaise ki, janata ke rajkaumar ke sune ke parri, lekin rajkumar ke bhi janata ke sune ke chaahi, uske achchha se raj kare ke khatir. ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|-551BC|-478BC|Confucius}} [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:China ke philosopher]] g4cit1w2m3fmsbkbkx52sd3xdcttw5v 0 4958 336526 334656 2026-07-10T03:34:27Z Sundaresan 457 336526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Philosopher |region = Western Philosophy |era = 20th-century philosophy |color = #B0C4DE | <!-- Image and Caption --> image_name = Simone de Beauvoir.jpg |image_caption = de Beauvoir ke chapa 1968 me| <!-- Information --> name = Simone-Lucie-Ernestine-Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir |birth = 9 January 1908<br />[[Paris]], [[France]] |death = 14 April 1986 <br />Paris, France |school_tradition = Existentialism<br />Feminism |main_interests = Politics, Feminism, Ethics |influences = [[René Descartes|Descartes]], Wollstonecraft, [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], Husserl, [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]], Heidegger, [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], Sade |influenced = Butler, Camus, [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], Paglia, Friedan, Hoagland, Rich, Greer |notable_ideas = ethics of ambiguity, feminist ethics, existential feminism | }} '''Simone de Beauvoir''' ([[9 January]] [[1908]] – [[14 April]] [[1986]]) ek [[France|French]] [[lekhak]] aur [[philosopher]] rahii. ==Jiiwan kahaani== === Bachpan ke din === Beauvoir ke janam 9 January 1908 me,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/|title= UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020|work= [[United Press International]] | date= 9 January 2020|access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date= 15 January 2020|archive-url= https://archive.today/20200115192229/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/|url-status=live|quote=...French novelist Simone de Beauvoir in 1908}}</ref> [[Paris]] ke ek [[bourgeois]] palwaar me [[6th arrondissement of Paris|6th arrondissement]] me bhais rahaa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/jun/06/classics.simonedebeauvoir |title=Still the second sex|first=Maureen|last=Freely|author-link=Maureen Freely|date=6 June 1999|access-date=6 January 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=UK|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190413171557/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/jun/06/classics.simonedebeauvoir| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/08/top10s.debeauvoir |title=Lisa Appignanesi's top 10 books by and about Simone de Beauvoir|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=8 January 2008|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190413154026/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/08/top10s.debeauvoir|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/118617/anne-hollander-reviews-simone-de-beauvoir-biography-deidre-bair |title=The Open Marriage of True Minds|first=Anne|last=Hollander|date=11 June 1990|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150912233548/https://newrepublic.com/article/118617/anne-hollander-reviews-simone-de-beauvoir-biography-deidre-bair|url-status=live}}</ref> Uske pitaji, Georges Bertrand de Beauvoir, ek wakiil rahaa jon ek actor bane maangat rahaaa,<ref name="IEP Biography">{{Cite web |last=Mussett |first=Shannon |title=Beauvoir, Simone de {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/simone-de-beauvoir/ |access-date=11 April 2010 |language=en-US}}</ref> aur maiyaa Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur), ek dhani banker ke larrki aur kattar [[Catholic]] rahii. Kaaheki uske maiyaa-bappa jaada time ghare nai rahat rahin, Simone ke khaas kar ke uske nanny, Louise paale rahii.<ref name=":3" /> Louise ke relationship Françoise Beauvoir se achchhaaa nai rahaa. Simone ke ek bahini, [[Hélène de Beauvoir|Hélène]] rahii, jon 6 June 1910 ke paida bhae rahii. Beauvoir intellectually precocious rahii, aapan pitaji ke protsahan ke kaaran, aur uu ii boast karat rahaa ki: {{Blockquote|text=“Simone ke ek admii ke dimaag hae; uu ek admii ke rakam soche hae; uu ek admii hae.”<ref>{{Citation |title=A talk with Simone de Beauvoir |last=Moorehead |first=Caroline |date=1974-06-02 |pages=258 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/a-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003113522/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/a-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html |archive-date=2025-10-03 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Bair, p. 60</ref>|author=Caroline Moorehead|title=A talk with Simone de Beauvoir|source=[[The New York Times]]|character=Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur)}}Uske bachpan ke din ke baare me likhte ''Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter me,'' uu bolis rahaa: {{Blockquote|text=...hamaar pitaji ke [[individualism]] aur nastik ethical standards hamaar maiyaa ke rigidly moral [[conventionalism]] sikchhaa ke virod rahaa. Ii disequilibrium, jisse hamaar jindagi endless disputation hoe gais, khaas kaaran rahaa ki ham ek [[intellectual]] ban gayaa hae.<ref>''Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter'', Book One</ref>|author=Simone de Beauvoir|title=Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter|source=Book One, pg. 41}} ==== Education ==== Beauvoir, high school ke baad aapan post-secondary ke parrhai kare rahii {{Interlanguage link multi|Cours Desir|fr}} me.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris: sur les traces de Simone de Beauvoir |trans-title=Paris: On the trail of Simone de Beauvoir |url= https://www.en-vols.com/inspirations/culture/paris-simone-de-beauvoir/ |website=en-vols.com |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> Baccalaureate exams ke mathematics aur philosophy ke 1925 me 17 saal ke umar me, uu [[Institut Catholique de Paris]] me mathematics aur literature/languages at the {{Interlanguage link multi|Institut Sainte-Marie|fr}} me parrhe rahii. [[File:EcoleNormaleDeParis - Jeanne Blancard-Colette Maze.tif|thumb|Class [[École Normale]], Paris me, [[1930s]] me.]] Jab ki uu sarkari taur pe bharti nai bhae rahii, Simone, [[École Normale Supérieure]] me class me baithis aapan ''[[agrégation]]'' in philosophy ke taiyaari ke khaatir, jon ek bahut competitive postgraduate examination rahaa jisse students ke nationally rank karaa jaawat rahaa. uu jab iske khaatir parrhat rahii tab uu École Normale ke students [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Paul Nizan]], aur [[René Maheu]] (jon uske nickname "''Castor''", nai to "Beaver", diis rahaa) se mile rahii.<ref name="IEP Biography" />Uu [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] me philosophy parrhe rahii, appan degree ke 1928 me khatam kare ke baad, uu likhe rahii ''[[Diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées]]'' (jon [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] thesis ke rakam hae) [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]] for [[Léon Brunschvicg]] 1929 me (uske topic rahaa "Le concept chez Leibniz" ["The Concept in Leibniz"]).<ref>Margaret A. Simons (ed.), ''Feminist Interpretations of Simone de Beauvoir'', Penn State Press, 1 November 2010, p. 3.</ref> 1929 me, the jury for the ''agrégation'' kuchh mark se Sartre ke first place aur Beauvoir ke second place diis rahaa. Uu 21 saal ke rahii, jiske matlab hae ki uu sab se chhotii jan rahii jon ii exam ke pass kare rahii.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Menand|first=Louis|date=19 September 2005|title=Stand by Your Man|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/09/26/stand-by-your-man|access-date=11 May 2010|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Iske alaawaa, Beauvoir ek exam certificate of "General Philosophy and Logic" khaatir karis jisme uu second rahii [[Simone Weil]] ke baad. Kaaheki uu 8th jan rahii jon ''agrégation'' ke pass kare rahii, uske achchhaa kaam mile lagaa aur uu ajaad hoe gais.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Dharmik paalan posan ==== Beauvoir ek [[Catholic]] aur uske parrhai convent schools me bhais rahaa. Uu ekdam dharmik rahii aur ek nun bane maangat rahii. 14 saal ke umar me, Beauvoir aapan dharam ke sawaal kare lagis aur aapan teens me dharam ke chorr diiye rahaa. uu aapan baaki jindagi bhar ek [[atheism|atheist]] rahii.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Simone de Beauvoir|url=https://www.biography.com/scholar/simone-de-beauvoir|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Biography|date=9 July 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Thurman">{{Cite news |last=Thurman |first=Judith |date=28 May 2010 |title=Introduction to Simone de Beauvoir's 'The Second Sex' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/books/excerpt-introduction-second-sex.html |access-date=11 April 2010 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> Iske samjhaae ke khaatir, Beauvoir bole rahii, {{Blockquote|text="Dharam ke kaaran log uu kathnai se duur bhaage hae jon asliyat me hae. Aur isse jaada, biswas kare waala log apne ke barraa samjhe hae ii cowardice act se."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bertrand de Beauvoir|first=Simone|title=All Said and Done|publisher=G. P. Putnam's & Sons|year=1974|isbn=9780399112515|location=New York|pages=478|translator-last=O'Brian|translator-first=Patrick}}</ref>|author=Simone Bertrand de Beauvoir|title=All Said and Done}} === Biich waala saal === [[File:Sartre and de Beauvoir at Balzac Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright|Jean-Paul Sartre aur Simone de Beauvoir, Balzac Memorial me]] Uske palwaar bourgeois rahe ke khaatir struggle karat rahaa kaaheki uulog aapan daulat ke [[World War I]] ke baad lutae de rahin aur and Françoise ke insistence ke uske larrki loagan ek prestigious convent school jaawe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2016|title=Simone de Beauvoir: Equality in Unity|url=https://the8percent.com/simone-de-beauvoir-equality-in-unity/|access-date=30 October 2025|website=The 8 Percent|language=en-US}}</ref> Palwaar me paisa ke kami ke kaaran, uu aapan [[dahej]] pe nai nirbhar rahe sakat rahii. Iske kaaran uske saadi hoe ke chance kamti hoe gais. Iske kaaran uu apne se kamai kare lagii.<ref name="oxfordreference.com">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-90|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History|chapter=Beauvoir, Simone de|date=January 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001}}</ref> Uu [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]] aur [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] ke saathe kaam karis, jab uu tiinao aapan practice teaching requirements ke ekke secondary school me kare rahin. 1929 se 1943 talak, Beauvoir [[lycée]] level ke parrhais, jabtak uu aapan likhai ke amdani pe nisrbahar rahe sakat rahii. Uu {{Interlanguage link multi|Lycée Montgrand|fr}} ([[Marseille]]), {{Interlanguage link multi|Lycée Jeanne-d'Arc (Rouen)|fr}}, aur [[Lycée Molière (Paris)]] (1936–39) me parrhae rahii.<ref>Kelly Oliver (ed.), ''French Feminism Reader'', Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000, p. 1; ''Bulletin 2006 de l'Association amicale des anciens et anciennes élèves du lycée Molière'', 2006, p. 22.</ref> 1945 me [[Robert Brasillach]] ke trial ke time, Beauvoirek chhotaa group of prominent intellectuals me se ek rahii jon jon uske maut ke maang kare rahii, uske 'intellectual crimes' of supporting [[Fascism]] aur genocide of Jewish log ke khaatir. Uu ii decision ke aapan 1946 ke essay "An Eye for an Eye" me defend kare rahii.<ref>David Newcastle, [https://tikhanovlibrary.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-pierre-drieu-la-rochelle/ ''The Rise and Fall of Pierre Drieu la Rochlle''], Gilles, Tikhanov Library, 2024, preface</ref><ref>[https://academic.oup.com/book/11006/chapter-abstract/159332034?redirectedFrom=fulltext “An Eye for an Eye”: The Question of Revenge] Sonia Kirks</ref> {{BD|1908|1986|De Beauvoir, Simone}} [[vibhag:France ke philosophers]] [[vibhag:B]] rh9rc8g4k6i2r7erg5qu0uuvlfy9hic 0 5017 336529 334880 2026-07-10T03:50:57Z A1b2c3d4e5f6g71 34846 336529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philosopher | region = Western Philosophy | era = 17th-century philosophy | color = #B0C4DE | image_name = Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg | imahe_pAngalan = Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg | image_caption = René Descartes. Ii chapa ke Frans Halsutaris hae, 1648. | name = René Descartes | birth = 31 March 1596<br />La Haye en Touraine, Indre-et-Loire, France | death = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1650|2|11|1596|3|31}}<br />Stockholm, [[Sweden]] | school_tradition = Cartesianism, Rationalism, Foundationalism | main_interests = Metaphysics, Epistemology, Science, Mathematics | influences = Plato, Aristotle, Ibn al-Haytham, Averroes, Avicenna, al-Ghazali, Anselm of Canterbury, St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham, Francisco Suárez, Marin Mersenne, Sextus Empiricus, Michel de Montaigne, Duns Scotus | influenced = Baruch Spinoza, Thomas Hobbes, Antoine Arnauld, Nicolas Malebranche, Pascal | notable_ideas = Cogito ergo sum, Methodic Doubt, Cartesian [[coordinate system]], Cartesian dualism }} '''René Descartes''' ([[31 March]] [[1596]] – [[11 February]] [[1650]]) ek mashuur [[France|French]] [[philosopher]] aur [[physicist]] rahaa. Uu dui khaas buk [[physics]] aur [[philosophy]] ke uppar likhis rahaa. ==Jindagi== ===Early life=== [[File:Maison de René DESCARTES - Jean-Charles GUILLO.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Descartes ke janam La Haye en Touraine me bhais rahaa]] René Descartes ke janam La Haye en Touraine, Touraine Province (jon abhi Descartes, Indre-et-Loire hae), France me, [[31 March]] [[1596]] me bhais rahaa.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Math and Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World; Vol. 1|last=Bruno|first=Leonard C.|author-link=Leonard C. Bruno|date=2003|orig-year=1999|publisher=U X L|others=Baker, Lawrence W.|isbn=978-0-7876-3813-9|location=Detroit, Mich.|page=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/99 99]|oclc=41497065|url=https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun|url-access=registration}}</ref> May 1597 me, uske maiyaa, Jeanne Brochard, mar gae rahii, ek maraa bachchaa ke janam de ke baad. <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cartesian-metaphysics/scepticism-scholasticism-and-the-origins-of-descartess-philosophy/8D76D0E0D4307ADA49F5AB6DF30BB060 |title=Scepticism, Scholasticism, and the origins of Descartes's philosophy (Chapter 2) |chapter=Scepticism, Scholasticism, and the origins of Descartes's philosophy |date=2000 |pages=27–54 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511487309.004 |isbn=978-0521452915 |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822064758/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cartesian-metaphysics/scepticism-scholasticism-and-the-origins-of-descartess-philosophy/8D76D0E0D4307ADA49F5AB6DF30BB060 |url-status=live }}</ref> Descartes ke pitaji, Joachim, Parliament of Rennes ke ek member rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodis-Lewis |first=Geneviève |chapter=Descartes' Life and the Development of His Philosophy |editor-last=Cottingham |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Cottingham |title=The Cambridge Companion to Descartes |year=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-36696-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC&pg=PA22 22] |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201123550/https://books.google.com/books?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC |url-status=live }}</ref> René aapan aaji aur aajaa ke saathe rahat rahaa. Jab Descartes palwaar [[Catholic]] rahaa, lekin [[Poitou]] ilaaka ke Protestant [[Huguenots]] control karat rahin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://all-history.org/world_literature/descartes1.htm |title=All-history.org |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=29 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129035839/http://all-history.org/world_literature/descartes1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> 1607 me, kuchh saal baad uske kharaab tabiyat ke kaaran, uu [[Jesuit College of La Flèche]] me bharti bhais rahaa,{{sfn|Clarke|2006|}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Descartes, Rene {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://iep.utm.edu/descarte/|access-date=27 July 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=28 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528030333/https://iep.utm.edu/descarte/|url-status=live}}</ref> jahaan pe uu [[mathematics]] aur [[physics]] parrhis rahaa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Bruno|first=Leonard C.|url=https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun|title=Math and Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World; Vol. 1|date=2003|publisher=U X L|others=Baker, Lawrence W.|isbn=978-0-7876-3813-9|location=Detroit, Mich.|page=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/100 100]|oclc=41497065|orig-year=1999|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Porter|first1=Roy|title=The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present|publisher=Harper Collins|year=1999|isbn=978-0-00-637454-1|location=Great Britain|page=217|chapter=The New Science|author-link=Roy Porter|orig-year=1997}}</ref> 1614 me, graduation ke baad, uu dui saal talak (1615–16) [[University of Poitiers]] me parrhis rahaa, jahaan pe uske ''[[Baccalauréat]]'' aur ''[[Licentiate (degree)|Licence]]'' in [[Canon law|canon]] aur [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] 1616 milaa rahaa,<ref name=":3" /> Uske pitaji ke ichchhaa ke anusaar uske ek wakiil bane ke rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last2=Kaufmann |first2=Walter |last1=Baird |first1=Forrest E. |title=From Plato to Derrida |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |year=2008 |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |pages=373–77 |isbn=978-0-13-158591-1 }}</ref> Huan se uu Paris gais rahaa. === Army service === Kaaheki uu ek professional military officer bane maangat rahaa, 1618 me, Descartes ek [[mercenary]] ke ruup me, [[Protestant]] [[Dutch States Army]] [[Breda]] me, bharti hoe gais, jon [[Maurice of Nassau]] ke command ke niche rahaa,<ref name=":3" /> aur formal study of [[military engineering]] karis rahaa, jiske [[Simon Stevin]] establish karis rahaa.{{sfn|Gaukroger|1995|page=66}} Descartes, ke Breda me bahut protsaan milaa ki uu aapan mathematics ke jaankari ke aur barrhaawe. Ii rakam se uu [[Isaac Beeckman]] ke saath de lagaa,<ref name=":3" /> jon [[Dordrecht]] school ke principal rahaa, jiske khaatir uu ''Compendium of Music'' (1618 me likha gais, 1650 me publish karaa gais) likis rahaa.<ref>McQuillan, J. C. 2016. ''Early Modern Aesthetics''. Lanham, MD: [[Rowman & Littlefield]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NObaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 p. 45] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801014714/https://books.google.com/books?id=NObaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |date=1 August 2020 }}.</ref> Jab uu [[Catholic]] Duke [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian of Bavaria]] ke service me, 1619 se rahaa,<ref>{{Cite web|title=René Descartes – Biography|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Descartes/|access-date=27 September 2020|website=Maths History|language=en|archive-date=19 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719105154/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Descartes.html|url-status=live}}</ref> tab Descartes [[Battle of the White Mountain]] , [[Prague]] ke lage, November 1620 me rah.<ref>Parker, N. Geoffrey. 2007. "[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642395/Battle-of-White-Mountain Battle of White Mountain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509044752/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642395/Battle-of-White-Mountain |date=9 May 2015 }}" (revised). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.</ref><ref>Jeffery, R. 2018. ''Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia: The Philosopher Princess''. Lanham, MD: [[Lexington Books]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FUGIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 p. 68] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108204711/https://books.google.com/books?id=FUGIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |date=8 November 2020 }}.</ref> [[Adrien Baillet]] ke anusaar, 10–11 November 1619 ke raat me ([[St. Martin's Day]]), jab uu [[Neuburg an der Donau]] me stationed rahaa, Descartes apne ke ek room me band kar liis rahaa ek "oven" (saait [[cocklestove]]) ke saathe<ref>Rothkamm, J., ''Institutio Oratoria: Bacon, Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza'' (Leiden & Boston: [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2009), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5bH3_u4g3cMC&pg=PA40 p. 40] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214229/https://books.google.com/books?id=5bH3_u4g3cMC&pg=PA40 |date=16 August 2021 }}.</ref> thandaa se bache ke khaatir. Jab uu bhittar rahaa, uu tiin sapnaa dekhis rahaa,<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Math and mathematicians : the history of math discoveries around the world; Vol. 1|last=Bruno|first=Leonard C.|date=2003|orig-year=1999|publisher=U X L|others=Baker, Lawrence W.|isbn=978-0-7876-3813-9|location=Detroit, Mich.|page=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/101 101]|oclc=41497065|url=https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun|url-access=registration}}</ref> aur biswas karis ki ek divine spirit uske ek nawaa revealed philosophy dekhais rahaa. Duusra sapna saait ek episode of [[exploding head syndrome]] rahaa hoi, jisme ke jorr ke awaaj ke imagin karaa jaawe hae.<ref name="Otaiku2018">{{cite journal | author = Otaiku AI | year = 2018 | title = Did René Descartes have Exploding Head Syndrome? | journal = J. Clin. Sleep Med. | volume = 14| issue = 4| pages = 675–78| doi = 10.5664/jcsm.7068 | pmid = 29609724 | pmc = 5886445 | issn = 1550-9389 }}</ref> Jab talak uu ii room se mikla, Descartes [[analytic geometry]] ke formulate kar diis rahaa aur mathematical method ke kaise philosophy me apply karaa jaawe hae. Uu ii sapnaa se conclude karis ki sapna jon science ke baare me hae, uske khaatir true wisdom rahii aur uske jindagi ke central hissa rahii.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Durant |first1=Will |author-link1=Will Durant |last2=Durant |first2=Ariel |author-link2=Ariel Durant |title=The Story of Civilization: Part VII, the Age of Reason Begins |year=1961 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-671-01320-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ageofreasonbegin07dura_0/page/637 637] |title-link=The Story of Civilization: Part VII, the Age of Reason Begins }}</ref>{{sfn|Clarke|2006|page=58–59}} == Descartes aur physics == Aapan buk ''Discourse on Method'' ([[1637]]) me Descartes [[scientific method]] ke baare me likhis jiske uu apne se banais rahaa. Uu shapes ([[Geometry]]), light ([[Dioptrics]]), aur weather ([[Meteorology]]) ke baare me bhi likhis hae. Uske baad uu ek rakam se shapes ke [[coordinates]] se describe kare ke suruu karis aur ek aur theory banais jiske [[rainbow]] ke naam se jaana jaawe hae. Descartes ke physics ke baad me Sir [[Isaac Newton]] bhi kaam me laais jon ki uske aur [[James Hook]] ke baare me likis hae ki: "Agar jo ham duur talak dekhe sakaa hae tab ham giant ke kandhaa pe kharraa rahaa!" == Descartes aur philosophy == Aapan buk ''Meditations on First Philosophy'' ([[1641]]) me Descartes aapan scientific method ke kaam me laae ke philosophical sawaal ke dekhis hae. Uu [[skepticism]] ke virod me bahas karis hae. ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|1596|1650|Descartes, Rene}} [[Vibhag:D]] [[vibhag:France ke Physicist]] [[vibhag:France ke Philosopher]] 4w4dbx9fu2uke2hk22yjtj3dbymg437 828 54808 336548 281741 2026-07-10T11:40:00Z Uzume 1658 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q24733825|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 336548 Scribunto text/plain -- Original module located at [[:en:Module:Wd]] and [[:en:Module:Wd/i18n]]. require("strict") local p = {} local module_arg = ... local i18n local i18nPath local function loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) local title if frame then -- current module invoked by page/template, get its title from frame title = frame:getTitle() else -- current module included by other module, get its title from ... title = module_arg end if not i18n then i18nPath = title .. "/i18n" i18n = require(i18nPath).init(aliasesP) end end p.claimCommands = { property = "property", properties = "properties", qualifier = "qualifier", qualifiers = "qualifiers", reference = "reference", references = "references" } p.generalCommands = { label = "label", title = "title", description = "description", alias = "alias", aliases = "aliases", badge = "badge", badges = "badges" } p.flags = { linked = "linked", short = "short", raw = "raw", multilanguage = "multilanguage", unit = "unit", ------------- preferred = "preferred", normal = "normal", deprecated = "deprecated", best = "best", future = "future", current = "current", former = "former", edit = "edit", editAtEnd = "edit@end", mdy = "mdy", single = "single", sourced = "sourced" } p.args = { eid = "eid", page = "page", date = "date", globalSiteId = "globalSiteId" } local aliasesP = { coord = "P625", ----------------------- image = "P18", author = "P50", authorNameString = "P2093", publisher = "P123", importedFrom = "P143", wikimediaImportURL = "P4656", statedIn = "P248", pages = "P304", language = "P407", hasPart = "P527", publicationDate = "P577", startTime = "P580", endTime = "P582", chapter = "P792", retrieved = "P813", referenceURL = "P854", sectionVerseOrParagraph = "P958", archiveURL = "P1065", title = "P1476", formatterURL = "P1630", quote = "P1683", shortName = "P1813", definingFormula = "P2534", archiveDate = "P2960", inferredFrom = "P3452", typeOfReference = "P3865", column = "P3903", subjectNamedAs = "P1810", wikidataProperty = "P1687", publishedIn = "P1433", lastUpdate = "P5017" } local aliasesQ = { percentage = "Q11229", prolepticJulianCalendar = "Q1985786", citeWeb = "Q5637226", citeQ = "Q22321052" } local parameters = { property = "%p", qualifier = "%q", reference = "%r", alias = "%a", badge = "%b", separator = "%s", general = "%x" } local formats = { property = "%p[%s][%r]", qualifier = "%q[%s][%r]", reference = "%r", propertyWithQualifier = "%p[ <span style=\"font-size:85\\%\">(%q)</span>][%s][%r]", alias = "%a[%s]", badge = "%b[%s]" } local hookNames = { -- {level_1, level_2} [parameters.property] = {"getProperty"}, [parameters.reference] = {"getReferences", "getReference"}, [parameters.qualifier] = {"getAllQualifiers"}, [parameters.qualifier.."\\d"] = {"getQualifiers", "getQualifier"}, [parameters.alias] = {"getAlias"}, [parameters.badge] = {"getBadge"} } -- default value objects, should NOT be mutated but instead copied local defaultSeparators = { ["sep"] = {" "}, ["sep%s"] = {","}, ["sep%q"] = {"; "}, ["sep%q\\d"] = {", "}, ["sep%r"] = nil, -- none ["punc"] = nil -- none } local rankTable = { ["preferred"] = 1, ["normal"] = 2, ["deprecated"] = 3 } local function replaceAlias(id) if aliasesP[id] then id = aliasesP[id] end return id end local function errorText(code, ...) local text = i18n["errors"][code] if arg then text = mw.ustring.format(text, unpack(arg)) end return text end local function throwError(errorMessage, ...) error(errorText(errorMessage, unpack(arg))) end local function replaceDecimalMark(num) return mw.ustring.gsub(num, "[.]", i18n['numeric']['decimal-mark'], 1) end local function padZeros(num, numDigits) local numZeros local negative = false if num < 0 then negative = true num = num * -1 end num = tostring(num) numZeros = numDigits - num:len() for _ = 1, numZeros do num = "0"..num end if negative then num = "-"..num end return num end local function replaceSpecialChar(chr) if chr == '_' then -- replace underscores with spaces return ' ' else return chr end end local function replaceSpecialChars(str) local chr local esc = false local strOut = "" for i = 1, #str do chr = str:sub(i,i) if not esc then if chr == '\\' then esc = true else strOut = strOut .. replaceSpecialChar(chr) end else strOut = strOut .. chr esc = false end end return strOut end local function buildWikilink(target, label) if not label or target == label then return "[[" .. target .. "]]" else return "[[" .. target .. "|" .. label .. "]]" end end -- used to make frame.args mutable, to replace #frame.args (which is always 0) -- with the actual amount and to simply copy tables local function copyTable(tIn) if not tIn then return nil end local tOut = {} for i, v in pairs(tIn) do tOut[i] = v end return tOut end -- used to merge output arrays together; -- note that it currently mutates the first input array local function mergeArrays(a1, a2) for i = 1, #a2 do a1[#a1 + 1] = a2[i] end return a1 end local function split(str, del) local out = {} local i, j = str:find(del) if i and j then out[1] = str:sub(1, i - 1) out[2] = str:sub(j + 1) else out[1] = str end return out end local function parseWikidataURL(url) local id if url:match('^http[s]?://') then id = split(url, "Q") if id[2] then return "Q" .. id[2] end end return nil end local function parseDate(dateStr, precision) precision = precision or "d" local i, j, index, ptr local parts = {nil, nil, nil} if dateStr == nil then return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end -- 'T' for snak values, '/' for outputs with '/Julian' attached i, j = dateStr:find("[T/]") if i then dateStr = dateStr:sub(1, i-1) end local from = 1 if dateStr:sub(1,1) == "-" then -- this is a negative number, look further ahead from = 2 end index = 1 ptr = 1 i, j = dateStr:find("-", from) if i then -- year parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr, i-1), 10) -- explicitly give base 10 to prevent error if parts[index] == -0 then parts[index] = tonumber("0") -- for some reason, 'parts[index] = 0' may actually store '-0', so parse from string instead end if precision == "y" then -- we're done return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end index = index + 1 ptr = i + 1 i, j = dateStr:find("-", ptr) if i then -- month parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr, i-1), 10) if precision == "m" then -- we're done return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end index = index + 1 ptr = i + 1 end end if dateStr:sub(ptr) ~= "" then -- day if we have month, month if we have year, or year parts[index] = tonumber(dateStr:sub(ptr), 10) end return parts[1], parts[2], parts[3] -- year, month, day end local function datePrecedesDate(aY, aM, aD, bY, bM, bD) if aY == nil or bY == nil then return nil end aM = aM or 1 aD = aD or 1 bM = bM or 1 bD = bD or 1 if aY < bY then return true end if aY > bY then return false end if aM < bM then return true end if aM > bM then return false end if aD < bD then return true end return false end local function getHookName(param, index) if hookNames[param] then return hookNames[param][index] elseif param:len() > 2 then return hookNames[param:sub(1, 2).."\\d"][index] else return nil end end local function alwaysTrue() return true end -- The following function parses a format string. -- -- The example below shows how a parsed string is structured in memory. -- Variables other than 'str' and 'child' are left out for clarity's sake. -- -- Example: -- "A %p B [%s[%q1]] C [%r] D" -- -- Structure: -- [ -- { -- str = "A " -- }, -- { -- str = "%p" -- }, -- { -- str = " B ", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%s", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%q1" -- } -- ] -- } -- ] -- }, -- { -- str = " C ", -- child = -- [ -- { -- str = "%r" -- } -- ] -- }, -- { -- str = " D" -- } -- ] -- local function parseFormat(str) local chr, esc, param, root, cur, prev, new local params = {} local function newObject(array) local obj = {} -- new object obj.str = "" array[#array + 1] = obj -- array{object} obj.parent = array return obj end local function endParam() if param > 0 then if cur.str ~= "" then cur.str = "%"..cur.str cur.param = true params[cur.str] = true cur.parent.req[cur.str] = true prev = cur cur = newObject(cur.parent) end param = 0 end end root = {} -- array root.req = {} cur = newObject(root) prev = nil esc = false param = 0 for i = 1, #str do chr = str:sub(i,i) if not esc then if chr == '\\' then endParam() esc = true elseif chr == '%' then endParam() if cur.str ~= "" then cur = newObject(cur.parent) end param = 2 elseif chr == '[' then endParam() if prev and cur.str == "" then table.remove(cur.parent) cur = prev end cur.child = {} -- new array cur.child.req = {} cur.child.parent = cur cur = newObject(cur.child) elseif chr == ']' then endParam() if cur.parent.parent then new = newObject(cur.parent.parent.parent) if cur.str == "" then table.remove(cur.parent) end cur = new end else if param > 1 then param = param - 1 elseif param == 1 then if not chr:match('%d') then endParam() end end cur.str = cur.str .. replaceSpecialChar(chr) end else cur.str = cur.str .. chr esc = false end prev = nil end endParam() -- make sure that at least one required parameter has been defined if not next(root.req) then throwError("missing-required-parameter") end -- make sure that the separator parameter "%s" is not amongst the required parameters if root.req[parameters.separator] then throwError("extra-required-parameter", parameters.separator) end return root, params end local function sortOnRank(claims) local rankPos local ranks = {{}, {}, {}, {}} -- preferred, normal, deprecated, (default) local sorted = {} for _, v in ipairs(claims) do rankPos = rankTable[v.rank] or 4 ranks[rankPos][#ranks[rankPos] + 1] = v end sorted = ranks[1] sorted = mergeArrays(sorted, ranks[2]) sorted = mergeArrays(sorted, ranks[3]) return sorted end local function isValueInTable(searchedItem, inputTable) for _, item in pairs(inputTable) do if item == searchedItem then return true end end return false end local Config = {} -- allows for recursive calls function Config:new() local cfg = {} setmetatable(cfg, self) self.__index = self cfg.separators = { -- single value objects wrapped in arrays so that we can pass by reference ["sep"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep"])}, ["sep%s"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%s"])}, ["sep%q"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%q"])}, ["sep%r"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%r"])}, ["punc"] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["punc"])} } cfg.entity = nil cfg.entityID = nil cfg.propertyID = nil cfg.propertyValue = nil cfg.qualifierIDs = {} cfg.qualifierIDsAndValues = {} cfg.bestRank = true cfg.ranks = {true, true, false} -- preferred = true, normal = true, deprecated = false cfg.foundRank = #cfg.ranks cfg.flagBest = false cfg.flagRank = false cfg.periods = {true, true, true} -- future = true, current = true, former = true cfg.flagPeriod = false cfg.atDate = {parseDate(os.date('!%Y-%m-%d'))} -- today as {year, month, day} cfg.mdyDate = false cfg.singleClaim = false cfg.sourcedOnly = false cfg.editable = false cfg.editAtEnd = false cfg.inSitelinks = false cfg.langCode = mw.language.getContentLanguage().code cfg.langName = mw.language.fetchLanguageName(cfg.langCode, cfg.langCode) cfg.langObj = mw.language.new(cfg.langCode) cfg.siteID = mw.wikibase.getGlobalSiteId() cfg.states = {} cfg.states.qualifiersCount = 0 cfg.curState = nil cfg.prefetchedRefs = nil return cfg end local State = {} function State:new(cfg, type) local stt = {} setmetatable(stt, self) self.__index = self stt.conf = cfg stt.type = type stt.results = {} stt.parsedFormat = {} stt.separator = {} stt.movSeparator = {} stt.puncMark = {} stt.linked = false stt.rawValue = false stt.shortName = false stt.anyLanguage = false stt.unitOnly = false stt.singleValue = false return stt end -- if id == nil then item connected to current page is used function Config:getLabel(id, raw, link, short) local label = nil local prefix, title= "", nil if not id then id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() if not id then return "" end end id = id:upper() -- just to be sure if raw then -- check if given id actually exists if mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) and mw.wikibase.entityExists(id) then label = id end prefix, title = "d:Special:EntityPage/", label -- may be nil else -- try short name first if requested if short then label = p._property{aliasesP.shortName, [p.args.eid] = id} -- get short name if label == "" then label = nil end end -- get label if not label then label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(id) end end if not label then label = "" elseif link then -- build a link if requested if not title then if id:sub(1,1) == "Q" then title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(id) elseif id:sub(1,1) == "P" then -- properties have no sitelink, link to Wikidata instead prefix, title = "d:Special:EntityPage/", id end end label = mw.text.nowiki(label) -- escape raw label text so it cannot be wikitext markup if title then label = buildWikilink(prefix .. title, label) end end return label end function Config:getEditIcon() local value = "" local prefix = "" local front = "&nbsp;" local back = "" if self.entityID:sub(1,1) == "P" then prefix = "Property:" end if self.editAtEnd then front = '<span style="float:' if self.langObj:isRTL() then front = front .. 'left' else front = front .. 'right' end front = front .. '">' back = '</span>' end value = "[[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg|frameless|text-top|10px|alt=" .. i18n['info']['edit-on-wikidata'] .. "|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. prefix .. self.entityID .. "?uselang=" .. self.langCode if self.propertyID then value = value .. "#" .. self.propertyID elseif self.inSitelinks then value = value .. "#sitelinks-wikipedia" end value = value .. "|" .. i18n['info']['edit-on-wikidata'] .. "]]" return front .. value .. back end -- used to create the final output string when it's all done, so that for references the -- function extensionTag("ref", ...) is only called when they really ended up in the final output function Config:concatValues(valuesArray) local outString = "" local j, skip for i = 1, #valuesArray do -- check if this is a reference if valuesArray[i].refHash then j = i - 1 skip = false -- skip this reference if it is part of a continuous row of references that already contains the exact same reference while valuesArray[j] and valuesArray[j].refHash do if valuesArray[i].refHash == valuesArray[j].refHash then skip = true break end j = j - 1 end if not skip then -- add <ref> tag with the reference's hash as its name (to deduplicate references) outString = outString .. mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("ref", valuesArray[i][1], {name = valuesArray[i].refHash}) end else outString = outString .. valuesArray[i][1] end end return outString end function Config:convertUnit(unit, raw, link, short, unitOnly) local space = " " local label = "" local itemID if unit == "" or unit == "1" then return nil end if unitOnly then space = "" end itemID = parseWikidataURL(unit) if itemID then if itemID == aliasesQ.percentage then return "%" else label = self:getLabel(itemID, raw, link, short) if label ~= "" then return space .. label end end end return "" end function State:getValue(snak) return self.conf:getValue(snak, self.rawValue, self.linked, self.shortName, self.anyLanguage, self.unitOnly, false, self.type:sub(1,2)) end function Config:getValue(snak, raw, link, short, anyLang, unitOnly, noSpecial, type) if snak.snaktype == 'value' then local datatype = snak.datavalue.type local subtype = snak.datatype local datavalue = snak.datavalue.value if datatype == 'string' then if subtype == 'url' and link then -- create link explicitly if raw then -- will render as a linked number like [1] return "[" .. datavalue .. "]" else return "[" .. datavalue .. " " .. datavalue .. "]" end elseif subtype == 'commonsMedia' then if link then return buildWikilink("c:File:" .. datavalue, datavalue) elseif not raw then return "[[File:" .. datavalue .. "]]" else return datavalue end elseif subtype == 'geo-shape' and link then return buildWikilink("c:" .. datavalue, datavalue) elseif subtype == 'math' and not raw then local attribute = nil if (type == parameters.property or (type == parameters.qualifier and self.propertyID == aliasesP.hasPart)) and snak.property == aliasesP.definingFormula then attribute = {qid = self.entityID} end return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag("math", datavalue, attribute) elseif subtype == 'external-id' and link then local url = p._property{aliasesP.formatterURL, [p.args.eid] = snak.property} -- get formatter URL if url ~= "" then url = mw.ustring.gsub(url, "$1", datavalue) return "[" .. url .. " " .. datavalue .. "]" else return datavalue end else return datavalue end elseif datatype == 'monolingualtext' then if anyLang or datavalue['language'] == self.langCode then return datavalue['text'] else return nil end elseif datatype == 'quantity' then local value = "" local unit if not unitOnly then -- get value and strip + signs from front value = mw.ustring.gsub(datavalue['amount'], "^%+(.+)$", "%1") if raw then return value end -- replace decimal mark based on locale value = replaceDecimalMark(value) -- add delimiters for readability value = i18n.addDelimiters(value) end unit = self:convertUnit(datavalue['unit'], raw, link, short, unitOnly) if unit then value = value .. unit end return value elseif datatype == 'time' then local y, m, d, p, yDiv, yRound, yFull, value, calendarID, dateStr local yFactor = 1 local sign = 1 local prefix = "" local suffix = "" local mayAddCalendar = false local calendar = "" local precision = datavalue['precision'] if precision == 11 then p = "d" elseif precision == 10 then p = "m" else p = "y" yFactor = 10^(9-precision) end y, m, d = parseDate(datavalue['time'], p) if y < 0 then sign = -1 y = y * sign end -- if precision is tens/hundreds/thousands/millions/billions of years if precision <= 8 then yDiv = y / yFactor -- if precision is tens/hundreds/thousands of years if precision >= 6 then mayAddCalendar = true if precision <= 7 then -- round centuries/millenniums up (e.g. 20th century or 3rd millennium) yRound = math.ceil(yDiv) if not raw then if precision == 6 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['millennium'] else suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['century'] end suffix = i18n.getOrdinalSuffix(yRound) .. suffix else -- if not verbose, take the first year of the century/millennium -- (e.g. 1901 for 20th century or 2001 for 3rd millennium) yRound = (yRound - 1) * yFactor + 1 end else -- precision == 8 -- round decades down (e.g. 2010s) yRound = math.floor(yDiv) * yFactor if not raw then prefix = i18n['datetime']['prefixes']['decade-period'] suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['decade-period'] end end if raw and sign < 0 then -- if BCE then compensate for "counting backwards" -- (e.g. -2019 for 2010s BCE, -2000 for 20th century BCE or -3000 for 3rd millennium BCE) yRound = yRound + yFactor - 1 end else local yReFactor, yReDiv, yReRound -- round to nearest for tens of thousands of years or more yRound = math.floor(yDiv + 0.5) if yRound == 0 then if precision <= 2 and y ~= 0 then yReFactor = 1e6 yReDiv = y / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to millions of years only if we have a whole number of them precision = 3 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound end end if yRound == 0 then -- otherwise, take the unrounded (original) number of years precision = 5 yFactor = 1 yRound = y mayAddCalendar = true end end if precision >= 1 and y ~= 0 then yFull = yRound * yFactor yReFactor = 1e9 yReDiv = yFull / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to billions of years if we're in that range precision = 0 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound else yReFactor = 1e6 yReDiv = yFull / yReFactor yReRound = math.floor(yReDiv + 0.5) if yReDiv == yReRound then -- change precision to millions of years if we're in that range precision = 3 yFactor = yReFactor yRound = yReRound end end end if not raw then if precision == 3 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['million-years'] elseif precision == 0 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['billion-years'] else yRound = yRound * yFactor if yRound == 1 then suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['year'] else suffix = i18n['datetime']['suffixes']['years'] end end else yRound = yRound * yFactor end end else yRound = y mayAddCalendar = true end if mayAddCalendar then calendarID = parseWikidataURL(datavalue['calendarmodel']) if calendarID and calendarID == aliasesQ.prolepticJulianCalendar then if not raw then if link then calendar = " ("..buildWikilink(i18n['datetime']['julian-calendar'], i18n['datetime']['julian'])..")" else calendar = " ("..i18n['datetime']['julian']..")" end else calendar = "/"..i18n['datetime']['julian'] end end end if not raw then local ce = nil if sign < 0 then ce = i18n['datetime']['BCE'] elseif precision <= 5 then ce = i18n['datetime']['CE'] end if ce then if link then ce = buildWikilink(i18n['datetime']['common-era'], ce) end suffix = suffix .. " " .. ce end value = tostring(yRound) if m then dateStr = self.langObj:formatDate("F", "1-"..m.."-1") if d then if self.mdyDate then dateStr = dateStr .. " " .. d .. "," else dateStr = d .. " " .. dateStr end end value = dateStr .. " " .. value end value = prefix .. value .. suffix .. calendar else value = padZeros(yRound * sign, 4) if m then value = value .. "-" .. padZeros(m, 2) if d then value = value .. "-" .. padZeros(d, 2) end end value = value .. calendar end return value elseif datatype == 'globecoordinate' then -- logic from https://github.com/DataValues/Geo (v4.0.1) local precision, unitsPerDegree, numDigits, strFormat, value, globe local latitude, latConv, latValue, latLink local longitude, lonConv, lonValue, lonLink local latDirection, latDirectionN, latDirectionS, latDirectionEN local lonDirection, lonDirectionE, lonDirectionW, lonDirectionEN local degSymbol, minSymbol, secSymbol, separator local latDegrees = nil local latMinutes = nil local latSeconds = nil local lonDegrees = nil local lonMinutes = nil local lonSeconds = nil local latDegSym = "" local latMinSym = "" local latSecSym = "" local lonDegSym = "" local lonMinSym = "" local lonSecSym = "" local latDirectionEN_N = "N" local latDirectionEN_S = "S" local lonDirectionEN_E = "E" local lonDirectionEN_W = "W" if not raw then latDirectionN = i18n['coord']['latitude-north'] latDirectionS = i18n['coord']['latitude-south'] lonDirectionE = i18n['coord']['longitude-east'] lonDirectionW = i18n['coord']['longitude-west'] degSymbol = i18n['coord']['degrees'] minSymbol = i18n['coord']['minutes'] secSymbol = i18n['coord']['seconds'] separator = i18n['coord']['separator'] else latDirectionN = latDirectionEN_N latDirectionS = latDirectionEN_S lonDirectionE = lonDirectionEN_E lonDirectionW = lonDirectionEN_W degSymbol = "/" minSymbol = "/" secSymbol = "/" separator = "/" end latitude = datavalue['latitude'] longitude = datavalue['longitude'] if latitude < 0 then latDirection = latDirectionS latDirectionEN = latDirectionEN_S latitude = math.abs(latitude) else latDirection = latDirectionN latDirectionEN = latDirectionEN_N end if longitude < 0 then lonDirection = lonDirectionW lonDirectionEN = lonDirectionEN_W longitude = math.abs(longitude) else lonDirection = lonDirectionE lonDirectionEN = lonDirectionEN_E end precision = datavalue['precision'] if not precision or precision <= 0 then precision = 1 / 3600 -- precision not set (correctly), set to arcsecond end -- remove insignificant detail latitude = math.floor(latitude / precision + 0.5) * precision longitude = math.floor(longitude / precision + 0.5) * precision if precision >= 1 - (1 / 60) and precision < 1 then precision = 1 elseif precision >= (1 / 60) - (1 / 3600) and precision < (1 / 60) then precision = 1 / 60 end if precision >= 1 then unitsPerDegree = 1 elseif precision >= (1 / 60) then unitsPerDegree = 60 else unitsPerDegree = 3600 end numDigits = math.ceil(-math.log10(unitsPerDegree * precision)) if numDigits <= 0 then numDigits = tonumber("0") -- for some reason, 'numDigits = 0' may actually store '-0', so parse from string instead end strFormat = "%." .. numDigits .. "f" if precision >= 1 then latDegrees = strFormat:format(latitude) lonDegrees = strFormat:format(longitude) if not raw then latDegSym = replaceDecimalMark(latDegrees) .. degSymbol lonDegSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonDegrees) .. degSymbol else latDegSym = latDegrees .. degSymbol lonDegSym = lonDegrees .. degSymbol end else latConv = math.floor(latitude * unitsPerDegree * 10^numDigits + 0.5) / 10^numDigits lonConv = math.floor(longitude * unitsPerDegree * 10^numDigits + 0.5) / 10^numDigits if precision >= (1 / 60) then latMinutes = latConv lonMinutes = lonConv else latSeconds = latConv lonSeconds = lonConv latMinutes = math.floor(latSeconds / 60) lonMinutes = math.floor(lonSeconds / 60) latSeconds = strFormat:format(latSeconds - (latMinutes * 60)) lonSeconds = strFormat:format(lonSeconds - (lonMinutes * 60)) if not raw then latSecSym = replaceDecimalMark(latSeconds) .. secSymbol lonSecSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonSeconds) .. secSymbol else latSecSym = latSeconds .. secSymbol lonSecSym = lonSeconds .. secSymbol end end latDegrees = math.floor(latMinutes / 60) lonDegrees = math.floor(lonMinutes / 60) latDegSym = latDegrees .. degSymbol lonDegSym = lonDegrees .. degSymbol latMinutes = latMinutes - (latDegrees * 60) lonMinutes = lonMinutes - (lonDegrees * 60) if precision >= (1 / 60) then latMinutes = strFormat:format(latMinutes) lonMinutes = strFormat:format(lonMinutes) if not raw then latMinSym = replaceDecimalMark(latMinutes) .. minSymbol lonMinSym = replaceDecimalMark(lonMinutes) .. minSymbol else latMinSym = latMinutes .. minSymbol lonMinSym = lonMinutes .. minSymbol end else latMinSym = latMinutes .. minSymbol lonMinSym = lonMinutes .. minSymbol end end latValue = latDegSym .. latMinSym .. latSecSym .. latDirection lonValue = lonDegSym .. lonMinSym .. lonSecSym .. lonDirection value = latValue .. separator .. lonValue if link then globe = parseWikidataURL(datavalue['globe']) if globe then globe = mw.wikibase.getLabelByLang(globe, "en"):lower() else globe = "earth" end latLink = table.concat({latDegrees, latMinutes, latSeconds}, "_") lonLink = table.concat({lonDegrees, lonMinutes, lonSeconds}, "_") value = "[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language="..self.langCode.."&params="..latLink.."_"..latDirectionEN.."_"..lonLink.."_"..lonDirectionEN.."_globe:"..globe.." "..value.."]" end return value elseif datatype == 'wikibase-entityid' then local label local itemID = datavalue['numeric-id'] if subtype == 'wikibase-item' then itemID = "Q" .. itemID elseif subtype == 'wikibase-property' then itemID = "P" .. itemID else return '<strong class="error">' .. errorText('unknown-data-type', subtype) .. '</strong>' end label = self:getLabel(itemID, raw, link, short) if label == "" then label = nil end return label else return '<strong class="error">' .. errorText('unknown-data-type', datatype) .. '</strong>' end elseif snak.snaktype == 'somevalue' and not noSpecial then if raw then return " " -- single space represents 'somevalue' else return i18n['values']['unknown'] end elseif snak.snaktype == 'novalue' and not noSpecial then if raw then return "" -- empty string represents 'novalue' else return i18n['values']['none'] end else return nil end end function Config:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, qualifierID) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[qualifierID] end if qualifiers and qualifiers[1] then return self:getValue(qualifiers[1], true) -- raw = true else return nil end end function Config:snakEqualsValue(snak, value) local snakValue = self:getValue(snak, true) -- raw = true if snakValue and snak.snaktype == 'value' and snak.datavalue.type == 'wikibase-entityid' then value = value:upper() end return snakValue == value end function Config:setRank(rank) local rankPos if rank == p.flags.best then self.bestRank = true self.flagBest = true -- mark that 'best' flag was given return end if rank:sub(1,9) == p.flags.preferred then rankPos = 1 elseif rank:sub(1,6) == p.flags.normal then rankPos = 2 elseif rank:sub(1,10) == p.flags.deprecated then rankPos = 3 else return end -- one of the rank flags was given, check if another one was given before if not self.flagRank then self.ranks = {false, false, false} -- no other rank flag given before, so unset ranks self.bestRank = self.flagBest -- unsets bestRank only if 'best' flag was not given before self.flagRank = true -- mark that a rank flag was given end if rank:sub(-1) == "+" then for i = rankPos, 1, -1 do self.ranks[i] = true end elseif rank:sub(-1) == "-" then for i = rankPos, #self.ranks do self.ranks[i] = true end else self.ranks[rankPos] = true end end function Config:setPeriod(period) local periodPos if period == p.flags.future then periodPos = 1 elseif period == p.flags.current then periodPos = 2 elseif period == p.flags.former then periodPos = 3 else return end -- one of the period flags was given, check if another one was given before if not self.flagPeriod then self.periods = {false, false, false} -- no other period flag given before, so unset periods self.flagPeriod = true -- mark that a period flag was given end self.periods[periodPos] = true end function Config:qualifierMatches(claim, id, value) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[id] end if qualifiers then for _, v in pairs(qualifiers) do if self:snakEqualsValue(v, value) then return true end end elseif value == "" then -- if the qualifier is not present then treat it the same as the special value 'novalue' return true end return false end function Config:rankMatches(rankPos) if self.bestRank then return (self.ranks[rankPos] and self.foundRank >= rankPos) else return self.ranks[rankPos] end end function Config:timeMatches(claim) local startTime = nil local startTimeY = nil local startTimeM = nil local startTimeD = nil local endTime = nil local endTimeY = nil local endTimeM = nil local endTimeD = nil if self.periods[1] and self.periods[2] and self.periods[3] then -- any time return true end startTime = self:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, aliasesP.startTime) if startTime and startTime ~= "" and startTime ~= " " then startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD = parseDate(startTime) end endTime = self:getSingleRawQualifier(claim, aliasesP.endTime) if endTime and endTime ~= "" and endTime ~= " " then endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD = parseDate(endTime) end if startTimeY ~= nil and endTimeY ~= nil and datePrecedesDate(endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD, startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD) then -- invalidate end time if it precedes start time endTimeY = nil endTimeM = nil endTimeD = nil end if self.periods[1] then -- future if startTimeY and datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD) then return true end end if self.periods[2] then -- current if (startTimeY == nil or not datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], startTimeY, startTimeM, startTimeD)) and (endTimeY == nil or datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD)) then return true end end if self.periods[3] then -- former if endTimeY and not datePrecedesDate(self.atDate[1], self.atDate[2], self.atDate[3], endTimeY, endTimeM, endTimeD) then return true end end return false end function Config:processFlag(flag) if not flag then return false end if flag == p.flags.linked then self.curState.linked = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.raw then self.curState.rawValue = true if self.curState == self.states[parameters.reference] then -- raw reference values end with periods and require a separator (other than none) self.separators["sep%r"][1] = {" "} end return true elseif flag == p.flags.short then self.curState.shortName = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.multilanguage then self.curState.anyLanguage = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.unit then self.curState.unitOnly = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.mdy then self.mdyDate = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.single then self.singleClaim = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.sourced then self.sourcedOnly = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.edit then self.editable = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.editAtEnd then self.editable = true self.editAtEnd = true return true elseif flag == p.flags.best or flag:match('^'..p.flags.preferred..'[+-]?$') or flag:match('^'..p.flags.normal..'[+-]?$') or flag:match('^'..p.flags.deprecated..'[+-]?$') then self:setRank(flag) return true elseif flag == p.flags.future or flag == p.flags.current or flag == p.flags.former then self:setPeriod(flag) return true elseif flag == "" then -- ignore empty flags and carry on return true else return false end end function Config:processFlagOrCommand(flag) local param = "" if not flag then return false end if flag == p.claimCommands.property or flag == p.claimCommands.properties then param = parameters.property elseif flag == p.claimCommands.qualifier or flag == p.claimCommands.qualifiers then self.states.qualifiersCount = self.states.qualifiersCount + 1 param = parameters.qualifier .. self.states.qualifiersCount self.separators["sep"..param] = {copyTable(defaultSeparators["sep%q\\d"])} elseif flag == p.claimCommands.reference or flag == p.claimCommands.references then param = parameters.reference else return self:processFlag(flag) end if self.states[param] then return false end -- create a new state for each command self.states[param] = State:new(self, param) -- use "%x" as the general parameter name self.states[param].parsedFormat = parseFormat(parameters.general) -- will be overwritten for param=="%p" -- set the separator self.states[param].separator = self.separators["sep"..param] -- will be nil for param=="%p", which will be set separately if flag == p.claimCommands.property or flag == p.claimCommands.qualifier or flag == p.claimCommands.reference then self.states[param].singleValue = true end self.curState = self.states[param] return true end function Config:processSeparators(args) local sep for i, v in pairs(self.separators) do if args[i] then sep = replaceSpecialChars(args[i]) if sep ~= "" then self.separators[i][1] = {sep} else self.separators[i][1] = nil end end end end function Config:setFormatAndSeparators(state, parsedFormat) state.parsedFormat = parsedFormat state.separator = self.separators["sep"] state.movSeparator = self.separators["sep"..parameters.separator] state.puncMark = self.separators["punc"] end -- determines if a claim has references by prefetching them from the claim using getReferences, -- which applies some filtering that determines if a reference is actually returned, -- and caches the references for later use function State:isSourced(claim) self.conf.prefetchedRefs = self:getReferences(claim) return (#self.conf.prefetchedRefs > 0) end function State:resetCaches() -- any prefetched references of the previous claim must not be used self.conf.prefetchedRefs = nil end function State:claimMatches(claim) local matches, rankPos -- first of all, reset any cached values used for the previous claim self:resetCaches() -- if a property value was given, check if it matches the claim's property value if self.conf.propertyValue then matches = self.conf:snakEqualsValue(claim.mainsnak, self.conf.propertyValue) else matches = true end -- if any qualifier values were given, check if each matches one of the claim's qualifier values for i, v in pairs(self.conf.qualifierIDsAndValues) do matches = (matches and self.conf:qualifierMatches(claim, i, v)) end -- check if the claim's rank and time period match rankPos = rankTable[claim.rank] or 4 matches = (matches and self.conf:rankMatches(rankPos) and self.conf:timeMatches(claim)) -- if only claims with references must be returned, check if this one has any if self.conf.sourcedOnly then matches = (matches and self:isSourced(claim)) -- prefetches and caches references end return matches, rankPos end function State:out() local result -- collection of arrays with value objects local valuesArray -- array with value objects local sep = nil -- value object local out = {} -- array with value objects local function walk(formatTable, result) local valuesArray = {} -- array with value objects for i, v in pairs(formatTable.req) do if not result[i] or not result[i][1] then -- we've got no result for a parameter that is required on this level, -- so skip this level (and its children) by returning an empty result return {} end end for _, v in ipairs(formatTable) do if v.param then valuesArray = mergeArrays(valuesArray, result[v.str]) elseif v.str ~= "" then valuesArray[#valuesArray + 1] = {v.str} end if v.child then valuesArray = mergeArrays(valuesArray, walk(v.child, result)) end end return valuesArray end -- iterate through the results from back to front, so that we know when to add separators for i = #self.results, 1, -1 do result = self.results[i] -- if there is already some output, then add the separators if #out > 0 then sep = self.separator[1] -- fixed separator result[parameters.separator] = {self.movSeparator[1]} -- movable separator else sep = nil result[parameters.separator] = {self.puncMark[1]} -- optional punctuation mark end valuesArray = walk(self.parsedFormat, result) if #valuesArray > 0 then if sep then valuesArray[#valuesArray + 1] = sep end out = mergeArrays(valuesArray, out) end end -- reset state before next iteration self.results = {} return out end -- level 1 hook function State:getProperty(claim) local value = {self:getValue(claim.mainsnak)} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getQualifiers(claim, param) local qualifiers if claim.qualifiers then qualifiers = claim.qualifiers[self.conf.qualifierIDs[param]] end if qualifiers then -- iterate through claim's qualifier statements to collect their values; -- return array with multiple value objects return self.conf.states[param]:iterate(qualifiers, {[parameters.general] = hookNames[parameters.qualifier.."\\d"][2], count = 1}) -- pass qualifier state with level 2 hook else return {} -- return empty array end end -- level 2 hook function State:getQualifier(snak) local value = {self:getValue(snak)} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getAllQualifiers(claim, param, result, hooks) local out = {} -- array with value objects local sep = self.conf.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier][1] -- value object -- iterate through the output of the separate "qualifier(s)" commands for i = 1, self.conf.states.qualifiersCount do -- if a hook has not been called yet, call it now if not result[parameters.qualifier..i] then self:callHook(parameters.qualifier..i, hooks, claim, result) end -- if there is output for this particular "qualifier(s)" command, then add it if result[parameters.qualifier..i] and result[parameters.qualifier..i][1] then -- if there is already some output, then add the separator if #out > 0 and sep then out[#out + 1] = sep end out = mergeArrays(out, result[parameters.qualifier..i]) end end return out end -- level 1 hook function State:getReferences(claim) if self.conf.prefetchedRefs then -- return references that have been prefetched by isSourced return self.conf.prefetchedRefs end if claim.references then -- iterate through claim's reference statements to collect their values; -- return array with multiple value objects return self.conf.states[parameters.reference]:iterate(claim.references, {[parameters.general] = hookNames[parameters.reference][2], count = 1}) -- pass reference state with level 2 hook else return {} -- return empty array end end -- level 2 hook function State:getReference(statement) local citeParamMapping = i18n['cite']['param-mapping'] local citeConfig = i18n['cite']['config'] local citeTypes = i18n['cite']['output-types'] -- will hold rendered properties of the reference which are not directly from statement.snaks, -- Namely, is URL generated from an external ID. local additionalProcessedProperties = {} -- for each citation type, there will be an associative array that associates lists of rendered properties -- to citation-template parameters local candidateParams = {} -- like above, but only associates one rendered property to each parameter; if the above variable -- contains more strings for a parameter, the strings will be assigned to numbered params (e.g. "author1") local citeParams = {} local citeErrors = {} local referenceEmpty = true -- will be set to false if at least one parameter is left unremoved local version = 12 -- increment this each time the below logic is changed to avoid conflict errors if not statement.snaks then return {} end -- don't use bot-added references referencing Wikimedia projects or containing "inferred from" (such references are not usable on Wikipedia) if statement.snaks[aliasesP.importedFrom] or statement.snaks[aliasesP.wikimediaImportURL] or statement.snaks[aliasesP.inferredFrom] then return {} end -- don't include "type of reference" if statement.snaks[aliasesP.typeOfReference] then statement.snaks[aliasesP.typeOfReference] = nil end -- don't include "image" to prevent littering if statement.snaks[aliasesP.image] then statement.snaks[aliasesP.image] = nil end -- don't include "language" if it is equal to the local one if self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, aliasesP.language) == self.conf.langName then statement.snaks[aliasesP.language] = nil end if statement.snaks[aliasesP.statedIn] and not statement.snaks[aliasesP.referenceURL] then -- "stated in" was given but "reference URL" was not. -- get "Wikidata property" properties from the item in "stated in" -- if any of the returned properties of the external-id datatype is in statement.snaks, generate a link from it and use the link in the reference -- find the "Wikidata property" properties in the item from "stated in" local wikidataPropertiesOfSource = mw.text.split(p._properties{p.flags.raw, aliasesP.wikidataProperty, [p.args.eid] = self.conf:getValue(statement.snaks[aliasesP.statedIn][1], true, false)}, ", ", true) for i, wikidataPropertyOfSource in pairs(wikidataPropertiesOfSource) do if statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource] and statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource][1].datatype == "external-id" then local tempLink = self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, wikidataPropertyOfSource, false, true) -- not raw, linked if mw.ustring.match(tempLink, "^%[%Z- %Z+%]$") then -- getValue returned a URL in square brackets. -- the link is in wiki markup, so strip the square brackets and the display text -- gsub also returns another, discarted value, therefore the result is assigned to tempLink first tempLink = mw.ustring.gsub(tempLink, "^%[(%Z-) %Z+%]$", "%1") additionalProcessedProperties[aliasesP.referenceURL] = {tempLink} statement.snaks[wikidataPropertyOfSource] = nil break end end end end -- initialize candidateParams and citeParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do candidateParams[citeType] = {} citeParams[citeType] = {} end -- fill candidateParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do -- This will contain value--priority pairs for each param name. local candidateValuesAndPriorities = {} -- fill candidateValuesAndPriorities for refProperty in pairs(statement.snaks) do if citeErrors[citeType] then break end repeat -- just a simple wrapper to emulate "continue" -- set mappingKey and prefix local mappingKey local prefix = "" if statement.snaks[refProperty][1].datatype == 'external-id' then mappingKey = "external-id" prefix = self.conf:getLabel(refProperty) if prefix ~= "" then prefix = prefix .. " " end else mappingKey = refProperty end local paramName = citeParamMapping[citeType][mappingKey] -- skip properties with empty parameter name if paramName == "" then break -- skip this property for this value of citeType end -- handle unknown properties in the reference if not paramName then referenceEmpty = false local error_message = errorText("unknown-property-in-ref", refProperty) assert(error_message) -- Should not be nil citeErrors[citeType] = error_message break end -- set processedProperty local processedProperty local raw = false -- if the value is wanted raw if isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["raw-value-params"] or {}) then raw = true end if isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["numbered-params"] or {}) then -- Multiple values may be given. processedProperty = self:getReferenceDetails(statement.snaks, refProperty, raw, self.linked, true) -- anyLang = true else -- If multiple values are given, all but the first suitable one are discarted. processedProperty = {self:getReferenceDetail(statement.snaks, refProperty, raw, self.linked and (statement.snaks[refProperty][1].datatype ~= 'url'), true)} -- link = true/false, anyLang = true end if #processedProperty == 0 then break end referenceEmpty = false -- add an empty entry to candidateValuesAndPriorities, if there isn't one already if not candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName] then candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName] = {} end -- find the priority of refProperty local thisPropertyPriority = -1 local thisParamPrioritization = citeConfig[citeType]["prioritization"][paramName] if thisParamPrioritization then for i_priority, i_property in ipairs(thisParamPrioritization) do if i_property == refProperty then thisPropertyPriority = i_priority end end end for _, propertyValue in pairs(processedProperty) do table.insert( candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName], {prefix .. propertyValue, thisPropertyPriority} ) end until true end -- fill candidateParams[citeType] if not citeErrors[citeType] then local compareValuePriorities = function(pair1, pair2) if pair1[2] == -1 and pair2[2] ~= -1 then return false end if pair1[2] ~= -1 and pair2[2] == -1 then return true end return pair1[2] < pair2[2] end -- fill candidateParams[citeType][paramName] for each used param for paramName, _ in pairs(candidateValuesAndPriorities) do table.sort(candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName], compareValuePriorities) candidateParams[citeType][paramName] = {} for _, valuePriorityPair in ipairs(candidateValuesAndPriorities[paramName]) do table.insert(candidateParams[citeType][paramName], valuePriorityPair[1]) end end end end -- handle additional properties for refProperty in pairs(additionalProcessedProperties) do for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do repeat -- skip if there already have been errors if citeErrors[citeType] then break end local paramName = citeParamMapping[citeType][refProperty] -- handle unknown properties in the reference if not paramName then -- Skip this additional property, but do not cause an error. break end if paramName == "" then break end referenceEmpty = false if not candidateParams[citeType][paramName] then candidateParams[citeType][paramName] = {} end for _, propertyValue in pairs(additionalProcessedProperties[refProperty]) do table.insert(candidateParams[citeType][paramName], propertyValue) end until true end end -- fill citeParams for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do for paramName, paramValues in pairs(candidateParams[citeType]) do if #paramValues == 1 or not isValueInTable(paramName, citeConfig[citeType]["numbered-params"] or {}) then citeParams[citeType][paramName] = paramValues[1] else -- There is more than one value for this parameter - the values will -- go into separate numbered parameters (e.g. "author1", "author2") for paramNum, paramValue in pairs(paramValues) do citeParams[citeType][paramName .. paramNum] = paramValue end end end end -- handle missing mandatory parameters for the templates for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do for _, requiredCiteParam in pairs(citeConfig[citeType]["mandatory-params"] or {}) do if not citeParams[citeType][requiredCiteParam] then -- The required param is not present. if citeErrors[citeType] then -- Do not override the previous error, if it exists. break end local error_message = errorText("missing-mandatory-param", requiredCiteParam) assert(error_message) -- Should not be nil citeErrors[citeType] = error_message end end end local citeTypeToUse = nil -- choose the output template for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do if not citeErrors[citeType] then citeTypeToUse = citeType break end end -- set refContent local refContent = "" if citeTypeToUse then local templateToUse = citeConfig[citeTypeToUse]["template"] local paramsToUse = citeParams[citeTypeToUse] if not templateToUse or templateToUse == "" then throwError("no-such-reference-template", tostring(templateToUse), i18nPath, citeTypeToUse) end -- if this module is being substituted then build a regular template call, otherwise expand the template if mw.isSubsting() then for i, v in pairs(paramsToUse) do refContent = refContent .. "|" .. i .. "=" .. v end refContent = "{{" .. templateToUse .. refContent .. "}}" else xpcall( function () refContent = mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title=templateToUse, args=paramsToUse} end, function () throwError("no-such-reference-template", templateToUse, i18nPath, citeTypeToUse) end ) end -- If the citation couldn't be displayed using any template, but is not empty (barring ignored propeties), throw an error. elseif not referenceEmpty then refContent = errorText("malformed-reference-header") for _, citeType in ipairs(citeTypes) do refContent = refContent .. errorText("template-failure-reason", citeConfig[citeType]["template"], citeErrors[citeType]) end refContent = refContent .. errorText("malformed-reference-footer") end -- wrap refContent local ref = {} if refContent ~= "" then ref = {refContent} if not self.rawValue then -- this should become a <ref> tag, so save the reference's hash for later ref.refHash = "wikidata-" .. statement.hash .. "-v" .. (tonumber(i18n['version']) + version) end return {ref} else return {} end end -- gets a detail of one particular type for a reference function State:getReferenceDetail(snaks, dType, raw, link, anyLang) local switchLang = anyLang local value = nil if not snaks[dType] then return nil end -- if anyLang, first try the local language and otherwise any language repeat for _, v in ipairs(snaks[dType]) do value = self.conf:getValue(v, raw, link, false, anyLang and not switchLang, false, true) -- noSpecial = true if value then break end end if value or not anyLang then break end switchLang = not switchLang until anyLang and switchLang return value end -- gets the details of one particular type for a reference function State:getReferenceDetails(snaks, dType, raw, link, anyLang) local values = {} if not snaks[dType] then return {} end for _, v in ipairs(snaks[dType]) do -- if nil is returned then it will not be added to the table values[#values + 1] = self.conf:getValue(v, raw, link, false, anyLang, false, true) -- noSpecial = true end return values end -- level 1 hook function State:getAlias(object) local value = object.value local title = nil if value and self.linked then if self.conf.entityID:sub(1,1) == "Q" then title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(self.conf.entityID) elseif self.conf.entityID:sub(1,1) == "P" then title = "d:Property:" .. self.conf.entityID end if title then value = buildWikilink(title, value) end end value = {value} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end -- level 1 hook function State:getBadge(value) value = self.conf:getLabel(value, self.rawValue, self.linked, self.shortName) if value == "" then value = nil end value = {value} -- create one value object if #value > 0 then return {value} -- wrap the value object in an array and return it else return {} -- return empty array if there was no value end end function State:callHook(param, hooks, statement, result) -- call a parameter's hook if it has been defined and if it has not been called before if not result[param] and hooks[param] then local valuesArray = self[hooks[param]](self, statement, param, result, hooks) -- array with value objects -- add to the result if #valuesArray > 0 then result[param] = valuesArray result.count = result.count + 1 else result[param] = {} -- an empty array to indicate that we've tried this hook already return true -- miss == true end end return false end -- iterate through claims, claim's qualifiers or claim's references to collect values function State:iterate(statements, hooks, matchHook) matchHook = matchHook or alwaysTrue local matches = false local rankPos = nil local result, gotRequired for _, v in ipairs(statements) do -- rankPos will be nil for non-claim statements (e.g. qualifiers, references, etc.) matches, rankPos = matchHook(self, v) if matches then result = {count = 0} -- collection of arrays with value objects local function walk(formatTable) local miss for i2, v2 in pairs(formatTable.req) do -- call a hook, adding its return value to the result miss = self:callHook(i2, hooks, v, result) if miss then -- we miss a required value for this level, so return false return false end if result.count == hooks.count then -- we're done if all hooks have been called; -- returning at this point breaks the loop return true end end for _, v2 in ipairs(formatTable) do if result.count == hooks.count then -- we're done if all hooks have been called; -- returning at this point prevents further childs from being processed return true end if v2.child then walk(v2.child) end end return true end gotRequired = walk(self.parsedFormat) -- only append the result if we got values for all required parameters on the root level if gotRequired then -- if we have a rankPos (only with matchHook() for complete claims), then update the foundRank if rankPos and self.conf.foundRank > rankPos then self.conf.foundRank = rankPos end -- append the result self.results[#self.results + 1] = result -- break if we only need a single value if self.singleValue then break end end end end return self:out() end local function getEntityId(arg, eid, page, allowOmitPropPrefix, globalSiteId) local id = nil local prop = nil if arg then if arg:sub(1,1) == ":" then page = arg eid = nil elseif arg:sub(1,1):upper() == "Q" or arg:sub(1,9):lower() == "property:" or allowOmitPropPrefix then eid = arg page = nil else prop = arg end end if eid then if eid:sub(1,9):lower() == "property:" then id = replaceAlias(mw.text.trim(eid:sub(10))) if id:sub(1,1):upper() ~= "P" then id = "" end else id = replaceAlias(eid) end elseif page then if page:sub(1,1) == ":" then page = mw.text.trim(page:sub(2)) end id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForTitle(page, globalSiteId) or "" end if not id then id = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or "" end id = id:upper() if not mw.wikibase.isValidEntityId(id) then id = "" end return id, prop end local function nextArg(args) local arg = args[args.pointer] if arg then args.pointer = args.pointer + 1 return mw.text.trim(arg) else return nil end end local function claimCommand(args, funcName) local cfg = Config:new() cfg:processFlagOrCommand(funcName) -- process first command (== function name) local lastArg, parsedFormat, formatParams, claims, value local hooks = {count = 0} -- set the date if given; -- must come BEFORE processing the flags if args[p.args.date] then cfg.atDate = {parseDate(args[p.args.date])} cfg.periods = {false, true, false} -- change default time constraint to 'current' end -- process flags and commands repeat lastArg = nextArg(args) until not cfg:processFlagOrCommand(lastArg) -- get the entity ID from either the positional argument, the eid argument or the page argument cfg.entityID, cfg.propertyID = getEntityId(lastArg, args[p.args.eid], args[p.args.page], false, args[p.args.globalSiteId]) if cfg.entityID == "" then return "" -- we cannot continue without a valid entity ID end cfg.entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(cfg.entityID) if not cfg.propertyID then cfg.propertyID = nextArg(args) end cfg.propertyID = replaceAlias(cfg.propertyID) if not cfg.entity or not cfg.propertyID then return "" -- we cannot continue without an entity or a property ID end cfg.propertyID = cfg.propertyID:upper() if not cfg.entity.claims or not cfg.entity.claims[cfg.propertyID] then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any claims end claims = cfg.entity.claims[cfg.propertyID] if cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then -- do further processing if "qualifier(s)" command was given if #args - args.pointer + 1 > cfg.states.qualifiersCount then -- claim ID or literal value has been given cfg.propertyValue = nextArg(args) end for i = 1, cfg.states.qualifiersCount do -- check if given qualifier ID is an alias and add it cfg.qualifierIDs[parameters.qualifier..i] = replaceAlias(nextArg(args) or ""):upper() end elseif cfg.states[parameters.reference] then -- do further processing if "reference(s)" command was given cfg.propertyValue = nextArg(args) end -- check for special property value 'somevalue' or 'novalue' if cfg.propertyValue then cfg.propertyValue = replaceSpecialChars(cfg.propertyValue) if cfg.propertyValue ~= "" and mw.text.trim(cfg.propertyValue) == "" then cfg.propertyValue = " " -- single space represents 'somevalue', whereas empty string represents 'novalue' else cfg.propertyValue = mw.text.trim(cfg.propertyValue) end end -- parse the desired format, or choose an appropriate format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) elseif cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then -- "qualifier(s)" command given if cfg.states[parameters.property] then -- "propert(y|ies)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.propertyWithQualifier) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.qualifier) end elseif cfg.states[parameters.property] then -- "propert(y|ies)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.property) else -- "reference(s)" command given parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.reference) end -- if a "qualifier(s)" command and no "propert(y|ies)" command has been given, make the movable separator a semicolon if cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 and not cfg.states[parameters.property] then cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.separator][1] = {";"} end -- if only "reference(s)" has been given, set the default separator to none (except when raw) if cfg.states[parameters.reference] and not cfg.states[parameters.property] and cfg.states.qualifiersCount == 0 and not cfg.states[parameters.reference].rawValue then cfg.separators["sep"][1] = nil end -- if exactly one "qualifier(s)" command has been given, make "sep%q" point to "sep%q1" to make them equivalent if cfg.states.qualifiersCount == 1 then cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier] = cfg.separators["sep"..parameters.qualifier.."1"] end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hooks that should be called (getProperty, getQualifiers, getReferences); -- only define a hook if both its command ("propert(y|ies)", "reference(s)", "qualifier(s)") and its parameter ("%p", "%r", "%q1", "%q2", "%q3") have been given for i, v in pairs(cfg.states) do -- e.g. 'formatParams["%q1"] or formatParams["%q"]' to define hook even if "%q1" was not defined to be able to build a complete value for "%q" if formatParams[i] or formatParams[i:sub(1, 2)] then hooks[i] = getHookName(i, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end end -- the "%q" parameter is not attached to a state, but is a collection of the results of multiple states (attached to "%q1", "%q2", "%q3", ...); -- so if this parameter is given then this hook must be defined separately, but only if at least one "qualifier(s)" command has been given if formatParams[parameters.qualifier] and cfg.states.qualifiersCount > 0 then hooks[parameters.qualifier] = getHookName(parameters.qualifier, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- create a state for "properties" if it doesn't exist yet, which will be used as a base configuration for each claim iteration; -- must come AFTER defining the hooks if not cfg.states[parameters.property] then cfg.states[parameters.property] = State:new(cfg, parameters.property) -- if the "single" flag has been given then this state should be equivalent to "property" (singular) if cfg.singleClaim then cfg.states[parameters.property].singleValue = true end end -- if the "sourced" flag has been given then create a state for "reference" if it doesn't exist yet, using default values, -- which must exist in order to be able to determine if a claim has any references; -- must come AFTER defining the hooks if cfg.sourcedOnly and not cfg.states[parameters.reference] then cfg:processFlagOrCommand(p.claimCommands.reference) -- use singular "reference" to minimize overhead end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark); -- must come AFTER creating the additonal states cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.states[parameters.property], parsedFormat) -- process qualifier matching values, analogous to cfg.propertyValue for i, v in pairs(args) do i = tostring(i) if i:match('^[Pp]%d+$') or aliasesP[i] then v = replaceSpecialChars(v) -- check for special qualifier value 'somevalue' if v ~= "" and mw.text.trim(v) == "" then v = " " -- single space represents 'somevalue' end cfg.qualifierIDsAndValues[replaceAlias(i):upper()] = v end end -- first sort the claims on rank to pre-define the order of output (preferred first, then normal, then deprecated) claims = sortOnRank(claims) -- then iterate through the claims to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.states[parameters.property]:iterate(claims, hooks, State.claimMatches)) -- pass property state with level 1 hooks and matchHook -- if desired, add a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned values on Wikidata if cfg.editable and value ~= "" then value = value .. cfg:getEditIcon() end return value end local function generalCommand(args, funcName) local cfg = Config:new() cfg.curState = State:new(cfg) local lastArg local value = nil repeat lastArg = nextArg(args) until not cfg:processFlag(lastArg) -- get the entity ID from either the positional argument, the eid argument or the page argument cfg.entityID = getEntityId(lastArg, args[p.args.eid], args[p.args.page], true, args[p.args.globalSiteId]) if cfg.entityID == "" or not mw.wikibase.entityExists(cfg.entityID) then return "" -- we cannot continue without an entity end -- serve according to the given command if funcName == p.generalCommands.label then value = cfg:getLabel(cfg.entityID, cfg.curState.rawValue, cfg.curState.linked, cfg.curState.shortName) elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.title then cfg.inSitelinks = true if cfg.entityID:sub(1,1) == "Q" then value = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(cfg.entityID) end if cfg.curState.linked and value then value = buildWikilink(value) end elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.description then value = mw.wikibase.getDescription(cfg.entityID) else local parsedFormat, formatParams local hooks = {count = 0} cfg.entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(cfg.entityID) if funcName == p.generalCommands.alias or funcName == p.generalCommands.badge then cfg.curState.singleValue = true end if funcName == p.generalCommands.alias or funcName == p.generalCommands.aliases then if not cfg.entity.aliases or not cfg.entity.aliases[cfg.langCode] then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any aliasses end local aliases = cfg.entity.aliases[cfg.langCode] -- parse the desired format, or parse the default aliases format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.alias) end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hook that should be called (getAlias); -- only define the hook if the parameter ("%a") has been given if formatParams[parameters.alias] then hooks[parameters.alias] = getHookName(parameters.alias, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark) cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.curState, parsedFormat) -- iterate to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.curState:iterate(aliases, hooks)) elseif funcName == p.generalCommands.badge or funcName == p.generalCommands.badges then if not cfg.entity.sitelinks or not cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID] or not cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID].badges then return "" -- there is no use to continue without any badges end local badges = cfg.entity.sitelinks[cfg.siteID].badges cfg.inSitelinks = true -- parse the desired format, or parse the default aliases format if args["format"] then parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(args["format"]) else parsedFormat, formatParams = parseFormat(formats.badge) end -- process overridden separator values; -- must come AFTER tweaking the default separators cfg:processSeparators(args) -- define the hook that should be called (getBadge); -- only define the hook if the parameter ("%b") has been given if formatParams[parameters.badge] then hooks[parameters.badge] = getHookName(parameters.badge, 1) hooks.count = hooks.count + 1 end -- set the parsed format and the separators (and optional punctuation mark) cfg:setFormatAndSeparators(cfg.curState, parsedFormat) -- iterate to collect values value = cfg:concatValues(cfg.curState:iterate(badges, hooks)) end end value = value or "" if cfg.editable and value ~= "" then -- if desired, add a clickable icon that may be used to edit the returned value on Wikidata value = value .. cfg:getEditIcon() end return value end -- modules that include this module should call the functions with an underscore prepended, e.g.: p._property(args) local function establishCommands(commandList, commandFunc) for _, commandName in pairs(commandList) do local function wikitextWrapper(frame) local args = copyTable(frame.args) args.pointer = 1 loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) return commandFunc(args, commandName) end p[commandName] = wikitextWrapper local function luaWrapper(args) args = copyTable(args) args.pointer = 1 loadI18n(aliasesP) return commandFunc(args, commandName) end p["_" .. commandName] = luaWrapper end end establishCommands(p.claimCommands, claimCommand) establishCommands(p.generalCommands, generalCommand) -- main function that is supposed to be used by wrapper templates function p.main(frame) if not mw.wikibase then return nil end local f, args loadI18n(aliasesP, frame) -- get the parent frame to take the arguments that were passed to the wrapper template frame = frame:getParent() or frame if not frame.args[1] then throwError("no-function-specified") end f = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1]) if f == "main" then throwError("main-called-twice") end assert(p["_"..f], errorText('no-such-function', f)) -- copy arguments from immutable to mutable table args = copyTable(frame.args) -- remove the function name from the list table.remove(args, 1) return p["_"..f](args) end return p j5a6l03tjwodgrvfnv3lb4x5up93wlv 828 54842 336547 281832 2026-07-10T11:39:51Z Uzume 1658 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q29879601|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 336547 Scribunto text/plain -- The values and functions in this submodule should be localized per wiki. local p = {} function p.init(aliasesP) p = { ["version"] = "8", -- increment this each time the below parameters are changed to avoid reference conflict errors ["errors"] = { ["unknown-data-type"] = "Unknown or unsupported datatype '%s'.", ["missing-required-parameter"] = "No required parameters defined, needing at least one", ["extra-required-parameter"] = "Parameter '%s' must be defined as optional", ["no-function-specified"] = "You must specify a function to call", -- equal to the standard module error message ["main-called-twice"] = 'The function "main" cannot be called twice', ["no-such-function"] = 'The function "%s" does not exist', -- equal to the standard module error message ["no-such-reference-template"] = 'Error: template "%s", which is set in %s as the output template for the citation-output type "%s", does not exist', -- Parts of the error message signalling a malformed reference. ["malformed-reference-header"] = "<span style=\"color:#dd3333\">\nError: Unable to display the reference from Wikidata properly. Technical details:\n", ["malformed-reference-footer"] = "See [[Module:wd/doc#References|the documentation]] for further details.\n</span>\n[[Category:Module:Wd reference errors]]", ["template-failure-reason"] = "* Reason for the failure of {{tl|%s}}: %s\n", ["missing-mandatory-param"] = 'The output template call would miss the mandatory parameter <code>%s</code>.', ["unknown-property-in-ref"] = 'The Wikidata reference contains the property {{property|%s}}, which is not assigned to any parameter of this template.' }, ["info"] = { ["edit-on-wikidata"] = "Edit this on Wikidata" }, ["numeric"] = { ["decimal-mark"] = ".", ["delimiter"] = "," }, ["datetime"] = { ["prefixes"] = { ["decade-period"] = "" }, ["suffixes"] = { ["decade-period"] = "s", ["millennium"] = " millennium", ["century"] = " century", ["million-years"] = " million years", ["billion-years"] = " billion years", ["year"] = " year", ["years"] = " years" }, ["julian-calendar"] = "Julian calendar", -- linked page title ["julian"] = "Julian", ["BCE"] = "BCE", ["CE"] = "CE", ["common-era"] = "Common Era" -- linked page title }, ["coord"] = { ["latitude-north"] = "N", ["latitude-south"] = "S", ["longitude-east"] = "E", ["longitude-west"] = "W", ["degrees"] = "°", ["minutes"] = "'", ["seconds"] = '"', ["separator"] = ", " }, ["values"] = { ["unknown"] = "unknown", ["none"] = "none" }, ["cite"] = { ["output-types"] = {"web", "q"}, -- In this order, the output types will be tried ["param-mapping"] = { ["web"] = { -- <= left side: all allowed reference properties for *web page sources* per https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources -- => right side: corresponding parameter names in (equivalent of) [[:en:Template:Cite web]] (if non-existent, keep empty i.e. "") [aliasesP.statedIn] = "website", [aliasesP.referenceURL] = "url", [aliasesP.publicationDate] = "date", [aliasesP.lastUpdate] = "date", [aliasesP.retrieved] = "access-date", [aliasesP.title] = "title", [aliasesP.subjectNamedAs] = "title", [aliasesP.archiveURL] = "archive-url", [aliasesP.archiveDate] = "archive-date", [aliasesP.language] = "language", [aliasesP.author] = "author", [aliasesP.authorNameString] = "author", [aliasesP.publisher] = "publisher", [aliasesP.quote] = "quote", [aliasesP.pages] = "pages", -- extra option [aliasesP.publishedIn] = "website", [aliasesP.sectionVerseOrParagraph] = "at" }, ["q"] = { -- <= left side: all allowed reference properties for *sources other than web pages* per https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Help:Sources -- => right side: corresponding parameter names in (equivalent of) [[:en:Template:Cite Q]] (if non-existent, keep empty i.e. "") [aliasesP.statedIn] = "1", [aliasesP.pages] = "pages", [aliasesP.column] = "at", [aliasesP.chapter] = "chapter", [aliasesP.sectionVerseOrParagraph] = "section", ["external-id"] = "id", -- used for any type of database property ID [aliasesP.title] = "title", [aliasesP.publicationDate] = "date", [aliasesP.lastUpdate] = "date", [aliasesP.retrieved] = "access-date" } }, ["config"] = { -- supported fields: -- - template: name of the template used for output -- - numbered-params: citation params accepting an arbitrary number of values by numbering the params (e.g. author1, author2) -- - raw-value-params: params taking a raw value (which means the property is rendered with getValue with raw=true) -- - mandatory-params: params that are required be in the template call (after potentially appending numbers to params listed in numbered-params) -- - prioritization: table associating a list of properties, in the order in which they are preferred, to template parameters; -- properties not mentioned here have the lowest priority; -- prioritization of properties handled through additionalProcessedProperties is unsupported; -- no key of this table can be from numbered-params -- Leaving out the "template" field causes the output type to be ignored. ["web"] = { ["template"] = "Cite web", ["numbered-params"] = {"author"}, ["mandatory-params"] = {"url"}, ["prioritization"] = { ["date"] = {aliasesP.lastUpdate, aliasesP.publicationDate}, ["title"] = {aliasesP.title, aliasesP.subjectNamedAs} } }, ["q"] = { ["template"] = "Cite Q", ["raw-value-params"] = {"1"}, -- the first, unnamed parameter of CiteQ takes a QID, not the name of the item cited ["mandatory-params"] = {"1"}, ["prioritization"] = { ["date"] = {aliasesP.lastUpdate, aliasesP.publicationDate} } } } } } p.getOrdinalSuffix = function(num) if tostring(num):sub(-2,-2) == '1' then return "th" -- 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, ... 19th end num = tostring(num):sub(-1) if num == '1' then return "st" elseif num == '2' then return "nd" elseif num == '3' then return "rd" else return "th" end end p.addDelimiters = function(n) local left, num, right = string.match(n, "^([^%d]*%d)(%d*)(.-)$") if left and num and right then return left .. (num:reverse():gsub("(%d%d%d)", "%1" .. p['numeric']['delimiter']):reverse()) .. right else return n end end return p end return p pgkxz3kqyoyu0zj2nmtkjkdr0ntnin5 0 60431 336549 312269 2026-07-10T11:56:23Z Sampaadak 1104 336549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography | honorific-prefix = [[Maharishi]] | works = ''[[Ramayana]]''<br>''[[Yoga Vasistha]]''<br>[[Valmiki Samhita]] | birth_name = Agni Sharma | image = Valmiki Ramayana.jpg | religion = [[Hinduism]] | caption = Rishi Valmiki ''[[Ramayana]]'' likhe hae | title = | known_for = ''Ramayana'' likhe ke khaatir<br>[[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] aur [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]] ke [[Guru]]<br>[[Brahma]] ke [[Avatar]] | movement = [[Dharmic]] movement [[Balmiki sect|Valmikism]]<br/> Valmiki's ke sikchha se aais hae | father = Pracheta | honors = {{Plainlist| * Adi Kavi * Maharishi }} | lineage = Rama Mantraraj<ref>{{cite book|author=Srinivasha Shastri|title=Ramayana of Valmiki-With Three Ancient Commentaries-: Tilaka of Rama, Ramayanasiromani of Sivasahaya and Bhusana of Govindaraja|url=https://archive.org/details/ValmikiRamayanaWithThreeCommentaries/page/n28/mode/1up?view=theater|pages=9}}</ref> <br/>(mentioned by Govindaraja) }} '''Valmiki''' ek puraana kavi rahaa, jon ki [[Ramayana|Ramayan]] ke pahila dafe likhis rahaa. Ii Ramayan me khud likha hae.<ref name="ISD2000">{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes |date=2000 |publisher=Institute for Sustainable Development |isbn=978-81-261-0655-4 |page=479 |language=en}}</ref> Valmiki ke likha gais Ramayan me 24,000 [[shloka]]s (verses) aur saat kandas (cantos) hae.<ref>{{cite web |title=Valmiki Ramayan |url=https://valmikiramayan.net/ |website=valmikiramayan.net |publisher=Desiraju Hanumanta Rao & K. M. K. Murthy |access-date=12 July 2024 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913082833/https://www.valmikiramayan.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ramayan me 480,002 sabd hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii [[Mahabharata|Mahabharat]] ke mukable me khaali 25% hae, lekin [[Iliad]] se chaar guna lambaa hae. Ramayan, [[Ayodhya]] ke rajkumar, [[Rama|Ram]] ke khissa batae hae, jisme uske aurat ke [[Lanka]] ke rakshasa (demon king), [[Ravana]] apharan kar le hae. Itihaas ke parrhe waala log ii anumaan lgaawe hae ki Valmiki, Ramayan ke 800 BCE aur 400 BCE ke biich me likhis rahaa.<ref name="Mumbai mirror">{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/was-ram-born-in-ayodhya/articleshow/77380259.cms|title=Was Ram born in Ayodhya|first=Devdutt|last=Pattanaik|website=mumbaimirror|date=8 August 2020|access-date=12 July 2024|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814150318/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/was-ram-born-in-ayodhya/articleshow/77380259.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ==References== <references/> [[vibhag:V]] [[vibhag:Dharmik log] [[vibhag:India ke lokavi]] f3hr8th8es1ocml0nwk7z4qmwyegelq 0 69235 336523 2026-07-09T12:19:16Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox writer | name = Lu Xun | image = LuXun1930.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Lu in 1930 | birth_name = Zhou Zhangshou | birth_date = {{birth date|1881|9|25|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Shaoxing|Shaoxing, Zhejiang]], [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1936|10|19|1881|9|25|df=y}} | death_place = [[Shanghai]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] | r..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Lu Xun | image = LuXun1930.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Lu in 1930 | birth_name = Zhou Zhangshou | birth_date = {{birth date|1881|9|25|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Shaoxing|Shaoxing, Zhejiang]], [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1936|10|19|1881|9|25|df=y}} | death_place = [[Shanghai]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] | resting_place = [[Tomb of Lu Xun]], Shanghai | occupation = {{hlist|Writer|literary critic|lecturer|civil servant}} | alma_mater = {{ubli|Jiangnan Naval Academy|School of Mines and Railways|[[Sendai]] Medical Academy at [[Tohoku University]]}} | genres = {{hlist|[[Short story]]|[[sketch story|sketch]]|[[novella]]|[[poetry]]|[[prose poetry]]|[[essay]]|[[literary criticism]]|[[history]]|[[autobiography]]}} | movement = {{ubl|[[New Culture Movement]]|[[May Fourth Movement]]|[[Social realism]]}} | years_active = 1902–1936 | employer = {{ubl|Ministry of Education|[[Peking University]]|[[Beijing Normal University]]|Beijing Women's College|[[Xiamen University]]|[[Sun Yat-sen University]]}} | notable_works = {{ubli|"[[Diary of a Madman (Lu Xun)|Diary of a Madman]]" (1918)|"[[Kong Yiji]]" (1919)|''[[The True Story of Ah Q]]'' (1921)}} | spouse = Zhu An | partner = [[Xu Guangping]] {{nwr|(1927–1936)}} | children = 1 | module = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes | t = 魯迅 | s = 鲁迅 | p = Lǔ Xùn | w = {{tonesup|Lu3 Hsün4}} | mi = {{IPAc-cmn|l|u|3|-|x|ün|4}} | wuu = Lu Sin | suz = ¹Lou₅ Sin⁵ | j = Lou5 Seon3 | y = Lóuh Seun | ci = {{IPAc-yue|l|ou|5|-|s|eon|3}} | poj = Ló͘ Sìn | tl = Lóo Sìn | altname = Birth name | t2 = 周樹人 | s2 = 周树人 | p2 = Zhōu Shùrén | gr2 = Jou Shuhren | w2 = {{tonesup|Chou1 Shu4-jen2}} | j2 = Zau1 Syu6 Jan4 | y2 = Jāu Syuh Yàhn }} | signature = Lu Xun's Signature.svg | relatives = brothers: [[Zhou Zuoren]], [[Zhou Jianren]] }} '''Lu Xun''' ([[25 September]] [[1881]]{{snd}}[[19 October]] [[1936]]), pen naam '''Zhou Shuren''', janam '''Zhou Zhangshou''', [[China]] ke ek lekhak rahaa. Uu modern [[Chinese literature]] ke ek khaas jan rahaa. Uu duuno [[vernacular Chinese|vernacular]] aur [[literary Chinese]] me, as novelist, literary critic, essayist, poet, translator and political commentator, known for his sharp, satirical style and critical reflections on Chinese history aur culture, ke baare me likhat rahaa. Lu Xun ke janam ek pahile ke jamindaar palwaar aur [[Scholar-official|scholar-officials]] palwaar me [[Shaoxing]], [[Zhejiang]] me bhais rahaa. Uu [[Zhou Zuoren]] ke barraa bhaiyaa rahaa. Jab ki uu pahile imperial examinations bathe maangat rahaa, uske palwaar ke garibi ke kaaran uske government-funded school parrhe ke parraa, jahaan pe Western science aur thought ke discover karis rahaa. 1904 me uu, [[Tohoku University|Sendai Medical College]] , [[Japan]] me bharti bhais rahaa, lekin medicine ke chhorr ke literature parrhe lagaa rahaa. Paisa ke kami ke kaaran uu China laut gais, jahan pe uu dher schools aur colleges me parrhais rahaa [[Ministry of Education of the Republic of China|Ministry of Education]] me ek position le se pahile. Lu Xun [[New Culture Movement]] ke pioneer karis rahaa vernacular Chinese me publish kar ke, ''[[Diary of a Madman (Lu Xun)|Diary of a Madman]],'' 1918 me. Uu aapan political writings ''[[New Youth|La Jeunesse]]'' following the [[May Fourth Movement]] 1919 me, ke kaaran famous bhais rahaa. Late [[1920s]] ke baad, Lu Xun [[Marxism|Marxist thought]] aur leftist politics me biswas kare lagaa. [[1930s]] me, [[League of Left-Wing Writers]] se mila rahaa. Uske kaam [[China|People's Republic of China]] me canonised rahaa, kaaheki [[Mao Zedong]] uske aadar karat rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-24 |title=解析被毛泽东称为“第一等圣人”的鲁迅 |url=https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/china/2014/09/140924_lu_xun |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=BBC News 中文 |language=zh-Hans}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{BD|1881|1936|Xun, Lu}} [[Vibhag:X]] [[Vibhag:China ke lekhak]] j22b1y6ud49gw9l9f9g29z8jpnx7vem 14 69236 336524 2026-07-09T12:20:00Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:China ke log]] [[Vibhag:Lekhak]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336524 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:China ke log]] [[Vibhag:Lekhak]] 5s4lu82nr1or6k6gimfk3u7dy51ycr3 14 69237 336525 2026-07-09T12:20:38Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Chinese bhasa]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336525 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Chinese bhasa]] 72x4d9h3evhzgqmz1ik8lrpids6m6hv 0 69238 336530 2026-07-10T10:17:16Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox person | image = Kahlil Gibran 1913.jpg | caption = Gibran in 1913 | native_name = جُبْرَان خَلِيل جُبْرَان | native_name_lang = ar | birth_name = Gibran Khalil Gibran | birth_date = {{Birth date|1883|1|6|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Bsharri]], [[Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate]], Ottoman Empire<br/>(present-day Lebanon) | death_date = {{death date and age|1931|4|10|1883|1|6|mf=y}} | death_place = [[New York City]], U.S. | re..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Kahlil Gibran 1913.jpg | caption = Gibran in 1913 | native_name = جُبْرَان خَلِيل جُبْرَان | native_name_lang = ar | birth_name = Gibran Khalil Gibran | birth_date = {{Birth date|1883|1|6|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Bsharri]], [[Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate]], Ottoman Empire<br/>(present-day Lebanon) | death_date = {{death date and age|1931|4|10|1883|1|6|mf=y}} | death_place = [[New York City]], U.S. | resting_place = Bsharri, Lebanon | alma_mater = [[Académie Julian]] | occupation = {{hlist|Writer|poet|visual artist|philosopher}} | known_for = Leading author of the [[Modern Arabic literature]] | style = {{hlist|[[Symbolism (arts)|Symbolic]]|[[prose poetry]]}} | title = Chairman of the [[Pen League]] | module = {{Infobox writer|embed=yes | pseudonym = | language = {{cslist|[[Varieties of Arabic]]|English}} | period = Modern ([[20th century in literature|20th century]]) | genres = {{hlist|Poem|[[parable]]|[[fable]]|[[aphorism]]|[[novel]]/[[novella]]|[[short story]]|[[play (theatre)|play]]|[[essay]]|[[letter (message)|letter]]}} | subjects = {{cslist|Spiritual love|justice}} | movement = {{cslist|[[Mahjar]]|[[neo-romanticism]]|[[symbolism (arts)|symbolism]]}} | years_active = 1904 to 1931 | notable_works = ''[[The Prophet (book)|The Prophet]]''; ''[[The Madman (book)|The Madman]]''; ''[[Broken Wings (Gibran novel)|Broken Wings]]''}} | awards = | signature = Collage Gibran signatures.png }} '''Jubrān Khalīl Jubrān''' ([[6 January]] [[1883]] – [[10 April]] [[1931]]), jiske [[English bhasa|English]] me '''Kahlil Gibran''' bola jaawe hae,{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|k|ɑː|ˈ|l|iː|l|_|dʒ|ɪ|ˈ|b|r|ɑː|n}} ek Lebanese-American lekhak, kavi aur [[Visual arts|visual artist]] rahaa. Uske ek philosopher bhi maana jaawat rahaa, lekin uu ii title ke nai maangat rahaa. <ref>{{harvnb|Moussa|2006|p=207}}; {{harvnb|Kairouz|1995|p=107}}.</ref> Uske jaada kar ke ''[[The Prophet (book)|The Prophet]]'' ke lekhak ke ruup me jaana jaawat rahaa, jiske [[1923]] me pahila dafe [[United States]] me publish karaa gais rahaa iaur baad me ii [[List of best-selling books|best-selling books]] of all time ban gae rahaa, jiske 100 se jaada bhasa me anuwaad karaa gais rahaa. ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{BD|1883|1931|Gibran, Kahil}} [[Vibhag:G]] [[Vibhag:Lebanon ke kavi]] [[Vibhag:Lebanon ke lekhak]] pnyyynuue4ki3z97cdqeopfeqmhyez4 14 69239 336531 2026-07-10T10:20:50Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Lebanon ke log]] [[Vibhag:Kavi]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336531 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Lebanon ke log]] [[Vibhag:Kavi]] 1ov9ozifkqnzowcntapq6cmhdtl6r5h 14 69240 336532 2026-07-10T10:21:57Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Lebanon]] [[Vibhag:Dunia ke log]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Lebanon]] [[Vibhag:Dunia ke log]] 1evph83kwx0m15zzs5ctwuhocc193lp 0 69241 336533 2026-07-10T10:36:32Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = France Prešeren | image = Prešern-Goldenstein.jpg | caption = Prešeren, 1850 oil portrait efn-lr|The only known portrait from memory of his actual appearance.<ref name="DEDI63">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/63-zbirka-portretov-franceta-preserna |title=Zbirka portretov Franceta Prešerna |trans-title=The Collection of Depictions of..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = France Prešeren | image = Prešern-Goldenstein.jpg | caption = Prešeren, 1850 oil portrait efn-lr|The only known portrait from memory of his actual appearance.<ref name="DEDI63">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/63-zbirka-portretov-franceta-preserna |title=Zbirka portretov Franceta Prešerna |trans-title=The Collection of Depictions of France Prešeren |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI [Encyclopedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia] |first1=Urška |last1=Šavc |editor1-first=Mateja |editor1-last=Šmid Hribar |editor2-first=Gregor |editor2-last=Golež |editor3-first=Dan |editor3-last=Podjed |editor4-first=Drago |editor4-last=Kladnik |editor5-first=Bojan |editor5-last=Erhartič |editor6-first=Primož |editor6-last=Pavlin |editor7-first=Jerele |editor7-last=Ines |access-date=31 January 2013 |language=sl}}</ref> After 1900, this served as the pattern for later depictions although its veracity has been doubted.<ref name="DEDI63"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.damirglobocnik.com/books.html |first=Damir |last=Globočnik |title=Prešeren in likovna umetnost |language=sl |trans-title=Prešeren and the Visual Arts |access-date=31 January 2013}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1800|12|3}} | birth_place = [[Vrba (Slovenia)|Vrba]], [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]], [[Habsburg monarchy]] (now [[Slovenia]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1849|2|8|1800|12|3}} | death_place = [[Kranj]], [[Austrian Empire]] (now Slovenia) | occupation = Poet, lawyer | nationality = [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]]n, [[Slovenes|Slovene]] | genre = | movement = [[Romantic school|Romanticism]] | notableworks = ''[[The Baptism on the Savica]]''<br />''[[O Vrba]]''<br />''[[Sonnets of Misfortune]]''<br />''[[A Wreath of Sonnets]]''<br />''[[Zdravljica]]'' | language = Primarily Slovene, some works in German. | website = | signature = File:Prešeren signature (gajica).jpg }} '''France Prešeren''' ({{IPA|sl|fɾanˈtsɛ́ pɾɛˈʃèːɾən|pron|Sl-France Prešeren.oga}}) ([[3 December]] [[1800]] – [[8 February]] [[1849]]) [[Slovenia]] ke ek kavi rahaa aur uske Slovene literature ke sab se khaas jan maana jaawe hae. Uske kavita ke dher bhasa me anuwaad karaa gais hae. .<ref name="SloBookAgency">[http://jakrs.si/baza_prevodov/?no_cache=1&tx_jakprevodi_pi1%5BsearchAvtor%5D=231&cHash=511456e51f2e4422998fba2fb7459d4a Database of translations – Prešeren] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010206/http://jakrs.si/baza_prevodov/?no_cache=1&tx_jakprevodi_pi1%5BsearchAvtor%5D=231&cHash=511456e51f2e4422998fba2fb7459d4a |date=5 October 2013 }}, Slovene Book Agency, 2013</ref> Uske sab se barraa Slovene classical kavi maana jaawe hae aur uu baad ke [[Slovene literature]] ke inspire karis hae.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/fakulteta/aktualno/kronika/kliping/feb%202008/3314914.pdf |title=France Prešeren, največji slovenski pesnik |trans-title=France Prešeren, the Greatest Slovene Poet |date=8 February 2008 |newspaper=Novice – Slovenski tednik za Koroško |first=Peter |last=Svetina }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Uske maut ke baad, uu leading name of the Slovene [[literary canon]] banaa rahaa.<ref name="Božič_Zoran">Božič, Zoran (2011).[http://www.jezikinslovstvo.com/pdf.php?part=2011|5-6|3%E2%80%9326 Dejavniki literarne kanonizacije v srednješolskih berilih – na primeru Prešerna (Factors of literary canonisation in high school reading materials – the case of Prešeren)], ''Jezik in slovstvo'', vol.56, 5–6, pp. 3–26 {{COBISS|ID=50591842}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{BD|1800|1849|Preseren, France}} [[Vibhag:P]] [[Vibhag:Slovenia ke kavi]] r4o2z60cqlyfbbr4kyjnn7peuy40k94 14 69242 336534 2026-07-10T10:37:16Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Slovenia ke log]] [[Vibhag:Kavi]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336534 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Slovenia ke log]] [[Vibhag:Kavi]] ntrrso0xjbi30z954vgkg6y4zfffr24 14 69243 336535 2026-07-10T10:37:55Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Slovenia]] [[Vibhag:Dunia ke log]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336535 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Slovenia]] [[Vibhag:Dunia ke log]] 5ky7261umduu7p0vqt47utsilb5n2qa 0 69244 336536 2026-07-10T10:44:00Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox writer | name = Ismail Kadare | honorific-suffix = [[National Flag Decoration|DFK]] | image = Ismail Kadare (portret).jpg | image_size = | caption = Kadare, c. 1990s | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1936|01|28}} | birth_place = [[Gjirokastër]], [[Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)|Kingdom of Albania]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2024|07|1|1936|1|28|df=y}} | death_place = ..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Ismail Kadare | honorific-suffix = [[National Flag Decoration|DFK]] | image = Ismail Kadare (portret).jpg | image_size = | caption = Kadare, c. 1990s | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1936|01|28}} | birth_place = [[Gjirokastër]], [[Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)|Kingdom of Albania]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2024|07|1|1936|1|28|df=y}} | death_place = [[Tirana]], Albania | occupation = Novelist, poet, essayist, screenwriter, playwright | education = {{plainlist| * [[University of Tirana]] * [[Maxim Gorky Literature Institute]] }} | nationality = Albanian | citizenship = {{hlist|Albania|France<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bellos |first=David |date=1 July 2024 |title=Ismail Kadare obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/jul/01/ismail-kadare-obituary |access-date=1 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703161952/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/jul/01/ismail-kadare-obituary |url-status=live }}</ref>|Kosovo}} | period = 1954–2020 | movement = | genre = [[Subjective realism]], [[dystopia]], satire, [[parable]], myth, [[fable]], [[folklore|folk-tale]], [[allegory]], and [[legend]]. | subjects = [[Albanian history]], [[Albanian folk beliefs]], [[Communism]], [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Totalitarianism]] | parents = {{plainlist| * Halit Kadare * Hatixhe [[Dobi]] }} | spouse = [[Helena Kadare|Helena Gushi]] | children = 2, including [[Besiana Kadare|Besiana]] | notableworks = {{vlist|''[[The General of the Dead Army (novel)|The General of the Dead Army]]''|''[[The Siege (Kadare novel)|The Siege]]''|''[[Chronicle in Stone]]''|''[[The Palace of Dreams]]''|''[[The File on H.]]''|''[[The Pyramid (Kadare novel)|The Pyramid]]''|''[[Spiritus (Kadare novel)|Spiritus]]''|''[[The Fall of the Stone City]]''}} | awards = {{awards|[[Prix mondial Cino Del Duca]]|1992}}{{awards|[[Man Booker International Prize]]|2005}}{{awards|[[Princess of Asturias Awards|Prince of Asturias Award]]|2009}}{{awards|[[Jerusalem Prize]]|2015}}{{awards|Order of [[Legion of Honour]]|2016}}{{awards|[[Park Kyong-ni Prize]]|2019}}{{awards|[[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]]|2020}}|<!--cite in text influences = [[Franz Kafka]], [[Shakespeare]], [[Miguel de Cervantes]], [[Dante Alighieri]], [[Nikolai Gogol]], [[Aeschylus]]--> | signature = Ismail Kadare (nënshkrim).svg | relatives = Hoxhë [[Dobi]] (Great Grandfather) }} '''Ismail Kadare''' ({{IPA|sq|ismaˈil kadaˈɾe|lang}}; 28 January 1936 – 1 July 2024) was an Albanian novelist, poet, essayist, screenwriter and playwright.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lea |first=Richard |date=1 July 2024 |title=Ismail Kadare, giant of Albanian literature, dies aged 88 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/jul/01/ismail-kadare-giant-of-albanian-literature-dies-aged-88 |access-date=1 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703161952/https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/jul/01/ismail-kadare-giant-of-albanian-literature-dies-aged-88 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was a leading international literary figure and intellectual, focusing on poetry until the publication of his first novel, ''[[The General of the Dead Army (novel)|The General of the Dead Army]]'', which made him famous internationally.<ref name="auto">{{Harvnb|Apolloni|2012|p=25|ref=none}}</ref> i8kbe7ln3cc1xvaslho76jaryni9lv8 336538 336536 2026-07-10T10:51:39Z Sampaadak 1104 336538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Ismail Kadare | honorific-suffix = [[National Flag Decoration|DFK]] | image = Ismail Kadare (portret).jpg | image_size = | caption = Kadare, c. 1990s | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1936|01|28}} | birth_place = [[Gjirokastër]], [[Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)|Kingdom of Albania]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2024|07|1|1936|1|28|df=y}} | death_place = [[Tirana]], Albania | occupation = Novelist, poet, essayist, screenwriter, playwright | education = {{plainlist| * [[University of Tirana]] * [[Maxim Gorky Literature Institute]] }} | nationality = Albanian | citizenship = {{hlist|Albania|France<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bellos |first=David |date=1 July 2024 |title=Ismail Kadare obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/jul/01/ismail-kadare-obituary |access-date=1 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703161952/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/jul/01/ismail-kadare-obituary |url-status=live }}</ref>|Kosovo}} | period = 1954–2020 | movement = | genre = [[Subjective realism]], [[dystopia]], satire, [[parable]], myth, [[fable]], [[folklore|folk-tale]], [[allegory]], and [[legend]]. | subjects = [[Albanian history]], [[Albanian folk beliefs]], [[Communism]], [[Ottoman Empire]], [[Totalitarianism]] | parents = {{plainlist| * Halit Kadare * Hatixhe [[Dobi]] }} | spouse = [[Helena Kadare|Helena Gushi]] | children = 2, including [[Besiana Kadare|Besiana]] | notableworks = {{hlist|''[[The General of the Dead Army (novel)|The General of the Dead Army]]''|''[[The Siege (Kadare novel)|The Siege]]''|''[[Chronicle in Stone]]''|''[[The Palace of Dreams]]''|''[[The File on H.]]''|''[[The Pyramid (Kadare novel)|The Pyramid]]''|''[[Spiritus (Kadare novel)|Spiritus]]''|''[[The Fall of the Stone City]]''}} | awards = {{awards|[[Prix mondial Cino Del Duca]]|1992}}{{awards|[[Man Booker International Prize]]|2005}}{{awards|[[Princess of Asturias Awards|Prince of Asturias Award]]|2009}}{{awards|[[Jerusalem Prize]]|2015}}{{awards|Order of [[Legion of Honour]]|2016}}{{awards|[[Park Kyong-ni Prize]]|2019}}{{awards|[[Neustadt International Prize for Literature]]|2020}}|<!--cite in text influences = [[Franz Kafka]], [[Shakespeare]], [[Miguel de Cervantes]], [[Dante Alighieri]], [[Nikolai Gogol]], [[Aeschylus]]--> | signature = Ismail Kadare (nënshkrim).svg | relatives = Hoxhë [[Dobi]] (Great Grandfather) }} '''Ismail Kadare''' ({{IPA|sq|ismaˈil kadaˈɾe|lang}}; [[28 January]] [[1936]] – [[1 July]] [[2024]]) [[Albania]] ke ek lekhak, kavi, essayist, screenwriter aur playwright rahaa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lea |first=Richard |date=1 July 2024 |title=Ismail Kadare, giant of Albanian literature, dies aged 88 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/jul/01/ismail-kadare-giant-of-albanian-literature-dies-aged-88 |access-date=1 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703161952/https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/jul/01/ismail-kadare-giant-of-albanian-literature-dies-aged-88 |url-status=live }}</ref> Uu ek leading international literary figure aur intellectual rahaa, jon kavita pe focus karat rahaa, jabtak uske pahila novel, ''[[The General of the Dead Army (novel)|The General of the Dead Army]]'' nai publish karis rahaa, jon uske internationally famous karis rahaa.<ref name="auto">{{Harvnb|Apolloni|2012|p=25|ref=none}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{BD|1936|2024|Kadare, Ismail}} [[Vibhag:K]] [[Vibhag:Albania ke kavi]] [[Vibhag:Albania ke lekhak]] c1vlagu6bubwse5tjph75ckalhhdbt2 10 69245 336537 2026-07-10T10:45:05Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{ #if: {{{1|{{{award<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} | {{{1|{{{award<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} }} {{ #if: {{{5|{{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} | – {{{5|{{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}}<br />|<br /> }} {{ #if: {{{2|{{{year<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{year<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} {{ #if: {{{3|{{{title<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} | ''{{{3|{{{title<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}}'' {{ #i..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ #if: {{{1|{{{award<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} | {{{1|{{{award<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} }} {{ #if: {{{5|{{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} | – {{{5|{{{name<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}}<br />|<br /> }} {{ #if: {{{2|{{{year<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{year<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} {{ #if: {{{3|{{{title<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}} | ''{{{3|{{{title<includeonly>|</includeonly>}}}}}}'' {{ #if: 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[[Vibhag:Albania ke log]] [[Vibhag:Lekhak]] nimm78qylfzfwarrz3uuh9fwla1zkbg 0 69249 336541 2026-07-10T11:07:50Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox writer | name = Joseph Conrad | image = Joseph Conrad-remastered to black and white.png | alt = Head shot with moustache and beard | caption = Conrad in 1904 | birth_name = Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1857|12|3}} | birth_place = [[Berdychiv]], [[Kiev Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]<!-- Please do not add "in Ukraine" -- it is already ment..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Joseph Conrad | image = Joseph Conrad-remastered to black and white.png | alt = Head shot with moustache and beard | caption = Conrad in 1904 | birth_name = Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1857|12|3}} | birth_place = [[Berdychiv]], [[Kiev Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]<!-- Please do not add "in Ukraine" -- it is already mentioned in the main body of text. --> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1924|8|3|1857|12|3}} | death_place = [[Bishopsbourne]], Kent, England | resting_place = Canterbury Cemetery, [[Canterbury]] | occupation = [[Novel]]ist, [[short story|short-story writer]], [[essay]]ist | nationality = [[Poles in the United Kingdom|Polish]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Brownstone|Franck|1994|p=397}}</ref> [[United Kingdom|British]] | education = | alma_mater = | period = 1895–1923 | genre = Fiction | subject = | movement = {{hlist|[[Impressionism (literature)|Literary impressionism]]|[[Literary modernism|Modernism]]|[[Neo-romanticism]]}} | notableworks = ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'' (1899)<br />''[[Lord Jim]]'' (1900)<br />''[[Nostromo]]'' (1904)<br />''[[The Secret Agent]]'' (1907) | spouse = {{marriage|Jessie George|24 March 1896}} | partner = | children = 2 | parents = [[Apollo Korzeniowski]]<br />Ewa Bobrowska | relatives = | awards = | signature = Joseph Conrad signature 1925.svg | signature_alt = | website = | portaldisp = }} '''Joseph Conrad''' (janam ke naam: '''Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski''', {{IPA|pl|ˈjuzɛf tɛˈɔdɔr ˈkɔnrat kɔʐɛˈɲɔfskʲi|lang|Pl-Jozef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski-noiserm.ogg}}; [[3 December]] [[1857]]&nbsp;– [[3 August]] [[1924]]) ek Polish-British novelist aur chhotaa khissa ke lekhak rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brownstone |first1=David M. |last2=Franck |first2=Irene M. |title=Timelines of the Arts and Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8oRUAAAAMAAJ|publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-062-70069-8 |page=397}}</ref>{{NoteTag|Tim Middleton writes: "Referring to his dual Polish and English allegiances he once described himself as 'homo-duplex'<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Conrad|first1=Joseph|title=The collected letters of Joseph Conrad|last2=Moore|first2=Gene M.|last3=Knowles|first3=Owen|last4=Stape|first4=John Henry|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0-521323871|volume=3|location=|page=89}}</ref>—the double man."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Middleton|first=Tim|title=Joseph Conrad|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415268523|page=xiv}}</ref>}} Uske English bhasa ke ek sab se barraa lekhak maana jaawe hae aur – jab uu Ebglish bhasa me fluently baat nai kare sakat rahaa jab talak uu aapan twenties me rahaa (always with a strong foreign accent) – uu ek master prose stylist rahaa jon non-English sensibility [[English literature]] me laais rahaa.{{NoteTag|[[Rudyard Kipling]] felt that "with a pen in his hand he was first amongst us" but that there was nothing English in Conrad's mentality: "When I am reading him, I always have the impression that I am reading an excellent translation of a foreign author."{{sfnp|Meyers|1991|p=209}} Cf. [[Zdzisław Najder]]'s similar observation: "He was [...] an English writer who grew up in other linguistic and cultural environments. His work can be seen as located in the borderland of auto-translation."{{sfnp|Najder|2007|p=ix}}}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{BD|1857|1924|Conrad, Joseph}} [[Vibhag:C]] [[Vibhag:Polanf ke lekhak]] [[Vibhag:Great Britain ke lekhak]] 35zbsb4rqkrz6mkhqkqvsblkrkdz6qf 336543 336541 2026-07-10T11:09:02Z Sampaadak 1104 336543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Joseph Conrad | image = Joseph Conrad-remastered to black and white.png | alt = Head shot with moustache and beard | caption = Conrad in 1904 | birth_name = Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1857|12|3}} | birth_place = [[Berdychiv]], [[Kiev Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]<!-- Please do not add "in Ukraine" -- it is already mentioned in the main body of text. --> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1924|8|3|1857|12|3}} | death_place = [[Bishopsbourne]], Kent, England | resting_place = Canterbury Cemetery, [[Canterbury]] | occupation = [[Novel]]ist, [[short story|short-story writer]], [[essay]]ist | nationality = [[Poles in the United Kingdom|Polish]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Brownstone|Franck|1994|p=397}}</ref> [[United Kingdom|British]] | education = | alma_mater = | period = 1895–1923 | genre = Fiction | subject = | movement = {{hlist|[[Impressionism (literature)|Literary impressionism]]|[[Literary modernism|Modernism]]|[[Neo-romanticism]]}} | notableworks = ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'' (1899)<br />''[[Lord Jim]]'' (1900)<br />''[[Nostromo]]'' (1904)<br />''[[The Secret Agent]]'' (1907) | spouse = {{marriage|Jessie George|24 March 1896}} | partner = | children = 2 | parents = [[Apollo Korzeniowski]]<br />Ewa Bobrowska | relatives = | awards = | signature = Joseph Conrad signature 1925.svg | signature_alt = | website = | portaldisp = }} '''Joseph Conrad''' (janam ke naam: '''Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski''', {{IPA|pl|ˈjuzɛf tɛˈɔdɔr ˈkɔnrat kɔʐɛˈɲɔfskʲi|lang|Pl-Jozef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski-noiserm.ogg}}; [[3 December]] [[1857]]&nbsp;– [[3 August]] [[1924]]) ek Polish-British novelist aur chhotaa khissa ke lekhak rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brownstone |first1=David M. |last2=Franck |first2=Irene M. |title=Timelines of the Arts and Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8oRUAAAAMAAJ|publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-062-70069-8 |page=397}}</ref>{{NoteTag|Tim Middleton writes: "Referring to his dual Polish and English allegiances he once described himself as 'homo-duplex'<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Conrad|first1=Joseph|title=The collected letters of Joseph Conrad|last2=Moore|first2=Gene M.|last3=Knowles|first3=Owen|last4=Stape|first4=John Henry|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0-521323871|volume=3|location=|page=89}}</ref>—the double man."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Middleton|first=Tim|title=Joseph Conrad|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415268523|page=xiv}}</ref>}} Uske English bhasa ke ek sab se barraa lekhak maana jaawe hae aur – jab uu Ebglish bhasa me fluently baat nai kare sakat rahaa jab talak uu aapan twenties me rahaa (always with a strong foreign accent) – uu ek master prose stylist rahaa jon non-English sensibility [[English literature]] me laais rahaa.{{NoteTag|[[Rudyard Kipling]] felt that "with a pen in his hand he was first amongst us" but that there was nothing English in Conrad's mentality: "When I am reading him, I always have the impression that I am reading an excellent translation of a foreign author."{{sfnp|Meyers|1991|p=209}} Cf. [[Zdzisław Najder]]'s similar observation: "He was [...] an English writer who grew up in other linguistic and cultural environments. His work can be seen as located in the borderland of auto-translation."{{sfnp|Najder|2007|p=ix}}}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{BD|1857|1924|Conrad, Joseph}} [[Vibhag:C]] [[Vibhag:Poland ke lekhak]] [[Vibhag:Great Britain ke lekhak]] 7if2u38889nf4ffjfwzhftmrfcgd87v 14 69250 336542 2026-07-10T11:08:35Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:1857]] [[Vibhag:Janam]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336542 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:1857]] [[Vibhag:Janam]] 6jpzvc23ndv68dves6ndotvotob9l1j 10 69251 336544 2026-07-10T11:09:58Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "<includeonly>{{#if:{{{name|}}} |{{#tag:ref|{{{1|{{{note|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}|group=note|name={{{name|}}}}} |{{#tag:ref|{{{1|{{{note|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}|group=note}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude>" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336544 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{name|}}} |{{#tag:ref|{{{1|{{{note|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}|group=note|name={{{name|}}}}} |{{#tag:ref|{{{1|{{{note|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}|group=note}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 4m1k8hiwpzmjv3igohm19ro2xlsbh0w 0 69252 336545 2026-07-10T11:29:42Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox writer<!--For more information, please see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]].--> |name = Sándor Petőfi |native_name = Petőfi Sándor<br>{{llang|la|Alexander Petrovics}} |other_name = |image = Barabás Petőfi.jpg |alt = János Petőfi |caption = Portrait, 1848 |birth_name = Sándor Petrovics |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1823|1|1}} |birth_place = [[Kiskőrös]], Kingdom of Hungary, Austria..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer<!--For more information, please see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]].--> |name = Sándor Petőfi |native_name = Petőfi Sándor<br>{{llang|la|Alexander Petrovics}} |other_name = |image = Barabás Petőfi.jpg |alt = János Petőfi |caption = Portrait, 1848 |birth_name = Sándor Petrovics |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1823|1|1}} |birth_place = [[Kiskőrös]], Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire |death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1849|7|31|1823|1|1}} ([[Presumption of death|presumed]])<ref name = "MER">[http://mek.oszk.hu/00300/00355/html/ABC11587/12155.htm Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1000–1990]. Mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved 17 October 2011.</ref> |death_place = [[Fehéregyháza]], Grand Principality of Transylvania, Austrian Empire |resting_place = <!-- Unknown --> |occupation = {{hlist|Poet|revolutionary}} |notableworks = {{ubl|''[[Nemzeti dal|National Song]]''|''[[John the Valiant]]''}} |language = [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |education = |alma_mater = |period = 1842–1849 |genre = |subject = |movement = |spouse = {{marriage|[[Júlia Szendrey]]|1847}} |partner = |children = Zoltán Petőfi |module = {{Infobox person | child = yes | political_party = [[Opposition Party (Hungary)|Opposition Party]] | signature = 25. 2025 May 28 Kiskőrös (9) Laslovarga.jpg | signature_alt = }} }} '''Sándor Petőfi'''<ref name="Mallows">{{Cite book |author=LUCINDA MALLOWS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMyF9boptpwC&pg=PA7 |title= BRADT TRAVEL GUIDE BRATISLAVA, THE |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2008 |page=7 |isbn=9781841622293}}</ref><ref name="Szirtes">{{Cite book |author=Sándor Petőfi |author2=[[George Szirtes]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1igZAQAAIAAJ&q=%22alexander+petrovics%22 |title= John the Valiant |publisher=Hesperus Press |year=2004 |page=1 |isbn=9781843910848}}</ref> <ref name="Mallows"/> [[1 January]] [[1823]] – [[31 July]] [[1849]]) [[Hungary]] ke ek kavi aur liberal revolutionary rahaa. Uske Hungary ke [[national poet]] maana jaawat rahaa, aur [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]] ke ek khaas jan rahaa. Uu ''[[Nemzeti dal]]'' (National Song) likhis hae, jon [[Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]] ke revolution ke inspire karis rahaa [[Austrian Empire]] se ajaadi se suruu bhais rahaa. Ii hoe sake hae, lekin sure nai hae ki uu [[Battle of Segesvár]], one of the last battles of the war, me maraa rahaa. ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{BD|1823|1849|Petofi, Sandor}} [[Vibhag:P]] [[Vibhag:Hungary ke kavi]] a1nqnxz7eyqd0u8ixv9zstpjf1f5kow 14 69253 336546 2026-07-10T11:30:38Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Hungary ke log]] [[Vibhag:Kavi]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 336546 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Hungary ke log]] [[Vibhag:Kavi]] irxl7lvv0xkmd6ik451za9u9cge18fw