Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 536 339427 308739 2026-10-30T10:20:33Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 339427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |name = Nazhat Shameem |image = Nazhat_Shameem_2019.jpg |image_size = 160px |alt = Nazhat Shameem Khan |caption = Nazhat Shameem |birth_name = |birth_date = [[16 November]] [[1960]] |birth_place = [[Suva]],[[Fiji]] |death_date = |death_place = |body_discovered = |death_cause = |resting_place = |resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> |residence = |nationality = Fijian |ethnicity = Hindustani |citizenship = Fiji Citizen |other_names = |known_for = Wakiil, Judge, Diplomat |education = Master of Laws, Philosophy |alma_mater = Sussex University, Cambridge University |employer = |occupation = Wakiil, World Bank |years_active = 1984 - present |home_town = |salary = |networth = |height = |weight = |title <re = |term = |predecessor = |successor = |party = |opponents = |boards = Women's Initiatives for Gender Justice |religion = |spouse = Aslam Khan |partner = |children = Siffat Khan, Khizer Khan |parents = Ayesha Shameem<br/>Abdul Azeez |relations = |callsign = |awards = |signature = |website = |footnotes = |box_width = 225px }} '''Nazhat Shameem''' (Janam: 1960), [[Fiji]] ke ek Hindustani wakiil, judge aur aurat log ke adhikaar khaatir larre waali activist, aur diplomat hae. ==Bachpan ke din aur Parrhai== Nazhat Shameem ke janam, Fiji ke [[capital]], [[Suva]] me bhais rahaa. Uske pitaji, Abdul Azeez, aur maiyaa adhyapak rahin. [[1981]] me Shameem England ke Sussex University se Bachelor of Law with Honours karis rahaa aur 1982 me Cambridge University se Master of Law karis. 1988 me, uu Cambridge University se Master of Philosophy in Criminology karis. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://prabook.com/web/nazhat.shameem/135607 | website=Prabook|title = Prabook:Nazhat Shameem |access-date=7 March 2024}}</ref> ==Kaam== Shameem ke England, Wales aur Fiji me Wakiili practice kare ke ijaajat milaa. 1984 me Fiji laut ke, Shameem Director of Public Prosecutions ke Office me kaam suruu karis. 1985 me uu Senior Legal Officer banis, 1986 me Principal Legal Officer, 1989 me Assistant DPP, 1990 me Deputy DPP aur 1993 se 1999 talak uu DPP rahii. Jab uu DPP rahii tab Shameem ek 'Sexual and Gender Based Crimes Unit' ke banais rahaa aur iske kaaran larrkan khatir achchhaa initiative, criminal justice system me aais. Uu ii time, 'sexual harassment' laws ke Fiji Civil Service me implement kare ke agwaii kare rahii.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profiles/2022/6/21/nazhat-shameem-khan |website=ATLAS |title=Nazhat Shameem Khan |access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref> 1999 me uu Fiji High Court ke aurat Judge banis. Uu High Court ke criminal jurisdiction ke sambhaalat rahii. Ii time uu Fiji ke Court of Appeal me bhi baithat rahii. 2009 me uu judge ke kaam chorr ke aapan practice suruu karis aur jaada kar ke human rights, work place governance aur litigation me specialise karis. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/about/otp/who-s-who/nazhat-shameem-khan |website=International Criminal Court |title=Nazhat Shameem Khan - Deputy Prosecutor|access-date=7 March 2024}}</ref> ==Fiji ke Ambassador== April 2014 me Shameem ke [[Geneva]] me [[United Nations]] me Fiji ke ambassador aur Switzerland ke ambassador banaawa gais. United Nations me uu Trust Fund for small island developing States (SIDS) aur Least Developed Countries (LDCs) in working towards universal representation of all countries in the Human rights Council ke kaam ke support karis. 2018 me uu Human Rights Council ke Efficiency process ke technology stream ke co-chair karis. Uu Human Rights Council Task Force on Accessibility for Persons with Disabilities ke bhi chair karis. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/bio-nazhat-khan |website=United Nations Human Rights Council|title=Bio of Ambassador Nazhat Shameem Khan|access-date=7 March 2024}}</ref> [[15 January]] [[2021]] me Shameem ke Geneva me Human Rights Council ke President chuna gais. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/presidency15thcycle | website=United Nations Human Rights Council |title=Nazhat Shameem Khan, President of the 15th Cycle|access-date=7 March 2024}}</ref> December 20021 me Shameem ke International Criminal Court ke Deputy Prosecutor chuna gais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fijivillage.com/news/Nazhat-Shameem-Khan-elected-as-a-Deputy-Prosecutor-of-the-International-Criminal-Court-4x85rf//1000|website=Fijivillage |title=Nazhat Shameem Kahan elected as Deputy Prosecutor of International Criminal Court|access-date=7 March 2024}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|1960||Shameem, Nazhat}} [[vibhag:N]] [[vibhag:S]] [[Category:Fiji ke Hindustani judge|Shameem, Nazhat]] lhe3mbpjvi1bdp01wd9na7o4dvi0jeh 0 2080 339431 305628 2026-10-30T10:23:14Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 339431 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:NfpLogo.gif|left]] '''National Federation Party (NFP)''', [[Fiji]] ke ek political party hae. Ii party [[November]] [[1968]] me banaa jab ki Fiji ke pahila party, '''Federation Party''', jiske khaali Hindustani log support karat rahin, aur [[Ba province]] ke ek Kaiviti party, National Democratic Party ek hoe gain. Ii party ke suruu kare waala, [[A. D. Patel]] rahaa, jon ki [[1941]] me ganna ke kisan ke ek union, [[Maha Sangh (Fiji)|Maha Sangh]] ke banais rahaa. 1959 me ganna ke contract ke baat chiit ke khatir, sab gaana ke kisan ke union [[Federation of Cane Growers (Fiji)|Federation of Cane Growers]] banain, lekin contract pe raaji hoe se pahile, Kisan Sangh aur Kaiviti union, Federation se alag hoe gain. 1963 ke election me Federation, '''Citizens Federation''' ke naam pe ganna waala ilake me aapan candidate kharraa karis aur jiitis. [[21 June]] [[1964]] me Federation Party ke officially suruu karaa gais. Ii party, [[1987]] me [[Fiji Labour Party]] (FLP) ke saathe, ek mahina ke, sarkar banais rahaa. 1992 ke baad NFP aur FLP me split hoe gais aur 1992 aur 1994 ke election me NFP ke jaada Hindustani vote mila. 1999 ke baad, NFP, [[Fiji ke House of Representatives]] me ekko seat nai jiitis, lekin iske support abhi talak Fiji ke town aur city me hae. == Federation Party == Federation Party, Fiji ke pahila party rahaa jiske sadasya [[Legislative Council (Fiji)|Fiji ke Legislative Council]] me rahin. Iske banae me [[A. D. Patel]] ke khaas haanth rahaa. === A. D. Patel === [[Image:ADPatel2.jpg|right|140px|thumb|A.D. Patel, NFP ke pahila leader]] {{main|A. D. Patel}} [[1928]] se, jab Patel [[India]] se Fiji aais rahaa, tab se lae ke [[1969]] me uske maut talak uu Fiji ke politics me rahaa. Suruu me uu [[Vishnu Deo]] ke sathe kaam karis. [[1929 ke election (Fiji)|1929 ke election]] me uu nai kharraa hoe sakis kahe ki uu dui saal ke residency requirement ke satisfy nai kare paais. [[1932 ke election (Fiji)|1932 ke election]] ke uu Fiji ke lag bhag sab Hindustani logan ke saathe boycott karis. [[1937 ke election (Fiji)|1937 ke election]] me uu [[North Western Indian Division (Fiji)|North Western Indian Division]], jisme [[Viti Levu]] ke western bhaag rahaa, me kharraa bhais. Sab log sochat rahin ki Patel sahaj se jiit jaai, kahe ki uske Vishnu Deo ke support rahaa aur uske virod me ek wkaiil ke babu, [[Chattur Singh]] kharraa bhais rahaa, lekin election me Patel ke haar hoe gais. Patel ke haare ke khaas kaaran rahaa ki uu India ke paida rahaa jab ki Singh Fiji me paida bhais rahaa. Patel ii time saait ii soche hoe ki uske lage aapan ek organisation hoe ke chaahi jiske support ke uu koi election me biswas kare sake, kahe ki uu [[1941]] me Fiji ke ganna ke kisan ke ek union ([[Kisan Sangh (Fiji)|Kisan Sangh]]) ke rahe pe bhi ek duusra union, [[Kisan Sangh (Fiji)|Maha Sangh]], ke suruu karis. === Maha Sangh === {{main|Maha Sangh (Fiji)}} 15 June 1941 ke Nadi me ek nawaa ganaa ke kisan ke union, [[Maha Sangh (Fiji)|Akhil Fiji Krishak Maha Sangh]], ke A. D. Patel aur [[Swami Rudrananda]] suruu karis rahaa. Iske support jaada kar ke Madrasi log se rahaa, aur jab ki usse pahile se ek aur union (Kisan Sangh) rahaa, tab bahut log Patel ke Hindustani logan me fuut laae ke aarop lagain. Maha Sangh ii claim karis ki Kisan Sabgh jon 1940 me cane contract pe sign karis rahaa, achcha nai hai kahe ki khae pie ke chij ke daam uppar hoe gais hai aur contract ke fir se negotiate kare ke chaahi. Dhire dhire mahaa ke support barrha aur ii maang ke pichhe Maha Sangh 1943 me harrtaal karae diis. Uu time Kisan Sangh ke bhitar corruption ke aarop me fuut hoe gais aur [[1944 ke election]] me A. D. Patel Legislative Council me chuna gais. Iske baad uu 1947 me bhi chuna gais lekin 1948 me Patel aur Vishnu Deo ke biich me [[Executive Council (Fiji)|Executive Council]] ke membership khatir differences ke kaaran uu 1950 aur 1953 ke election ke haar gais. === Federation of Cane Growers === {{main|Federation of Cane Growers (Fiji)}} May 1959 me Fiji ke sab ganna ke kisan ke union [[Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Fiji)|Colonial Sugar Refining Company]] se 1960 waala cane contract khatir negotiate kare ke khatir ek saathe hoe ke Federation of Cane Growers form karin rahaa. Suruu me sab union saathe rahin lekin 24 July 1960 ke [[Ayodhya Prasad]] ke Kisan Sangh aur Vijay R. Singh ke Vanua Levu Gane Growers Association Federation se nikal ke 1960 ke katai khatir agreement sign kar diin. A. D. Patel, [[Siddiq Moidin Koya|S. M. Koya]] log kisan log se ganna nai kaate ke batain lekin Ayodhya Prasad aur Vijay R. Singh ke support kare waale ganna kaate ke suruu kar diin. Fiji ke ganna waala ilaaka me tension aur barrhaa aur kaiviti leader log Patel ke ninda karin aur kuch log uske Fiji se deport kare ke maang karin. Iske baad se A.D. Patel aur Koya ke support kare waale kisan Federation of Cane Growers ke naam se organise hoe gain aur baad me suruu hoe waala Federation party ke grass roots support rahaa. === Citizens Federation === {{main|1963 ke election (Fiji)}} Federation Committee [[1963 ke election (Fiji)|1963 ke Legislative Council ke election]] ke Citizens Federation ke jhanda ke niche larris. Ii ek political nai rahaa lekin ek Fiji ke log ke economic, cultural aur political barrhawa khatir kaam kare ke waada karis. Tiino Citizen’s Federation candidates ii election me jiit gais. [[Western Indian Constituency|Western Constituency]] me , [[A. D. Patel]], [[Deo Sharma]], jon ki [[Kisan Sangh]] ke pradhan rahaa, ke 6244 votes to 3346 se harais, [[North Viti Levu Indian Constituency|North Viti Levu Constituency]], [[Sidiq Koya]], [[James Shankar Singh]] ke 3,998 to 3,480 vote se harae ke Fiji ke Legislative Council ke pahila elected Muslim banaa aur [[Northern Indian Constituency|Northern Constituency]] me [[James Madhavan]], [[Harish Chandra Kohli]] ke 2,753 votes to 2,175 se harais. [[Southern Indian Constituency|Southern Constituency]] me koi Citizens Federation ke taraf se kharraa nai bhais rahaa aur ii seat ke [[Andrew Deoki]] jiit liis. Ii election me Citizens Federation ke candidate ke safalta aur aae waala constitutional convention ke kaaran, [[21 June]] [[1964]] ke A. D. Patel Citizens Federation ke ek puura political party me badal diis. Iske pahila president, A. D. Patel aur pahila Vice-president S.M. Koya banaa. === 1965 ke Constitutional Conference === 1964 me jab Government, Fiji ke ke ajaadi ke taraf lae jaawe ke khatir ek constitutional conference kare ke announce karis, tab ii Fiji ke sab jaat ke log ke aapan delegate ke apne se chune ke batais. A.D. Patel, apne ke, aur tiin aur Federation Party ke member, [[James Madhavan]], [[C. A. Shah]] (nominated Indian member, jon ki Federation Party join kar liis rahaa) aur S. M. Koya ke nominate karis. Aur log batain ki ii logan sab Hindustani log ke nai represent kare hae aur ii kaaran se sarkar Legislative Council ke sab unofficial members ke conference me bhaag le ke invite karis. Conference me khaas khaas matbhed ii rahaa ki Federation Party ke members common roll aur jaldi ajaadi maangat rahin, jab ki aur sab log constitution me kamti se kamti change maangat rahin. British sarkar compromise kare ke khatir cross-voting ke introduce kare ke decise karis, jiske niche multiracial electorates tiin differnt ethnic group ke member ke elect kari. Legislative Council ke barrhae ke 36 member waala kar dewa gais jisme se 14 Kaiviti (9 elected communal roll pe, 3 cross-voting roll pe aur dui ke Great Council of Chiefs nominate kari), 12 Hindustani (9 elected communal rollpe aur 3 cross-voting roll pe) aur 10 Gora (7 elected communal roll pe aur 3 cross-voting roll pe). === 1966 ke election === {{main|1966 ke election (Fiji)}} Ii election me khaas mukabla [[Alliance Party (Fiji)|Alliance Party]] jiske Kaiviti logan dominate karat rahin, jaada General Electors bhi supprt karat rahin aur kuchh uu Hindustani bhi jon ki Federation Party ke kattar virodi rahin bhi support karat rahin. Ii election me Ratu Kamisese Mara ke niche, Alliance Party ke bhais rahaa. Alliance 34 elected seat me se 22 ke jiit liis. Election ke baad tiin independent aur Great Council of Chiefs ke dui nominees bhi Alliance se mil ke uske pura number ke barrhae ke 27 kar diin. Baaki nau seat ke A. D. Patel ke agawai me Federation Party jiitis. Ii sab seat Indian Communal Constituencies rahaa. Indian Communal Cnstituency me khaali tiin Hindustani candidate Alliance Party ke taraf se kharraa bhain rahaa, baaki sab constituency me Federation ke virod me indpendent candidate rahin. Federation Party ke 65% Indian Communal Constituency ke vote mila. Election ke baad me Ratu Mara ke Chief Minister banawa gais aur Alliance ke member logan Minister banin. A.D. Patel, Leader of Opposition banaa. == NFP ke suruat == === 1968 ke by-election === {{main|1968 ke by-election (Fiji)}} 1966 ke election ke baad, se Alliance Party ke sarkar bina oppposition se salah kar ke decision le laga jisse Federation Party khusi nai rahaa. Jab sarakr Fiji ke constitution ke badle ke khatir kuch bhi nai karis tab, [[1 September]] [[1967]] ke A. D. Patel ek nawaa Constitutional Conference ke khatir ek motion rakkhis. Jab ii clear hoe gais ke sarkar ii motion kr reject kr di tab Federation ke members [[Legislative Council (Fiji)|Legislative Council]] se walk out hoe gain. Jab Federation Party ke member Council ke tiin meeting, ek ke baad ek, ke miss kar diin tab uu logan ke seat ke khaali declare kar dewa gais. Ii rakam se nau Indian Communal Constituencies ke khatir election, [[31 August]] [[1968]] aur [[7 September]] [[1968]] ke biich me, fir se bhais jiske Federation Party aur jaada bahumati se jiitis. Puura 59,786 vote me se Federation Party ke 46,960 (78.5%) vote aur Alliance Party ke 12,826 (21.5%) vote milaa. === 1969 ke Denning Award === == Koya leader banaa == {{Khaali hissa|date=May 2011}} === Fiji ajaad bhais === === 1972 ke eletion === === ALTA aur March 1977 ke election === === NFP me split aur September 1977 ke election === == Jai Ram Reddy leader banaa == === 1982 ke election === === Labour Party ke suruat === === 1987 ke election aur coup === == NFP aur Rabuka Dictatorship == === 1990 ke constitution === === [[1992 ke election (Fiji)|1992 ke election]] === === 1994 ke election === == Fiji me democracy laute ke baad == === 1997 ke constitution === === 1999 ke election === === 2001 ke election === === 2006 ke election === == 2006 coup ke baad == == Aur dekho == * [[Leader of the Opposition (Fiji)]] * [[National Federation Party ke Leader ke suchi]] [[Category:Fiji ke politics]] [[Category:Fiji ke political party|National Federation Party]] laoerhxk53ktbmkdrry8ib6fp25uqdl 0 2081 339414 304331 2026-10-30T01:20:08Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 339414 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map-Latin America.png|thumb|right|260px|Map of Latin american countries (Hispanic, Portuguese, and French). Belize has a big Hispanophone community.]] '''Latin America'''<ref>Piles</ref>, dunia ke ek region hai. Latin America, [[the Americas]] me hai. Admii log ii nai agree kare paais hai ki Latin America me kon des hai. Kuch jane [[South America]], [[Central America]], aur [[Mexico]] ke Latin America bole hai. Aur log isme [[Caribbean]] Islands ke bhi jorr le hai. Aur log American des jahaan ke log [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], aur [[French language|French]] me baat kare hai ke Latin America bole hai. 'Latin' naam [[Latin language]] se aais hai. Spanish, Portuguese, aur French bhasa, jisme jaada Latin America ke log baat kare hai ke [[Romance bhasa]] bola jaae hai. Romance bhasa Latin se aais hai. Latin America ke sab log Romance bhasa me nai baat kare hai. Kuch log [[Native American]] bhasa me baat kare hai. Latin Americans ke jaada log [[Roman Catholic]]hai. Kuch log jin des latin Ameriaca me nai hai ke Germanic America bole hai. Germanic America ke des me log [[Germanic languages]]me baat kare hai, jaise ki: [[English language|English]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], aur [[Danish language|Danish]]. Latin America ke pahila goraa paae waala 1492 me [[Christopher Columbus]] rahaa. Columbus eastern Asia khatir chhota rasta khojat rahaa. Jab Columbus Europe laut ke aais tab huan ke log bahut exited bhain. 1493 me Pope ek Line of Demarcation bnais jisse ke Spain aur Portugal larre nai. Ii line ke west me jab jagah ke Spain ke dewa gais aur east waala ke Portugal ke dewa gais. Spanin ke log Mexico ke sahaj se lae liin kahe ki Native Americans log Spanish log se larre nai pain kahe ki uu logan ke paas gjorraa aur banduuk nai rahaa. Kuch Native Americans Spanish log ke bhagwaan sochat rahin. Dher native log ke Spanish log se faiela bemari se maut hoe gais. == References == <references/> == Bahaari jorr == {{commons|Latin America|Latin America}} * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/interactives/latinpolitics/index.html The Washington Post Interactive Map of Politics in Latin America] * [http://www.comunidadandina.org/endex.htm Andean Community official webpage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509144032/http://www.comunidadandina.org/endex.htm |date=2008-05-09 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091121074246/http://www.coha.org/ Council on Hemispheric Affairs] * [http://www1.lanic.utexas.edu/ Latin American Network Information Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224222810/http://lanic.utexas.edu/ |date=2007-12-24 }} * [http://www.lawg.org Latin America Working Group] * [http://www.wola.org Washington Office on Latin America] * [http://pdba.georgetown.edu/ Politics in Latin America] * [http://www.infolatam.com/ Infolatam. Information and analysis of Latin America] [[Category:Latin America| ]] ep313jkm7hfjssqa64e21pjaks1lsfe 0 2497 339412 338586 2026-10-30T00:55:59Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 339412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |image= |name=German |nativename={{lang|de|''Deutsch''}} |familycolor=Indo-European |pronunciation={{IPA-de|ˈdɔʏtʃ|}} |states= Jaada kar ke [[w:German-speaking Europe|Geman bhasa me baat kare waala Europe]], [[w:German as a minority language|jahan pe khaali kuchh log German me baat kare hae]] aur dunia bhar ke [[w:German diaspora|German diaspora]] me |speakers=[[w:Native speakers|Native speakers]]:<br />ca. 90<ref name="SIL">{{Cite encyclopedia| editor-last = Lewis| editor-first = M. Paul| encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World| edition = 16 | publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas| date = 2009| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=deu}}</ref> – 97 million<ref name="Marten">{{cite book |editor1-first= Thomas|editor1-last= Marten|editor2-first= Fritz Joachim|editor2-last= Sauer|title= Länderkunde - Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz und Liechtenstein im Querschnitt|trans_title= Regional Geography - An Overview of Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein|origyear= 2005|publisher= Inform-Verlag|location= Berlin|language= German|isbn= 3-9805843-1-3|page= 7}}</ref><br />Non-native speakers:<br />ca. 80 million<ref name=natgeo2006>{{cite book | authorlink = National Geographic | title = National Geographic Collegiate Atlas of the World | publisher = R.R Donnelley & Sons Company | year = 2006 | month = April | location = Willard, Ohio | pages = 257–270 | isbn = Regular:0-7922-3662-9, 978-0-7922-3662-7. Deluxe:0-7922-7976-X, 978-0-7922-7976-1 }}</ref> |fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] |fam2=[[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] |fam3=[[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] |fam4=[[w:High German languages|High German]] |script=[[w:Latin alphabet|Latin alphabet]] ([[w:German alphabet|German variant]]) |nation=<!--Do not remove mentions with a source and do not add them without!!!--> {{flag|European Union}}<br /><small>(official and working language)</small> ---- {{flag|Austria}}<br /> {{flag|Belgium}}<br /> {{flag|Italy}} <small>([[South Tyrol]])</small> <br /> {{flag|Germany}}<br /> {{flag|Liechtenstein}}<br /> {{flag|Luxembourg}}<br /> {{flag|Switzerland}} |minority={{flag|Czech Republic}}<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cz1_de.html EUROPA - Allgemeine & berufliche Bildung - Regional- und Minderheitensprachen der Europäischen Union - Euromosaik-Studie<!-- Bot generated title][http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/da1_en.html EUROPA - Education and Training - Europa - Regional and minority languages - Euromosaïc study<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />{{flag|Denmark}}<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/da1_en.html Support from the European Commission for measures to promote and safeguard regional or minority languages and cultures - The Euromosaic sutdy: German in Denmark] (engl.). Letzter Zugriff am 13. November 2009</ref><br />{{flag|Hungary}}<ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/hu_de.pdf EC.europa.eu]</ref><br /> {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=28051 |title=KAZAKHSTAN: Special report on ethnic Germans |publisher=Irinnews.org |date= |accessdate=2010-10-11}}</ref><br /> {{flag|Namibia}} <small>([[National language]]; official language 1984–90)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf|title=Deutsch in Namibia|publisher=Supplement of the Allgemeine Zeitung|date=2007-08-18|accessdate=2008-06-23|format=PDF|language=German|archive-date=2008-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624233949/http://www.az.com.na/fileadmin/pdf/2007/deutsch_in_namibia_2007_07_18.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html "CIA World Fact book Profile: Namibia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423100756/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html |date=2020-04-23 }} ''cia.gov'.' Retrieved 2008-11-30.</ref><br />{{flag|Poland}} <small>([[Auxiliary language]] in 22 municipalities in [[Opole Voivodeship]])</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.mswia.gov.pl/download.php?s=1&id=944 |title=Map on page of Polish Ministry of Interior and Administration (MSWiA) |date= |accessdate=2010-03-15 |archive-date=2012-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719121743/http://www2.mswia.gov.pl/download.php?s=1&id=944 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />{{flag|Romania}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siebenbuerger.de/zeitung/artikel/alteartikel/223-deutsche-minderheit-in-rumaenien.html |title=SbZ - Deutsche Minderheit in Rumänien: "Zimmerpflanze oder Betreuungs-Objekt" - Informationen zu Siebenbürgen und Rumänien |publisher=Siebenbuerger.de |date= |accessdate=2010-03-15}}</ref><br />{{flag|Russia}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rusdeutsch.eu/?menu=1&menu0=38&level3=&z=1 |title=Geschichte |publisher=Rusdeutsch.EU |date= |accessdate=2010-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720175253/http://www.rusdeutsch.eu/?menu=1&menu0=38&level3=&z=1 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{flag|Slovakia}} <small>(Official municipal language of [[Krahule|Krahule/Blaufuß]])</small><ref name=natgeo2006 /><ref name='europa-slok'>[http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/slok1_de.html EUROPA - Allgemeine & berufliche Bildung - Regional- und Minderheitensprachen der Europäischen Union - Euromosaik-Studie<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />{{VAT}} <small>(Administrative and commanding language of the [[Swiss Guard]])</small><ref>{{cite web |author=Verein Deutsche Sprache e.V. |url=http://www.vds-ev.de/verein/aha/aha.php |title=Verein Deutsche Sprache e.V. - Prominente Mitglieder und Ehrenmitglieder |publisher=Vds-ev.de |date=2006-06-15 |accessdate=2010-03-15 |archive-date=2009-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704082636/http://www.vds-ev.de/verein/aha/aha.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |agency=''No official regulation'' <br /> (German orthography regulated by the Council for German Orthography ([[Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de/rat/ |title=Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung - Über den Rat |publisher=Rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de |date= |accessdate=2010-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226064918/http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/ |archive-date=2018-12-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>). |iso1=de |iso2b=ger |iso2t=deu |lc1=deu|ld1=New High German |lc2=gmh|ld2=Middle High German |lc3=goh|ld3=Old High German |lc4=gct|ld4=Alemán Coloniero |lc5=bar|ld5=Austro-Bavarian |lc6=cim|ld6=Cimbrian |lc7=geh|ld7=Hutterite German |lc8=ksh|ld8=Kölsch|ll8=Kölsch dialect |lc9=nds|ld9=Low German |lc10=sli|ld10=Lower Silesian|ll10=Lower Silesian language |lc11=ltz|ld11=Luxembourgish|ll11=Luxembourgish language |lc12=vmf|ld12=Main-Franconian |lc13=mhn|ld13=Mócheno |lc14=pfl|ld14=Palatinate German |lc15=pdc|ld15=Pennsylvania German|ll15=Pennsylvania German language |lc16=pdt|ld16=Plautdietsch |lc17=swg|ld17=Swabian German |lc18=gsw|ld18=Swiss German |lc19=uln|ld19=Unserdeutsch |lc20=sxu|ld20=Upper Saxon |lc21=wae|ld21=Walser German |lc22=wep|ld22=Westphalian|ll22=Westphalian language |lingua=52-AC (Continental West Germanic) > 52-ACB (Deutsch & Dutch) ><br />52-ACB-d ([[Central German]] incl. 52-ACB–dl & -dm [[Standard German|Standard/Generalised High German]]) + 52-ACB-e & -f ([[Upper German]] & [[Swiss German]]) + 52-ACB-g ([[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]) + 52-ACB-h ([[German diaspora|émigré German]] varieties incl. <br />52-ACB-hc [[Hutterite German]] & 52-ACB-he [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania German]] etc.) + 52-ACB-i ([[Yeniche language|Yenish]]); totalling 285 varieties: 52-ACB-daa to 52-ACB-i |map=[[file:Legal status of German in the world.svg|250px]][[File:Legal status of German in Europe.svg|250px]]<br />Jagah jahan pe ''German'' me baat karaa jaae hae. {{legend|#ff9900|Official language}} {{legend|#ffcc00|Widely spoken and understood and/or [[National language]]}} {{legend|#ff6633|Spoken on a regional level}} }} '''German bhasa''' (German: ''Deutsch'' nai to ''(die) deutsche Sprache'') ek [[Germanic bhasa]] hae jon ki [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[language family]] ke hae. Ii bhasa me [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Namibia]], [[Switzerland]], [[Liechtenstein]] aur [[Luxembourg]] me baat karaa jaae hae. Kuch des me thora log bhi German me baat kare hae jaise ki [[Belgium]], [[Netherlands]], [[France]],aur Northern [[Italy]]. Uu des me jahan pe German migrants logan gain hae huan par bhi abhi talak ii bhasa me baat karaa jaae hae jaise ki [[United States]] aur [[Canada]], where many migrants emigrated from Germany. Kuchh East Europe ke des, jaise ki, [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]]aur [[Russia]] me bhi German me baat karaa jaae hae. German, [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] [[language family]] ke hae aur [[English bhasa|English]] aur [[Dutch bhasa|Dutch]] ke rakam hae. German ke dher sabd English se related hae. == Dialects == * Elsässisch * Pennsylfaanisch-Deitsch * Niederrheinisch * Westfälisch * Ostfälisch * Nordniedersächsisch * Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch * Brandenburgisch * Ostpommersch * Mittelpommersch * Niederpreußisch * Ripuarisch * Moselfränkisch * Rheinfränkisch * Nordhessisch * Mittelhessisch * Osthessisch * Rheinfränkisch * Thüringisch * Obersächsisch * Nordobersächsisch * Schlesisch * Lausitzisch-Neumärkisch * Hochpreußisch * Schwäbisch * Niederalemannisch * Mittelalemannisch * Hochalemannisch * Höchstalemannisch * Nordbairisch * Mittelbairisch * Südbairisch == Examples == === Kuchh German words Fiji Hindi translations ke saathe === {| border="1" width="100%” |'''null''' |kuchh nai |- |'''eins''' |ek |- |'''zwei''' |dui |- |'''drei''' |tiin |- |'''vier''' |char |- |'''fünf''' |paanch |- |'''sechs''' |chhe |- |'''sieben''' |sat |- |'''acht''' |aath |- |'''neun''' |nau |- |'''zehn''' |das |- |'''elf''' |gyarah |- |'''zwölf''' |barah |- |'''dreizehn''' |terah |- |'''vierzehn''' |chaudah |- |'''fünfzehn''' |pandrah |- |'''sechzehn''' |satrag |- |'''achtzehn''' |atharah |- |'''neunzehn''' |unnis |- |'''zwanzig''' |biis |- |'''einundzwanzig''' |biis aur ek |- |'''ja''' |han |- |'''nein''' |nai |- |'''ich''' |ham |- |'''du''' |tum (friendly) |- |'''er''' |ii, uu |- |'''sie''' |ii, uu |- |'''es''' |ii |- |'''wir''' |ham log |- |'''ihr''' |tum log |- |'''Sie''' |uu |- |'''sie''' |uu log |- |'''Schweiz''' |Switzerland |- |'''Österreich''' |Austria |- |'''Deutschland''' |Germany |- |'''wer''' |kon |- |'''wie''' |kaise |- |'''wo''' |kahaan |- |'''was''' |konchi |- |'''der''' |the (masculine) |- |'''die''' |the (feminine) |- |'''das''' |the (neuter (neutral) |} === Basic German Expressions === {| border="1" width="100%” |'''Guten Morgen''' ([[Austria]] me: '''Grüß Gott''') |Good morning |- |'''Guten Abend''' |Good evening |- |'''Guten Tag''' |Kaise |- |'''Gute Nacht''' |Good Night |- |'''Wie geht es dir/Ihnen?''' |Tum kaise hae |- |'''Mir geht's gut, danke!''' |Ham thiik hae, bhanbaad |- |'''bitte ''' |Meharbani kar ke |- |'''danke''' |Dhanbaad |- |'''Auf Wiedersehen''' |Namaste |- |'''Ich heiße ...''' |Hamaar naam hae ... |- |'''Wie heißt du/Wie heißen Sie''' |Tumar naam konchi hae?? |- |'''Entschuldigung/ Entschuldigen Sie''' |Maaf Karna |- |'''Woher kommst du?/ Woher kommen Sie?''' |Tum kahaan ke hae? |- |'''Ich komme aus Deutschland/Österreich''' |Ham Germany/Austria ke hae |- |'''Wo wohnst du?/ Wo wohnen Sie?''' |Tum kahaan rahataa hae? |- |'''Was ist los?''' |Kuchh karrbarr hae? |} === Hafta ke din === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fiji Hindi || German |- ||Sombaar||der Montag |- ||Mangar||der Dienstag |- ||Budh||der Mittwoch |- ||Bif||der Donnerstag |- ||Suk||der Freitag |- ||Sanichar||der Samstag |- ||Etwaar||der Sonntag |} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.speakgerman.co.uk/vocab/days_of_the_week |title=Speak German |access-date=2011-10-27 |archive-date=2011-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107003752/http://www.speakgerman.co.uk/vocab/days_of_the_week |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == <references /> [[vibhag:G]] [[vibhag:Germanic bhasa] [[vibhag:Germanic bhasa]] [[vibhag:Austria ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Belgium ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Brazil ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Denmark ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:France ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Germany ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Hungary ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Kazakhstan ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Liechtenstein ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Luxembourg ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Namibia ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Romania ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Russia ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Switzerland ke bhasa]] lje8gq2q3rbkuyn9zwuhwm08kzvhc4l 0 2543 339416 335909 2026-10-30T01:56:24Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 339416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language |name = Spanish, Castilian |nativename = {{lang|es|español}}, {{lang|es|castellano}} |pronunciation ={{IPA-es|espaˈɲol|}}, {{IPA-es|kasteˈʎano|}} |familycolor = Indo-European |script = [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[Spanish alphabet|Spanish variant]]) |region = (see [[#Geographic distribution|below]]) |speakers = Pahila bhasa 329<ref name=Ethnologue1>[http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size Spanish language total]. Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 August 2009.</ref> million to 400<ref name=demogr/><ref name=congress/><ref name=elcastellano/> million.<br />500 million as first or second language.<ref name=Es2009 /> |fam2 = [[w:Italic languages|Italic]] |fam3 = [[w:Romance languages|Romance]] |fam4 = [[w:Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] |fam5 = [[w:Gallo-Iberian|Gallo-Iberian]] |fam6 = [[w:Iberian Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]] |fam7 = [[w:West Iberian languages|West Iberian]] |script = [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[w:Spanish alphabet|Spanish variant]]) |script = [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[w:Spanish alphabet|Spanish variant]]) |nation = [[w:List of countries where Spanish is an official language|21 countries]], [[United Nations]], [[European Union]], [[Organisation of American States]], [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Central American Integration System]], [[African Union]], [[Caricom]], [[World Trade Organization]], [[North American Free Trade Agreement]], [[Andean Community of Nations]], [[Mercosur]], [[Inter-American Development Bank]], [[Latin Union]], [[Antarctic Treaty]]. |agency = [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]] ({{lang|es|[[Real Academia Española]]}} and 21 other national Spanish language academies) |iso1 = es |iso2 = spa |iso3 = spa |lingua = 51-AAA-b |map = Detailed SVG map of the Hispanophone world.svg }} '''Spanish language''', ek [[Romance bhasa]] hae, jon ki [[Latin]] se aais hae, me se sab se common bhasa hae. Spanish bhasa ke dunia ke dher des me bola jaae hae. Iske khaas kaaran hae ke Spanish log bahut pahile dher colony establsh karin rahha. Uu des jisme Spanish official language hae ke Hispanic country bola jaae hae Kuchh Hispanic des hae: [[North America]], [[Central America]], aur [[Caribbean Islands]]: [[Costa Rica]], [[Cuba]], The [[Dominican Republic]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], [[Puerto Rico]], aur [[El Salvador]]. [[United States]] aur [[Belize]], me jaada log [[English bhasa]] me baat kare hae, lekin Spanish duusra bhasa hae. [[South America]]: [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Guyana]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[Uruguay]], [[Venezuela]]. Duniake aur jagha: [[Philippines]], aaur [[Equatorial Guinea]]. Spain me aur bhasa hae jon ki Spanish se closely related hae, jaise ki [[Catalan language|Catalan]] aur [[Galician language|Galician]]. Spanish bhasa ke kabhi kabhi '''Castilian''' bola jaae hae, [[Castile]] ke baad me, jon ki Spain ke ek region hae. Spanish me Spanish sabd hae "Español", aur Spanish sabd for Castilian hae "Castellano". == Spanish bhasa me ginti == {| border="1" ! Number Spanish me!!Number Fiji Hindi me |- | uno ||ek |- |dos||dui |- |tres||tiin |- |cuatro ||chaar |- |cinco ||paanch |- |seis||chhe |- |siete ||saat |- |ocho||aath |- |nueve ||nau |- |diez ||das |}<ref>[http://www.zompist.com/million.htm Numbers in Million-Speaker Languages]</ref> == Geographic distribution == Spanish is recognised as one of the official languages of the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]], the [[Organization of American States]], the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], the [[African Union]], the [[Union of South American Nations]], the [[Latin Union]], and the [[Caricom]] and has legal status in the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;" |- ! style="width:18%;"|Country ! style="width:12%;"|Population <ref name="UN 2009 estimate">{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/esa/abaadi/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |title=UN 2009 estimate |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> ! style="width:16%;"|Spanish as a native language speakers<ref>Britannica Books of the years 2003 to 2009 [[:es:Anexo:Hablantes de español como lengua materna en el 2003 (según el Britannica Book)]]. Sources used by the Encyclopaedia Britannica (Ethnologue -14th edition, Joshua Project 2000 —People's List, U.S. Census Bureau.) {{Verify credibility|date=March 2010}}</ref> ! style="width:24%;"|Bilingual and as a second language speakers (in countries where Spanish is official)<ref name=Eurob2006>[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf eurobarometer (2006)], [[:es:Anexo:Hablantes de español en la U.E. según el Eurobarómetro (2006)]] for Europe countries</ref> or as a foreign language (where it is not official)<ref name=SpanishStudents>Spanish students for countries out of Europe according to [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf Instituto Cervantes 06-07] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106014858/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf |date=2012-01-06 }} (There aren't concrete sources about Spanish speakers as a second language except to Europe and Latin America countries).</ref> ! style="width:16%;"|Spanish speakers as percentage of abaadi<ref name="DemografíaLengEsp">[http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] (page 28) to countries with official spanish status.</ref> ! style="width:14%;"|Total number of Spanish speakers |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Mexico}} | 112,336,538 <ref>[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=234 CONAPO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527065510/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=234 |date=2011-05-27 }} (2010).</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 112336538 / 100 * 92.17 round 0}}}} <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html cia.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129161335/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html |date=2018-01-29 }}: Spanish only 92.7%</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 112336538 / 100 * 98.5 - 112336538 / 100 * 92.17 round 0}}}} | 98.5% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 112336538 / 100 * 98.5 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|United States}} | 307,006,550 <ref name=USpopfinder>Population figure for 2009 from [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation U.S. Population in 1990, 2000, and 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624024924/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation |date=2011-06-24 }}, U.S. Census Bureau</ref> |35,468,501 <ref>Hispanics older than 5 years old ([http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_S1601&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false US Census Bureau 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606173334/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_S1601&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false |date=2011-06-06 }})</ref> | 14,531,499 | {{#expr: 50000000 / 307006550 * 100 round 1}}% | 50,000,000<ref>[[Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española]]: [http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=1113 elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224203228/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=1113 |date=2016-02-24 }}, José Ma. Ansón: [http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=685 noticias elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224203229/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=685 |date=2016-02-24 }}, Jorge Ramos Avalos: [http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=1145765 univision.com], Elbio Rodríguez Barilari: [http://congresosdelalengua.es/valparaiso/ponencias/lengua_comunicacion/rodriguez_elbio.htm congresosdelalengua.es] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715164424/http://congresosdelalengua.es/valparaiso/ponencias/lengua_comunicacion/rodriguez_elbio.htm |date=2013-07-15 }} , [http://www.abcdesevilla.es/hemeroteca/historico-29-03-2008/sevilla/Cultura/mas-de-70-expertos-participaran-en-la-iii-acta-internacional-de-la-lengua-espa%C3%B1ola-en-la-rabida_1641753752939.html III Acta Internacional de la Lengua Española], [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/13/arts/television/cnn-en-espanol-restructures-its-programming.html nytimes.com] (The United States is now the second-largest Spanish-speaking country in the world, with more Spanish speakers than Spain, and exceeded only by Mexico).</ref><ref>There are 50,477,594 Hispanic people from a total US abaadi of more than 308 million according to the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110102165602/http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/tables/SC-EST2009-04.xls Census Bureau 2010]. 35,468,501 Hispanics older than 5 speak Spanish at home, so there are 15 million posible Spanish speakers as a second language with differents knowladges. In addition, there are 6 ([http://www.cervantes.es/docs/Enciclopedia_del_espa%C3%B1ol_en_el_mundo.pdf cervantes.es]) or 7.8 ([http://www.fundacionsiglo.com/espanol/cap1.pdf fundacionsiglo.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527180733/http://www.fundacionsiglo.com/espanol/cap1.pdf |date=2012-05-27 }}) million Spanish students in USA, many of them are not Hispanics. Finally, there are 9 million illegal Hispanics in USA, some of them aren't in the census ([http://www.impre.com/laraza/opinion/editorial/2009/4/19/palidos-de-hambre-120230-1.html impre.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111083239/http://www.impre.com/laraza/opinion/editorial/2009/4/19/palidos-de-hambre-120230-1.html |date=2012-01-11 }}).</ref> |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Spain}} | 47,150,819 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/ |title=INE Datos básicos ... acceso directo (1/1/2010) |publisher=Ine.es |date=2001-05-28 |accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 47150819 / 100 * 89.0 round 0}}}} <ref>89.0% speak Spanish as a first language ([http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf eurobarometer (2006)])</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 47150819 / 100 * 98.8 - 47150819 / 100 * 89.0 round 0}}}} | 98.8% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 47150819 / 100 * 98.8 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Colombia}} | 46,010,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |title=DANE |publisher=DANE |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01 |archive-date=2012-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 46010000 / 100 * 99.03 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 46010000 / 100 * 99.2 - 46010000 / 100 * 99.03 round 0}}}} | 99.2% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 46010000 / 100 * 99.2 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Argentina}} | 40,900,496 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecyestimaciones_1950-2015.pdf |title=SINTITUL-7 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-02-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109220415/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecyestimaciones_1950-2015.pdf |archivedate=2005-11-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 40900496 / 100 * 96.84 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 40900496 / 100 * 99.4 - 40900496 / 100 * 96.84 round 0}}}} | 99.4% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 40900496 / 100 * 99.4 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Venezuela}} | 29,243,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.gov.ve/ |title=(30 Aug., 2010) |publisher=INE |date= |accessdate=2010-07-01 |archive-date=2019-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912233212/http://www.ine.gov.ve/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29243000 / 100 * 96.48 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29243000 / 100 * 98.8 - 29243000 / 100 * 96.48 round 0}}}} | 98.8% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29243000 / 100 * 98.8 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Peru}} | 29,797,694 <ref>{{cite web |author=Ezio Quispe Fernández |url=http://www.inei.gob.pe/ |title=(2011) |publisher=INEI |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 |archive-date=1997-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970412040139/http://www.inei.gob.pe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29797694 / 100 * 79.77 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29797694 / 100 * 86.6 - 29797694 / 100 * 79.77 round 0}}}} | 86.6% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29797694 / 100 * 86.6 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Chile}} | 17,248,450 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf |title=INE (Chile - 2011)|format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 17248450 / 100 * 89.94 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 17248450 / 100 * 99.3 - 17248450 / 100 * 89.94 round 0}}}} | 99.3% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 17248450 / 100 * 99.3 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Ecuador}} | 14,306,000 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecuadorencifras.com/cifras-inec/main.html |title=Ecuador en Cifras |publisher=INEC |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14306000 / 100 * 92.96 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14306000 / 100 * 98.1 - 14306000 / 100 * 92.96 round 0}}}} | 98.1% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14306000 / 100 * 98.1 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Guatemala}} | 14,361,666 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.gt/index.php/demografia-y-poblacion/42-demografiaypoblacion/207-infodemo2010 |title=Información Demógrafica 2010 |publisher=INE |date=2007-09-21 |accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14361666 / 100 * 64.7 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14361666 / 100 * 86.4 - 14361666 / 100 * 64.7 round 0}}}} | 86.4% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14361666 / 100 * 86.4 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Cuba}} | 11,235,863 <ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.one.cu/aec2009/datos/3.1.xls|title=UN (2010)|date=|accessdate=2011-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221033803/http://www.one.cu/aec2009/datos/3.1.xls|archivedate=2010-12-21|url-status=live}}</ref> | 11,235,863 | | 99.4% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 11235863 / 100 * 99.4 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Dominican Republic}} | 10,225,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10225000 / 100 * 98.98 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10225000 / 100 * 99.6 - 10225000 / 100 * 98.98 round 0}}}} | 99.6% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10225000/ 100 * 99.6 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Bolivia}} | 10,426,154 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.bo/indice/visualizador.aspx?ah=PC20410.HTM |title=(2010) |publisher=INE |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10426154 / 100 * 41.73 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10426154 / 100 * 87.9 - 10426154 / 100 * 41.73 round 0}}}} | 87.9% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10426154 / 100 * 87.9 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Honduras}} | 8,215,313 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/sites/default/files/Resumen%20de%20la%20Proyeccion%20de%20Poblacion%20de%20Honduras%202001-2015_0.xls|title=INE (2011)|date=|accessdate=2011-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519232641/http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/sites/default/files/Resumen%20de%20la%20Proyeccion%20de%20Poblacion%20de%20Honduras%202001-2015_0.xls|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 8215313 / 100 * 97.16 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 8215313 / 100 * 99.0 - 8215313 / 100 * 97.16 round 0}}}} | 99.0% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 8215313 / 100 * 99.0 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|El Salvador}} | 6,183,002 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090919205554/http://www.digestyc.gob.sv/Portada/Presentacion%20Poblacion.pdf Census 2010 estimation] (page 32)</ref> | 6,183,002 | | 99.7% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 6183002 / 100 * 99.7 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|France}} | 64,057,790 | 440,106 <ref>1% of 44,010,619 (abaadi of France older than 15 years in 2005). Source: Eurobarometer 2006. There are 179,678 immigrants from Spain according to INE (1/1/2009)</ref> | 5,721,380 | 9.6% | 6,161,486 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Nicaragua}} | 5,822,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 5822000 / 100 * 87.4 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 5822000 / 100 * 97.0 - 5822000 / 100 * 87.4 round 0}}}} | 97.0% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 5822000 / 100 * 97.0 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Morocco}} | 31,759,997<ref>[http://www.hcp.ma/ Morocco census]</ref> | 20,000 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MA |title=ethnologue.com |publisher=ethnologue.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> | 5,480,000 | 17.32% | 5,500,000<ref>there are between 4 and 7 million Spanish speakers in Morocco (Ammadi, 2002) [http://www.educacion.es/exterior/ma/es/File/MI%20ARTICULO%20PDF%20OK.pdf educacion.es]</ref><ref>According to a survey made in 2005 by CIDOB ([http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/lengua+y+cultura/ari116-2008 realinstitutoelcano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718084050/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/lengua+y+cultura/ari116-2008 |date=2016-07-18 }}, [http://www.afapredesa.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=195&Itemid=2 afapredesa.org]). According to the Morocco Census of 2004, the Morocco abaadi is 29,680,069 ([http://www.hcp.ma/ hcp.ma]</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Brazil}} | 190,732,694 <ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1766&id_pagina=1 IBGE 2010]</ref> | 448,689 <ref>50% of 733,000 foreigners in Brazil are from [[Mercosur]] (Page 32 [http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf] + 82,189 spanish immigrants ([http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t20/p85001/a2010/l0/&file=01001.px&type=pcaxis&L=0 INE (1/1/2010)]).</ref> | 5,000,000<ref>[http://www.cervantes.es/imagenes/File/prensa/anuario2009.pdf 2009 Annuary of the Instituto Cervantes]: More than 5 million students are learning Spanish. [http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=775 elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615014710/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=775 |date=2009-06-15 }},[http://editor.elespectador.com/brasil/articulo43526-presidente-brasileno-espera-los-ninos-hablen-espanol elespectador.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408173436/http://editor.elespectador.com/brasil/articulo43526-presidente-brasileno-espera-los-ninos-hablen-espanol |date=2014-04-08 }}, [http://www.oei.org.co/noticias/noticia12042007_1.htm oei.org.co]: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, president of Brazil: Near 9 million students are learning Spanish and the forecast is 12 million in 2010. [http://www.cervantes.es/docs/Espanol_en_Brasil.pdf Instituto Cervantes]: More than 1 million of spanish students in the private school and almost 11 million estimated for 2010 in the public school.</ref> | 2.86% | 5,448,689 |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Costa Rica}} | 4,615,646 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/GeneradorPagina.aspx |title=Primera variación del año registró un 0,68% |publisher=INEC |date= |accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 4615646 / 100 * 97.25 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 4615646 / 100 * 99.2 - 4615646 / 100 * 97.25 round 0}}}} | 99.2% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 4615646 / 100 * 99.2 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Paraguay}} | 6,460,000 | 369,000 | 4,043,555 | 69.5% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 6460000 / 100 * 69.5 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Puerto Rico}} | 3,998,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3998000 / 100 * 95.10 round 0}}}} <ref>95.10% of the abaadi speaks Spanish ([http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GRTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-_box_head_nbr=R1602&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-format=US-30&-mt_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_R0504_US30&-CONTEXT=grt U.S. Census Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606220348/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GRTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-_box_head_nbr=R1602&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-format=US-30&-mt_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_R0504_US30&-CONTEXT=grt |date=2011-06-06 }})</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3998000 / 100 * 98.8 - 3998000 / 100 * 95.10 round 0}}}} | 98.8% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3998000 / 100 * 98.8 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|United Kingdom}} | 60,943,912 | 107,654 <ref>59,017 immigrants from Spain (Spanish census 2001) + 48,637 immigrants from Colombia. [http://www.bolpress.com/art.php?Cod=2002068592 Open Channels and Colombian consul (1999)]</ref> | 3,814,846 | 6.4% | 3,922,500 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Uruguay}} | 3,372,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3372000 / 100 * 96.6 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3372000 / 100 * 98.9 - 3372000 / 100 * 96.6 round 0}}}} | 98.9% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3372000 / 100 * 98.9 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Panama}} | 3,508,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3508000 / 100 * 76.8 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3508000 / 100 * 93.1 - 3508000 / 100 * 76.8 round 0}}}} | 93.1% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3508000 / 100 * 93.1 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Philippines}} | 96,061,683 | 2,660 <ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=PH Ethnologue]. There are 2,532 immigrants from Spain according to [http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&file=inebase&L= INE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207025255/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&file=inebase&L= |date=2010-12-07 }} (1/1/2009)</ref> | 3,014,115 | 3.1% | 3,016,773 <ref>1,816,773 Spanish + 1,200,000 Spanish creole: Antonio Quilis "La lengua española en Filipinas", 1996 pag.234 [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf cervantesvirtual.com], [http://www.mepsyd.es/exterior/au/es/File/Ten_Reasons_low-res(1).pdf mepsyd.es] (page 23), [http://www.mepsyd.es/redele/Biblioteca2006/DavidSanchez/Memoria.pdf mepsyd.es] (page 249), [http://spanish-differences.com/Spanish/Philippines-Spanish.php spanish-differences.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817015943/http://spanish-differences.com/Spanish/Philippines-Spanish.php |date=2009-08-17 }}, [http://www.aresprensa.com/cms/cms/front_content.php?idart=208 aresprensa.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223115032/http://www.aresprensa.com/cms/cms/front_content.php?idart=208 |date=2008-12-23 }}. The figure 2,900,000 Spanish speakers, we can find in [http://books.google.es/books?ei=vCXASpS0LqXkmwO0lZnlBg&ct=result&q=Pluricentric+languages%3A+differing+norms+in+different+nations+spanish+philippines+speakers&btnG=Buscar+libros "Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations"] (page 45 by R.W.Thompson), or in [http://www.sispain.org/spanish/language/worldwid.html sispain.org]./ More than 2 million Spanish speakers and around 3 million with Chavacano speakers according to "Instituto Cervantes de Manila" ([http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=505 elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629084919/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=505 |date=2010-06-29 }})</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Germany}} | 82,369,548 | 140,000 <ref>Britannica Book of the Year 1998 [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917062525/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7 |date=2009-09-17 }}. There are 103,063 immigrants from Spain according to INE (1/1/2009)</ref> | 2,566,972 | 3.2% | 2,706,972 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Italy}} | 58,145,321 | 89,905 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/mre/documentos/novedades/boletines/ano2003/julio/bol257.htm |title=14,905 Spanish (Census 2001) + 75,000 from Ecuador |publisher=Mmrree.gov.ec |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611085532/http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/mre/documentos/novedades/boletines/ano2003/julio/bol257.htm |archivedate=2008-06-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> | 1,968,320 | 3.5% | 2,058,225 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} | 1,153,915 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abaadi-statistics.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=es&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=dq&geo=-91 |title=Equatorial Guinea census (2009) |publisher=Population-statistics.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | n.a. | 1,044,293 | 90.5% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/><ref>13,7% of the abaadi speaks Spanish with native knowladge and other 74% as a second language [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf cvc.cervantes.es] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026105600/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf |date=2012-10-26 }}.</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 1153915 / 100 * 90.5 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Canada}} | 33,212,696 | 909,000 <ref>PMB Statistics 2006 [http://www.mediaincanada.com/articles/mic/20061011/profile.html?page=2 mediaincanada.com] (Spanish-speaking people over the age of 12). Although Canada Census told about 345,345 people who speaks Spanish in 2006, Hispanic organizations claim about 520,260 Hispanics in 2001, and more than 700,000 in 2006 ([http://hispanosencanada.ca/portal/content/view/651/ hispanosencanada.ca]{{dead link|date=February 2011 }}, [http://dialogos.ca/revista/numero3/articulo2.htm dialogos.ca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113073613/http://dialogos.ca/revista/numero3/articulo2.htm |date=2007-11-13 }}), and currently there are near 1 million: ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071109125024/http://www.tlntv.com/pressReleases/2007/TLN%20EN%20ESPANOL%20is%20born.pdf tlntv.com].</ref> | 92,853 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 3% | 1,001,853 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Portugal}} | 10,676,910 | 9,744 | 727,282 | 6.9% | 737,026 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Netherlands}} | 16,645,313 | 19,978 <ref>Spanish (census 2001)</ref> | 662,116 | 4.1% | 682,094 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Belgium}} | 10,403,951 | 85,990 <ref>1% of 8,598,982 (abaadi of Belgium older than 15 years in 2005). Source: Eurobarometer 2006</ref> | 515,939 | 5.8% | 601,929 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Romania}} | 22,246,862 | | 544,531 | 2.4% | 544,531 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Sweden}} | 9,045,389 | 101,472 <ref>Sweden Census SCB (2002)</ref> | 442,601 | 6% | 544,073 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Australia}} | 21,007,310 | 106,517 <ref>Page 32 of the [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf "Demogeafía de la lengua española"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}. 104,000 according to Britannica Book of the Year 2003</ref> | 374,571 <ref>Page 32 of the [http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española "Demografía de la lengua española"]</ref> | 2.3% | 481,088 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Poland}} | 38,500,696 | | 316,104 | 0.8% | 316,104 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Austria}} | 8,205,533 | | 267,177 | 3.3% | 267,177 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Ivory Coast}} | 20,179,602 | | 235,806 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 1.2% | 235,806 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Algeria}} | 33,769,669 | | 223,000 <ref>Between 150,000 and 200,000 in Tinduf ([http://www.aprendemas.com/Noticias/html/N1960_F17012007.HTML aprendemas.com]) + 48,000 in Wilaya of Oran (page 31 of [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }})</ref> | 0.7% | 223,379 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Denmark}} | 5,484,723 | | 219,003 | 4% | 219,003 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Israel}} | 7,112,359 | 130,000 <ref>50,000 sefardíes (Britannica Book of the Year 1998)[http://cvc.cervantes.es/obref/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm] + 80,000 from Iberoamerica [http://cvc.cervantes.es/obref/congresos/sevilla/comunicacion/ponenc_shadas.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105200617/http://cvc.cervantes.es/obref/congresos/sevilla/comunicacion/ponenc_shadas.htm |date=2012-01-05 }}</ref> | 45,231 | 2.5% | 175,231 <ref>Pages 34, 35 of the [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf "Demografía de la lengua española"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}.</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Switzerland}} | 7,581,520 | 123,000 <ref>{{cite web |author=Centro Virtual Cervantes |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7 |title=Britannica Book of the Year 1998 |publisher=Cvc.cervantes.es |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917062525/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7 |archive-date=2009-09-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | 14,420 | 1.7% <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.all-about-switzerland.info/swiss-abaadi-languages.html |title=all-about-switzerland.info |publisher=all-about-switzerland.info |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> | 137,420 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Japan}} | 127,288,419 | 76,565 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publico.es/250381/los-japoneses-latinos-se-sienten-discriminados |title=70,000 from Peru |publisher=publico.es |date=2009-09-09 |accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> | 60,000 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 0.1% | 136,565 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Bulgaria}} | 7,262,675 | | 133,910 | 1.8% | 133,910 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Belize}} | 301,270 | 106,795 <ref name="Demografía de la lengua española">Page 32 of [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}</ref> | 21,848 | 42.7% | 128,643 <ref name="Demografía de la lengua española"/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Netherlands Antilles}} | 223,652 | 10,699 | 114,835 | 56.1% | 125,534 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Ireland}} | 4,156,119 | | 123,591 | 3% | 123,591 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Senegal}} | 12,853,259 | | 101,455 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 0.8% | 101,455 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Greece}} | 10,722,816 | | 86,742 | 0.8% | 86,742 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Finland}} | 5,244,749 | | 85,586 | 1.6% | 85,586 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Hungary}} | 9,930,915 | | 85,034 | 0.9% | 85,034 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Aruba}} | 100,018 | 6,800 | 68,602 | 75.3% | 75,402 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Croatia}} | 4,491,543 | | 73,656 | 1.6% | 73,656 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Andorra}} | 84,484 | 29,907 <ref>35.4% speak Spanish as a first language [http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm www.iea.ad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529044524/http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm |date=2010-05-29 }}</ref> | 25,356 | 68.7% <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm |title=www.iea.ad |publisher=www.iea.ad |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 |archive-date=2010-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529044524/http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 58,040 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Slovakia}} | 5,455,407 | | 43,164 | 0.8% | 43,164 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Norway}} | 4,644,457 | 12,573 | 23,677 | 0.8% | 36,250 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Russia}} | 140,702,094 | 3,320 | 20,000 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantes.es/imagenes/File/prensa/anuario2009.pdf |title=ANUARIO IC 2009 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-11-06}}</ref> | 0.01% | 23,320 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|New Zealand}} | 4,173,460 | 21,645 <ref>New Zealand census (2006)</ref> | | 0.5% | 21,645 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Guam}} | 154,805 | | 19,092 | 12.3% | 19,092 <ref>Page 34 of the [http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la Lengua Española]</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flagicon|United States Virgin Islands}} [[US Virgin Islands]] | 108,612 | 16,788 | | 15.5% | 16,788 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|China}} | 1,345,751,000 | 2,292<ref>Spanish residents in China ([http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&file=inebase&L= INE, 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207025255/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&file=inebase&L= |date=2010-12-07 }})</ref> | 12,835 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 0.001124% | 15,127 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Lithuania}} | 3,565,205 | | 13,943 | 0.4% | 13,943 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Gibraltar}} | 27,967 | 13,857 | | 49.5% | 13,857 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Cyprus}} | 792,604 | | | 1.4% | 11,044 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Turkey}} | 71,892,807 | 380 | 8,000 <ref>Page 37 of the [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}</ref> | 0.01% | 8,380 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Jamaica}} | 2,804,322 | 8,000 | | 0.3% | 8,000 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Luxembourg}} | 486,006 | 3,000 | 4,344 | 1.5% | 7,344 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Malta}} | 403,532 | 6,458 | | 1.6% | 6,458 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} | 1,047,366 | 4,100 | | 0.4% | 4,100 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Western Sahara}} | 513,000 <ref name="UN 2009 estimate"/> | n.a.<ref>The Spanish 1970 census claims 16.648 Spanish speakers in Western Sahara ( [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917062525/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7 |date=2009-09-17 }}) but probably most of them were people born in Spain who left after the Moroccan annexation</ref> | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |- style="background:#efefef;" | '''Total native speakers in the world + bilingual and as a second language where Spanish is official:''' | |rowspan=2| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 103540587 + 35468501 + 41964229 + 45563703 + 39608040 + 28213646 + 23769621 + 15513256 + 13298858 + 9291998 + 11235863 + 10120705 + 4350834 + 7981998 + 6183002 + 2397380 + 5088428 + 20000 + 448689 + 4488716 + 369000 + 3802098 + 3257352 + 2694144 + 2660 + 909000 + 106517 + 130000 + 123000 + 76565 + 106795 + 10699 + 6800 + 29907 + 12573 + 3320 + 21645 + 16788 + 2292 + 13857 + 8000 + 4100 round 0}}}} <ref name=demogr>[http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] (page 38). 359.5 million people where Spanish is official and 40.5 where it is not official with native knowladges of Spanish, and another 40 million with limited knowladges. The figures of the census used are from 2000 to 2005.</ref> | 32,440,098 | |''' {{formatnum:{{#expr: 110651490 + 35468501 + 46585009 + 45641920 + 40655093 + 28892084 + 25804803 + 17127711 + 14034186 + 12408479 + 11168448 + 10184100 + 9164589 + 8133160 + 6164453 + 2397380 + 5647340 + 20000 + 448689 + 4578721 + 4489700 + 3950024 + 3334908 + 3265948 + 2660 + 1044293 + 909000 + 106517 + 130000 + 123.000 + 76565 + 106795 + 10699 + 6.800 + 23618 + 21645 + 12573 + 3320 + 16788 + 2608 + 8000 + 4100 round 0}}}} ''' <ref>450 million Spanish speakers ([http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_conclusiones_lengua_espanola.asp?id=1 I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129052910/http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_conclusiones_lengua_espanola.asp?id=1 |date=2011-01-29 }} and [http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_lengua_espanola.asp?id=7 IV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015030418/http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_lengua_espanola.asp?id=7 |date=2010-10-15 }} International minutes of the Spanish language, and [http://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/prensa/2009/noticias/caffarel_casa_america.htm Instituto Cervantes]). 460 million Spanish speakers ([http://pdf.diariohoy.net/2007/03/25/pdf/10-c.pdf diariohoy.net], [http://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/1583/colombia-convierte-capital-lengua-espanola/503977.html lne.es])</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | '''Total with Spanish speakers as a foreign language:''' | | 81,213,062 | | ''' {{formatnum:{{#expr: 452696047 + 14531499 + 18922281 - 2397380 + 8536126 + 5480000 + 3014115 + 374571 + 45231 + 21848 + 114835 + 68602 + 25356 + 19092 + 16788 round 0}}}} '''<ref name=Es2009 /><ref>In addition to 452,653,523 speakers with native knowledges, there are 14,531,499 speakers as a second language in USA. There are 18,922,281 speakers in the EU ([[:es:Anexo:Hablantes de español en la U.E. según el Eurobarómetro (2006)]]), but 2,397,380 as a first language ([http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf page 37]) are counted. There are 5,480,000 and 3,014,115 speakers as a secondary language in Morocco and Philippines. There are 18,000,000 students according to the Instituto Cervantes ([[:es:Anexo:Estudiantes de español]]), but there are already counted 6,000,000 students from U.S. (cosidered into the 14,531,499 second language speakers), and already considered counted 3,385,000 students into the 18,922,281 speakers in the EU out of Spain , according to the Eurobarometer. Finally 58,382 and 20,492 students considered counted into the Morocco and Philippines speakers. There are a total of 8,536,126 students more to add, avoiding double accounting.</ref> |} === Hafta ke din === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fiji Hindi || Spanish |- ||Sombaar||lunes |- ||Mangar||martes |- ||Budh||miércoles |- ||Bif||jueves |- ||Suk||viernes |- ||Sanichar||sábado |- ||Etwaar||domingo |} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/socialculture/a/120709dieshebdomadis.htm |title=Latin Days of the week |access-date=2011-10-27 |archive-date=2011-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118085633/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/socialculture/a/120709dieshebdomadis.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == <references/> == Duusra websites == * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa Ethnologue report for Spanish] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091022151050/http://geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/2444/splatin.html Spanish evolution from Latin] * {{es icon}} [http://buscon.rae.es/diccionario/drae.htm Dictionary of the RAE] [[Real Academia Española]]'s official Spanish language dictionary * [[Wikivoyage:Spanish phrasebook|Spanish phrasebook]] on [[Wikivoyage]] * [https://www.kopekpansiyonu.org/ Köpek pansiyonu] Gutenberg EBook * [http://www.verbix.com/languages/spanish.shtml Spanish verb conjugations] * [http://www.onlinespanishhelp.com/viewSentence.php Random Spanish Audio Examples] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201092946/http://www.onlinespanishhelp.com/viewSentence.php |date=2009-02-01 }} * [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15353/15353-h/15353-h.htm#e1 The Project Gutenberg EBook of A First Spanish Reader] by [[Erwin W. Roessler]] and [[Alfred Remy]]. {{InterWiki|code=es}} <!-- interwiki --> [[vibhag:Spanish bhasa| ]] [[vibhag:Spain ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Romance bhasa]] dtmr7vd5v3n0ofjp7soswjw8h3d0oib 0 5047 339440 336750 2026-10-30T10:29:48Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|0 */ 339440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person | honorific-prefix = <small>[[The Right Honourable]]</small><br /> | name = John Maynard Keynes | image = WhiteandKeynes.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = John Maynard Keynes (right) aur Harry Dexter White, Bretton Woods Conference me | birth_date = {{birth date|1883|6|5}} | birth_place = [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] Cambridge, [[United Kingdom|UK]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1946|4|21|1883|6|5}} | death_place = [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] Tilton, East Sussex, [[United Kingdom|UK]] | education = Eton College aur King's College, Cambridge | job = Economist | spouse = Lydia Lopokova | parents = John Neville Keynes, Florence Ada Brown }} '''John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes''', Order of the Bath ([[5 June]] [[1883]]–[[21 April]] [[1946]]) ek [[UK|British]] [[economist]] rahaa, jiske ideas ke [[Keynesian economics]] bola jaawe hae. Uu bolis rahaa ki sarkar ke ke tax aur banking measures ke kaam me laae ke economic [[recession]]s, [[depression (economics)|depressions]] aur [[economic boom|booms]] ke control kare ke chaahi. Uu modern theoretical of [[macroeconomics]] ke guru rahaa. ==Bachpan ke din aur sikchhaa== [[Image:KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg|thumb|King's College, Cambridge, me.]] John Maynard Keynes ke janam [[Cambridge]], England me, 5 June 1883 me bhais rahaa, ek upper-middle-class palwaar me. Uske pitaji, John Neville Keynes, ek economist aur lecturer [[moral science]]s me, University of Cambridge me rahaa, jab uske maiyaa Florence Ada Keynes, ek local social reformer rahii jon town ke duusra aurat mayor banis rahaa. Keynes pahila larrka rahaa aur uske baad dui aur larrkan paida bhae rahin{{snd}} Margaret Neville Keynes 1885 me aur Geoffrey Keynes 1887 me. Geoffrey ek surgeon banaa rahaa aur Margaret Nobel Prize-winning physiologist [[Archibald Hill]] ke saathe saadi kare rahii. Geoffrey ke anusaar, uulog ke mai0baap loving aur attentive rahin. Uu log ek Congregational Church jaawat rahin<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keynes |first1=Geoffrey |editor1=Milo Keynes |title=Essays on John Maynard Keynes |year=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=London |isbn=978-0521205344 |pages=26–35 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/essaysonjohnmayn0000unse_n9x6/page/26/mode/2up |chapter=The Early Years|chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref>{{r|2003 Skidel|p=14}} aur ekke ghar me jindagi bhar rahat rahin, jahan pe uulog ke larrkan sab time laut ke aawat rahin. Keynes ke uske pitaji se dher support mila rahaa, jisme uske coach karaa jaawat rahaa jisse uu aapan scholarship exams ke pass kare sakt rahaa, aur uske paisa bhi mila rahaa jab uske assets ke [[Great Depression]] in 1929 me khalaas hi. Keynes ke maiyaa aapan larrkan ke interests ke aapan bane rahis, aur Skidelsky ke anusaar, "because she could grow up with her children, they never outgrew home".{{r|2003 Skidel|p=14}} January 1889 me, paanch aur aadha saal ke umar me , Keynes started at the kindergarten, Perse School for Girls, me suruu karis rahaa, har haftaa me paanch din talak. Uu dekhais ki uu arithmetic me achchhaa rahaa, lekin usme tabiyat achhaa nai rahat rahaa, jiske kaaran uu dher class ke miss karat rahaas. Uske ek governess, Beatrice Mackintosh tutor karis rahaa, uske maiyaa ke saathe . January 1892 me, jab uu aath aur aadhaa saal ke rahaa, uu roj [[St Faith's School|St Faith's]] preparatory school jaawe lagaa. 1894 talak, Keynes aapan class ke top karat rahaa, aur [[mathematics]] me bahut achchhaa karat rahaa. 1896 me, St Faith ke headmaster, Ralph Goodchild, likhis ki Keynes "head and shoulders above all the other boys in the school" rahaa aur uu sure rahaa ki Keynes ke ek scholarship, Eton khaatir mil jaai.<ref>Sources: * {{cite book|last=Hession|first=Charles Henry|title=John Maynard Keynes: A Personal Biography of the Man Who Revolutionized Capitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8JdAAAAIAAJ|year=1984|pages=12–|isbn=0025513109|publisher=MacMillan Ltd.|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=1 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101230121/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8JdAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last=Dostaler|first=Gilles|title=Keynes and His Battles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fGIamxBxQgsC&pg=PA262|year=2007|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1781008379|pages=262–|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=15 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315070949/http://books.google.com/books?id=fGIamxBxQgsC&pg=PA262|url-status=live}} * {{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Keynes.html|title=John Maynard Keynes|first1=J.J.|last1=O'Connor|first2=E.F.|last2=Robertson|date=October 2003|publisher=MacTutor History of Mathematics|place=School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-date=25 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025235917/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Keynes.html|url-status=live}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.maynardkeynes.org/keynes-career-timeline.html#begin|website=John Maynard Keynes|title=Timeline|at=§"Pre-Career Years – 1883 to 1905"|access-date=29 January 2025|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004195432/https://www.maynardkeynes.org/keynes-career-timeline.html#begin|url-status=dead}} * {{cite journal|last=Gümüş|first=Erdal|title=J. M. Keynes; Liberalism and Keynes; Keynes's Personal Life; Keynes's School Years|journal=Dumlupinar University Journal of Social Sciences|volume=5|issue=9|year=2003|pages=81–100|place=Eskisehir Osmangazi University|id=MPRA Paper No. 42373|url=http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/42373|access-date=25 January 2014|archive-date=14 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214204220/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/42373/|url-status=live}} (cites Skidelsky) * {{citation|title=130 years of Perse Girls – Stephen Perse Foundation|url=http://www.stephenperse.com/resource.aspx?id=1666|year=2011|page=8|access-date=25 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822072052/http://www.stephenperse.com/resource.aspx?id=1666|archive-date=22 August 2015}} includes a photograph that is said to show Keynes as a child at the Perse School Kindergarten</ref> == Duusra websites == * [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/keynes.htm Bio, bibliography, and links] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321234546/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/keynes.htm |date=2009-03-21 }} * {{gutenberg author|id=John_Maynard_Keynes|name=John Maynard Keynes}} * [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/keynes/keynesrev.htm The Keynesian Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416231317/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/keynes/keynesrev.htm |date=2009-04-16 }} * [http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/keynes.html Bio at Time 100 - the most important people of the century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826215619/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/keynes.html |date=2009-08-26 }} * [http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynes/peace.htm John Maynard Keynes, ''The Economic Consequences of the Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207173710/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynes/peace.htm |date=2006-02-07 }} (1919) * [http://csf.colorado.edu/pkt/pktauthors/Berglund.Per/Laissez/Laissez.htm John Maynard Keynes, ''The end of laissez-faire''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815071131/http://csf.colorado.edu/pkt/pktauthors/Berglund.Per/Laissez/Laissez.htm |date=2000-08-15 }} (1926) * [http://newdeal.feri.org/misc/keynes2.htm John Maynard Keynes, ''An Open Letter to President Roosevelt''] (1933) * [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/ John Maynard Keynes, ''The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money''] (1936) * [http://www.etoncollege.com Eton College Keynes (Economics) Society] * [http://www.uncg.edu/bae/people/caldwell/teaching/eco555/JOHN.pdf Short bio with birth location] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821185947/http://www.uncg.edu/bae/people/caldwell/teaching/eco555/JOHN.pdf |date=2010-08-21 }} * [http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/keynes_jm.html Escoffier, Jeffrey. "Keynes, John Maynard." In Glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc.: Chicago, 2004.] * [http://secularstagnation.com ''Essays on John Maynard Keynes and Robert Lekachman ''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217230732/http://secularstagnation.com/ |date=2006-02-17 }} by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( 1998-2007 ) * [http://www.southerndomains.com/SouthernBanks/p2.htm Smith, Marx, Kondratieff and Keynes: Their Intellectual Life Spans, the Convergence of their Theories based upon the Long Wave Hypothesis and the Internet''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412225711/http://www.southerndomains.com/SouthernBanks/p2.htm |date=2008-04-12 }} by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( June 6, 1998 ) * [http://www.maynardkeynes.org/keynes-career-timeline.html Keynes's Career and Biographical Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702141901/http://www.maynardkeynes.org/keynes-career-timeline.html |date=2021-07-02 }} == References == * ''The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes: How the Second Industrial Revolution Passed Great Britain By'', Bernard C. Beaudreau, iUniverse, 2006, ISBN 0-595-41661-6 * ''Essays on John Maynard Keynes'', [[Milo Keynes]] (Editor), Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-521-20534-4 * ''The Life of John Maynard Keynes'', R. F. Harrod, London, Macmillan, 1951, ISBN 1-125-39598-2 * "Keynes, John Maynard," Don Patinkin, ''The [[New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics]]'', v. 2, 1987, pp. 19-41. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-37235-2 (US Edition: ISBN 0-935859-10-1) * ''John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed 1883-1920'', [[Robert Skidelsky]], Papermac, 1992, ISBN 0-333-57379-X (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-023554-X) * ''John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour 1920-1937'', Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 1994, ISBN 0-333-58499-6 (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-023806-9) * ''The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy'', Daniel Yergin with Joseph Stanislaw, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, ISBN 0-684-82975-4 * ''John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain 1937-1946'' (published in the United States as ''Fighting for Freedom''), Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 2001, ISBN 0-333-77971-1 (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-200167-8) * ''[[Lytton Strachey]]'', [[Michael Holroyd]], 1995, ISBN 0-393-32719-1 == References == <references/> {{BD|1883|1946|Keynes, John Maynard}} [[Category:K]] [[Category:England ke Arthsaastrist]] cfgnsjgrcu3lpckk855zuirc4h7xstd 0 5351 339428 332113 2026-10-30T10:21:36Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 339428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox chess player |playername = Viswanathan Anand |image = [[File:Viswanathan Anand 08 14 2005.jpg|260px]] |birthname = Viswanathan Anand |country = {{IND}} |datebirth = {{birth date and age|1969|12|11|df=yes}} |placebirth = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] |datedeath = |placedeath = |title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (1988) |worldchampion = 2000–2002 (FIDE)<br />2007–present (undisputed) |womensworldchampion = |rating = 2788<br /><small>(No. 2 on the July 2009 FIDE ratings list)</small> |peakrating = 2803 (April 2006, April 2008) }} '''Viswanathan Anand''' (janam: [[11 December]] [[1969]]) ek [[India]]n [[chess]] Grandmaster aur abhi ke World Chess Champion hae. ==Notable tournament victories== * 1986 Arab-Asian International Chess Championship 1st * 1987 Sakthi Finance Grandmasters Chess Tournament 1st * 1988 51st Hoogovens Chess Tournament, Wijk Aan Zee 1st * 1989 2nd Asian Active Chess Championship, Hong Kong 1st * 1990 Asian Zonal Championship Gold Medal * 1990 Manchester Chess Festival, Manchester 1st * 1990 Triveni Super Grandmasters Tournament, [[Delhi]] Joint 1st * 1991 World Chess Championship, Brussels Quarter Finalist * 1992 Reggio Emilia Chess Tournament, Reggio Emilia 1st * 1992 Goodrich Open International Tournament, Calcutta 1st * 1992 Linares match Anand vs Vassily Ivanchuk 5.0:3.0 * 1992 Alekhine Memorial, Moscow * 1993 PCA Interzonal, Groningen 1st * 1994 Melody Amber Tournament, Monaco 1st * 1994 World Championship Candidates Cycle, Linares * 1994 PCA Grand Prix, Moscow 1st * 1995 PCA Candidates Final, Las Palmas * 1996 Dortmunder Schachtage, Dortmund (Joint 1st with Kramnik) * 1996 Credit Swiss Rapid Chess Grand Prix, [[Geneva]] 1st * 1996 Torneo Magistral de Ajedrez, Leon * 1997 Torneo de Ajedrex, Dos Hermanes 1st. * 1997 Melody Amber Tournament, Monaco 1st * 1997 Aegon Man vs Computers chess event won 4.0:2.0 * 1997 Chess Classic Rapid Tournament, Frankfurt * 1997 Invesbanka Chess tournament, Belgrade 1st * 1997 Credit Suisse Classic Tournament, Biel 1st * 1997 Knock-Out Championship, Groningen * 1998 FIDE World Chess Championship Finalist * 1998 60th Hoogoven's Schaak Tornoi, Wijk Aan Zee 1st * 1998 Torneo International De Ajedrez, Linares 1st * 1998 Torneo Magitral Communidad De Madrid, Madrid 1st * 1998 Siemens Nixdorf Duell (Rapid), Frankfurt 1st * 1998 Fontys-Tilburg International Chess Tournament 1st * 1999 Wydra Memorial Chess (Rapid), Haifa 1st * 1999 Torneo Magistral de Ajedrez, Leon beat Karpov 5.0:1.0 * 2000 Wydra International Tournament (Rapid), Haifa 1st * 2000 Torneo Magistral de Ajedrez, Leon beat Shirov 1.5:0.5 * 2000 Fujitsu Siemens Giants Chess (Rapid), Frankfurt 1st * 2000 Corsica Masters (Rapid), Corsica 1st * 2000 Sparkassen Chess Meeting, Dortmund (Joint 1st with Kramnik) * 2000 FIDE World Cup, Shenyeng Beat Bareev 1.5:0.5 * 2000 FIDE World Chess Championships, Teheran and New Delhi Beat Alexei Shirov 3.5:0.5 * 2001 2nd Torneo Magistral, Mexico 1st * 2001 Torneo Magistral de Ajedrez, Leon Beat Shirov 2.5:1.5 * 2001 Duel of rahin Champions (Rapid) beat Kramnik 6.5:5.5 * 2001 FIDE World Chess Championship, Moscow Semi Finalist * 2001 Corsica Masters (Rapid), Corsica 1st * 2002 Eurotel World Chess Trophy, Prague beat Karpov 1.5:0.5 * 2002 Chess Classic (Rapid), Mainz beat Ruslan Ponomariov 4.5:3.5 * 2002 FIDE World Cup, [[Hyderabad]] * 2002 Corsica Masters (Rapid), Corsica 1st * 2003 Corus Chess Tournament, Wijk Aan Zee 1st * 2003 Melody Amber Tournament, Monaco 1st * 2003 Chess Classic (Rapid), Mainz beat Judith Polgar 5.0:3.0 * 2003 Corsica Masters, Bastia 1st * 2004 Corus Chess Tournament, Wijk Aan Zee 1st * 2004 Dortmunder Schachtage, Dortmund * 2004 Chess Classic (Rapid), Mainz beat Alexei Shirov 4.5:2.5 * 2004 Corsica Masters, Bastia 1st '''(5 times overall)''' * 2005 18th Magistral Ciudad de Leon Chess, Leon beat Kasimdzhanov 2.5:1.5 * 2005 Chess Classic, Mainz beat Alexander Grischuk 5.0:2.0 * 2005 FIDE World Chess Championship Tournament, San Luis Runner-up to Topalov * 2006 Corus Chess Tournament, Wijk Aan Zee (Joint 1st with Veselin Topalov) '''(5 times overall)''' * 2006 Melody Amber Tournament, Monaco (Joint 1st with Alexander Morozevich) '''(5 times overall)''' * 2006 19th Magistral Ciudad de Leon Chess, Leon beat Topalov 2.5:1.5 * 2006 Chess Classic (Rapid), Mainz * 2006 Mikhail Tal Memorial Blitz Tournament, Moscow 1st * 2007 Morelia-Linares Super Grandmaster Tournament, Linares 1st * 2007 20th Magistral Ciudad de Leon Chess, Leon beat Topalov '''(7 times overall)''' * 2007 Chess Classic (Rapid), Mainz beat Levon Aronian 2.5:1.5 * 2008 Morelia-Linares Super Grandmaster Tournament, Linares 1st '''(3 times overall)''' * 2008 Chess Classic (Rapid), Mainz beat Magnus Carlsen 3.0:1.0 '''(11 times overall)''' ===Chess titles=== * 1983 National Sub-Junior Chess Champion * 1984 Asian Junior Champion * 1984 International Master * 1985 Indian National Champion * 1987 World Junior Chess Champion * 1988 Grandmaster * 1990 Asian Champion * 2000 FIDE World Chess Champion * 2000 World Blitz Chess Champion * 2003 FIDE World Rapid Chess Champion * 2007 World Chess Champion (Undisputed) * 2008 World Chess Champion (Undisputed) ==Awards== Anand has received many national and international awards. * [[Arjuna award]] for Outstanding Indian Sportsman in Chess in 1985 * [[Padma Shri]], [[National Citizens Award]] and [[Soviet Land Nehru Award]] in 1987 * The inaugural [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]] Award, India's highest sporting honour in rahin year 1991–1992. * [[British Chess Federation]] 'Book of rahin Year' Award in 1998 for his book ''My Best Games of Chess'' * [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2000 * [[Jameo de Oro]] rahin highest honour given by rahin Government of Lanzarote in Spain on 25 April 2001. The award is given to illustrious personalities with extraordinary achievements. * [[Chess Oscar]] (1997, 1998, 2003, 2004, 2007 and 2008) * Sportstar Millennium Award in 1998, from India's premier Sports magazine for being rahin sportperson of rahin millennium * [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2007 ==Sample game== {{Chess diagram|= |tright | |= | | |bd| |rd|bd| |kd|= | | |rd| | |pd|pd|pd|= |nd| | |pd| | | | |= | | | |pl| | |pl|nl|= | | | |nl|pl|ql| | |= | | |pd| | | |rl|pl|= | |qd| | | |pl|kl| |= | |bl| |rl| | | | |= |In this position after move 36 in the 2000 [[FIDE]] [[World Chess Championship|World Championship]] game between Viswanathan Anand and [[Victor Bologan]], Anand (White), in an apparently worse position, finds an intuitive sacrifice that leads to a winning attack.}} On his way to winning rahin [[FIDE]] [[World Chess Championship]] in 2000, Anand (White) defeated Grandmaster [[Viktor Bologan]] (Black). Here are rahin moves (analysis by Grandmaster [[Ľubomír Ftáčnik]]): '''1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 Nf6 5. O-O Be7 6. Re1 b5 7. Bb3 d6 8. c3 O-O 9. h3 Nb8 10. d4 Nbd7 11. Nbd2 Bb7 12. Bc2 Re8 13. Nf1 Bf8 14. Ng3 c5 15. d5 c4 16. Bg5 Qc7 17. Nf5 Kh8 18. g4 Ng8 19. Qd2 Nc5 20. Be3 Bc8 21. Ng3 Rb8 22. Kg2 a5 23. a3 Ne7 24. Rh1 Ng6 25. g5! b4!?''' Anand has an excellent kingside attack, so Bologan seeks counterplay with rahin sacrifice of a pawn. '''26. axb4 axb4 27. cxb4 Na6 28. Ra4 Nf4+ 29. Bxf4 exf4 30. Nh5 Qb6 31. Qxf4 Nxb4 32. Bb1 Rb7 33. Ra3 Rc7 34. Rd1 Na6 35. Nd4 Qxb2 36. Rg3 c3''' (see diagram)''' 37. Nf6!! Re5''' If 37...gxf6, 38. gxf6 h6 39. Rg1! Qd2! 40. Qh4 leaves white with an irresistible initiative. '''38. g6! fxg6 39. Nd7 Be7 40. Nxe5 dxe5 41. Qf7 h6 42. Qe8+ 1–0''' <ref>[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1259162 chessgames.com]. Retrieved on 15 April 2007.</ref> ==Further reading== * Viswanathan Anand, ''My Best Games of Chess'' (Gambit, 2001 (new edition)) ==See also== * [[List of chess games between Anand and Kramnik]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{commons}} * {{fide|id=5000017}} * [http://www.indiatwo.com/videos/viswanathan-anand Latest Videos of Viswanathan Anand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231010626/http://www.indiatwo.com/videos/viswanathan-anand |date=2008-12-31 }} * [http://www.365chess.com/players/Viswanathan_Anand Viswanathan Anand games at 365Chess.com] * {{chessgames player|id=12088}} * [http://latestchess.com/showInterview.php?id=1 Interview with Viswanathan Anand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223235413/http://latestchess.com/showInterview.php?id=1 |date=2008-12-23 }} at LatestChess.com year 2007 * [http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1815747_1815707_1815674,00.html [[Time (magazine)|TIME]]: History of Chess, by Viswanathan Anand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503120334/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1815747_1815707_1815674,00.html |date=2010-05-03 }} * [http://www.pluggd.in/entrepreneurship/startup-inspirations-from-viswanathan-anand-chess-champ-855/ Startup Lessons from Viswanathan Anand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181301/http://www.pluggd.in/entrepreneurship/startup-inspirations-from-viswanathan-anand-chess-champ-855/ |date=2011-07-21 }} * [http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/64541/05_2008/devils_anand_0405_1/devils-advocate-viswanathan-anand-on-mind-games.html Interview with CNN IBN, May 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222031337/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/64541/05_2008/devils_anand_0405_1/devils-advocate-viswanathan-anand-on-mind-games.html |date=2012-02-22 }} * [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4933 Interview at ChessBase] * [http://chess.vrsac.com/search/player_e.asp?FC=5000017 Rating data] * [http://players.chessdom.com/viswanathan-anand Latest news about Anand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209050230/http://players.chessdom.com/viswanathan-anand |date=2010-02-09 }} * [[Edward Winter (chess historian)|Edward Winter]], [http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/anandkramniktopalov.html List of Books About Anand, Kramnik and Topalov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427151127/http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/anandkramniktopalov.html |date=2009-04-27 }} {{BD|1969||Anand, Viswanathan}} [[vibhag:India ke log]] [[vibhag:Chess ke khilarri]] [[vibhag:Indian Hindus]] 7df6oj4jsh2pg48lxngzzzvmeu9xkgm 0 7511 339409 336006 2026-10-30T00:43:29Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 339409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |name = Dorsami Naidu |image = DorsamiNaidu.jpg |image_size = 160px |alt = Dorsami Naidu |caption = Dorsami Naidu* |birth_name = |birth_date = |birth_place = |death_date = |death_place = |body_discovered = |death_cause = |resting_place = |resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> |residence = |nationality = Fiji Citizen |ethnicity = Hindustani |citizenship = Fiji Citizen |other_names = |known_for = Politician, Wakiil |education = |alma_mater = University of Canterbury, New Zealand |employer = |occupation = Wakiil |years_active = 1992 - present |home_town = Nadi |salary = |networth = |height = |weight = |title = |term = |predecessor = |successor = |party = National Federation Party |opponents = |boards = |religion =Hindu |spouse = |partner = |children = |parents = |relations = |callsign = |awards = |signature = |website = |footnotes = |box_width = 225px }} '''Dorsami Naidu''',[[ Fiji]] ke ek wkiil, '''politician''' aur social worker hae. Uu Fiji Law Society ke President hae. 1983 me uu University of Canterbury se wakiili pass kar ke law practice suruu karis. 1985 me uu aapan law firm, Pillay, Naidu and Associates ke suruu karis. 1992 ke election me, uu NFP ke bagal se House of Representatives me chuna gais.November 1993 following the debate on the 1994 Budget, he called for a division or vote on the Budget. This led to the defeat of the 1994 Budget, and the fall of the Rabuka Government, resulting in snap general elections in February 1994. He was a member of the Parliamentary Justice, Law & Order Committee. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nfpfiji.com/people/ |title=Candidates |access-date=2014-07-08 |archive-date=2014-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024203415/http://nfpfiji.com/people/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[1994 ke election (Fiji)|1994 ke election]] me uu [[National Federation Party (Fiji)|National Federation Party]] ke taraf se [[Nadi Urban Indian Constituency (Fiji) 1992 - 1999|Nadi Urban Indian Constituency ]] ke jiit ke [[Fiji ke House of Representatives]] ke member banaa. [[1999 ke election (Fiji)|1999 ke election]] aur [[2001 ke election (Fiji)|2001 ke election]] me uu [[Nadi Urban Indian Communal Constituency (Fiji) 1999 - 2006|Nadi Urban Indian Communal Constituency]] se kharra bhais lekin [[Fiji Labour Party]] ke candidate se haar gais rahaa. On 2 July 2005, he resigned as President of he NFP after he was accused of indecently assaulting an office worker. <ref>[http://www.statemaster.com/encyclopedia/Dorsami-Naidu Encyclopedia > Dorsami Naidu]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He was subsequently acquitted of the charges against him <ref>[http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/1057429 Dorsami Naidu] </ref> February 2006 me uu [[w:University of Fiji|University of Fiji]] ke Council ke member rahaa. 8 April 2007 ke, Naidu ke T.I.S.I. Sangam ke National Pesident chuna gais rahaa. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sangamfiji.com/council.htm |title=T.I.S.I. SANGAM -NATIONAL EXECUTIVES 2007 -2008 |access-date=2010-07-12 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720112351/http://www.sangamfiji.com/council.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> 27 September 2008 - Former National Federation Party leader Dorsami Naidu has been voted the new president of the Fiji Law Society at its annual general meeting in Sigatoka today. Naidu replaces Isireli Fa who did not attend today’s meeting <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allvoices.com/s/event-1391082/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5maWppbGl2ZS5jb20vbmV3c19uZXcvaW5kZXgucGhwL25ld3Mvc2hvd19uZXdzLzkwNDk= |title=Fa out, Naidu is law society president |access-date=2012-07-17 |archive-date=2012-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211095643/http://www.allvoices.com/s/event-1391082/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5maWppbGl2ZS5jb20vbmV3c19uZXcvaW5kZXgucGhwL25ld3Mvc2hvd19uZXdzLzkwNDk= |url-status=dead }}</ref> Uu Fiji Law Society ke President hae aur uske April 2009 me Society ke member logan ke lage ek chhthi like ke khatir jisme uu ii batais ki Fiji ke President ke Fiji ke judge ke sack kare ke taagat nai hae, uske ek raat ke khatir jahel me rakkha gais rahaa. <ref> [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/legal-affairs/fiji-police-round-on-law-society-chief-dorsami-naidu/story-e6frg97x-1225699707950 Fiji police round on Law Society chief Dorsami Naidu] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The president of Fiji’s Law Society says the Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption, or FICAC, is acting outside its area of responsibility. Dorsami Naidu made the comments after FICAC charged a Fiji member of the International Commission of Jurists, [[Imrana Jalal]], and her husband with operating a restaurant without a licence. <ref> [http://fijitoday.wordpress.com/2010/01/06/expect-some-action-against-dorsami-naidu-for-this-comment/ Fiji Law Society president says FICAC acts on new ground] </ref> September 2009 me Despite having its AGM cancelled due to the withdrawal of its permit, the members of the Fiji Law Society have reelected Mr Dorsami Naidu as President for another term via postal ballot. <ref>[http://www.southpacificbars.org/dorsami-naidu-reelected-president-fiji-law-society Dorsami Naidu reelected as President of the Fiji Law Society]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == References == <references /> == Bahaari jhor == lawyer{{FIJIKEHINDUSTANIPOLITICIAN72-87}} {{BD|||Naidu, Dorsami}} [[Category:N]] [[Category:Nadi ke log]] [[Category:National Federation Party ke member]] [[Category:Fiji ke House of Representatives ke member]] qyycbjo74nffsxgytxmkknsi0zt0rd9 0 9319 339436 309935 2026-10-30T10:27:23Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 339436 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Tellissaare.JPG|thumb|Aapul]] '''Aapul''' (Vegyanik naam: '''''Malus domestica''''') ek rakam ke [[fal]] hae jiske [[perr]] [[dunia]] ke dher des me, tropical des ke chhorr ke, hoe hae. Iske perr [[Western Asia]] me suruu bhaes rahaa aur iske 7,500 varieties hae. == Bahaari jorr == * [http://www.ifr.ac.uk/info/society/spotlight/apples.htm Apple Facts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112181421/http://www.ifr.ac.uk/info/society/spotlight/apples.htm |date=2013-11-12 }} from the UK's [[Institute of Food Research]] * [http://www.nationalfruitcollection.org.uk/ National Fruit Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406212724/http://www.nationalfruitcollection.org.uk/ |date=2020-04-06 }} (UK) * [http://www.brogdalecollections.co.uk/ Brogdale Farm] (home of the UK's National Fruit Collection) * [http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/TreeDetail.cfm?id=61&trackingID=1822=PRTE5 Tree Guide - Lodi Apple] * [http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/TreeDetail.cfm?id=52&trackingID=1822=PRTE5 Tree Guide - Red Delicious Apple] * [http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/TreeDetail.cfm?id=67&trackingID=1822=PRTE5 Tree Guide - Jonathan Apple] * [http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/TreeDetail.cfm?id=144&trackingID=1822=PRTE5 Tree Guide - Winesap Apple] * [http://www.arborday.org/treeguide/TreeDetail.cfm?id=55&trackingID=1822=PRTE5 Tree Guide - Yellow Delicious] * [http://gvsu.cdmhost.com/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP2=exact&CISOBOX2=peticolas%2C%20theodore&CISOFIELD2=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP3=any&CISOBOX3=&CISOFIELD3=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP4=none&CISOBOX4=&CISOFIELD4=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=/p4103coll3&t=a Grand Valley State University digital collections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104155715/http://gvsu.cdmhost.com/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP2=exact&CISOBOX2=peticolas%2C%20theodore&CISOFIELD2=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP3=any&CISOBOX3=&CISOFIELD3=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP4=none&CISOBOX4=&CISOFIELD4=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=%2Fp4103coll3&t=a |date=2011-11-04 }}- diary of Ohio fruit farmer Theodore Peticolas, 1863 [[vibhag:Fal]] [[de:Kulturapfel#Früchte]] 7sm7v949n2ie88rcv3hs6qu8djr5jwy 0 9582 339408 323903 2026-10-30T00:34:24Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 339408 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Coat of arms of Concepcion, Chile.svg|70px|left]] '''Concepción''', Dakcchin-Purab [[Chile]]. Concepción ke abaadi 216,061 hae ([[2002]] census) aur Greater Concepción urban area ke abaadi 889,168 hae ([[2002]] census). Area ar 221.6 square kilometers. [http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?language=en&params=36_46_22_S_73_03_47_W 36° 46' 22" S 73° 03' 47" W] <gallery perrow=4> File:Centronocheconce.jpg| File:Arco de Medicina UdeC.jpg| File:Moderno Edificio en Concepción.jpg| File:Desembocadura del Biobío.jpg| File:Ex Catedral de Concepción.jpg| File:Biobus01.jpg| File:Hotel El Araucano.JPG| File:Plaza de Armas Concepción.jpg| </gallery> == Net == * https://web.archive.org/web/20100211124604/http://www.concepcion.cl/ * [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Concepcion,_Chile Commons: Concepcion, Chile]. [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:Chile ke city]] e37mj85spazd1p0i1hnn3zp79insaq8 0 19457 339435 338292 2026-10-30T10:26:51Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 339435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gyan sanduk Hindu netaa |name= Sister Nivedita |image= Sœur Nivedita.jpg |caption= Sister Nivedita |birth-date= {{birth date|1867|10|28|df=Y}} |birth-place= [[Ireland]] |birth-name= Margaret Elizabeth Noble |death-date= {{death date and age|1911|10|13|1867|10|28|df=Y}} |death-place= |guru= [[Swami Vivekananda]] |philosophy= |honors= |quote = |footnotes= }} '''Sister Nivedita''' (1867–1911) ek Scots-Irish samaj sevi the jo baad mein [[Swami Vivekananda]] ke shishya bane aur [[Bharat]] ke unnati ke liye bahot kaam kiya.<ref name="JonesRyan2007">{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA317|accessdate=14 October 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|pages=316–317}}</ref><ref name="Highbeam Hindus want national holiday on 13 October to mark Sister Nivedita's 100th death anniversary">{{cite web|title=Hindus want national holiday on October 13 to mark Sister Nivedita's 100th death anniversary|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2254149551.html|publisher=Hindustan Times (Highbeam)|accessdate=14 Cotober 2012|archive-date=2015-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329154630/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2254149551.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Swami Vivekananda ke sath Sister Nivedita ke mulakat hua 1895 saal mein [[London]] mein. Us samay Swamiji [[America]] se laut kar London mein kuch mahine ke liye thahre the. Swami Vivekananda ke sath milne ka sath sath Nivedita samajh gayi yehi woh [[aadmi]] (guru) hain jinke liye woh itne din intezar kar rahi thi. Kuch saal baad Nivedita ne ek dost ko patra mein likhi thi–<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vivekananda.net/PPlHeKnew/SVDisciples/Nivedita.html |title="The Swami and the people he knew," Sister Nivedita |access-date=2012-10-14 |archive-date=2023-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214022724/http://www.vivekananda.net/PPlHeKnew/SVDisciples/Nivedita.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>: <blockquote>"Suppose he had not come to London that time! Life would have been like a headless dream, for I always knew that I was waiting for something. I always said that a call would come. And it did. But if I had known more of life, I doubt whether, when the time came, I should certainly have recognised it.<br> Fortunately, I knew little and was spared that torture....Always I had this burning voice within, but nothing to utter. How often and often I sat down, pen in hand, to speak, and there was no speech! And now there is no end to it! As surely I am fitted to my world, so surely is my world in need of me, waiting – ready. The arrow has found its place in the bow. But if he had not come! If he had meditated, on the Himalayan peaks!...I, for one, had never been here." </blockquote> == Sahitya jiban == Sister Nivedita ne Bharat ke tatha Bharat ke sanskriti ke upay kayi pstak rachna ki thi, jaise * Kali the Mother Swan Sonnenschein & Co.,. 1900. * The Web of Indian Life W. Heinemann 1904 * Cradle Tales of [[Hinduism]] Longmans 1907 * An Indian Study of Love and Death Longmans, Green & Co., * The Master as I Saw Him 1910 * Select essays of Sister Nivedita. [[Ganesh]] & Co.,. 1911. * Studies from an Eastern Home. 1913. * Myths of the Hindus & Buddhists London : George G. Harrap & Co., 1913 * Footfalls of Indian History Longmans, Green & Co., 1915 * Religion and Dharma. Longmans, Green, and Co.,. 1915. * Civic & national ideals.. Udbodhan Office. 1929. == Sandarbh == {{reflist}} [[Category:Itihaas]] [[Category:India ke itihaas]] [[Category:Hindu dharm]] 31kwkxlntmp7l98zud6ub6kkwfoc4qk 0 23243 339423 224147 2026-10-30T10:10:14Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 339423 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="float:right; width:22em; border:1px solid #999999; background:#f9f9f9; padding:4px; font-size:88%;" |- | '''Lekhak''' || [[Marie Ndiaye]] |- | '''Mul sirsak''' || Trois Femmes puissantes |- | '''Desh''' || France |- | '''Bhasa''' || French |- | '''Prakasak''' || [[Éditions Gallimard]] |- | '''Prakasan ki tarikh''' || 20 August 2009 |- | '''Angreji meh prakasit''' || 26 April 2012 |- | '''ISBN''' || 978-0857050564 |} '''''Tree Strong Women''''' ([[French bhasa|French]]: '''''Trois Femmes puissantes''''') Phransi lekhak [[Marie Ndiaye]] dvara 2009 ki upanyas hai. Yah [[Prix Goncourt]] dvara sammanit hai.<ref>[http://www.academie-goncourt.fr/?article=4294967295 "Le Prix Goncourt"]. www.academie-goncourt.fr. [[Académie Goncourt]].</ref> John Fletcher dvara angreji anuvad [[MacLehose Press]] dvara briten meh April 2012 meh prakasit ki gayi aur sanyukt rajya amerika meh [[Knopf]] dvara August 2012 meh. ''[[The Guardian]]'' meh Maya Jaggi dvara vivaran ke anusar: "France aura Senegal ke bich mukhy rup se chal raha hai, is upanyas meh astitv, virasat aur itihas ki punaravrtti asanka jatai gai hai – Parivar ke bhitar, loggo ke bic ke rup meh. Ismeh tin nayikao ke svayam ke layak ki eka abhedy bhavan dikhai hai, jabaki unak manovaijnanik larai lagabhag ek mythic pratidhvani hai."<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/jul/06/three-strong-women-ndiaye-review Maya Jaggi dvara samiks, The Guardian, 6 July 2012.]</ref> ==Sanksep== ===Bhag I=== Norah namak ek mahila [[France]] se [[Senegal]] yatra karti hai apne paray pita ko milne. Vah yah jankar heran thi ki jis adami ko vah jaanti thi vah amir aur vyarth upasthiti meh tha ab vah vajandar aur ajib ho gaya hai. Apane bate Sony ko sath lekar Nora ke pita Nora, Nora ki maa aur badi bahan ko tanavapurn riste ke vaje se chor kar cale gae the. Kuj sallo baad unke pita ne apni do batiyo apne bhai Sony anumati di aur apne bate ko dekhne ke liye apani purv patni ko inkar kar diya, [[Senegal]] mah milane par Sony ki gardan katane ki dhamaki di. Nora ki maa ko annt mah unake purv pati se sapane bate Sony se milane ki anumati milli jaba vaha kisor ki umra ka tha aura us mulakata ke baad unone apane bate ki mulakat ka jikr kabhi nahi kiya. Sony ke pita ne Sony ko acchi siksha prapt karavai par vah apane pita ki adhik dolat se bigaad gaya aur siksa katam hone ke baad aura koi nokari bhi nai dhundi. Nora ko pata chala ki usake pita ne usase [[Senegal]] vapas ane ko pucha ha kyoki Sony Reubeuss namak [[Dakar]] jail meh kaid kar diya gaya hai aur vah cahate hai ki is case par Nora kaam kare joki ek vakila hai. Purane akhabaro ko dekhate huye Nova ko pats chala ki usake bhai Sony ka apane pita ki nayi aur yuva patni ke sath cakkar tha vaah is riste ko khatam karana cahati thi isaliye usaki hatya kar di gayi. Sony ne apani bahan ko bataya ki vastav meh vaah katil nahi he, katal unake pita ne kiya he jab une pata calla ki unaki nayi patni ko jurava larkiya he joki usake bete Sony ki he. ===Bhag II=== Dusari katha Rudy Descas ke bare mah, Ek madhyam varg ayu ke phransi adami apani Senegalese patni Fanta aur apane javan bete Djibril ke sath haal hi meh vapas apane desh [[France]] meh [[Senegal]] se akar base. Senegal ke sammanit Madhyakalin Sahity Rudy kam tanakhva ki nokari hai isaliye vah [[France]] mah anukulit rasoi ko Manille bacana cahate the, unaka manana ​​tha ki ek adami unki patni ke sath cakkar chala raha hai. Apane din ke dauran, Rudy un ghatanao ko darsate huye apne pita pr dosh dekta hai jo unke France anne ka karan banne. Jab vah bahut chota tha tab unake pita ne apane vyapar sahayogi ki hatya unke sar ke upar se gari nikal kr kardi aur vah Reubeuss me kaid rahe. Sal bad, jab Rudy ek siksak tha,ek chatr ne usse katil ka beta bulaya is ghatana se Rudy ne gusse meh us par hamala kiya, baad meh dava kiya ki kayi chatro ne pahale us par hamala kiya tha, vah es ek tippani bolne ke baad dubara doharane se inakar kar diya tha. Siks mantralay ne vidyalay se nikalane ka nirnay laete huye kaha ki unone apsabdaro ka ismal kiya hai. Rudy bhi apane javan bete ke sath tanavapurn sambandh rakhne laga yah dekhane ke baad jis tarah se usaki maa usse vyavahar karati hai, pr akir mah vaah asani se apne bete ke sath jurne meh saksham ho jata hai. ===Bhag III=== Aant meh kahani Khady Demba par ati hai, Fanta ka ek dur ka cacera bhayi jo bhaga I meh sankdep meh dikhayi diya aur Nora ke pita ke ek karmacari ke rup meh. Khady ke pita ki acanak mrityu hojane ke baad, usaka jivan girna suru ho gaya. Kuch sambandho ke vajhe se vaah apane pati ke parivar ke sath rahne ko majabur thi, unake pati ke ikalaute bete ke sath ek varis ka utpadan karne ko kaha gaya es baat ka bura mante huye usne yah kabhi na karne ko kaha. Phir pura parivar uski upasthiti ko najarandaj karne laga aur aant meh use [[Europe]] uske cacere bhayi ke pas bhejane ka phaisala kiya, vapas akar usane yah bataya ki agar vah agge se rasta bhul jane par bhi unake ghar kabhi nahi jayegi. Khady ek naav meh le jayi gai jisme usse Europe ke liye taskari karna tha pr vah antim saarn meh naav chor deti hai. Usse Lamine naam ke ek yuvak ka samana karana para jo usse Europe bhejna cahata tha. Usaki tulana meh choti hone ke bavajud Lamine apane sath le jata hai aur usake liye ek nakali passport ka prarambh karta hai jo donno ko samundr se na leja kar jamin se Europe paar karrga. Europe ko paar karne ki yatra meh unke pas rishvat ke liye paise na hone ki vajhe se un donno ko sema ke paas ke sahar meh choor diya gaya. Khady paise prapt karane ke liye ek vesya ke rup meh kaam karane ke liye majabur kiya jata hai aura baad meh Lamine dvara loot liya jata hai. Kahni ke annt tak vaah bach kr nikal jati hai. ==Sanket== <references/> {{Stub}} ec1t9q09cz88vmh1kh0c2ytt7ng5wqn 0 26297 339433 309356 2026-10-30T10:24:19Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 339433 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:EarlePage.jpg|220px|thumb| Earle Page ]] Earle Page (janam: 8 August 1880) [[Australia]] ke purba Pradhan Mantri hae.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationals.org.au/About/history.asp|title=Our history of achievement|accessdate=9 November 2007|last=Davey|first=Paul|publisher=The Nationals|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022220725/http://www.nationals.org.au/About/history.asp|archivedate=22 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pej ka janm graaphtan, nyoo sauth vels mein hua tha. unhonne 15 saal kee umr mein sidanee vishvavidyaalay mein pravesh kiya aur 21 saal kee umr mein chikitsa mein digree pooree kee. sidanee ke royal prins alphred aspataal mein apanee medikal rejeedensee pooree karane ke baad, vah graaphtan vaapas chale gae aur ek nijee aspataal khola. vah jald hee sthaaneey raajaneeti mein shaamil ho gae aur 1915 mein ek sthaaneey samaachaar patr da delee ekjaaminar mein ek aanshik hissedaaree khareedee. vah pratham vishv yuddh ke dauraan kuchh samay ke lie ek sainy sarjan bhee the. pej ko uttaree nadiyon ke kshetr ke lie vibhinn vikaas yojanaon, vishesh roop se jalavidyut se judee yojanaon ke vakeel ke roop mein prasiddhi milee. unhonne nyoo inglaind raajy ke lie ek aandolan chalaane mein bhee madad kee.1919 mein, pej ko kaupar diveejan ka pratinidhitv karane vaalee sangheey sansad ke lie chuna gaya tha. vah agale varsh naee kantree paartee mein isake udghaatan sachetak ke roop mein shaamil hue, aur phir 1921 mein paartee neta ke roop mein viliyam maikaviliyams kee jagah lee. pej ne pradhaan mantree bilee hyoojes kee aarthik neetiyon ka virodh kiya, aur jab kantree paartee ne 1922 ke chunaav mein shakti santulan haasil kiya , unhonne neshanalist paartee ke saath gathabandhan kee keemat ke roop mein hyooj ke isteephe kee maang kee. baad mein unhen nae pradhaan mantree, stenalee broos ke tahat ostreliya ka koshaadhyaksh banaaya gaya, unhonne 1923 se 1929 tak us bhoomika mein kaary kiya. ghareloo neeti par unaka mahatvapoorn prabhaav tha, broos ne antararaashtreey muddon par dhyaan kendrit kiya.1934 ke chunaav ke baad pej kaibinet mein laut aae, jab kantree paartee ne joseph lyons kee yoonaited ostreliya paartee (yooepee) ke saath ek nae gathabandhan mein pravesh kiya. unhen vaanijy mantree niyukt kiya gaya aur unhonne krshi muddon par dhyaan kendrit kiya. jab aprail 1939 mein liyons kee kaaryaalay mein mrtyu ho gaee, to pej ko kaaryavaahak kshamata mein unake uttaraadhikaaree ke roop mein niyukt kiya gaya, jabaki yooepee ne ek naya neta, robart menzees ko chuna. pej ne baad mein menzeez kee ninda kee aur unake mantrimandal mein seva karane se inakaar kar diya, kantree paartee ko gathabandhan se vaapas le liya, lekin yah alokapriy saabit hua aur unhonne kuchh maheenon ke baad paartee netrtv se isteepha de diya. gathabandhan ko antatah punargathit kiya gaya, aur aktoobar 1941 mein sarakaar kee haar tak pej ne phir se menzeez aur aarthar feden ke adheen vaanijy mantree ke roop mein kaary kiya pej kee antim pramukh bhoomika yuddh ke baad kee menzeez sarakaar mein svaasthy mantree (1949-1956) ke roop mein thee. vah 76 varsh kee aayu mein kaibinet se sevaanivrtt hue aur 1961 ke chunaav mein apanee seet haarane ke kuchh samay baad hee unakee mrtyu ho gaee. pej ne lagabhag 42 varshon tak sansad mein seva kee, jo ab tak ka teesara sabase lambe samay tak seva karane vaala ostreliyaee saansad hai; keval menzeez hee ek pramukh ostreliyaee raajaneetik dal ke neta ke roop mein lambe samay tak tike rahe. unhonne raashtravaadiyon aur yooepee ke saath vilay ke prastaav ko asveekaar karake apanee paartee kee svatantrata sunishchit kee, aur jin neetiyon ka unhonne samarthan kiya - vikendreekaran, krshivaad aur praathamik udyog ka sarakaaree samarthan - aaj tak isake manch ka aadhaar bane hue hain. broos aur lyons ke saath unhonne jo gathabandhan sthaapit kiya aur banae rakha, usane sabhee baad kee gathabandhan sarakaaron ke lie ek modal ke roop mein kaam kiya hai. ==References== <references/> [[vibhag:1880 janam]] 7uqi56xqpyzzuxuw94ecwju9gac772z 0 30301 339411 336121 2026-10-30T00:50:10Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 339411 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiji Airways''', jiske pahile '''Air Pacific''' ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa (jiske trading naam '''Air Pacific Limited''' hae) is the [[Fiji]] ke [[flag carrier]] hae.<ref name=Australian>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/aviation/fiji-airways-gets-first-airbus-a330-as-part-of-rebranding/story-e6frg95x-1226600537680 |title=Air Pacific gets first Airbus A330 as part of its Fiji Airways rebranding |last1=Creedy |first1=Steve |date=19 March 2013 |website=TheAustralian.com.au |publisher=News Corps Australia |accessdate=2 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319222619/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/aviation/fiji-airways-gets-first-airbus-a330-as-part-of-rebranding/story-e6frg95x-1226600537680 |archive-date=19 March 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=terms>{{cite web |url=http://www.fijiairways.com/media/246988/fiji-airways-terms-and-conditions-of-carriage.pdf |title=Terms and Conditions of Carriage for Fiji Airways and Fiji Link |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=15 August 2014 |website=FijiAirways.com |publisher=Air Pacific Limited |accessdate=2 January 2015}}</ref> Ii [[Nadi]] me based hae <ref name=directhistory>{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Air Pacific Ltd. History |journal=International Directory of Company Histories, Vol 70 |publisher=St. James Press |date=2005 |accessdate=2 January 2015}}</ref> aur Pacific Ocean ke ilaka me 19 des aur 17 city me international aur domestic services kare hae, jisme [[Oceania]], [[United States]] aur [[Hong Kong]] hae. Fiji Airways har saal Fiji aae waala me se two-thirds log ke laae hae.<ref name=Australian/> [[File:DQ-FJU (9512088156).jpg|thumb|350px| Fiji Airways Airbus A330]] === Codeshare agreements === Fiji Airways ii airlines codeshares<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fijiairways.com/book/partner-airlines |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-11-26 |archive-date=2022-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126112012/https://www.fijiairways.com/book/partner-airlines |url-status=dead }}</ref> kare hae: * [[Air India]] * [[Air New Zealand]] * [[Air Vanuatu]] * [[Alaska Airlines]] * [[American Airlines]] * [[British Airways]] * [[Cathay Pacific]] * [[Finnair]] * [[Hong Kong Airlines]] * [[Japan Airlines]] * [[Jetstar]] * [[Jetstar Asia Airways]] * [[Qantas]] * [[Samoa Airways]] * [[Singapore Airlines]] * [[Solomon Airlines]] ==Chapa== == References == {{reflist}} ==Ii bhi dekho== * [[Air India]] * [[Air New Zealand]] * [[Air Vanuatu]] * [[Tribhuvan International Airport]] * [[Da Nang International Airport]] * [[Nadi International Airport]] ==Bahaari jorr== [[vibhag:Fiji]] mcngl3ou61ska5yvxymv5zjv1pv0tom 0 36214 339438 259913 2026-10-30T10:28:47Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 339438 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sharam''' ek [[ehsaas]] howe hai jon ke kaaran insaan ke lage hai ke uu ne koi kaam galat kiya hai. Sharam me sar jhuk jaye hai. Jada tar auraton ke sharam karne ke kaha jaye hai ke uu doosre mardon se sharam karein. [[Muhammad]] (peace be upon him) ne kaha, "Sharam biswas ka part hai." Ii ke aam taur par [[Islam]] aur [[Asia]] ke baat kaha jaye hai. [[Europe]] aur America ki auratein besharam howe hai aur wo kaprre utaar kar nangi chalen phiren hai, nangi film banaye hai, nangi nache hai aur sab ke saamne mardon se intercourse (jinsi talaq jisme admii aapan land aurat ke vagina me daal ke uu ke garav vati kar de hai) kare hai. Asia me ii kaam nai kia jaye hai. [[vibhag:Psychology]] gfwj9wsyqgust3jyiwi7j2xb2tsk15q 0 51806 339421 337873 2026-10-30T10:08:30Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 339421 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kaossara Sani''' eik [[Togo]]lese paryaavaranavid, lekhak aur samaajashaastree hain. Vah Lom, [[Togo]] mein rahatee hai. Usne "Africa aashaavaad" kee sthaapana kee. Vah "Act On Saahel Movement" kee sah-sansthaapak aur kaaryakaaree nideshak bhee hain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=Kaossara Sani Urges: “Climate Justice Now! Stop Talking, Take Action!” |url=https://www.fao.org/dryland-forestry/news/news-detail/en/c/1475945/ |website=www.fao.org |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416003643/https://www.fao.org/dryland-forestry/news/news-detail/en/c/1475945/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaossara Sani – Akina Mama wa Afrika |url=https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/kaossara-sani/ |language=en-US |access-date=2022-04-23 |archive-date=2022-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421153707/https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/kaossara-sani/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Praarambhik jeevan == Sampaadit karen kausar saanee ka janm burkina phaaso mein hua tha. baad mein, vah 9 saal kee umr mein togo aa gaee. Vah loma mein palee-badhee. Vah apanee maan aur do bhaiyon ke saath rahatee hai.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreoli |first=Josephine |date=13 November 2021 |title=Klimaaktivistin Kaossara Sani aus Togo kämpft für das 1,5 Grad-Ziel |url=https://www.watson.de/!785343489 |website=watson.de |language=de}}</ref> == Sakriyataavaad == Unhonne aphreeka aashaavaad kee sthaapana kee. Yah ek aisa aandolan hai jo shiksha ke saath jalavaayu aur paryaavaraneey samasyaon ke samaadhaan ko badhaava deta hai. Vah "ekt on saahel moovament" kee sah-sansthaapak bhee hain. Yah aphreeka ke saahel kshetr mein kisaanon ke lie beej aur urvarak ke bhugataan ke lie dhan jutaata hai. Yah saphaee utpaadon ko khareedane aur logon ko svachchh paanee aur naveekaraneey oorja pradaan karane ke lie dhan bhee jutaata hai. Unke kaaryon ko tab aur maanyata milee jab unhonne 2021 ke sanyukt raashtr jalavaayu parivartan sammelan mein ek ghoshanaapatr bheja. dastaavez mein, usne kaha ki togo ke logon ko svachchh paanee upalabdh karaane ke lie ek borahol banaane ke lie glaasago kee yaatra kee laagat ka behatar upayog kiya jaega. Apane bayaan mein, vah ameer deshon ko 2020 ke ant tak vikaasasheel deshon ke lie jalavaayu vitt mein saalaana $ 100 biliyan pradaan karane ke unake "toote hue vaade" kee bhee yaad dilaatee hai. Ise 2015 se 2025 tak jaaree rakha jaana chaahie. Unhonne ameer deshon se jalavaayu vitt pradaan karane ka bhee aagrah kiya. 46 sabse kam vikasit deshon ke liye unhonne unase [[mausam]] steshanon ka nirmaan karake mausam aur jalavaayu parivartan anusandhaan mein nivesh karane ka bhee anurodh kiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlin |first=Samantha |date=2 August 2021 |title=Meet the Members of Green Builder Media’s Next Generation Influencer Group |url=https://www.greenbuildermedia.com/blog/meet-the-members-of-green-builder-medias-next-generation-influencer-group |website=www.greenbuildermedia.com |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanessa Nakate Wants Climate Justice for Africa |url=https://time.com/6109452/vanessa-nakate-climate-justice/ |website=Time |language=en |access-date=2022-04-23 |archive-date=2022-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325221354/https://time.com/6109452/vanessa-nakate-climate-justice/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nakate |first=Vanessa |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=eDAXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90&dq=Sani+Act+On+Sahel+seed&source=bl&ots=-TJc5vd9Za&sig=ACfU3U3PK9bCzyqNhtGQ3U7EPHtJSefMcA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMu5yjqJf3AhVhSWwGHQ3xCpwQ6AF6BAgQEAM#v=onepage&q=Sani%20Act%20On%20Sahel%20seed&f=false |title=A Bigger Picture: My Fight to Bring a New African Voice to the Climate Crisis |date=2021 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-358-65450-6 |pages=91 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vetter |first=David |date=2 November 2021 |title=‘Oppose This Climate Slavery’: A Manifesto To COP26 From A West African Climate Activist |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidrvetter/2021/11/02/oppose-this-climate-slavery-a-manifesto-to-cop26-from-a-west-african-climate-activist/ |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} lna3s6bi83nkarb90qiw19en1j58cbb 0 51940 339418 301956 2026-10-30T10:04:38Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 339418 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mery Godigna Collet photo.jpg|thumb|Mery Godigna Collet]] '''Mery Godigna Collet''' (b. 8 aprail, 1959 ko karaakas, [[Venezuela]] mein) ek Venezuela ke kalaakaar, lekhak, maanaveey aur paryaavaran adhivakta hain. Vah ostin, teksaas mein rahatee hae.<ref name="internationalwomansfoundation.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalwomansfoundation.org/past-events/past-artists/mery-godigna-collet-the-presence-of-emptiness/|title=International Woman's Foundation " Mery Godigna Collet – The Presence of Emptiness|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="marfapublicradio.org">{{cite web|url=http://marfapublicradio.org/blog/west-texas-talk/artist-mery-godigna-collet-at-building-98/|title=Artist Mery Godigna Collet at Building 98|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="teknemedia.net">{{Cite web |url=http://www.teknemedia.net/archivi/2007/7/6/mostra/23906.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-07 |archive-date=2016-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630231506/http://www.teknemedia.net/archivi/2007/7/6/mostra/23906.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/flavorgrafix/docs/the_mag_64_pages_june-web|title=THE magazine June 2015|publisher=}}</ref> == Ek Kalaakaar Ke Roop Mein Jeevan == apane kariyar kee shuruaat ke baad se, godign chollait ne logon aur paryaavaran ke beech santulan khojane kee koshish kee. usane ise saamaajik aur raajaneetik muddon ke maadhyam se paaya. unakee kala mein anek prakaar kee saamagriyon ka prayog kiya jaata hae. yah unake chitron, moortiyon, photograaphee aur veediyo mein dekha jaata hae. unake kaam ne naee takaneekon aur kam gyaat saamagriyon ke upayog ke maadhyam se darshakon ko chunautee dee. vah ek nyoonatar avadhaaranaavaadee bhee hain. saamagree aur takaneekon ke unake upayog se pata chalata hae ki avadhaaranaen padaarth ke maadhyam se anuvaadit hotee hain. ekstra varjin petras oyal paryaavaran kaary unaka kaam praakrtik sansaadhanon aur praudyogikee ke jaagarook upayog ko badhaava dene par aadhaarit hae. 2007 se, vah apanee pradarshaniyon ke lie apane painal ke saath charcha karatee theen. yah aamataur par sho se theek pahale hota tha. yah vibhinn kshetron ke saath-saath kaaryashaalaon mein samudaay aur visheshagyon ko ek saath laata hae. yah paaristhitik jaagarookata ko badhaava deta hae. rediyo, teleevijan ya patrikaon mein saakshaatkaar ke dauraan, vah paryaavaran ke muddon par vichaar karane ke lie ek aahvaan karatee hae. varsh 2012 mein, unake kaam ko pradarshit karane ke lie chuna gaya tha. ise ek oorja srot ke roop mein tel par nirbharata ke muddon aur us nirbharata ke maanavaadhikaar parinaamon par ek baithak kee chhavi ke roop mein chuna gaya tha. baithak ostin mein teksaas vishvavidyaalay mein aayojit kee gaee thee. isaka aayojan sentar phor global enarjee, intaraneshanal aarbitreshan, end enavaayarnamental lo aur barnaard end odre raipoport sentar phor hyooman raits end jastis dvaara kiya gaya tha. varsh 2016 mein, unakee kalaakrti "lets tok volyoom" ko sitee of ostin, teksaas dvaara chuna gaya tha. yah saarvajanik sthaanon mein kala ke kaaryakram ke maadhyam se tha. ise antarraashtreey paryaavaran divas manaane ke avasar ke lie sthaapit kiya gaya tha.<ref name="internationalwomansfoundation.org"/><ref name="marfapublicradio.org"/><ref name="teknemedia.net"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/flavorgrafix/docs/the_mag_64_pages_june-web|title=THE magazine June 2015|publisher=}}</ref> [[File:Extra Virgin Petrus Oil.jpg|thumb|Extra Virgin Petrus Oil]] == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} 2yuyre08olt0rc6orp2dstf1vcqtk1c 0 51960 339422 301716 2026-10-30T10:09:35Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 339422 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Corina_Abraham_crop.JPG|thumb|Corina Abraham]] '''Corina Abraham''' ek vhaajuk noongar mahila hain. 2016 mein, usane pashchimee ostreliyaee sarakaar ko ro 8 ke roop mein jaana jaane vaale ro haeeve ke vistaar se prabhaavit hone vaalee bhoomi kee aadivaasee viraasat kee sthiti mein parivartan ke dauraan prakriyaatmak nishpakshata mein viphalata ke lie chunautee dee. ibraaheem vhaadajuk noongar logon ka sanrakshak hai, jo beeliyaar vudajuk noongar janajaati ke vanshaj hain. vah kaee peedhiyon se apane parivaar ka pata lagaatee hai, aur pinjara narasanhaar ke kuchh bache logon mein se ek, kailyut se seedhe sambandhit hai. unake daada revarend seelin gaaralet hain. 1997 mein ibraaheem ne jideej jidajee aarts grup ke kaee any svadeshee kalaakaaron ke saath, linokat print ka upayog karake kalaakrti ka ek tukada banaaya, jo sitee of melavile ke kala sangrah ka hissa hai. 2010 mein abraaham sitee of kokabarn eborijinal edavaijaree kametee ke sah-adhyaksh the. ibraaheem 2017 ke pashchimee ostreliyaee raajy chunaav mein vilage ke chunaavee jile ke lie soshalist elaayans ke ummeedavaar the.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180401185843/http://decisions.justice.wa.gov.au/Supreme/supdcsn.nsf/PDFJudgments-WebVw/2016WASC0269/$FILE/2016WASC0269.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://scott-ludlam.greensmps.org.au/sites/default/files/c_abraham_-_the_honorable_dr_malcolm_turnbull_prime_minister_30-11-15.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-07 |archive-date=2017-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714072122/http://scott-ludlam.greensmps.org.au/sites/default/files/c_abraham_-_the_honorable_dr_malcolm_turnbull_prime_minister_30-11-15.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://heraldonlinejournal.com/2016/04/01/roe-8-the-fight-of-my-life/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://scott-ludlam.greensmps.org.au/content/video/community-campaign-fight-roe-8 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-07 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426093658/http://scott-ludlam.greensmps.org.au/content/video/community-campaign-fight-roe-8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> May 2014 mein Baarnet Sarakaar ne ghoshana kee ki parth phret link aage badhega; yojana ke pahale khand par pahale se hee kaaphee chinta thee, ro haeeve ke vistaar ko ro 8 ke roop mein jaana jaata hai, jo ki beliyar vetalainds ke maadhyam se chalega. Abraham ne ro 8 eksatenshan ka saarvajanik roop se virodh kiya hai. 2 disambar 2015 ko seenetar skot ludalam ne [[Australia]] seenet ko ek patr padha, jo Abraham dvaara ostreliya ke pradhaan mantree ko parth phret link ke baare mein likha gaya tha, vishesh roop se ro 8 se prabhaavit hone vaala kshetr. Yah patr nav niyukt ke lie ek yaachika hai. hastakshep ke lie pradhaan mantree mailkam tarnabul, jisamen unhonne noongar logon ko aardrabhoomi ke saanskrtik aur aitihaasik mahatv ka varnan kiya hai. Vah aadivaasee maamalon ke vibhaag kee rajistree se saiton ko hataane aur pashchim ostreliyaee sarakaar ke "herapher, anaadar aur saanskrtik sammaan kee kamee ... Beeliyar vaadajuk noongars" ke baare mein bhee apanee chinta vyakt karatee hai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Barnett/2014/05/Perth-Freight-Link-a-boost-for-WA-industry.aspx |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-11 |archive-date=2016-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127101413/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Barnett/2014/05/Perth-Freight-Link-a-boost-for-WA-industry.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/digitised_collections/the_koori_mail/475.pdf?width=900&height=800&iframe=true |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-11 |archive-date=2018-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910204304/https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/digitised_collections/the_koori_mail/475.pdf?width=900&height=800&iframe=true |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://caama.com.au/news/2016/traditional-owners-continue-to-challenge-the-aboriginal-heritage-approval-for-a-major-highway-extension-in-wa |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-11 |archive-date=2016-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419053414/http://caama.com.au/news/2016/traditional-owners-continue-to-challenge-the-aboriginal-heritage-approval-for-a-major-highway-extension-in-wa |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} 30tyyiq44n7bir8tli1c53ah7kcfniw 0 51998 339410 325327 2026-10-30T00:49:34Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 339410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Non-hif_language}} [[File:Bryant,_Bandler,_and_Holt.jpg|thumb|Faith Bandler]] '''Faith Bandler''' (27 sitambar 1918 - 13 pharavaree 2015) South Sea Icelander aur Skotish-Bhaarateey viraasat ke ek ostreliyaee naagarik adhikaar kaaryakarta the. svadeshee aastreliyaee aur dakshin saagar dveepavaasiyon ke adhikaaron ke lie ek prachaarak, vah 1967 ke aadivaasee aastreliyaee janamat sangrah ke abhiyaan mein apane netrtv ke lie jaanee jaatee theen. baindalar ka janm nyoo sauth vels ke tambulagam mein hua tha aur unaka paalan-poshan muravilumba ke paas ek khet mein hua tha. baidik aur lesing musingakon ke bete, unake pita vaakvee musingakon ko 1883 mein, embreem dveep par, jo ab vaanuatu hai, ek ladake ke roop mein, 13 saal kee umr mein, baayap se blaikabard kiya gaya tha. usake baad unhen maike, kveensalaind bheja gaya tha. ganna baagaan mein kaam karane ke lie bheja gaya. baad mein vah bach nikala aur nyoo sauth vels kee ek skotish-bhaarateey mahila baindalar kee maan se shaadee kar lee. musingakon ka apaharan blaikabarding ka hissa tha, is pratha ne ostreliyaee cheenee udyog ko sthaapit karane mein madad karane ke lie saste shram lae. baad mein unhen peetar musing ke roop mein jaana gaya, jo ek lete hue upadeshak the aur unhonne muravilumba ke baahar kele ke baagaan mein kaam kiya. jab baindalar paanch varsh ke the, tab unakee mrtyu ho gaee. Faith Bandler ne daas majadoor ke roop mein apane pita ke kathor anubhav kee kahaaniyon ko unakee sakriyata ke lie ek majaboot prerana ke roop mein uddhrt kiya. 1934 mein, baindalar ne skool chhod diya aur sidanee chalee gaeen, jahaan unhonne ek dresamekar ke prashikshu ke roop mein kaam kiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/bandler-ida-lessing-faith-15982 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-07 |archive-date=2020-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030072447/http://oa.anu.edu.au/obituary/bandler-ida-lessing-faith-15982 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.abc.net.au/btn/australians/f.bandler.htm</ref><ref>http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/faith-bandler-activist-author-and-inspiration/story-e6frg6z6-1227219201740?nk=aa25e748b7467c5ffd283a859642c2a0 {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.historyofaboriginalsydney.edu.au/central/aboriginal-australian-fellowship</ref><ref>http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p71511/pdf/article011.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.aec.gov.au/elections/referendums/Referendum_Dates_and_Results.htm</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} gtc3v9tbih8tnlx5ib3ggaj7r2jvn3o 0 52036 339434 314204 2026-10-30T10:25:27Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 339434 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anna Bossman''' (janam [[1 December]] [[1957]]) ek [[Ghana]]ian ke maanavaadhikaar adhivakta hain. vah poorv mein afreekee vikaas baink (eephadeebee) ke satyanishtha aur bhrashtaachaar virodhee vibhaag kee nideshak theen. 2017 mein unhen phraans mein ghaana kee raajadoot niyukt kiya gaya tha. kumaasee, ghaana mein janme, do jonaathan imainuel bosamain, sanyukt raashtr mein jineva mein poorv pratinidhi, aur ailis dekar, anna bosamain ne kep kost mein holee chaild skool mein padhaee kee, apanee haee-skool shiksha ke lie achimota skool mein gae. unhonne ghaana vishvavidyaalay, legon se kaanoon aur raajaneeti vigyaan kee digree ke saath snaatak kee upaadhi praapt kee aur 1980 mein ghaana skool oph lo se, us varsh ghaana baar mein bulaaya gaya. ghaana ke nyaay mantraalay mein sahaayak raajy atornee ke roop mein seva karane ke baad, bosamain nijee praiktis mein chale gae, aur baad ke 25 varshon mein gaibon mein tel aur gais udyog aur oorja kshetr mein apana kariyar banaaya, jisamen teneko sahit pramukh antararaashtreey kampaniyon ke saath kaam kiya gaya. jahaan vah gaiboneej yooniyan oph petroliyam kampaniyon kee pahalee mahila mahaasachiv theen), kaango, kote dee aaivar, [[angola]], saath hee ghaana mein, jahaan 1996 mein unhonne bijalee upayogitaon aur oorja kshetron ko sahaayata pradaan karane ke lie bosamain kansaltensee limited kee sthaapana kee. , antararaashtreey sansthaanon aur daata ejensiyon ke saath-saath nijee kampaniyon aur vyaavasaayik niveshak. vah 2002 se 2010 tak ghaana ke maanavaadhikaar aur prashaasanik nyaay aayog (chhraj) kee upaayukt theen, jahaan unhen kaaryavaahak aayukt niyukt kiya gaya tha. julaee 2011 mein, unhen dhokhaadhadee, bhrashtaachaar aur any kadaachaar kee jaanch ke prabhaaree ke roop mein afreekee devalapament baink samooh dvaara akhandata aur bhrashtaachaar virodhee vibhaag ke nideshak ke roop mein niyukt kiya gaya tha.<ref>http://intro2journalismfall2010.blogspot.com/2010/11/ghanas-deputy-commissioner-anna-bossman.html</ref><ref>http://realnewsmagazine.net/women/interview-with-anna-bossman/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://15iacc.org/agenda/speakers/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2015-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720183824/http://15iacc.org/agenda/speakers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://16iacc.org/speakers/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2015-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805071816/http://16iacc.org/speakers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[vibhag:A]] [[vibhag:B]] [[vibhag:Ghana ke log]] pp6zb45utr4uotxugktsf05pkveyzkq 0 52078 339424 302655 2026-10-30T10:10:52Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 339424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Non-hif language}} '''Priscilla Collins''' ek pramukh aadivaasee neta, adhivakta aur teleevijan nirmaata hain. kolins vartamaan mein uttaree [[Australia]] aadivaasee nyaay ejensee ke mukhy kaaryakaaree adhikaaree hain, jo Australia ke uttaree kshetr kee sabase badee kaanoonee pharm hai. kolins poorvee arrente vansh ke hain aur madhy ostreliya ke ailis springs mein bade hue hain, jo paanch bachchon mein sabase bade hain. kolins uttaree kshetr mein aadivaasee logon ko prabhaavit karane vaale muddon par ek mukhar adhivakta hain, jisamen jel mein aadivaasee logon ka adhik pratinidhitv, bheedabhaad aur beghar hona aur uttaree kshetr kee sarakaar ke doorasth saarvajanik aavaas ke kuprabandhan mein samasyaen shaamil hain. kolins vartamaan mein uttaree ostreliyaee aadivaasee nyaay ejensee, ek aadivaasee aur tores stret aailaindar kaanoonee seva ke mukhy kaaryakaaree adhikaaree hain, jo uttaree kshetr kee sabase badee kaanoonee pharm bhee hai. kolins ko 2011 mein samudaay aur sarakaar ke lie telstra bijanes vuman avaard se sammaanit kiya gaya tha. vah daanila dilaba svaasthy seva kee gair-sadasy nideshak hain. vah pahale ostreliya ke sabase bade aadivaasee meediya sangathan sentral ostreliyan eborijinal meediya esosieshan kee mukhy kaaryakaaree adhikaaree theen. kolins ostreliya ke pahale svadeshee teleevijan steshan kee sthaapana mein bhaaree roop se shaamil the. vah indijinas bijanes ostreliya, imparja teleevizan, neshanal indijinas teleevizan sarvis aur indijinas skreen ostreliya, myoozikenatee aur ostreliyan indijinas kamyunikeshans esosieshan kee cheyaraparsan ke bord mein rahee hain. kolins ne esabeees aur ebeesee ke lie teleevijan vrttachitron ka nirmaan kiya hai. jab unake bachchon ne tippanee kee ki unake vrttachitr ubaoo hain, to unhonne bachchon ke teleevijan sho banaane ka phaisala kiya. vah ek vyaavasaayik netavark, chainal nain aur dizanee ke lie nirmit dabal trabal naamak pahalee svadeshee bachchon kee teleevizan shrrnkhala kee kaaryakaaree nirmaata aur nirmaata theen. 2008 mein sarvashreshth baal naatak ke lie dabal trabal ko Australia philm sansthaan puraskaar ke lie naamaankit kiya gaya tha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indigenousconferences.com/2015-speakers-women-conference- |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2017-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819192314/https://www.indigenousconferences.com/2015-speakers-women-conference- |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2011/11/03/3355516.htm</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://caama.com.au/news/2016/aboriginal-homelessness-and-overcrowding-in-housing-at-appalling-rates-ceo-naaja-priscilla-collins |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2017-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220012903/http://caama.com.au/news/2016/aboriginal-homelessness-and-overcrowding-in-housing-at-appalling-rates-ceo-naaja-priscilla-collins |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.territorystories.nt.gov.au/bitstream/10070/236792/1/Lawrie-141011-Territorys_top_businesswomen_awarded.pdf{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1202312/</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} s23j73cg1j4525j8wi4i3im2wmplu8w 0 52085 339415 302613 2026-10-30T01:23:46Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 339415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Non-hif language}} '''Marlene Cummins''' ek Jaiz blooz gaayak, saiksofonist, geetakaar, kalaakaar, aadivaasee ostreliyaee kaaryakarta, prasaarak, nartak aur abhineta hain. kaee kaaryakarta unhen ostreliya kee enjela devis maanate hain. kamins ko ostreliya ka agranee svadeshee blooz kalaakaar maana jaata hai, aur vah big maama thornatan, eta jems aur re chaarls se prabhaavit hain. unhonne barkalee kolej of myoozik mein apane kaushal ka sammaan kiya. unake baind mein mare kuk aur reks goh shaamil hain. vah kooree rediyo par blooz aur roots sangeet ke apane vishaal gyaan ko pradarshit karatee hai, jahaan vah maarlooz blooz kee mejabaanee karatee hai, jo ek svadeshee drshtikon se sangeet aur charcha pradaan karatee hai. is sho ne unhen 2009 ke dedalee avaards mein brodakaastar oph da eeyar ka puraskaar jeeta. maarleen ne apanee pahalee rileez "vhichave ap" ko lekhak aur kalaakaar yashaayaah bee brant ke saath sah-lekhan kiya, eepee ko tonee buchen dvaara rikord aur nirmit kiya gaya aur 2008 mein rileez kiya gaya. "vhichave ap" ne sheersh 10 ostreliyaee blooz rediyo chaart banae aur dvaara uthaaya gaya qantas jahaan yah uchch roteshan par prasaarit hua. kamins ne redafarn samudaay ko vaapas dene ke ek tareeke ke roop mein pemulvay ke baare mein ek geet likha, jo unhen ek naayak ke roop mein dekhate hain. prins viliyam ke lie nrty karane ke baad, usane use geet kee ek prati dee aur use kahaanee ke mahatv ke baare mein bataaya, saath hee pemulvu ke sir ko apane logon ke paas vaapas laane ke lie ek yaachika bhee dee. unhonne sailee morgan ke kaam par aadhaarit griphin thietar kampanee ke prodakshan shaark aailaind storeez ke lie sangeet pradaan kiya. unaka pahala poorn-lambaee vaala elbam, kooree vuman blooz, mool aur paaramparik blooz geeton ka mishran hai aur isamen atithi gil askee, phiyona boyaz, maark etakins aur shainan baarnet shaamil hain. vah boomaraing ele naamak apane geeton ka upayog karake ek sangeet manch sho mein kaam kar rahee hai. kamins 16 saal kee umr mein aadivaasee tent dootaavaas mein shaamil hue aur 1970 ke dashak mein aadivaasee adhikaar aandolan ke kendr mein the. vah ostreliyaee blaik painthar paartee kee sansthaapak sadasy theen, jo amerikan blaik painthar paartee se prerit thee. usane chikitsa, shaikshik aur kaanoonee sevaon, bhoomi adhikaaron ke lie abhiyaan chalaaya aur "suar gashtee" par pulis ke aacharan kee nigaraanee kee. use ek apamaanajanak pulis adhikaaree ke saath ashleel bhaasha ka upayog karane ke lie giraphtaar kiya gaya tha, aur jamaanat se pharaar ho gaya aur nyoojeelaind bhaag gaya. 2012 mein unhonne kaithaleen neel kleevar dvaara aayojit nyooyork mein blaik painthars kee ek antararaashtreey sabha mein bhaag liya.<ref>http://www.abc.net.au/indigenous/stories/s2897200.htm</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/the-soft-power-of-rachel-perkins-bringing-aboriginal-stories-into-the-mainstream/story-e6frg8h6-1226941967768 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625054147/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/the-soft-power-of-rachel-perkins-bringing-aboriginal-stories-into-the-mainstream/story-e6frg8h6-1226941967768 |archive-date=2014-06-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>http://www.musicnsw.com/2015/01/marlene-cummins/#more-8987</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://australianplays.org/assets/files/resource/doc/BlakStage_Essay_AnActorPrepares.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2015-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208074136/http://australianplays.org/assets/files/resource/doc/BlakStage_Essay_AnActorPrepares.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/black-panther-woman-marlene-cummins-breaks-silence-on-fight-for-freedom-20140606-39okl.html</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} jtm19epx5tgn3p4o8nal45sfyh0adzf 0 52094 339429 321399 2026-10-30T10:22:07Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 339429 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gaura Devi''' ([[1925]] - [[1991]]) ek [[Bharat]]iya jameenee kaaryakarta aur graameen mahila samudaay kee neta theen, jinhonne chipako aandolan mein mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee thee. gaura devee ka janm 1925 mein uttaraakhand raajy ke lata naamak gaanv mein hua tha. vah alakananda nadee ke kinaare renee naamak ek paas ke gaanv mein chalee gaee. 22 saal kee umr tak vah ek bachche ke saath ek vidhava thee. usaka naya gaanv tibbat kee seema ke nikat tha. chipako aandolan ke maddenajar gaura devee ko mahila mangal dal (mahila kalyaan sangh) ka netrtv karane ke lie chuna gaya tha. sangathan ne saamudaayik vanon ke sanrakshan par kaam kiya. gaura devee 1974 mein chipako aandolan mein sabase aage aaeen. 25 maarch 1974 ko unhen ek yuva ladakee ne bataaya ki sthaaneey lakadahaare unake gaanv ke paas ped kaat rahe hain. renee gaanv ke logon ko is khabar se bahakaaya gaya tha ki sarakaar sena dvaara istemaal kee jaane vaalee jameen ka muaavaja dene ja rahee hai. gaura devee aur 27 any mahilaon ne lakadahaare se nipatane ka phaisala kiya. usane pedon ko kaatane ke bajaay use golee maarane ke lie purushon ka saamana kiya aur chunautee dee aur usane jangal ko "vanadevata" (jangal ke devata) aur usakee maayaka (maan ka ghar) ke roop mein varnit kiya. ant mein, any mahilaon kee madad se vah sashastr lakadahaaron ke durvyavahaar aur dhamakiyon ke baavajood pedon ko gale lagaakar lakadahaare ke kaam ko rokane mein kaamayaab rahee. gaanv kee mahilaen aur gaura devee ne us raat pedon kee rakhavaalee kee aur agale teen ya chaar dinon mein any gaanv aur graameen kaarravaee mein shaamil ho gae. lakadahaare pedon ko chhodakar chale gae. is ghatana ke baad, [[Uttar Pradesh|uttar pradesh]] sarakaar ne pedon kee kataee ke mudde kee jaanch ke lie visheshagyon kee ek samiti kee sthaapana kee, aur lakadee kampanee ne renee se apane aadamiyon ko vaapas le liya. samiti ne kaha ki renee van paaristhitik roop se sanvedanasheel kshetr hai aur vahaan koee ped nahin kaata jaana chaahie. isake baad uttar pradesh sarakaar ne 1150 varg kimee se adhik ke kshetr mein sabhee pedon kee kataee par 10 saal ka pratibandh laga diya. gaura devee ka julaee 1991 mein 66 varsh kee aayu mein nidhan ho gaya.<ref>http://mountainshepherds.com/about/chipko-heritage/</ref><ref>https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/photomazza/education-career/know-who-was-chipko-woman-gaura-devi/know-who-is-chipko-woman-gaura-devi/photomazaashow/63460304.cms</ref><ref>http://www.speakingtree.in/blog/gaura-devia-forgotten-hero-of-chipko-movement-in-gharwal</ref><ref>https://archive.today/20160613080731/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/21/stories/13210414.htm</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} [[vibhag:D]] rjjrzeybddav3psaipzswrbk2zcyycb 0 54335 339420 335750 2026-10-30T10:07:04Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 339420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''National Football League (Abbreviation NFL)''' ek American sports league hai aur isse shamil hai 32 team. Isme American football khela jata hai. Ek team mein 53 khiladi hote hai. 1550 players hote hai aur inka draft/selection har saal hota hai. Zyada tar log [[United States of America]] se Hote hai. '''Commissioner''': Roger Goodell '''Shamil teams''': Philadelphia Eagles, Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, New York Jets, San Francisco 49ers, Pittsburgh Steelers, Kansas [[City]] Chiefs, New England Patriots, Las Vegas Raidors, [[Arizona]] Cardinals, Chicago Bears, Buffalo Bills, Minnesota Vikings, Seattle Seahawks, Denver Broncos, Cincinnati Bengals, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Washington Commanders, Baltimore Ravens, Indianapolis Colts, Detroit Lions, Dallas Cowboys, New Orlean Saints, [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] Rams, Houston Texans, Cleveland Browns, Los Angeles Charges, Atlanta Falcons, Jacksonville Jaguars, Atlanta Falcons, Tennessee Titans '''Trophy''': Vince Lombardi (Jitnee teams ke khiladi ko unka khud ke ring di jaati hai) '''Positions''': Offensive Linesmen, Quarterback, Running Back, Fullback, Tight End, Wide Receiver == Ill bhi dekho == [[National Basketball Association (NBA)]] [[WWE]] [[FIFA]] [[vibhag:N]] [[vibhag:Sports]] q9aaex5qh4vcacuw69hchg19ra04gym 0 54693 339437 324117 2026-10-30T10:28:21Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 339437 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Shiv Sena flag.jpg|thumb|Sena ka Jhanda]] '''Shiv Sena''' ek right-wing political party hai [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] se. Inke founder hai '''''Balasheb Thackeray'''''. Inka parivartan hua 1966 mein. Inke dusra party hai jinka naam hai Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray). Ill mashoor hai hindutva aur rajaneeti main aur Lord Shiva ke bhrapmachari mein. Ill India ke kai state mein maujood the aur Lord Shiva ke putle ke sambandh [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Indian National Congress]] aur [[National Democratic Alliance]] se Jude hai. Ill ke [[Mumbai]] municipality ke bhi taluk hai. Shri Uddhav ke bete Adithya bhi isse shamil hai aur rajneeti mein padat karte hai. Inke pradhan hai Shri Eknath Shinde jo abhi ke Maharashtra ke mukhya mantri hai. Ill bacha Marathi aur [[Hindi]] hai. '''Akbaar''': Marmik '''Prasith Jagah''': Anand Ashram <gallery> file:Bal Thackeray at 70th Master Dinanath Mangeshkar Awards (1) (cropped).jpg|Bal T. file:Aaditya Thackeray.jpg|Aaditya T. file:Vikram Gokhale at 70th Master Dinanath Mangeshkar Awards (2).jpg|Uddhav file:ShivStatueAtKachnarCityJabalpur.JPG|Shiv ke Putla, [[Jabalpur]] mein </gallery> == Rajaneeti == '''Lok Sabha Seats''': 13 / 48 '''Maharashtra Legislative Assembly''': 40 / 288 Shiv Sena sann 1970 se 2019 tak chunau lade hai aur abhi tak rajaneeti mein shamil hai. Inke lok sabha ke leader ha Rahul Shewale. Inke samaj seva jaise mahila aur yuva seva hota hai aur ek conservative Hindu party hai. == Ill bhi dekho == '''Lord Shiva''' ke muritya [[India]] kai shero mein prastith hai. Inke mandir ya religious putle bhi banya gya jata hai. ''Shri Raj Thakrey'' <gallery> file:MahaVikasAghadi.svg|[[Indian National Congress|''Indian National Congress'']] & ''Nationalist Congress Party'' file:BJP and Shiv Sena flags - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|''Bharatiya Janata Party'']] jhande BJP aur ''Shiv Sena'' ke </gallery> == Bhaari Jhor == [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[DK Shivkumar]] [[vibhag:S]] [[vibhag:India ke itihaas]] rk8cshqzh75z2f0iz3bhcwrrsobiiza 0 54969 339439 333457 2026-10-30T10:29:27Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 339439 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Michael Jordan in 2014.jpg|thumb|'''Michael Jordan''' {| class="wikitable" |'''Naam''' |'''Total''' |'''Avg.''' |'''Rank''' |- |'''Steals''' |2,514 |2.3 |4th |- |'''Points''' |32,292 |30.1 |5th |- |'''Freethrow''' |83.5% |8.2 |7th |- |'''Assists''' |5,633 |5.3 |47th |- |'''Rebounds''' |6,672 |6.2 |132nd |- |'''Blocks''' |893 |0.8 | - |- |'''3 Pointers''' |581 |.327 | - |}]] '''Michael J. Jordan''' (Mic-hael Jor-dan) ek [[National Basketball Association (NBA)|NBA]] basketball khiladi hai aur NBA team owner hai. Inhone kai NBA team ke liye basketball khela hai aur duniya ke sabse greatest basketball player bhi khalaye jata tha. Ill Charlotte’s Boobs ke owner hai aur inke aane ke baad team ka naam badla gya tha jiska naam hai Charlotte Hornets. Inhone [[Chicago]] Bulls aur Washington Wizards ke liye bhi khela hai. Ill ek shooting guard the aur inka number tha 23. Ill 1984 NBA draft mein the aur Chicago Bulls ne inko draft kiya tha. [[North Carolina]] Tarheels, Chicago Bulls aur Miami Heat ne Michael Jordan ka jersey retire kar diya tha inka symbol hota hai ki ill ek ache basketball ke khiladi the. Inhone Miami ke liye khela bhi nahi tha fir bhi ill team ne inka number retire kiya tha. Basketball ko chod ke Michael ne baseball join kiya tha Ill ek outfielder the aur san 1993 se 1995 tak Minor League Baseball Khele the, Birmingham Baron aur Scottsdale Scorpions ke liye. Ill ke baad NBA wapas aye the thode samay ke liye aur Chicago aur Washington ke liye khele the retirement tak. Inhone basketball ke liye 4 Gold medal hasil kiya hai (Olympics, Tournament of Americas aur Pan American games ke liye). Ill ek [[FIBA]] aur NBA hall of fame khiladi bhi hai. Ill [[Space Jam]] ke picture mein bhi hazir tha jo ek kid friendly animated movie tha looney toons ke characters ke saath. Ill kai saal se [[NBA 2k]] ke cover par bhi the. {| class="wikitable" !Janam |February 17, 1963 (age 60), Brooklyn, [[New York]], [[United States of America|U.S.]] |} == Awards == Ill ek 6 time NBA champion hai, Chicago Bulls ke saath aur ek 5 baar NBA MVP bhi hai. Inhone 10 bar All NBA First team hasil kiya hai. Ill rookie of the year bhi the aur all rookie first team mein bhi the. Ill NBA ke anniversary team par bhi the 50th aur 70th anniversary ke liye. College ke samay inhone NCAA championship bhi hasil kiya hai. Ill ne best national college ke khiladi bhi hasil kiya tha. Ill do bar olympics mein gold medal hasil kiya tha, gold medal ill team ko diya jata hai jo team olympics mein jeet the hai. == Li bhi dekho == [[Dina Wadia]] aur [[Phil Jackson]], [[Michael B. Jordan]] [[vibhag:M]] [[vibhag:J]] 6k8cadobfjqkwf931loheaea3x3v6r8 0 59479 339413 339406 2026-10-30T01:16:48Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 339413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Unit | name = kilogram | image = Poids fonte 5 kg à 2 hg 02.jpg | caption = A series of 5, 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.2 kilogram weights, made of [[cast iron]] | standard = [[SI]] | quantity = [[mass]] | symbol = kg | units1 = [[Avoirdupois]] | inunits1 = {{Ublist|≈ {{val|2.2046}} [[pound (mass)|pounds]]<ref >The avoirdupois pound is part of both [[United States customary units|United States customary system of units]] and the [[Imperial units|Imperial system of units]]. It is [[International yard and pound|defined as exactly]] {{val|0.45359237|u=kilograms}}.</ref>|≈ {{val|35.274|ul=oz}}}} | units2 = [[British Gravitational System|British Gravitational]] | inunits2 = ≈ {{val|0.0685}} [[slug (unit)|slugs]] | units3 = Unified atomic mass units | inunits3 = {{val|6.02214076|e=26|ul=Da}} }} '''Kilogram''', [[International System of Units]] (SI) me [[mass]] ke base unit hae. Iske [[vigyan]], [[engineering]] aur [[len-den]] me [[dunia]] bhar me kaam me laawa jaae hae. Ek kilogram ke mass ek [[litre]] [[paani]] ke wajan ke baraabar hae. Ek kilogram 2.2 [[pound]]s ke baraabar hae. Ek [[tonne]], ek [[hajaar]] kilogram ke baraabar hae. == Definition == Kilogram ke tiin defining constants me define karaa jaawe hae:<ref name="SIBrochure9thEd">{{Citation |last=International Bureau of Weights and Measures |title=The International System of Units (SI) |date=Dec 2022 |url=https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf |volume=2 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018184555/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/SI-Brochure-9.pdf/fcf090b2-04e6-88cc-1149-c3e029ad8232 |url-status=live |edition=9th |isbn=978-92-822-2272-0 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |author-link=New SI}}</ref> * ek specific atomic transition frequency {{math|[[Caesium standard|Δ''ν''_Cs]]}}, jon define kare hae [[second]] ke duration, * [[vacuum]] me [[speed of light]] {{mvar|c}}, jiske jab second se jorra jaawe hae, [[metre]] ke define kare hae, * aur [[Planck constant]] {{mvar|h}}, jiske jab metre aur second se jorra jaawe hae, [[mass]] of the kilogram ke define kare hae. Ii definition, pahile ke definition se aam taur pe consistent hae: kilogram abhi bhi hae, 30 [[Parts-per notation|parts per million]] (0.003%) of the mass of one [[litre]] of [[paani]] at the temperature of its [[maximum density]] (approximately 4&nbsp;[[Celsius|°C]]), jisme [[density of water]] ii temperature pe 1&nbsp;kg/L ke ekdam nagiich jae.<ref>The density of water is {{val|0.999972|u=g/cm3}} at {{val|3.984|u=°C}}. See {{cite book |last=Franks |first=Felix |title=The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5f_xBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA376 |year=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4684-8334-5}}</ref> === Pahile waala definition ke timeline === [[File:International prototype of the kilogram aka Le Grand K.jpg|thumb|right|The [[International Prototype of the Kilogram]], whose mass was defined to be one kilogram from 1889 to 2019.]] * 1793: [[grave (unit)|Grave]] (jon kilogram se pahile rahaa) ke define karaa gais rahaa as 1 [[litre]] (dm³) [[paani]] ke mass, jiske paawa gais ki ii 18841 [[Grain (unit)|grains]] rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annales de chimie ou Recueil de mémoires concernant la chimie et les arts qui en dépendent |date=1792|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FufDNJHvgFEC&q=18841+grains+grave&pg=RA1-PA278 |location= Paris |publisher= Chez Joseph de Boffe |page= 277 |volume = 15–16| last1=Guyton| last2=Lavoisier| last3=Monge| last4=Berthollet| display-authors=etal|author-link1=Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau| author-link2=Antoine Lavoisier| author-link3=Gaspard Monge| author-link4=Claude Louis Berthollet}}</ref> * 1795: [[Gram]] (ek kilogram ke {{Fraction||1|1000}}) ke provisionally define karaa gais rahaa as ek cubic [[centimetre]] of paani ke mass [[melting point]] of ice (0&nbsp;[[Celsius|°C]]) pe.<ref>{{lang|fr|Gramme, le poids absolu d'un volume d'eau pure égal au cube de la centième partie du mètre, et à la température de la glace fondante}}</ref> * 1799: [[Kilogramme des Archives]] ke manufacture karaa gais rahaa ek prototype ke ruup me. Isme rahaa mass jon mass of 1&nbsp;dm³ of paani at the [[temperature]] of its [[maximum density]] (approximately 4&nbsp;°C) ke baraabar rahaa.<ref name="Zupko">{{cite book |last=Zupko |first=Ronald Edward| author-link =Ronald Edward Zupko|date=1990 |title=Revolution in Measurement: Western European Weights and Measures Since the Age of Science |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_uYCNFkRgXCoC |location=Philadelphia |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-0-87169-186-6}}</ref> * 1875–1889: [[Metre Convention]] ke 1875 me sign karaa gais rahaa, jiske kaaran [[International Prototype of the Kilogram]] (IPK) ke 1879 me produce karaa gais rahaa aur iske 1889 me adopt karaa gais rahaa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/378767/Treaty-of-the-Metre|title = Treaty of the Metre|encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date = 18 July 2023|year = 2023}}</ref> * 2019: Kilogram ke [[2019 revision of the SI|define]] karaa gais rahaa [[Planck constant]] ke terms me, [[speed of light]] aur [[Caesium standard|hyperfine transition frequency of ¹³³Cs]] jiske approve karaa gais rahaa [[General Conference on Weights and Measures]] (CGPM) me, 16 November 2018 me. == Naam aur terminology == Kilogram khaali ek [[SI base unit|base SI unit]] jiske [[SI prefix]] (''kilo'') hae, iske naam me. Sabd ''kilogramme'' nai to ''kilogram'' [[French language|French]] {{lang|fr|kilogramme}} se aais hae,<ref name=OED/> jon ek sikha gais sabd rahaa, jisme [[Koine Greek|Greek]] stem {{lang|grc|χίλιοι}} {{Transliteration|grc|khilioi}} me "ek hajaar" ke prefix ke {{lang|la|gramma}} me jorraa gais rahaa, ek Late Latin sabd "ek chhotaa weight" ke khaatir, Greek {{lang|grc|γράμμα}} se.<ref> {{cite book |title = The Concise Oxford Dictionary |year = 1964 |last1 = Fowlers |first1 = HW |last2 = Fowler |first2 = FG |publisher = The Clarendon Press |location = Oxford }} Greek {{lang|grc|γράμμα}} (as it were {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:γράφω|γράφ]]-[[:wikt:-μα|μα]]}}, Doric {{lang|grc|γράθμα}}) means "something written, a letter", but it came to be used as a unit of weight, apparently equal to {{sfrac|1|24}} of an [[ounce]] ({{sfrac|1|288}} of a {{lang|la|[[Pound (mass)#Roman libra|libra]]}}, which would correspond to about 1.14 grams in modern units), at some time during Late Antiquity. French {{lang|fr|gramme}} was adopted from Latin {{lang|la|gramma}}, itself quite obscure, but found in the {{lang|la|Carmen de ponderibus et mensuris}} (8.25) attributed by [[Remmius Palaemon]] (fl. 1st century), where it is the weight of two {{lang|la|[[obolus|oboli]]}} (Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, ''A Latin Dictionary'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dgramma2 s.v. "gramma"], 1879). Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. ''[[A Greek-English Lexicon]]'' (revised and augmented edition, Oxford, 1940) [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=gra/mma s.v. γράμμα], citing the 10th-century work ''[[Geoponica]]'' and a 4th-century papyrus edited in L. Mitteis, ''Griechische Urkunden der Papyrussammlung zu Leipzig'', vol. i (1906), 62 ii 27.</ref> {{lang|fr|Kilogramme}} sabd ke French kaanuun me 1795 me likha gais rahaa, ''Decree of [[French Republican Calendar|18 Germinal]]'' me,<ref> {{cite web |url = http://mjp.univ-perp.fr/france/1793mesures.htm |title = Décret relatif aux poids et aux mesures du 18 germinal an 3 (7 avril 1795) |language = fr |trans-title=Decree of 18 Germinal, year III (April 7, 1795) regarding weights and measures |website = Grandes lois de la République |publisher = Digithèque de matériaux juridiques et politiques, Université de Perpignan |access-date = November 3, 2011 }}</ref> jon provisional system of units introduced by the French [[National Convention]] two years earlier ke badlis rahaa, jahaan pe {{lang|fr|gravet}} ke define karaa gais rahaa as weight ({{lang|fr|poids}}) of ek cubic centimetre paani, jon 1/1000 of ek {{lang|fr|[[Grave (unit)|grave]]}} ke baraabar hae.<ref>{{lang|fr|Convention nationale, décret du 1^er août 1793, ed. Duvergier, ''Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, publiée sur les éditions officielles du Louvre''|italic=unset}}, vol. 6 (2nd ed. 1834), [https://books.google.com/books?id=0mYZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA70 p. 70]. The ''metre'' ({{lang|fr|mètre}}) on which this definition depends was itself defined as the ten-millionth part of a quarter of Earth's [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]], given in [[Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution|traditional units]] as 3 {{lang|fr|[[foot (unit)|pieds]]}}, 11.44 {{lang|fr|lignes}} (a {{lang|fr|ligne}} being the 12th part of a {{lang|fr|pouce}} (inch), or the 144th part of a {{lang|fr|pied}}.</ref> 1795 ke decree me, {{lang|fr|gramme}} sabd tab r {{lang|fr|gravet}} ke replace karis rahaa, aur {{lang|fr|kilogramme}} {{lang|fr|grave}} ke replace karis rahaa.<ref name="Zupko"/> French spelling ke Great Britain me kaam me laawa gais rahaa jab ii sabd ke pahila dafe English me 1795 me kaam me laawa gais rahaa,<ref> {{cite journal |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=24QCAAAAYAAJ&q=kilogramme+weights&pg=PA557 |title = Paris, during the year 1795 |author = Peltier, Jean-Gabriel |journal = Monthly Review |date=1795 |volume=17|pages=556|access-date = August 2, 2018 }} Contemporaneous English translation of the French decree of 1795</ref><ref name=OED> {{cite web |url = http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry:showfullentry/true?t:ac=Entry/103396 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130130180039/http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry:showfullentry/true?t:ac=Entry/103396 |url-status = dead |archive-date = 30 January 2013 |website = Oxford English Dictionary |publisher = Oxford University Press |title = Kilogram |access-date = November 3, 2011 }}</ref> aur spelling ''kilogram'' ke United States me kaam me laawa gais rahaa. United Kingdom me duuno spelling ke kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, lekin "kilogram" baad me aur jaada kaam me laawa jaawe lagaa rahaa.<ref name=":1"> {{cite web |url = http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kilogram |title = Kilogram |website = Oxford Dictionaries |access-date = November 3, 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130131014115/http://english.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/kilogram |archive-date = January 31, 2013 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> UK law jon regulate karat rahaa ki kon unit ke kaam me laawa jaae jab [[Weights and Measures Acts of the United Kingdom|trading by weight or measure]] koi ek spelling ke nai roke hae.<ref> {{cite web |url = http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72/section/92 |title = Spelling of "gram", etc |website = [[Weights and Measures Acts of the United Kingdom|Weights and Measures Act 1985]] |publisher = [[Office of Public Sector Information|Her Majesty's Stationery Office]] |date = October 30, 1985 |access-date = November 6, 2011 }}</ref> [[19th century]] me French sabd {{lang|fr|kilo}}, jon ek [[Clipping (morphology)|shortening]] of {{lang|fr|kilogramme}} hae, ke English bhasa me import karaa gais rahaa jahaan iske matlab duuno kilogram<ref> {{cite encyclopedia |year=1989 |edition = 2nd |title = kilo (n1) |encyclopedia = [[Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Oxford |url = http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/103394 |access-date = November 8, 2011}}</ref> aur kilometre rahaa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year = 1989 |edition = 2nd |title = kilo (n2) |encyclopedia = [[Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Oxford |url = http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/103395 |access-date = November 8, 2011 }}</ref> Jab ''kilo'' ek alternative ke ruup me acceptable rahaa, ''[[The Economist]]'' ke khaatir jaise,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.frzee.com/Education/The%20Economist%20Style%20Guide.pdf |title=Style Guide |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 7, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701053545/http://www.frzee.com/Education/The%20Economist%20Style%20Guide.pdf |archive-date=July 1, 2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=November 8, 2011}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Canadian sarkar ke [[Termium Plus]] system batae hae ki "SI (International System of Units) usage, jiske scientific aur technical writing me kaam me laawa jaawe hae" iske usage ke allow nai kare hae "a common informal name" on Russ Rowlett's Dictionary of Units of Measurement.<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2guides/guides/wrtps/index-eng.html?lang=eng&lettr=indx_catlog_k&page=96vUJlKx4UCA.html |website=Termium Plus |publisher=Government of Canada |title=kilogram, kg, kilo |date=October 8, 2009 |access-date =May 29, 2019 }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictK.html |title=kilo |website=How Many? |access-date=November 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116205434/http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictK.html |archive-date=November 16, 2011}}</ref> Jab [[United States Congress]] metric system ke legal status diis rahaa, 1866 me, tab ii ''kilo'' sabd ke kaam me laae ke anumati diis rahaa ''kilogram'' ke jagha,<ref> {{cite web |url=http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/laws/metric-act-bill.html |title=H.R. 596, An Act to authorize the use of the metric system of weights and measures |author=29th Congress of the United States, Session 1 |date=May 13, 1866 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705015307/http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/laws/metric-act-bill.html |archive-date=July 5, 2015 }}</ref> lekin 1990 me ''kilo''sabd ke kaam me laana band kar diis rahaa.<ref> {{cite journal |journal = [[Federal Register]] |volume = 63 |issue = 144 |date = July 28, 1998 |page = 40340 |url = http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/SIFedReg.pdf |title = Metric System of Measurement:Interpretation of the International System of Units for the United States; Notice |quote = '''Obsolete Units''' As stated in the 1990 Federal Register notice, ... |access-date = November 10, 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015081850/http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/SIFedReg.pdf |archive-date = October 15, 2011 |df = mdy-all }}</ref> SI system ke 1960 me introduce karaa gais rahaa aur 1970 me [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures|BIPM]] publish kare suruu karis [[International System of Units#SI Brochure|''SI Brochure'']], jisme sab relevant decisions aur recommendations [[General Conference on Weights and Measures|CGPM]] concerning units rahaa. Ii ''SI Brochure'' batae hae "It is not permissible to use abbreviations for unit symbols or unit names ...".<ref>{{SIBrochure8th|page = 130}}</ref><ref group = Note>The French text (which is the authoritative text) states "{{lang|fr|Il n'est pas autorisé d'utiliser des abréviations pour les symboles et noms d'unités ...}}"</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[vibhag:K]] [[vibhag:Naap]] 4rxjc5v7au5r2byw6e3no8hj5sofu5r 0 59480 339442 339378 2026-10-30T11:35:45Z DrAndySingh 33780 339442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Unit | name = litre | image = [[File:CubeLitre.svg|class=skin-invert-image|200px]] | caption = One litre is equal to the volume of a cubic decimetre. | standard = [[International System of Units#Non-SI units|Non-SI units mentioned in the SI Brochure]] | quantity = [[volume]] | symbol = L | symbol2 = l | namedafter = [[Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution#Volume – dry measures|litron]] | units1 = [[SI base unit]] | inunits1 = {{val||e=-3|ul=m3}} | units2 = [[United States customary units|U.S. customary]] | inunits2 = ≈{{thin space}}{{val|0.264|u=gallon}} }} [[File:Masskrug.jpg|thumb|upright|Ek-litre beer mugs at the Germany me.]] '''Litre''', jiske [[America]] me '''liter''' likha jaae hae, [[International System of Units]] (SI) me [[volume]] ke [[naap|naapa]] jaae hae. Ek litre me 1000 cubic centimetre rahe hae jiske matlab ii hae ki ii ek [[cube]] ke baraabar hae jon ki 10cm x 10cm x 10cm hae. ==Definition== Ek litre ek cubic [[decimetre]] hae, jon 10 centimetres × 10 centimetres × 10 centimetres cube ke volume hae (1&nbsp;L ≡ 1&nbsp;dm³ ≡ 1000&nbsp;cm³). Iske matlab hae 1&nbsp;L ≡ 0.001&nbsp;[[Cubic metre|m³]] ≡ 1000&nbsp;[[cubic centimetre|cm³]]; aur 1&nbsp;m³ (i.e. ek cubic metre, jon [[SI]] unit for volume hae) exactly 1000&nbsp;L hae. 1901 se 1964 talak, litre ke define karaa gais rahaa as ek kilogram pure [[paani]] at maximum density (+3.98&nbsp;°C){{citation needed|date=September 2023}} aur [[standard pressure]] ke volume. Kilogram ke badle me specify karaa gais rahaa as the mass of the [[International Prototype of the Kilogram]] (a specific platinum/iridium cylinder) aur iske hoe ke rahaa same mass as the 1&nbsp;litre paani jiske uppar refer karaa gais hae. Ii baad me paawa gais rahaa ki cylinder lagbhag 28 parts per million jaada rahaa aur iske kaaran, ii time me, ek litre lagbhag {{val|1.000028|u=dm3}} rahaa. Iske alaawa, paani ke mass–volume relationship (koi fluid ke rakam) temperature, pressure, purity aur isotopic uniformity pe nirbhar rahe hae. 1964 me, definition jon relate karat rahaa litre ke mass se ke ant hoe gais rahaa. Litre ek SI unit nai hae aur [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures|BIPM]] me nai describe karaa gais hae.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=SI-Brochure-9 |url=https://www.bipm.org/en/si-brochure-9 |date=June 2026 |access-date=2026-06-08 |website=BIPM |language=en-US |doi=10.59161/AUEZ1291 |edition=4.01|pages=140–141|doi-access=free }}</ref> Ek litre volume to the [[stere|millistere]], ek obsolete non-SI [[Metric system|metric]] unit jiske pahile [[dry measure]] ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, ke baraaba rhae. [[vibhag:L]] [[vibhag: Naap]] exjxyq9m8hukipzg3qbdn7n8rsnlfqz 0 63072 339425 321402 2026-10-30T10:11:51Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 339425 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Harmeet Kaur Dhillon''' (janam [[1969]]) ek Amreeki vakeel aur Republican Party ke afsar hai. Uu [[California]] Republican Party ke pahile Vice Chair aur California ke liye Republican National Committee ke National Committeewoman hai. Uu ek law practice ke founder hai jekar naam Dhillon Law Group Inc. hai. 2018 mein, uu 501(c)(3) nonprofit Center for American Liberty shuru kare mein madad karis, je civil liberty se judal kaanooni kaam kare hai. Uu Fox News par regular guest rahe hai. Coronavirus mahamari ke dauran, uu stay-at-home order aur dusre pabandi lagawe ke khilaaf kai asafal mukadma dayar karis. Uu chehra par mask lagawe ke niyam ke aalochna karis, arthvyavastha ke phir se khole ke maang karis, aur mail in voting ke virodh karis. January 2023 ke chunaav mein, Dhillon Republican National Committee ke Chair ke roop mein maujooda Ronna McDaniel ke khilaaf asafal chunaoti dis. December 2024 mein, Donald Trump Dhillon ke Civil Rights ke Assistant Attorney General ke roop mein seva kare ke liye nominate karis. ==Bachpan== Dhillon ke janam 1969 mein Bharat ke [[Chandigarh]] mein ek Punjabi Sikh parivar mein huaa tha. Jab uu chhoti rahi tab uukar parivar United States chal gais taaki uukar pitaaji, Tejpal Singh Dhillon ek haddi ke surgeon ke roop mein career bana sake. Dhillon The Bronx, New York mein elementary school mein padhi, baad mein uukar parivar Smithfield, North Carolina mein bas gais. ==Shiksha== 16 saal ke umar mein high school khatam kare ke baad, uu Dartmouth College gai. Uu The Dartmouth Review mein writer aur baad mein editor-in-chief bani. The Review mein uukar karyakaal ke dauran, school ke President aur uukar prashasan ke policy ke aalochna kare wala ek vyangyaatmak column se vivaad paidaa ho gais. Column mein, Dartmouth College ke President James O. Freedman, je Yahudi rahi, ke tulna Adolf Hitler se kail gail kaahe ki uukar prashasan kathit roop se conservative ke khilaaf bhedbhaav wala policy rakhat rahi. Ii policy ke column mein "holocaust" aur "conservative problem ke final solution" kahal gail. Column mein Dartmouth mein conservative log ke "raat mein maweshi gaadi mein deport" kare wala ke roop mein bhi batawal gail. Dhillon daawa karis ki column tathakthit "liberal fascism" aur fascism ke beech samaanta dekhawe ke chaahat rahi. Uu kahis ki holocaust ke bhayanakpan ke kam kare ke koi iraada naa rahi, balki column Rashtrapati Freedman ke prashasan ke tahat conservative chatran ke saath hokhe wala durvyavhaar ke dekhawe ke chaahat rahi. Dartmouth se graduation kare ke baad, uu law school gai, jahaan uu University of Virginia School of Law se graduate bhail jahaan uu Virginia Law Review ke editorial board mein rahi. Law school ke baad, uu United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ke Judge Paul V. Niemeyer ke liye clerk ke roop mein kaam karis. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[vibhag:D]] p802rndsnwbe0kx23j2v2ne06rletb8 0 63526 339419 336330 2026-10-30T10:05:58Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 339419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | office = Princess III of [[Dar Raj]] | image = Uma Dhar 1990.jpg | title = | termstart = 1965 | spouse = {{marriage |Subrata Bose|1989|1989|end=div}}<br> {{marriage |Rajiv Singh|2001|2026||end=div}} | parents = Raja [[Chittajit Mohan Dhar]] and Rani [[Leena Dhar]] | children = Vinayak Singh | relations = Raja [[Sailendra Sircar]] (great-grandparent)<br> Raja [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] (great-grandparent) | occupation = Philosopher and Academician | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|9|21}} | birth_place = [[Kolkata]] | caption = Dhar in 1980 | monarch = Raja [[Chittajit Mohan Dhar]] }} '''Dr. Uma Dhar''' W.B.C.S.C., B.P.S.C., N.E.T., S.R.F., Ph.D. ek Hindustani philosopher rahaa, jon ki mind ke study karis. Uu Vidyasagar University me assistant professor rahaa aur Jadavpur University ke Cognitive Science School me guest faculty rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://philpeople.org/profiles/uma-dhar|title=Uma Dhar (Jadavpur University) - PhilPeople|website=philpeople.org|language=en|access-date=2025-04-17}}</ref> [[File:Uma Dhar at Jawaharlal Nehru University, ICPR Seminar, 2014.jpg|thumb|Uma Dhar at Jawaharlal Nehru University, ICPR Seminar (2014)]] Uu Indian Council of Philosophical Research se do general fellowship paiis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/33588608/selection-of-icpr-general-junior-research-fellowship-2013-14|title=selection of icpr general &amp; junior research fellowship 2013-14|last=Yumpu.com|website=yumpu.com|language=en|access-date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Uu Second Congress on Traditional Sciences & Technologies of India me delegate rahaa, Anna University, [[Chennai|Madras]] me, aur National Seminar on Sri Aurobindo's Contribution to Education and Culture me Jadavpur University me bhi jaais rahaa. == Education == Uu Vidyasagar University me philosophy ke assistant professor ke post paiis jab uu West Bengal College Service Commission ke exam aur interview pass karis rahaa. Lekin, uu PhD research continue karis, jab uu professor banne ke letter paiis. [[File:Dr. Uma Dhar Singh.jpg|thumb|Photograph for Indian Council of Philosophical Research.]] Uu Jadavpur University se PhD complete karis aur NET/SRF bhi pass karis rahaa. Uu apna PhD Dr. [[Amita Chatterjee]] ke under complete karis, jon ki Presidency University, Kolkata ke first vice-chancellor rahaa. Uu 2003 aur 2013 me Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR), New Delhi se do general fellowship paiis.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motilalbanarsidass.com/products/mind-and-cognition-an-interdisciplinary-sharing-essays-in-honour-of-amita-chatterjee-in-2-vol-set|title=Mind and Cognition- An Interdisciplinary Sharing,Essays in Honour of A|website=Motilal Banarsidass|language=en|access-date=2025-04-17}}</ref> Uu apna research paper "Compassion Meditation" 2014 me ICPR Fellows' Meet me present karis. Uu Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research (JICPR) ke life member bhi rahaa.<ref>Annual Report and Accounts- Indian Council of Philosophical research- https://icpr.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2014-15-ICPR-final.pdf</ref> === Books and Papers === {| class="wikitable" !S.No. ! Title !Type !Notes |- |1 |Philosophy: Theory and Praxis ''(An Analytical Study of the System of Yoga)''<ref>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=aKjLQ24AAAAJ&citation_for_view=aKjLQ24AAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C</ref> |Ph.D. Thesis |Supervised by Prof. (Dr.) [[Amita Chatterjee]] |- |2 |Integral Yoga<ref>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=aKjLQ24AAAAJ&citation_for_view=aKjLQ24AAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC</ref> |Research Paper |''The Unique Vision of Sri Aurobindo, Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal 9 (03), 2019'' |- |3 |Contemplative Neuroscience: The Brain Science of Meditation<ref>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=aKjLQ24AAAAJ&citation_for_view=aKjLQ24AAAAJ:d1gkVwhDpl0C</ref> |Research Paper |Post-Doctoral |- |4 |The Emergence of ‘Consciousness’ in Natural Sciences: A Historical Overview<ref>https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=aKjLQ24AAAAJ&citation_for_view=aKjLQ24AAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC</ref> |Research Paper |International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management |- |5 |GENESIS OF THE SUPERMAN<ref>http://www.vedamsbooks.com/books/jadavpur_journal_of_philosophy_vol_23_no_1_2013_14%20 Jadavpur Journal of Philosophy : Vol. 23 No. 1, 2013-14</ref> |Research Paper |Jadavpur Journal of Philosophy |- |6 |Astanga Yoga in Synergy with Medical Science<ref>https://www.motilalbanarsidass.com/products/mind-and-cognition-an-interdisciplinary-sharing-essays-in-honour-of-amita-chatterjee-in-2-vol-set?srsltid=AfmBOoouaV_txAf5OkWvcA7AYF72eleRIrTbs66ZxjPQKP2H7Z3VvTSD</ref> |Research Paper |Page 105, Part 1- Fusion Philosophy- Essays in the Honour of Amita Chatterjee |} == Biography == Uma Dhar Singh ke janam 21 September 1965 (or 22 September 1966)<ref>Birth Records | Government of [[West Bengal]] | 1965-1966 </ref> me [[Hatkhola royal family|Hatkhola ke royal family]] aur [[House of Dar]] me bhail. Uu Kashmiri-Bengali aristocratic background se rahaa. Uu Raja Shivnarayan Basu ke chothi beti ke descendant rahaa. Uu [[Peary Charan Sarkar]] ke descendant raha. Uu Mayurbhanj ke Dewan [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] Esq., M.A.B.L. ke great-granddaughter rahaa, aur [[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]] ke grand-daughter, aur Prince Royal [[Sailendra Sircar|Sailendra Nath Sircar]] ke granddaughter bhi rahaa. Uu [[Nripendra Nath Sircar]] aur Satyendra Mohan Dhar ICS ke niece bhi rahaa. [[file:Asst Prof. Uma Dhar Singh.jpg|thumb|Dhar in 2019]] Uu Padma Bhushan recipient, Indian film producer [[Birendranath Sircar]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Sur|first=Ansu|title=[[Bengali film directory]]|editor=Ansu Sur|publisher=Nandan, Calcutta|year=1999|page=319}}</ref><ref name=Mukherjee>{{cite web|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Partha, Priyanka|title=New Awakening|url=http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=18495&index1=1|website=harmonyindia.org|publisher=harmonyindia.org|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120750/http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=18495&index1=1|archive-date=26 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ke niece aur Dr. [[Manojit Mohan Dhar]], Director of Central Drug Research Institute<ref>{{Cite book |last=Academy |first=Indian National Science |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_I/za3aAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&dq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&printsec=frontcover |title=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |date=2004 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Bhatnagar_Laureates_1958_91/o9srAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&dq=Manojit+Mohan+Dhar+Satyendra&printsec=frontcover |title=Bhatnagar Laureates, 1958-91 |date=1992 |publisher=Human Resource Development Group, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research |language=en}}</ref> ke niece rahaa. Uu apna father Prince [[Chittajit Mohan Dhar]] ke daughter rahaa, jon ki ek chemical industrialist aur parliament member rahaa. Uma Dhar Singh ke ek beta Prince Thakur Vinayak Singh Oberoi bhi rahaa.Vinayak Singh Oberoi, uske larka, National Institute of Medical Sciences, [[Jaipur]] me Cardiac Surgery and Perfusion Technology ka student hai.<ref>https://sciprofiles.com/profile/4693156</ref> Uma Dhar ke shaadi Subrata Bose se 101 din tak rahaa. Subrata Bose Bose parivaar se rahaa, jiske abhi pakarr liya gais hai, jiske Dhar parivaar ke saath poora dhokhaa karis aur 'Dhaarmik Purush' ke roop mein sab jaaydaad loot liis. Ii kaaran se, ek sajish ke hissa ke roop mein Uma Dhar ke jabarjasti Subrata Bose se 3 mahina tak shaadi karwaaya gais aur baad mein talaak de dewa gais, jiske kaaran Bose parivaar ke sab sadasyon ke pakarr liya gais. Uu Thakur Rajiv Singh ke doosar wife rahaa, jon ki Dogra-Suryavanshi Rajput royal family ke descendant rahaa. ==Marriage== Marriage Uma Dhar, 1989 me Subrata Bose ke saath contract ke tahat shaadi kiya gaya jab uske papa [[Chittajit Mohan Dhar]] ke maut ho gayi. Ee shaadi 101 din ke baad talaak ke saath khatam ho gayi, aur Calcutta High Court ke notice ke mutabik, Bose parivaar ke sab member, Subrata Bose samet, giraftaar kiya gaya, kyunki ee shaadi Dhar parivaar se paisa ke laabh ke liye kiya gaya tha shaadi ke rishte ke madhyam se.<ref>High Court of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], Hearings 1989, Session SUBRATA BOSE VS UMA DHAR</ref> Baad me 2001 me, Uma Dhar Rajiv Singh se shaadi ki aur ek beta Vinayak Singh paida hua. Rajiv Singh ke saath Uma Dhar ne 2026 May 16 ko divorce kiya aur May 17 ko Rajiv Singh died of Cardiac Arrest. [[File:Uma Dhar forced marriage Case with Subrata Bose- 1989.jpg|thumb]] == References == <references /> [[Category:Indian Educators]] [[Category:Hatkhola Royal Family]] dhnbi9p2n8r7b6utvc81mojy2rk91gv 0 63574 339426 337115 2026-10-30T10:18:41Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 339426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Mohini Mohan Dhar | honorific_prefix = Justice Raja | honorific_suffix = [[Esquire|Esq.]] | image = মোহিনী মোহন ধর বিচারক ও ময়ূরভঞ্জের প্রাক্তন দেওয়ান দার রাজ্যের চতুর্থ উপাধিধারী রাজা.jpg | caption = Mohini Mohan Dhar Portrait {{circa|1913}} | office = 2nd [[Dewan]] of [[Mayurbhanj State]] | term_start = 20 June 1905 | term_end = 21 April 1912 | monarch = [[Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo]] | office1 = Vice-President of the Mayurbhanj State Council | term_start1 = 25 June 1905 | term_end1 = 21 April 1912 | office2 = Judge of the Mayurbhanj State Chief Court | term_start2 = 20 June 1905 | term_end2 = 21 April 1912 | office3 = Chief Judicial Officer of Mayurbhanj | term_start3 = 1905 | term_end3 = 1912 | office4 = | office5 = Sheristedar at Netrokona Munsiff's Court | office6 = 4rth Titular Raja of [[Dar Raj|Dar Raj]] | office7 = | birth_date = {{birth date|1866|9|21}} | birth_place = [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1947|0|0|1866|9|21}} | death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India | death_cause = [[Cancer]] | nationality = [[Indians|Indian]] | occupation = [[Nyayadhish]], Administrator, Educator | employer = | known_for = Negotiation of land lease for [[Tata Steel]] at [[Gorumahisani]] | parents = Hara Mohan Dhar (father)<br>Elokeshi Devi (mother) | spouse = Saudamini Dhar | children = [[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]]<br>[[Satyendra Mohan Dhar]] {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}} [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|ICS]] | family = [[House of Dar|Dar Raj]] | relatives = [[Chittajit Mohan Dhar]] (grandchild)<br>[[Manojit Mohan Dhar]] (grandchild) | institutions = [[Gidhni Elokeshi High School]] (Founder)<br>[[Dhaka Elokeshi High School]] (Founder) | honorific-suffix = Esq | succeeded = Hari Das Bose Esq. | preceded = Prasanna Coomar Ghosal | succeeded1 = Hari Das Bose | preceded1 = Prasanna Coomar Ghosal | succeeded2 = Hari Das Bose Esq. | term_start6 = 12 May 1899 | term_end6 = 15 October 1947 | succeeded6 = Raja [[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]] | term_start5 = 1920 | term_end5 = 1935 | preceded6 = Raja Hara Mohan Dhar | honorific-prefix = Raja }} '''Mohini Mohan Dhar''' Esq. M.A.B.L. ([[21 September]] [[1866]] - [[1947]]) ek Judge<ref>''[https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2025/2/41148.pdf Bhanja Dynasty of Mayurbhanj: Exploring the Contribution of Maharaja Sri Ram Chandra Bhanj Deo]'' (1890-1912) Ghanashyam Giri, Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2025 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR) pp. 8</ref>, Bharatiya vakeel, Diwan, aur 19th shatabdi ke ant aur 20th shatabdi ke prarambh me [[Odisha]] ke Mayurbhanj Rajya ke rajya nyayadhish rahis.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebetterindia.com/141716/indias-iron-man-pramatha-nath-bose-unsung-pioneer/|title=India's Iron Man: The Unsung Pioneer Who Made JN Tata's Industrial Dream A Reality!|author=Ahmed Sherrif|date=2018-05-16|website=The Better India|accessdate=2025-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/2015/Apr/engpdf/34-37.pdf|title=Mayurbhanj History|accessdate=2025-02-05|archive-date=2025-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226091304/https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/2015/Apr/engpdf/34-37.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Career== Dhar ko Maharaja Shriram Chandra Bhanj Deo ke adheen rajya parishad ke upadeshak, rajya nyayadhish aur sah-sachiv banaaya gaya tha. Gorumahisani me khaiyon ko Tata Steel ko lease diya gaya tha, jisme Dhar Diwan ke roop me mukhya bhoomika nibhaye.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/p-n-bose-was-first-indian-geologist-who-found-indias-vast-iron-ore-deposits-getbengal-story |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-12-03 |archive-date=2025-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206220338/https://www.getbengal.com/details/p-n-bose-was-first-indian-geologist-who-found-indias-vast-iron-ore-deposits-getbengal-story |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>INDIAN SCIENCE CRUISER (ISSN : 0970-4256) Volume 38 No 1 January 2024 [https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/123100367/Malini_Ghosh_and_Samir_Kumar_Saha_1_-libre.pdf?1748947680=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DPramatha_Nath_Bose_and_Technical_Educati.pdf&Expires=1764748466&Signature=ID9At7og9ItV2B8VAZ2t64TTlqPl5ijEut1p2gIYXQWykiP14j32eaFBW8mu1w7YW9yMccFQ9x2CHTBg7Kkm~hKNXevywWAtSQi-aUhOOBvSAIGsb8E58lIBVnvS-OmSdynCQMey2enF5u1dqE5iJBIEzfoS0XHhkKYBRFVVdBeMvwZj~3H9JdMQONEBC-e2B6cCWPwK0v5JpOaGD-7X~rjN6VgbpKVeOA3oLk8h3-AKnITcBV2fgs~TahbyJbD5iwr1cfflzm3qUqoF~FJstGlORa5OaAJS6V0fu4lYk8dF7e9RoeB0Sq4TlkMHsF5Zvj9JN8MyYd6pahLYxzwowg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA DOI: 10.24906/isc/2024/v38/i1/47349] pp.44 Pramatha Nath Bose and Technical Education </ref><ref>https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=mohini+Mohan+Dhar+&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1764745206027&u=%23p%3DCK81F-CU1kIJ pp. 60-61</ref> Unhone Kidley ke saath milke Cuttack ke Ravenshaw College me Maharaja Shriram Chandra Bhanj Deo ke vyaktigat shikshak ke taur par bhi kaam kiya tha.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Subhayu Chattopadhyay|year=2005|title=Science, Steel and 'Swadeshi': P.N. Bose and the Tatas|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145932|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=66|pages=1202–1208|issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebizdom.in/steelmint-desi-data-masters/|title=SteelMint: Desi Data Masters|date=2021-05-27|website=TheBizdom|accessdate=2025-02-05}}</ref> Mohini Mohan Dhar Dhar Mayurbhanj ke dusra Dewan rahin (20 June 1905 se 21 April 1912 tak). Unka pad aur zimmedariyan rahin: * Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo ke Chief Advisor * Superintendent of Education, Mayurbhanj * Judicial Secretary, Mayurbhanj * State Judge, Mayurbhanj * Judicial Magistrate, Mayurbhanj * Vice-President, State Council, Mayurbhanj * Revenue Department ke Head, Mayurbhanj * Agriculture Department ke Head, Mayurbhanj * Settlement Department ke Head, Mayurbhanj * Zamindar ke Head, Mayurbhanj * Registration Department ke Head, Mayurbhanj Baad me, Mayurbhanj ke Dewan ke pad se retire karne ke baad, Mohini Mohan Dhar Dhar [[Bangladesh]] me Sub Munsiffs Court ke Judge ban gail rahin.<ref>https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22010/page/n525/mode/2up?q=Mohini The Asiatic Review Vol.15, January-october 1919</ref> ===Assassination Attempt=== 1909 me, jab Mohini Mohan Dhar Mayurbhanj ke Dewan rahin, unke khilaaf ek hatya ke kosis bhail. Ek purana adhikari, jo Dhar ke administrative reforms aur sakht kanoon ke kaaran naraaz rahin, unka subah ke carriage ride ke dauran court jaate samay attack kare ke kosis kail. Assailant ek sandesh dene ke bahane carriage ke paas gail aur chhupa hua chhuri se Dhar ke ghaayal kare ke kosis kail. Lekin, Dhar ke guards suspicious harkat dekh ke turant us assailant ke rok lein. Dhar surakshit rahin, lekin dekhnewale log me thoda hungama bhail. Assailant turant pakad le gail aur local authorities dwara poora case investigate kail gail.<ref>Local News, Bhadmapada, Odiya news</ref> Mohini Mohan Dhar, Theosophical itihaas ke ek aur kam padhle gaye pehlu rahaa. Dhar, Odisha ke Cuttack mein Ravenshaw College mein rajkumar Sri Ram Chandra Bhanj Deo (1870–1912) ke niji shikshak rahin. Jab Bhanj Deo, Odisha ke Mayurbhanj rajya ke shasak bane, tab Dhar ke wahan kai mahatvapurn pad par niyukti hui aur aakhirkaar u log Dewan, yaani Pradhan Mantri, bane.<ref>Ghadei, “Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo,” 60-61; Rout, “Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo of Mayurbhanj,” 33-34.</ref> Apne jeevan kaal mein Dhar vakeel, shikshak aur baad mein British kaal ke ek princely state ke adhikari ke roop mein kaam kiye. Rajkumar Bhanj Deo ke dehant ke baad, Dhar Theosophical Society (TS) mein shamil ho gaye aur England gaye, shayad aage ki padhai ke liye. Dhar ke TS sadasyata ka diploma December 1913 mein Benares mein Annie Besant se mila. Iske baad, England pahunchne par u [[London]] ke Westminster Lodge se jude. 1914 se 1920 tak, England mein rehne ke dauran, u lagataar TS se sambandhit rahin. Yeh maana jaa sakta hai ki London ke Theosophical samuday ne unke wahan rehne ke dauran samajik sambandh banane mein madad ki. Is dauran, Dhar ne kuch bhashan diye aur 1919 mein do kitab likhi—''Gauranga and his Gospel'' aur ''Krishna the Charioteer''.<ref>Dhar, Gauranga and his Gospel; Dhar, Krishna the Charioteer.</ref> Dhar ke likhe kaam ek aur udaharan dikhate hain jahan ek Bengali Theosophist, Vaishnav dharm ke prati apni bhakti prakat karta hai. 1920 mein Dhar wapas India laut aaye aur Adyar ke General Secretary ko ek patra likh ke anurodh kiye ki unhe Calcutta ke Bhowanipur Lodge se joda jaaye. Yeh patra, jo aaj Adyar Archives mein surakshit hai, usmein Dhar ne England mein TS ke saath apne pehle ke sambandh ke baare mein jankari di.<ref>Mohini Mohan Dhar, Letter to the Recording Secretary, Theosophical Society, Adyar, 1 March 1920, in TS Adyar Archives File C2/TS: Federation-Correspondence/Bengal Federation.</ref> Yeh baat bhi dhyaan dene laayak hai ki Rajkumar Bhanj Deo ki shaadi Brahmo neta Keshab Chandra Sen ki badi beti Sucharu Devi se hui thi. Sucharu Devi, mahila adhikaar ki ek sakriya netri thi aur All India Women’s League ke netaon se judi hui thi—yeh ek aisa aandolan tha jismein Theosophists ka kaafi yogdan raha. Aise sambandh yeh dikhate hain ki Mohini Mohan Dhar, Calcutta aur desh ke anya hisson ke bauddhik varg se achhi tarah jude hue rahin. Unke dwara banaye gaye yeh network, Theosophy, [[Vaishnavism]] aur Bharat ke princely states ke beech ke gehre sambandhon ko samajhne mein madad karte hain.<ref>Mukhopadhyay, M. (2025). [https://dare.uva.nl/search?identifier=ef319652-a4ce-44c7-9c56-844d646b6882 The occult world of Bengalis: The Theosophical movement in colonial South Asia and its global entanglements] 1882-1942. [Thesis, fully internal, Universiteit van Amsterdam].</ref> ==Public Image== 1909 me, Mohini Mohan Dhar, ek darawna Dewan, courtroom proceeding ke dauran dekha gail. Dhar ek aadmi ke saza sunate aur unke authority dikhate dikhat rahin, taaki log unke dar aur shakti se darein. Courtroom me officials aur dekhnewale log tension me rahin, jo unke hukumat ke dauran ke dar ke mahal ke darshawe hai. Yeh aadmi is faisla ke 7 din baad public hanging se phansi de di gail.<ref>The Baripada Gazette ''June 15, 1909''</ref> === Public Image === Local log ke prati unka sympathy kam rahin aur unke khushi un power me rahin, jo Maharaja unko de rahin. East Bengal se aane ke kaaran, unhone apne region ke log ke state ke kai pad me rakhal, jaise ki apne bhai ke Sub-Registrar bana dena. Eh faisla se Uriya aur local Bengali log marginalized feel kail aur unme disappointment aur naraazgi bhail.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.33177162</ref> Dhar ke upar Maharaja ke bharosa rahin, lekin local public opinion unke khilaaf rahin. ''"Dhar is bringing a colony of men from East Bengal to Mayurbhanj and employing them in various state departments."'' — Star of Utkal, Cuttack, 23 September 1905, Page 19, JSTOR<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.33176888</ref> ''"One of the cruelest yet most efficient Dewan of Mayurbhanj. Both horror and business is skyrocketing in Mayurbhanj."'' — Abhinandita Newspaper, 1906 ''"Mayurbhanj could not reach the position, where it is now, if Dhar Babu was not the Dewan."'' — Jitendra Kumar Pakrasi, Sanjivami, July 4th, 1912<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/saoa.crl.33176802.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3Afb8183768f93c30dc358e4eb2614f53d&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&initiator=&acceptTC=1</ref> == Family == Mohini Mohan Dhar Dhar ke janam 21 September 1866 ke bhail rahaa, [[Dar|Dar ke royal parivar]] me, gaon Jalsean, Dacca, East Bengal (ab [[Bangladesh]]) me. Unke pita Hara Mohan Dhar Esq. M.A.B.L. aur mata Elokeshi Dhar (''née'' Choudhari) rahin. Unka dusra bhai-behan rahin—Jyotindra Mohan Dhar (b. 1863), Biraj Mohan Dhar (b. 1868), Sarala Dhar (b. 1870), aur Kadambini Dhar (b. 1872). Unke pita, Hara Mohan Dhar, M.A.B.L. (b. 1839), ek Zamindar rahin, profession se barrister (Middle Temple), aur Raja Mukunda Mohan Dar (b. 1802), jo Dar area of Kashmir ke former Zamindar royal rahin, ke beta rahin. Dhar hai [[Virendra Mohan Dar|Maharaja Virendra V.M. Dar]] ke great grandson rahaa. Unke mata, Elokeshi Dhar (''née'' Choudhari), Raja Gurnindra Choudhari ke teesra beti rahin, jo Bhagalpur ke ameer Zamindar rahin. Mohini Mohan Dhar Dhar ke vivaah Saudamini Dhar se bhail, je Jogesh Chandra Ghosh ke bahin rahin. Unke bahut bachche rahin, jin me se kuchh prasiddh rahin—[[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]], jo Grey’s Inn se barrister rahin, aur Satyendra Mohan Dhar (b. 1897), C.I.E., I.C.S. Unka beta, [[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]], Hatkhola ke [[Hatkhola royal family|royal parivar]] se Amiyabala of Hatkhola se vivaah karke, [[Sailendra Sircar|Sailendranath Sircar]] ke beti aur [[Peary Charan Sarkar]] ke poti, saath hi Kailashkamini of [[Hatkhola royal family|Hatkhola]] ke poti rahin.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sailendra Sircar Centenary|publisher=BeeZone|year=2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sekālora śikshāguru|author=Dutt, Haradhan|year=1978|publisher=Tuli-Kalama}}</ref> == Business == Unhone Gidhni me apne mata ke naam par, [[Gidhni Elokeshi High School]] (also Elokeshi Balika Vidyalaya) aur Jaslin, Dhaka mein [[Dhaka Elokeshi High School]] ki sthaapna ki.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sohopathi.com/elokeshi-high-school-jasmin/|title=Elokeshi High School Jasmin|accessdate=2025-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dorpatra.com/eed-department-otm-20|title=Currently Active OTM tenders of Education Engineering Department|accessdate=2025-04-10}}</ref> == Sandarbh == {{reflist}} e6ukqk12x2l8irpfjth1ifziemcnvw5 0 65278 339441 330180 2026-10-30T10:39:32Z Pichkaa 42023 339441 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Adrien Philippe 1875 Cropped.jpg|thumb]] Li Ghadi Patek Philippe ke banaya hia ghadi hai jo [[Dunia|duniya]] ka sabse mehnge ghadi mein se hai. Li ek calendar watch hai aur double sided bhi hai. [[vibhag:G]] [[vibhag:C]] 8i79snu9gdqsi5ohnup17f36643wm7f 0 68419 339430 334231 2026-10-30T10:22:41Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 339430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Sitt al-Dar al-Harrania | native_name = ست الدار الحرانية | native_name_lang = ar | image = ست الدار الحرانية.png | caption = Sitt al-Dar al-Harrania ke naam ke calligraphy | birth_date = 1226 (625 Hijri) | birth_place = [[Harran]] | death_date = 1316 (716 Hijri) | death_place = [[Damascus]] | | spouse = Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyya | children = [[Ibn Taymiyya]] | known_for = Islamic scholar Ibn Taymiyya ke maa }} '''Sitt al-Dar bint Majd al-Din al-Harrania''' (Arabic: ست الدار بنت مجد الدين الحرانية; janam: 1226 – maut: 1316) ek Muslim aurat rahaa, jiske khaas kar ke 13th aur [[14th century]] ke sab se barraa Islamic scholar, theologian, aur jurist [[Ibn Taymiyya]] ke maa ke rup me jaana jaawe hai. Uske janam [[Harran]] (abhi ke Turkey ke south-eastern hissa me) me bhais rahaa. Uu ek bahut parrhil-likhi aur dharmik palwaar se aati rahaa, jiske asar uske larrka ke life aur kaam pe bahut jaada parraa.<ref>{{Cite book |title=الترجمة الذهبية لأعلام آل تيمية |language=ar}}</ref> == Shuruaati janam aur palwaar == Sitt al-Dar ke janam 1226 CE (625 Hijri) ke aas-paas Harran shahar me bhais rahaa. Uu time me Harran Islamic education aur Hanbali fiqh (jurisprudence) ke ek bahut barraa center rahaa. Uske shaadi Shihab al-Din Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyya se bhais rahaa, jon khud Harran ke ek bahut jaana-maana Hanbali scholar, teacher aur imam rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibn Muflih |year=1990 |title=المقصد الأرشد في ذكر أصحاب الإمام أحمد (Al-Maqsad al-Arshad) |location=Riyadh |publisher=Maktaba al-Rushd |volume=1 |page=433 |language=ar}}</ref> Ii palwaar me education aur knowledge ke bahut ijjat milat rahaa. Sitt al-Dar aapan ghar me ek religious aur academic environment banaa ke rakhis, jiske faayda uske larrkan ke milaa. == Mongol hamla aur Damascus migration == [[13th century]] ke biich me Mongol army ke hamla Muslim duniya khatir ek bahut barraa khatra ban gais rahaa. Jab Mongol army Harran ke taraf aais, tab 1269 CE (667 Hijri) me uske palwaar ke aapan ghar chhorre ke parraa. Ii safar bahut muskil aur khatarnaak rahaa. Historians log bataawe hai ki uu log ke paas dher book rahaa jiske uu log ek gaarri (cart) me laad ke le gais rahaa. Rasta me gaarri kharaab hoe gais rahaa, lekin uu log aapan book ke bachaae liis. Ii khatarnaak safar ke baad, Sitt al-Dar aapan pati aur larrkan (jisme saat saal ke Ibn Taymiyya bhi shaamil rahaa) ke saathe Syria ke [[Damascus]] shahar me aae ke bas gais.<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Birzali |title=تاريخ البرزالي المقتفي لتاريخ أبي شامة (Tarikh al-Birzali) |volume=2 |page=111 |language=ar}}</ref> Damascus uu time scholars log khatir ek safe jagah rahaa. == Damascus me life aur education me role == Damascus me base ke baad, Sitt al-Dar ke pati Dar al-Hadith al-Sukkariyya ke head banis. Ii time me Sitt al-Dar aapan larrkan ke paalan-poshan aur education me puura dhyaan diis. Islamic biography literature me uske dharmik swabhaaw (religious nature), himmat, aur achchha character ke baare me bahut tareef likha hai. Uu aapan larrka Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyya ke life pe ek bahut gahira influence daalis. 'Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani' aur 'Muhammad bin al-Manja' jaise famous historians ke book me uu palwaar ke academic environment ke baare me achchha se likha hai, jiske banae me Sitt al-Dar ke sab se barraa haath rahaa.<ref>"ص148 - كتاب معجم أصحاب شيخ الإسلام ابن تيمية - محمد بن المنجا بن عثمان بن أسعد بن المنجا التنوخي الدمشقي شرف الدين أبو عبد الله - المكتبة الشاملة". ''shamela.ws''. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-06-22. اطلع عليه بتاريخ 2023-01-27.</ref> Uu hamesha aapan larrka ke encourage karis ki uu dharam ke rasta pe chale aur sachchaai khatir aawaaz uthaae. == Ibn Taymiyya ke saathe rishta == Sitt al-Dar aur uske larrka Ibn Taymiyya ke biich me bahut gahira pyaar aur ijjat rahaa. Jab Ibn Taymiyya ke uske religious views ke kaaran jail me daala gais ya exile karaa gais, tab uske maa hamesha uske pichhe kharra rahaa aur uske himmat diis. History me ek bahut famous chitthi (letter) hai jon Ibn Taymiyya Egypt se aapan maa ke likhis rahaa. Ii chitthi me uu aapan maa se maafi maangis rahaa ki uu lamba time tak uske paas nai aae sakis, aur batais ki uu aapan marji se nai balki Islamic education aur religion ke sewa (service) ke kaaran waha ruka hai. Ii chitthi dekhawe hai ki uu aapan maa ke ketna respect karat rahaa. == Maut aur legacy == Sitt al-Dar al-Harrania ke maut 1316 CE (716 Hijri) me Damascus me bhais. History ke book ke anusaar, jab uske maut bhais tab uske larrka Ibn Taymiyya Egypt me rahaa aur ii khabar sun ke uske bahut dukh bhais.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani |year=1972 |title=الدرر الكامنة في أعيان المائة الثامنة (Al-Durar al-Kamina) |location=Hyderabad |publisher=Daira al-Ma'arif al-Uthmaniyya |volume=5 |page=171 |language=ar}}</ref> Aaj bhi Sitt al-Dar ke ek aadarsh (ideal) Muslim maa ke rup me yaad karaa jaawe hai jisne ek aise scholar ke janam diis aur paala jiske works aaj tak pura Islamic duniya me parrha jaawe hai. == References == {{reflist}} == Bahaari jorr == * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125494571 Wikidata pe Sitt al-Dar al-Harrania] {{BD|1226|1316|Harrania}} [[Category:Arab log]] [[Category:Muslim aurat]] 19dtxzrcl11mne2cj1d02xvxnvb2h3b 0 68425 339432 335976 2026-10-30T10:23:47Z Pichkaa 42023 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 339432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Huzaima bint Nasser | native_name = حزيمة بنت ناصر | image = Hazima bint Nasser, queen of Iraq.JPG | caption = Iraq ke Rani Huzaima | succession = [[Iraq ke Rani]] | reign = 23 August 1921 – 8 September 1933 | succession1 = Syria ke Rani | reign1 = 8 March 1920 – 24 July 1920 | birth_date = 1884 | birth_place = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz]] | death_date = 27 March 1935 | death_place = [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]] | spouse = {{Marriage|[[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal I]]|1904|1933|reason=Pati ke maut}} | issue = Rajkumari Azza<br />Rajkumari Rajiha<br />Rajkumari Raifa<br />[[Ghazi of Iraq|Raja Ghazi]] | father = Amir Nasser Pasha | mother = Dilber Khanum | religion = [[Islam]] (Sunni) }} '''Huzaima bint Nasser''' (Arabi: حزيمة بنت ناصر; 1884 – 27 March 1935) Hashemi khandaan ke ek Arab raajkumari rahin. Uu Raja [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal I]] ke patni ke rup me 1920 me [[Syria]] ke rani aur 1921 se 1933 talak [[Iraq]] ke pahila rani rahin. Unkar jiwan me bahut saara rajnitik badlao (political changes) aais rahaa, aur uu Arab itihas (history) ke ek bahut mahatvapurna time pe raj-kaaj aur mahal ke jimmewari akele sambhalis. == Shuruwaati jiwan aur Hashemi khandaan == Huzaima ke janam 1884 me pavitra shahar [[Mecca]] (jaun abhi [[Saudi Arabia]] me hai) me bhais rahaa. Unkar pita ke naam Amir Nasser Pasha rahaa, jaun Mecca ke ek bada neta rahin, aur unkar mata ke naam Dilber Khanum rahaa. Huzaima ek bahut ijjat-daar aur taqatwar Hashemi khandaan me paida bhae rahin, jaun uu time pe Arab politics me bahut aage rahaa. Unkar bachpan Mecca ke paramparik aur rajshahi (royal) mahol me beeta, jaha pe uu Arabi sanskriti, dharam aur rajnitik samajh ke baare me bahut kuch sikhis. == Shadi aur Arab Vidroh ke time == Saal 1904 me, Turkey ke shahar [[Istanbul]] me unkar shadi Faisal ibn Hussein se bhais. Faisal baad me chal ke Faisal I ke naam se puura duniya me mashhur bhae. Ii shadi se unkar chaar larrkan bhae: teen larrki (Rajkumari Azza, Rajkumari Rajiha, aur Rajkumari Raifa) aur ek larrka ([[Ghazi of Iraq|Ghazi]], jaun baad me Iraq ke raja bana). [[Pahila Vishwa Yudh]] ([[World War I]]) aur 1916 ke Arab Vidroh (Arab Revolt) ke time pe, unkar palwaar (family) ke bahut saara khatra aur rajnitik uthal-puthal ke samna kare ke parra. Ii mushkil time pe bhi Huzaima aapan palwaar ke ekjut rakhis aur aapan pati ke har kadam pe saath diis.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=xCLBAgAAQBAJ&dq=queen+Huzaima&pg=PA468&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=queen%20Huzaima&f=false|title=Faisal I of Iraq|last=Allawi|first=Ali A.|date=2014-03-11|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19936-9|language=en}}</ref> == Syria ke Rani aur desh-nikala == 8 March 1920 ke din, Faisal ke Syria ke nawa raja ghoshit kara gais. Ii rajnitik badlao ke baad, Huzaima aapan larrkan ke saath nawa banaya gais Syria ke rajdhani [[Damascus]] chali gain aur uu [[des]] ke pahila aur aadhikarik (official) rani ban gain. Lekin, Syria me unkar raaj bahut chhota time talak hi chala. 24 July 1920 ke Maysalun ke ladaai (Battle of Maysalun) me [[France]] ke sena se haar ke baad, France waha pe rajshahi ke khatam kar diis. Ii ladaai ke baad Faisal aur unkar puura palwaar ke Syria chhorr ke desh-nikala (exile) me jaawe ke parra. Ii unkar jiwan ke ek bahut kathin time rahaa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://archive.ph/20120709082355/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6511/is_2_49/ai_n29160130/|title=IRAQ - Resurgence In The Shiite World - Part 8 - Jordan & The Hashemi…|date=2012-07-09|work=archive.ph|access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref> == Iraq ke Rani aur Baghdad me jiwan == Saal 1921 me, British shasan ke sahmati se Faisal ke Iraq ke nawa raja banawa gais. Lekin Huzaima turant Iraq nai gain; uu aapan larrkan ke saath 1924 me Hejaz se aakar Iraq ke rajdhani [[Baghdad]] pahuchin aur uu des ke pahila rani banin. Uu time pe Iraq me shahi palwaar ke aurat logan ke jiwan mahal ke andar 'harem' (janankhana) talak hi simit rahaa. Uu log bahaar ke public program me hissa nai let rahin aur unkar milna-julna khaali aurat mehmaan logan talak hi rahat rahaa. Iraq me British aadhikari aur mashhur lekhika [[Gertrude Bell]] ke shahi palwaar se bahut aana-jaana rahaa. Gertrude Bell aapan chithhi aur kitab me Rani Huzaima aur unkar larrkiyan ke jiwan ke baare me bahut achchha se likhis hai. Bell ke likhawat se pata chale hai ki Huzaima ek paramparik aurat rahin, jaun mahal ke andar hi aapan mehmaan ke swagat karat rahin aur Arab ke reeti-riwaj ke bahut karrha tarike se palan karat rahin.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vw0bBQAAQBAJ&q=A+Woman+in+Arabia:+The+Writings+of+the+Queen+of+the+Desert&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=A%20Woman%20in%20Arabia:%20The%20Writings%20of%20the%20Queen%20of%20the%20Desert&f=false|title=A Woman in Arabia: The Writings of the Queen of the Desert|last=Bell|first=Gertrude|date=2015-08-11|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-101-63695-4|language=en}}</ref> == Aurat logan ke adhikar aur maut == Bahaar ke public jiwan me unkar hissa kam rahe ke bawajud, Huzaima Iraq me aurat logan ke bhalai khatir bahut kaam karis. 1932 me Iraq me aurat logan ke adhikar aur parrhai-likhai pe dhyan dewe khatir ek sanstha 'Women's Awakening Club' (Aurat Jagrukta Club) banawa gais. Rani Huzaima ii club ke aapan aashirwad aur support diis. Ii Iraq ke itihas me aurat logan ke pahila bada sanstha maana jaawe hai.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=weoC4c745zcC&dq=women+baghdad+1934&pg=PT272&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=women%20baghdad%201934&f=false|title=Women in Iraq: Past Meets Present|last=Efrati|first=Noga|date=2012-01-24|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-53024-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&dq=iraq+women+queen&pg=PA614&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=iraq%20women%20queen&f=false|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History|last=Smith|first=Bonnie G.|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|language=en}}</ref> 8 September 1933 ke Raja Faisal I ke [[Switzerland]] me maut ho gais. Ii ghatna ke baad unkar larrka Ghazi Iraq ke nawa raja bana. Aapan pati ke maut ke lagbhag dedh saal baad, 27 March 1935 ke Baghdad me Huzaima ke bhi maut ho gais. Unkar naam Arab itihas me ek majbut aur sahasi rani ke rup me aaj bhi yaad kara jaawe hai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/rfamily_immediate.html|title=Wayback Machine|website=www.kinghussein.gov.jo|access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref> == Ii bhi dekho == * [[Rajkumari Nafissa]] == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} == Bahaari jorr == * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125192117 Wikidata pe Huzaima bint Nasser] [[Category:1884 janam]] [[Category:1935 maut]] [[Category:Iraq ke Rani log]] [[Category:Syria ke history]] [[Category:Saudi Arabia] ke log]] [[Category:Raja ke patni log]] prm9pju8bu4rbfumpqi198b4zqbort8 3 69817 339417 2026-10-30T09:59:56Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 339417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|name=Pichkaa}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 09:59, 30 Actobar 2026 (UTC) 029f1yoxy3xrzgzg62w8adx1dc3s1b5