Dinesh Chand

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    <title>Dinesh Chand</title>
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      <text bytes="4536" sha1="7pb9k0ntl57rrt6ho8o4whthyuqate7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Golfer
| name              = Dinesh Chand
| image             = DineshChand.jpg
| imagesize         = &lt;!-- e.g. 250px (default is 200px) --&gt;
| caption           = 
| fullname          = 
| nickname          = 
| birthdate         = {{birth date and age|1972|2|6|df=y}}
| birthplace        = 
| deathdate         = &lt;!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|1972|2|6|df=y}} --&gt;
| deathplace        = 
| height            = 1.90 m
| weight            = 85 kg
| nationality       = Fiji Islander
| residence         = 
| spouse            = 
| partner           = 
| children          = 
| college           = 
| yearpro           = 1992
| retired           = &lt;!-- Year retired --&gt;
| tour              = [[Japan Golf Tour]]&lt;br&gt;[[Asian Tour]]
| extour            = &lt;!-- Former tours which a member of --&gt;
| prowins           = 3
| pgawins           = &lt;!-- Number of PGA Tour wins --&gt;
| eurowins          = &lt;!-- Number of European Tour wins --&gt;
| japwins           = 3
| asiawins          = &lt;!-- Number of Asian Tour wins --&gt;
| sunwins           = &lt;!-- Number of Sunshine Tour wins --&gt;
| auswins           = &lt;!-- Number of PGA Tour of Australasia wins --&gt;
| nwidewins         = &lt;!-- Number of Nationwide Tour wins --&gt;
| chalwins          = &lt;!-- Number of Challenge Tour wins --&gt;
| champwins         = &lt;!-- Number of Champions Tour wins --&gt;
| seneurowins       = &lt;!-- Number of European Seniors Tour wins --&gt;
| otherwins         = &lt;!-- Number of Other wins --&gt;
| majorwins         = &lt;!-- Number of Major Championship wins --&gt;
| masters           = DNP
| usopen            = DNP
| open              = CUT: 2001, 2004
| pga               = DNP
| wghofid           = &lt;!-- World Golf Hall of Fame member ID --&gt;
| wghofyear         = &lt;!-- World Golf Hall of Fame year inducted --&gt;
| award1            = &lt;!-- Achievement or award details --&gt;
| year1             = &lt;!-- Year(s) of achievement or award --&gt;
| award2            = 
| year2             = 
| awardssection     = &lt;!-- location of awards page or section --&gt;
}}
'''Dinesh Chand''' (janam: [[6 February]] [[1972]]) ek [[Fiji]] ke golfer hae jon ki jaada kar ke Japan me khele hae. Uu Japan Golf Tour me tiin tournament jitis hae.

Chand, Nadi se aawe hae aur Vijay Singh se inspire bhais hae. Uu 19 saal ke umar me professional bhais. Uske Japanese tour khatir card paawe khatir chhe saal lagaa lakin uu aapan chuthaa professional tournamet me champion banaa. Uske tiin aur bhaiya hae. With a 291-yard average in 1998, Chand topped the driving charts in Japan and finished third in the world behind John Daly and Tiger Woods.
He was rated to have the fastest clubhead speed in the world.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.golftoday.co.uk/news/yeartodate/news99/fiji.html |title=Fijian golfer Chand following in Vijay's footsteps |access-date=2009-10-24 |archive-date=2004-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041222022854/http://www.golftoday.co.uk/news/yeartodate/news99/fiji.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Japan Golf Tour wins (3)==
*1998 - Descente Classic Munsingwear Cup
*2001 - Munsingwear Open KSB Cup
*2004 - Mandom Lucido Yomiuri Open

==Results in major championships==
{| cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%; border: #aaa solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#eeeeee&quot;
!align=&quot;left&quot;|Tournament
!2001
!2002
!2003
!2004
|-
|[[The Masters Tournament|The Masters]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|DNP
|align=&quot;center&quot;|DNP
|align=&quot;center&quot;|DNP
|align=&quot;center&quot;|DNP
|-
|[[U.S. Open (golf)|U.S. Open]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|DNP
|align=&quot;center&quot;|DNP
|align=&quot;center&quot;|DNP
|align=&quot;center&quot;|DNP
|-
|[[The Open Championship]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|CUT
|align=&quot;center&quot;|DNP
|align=&quot;center&quot;|DNP
|align=&quot;center&quot;|CUT
|-
|[[PGA Championship]]
|align=&quot;center&quot;|DNP
|align=&quot;center&quot;|DNP
|align=&quot;center&quot;|DNP
|align=&quot;center&quot;|DNP
|}

DNP = Did not play&lt;br&gt;
CUT = missed the half-way cut&lt;br&gt;
&quot;T&quot; = tied&lt;br&gt;
Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716084711/http://www.jgto.org/jgto/WG05020200Profile.do?playerCd=2259&amp;playerTourKbn=2 Japan Golf Tour profile]
*[http://www.officialworldgolfranking.com/players/bio.sps?ID=6171 Results in ranking events for the last two years from the World Golf Ranking site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519050927/http://www.officialworldgolfranking.com/players/bio.sps?ID=6171 |date=2011-05-19 }}

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{BD|1972||Chand, Dinesh}}

[[Category:Nadi ke log]]
[[Category:Fiji ke Hindustani khilarri|Chand, Dinesh]]
[[Category:Golf]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Spanish bhasa</title>
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      <text bytes="42071" sha1="4chgp2wu9gi5qm56bjwy1yvfkf4w6lt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language
|name                = Spanish, Castilian
|nativename          = {{lang|es|español}}, {{lang|es|castellano}}
|pronunciation       ={{IPA-es|espaˈɲol|}}, {{IPA-es|kasteˈʎano|}}
|familycolor         = Indo-European
|script              = [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[Spanish alphabet|Spanish variant]])
|region              = (see [[#Geographic distribution|below]])
|speakers           = Pahila bhasa 329&lt;ref name=Ethnologue1&gt;[http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size Spanish language total]. Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 August 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; million to 400&lt;ref name=demogr/&gt;&lt;ref name=congress/&gt;&lt;ref name=elcastellano/&gt; million.&lt;br /&gt;500  million as first or second language.&lt;ref name=Es2009 /&gt;
|fam2               = [[w:Italic languages|Italic]]
|fam3               = [[w:Romance languages|Romance]]
|fam4               = [[w:Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
|fam5               = [[w:Gallo-Iberian|Gallo-Iberian]]
|fam6               = [[w:Iberian Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]]
|fam7               = [[w:West Iberian languages|West Iberian]]
|script             = [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[w:Spanish alphabet|Spanish variant]])
|script             = [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[w:Spanish alphabet|Spanish variant]])
|nation             = [[w:List of countries where Spanish is an official language|21 countries]], [[United Nations]], [[European Union]], [[Organisation of American States]], [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Central American Integration System]], [[African Union]], [[Caricom]], [[World Trade Organization]], [[North American Free Trade Agreement]], [[Andean Community of Nations]], [[Mercosur]], [[Inter-American Development Bank]], [[Latin Union]], [[Antarctic Treaty]].
|agency             = [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]] ({{lang|es|[[Real Academia Española]]}} and 21 other national Spanish language academies)
|iso1               = es
|iso2               = spa
|iso3               = spa
|lingua             = 51-AAA-b
|map                = Detailed SVG map of the Hispanophone world.svg
}}

'''Spanish language''', ek [[Romance bhasa]] hae, jon ki [[Latin]] se aais hae, me se sab se common bhasa hae. Spanish bhasa ke dunia ke dher des me bola jaae hae. Iske khaas kaaran hae ke Spanish log bahut pahile dher colony establsh karin rahha. Uu des jisme Spanish official language hae ke Hispanic country bola jaae hae

Kuchh Hispanic des hae: 

[[North America]], [[Central America]], aur [[Caribbean Islands]]: 
[[Costa Rica]], [[Cuba]], The [[Dominican Republic]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], [[Puerto Rico]], aur [[El Salvador]]. [[United States]] aur [[Belize]], me jaada log [[English bhasa]] me baat kare hae, lekin Spanish duusra bhasa hae. 

[[South America]]: 
[[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Guyana]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[Uruguay]], [[Venezuela]]. 

Duniake aur jagha:
[[Philippines]], aaur [[Equatorial Guinea]].

Spain me aur bhasa hae jon ki Spanish se closely related hae, jaise ki [[Catalan language|Catalan]] aur [[Galician language|Galician]]. Spanish bhasa ke kabhi kabhi '''Castilian''' bola jaae hae, [[Castile]] ke baad me, jon ki Spain ke ek region hae.

Spanish me Spanish sabd hae &quot;Español&quot;, aur Spanish sabd for Castilian hae &quot;Castellano&quot;.

== Spanish bhasa me ginti ==
{| border=&quot;1&quot;
! Number Spanish me!!Number Fiji Hindi me
|-
| uno 	 ||ek
|-
|dos||dui
|-
|tres||tiin
|-
|cuatro ||chaar
|-
|cinco ||paanch
|-
|seis||chhe
|-
|siete ||saat
|-
|ocho||aath
|-
|nueve ||nau
|-
|diez  ||das
|}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zompist.com/million.htm Numbers in Million-Speaker Languages]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geographic distribution ==
Spanish is recognised as one of the official languages of the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]], the [[Organization of American States]], the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], the [[African Union]], the [[Union of South American Nations]], the [[Latin Union]], and the [[Caricom]] and has legal status in the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:18%;&quot;|Country
! style=&quot;width:12%;&quot;|Population &lt;ref name=&quot;UN 2009 estimate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/esa/abaadi/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |title=UN 2009 estimate |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! style=&quot;width:16%;&quot;|Spanish as a native language speakers&lt;ref&gt;Britannica Books of the years 2003 to 2009 [[:es:Anexo:Hablantes de español como lengua materna en el 2003 (según el Britannica Book)]]. Sources used by the Encyclopaedia Britannica (Ethnologue -14th edition, Joshua Project 2000 —People's List, U.S. Census Bureau.) {{Verify credibility|date=March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! style=&quot;width:24%;&quot;|Bilingual and as a second language speakers (in countries where Spanish is official)&lt;ref name=Eurob2006&gt;[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf eurobarometer (2006)], [[:es:Anexo:Hablantes de español en la U.E. según el Eurobarómetro (2006)]] for Europe countries&lt;/ref&gt; or as a foreign language (where it is not official)&lt;ref name=SpanishStudents&gt;Spanish students for countries out of Europe according to [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf Instituto Cervantes 06-07] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106014858/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf |date=2012-01-06 }} (There aren't concrete sources about Spanish speakers as a second language except to Europe and Latin America countries).&lt;/ref&gt;
! style=&quot;width:16%;&quot;|Spanish speakers as percentage of abaadi&lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;&gt;[http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] (page 28) to countries with official spanish status.&lt;/ref&gt;
! style=&quot;width:14%;&quot;|Total number of Spanish speakers
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Mexico}}
| 112,336,538 &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=36&amp;Itemid=234 CONAPO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527065510/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=36&amp;Itemid=234 |date=2011-05-27 }} (2010).&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 112336538 / 100 * 92.17 round 0}}}} &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html cia.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129161335/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html |date=2018-01-29 }}: Spanish only 92.7%&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 112336538 / 100 * 98.5 - 112336538 / 100 * 92.17 round 0}}}}
| 98.5% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 112336538 / 100 * 98.5 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|United States}}
| 307,006,550 &lt;ref name=USpopfinder&gt;Population figure for 2009 from [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation U.S. Population in 1990, 2000, and 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624024924/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation |date=2011-06-24 }}, U.S. Census Bureau&lt;/ref&gt;
|35,468,501 &lt;ref&gt;Hispanics older than 5 years old ([http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_S1601&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-redoLog=false US Census Bureau 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606173334/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_S1601&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-redoLog=false |date=2011-06-06 }})&lt;/ref&gt;
| 14,531,499
| {{#expr: 50000000 / 307006550 * 100 round 1}}% 
| 50,000,000&lt;ref&gt;[[Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española]]: [http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=1113 elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224203228/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=1113 |date=2016-02-24 }}, José Ma. Ansón: [http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=685 noticias elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224203229/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=685 |date=2016-02-24 }}, Jorge Ramos Avalos: [http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=1145765 univision.com], Elbio Rodríguez Barilari: [http://congresosdelalengua.es/valparaiso/ponencias/lengua_comunicacion/rodriguez_elbio.htm congresosdelalengua.es] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715164424/http://congresosdelalengua.es/valparaiso/ponencias/lengua_comunicacion/rodriguez_elbio.htm |date=2013-07-15 }} ,  [http://www.abcdesevilla.es/hemeroteca/historico-29-03-2008/sevilla/Cultura/mas-de-70-expertos-participaran-en-la-iii-acta-internacional-de-la-lengua-espa%C3%B1ola-en-la-rabida_1641753752939.html III Acta Internacional de la Lengua Española], [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/13/arts/television/cnn-en-espanol-restructures-its-programming.html nytimes.com] (The United States is now the second-largest Spanish-speaking country in the world, with more Spanish speakers than Spain, and exceeded only by Mexico).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;There are 50,477,594 Hispanic people from a total US abaadi of more than 308 million according to the  [https://web.archive.org/web/20110102165602/http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/tables/SC-EST2009-04.xls Census Bureau 2010]. 35,468,501 Hispanics older than 5 speak Spanish at home, so there are 15 million posible Spanish speakers as a second language with differents knowladges. In addition, there are 6 ([http://www.cervantes.es/docs/Enciclopedia_del_espa%C3%B1ol_en_el_mundo.pdf cervantes.es] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202102/http://www.cervantes.es/docs/Enciclopedia_del_espa%C3%B1ol_en_el_mundo.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }}) or 7.8 ([http://www.fundacionsiglo.com/espanol/cap1.pdf fundacionsiglo.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527180733/http://www.fundacionsiglo.com/espanol/cap1.pdf |date=2012-05-27 }})  million Spanish students in USA, many of them are not Hispanics. Finally, there are 9 million illegal Hispanics in USA, some of them aren't in the census ([http://www.impre.com/laraza/opinion/editorial/2009/4/19/palidos-de-hambre-120230-1.html impre.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111083239/http://www.impre.com/laraza/opinion/editorial/2009/4/19/palidos-de-hambre-120230-1.html |date=2012-01-11 }}).&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Spain}}
| 47,150,819 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/ |title=INE Datos básicos ... acceso directo (1/1/2010) |publisher=Ine.es |date=2001-05-28 |accessdate=2011-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|  {{formatnum:{{#expr: 47150819 / 100 * 89.0 round 0}}}} &lt;ref&gt;89.0% speak Spanish as a first language ([http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf eurobarometer (2006)])&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 47150819 / 100 * 98.8 - 47150819 / 100 * 89.0 round 0}}}}
| 98.8% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 47150819 / 100 * 98.8 round 0}}}}  
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Colombia}}
| 46,010,000 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |title=DANE |publisher=DANE |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01 |archive-date=2012-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 46010000 / 100 * 99.03 round 0}}}}
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 46010000 / 100 * 99.2 - 46010000 / 100 * 99.03 round 0}}}}
| 99.2% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 46010000 / 100 * 99.2 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Argentina}}
| 40,900,496 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecyestimaciones_1950-2015.pdf |title=SINTITUL-7 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-02-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109220415/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecyestimaciones_1950-2015.pdf |archivedate=2005-11-09 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 40900496 / 100 * 96.84 round 0}}}}
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 40900496 / 100 * 99.4 - 40900496 / 100 * 96.84 round 0}}}}
| 99.4% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 40900496 / 100 * 99.4 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Venezuela}}
| 29,243,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.gov.ve/ |title=(30 Aug., 2010) |publisher=INE |date= |accessdate=2010-07-01 |archive-date=2019-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912233212/http://www.ine.gov.ve/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29243000 / 100 * 96.48 round 0}}}}
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29243000 / 100 * 98.8 - 29243000 / 100 * 96.48 round 0}}}}
| 98.8% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29243000 / 100 * 98.8 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Peru}}
| 29,797,694 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Ezio Quispe Fernández |url=http://www.inei.gob.pe/ |title=(2011) |publisher=INEI |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 |archive-date=1997-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970412040139/http://www.inei.gob.pe/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29797694 / 100 * 79.77 round 0}}}}
|  {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29797694 / 100 * 86.6 - 29797694 / 100 * 79.77 round 0}}}}
| 86.6% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29797694 / 100 * 86.6 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Chile}}
| 17,248,450 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf |title=INE (Chile - 2011)|format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 17248450 / 100 * 89.94 round 0}}}}
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 17248450 / 100 * 99.3 - 17248450 / 100 * 89.94 round 0}}}}
| 99.3% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 17248450 / 100 * 99.3 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Ecuador}}
| 14,306,000 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ecuadorencifras.com/cifras-inec/main.html |title=Ecuador en Cifras |publisher=INEC |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14306000 / 100 * 92.96 round 0}}}}
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14306000 / 100 * 98.1 - 14306000 / 100 * 92.96 round 0}}}}
| 98.1% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14306000 / 100 * 98.1 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Guatemala}}
| 14,361,666 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.gt/index.php/demografia-y-poblacion/42-demografiaypoblacion/207-infodemo2010 |title=Información Demógrafica 2010 |publisher=INE |date=2007-09-21 |accessdate=2011-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14361666 / 100 * 64.7 round 0}}}}
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14361666 / 100 * 86.4 - 14361666 / 100 * 64.7 round 0}}}}
| 86.4% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14361666 / 100 * 86.4 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Cuba}}
| 11,235,863 &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.one.cu/aec2009/datos/3.1.xls|title=UN (2010)|date=|accessdate=2011-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221033803/http://www.one.cu/aec2009/datos/3.1.xls|archivedate=2010-12-21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 11,235,863
|
| 99.4% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 11235863 / 100 * 99.4 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Dominican Republic}}
| 10,225,000 &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10225000 / 100 * 98.98 round 0}}}}
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10225000 / 100 * 99.6 - 10225000 / 100 * 98.98 round 0}}}}
| 99.6% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10225000/ 100 * 99.6 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Bolivia}}
| 10,426,154 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.bo/indice/visualizador.aspx?ah=PC20410.HTM |title=(2010) |publisher=INE |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10426154 / 100 * 41.73 round 0}}}}
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10426154 / 100 * 87.9 - 10426154 / 100 * 41.73 round 0}}}}
| 87.9% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10426154 / 100 * 87.9 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Honduras}}
| 8,215,313 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/sites/default/files/Resumen%20de%20la%20Proyeccion%20de%20Poblacion%20de%20Honduras%202001-2015_0.xls|title=INE (2011)|date=|accessdate=2011-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519232641/http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/sites/default/files/Resumen%20de%20la%20Proyeccion%20de%20Poblacion%20de%20Honduras%202001-2015_0.xls|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 8215313 / 100 * 97.16 round 0}}}}
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 8215313 / 100 * 99.0 - 8215313 / 100 * 97.16 round 0}}}}
| 99.0% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 8215313 / 100 * 99.0 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|El Salvador}}
| 6,183,002 &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090919205554/http://www.digestyc.gob.sv/Portada/Presentacion%20Poblacion.pdf Census 2010 estimation] (page 32)&lt;/ref&gt;
| 6,183,002
|
| 99.7% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 6183002 / 100 * 99.7 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|France}}
| 64,057,790
| 440,106 &lt;ref&gt;1% of 44,010,619 (abaadi of France older than 15 years in 2005). Source: Eurobarometer 2006. There are 179,678 immigrants from Spain according to INE (1/1/2009)&lt;/ref&gt;
| 5,721,380
| 9.6%
| 6,161,486 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Nicaragua}}
| 5,822,000 &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 5822000 / 100 * 87.4 round 0}}}}
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 5822000 / 100 * 97.0 - 5822000 / 100 * 87.4 round 0}}}}
| 97.0% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 5822000 / 100 * 97.0 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Morocco}}
| 31,759,997&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hcp.ma/ Morocco census]&lt;/ref&gt;
| 20,000 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MA |title=ethnologue.com |publisher=ethnologue.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 5,480,000
| 17.32%  
| 5,500,000&lt;ref&gt;there are between 4 and 7 million Spanish speakers in Morocco (Ammadi, 2002)
[http://www.educacion.es/exterior/ma/es/File/MI%20ARTICULO%20PDF%20OK.pdf educacion.es]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;According to a survey made in 2005 by CIDOB ([http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/lengua+y+cultura/ari116-2008 realinstitutoelcano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718084050/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/lengua+y+cultura/ari116-2008 |date=2016-07-18 }}, [http://www.afapredesa.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=195&amp;Itemid=2 afapredesa.org]). According to the Morocco Census of 2004, the Morocco abaadi is 29,680,069 ([http://www.hcp.ma/ hcp.ma]&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Brazil}}
| 190,732,694 &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1766&amp;id_pagina=1 IBGE 2010]&lt;/ref&gt;
| 448,689 &lt;ref&gt;50% of 733,000 foreigners in Brazil are from [[Mercosur]] (Page 32 [http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf] + 82,189 spanish immigrants  ([http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t20/p85001/a2010/l0/&amp;file=01001.px&amp;type=pcaxis&amp;L=0 INE (1/1/2010)]).&lt;/ref&gt;
| 5,000,000&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cervantes.es/imagenes/File/prensa/anuario2009.pdf 2009 Annuary of the Instituto Cervantes]: More than 5 million students are learning Spanish. [http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=775 elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615014710/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=775 |date=2009-06-15 }},[http://editor.elespectador.com/brasil/articulo43526-presidente-brasileno-espera-los-ninos-hablen-espanol elespectador.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408173436/http://editor.elespectador.com/brasil/articulo43526-presidente-brasileno-espera-los-ninos-hablen-espanol |date=2014-04-08 }}, [http://www.oei.org.co/noticias/noticia12042007_1.htm oei.org.co]: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, president of Brazil: Near 9 million students are learning Spanish and the forecast is 12 million in 2010. [http://www.cervantes.es/docs/Espanol_en_Brasil.pdf Instituto Cervantes]: More than 1 million of spanish students in the private school and almost 11 million estimated for 2010 in the public school.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2.86%
| 5,448,689
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Costa Rica}}
| 4,615,646 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/GeneradorPagina.aspx |title=Primera variación del año registró un 0,68% |publisher=INEC |date= |accessdate=2011-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 4615646 / 100 * 97.25 round 0}}}}
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 4615646 / 100 * 99.2 - 4615646 / 100 * 97.25 round 0}}}}
| 99.2% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 4615646 / 100 * 99.2 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Paraguay}}
| 6,460,000
| 369,000
| 4,043,555
| 69.5% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 6460000 / 100 * 69.5 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Puerto Rico}}
| 3,998,000 &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3998000 / 100 * 95.10 round 0}}}} &lt;ref&gt;95.10% of the abaadi speaks Spanish ([http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GRTTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-_box_head_nbr=R1602&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-redoLog=true&amp;-format=US-30&amp;-mt_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_R0504_US30&amp;-CONTEXT=grt U.S. Census Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606220348/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GRTTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=01000US&amp;-_box_head_nbr=R1602&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-redoLog=true&amp;-format=US-30&amp;-mt_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_R0504_US30&amp;-CONTEXT=grt |date=2011-06-06 }})&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3998000 / 100 * 98.8 - 3998000 / 100 * 95.10 round 0}}}}
| 98.8% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3998000 / 100 * 98.8 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| 60,943,912
| 107,654 &lt;ref&gt;59,017 immigrants from Spain (Spanish census 2001) + 48,637 immigrants from Colombia. [http://www.bolpress.com/art.php?Cod=2002068592 Open Channels and Colombian consul (1999)]&lt;/ref&gt;
| 3,814,846
| 6.4%
| 3,922,500 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Uruguay}}
| 3,372,000 &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3372000 / 100 * 96.6 round 0}}}}
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3372000 / 100 * 98.9 - 3372000 / 100 * 96.6 round 0}}}}
| 98.9% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3372000 / 100 * 98.9 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Panama}}
| 3,508,000 &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3508000 / 100 * 76.8 round 0}}}}
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3508000 / 100 * 93.1 - 3508000 / 100 * 76.8 round 0}}}}
| 93.1% &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3508000 / 100 * 93.1 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Philippines}}
| 96,061,683
| 2,660 &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=PH Ethnologue]. There are 2,532 immigrants from Spain according to [http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&amp;path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&amp;file=inebase&amp;L= INE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207025255/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&amp;path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&amp;file=inebase&amp;L= |date=2010-12-07 }} (1/1/2009)&lt;/ref&gt;
| 3,014,115
| 3.1%
| 3,016,773 &lt;ref&gt;1,816,773 Spanish + 1,200,000 Spanish creole: Antonio Quilis &quot;La lengua española en Filipinas&quot;, 1996 pag.234  [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf cervantesvirtual.com],
[http://www.mepsyd.es/exterior/au/es/File/Ten_Reasons_low-res(1).pdf mepsyd.es] (page 23), [http://www.mepsyd.es/redele/Biblioteca2006/DavidSanchez/Memoria.pdf mepsyd.es] (page 249), [http://spanish-differences.com/Spanish/Philippines-Spanish.php spanish-differences.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817015943/http://spanish-differences.com/Spanish/Philippines-Spanish.php |date=2009-08-17 }}, [http://www.aresprensa.com/cms/cms/front_content.php?idart=208 aresprensa.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223115032/http://www.aresprensa.com/cms/cms/front_content.php?idart=208 |date=2008-12-23 }}. The figure 2,900,000 Spanish speakers, we can find in [http://books.google.es/books?ei=vCXASpS0LqXkmwO0lZnlBg&amp;ct=result&amp;q=Pluricentric+languages%3A+differing+norms+in+different+nations+spanish+philippines+speakers&amp;btnG=Buscar+libros  &quot;Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations&quot;] (page 45 by R.W.Thompson), or in [http://www.sispain.org/spanish/language/worldwid.html sispain.org]./ More than 2 million Spanish speakers and around 3 million with Chavacano speakers according to &quot;Instituto Cervantes de Manila&quot; ([http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=505 elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629084919/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=505 |date=2010-06-29 }})&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Germany}}
| 82,369,548
| 140,000 &lt;ref&gt;Britannica Book of the Year 1998 [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917062525/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7 |date=2009-09-17 }}. There are 103,063 immigrants from Spain according to INE (1/1/2009)&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2,566,972
| 3.2%
| 2,706,972 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Italy}}
| 58,145,321
| 89,905 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/mre/documentos/novedades/boletines/ano2003/julio/bol257.htm |title=14,905 Spanish (Census 2001) + 75,000 from Ecuador |publisher=Mmrree.gov.ec |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611085532/http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/mre/documentos/novedades/boletines/ano2003/julio/bol257.htm |archivedate=2008-06-11 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1,968,320
| 3.5%
| 2,058,225 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
| 1,153,915 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.abaadi-statistics.com/wg.php?x=&amp;men=gpro&amp;lng=es&amp;dat=32&amp;srt=pnan&amp;col=dq&amp;geo=-91 |title=Equatorial Guinea census (2009) |publisher=Population-statistics.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| n.a.
| 1,044,293
| 90.5%   &lt;ref name=&quot;DemografíaLengEsp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;13,7% of the abaadi speaks Spanish with native knowladge and other 74% as a second language [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf cvc.cervantes.es] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026105600/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf |date=2012-10-26 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 1153915 / 100 * 90.5 round 0}}}}
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Canada}}
| 33,212,696
| 909,000 &lt;ref&gt;PMB Statistics 2006 [http://www.mediaincanada.com/articles/mic/20061011/profile.html?page=2 mediaincanada.com] (Spanish-speaking people over the age of 12). Although Canada Census told about 345,345 people who speaks Spanish in 2006, Hispanic organizations claim about 520,260 Hispanics in 2001, and more than 700,000 in 2006 ([http://hispanosencanada.ca/portal/content/view/651/ hispanosencanada.ca]{{dead link|date=February 2011 }}, [http://dialogos.ca/revista/numero3/articulo2.htm dialogos.ca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113073613/http://dialogos.ca/revista/numero3/articulo2.htm |date=2007-11-13 }}), and currently there are near 1 million:  ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071109125024/http://www.tlntv.com/pressReleases/2007/TLN%20EN%20ESPANOL%20is%20born.pdf tlntv.com].&lt;/ref&gt;
| 92,853 &lt;ref name=&quot;SpanishStudents&quot;/&gt;
| 3%
| 1,001,853
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Portugal}}
| 10,676,910
| 9,744
| 727,282
| 6.9%
| 737,026 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Netherlands}}
| 16,645,313
| 19,978 &lt;ref&gt;Spanish (census 2001)&lt;/ref&gt;
| 662,116
| 4.1%
| 682,094 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Belgium}}
| 10,403,951
| 85,990 &lt;ref&gt;1% of 8,598,982 (abaadi of Belgium older than 15 years in 2005). Source: Eurobarometer 2006&lt;/ref&gt;
| 515,939
| 5.8%
| 601,929 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Romania}}
| 22,246,862
|
| 544,531
| 2.4%
| 544,531 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Sweden}}
| 9,045,389
| 101,472 &lt;ref&gt;Sweden Census SCB (2002)&lt;/ref&gt;
| 442,601
| 6%
| 544,073 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Australia}}
| 21,007,310
| 106,517 &lt;ref&gt;Page 32 of the [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf &quot;Demogeafía de la lengua española&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}. 104,000 according to Britannica Book of the Year 2003&lt;/ref&gt;
| 374,571 &lt;ref&gt;Page 32 of the [http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española &quot;Demografía de la lengua española&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2.3%
| 481,088 &lt;ref name=&quot;SpanishStudents&quot;/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Poland}}
| 38,500,696
|
| 316,104
| 0.8%
| 316,104 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Austria}}
| 8,205,533
|
| 267,177
| 3.3%
| 267,177 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Ivory Coast}}
| 20,179,602
|
| 235,806  &lt;ref name=&quot;SpanishStudents&quot;/&gt;
| 1.2%
| 235,806
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Algeria}}
| 33,769,669
|
| 223,000 &lt;ref&gt;Between 150,000 and 200,000 in Tinduf ([http://www.aprendemas.com/Noticias/html/N1960_F17012007.HTML aprendemas.com]) + 48,000 in Wilaya of Oran (page 31 of [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }})&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.7%
| 223,379
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Denmark}}
| 5,484,723
|
| 219,003
| 4%
| 219,003 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Israel}}
| 7,112,359
| 130,000 &lt;ref&gt;50,000 sefardíes (Britannica Book of the Year 1998)[http://cvc.cervantes.es/obref/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104141520/http://cvc.cervantes.es/obref/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm |date=2012-01-04 }} + 80,000 from Iberoamerica [http://cvc.cervantes.es/obref/congresos/sevilla/comunicacion/ponenc_shadas.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105200617/http://cvc.cervantes.es/obref/congresos/sevilla/comunicacion/ponenc_shadas.htm |date=2012-01-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 45,231
| 2.5%
| 175,231 &lt;ref&gt;Pages 34, 35 of the [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf &quot;Demografía de la lengua española&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Switzerland}}
| 7,581,520
| 123,000 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Centro Virtual Cervantes |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7 |title=Britannica Book of the Year 1998 |publisher=Cvc.cervantes.es |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917062525/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7 |archive-date=2009-09-17 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 14,420
| 1.7% &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.all-about-switzerland.info/swiss-abaadi-languages.html |title=all-about-switzerland.info |publisher=all-about-switzerland.info |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}{{dead link|date=February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 137,420
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Japan}}
| 127,288,419
| 76,565 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.publico.es/250381/los-japoneses-latinos-se-sienten-discriminados |title=70,000 from Peru |publisher=publico.es |date=2009-09-09 |accessdate=2011-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 60,000 &lt;ref name=&quot;SpanishStudents&quot;/&gt;
| 0.1%
| 136,565
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Bulgaria}}
| 7,262,675
|
| 133,910
| 1.8%
| 133,910 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Belize}}
| 301,270
| 106,795 &lt;ref name=&quot;Demografía de la lengua española&quot;&gt;Page 32 of [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 21,848
| 42.7%
| 128,643 &lt;ref name=&quot;Demografía de la lengua española&quot;/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Netherlands Antilles}}
| 223,652
| 10,699
| 114,835
| 56.1%
| 125,534
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Ireland}}
| 4,156,119
|
| 123,591
| 3%
| 123,591 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Senegal}}
| 12,853,259
|
| 101,455 &lt;ref name=&quot;SpanishStudents&quot;/&gt;
| 0.8%
| 101,455
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Greece}}
| 10,722,816
|
| 86,742
| 0.8%
| 86,742 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Finland}}
| 5,244,749
|
| 85,586
| 1.6%
| 85,586 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| 9,930,915
|
| 85,034
| 0.9%
| 85,034 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Aruba}}
| 100,018
| 6,800
| 68,602
| 75.3%
| 75,402
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Croatia}}
| 4,491,543
|
| 73,656
| 1.6%
| 73,656 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Andorra}}
| 84,484
| 29,907 &lt;ref&gt;35.4% speak Spanish as a first language [http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm www.iea.ad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529044524/http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm |date=2010-05-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 25,356
| 68.7% &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm |title=www.iea.ad |publisher=www.iea.ad |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 |archive-date=2010-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529044524/http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 58,040
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Slovakia}}
| 5,455,407
|
| 43,164
| 0.8%
| 43,164 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Norway}}
| 4,644,457
| 12,573
| 23,677
| 0.8%
| 36,250 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Russia}}
| 140,702,094
| 3,320
| 20,000 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantes.es/imagenes/File/prensa/anuario2009.pdf |title=ANUARIO IC 2009 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.01%
| 23,320
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|New Zealand}}
| 4,173,460
| 21,645 &lt;ref&gt;New Zealand census (2006)&lt;/ref&gt;
|
| 0.5%
| 21,645
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Guam}}
| 154,805
|
| 19,092
| 12.3%
| 19,092 &lt;ref&gt;Page 34 of the [http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la Lengua Española]&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flagicon|United States Virgin Islands}} [[US Virgin Islands]]
| 108,612
| 16,788
|
| 15.5%
| 16,788
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|China}}
| 1,345,751,000
| 2,292&lt;ref&gt;Spanish residents in China ([http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&amp;path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&amp;file=inebase&amp;L= INE, 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207025255/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&amp;path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&amp;file=inebase&amp;L= |date=2010-12-07 }})&lt;/ref&gt;
| 12,835 &lt;ref name=&quot;SpanishStudents&quot;/&gt;
| 0.001124%
| 15,127
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Lithuania}}
| 3,565,205
|
| 13,943
| 0.4%
| 13,943 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Gibraltar}}
| 27,967
| 13,857
|
| 49.5%
| 13,857
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Cyprus}}
| 792,604
|
|
| 1.4%
| 11,044 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Turkey}}
| 71,892,807
| 380
| 8,000 &lt;ref&gt;Page 37 of the [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 0.01%
| 8,380
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Jamaica}}
| 2,804,322
| 8,000
|
| 0.3%
| 8,000
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Luxembourg}}
| 486,006
| 3,000
| 4,344
| 1.5%
| 7,344 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Malta}}
| 403,532
| 6,458
|
| 1.6%
| 6,458 &lt;ref name=Eurob2006/&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| 1,047,366
| 4,100
|
| 0.4%
| 4,100
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| {{flag|Western Sahara}}
| 513,000 &lt;ref name=&quot;UN 2009 estimate&quot;/&gt;
| n.a.&lt;ref&gt;The Spanish 1970 census claims 16.648 Spanish speakers in Western Sahara (   [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917062525/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7 |date=2009-09-17 }}) but probably most of them were people born in Spain who left after the Moroccan annexation&lt;/ref&gt;
| n.a.
| n.a.
| n.a.
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot;
| '''Total native speakers in the world + bilingual and as a second language where Spanish is official:'''
|
|rowspan=2| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 103540587 + 35468501 + 41964229 + 45563703 + 39608040 + 28213646 + 23769621 + 15513256 + 13298858 + 9291998 + 11235863 + 10120705 + 4350834 + 7981998 + 6183002 + 2397380 + 5088428 + 20000 + 448689 + 4488716 + 369000 + 3802098 + 3257352 + 2694144 + 2660 + 909000 + 106517 + 130000 + 123000 + 76565 + 106795 + 10699 + 6800 + 29907 + 12573 + 3320 + 21645 + 16788 + 2292 + 13857 + 8000 + 4100 round 0}}}}  &lt;ref name=demogr&gt;[http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] (page 38). 359.5 million people where Spanish is official and 40.5 where it is not official with native knowladges of Spanish, and another 40 million with limited knowladges. The figures of the census used are from 2000 to 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;
| 32,440,098
|
|''' {{formatnum:{{#expr: 110651490 + 35468501 + 46585009 + 45641920 + 40655093 + 28892084 + 25804803 + 17127711 + 14034186 + 12408479 + 11168448 + 10184100 + 9164589 + 8133160 + 6164453 + 2397380 + 5647340 + 20000 + 448689 + 4578721 + 4489700 + 3950024 + 3334908 + 3265948 + 2660 + 1044293 + 909000 + 106517 + 130000 + 123.000 + 76565 + 106795 + 10699 + 6.800 + 23618 + 21645 + 12573 + 3320 + 16788 + 2608 + 8000 + 4100 round 0}}}} ''' &lt;ref&gt;450 million Spanish speakers ([http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_conclusiones_lengua_espanola.asp?id=1 I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129052910/http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_conclusiones_lengua_espanola.asp?id=1 |date=2011-01-29 }} and [http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_lengua_espanola.asp?id=7 IV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015030418/http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_lengua_espanola.asp?id=7 |date=2010-10-15 }} International minutes of the Spanish language, and [http://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/prensa/2009/noticias/caffarel_casa_america.htm Instituto Cervantes]). 460 million Spanish speakers ([http://pdf.diariohoy.net/2007/03/25/pdf/10-c.pdf diariohoy.net], [http://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/1583/colombia-convierte-capital-lengua-espanola/503977.html lne.es])&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:#fff;&quot;
| '''Total with Spanish speakers as a foreign language:'''
|
| 81,213,062
|
| ''' {{formatnum:{{#expr: 452696047  + 14531499 + 18922281 - 2397380 + 8536126 + 5480000 + 3014115 + 374571 + 45231 + 21848 + 114835 + 68602 + 25356 + 19092 + 16788 round 0}}}} '''&lt;ref name=Es2009 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;In addition to 452,653,523 speakers with native knowledges, there are 14,531,499 speakers as a second language in USA. There are 18,922,281 speakers in the EU ([[:es:Anexo:Hablantes de español en la U.E. según el Eurobarómetro (2006)]]), but 2,397,380 as a first language ([http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf page 37]) are counted. There are 5,480,000 and 3,014,115 speakers as a secondary language in Morocco and Philippines. There are 18,000,000 students according to the Instituto Cervantes ([[:es:Anexo:Estudiantes de español]]), but there are already counted 6,000,000 students from U.S. (cosidered into the 14,531,499 second language speakers), and already considered counted 3,385,000 students into the 18,922,281 speakers in the EU out of Spain , according to the Eurobarometer. Finally 58,382 and 20,492 students considered counted into the Morocco and Philippines speakers. There are a total of 8,536,126 students more to add, avoiding double accounting.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Hafta ke din ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Fiji Hindi || Spanish
|-
||Sombaar||lunes
|-
||Mangar||martes
|-
||Budh||miércoles
|-
||Bif||jueves 
|-
||Suk||viernes 
|-
||Sanichar||sábado  
|-
||Etwaar||domingo
|} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/socialculture/a/120709dieshebdomadis.htm |title=Latin Days of the week |access-date=2011-10-27 |archive-date=2011-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118085633/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/socialculture/a/120709dieshebdomadis.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Duusra websites ==
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa Ethnologue report for Spanish]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091022151050/http://geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/2444/splatin.html Spanish evolution from Latin]
* {{es icon}} [http://buscon.rae.es/diccionario/drae.htm Dictionary of the RAE] [[Real Academia Española]]'s official Spanish language dictionary
* [[Wikivoyage:Spanish phrasebook|Spanish phrasebook]] on [[Wikivoyage]]
* [https://www.kopekpansiyonu.org/ Köpek pansiyonu] Gutenberg EBook
* [http://www.verbix.com/languages/spanish.shtml Spanish verb conjugations]
* [http://www.onlinespanishhelp.com/viewSentence.php Random Spanish Audio Examples] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201092946/http://www.onlinespanishhelp.com/viewSentence.php |date=2009-02-01 }}
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15353/15353-h/15353-h.htm#e1 The Project Gutenberg EBook of A First Spanish Reader] by [[Erwin W. Roessler]] and [[Alfred Remy]].
{{InterWiki|code=es}}
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  <page>
    <title>Josè Saramago</title>
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      <text bytes="7084" sha1="tvoc4u3x1k9mu7lhueas8y8222b6ksm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Writer
| name = José de Sousa Saramago
| image =
| bgcolour = silver
| imagesize = 220px
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = 16 November 1922
| birth_place = Azinhaga, Ribatejo, [[Portugal]]
| death_date = 18 June 2010
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Playwright]], [[Novelist]]
| nationality = [[Portugal]]
| period = 1947-2010
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works = Terra do Pecado
| magnum_opus = Baltasar and Blimunda, The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis
| influences =
| influenced =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Saramago, José (1922)-2.jpg|thumb]]

'''José de Sousa Saramago''', (pronounced|ʒuˈzɛ sɐɾɐˈmagu; janam [[16 November]] [[1922]] - [[18 June]] [[2010]]) ek [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[writer]], [[playwright]] aur [[journalist]] rahaa.

Saramago ke 1998 me Nobel Prize for literature dewa gais rahaa. Uu abhi Lanzarote, [[Canary Islands]], [[Spain]] me rahe hae.

Saramago ke janam Azinhaga, [[Portugal]] me bhaes rahaa.

Saramago ke saadi 1944 me Ilda Reis  se bhaes rahaa. Uske ekke larrka, Violante, ke janam 1947 me bhaes rahaa. 1988 se , Saramago  [[Spain|Spanish]] journalist Pilar del Río se saadi karis hae jon ki uske book ke [[Spanish bhasa]] me translate kare hae.

José Saramago mid-fifties me rahaa jab ki uske book  ''Baltasar and Blimunda'' famous bhaes  aur iske khatir uske Portuguese PEN Club Award bhi milaa.

Saramago 1969 se Portuguese [[Communism|Communist Party]] ke member hae,&lt;ref&gt;http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1998/bio-bibl.html Nobel Prize citation, 1998&lt;/ref&gt;  aur uu [[atheist]]bhi hae&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.plcs.umassd.edu/plcs7texts/monteiro.doc |title=The God Factor |access-date=2009-07-01 |archive-date=2009-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306173326/http://www.plcs.umassd.edu/plcs7texts/monteiro.doc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and self-described pessimist.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bookmagazine.com/issue25/saramago.shtml |title=Langer, Adam. &quot;José Saramago: Prophet of Doom.&quot; ''Book Magazine'' November/December 2002. |access-date=2002-10-31 |archive-date=2002-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021031062736/http://www.bookmagazine.com/issue25/saramago.shtml |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uske bichar bahut controvery cause kare hae, jaaada kar ke uske  biik ''The Gospel According to Jesus Christ''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.yalereviewofbooks.com/archive/winter03/review12.shtml.htm |title=Austin, Paige. &quot;Shadows on the Wall.&quot; ''The Yale Review of Books'' Spring 2004. |access-date=2009-07-01 |archive-date=2010-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901072401/http://www.yalereviewofbooks.com/archive/winter03/review12.shtml.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Themes ==
Saramago uses for his works fantastic [[scenario]]s. In his 1986 novel, ''The Stone Raft'', the [[Iberian Peninsula]] breaks off from the rest of Europe and sails about the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. In his 1995 novel, ''Blindness'', an entire country is [[wiktionary:strike|stricken]] with a mysterious plague called “white blindness”.

== Bibliography ==
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Title||Year||English title||Year||ISBN
|-
|''Terra do Pecado'' ||1947|||| ||
|-
|''Os Poemas Possíveis'' ||1966|| || ||
|-
|''Provavelmente Alegria'' ||1970|| || ||
|-
|''Deste Mundo e do Outro'' ||1971|| || ||
|-
|''A Bagagem do Viajante'' ||1973|||| ||
|-
|''As Opiniões que o DL teve'' ||1974|| || ||
|-
|''O Ano de 1993'' ||1975|| || ||
|-
|''Os Apontamentos'' ||1976|| || ||
|-
|''Manual de Pintura e Caligrafia'' ||1977||''[[Manual of Painting and Calligraphy]]'' ||1993|| ISBN 1-85754-043-3
|-
|''Objecto Quase'' ||1978|| || ||
|-
|''Levantado do Chão'' ||1980|| || ||
|-
|''Viagem a Portugal'' ||1981||''[[Journey to Portugal]]'' ||2000||ISBN 0-15-100587-7
|-
|''Memorial do Convento'' ||1982||''[[Baltasar and Blimunda]]'' ||1987||ISBN 0-15-110555-3
|-
|''O Ano da Morte de Ricardo Reis'' ||1986||''[[The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis]]'' ||1991|| ISBN 0-15-199735-7
|-
|''A Jangada de Pedra'' ||1986||''[[The Stone Raft]]'' ||1994|| ISBN 0-15-185198-0
|-
|''História do Cerco de Lisboa'' ||1989||''[[The History of the Siege of Lisbon]]''||1996|| ISBN 0-15-100238-X
|-
|''O Evangelho Segundo Jesus Cristo'' ||1991||''[[The Gospel According to Jesus Christ]]'' ||1993|| ISBN 0-15-136700-0
|-
|''Ensaio sobre a Cegueira'' ||1995||''[[Blindness (novel)|Blindness]]'' ||1997|| ISBN 0-15-100251-7
|-
|''Todos os Nomes'' ||1997||''[[All the Names]]'' ||1999|| ISBN 0-15-100421-8
|-
|''O Conto da Ilha Desconhecida'' ||1997||''[[The Tale of the Unknown Island]]'' ||1999|| ISBN 0-15-100595-8
|-
|''A Caverna'' ||2001||''[[The Cave (novel)|The Cave]]'' ||2002|| ISBN 0-15-100414-5
|-
|''O Homem Duplicado'' ||2003||''[[The Double (novel)|The Double]]'' ||2004|| ISBN 0-15-101040-4)
|-
|''Ensaio sobre a Lucidez'' ||2004||''[[Seeing (novel)|Seeing]]'' ||2006|| ISBN 0-15-101238-5
|-
|''Don Giovanni ou o Dissoluto Absolvido'' ||2005|| || ||
|-
|''As Intermitências da Morte'' ||2005||''[[Death at Intervals (novel)|Death at Intervals]]'' ||2008|| ISBN 1-84655-020-3
|-
|''As Pequenas Memórias'' ||2006|| || ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* Baptista Bastos, ''José Saramago : Aproximação a um retrato'', Dom Quixote, 1996
* T.C. Cerdeira da Silva, ''Entre a história e aficção : Uma saga de portugueses'', Dom Quixote, 1989
* Maria da Conceição Madruga, ''A paixão segundo José Saramago : a paixão do verbo e o verbo da paixão'', Campos das Letras, Porto, 1998
* Horácio Costa, ''José Saramago : O Período Formativo'', Ed. Caminho, 1998
* Helena I. Kaufman, ''Ficção histórica portuguesa da pós-revolução'', Madison, 1991
* O. Lopes, ''Os sinais e os sentidos : Literatura portuguesa do século XX'', Lisboa, 1986
* Carlos Reis, ''Diálogos com José Saramago'', Ed. Caminho, Lisboa, 1998
* M. Maria Seixo, ''O essencial sobre José Saramago'', Imprensa Nacional, 1987
* &quot;Saramago, José (1922-).&quot; Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Tracie Ratiner. Vol. 25. 2nd ed. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005. Discovering Collection. Thomson Gale. University of Guelph. 25 Sep. 2007

== Duusra websites ==
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/magazine/26saramago-t.html The Unexpected Fantasist], a portrait of José Saramago, written by Fernanda Eberstadt and published August 26, 2007 in ''The New York Times Magazine''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090619014401/http://www.radiocable.com/heroes/ Introduction and video of Saramago from &quot;Heroes de los dos bandos&quot; -spanish civil war-]
* [http://www.xpress.es/radiocable/entre-saramago.htm Interviews with Saramago in video] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829151512/http://www.xpress.es/radiocable/entre-saramago.htm |date=2019-08-29 }}
* [http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/saramago.htm José Saramago from Pegasos]
* [http://zenitservices.com/Translations/2005/Saramago.html Translation of interview with Saramago in El País - 12-Nov-2005]

{{BD|1922||Saramago, Josè}}
&lt;!-- interwiki --&gt;

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    <title>Nicolaus Copernicus</title>
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      <text bytes="5758" sha1="ekwlj5z7hsi4fu4f6yuebyag5f95s65" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nicolaus Copernicus
| image = Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg
| image_width = 150px
| caption = Portrait from Toruń, early 16th century
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1473|2|19}},
| birth_place = Toruń (''Thorn''), Royal Prussia, Kingdom of Poland
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1543|5|24|1473|2|19}},
| death_place = Frombork (''Frauenburg''), Warmia, Kingdom of Poland
| field = Mathematics, astronomy, canon law, medicine
| alma_mater = Kraków University, Bologna University, University of Padua, University of Ferrara
| known_for = Heliocentrism
| societies =
| prizes =
| religion = Roman Catholic
| footnotes =
| signature= Nicolaus Coppernicus sig.png
}}

'''Nicolaus Copernicus''' (Niklas Koppernigk, Polish bhasa me: ''Mikołaj Kopernik'', [[19 February]] [[1473]] – [[24 May]] [[1543]]) ek astronomer rahaa. Log Copernicus ke uske suraj aur dunia ke baare me bichar khatir jaanat rahin.  Uske bicher rahaa ki dunia, suraj ke right round jaawe hae, jiske baare me uu uu ek book, ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'' (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) me likhis rahaa. 

Copernicus ke janam 1473 me Thorn (Toruń), Prussia me bhaes rahaa, ek German- bhasa waala jagah jon ki baad me [[Poland]] ke ek hissa hoe gais rahaa. Uu pahile [[Cracow]] aur fir [[Italy]] me parrhaes. Italy me uu ek church ke wakiil ban gais rahaa.  Uu doctor ke parrhae bhi karis.  Uu aapan jindagi ke jaada hissa Frauenburg (Frombork), Warmia me raha, jahan pe uu 1543 me mar gais rahaa.

Copernicus ek [[priest]], [[mathematician]], [[astronomer]], [[doctor]], [[jurist]], [[physician]], [[classical scholar]], [[governor]], [[administrator]], [[diplomacy|diplomat]], [[economist]], aur soldier rahaa. Uske khatir astronomy ek hobby rahaa. 

== Ii bhi dekho ==
*[[Helin Evrim Sommer]]

== Duusra websites ==
{{wikiquote-en}}
{{commons|Nicolaus Copernicus}}
* [http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/revol/titlpg_e.html De Revolutionibus, autograph manuscript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050728153447/http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/revol/titlpg_e.html |date=2005-07-28 }} — Full digital facsimile, Jagiellonian University
* [http://www.domwarminski.pl/content/view/312/433 Copernicus' letters to various celebrities, among others the King Sigmundus I of Poland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211175309/http://www.domwarminski.pl/content/view/312/433 |date=2009-02-11 }} - in Polish
* [http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang01.htm Nicholaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork]
* Portraits of Copernicus: [http://serwisy.gazeta.pl/fotografie/5,35076,2999168.html?x=0 Copernicus' face reconstructed]; [http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Copernicus.html Portrait] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183826/http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Copernicus.html |date=2007-09-27 }}; [http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm Nicolaus Copernicus]
* [http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/coperastrol.html Copernicus and Astrology] — Cambridge University: Copernicus had – of course – teachers with astrological activities and his tables were later used by astrologers. 
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/copernicus/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=10340 Find-A-Grave profile for Nicolaus Copernicus]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4405958.stm 'Body of Copernicus' identified] — BBC article including image of Copernicus using facial reconstruction based on located skull
* [http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/copernican_system.html The Copernican Universe from the De Revolutionibus]
* [http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/planets/cop.php?num=F.1&amp;exp=false&amp;lang=lat&amp;CISOPTR=0&amp;limit=cop&amp;view=full De Revolutionibus, 1543 first edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314004048/http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/planets/cop.php?num=F.1&amp;exp=false&amp;lang=lat&amp;CISOPTR=0&amp;limit=cop&amp;view=full |date=2009-03-14 }} — Full digital facsimile, Lehigh University
* [http://www.hao.ucar.edu/Public/education/bios/derevolutionibus.html The front page of the De Revolutionibus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618090048/http://www.hao.ucar.edu/Public/education/bios/derevolutionibus.html |date=2006-06-18 }}
* [http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Copernicus.html The text of the De Revolutionibus]
* [http://www.flex.com/~jai/astrology/retrograde.html A java applet about Retrograde Motion]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090124034717/http://www.bo.astro.it/dip/Museum/italiano/sto1_08.html Copernicus in Bologna] — in Italian
* [http://www.npr.org/display_pages/features/feature_1746110.html Chasing Copernicus: The Book Nobody Read] — Was One of the Greatest Scientific Works Really Ignored? All Things Considered. [[NPR]]
* [http://www.bede.org.uk/copernicus.htm Copernicus and his Revolutions] — A detailed critique of the rhetoric of De Revolutionibus
* [http://www.columbia.edu/~gas1/project/visions/case1/sci.1.html Article which discusses Copernicus's debt to the Arabic tradition]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041126092301/http://www.uni.torun.pl/en/ Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń]
*  [http://www.bkherne.de/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=304&amp;Itemid=266 German-Polish school project on Copernicus] - in German and Polish
*  [http://www.buero-kopernikus.org/en/home/1 Büro Kopernikus - An initiative of German Federal Cultural Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113205006/http://www.buero-kopernikus.org/en/home/1 |date=2006-11-13 }}- in German, Polish and English

{{BD|1473|1543|Copernicus, Nicolaus}}
{{bio-stub}}

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      <text bytes="11700" sha1="7q3y4om47nuj7o6k54hkrekv3ukjg7e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
| image               = Ataturk1930s.jpg
| caption             = Atatürk {{circa|1930}}
| office1             = [[President of Turkey]]
| term_start1         = 29 October 1923
| term_end1           = 10 November 1938
| primeminister1      = {{ubl|İsmet İnönü|[[Fethi Okyar]]|[[Celâl Bayar]]}}
| predecessor1        = ''Office established''
| successor1          = [[İsmet İnönü]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Other political positions|titlestyle=border: 1px dashed lightgrey;}}
| office2             = [[Leader of the Republican People's&amp;nbsp;Party]]
| term_start2         = 9 September 1923
| term_end2           = 10 November 1938
| predecessor2        = ''Office established''
| successor2          = İsmet İnönü
| office3             = [[Prime Minister of Turkey|Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly]]
| term_start3         = 3 May 1920
| term_end3           = 24 January 1921
| deputy3             = [[Fevzi Çakmak]]
| predecessor3        = ''Office established''
| successor3          = Fevzi Çakmak
| office4             = [[Speaker of the Grand National Assembly]]
| term_start4         = 24 April 1920
| term_end4           = 29 October 1923
| predecessor4        = ''Office established''
| successor4          = Fethi Okyar
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| birth_name          = Ali Rıza oğlu Mustafa{{efn|{{langx|ota|علی رضا اوغلی مصطفی}}, meaning 'Mustafa, son of Ali Rıza'.}}
| birth_date          = {{circa|1881}}
| birth_place         = [[Thessaloniki|Salonica]], Ottoman Empire
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1938|11|10|1881|5|19|df=y}}
| death_place         = Istanbul, Turkey
| resting_place       = [[Anıtkabir]], [[Ankara]]&lt;!--Use Ankara here as the city is known under that name today--&gt;{{Efn|Previously interred at [[Ethnography Museum of Ankara]] until 10 November 1953}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Political affiliations|titlestyle=border: 1px dashed lightgrey;}}
| party               = [[Republican People's Party]]
| otherparty          = {{ubl|[[Vatan ve Hürriyet|Motherland and Liberty]] (1906–1907)|[[Committee of Union and Progress]] (1907–1918)|[[Ottoman Liberal People's Party]] (1918–1919)|[[Association for Defence of National Rights|Association for the Defence of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia]] (1919–1923)}}{{Collapsed infobox section end}}{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Family|titlestyle=border: 1px dashed lightgrey;}}
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Latife Uşaklıgil]]|1923|1925|end=div}}
| father              = [[Ali Rıza Efendi]]
| mother              = [[Zübeyde Hanım]]
| relatives           = [[Makbule Atadan]] (sister){{Collapsed infobox section end}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Military positions|titlestyle=border: 1px dashed lightgrey;}}
| allegiance          = {{ubli|[[Ottoman Empire]] {{nowrap|(1893–1919)}}|[[Government of the Grand National Assembly|State of Turkey]] {{nowrap|(1921–1923)}}|[[Republic of Turkey]] (1923–1927)}}
| branch              = {{ubl|[[Ottoman Army (1861–1922)|Ottoman Army]]|[[Turkish Land Forces#War of Independence|Army of the GNA]]|[[Turkish Land Forces|Turkish Army]]}}
| rank                = {{ubli|[[Mirliva|Brigadier General]] (Ottoman Army)|[[Mareşal (Turkey)|Marshal]] (Turkish Army)}}
| commands            = {{plainlist|
* [[19th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)|19th Division]]
* [[XVI Corps (Ottoman Empire)|16th Corps]]
* [[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)|2nd Army]]
* [[Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)|7th Army]]
* [[Yildirim Army Group|Yıldırım Army Group]]
* [[Turkish Land Forces#War of Independence|Army of Grand National Assembly]]
}}
| battles             = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|
{{Tree list}}
*[[Macedonian Struggle]]
*[[Young Turk Revolution]]
*[[31 March Incident]]
*[[Albanian Revolt of 1910]]
*[[Italo-Turkish War]]
**[[Battle of Tobruk (1911)|Battle of Tobruk]]
**[[Battle of Derna (1912)|Battle of Derna]]
*[[Balkan Wars]]
**[[First Balkan War]]
***[[Battle of Bulair]]
**[[Second Balkan War]]
***[[Siege of Adrianople (1913)]]
*[[World War I]]
**[[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I|Middle Eastern theatre]]
***[[Gallipoli campaign]]{{WIA}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Konyalı Saat |title=Atatürk'ü Ölmekten Kurtaran Saate Ne Oldu? |url=https://www.konyalisaat.com.tr/ilham/atamizi-olmekten-kurtaran-saate-ne-oldu |website=Konyalı Saat |access-date=October 25, 2024 |archive-date=11 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211054147/https://www.konyalisaat.com.tr/ilham/atamizi-olmekten-kurtaran-saate-ne-oldu |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
****[[Landing at Anzac Cove|Anzac Cove]]
****[[Battle for Baby 700|Baby 700]]
****[[Battle for No.3 Post|No. 3 Post]]
****[[Battle of the Nek|Nek]]
****[[Battle of Chunuk Bair|Chunuk Bair]]
****[[Battle of Scimitar Hill|Scimitar Hill]]
****[[Battle of the Nek|Kılıçbayır]]
****[[Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)|Hill 60]]
****[[Landing at Suvla Bay|Suvla Bay]]
*****[[:tr: Birinci Anafartalar Muharebesi|Anafartalar I]]
*****[[:tr: İkinci Anafartalar Muharebesi|Anafartalar II]]
*****[[:tr: Kocaçimen Tepe Muharebesi| Kocaçimen tepe]]
****[[Battle of Sari Bair|Sari Bair]]
***[[Caucasus campaign]]
****[[Battle of Bitlis]]
****[[Battle of Muş|Ognot campaign]]
*****[[Battle of Çapakçur]]
***[[Sinai and Palestine campaign]]
*****[[Stalemate in Southern Palestine|Southern Palestine]]
*****[[Third Transjordan attack|Transjordan III]]
*****[[Battle of Nablus (1918)|Nablus]]
*****[[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Megiddo]]
*****[[Capture of Jisr ed Damieh|Jisr ed Damieh]]
*****[[Capture of Damascus (1918)|Damascus]]
*****[[Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub|Jisr Benat Yakub]]
*****[[Charge at Kiswe|Kiswe]]
*****[[Charge at Kaukab|Kaukab]]
*****[[Pursuit to Haritan|Haritan I]]
*****[[Charge at Khan Ayash|Khan Ayash]]
*****[[Battle of Aleppo (1918)|Aleppo]]
*****[[Charge at Haritan|Haritan II]]
*[[Turkish War of Independence]]
**[[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Greco-Turkish War]]
***[[Battle of the Sakarya|Sakarya]]
***[[Great Offensive]]
****[[Battle of Dumlupınar|Dumlupınar]]
**[[Turkish-Armenian War]]
**[[Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence|Revolts]]
**[[Anglo-Turkish War (1918–1923)|Anglo-Turkish War]]
* [[Assyrian rebellion]]
* [[Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)]]
*[[Kurdish–Turkish conflict]]
** [[Koçgiri rebellion]]
**[[Beytussebab rebellion]]
**[[Sheikh Said rebellion]]
**[[Ararat rebellion]]
***[[First Operation Ararat|Ararat I]] [[:tr: Birinci Ağrı Harekatı|[tr]]]
***[[Second Operation Ararat|Ararat II]] [[:tr: İkinci Ağrı Harekatı|[tr]]]
***[[Third Operation Ararat|Ararat III]]
**[[Dersim rebellion]]
{{Tree list/end}}
}}
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
'''Mustafa Kemal Atatürk''' ([[1881]] - [[10 November]] [[1938]]), jiske 1921 talak '''Mustafa Kemal Pasha''' aur 1921 se 1934 talak '''Ghazi Mustafa Kemal''' ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa,  Republic of [[Turkey]]  ke pahila  [[President of Turkey|President]] rahaa 1923 se 1938 talak. 

Mustafa Kemal ke janam [[1881]] me Selanik (abhi Thessaloniki, [[Greece]]) me bhais rahaa. Uske naam me Atatürk (Father of the Turks) baad me jorraa gais rahaa. 

[[World War I|First World War]] ke baad jab [[Ottoman Empire]] collapsed hoe gais tab  tab Atatürk ek Nationalist movement ke organise kar ke modern secular Republic of Turkey ke banais. 

Uu Turkey me dher badlao laais rahaa jisse Turkey ek aadhmik secular des bangais rahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;ÁgostonMasters20092&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |year=2009 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |publisher=[[Facts On File]] |location=[[New York City|New York]] |access-date=23 January 2021 |last=Cuthell Jr. |first=David Cameron |editor1-last=Ágoston |editor1-first=Gábor |pages=56–60 |isbn=978-0-8160-6259-1 |lccn=2008020716 |editor2-first=Bruce |editor2-last=Masters |chapter=Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&amp;pg=PA56}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ataturk ke 1915 me [[World War I]] ke [[Battle of Gallipoli]] me Tuskey ke jiit ke khaatir khaas haanth rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zürcher |first=Erik Jan |url=https://psi424.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Zurcher,%20Turkey-A%20Mod%20Hist.PDF#page=395 |title=Turkey : a modern history |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=1993 |isbn=9781850436140 |publication-place=London |page=384 |chapter=BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES |oclc=29416622 |access-date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227062237/https://psi424.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Zurcher,%20Turkey-A%20Mod%20Hist.PDF#page=395 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227062237/https://psi424.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Zurcher,%20Turkey-A%20Mod%20Hist.PDF#page=395 |date=27 February 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uu primary sikchha ke muft aur aniwaar karis rahaa, ayr des bhar me hajaro nawaa school banwais rahaa. Uu Turkish bhasa ke likhe ke script ke Arbii script se badal ke Latin script lkar diis rahaa. Uske niche Turkey ae aurat ke saaman adhikaar milaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lowe |first=Norman |title=Mastering Modern World History |url=https://archive.org/details/masteringmodernw0000lowe_h6w5 |date=1988 |publisher=MacMillan Education |isbn= |edition=2nd |series=Macmillan Master Series |location=Basingstoke or London |oclc=19922607}} {{ISBN|978-0-333-48553-8|978-0-333-46576-9|9780333465776}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Turkish aurat log ke vote kare ke adhikaar bhi milaa rahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;tempo2&quot;&gt;''Türkiye'nin 75 yılı'', Tempo Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998, pp. 48, 59, 250&lt;/ref&gt;

Uske sarkar, Turkey ke ek secular des banae ke kosis karis rahaa jahaan pe sab log ke public me Turkish bhasa me baat kare ke maang karaa gais rahaa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sofos |first=Umut Özkırımlı &amp; Spyros A. |title=Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey |url=https://archive.org/details/tormentedbyhisto0000zkrm |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2008 |isbn=9780231700528 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/tormentedbyhisto0000zkrm/page/167 167]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sab jagha ke naam ke Turkish naam me badlaa gais rahaa aur minority log ke bataawa gias rahaa ki uu log aapan surname ke badal ke Turkish naam rakkhe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Öktem |first=Kerem |year=2008 |title=The Nation's Imprint: Demographic Engineering and the Change of Toponymes in Republican Turkey |url=http://ejts.revues.org/index2243.html |journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies |issue=7 |doi=10.4000/ejts.2243 |access-date=18 January 2013 |doi-access=free |archive-date=29 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229074313/http://ejts.revues.org/index2243.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
1934 me Turkey ke Parliament uske &quot;Ataturk&quot; surname diis rahaa jiske matlab &quot;Father of the Turks&quot; hae.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün Nüfus Hüviyet Cüzdanı. (24.11.1934) |url=https://isteataturk.com/Kronolojik/Tarih/1934/11/24/Mustafa-Kemal-Ataturkun-Nufus-Huviyet-Cuzdani-24111934/1 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=İşte Atatürk {{!}} Atatürk Hakkında Bilmek İstediğiniz Herşey |publisher=www.isteataturk.com |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005174851/https://isteataturk.com/Kronolojik/Tarih/1934/11/24/Mustafa-Kemal-Ataturkun-Nufus-Huviyet-Cuzdani-24111934/1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{wikiquote-en}}
{{commons}}

{{BD|1881|1938|Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal}}


{{bio-stub}}

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| status                 = Empire
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| p1                     = Roman Republic
| s1                     = Western Roman Empire
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| image_map              = Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png
| image_map_caption      = {{Legend|#b23938|Roman Empire, AD 117 me jab uu sab se barraa rahaa,&lt;br/&gt; Trajan ke maut ke time }} {{Legend|#d28989|[[Vassal state]]s}}
| image_map2             = Animated map of the Roman territorial evolution from the rise of the city-state of Rome to the fall of the Western Roman Empire.gif
| map_caption2           = Rome ke territorial evolution  city-state of Rome se&lt;br/&gt;  fall of the Western Roman Empire talak
| capital                = {{Plainlist}}
* [[Rome]] {{nwr|(27 BC{{snd}}AD 476){{Efn|In 286, Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into two administrative units–[[Eastern Roman Empire|East]] and [[Western Roman Empire|West]]–an arrangement that periodically returned until the two halves were permanently divided in 395.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QrKTEAAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Rome: The Definitive Visual History |date=2023 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-0-2416-3575-9 |page=276 |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622190835/https://books.google.com/books?id=QrKTEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the halves were independent in practice, the Romans continued to consider the Roman Empire to be a single undivided state with two co-equal emperors until the fall of the western half in 476/480.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Although emperors at times governed from other cities (notably [[Mediolanum]] and [[Ravenna]] in the West and [[Nicomedia]] in the East), Rome remained the ''[[de jure]]'' capital of the entire Roman Empire. In 330, Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]] made Constantinople a second and new capital of the empire (&quot;Second Rome&quot; or &quot;New Rome&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Classen |first=Albrecht |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ez_edSWAQGAC |title=Handbook of Medieval Studies |date=2010 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-1102-1558-8 |chapter=The changing shape of Europe |quote=Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310115424/https://books.google.com/books?id=ez_edSWAQGAC |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Price |first1=Jonathan J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4lmEAAAQBAJ |title=Rome: An Empire of Many Nations |last2=Finkelberg |first2=Margalit |last3=Shahar |first3=Yuval |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-0092-5622-3 |page=19 |quote=the capital of the Empire was transferred from Rome to Constantinople in the fourth century |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622191212/https://books.google.com/books?id=T4lmEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Erdkamp |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yaM0AAAAQBAJ |title=The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Rome |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5218-9629-0 |page=202 |quote=Constantine sounded the death knell for Rome as a vital political centre with the dedication of his new imperial capital at Constantinople}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bjornlie |first=M. Shane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VI3ebybOl0oC |title=Politics and Tradition Between Rome, Ravenna and Constantinople: A Study of Cassiodorus and the Variae, 527–554 |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-1070-2840-1 |page=41 |quote=As a new capital, Constantinople provided a stage for imperial prestige that did not depend on association with the traditions of the senatorial establishment at Rome |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622191456/https://books.google.com/books?id=VI3ebybOl0oC |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Coffler |first=Gail H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_GoZpiIpAEC |title=Melville's Allusions to Religion: A Comprehensive Index and Glossary: A Comprehensive Index and Glossary |date=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-3130-7270-3 |page=181 |quote=It became Constantinople, capital of the entire Roman Empire |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622190856/https://books.google.com/books?id=v_GoZpiIpAEC |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Maxwell |first=Kathleen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0uoDQAAQBAJ |title=Between Constantinople and Rome: An Illuminated Byzantine Gospel Book (Paris gr. 54) and the Union of Churches |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-3519-5584-3 |chapter=Art and Diplomacy in Late Thirteenth-century Constantinople: Paris 54 and the Union of Churches |quote=Constantine the Great, the emperor who moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622193552/https://books.google.com/books?id=G0uoDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; For a time, mostly over the course of the later decades of the fourth century, Rome continued to hold greater symbolic status on account of its greater antiquity as imperial capital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Grig |first1=Lucy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHlpAgAAQBAJ |title=Two Romes: Rome and Constantinople in Late Antiquity |last2=Kelly |first2=Gavin |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1999-2118-8 |page=237 |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310115405/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHlpAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; From at least 361 onwards, senators belonging to the [[Byzantine senate|new senate]] in Constantinople enjoyed the same status and privileges as senators of the [[Roman Senate]], to which the new senate was largely identical.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Loewenstein |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uMRBwAAQBAJ |title=The Governance of ROME |date=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-9-4010-2400-6 |page=443 |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622190858/https://books.google.com/books?id=7uMRBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 450, Constantinople was much grander in size and adornment than Rome and unquestionably senior in status.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UTjUAwAAQBAJ |title=Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium |date=2009 |publisher=A&amp;C Black |isbn=978-0-8264-3086-1 |page=31 |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622190857/https://books.google.com/books?id=UTjUAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}}}
* [[Constantinople]] 
{{Endplainlist}}
| common_languages       = {{Plainlist}}
* Official:initially [[Latin]], increasingly [[Greek language|Greek]] as well or instead{{sfnm|Rochette|2023|1pp=258–285|Goldhill|2024|2p=850}}
* Other:
* [[Languages of the Roman Empire|Regional languages]]
{{Endplainlist}}
| religion               = {{Indented plainlist}}
* [[Roman imperial cult|Imperial cult]]-driven [[Religion in ancient Rome|polytheism]] {{nwr|(until AD 380)}}
* [[Nicene Christianity]] {{nwr|([[State church of the Roman Empire|officially]] from AD 380)}}
{{Endplainlist}}
| government_type        = [[Autocracy]]
| leader_title1          = [[Roman emperor#Titles|Emperor]]
| leader_name1           = ([[List of Roman emperors|List]])
| era                    = [[Classical era]] to [[Late Middle Ages]]&lt;br /&gt;([[Timeline of Roman history|Timeline]])
| stat_year1             = 25 BC
| stat_area1             = 2750000
| stat_pop1              = 56,800,000
| stat_year2             = AD 117
| stat_area2             = 5000000
| stat_year3             = AD 390
| stat_area3             = 3400000
| currency               = [[Denarius]], [[sestertius]], [[aureus]], [[Solidus (coin)|solidus]], [[Solidus (coin)|nomisma]]
| demonym                = [[Roman people|Roman]]
| ref_area1              = &lt;ref name=&quot;size&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Taagepera |first=Rein |author-link=Rein Taagepera |date=1979 |title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D |journal=Social Science History |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |doi=10.2307/1170959 |page=125 |jstor=1170959 |issn=0145-5532}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ref_area2              = &lt;ref name=&quot;size&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;East-West&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Turchin |first1=Peter |author-link=Peter Turchin |last2=Adams |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Hall |first3=Thomas D. |date=2006 |title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires |url=http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf |journal=Journal of World-Systems Research |volume=12 |issue=2 |page=222 |access-date=5 February 2016 |archive-date=17 May 2016 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archivedate=17 May 2016 |archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OxfordArea&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Bang|first1=Peter Fibiger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA92|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|last2=Bayly|first2=C. A.|last3=Scheidel|first3=Walter|year=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|pages=92–94|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ref_area3              = &lt;ref name=&quot;size&quot;/&gt;
| ref_pop1               = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Durand |first=John D. |date=1977 |title=Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation |url=http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&amp;context=psc_penn_papers |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=3 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/1971891 |pages=253–296 |jstor=1971891 |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-date=16 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016190031/http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&amp;context=psc_penn_papers |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016190031/http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&amp;context=psc_penn_papers |archivedate=16 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
[[file:Roman Republic Empire map.gif|thumb|200px|The Roman Empire at different times.]]

'''Rome ke Raj (Roman Empire)''' bahut barraa rahaa aur iske capital [[Rome]] rahaa. Rome ke pahila Raja, [[Octavian]] rahaa, jon ki 27 BC se raaj kare ke suruu karis rahaa. Isse pahile Rome ek [[Republic]] rahaa jiske uppar ek &quot;[[Senate]]&quot; hukum chalaat rahaa.

Abhi ke dher des, pahile Rome ke Raj ke niche rahin, jaise ki [[England]] ([[Scotland]] ke chhorr ke), [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Turkey]], [[Germany]], [[Egypt]], aur north [[Africa]] ke kuch kshetra. Roman Empire ke bhasa [[Latin]] rahaa. Tukarra hone ke baad, Roman Empire ke pashchimi bhaag lagbhag 1000 saal talak challa , lekin pooravi bhaag, jiske [[Byzantine Empire]] ke naam se jaana jaawe lagaaaa rahaa ek aur hajaar saal talak chalaa.

[[vibhag:Purana itihaas]]
[[vibhag:Italy ke itihaas]]


[[cs:Starověký Řím#Císařství]]</text>
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    <title>Ouagadougou</title>
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|official_name          = Ouagadougou
|native_name            =  &lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt;
|nickname               = 
|motto                  = 
|image_skyline          = 
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             = 
|image_seal             = 
|image_map              = Burkina Faso map.png
|mapsize                = 250px
|map_caption            = Map of [[Burkina Faso]]; Ouagadougou is represented by the star.
|subdivision_type       = Country
|subdivision_name       = [[Burkina Faso]]
|subdivision_type1      = 
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|established_date       = 15th century
|established_title2     =  &lt;!-- Incorporated (town) --&gt;
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|established_date3      = 
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|area_total             = n/a &amp;nbsp;
|TotalArea_sq_mi        = 
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|area_water             = 
|WaterArea_sq_mi        = 
|area_water_percent     = 
|area_urban             = 
|UrbanArea_sq_mi        = 
|area_metro             =  219.3
|MetroArea_sq_mi        = 
|population_as_of       = 2000
|population_note        = 
|population_total       = 960,116 
|population_density     = 
|population_density_mi2 = 
|population_metro       =1,200,000 
|population_density_metro_km2 =6,249
|population_density_metro_mi2 =
|population_urban       = 
|timezone               = 
|utc_offset             = 
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|latd= |latm= |lats= |latNS=
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|elevation              = 
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|website                = [http://www.mairie-ouaga.bf/ www.mairie-ouaga.bf]
|footnotes              = 
}}
'''Ouagadougou''', [[Burkina Faso]] ke [[capital]] aur sab se barraa [[city]] hae. Ouagadougou ke log jaada kar ke  [[kaprraa]] aur [[khana]] banae hae. Ouagadougou ke [[mayor]] ke har paanch saal me chuna jaawe hae. Hian pe jaada kar ke garam rahe hae kaheki ii city [[Equator]] ke nangich hae. Ouagadougou ke log [[French bhasa|French]] me baat kare hae haaheki ii pahile France ke ek colony rahaa. Ouagadougou, [[Africa]] ke sab se garib des me se ek hae. Hian ke  70% log parrhe aur likhe nai sake hae.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L06700646.htm |title=Reuters AlertNet |access-date=2010-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831010652/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L06700646.htm |archive-date=2007-08-31 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the city has ten [[university|universities]]. Hian ke log jaada kar ke  [[Football (soccer)|football]] khele hae. 

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Capital cities]]
[[Category:Burkina Faso]]</text>
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    <title>Windhoek</title>
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|official_name          = Windhoek
|other_name             =
|native_name            =  
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = 
|motto                  = 
|image_skyline          = Windhoek-Skyline.jpg
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             =
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = Windhoek COA.svg
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           = 
|shield_size            =
|city_logo              =
|citylogo_size          =
|image_map              = Namibia map.png
|mapsize                = 160px
|map_caption            = Location of Windhoek in Namibia
|image_map1             = 
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|subdivision_type       = Country
|subdivision_name       = [[Namibia]]
|subdivision_type1      = [[Administration|administrative division]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Khomas]]
|subdivision_type2      = 
|subdivision_name2      = 
|subdivision_type3      = 
|subdivision_name3      = 
|subdivision_type4      = 
|subdivision_name4      = 
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           = Mayor
|leader_name            = [[Matheus Shikongo]]
|leader_title1          =  
|leader_name1           =
|leader_title2          =
|leader_name2           =
|leader_title3          =
|leader_name3           =
|leader_title4          =
|leader_name4           =
|established_title      = &lt;br /&gt;Established
|established_date       = &lt;br /&gt;[[October 18]], [[1890]]
|established_title2     = [[Independence]]
|established_date2      = from [[South Africa]]
|established_title3     =  &amp;nbsp; - Date &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|established_date3      = [[March 21]], [[1990]]
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref              =
|area_footnotes         =
|area_total             =  645
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|area_total_sq_mi       = 400
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|population_total               = 230,000
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|timezone               = South African Standard Time
|utc_offset             = +2
|timezone_DST           = 
|utc_offset_DST         = 
|latd=23 |latm=34 |lats=28 |latNS=S
|longd=17 |longm=4 |longs=51 |longEW=E
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}}
[[file:Windhoek ende 19 jahrhundert.jpg|thumbnail|250px|19 के अंत में विंडहोएक सदी]]
[[file:Windhuk stamp.jpg|thumbnail|180px|जर्मन दक्षिण पश्चिम अफ्रीका के लिए पोस्टमार्क विंडहोएक शाही पद का स्टाम्प]]
'''Windhoek''' ([[German bhasa|German:]] Windhuk), [[Namibia]] ke [[capital]] [[city]] hae. Iske [[population]] 230,000 jan hae. ii ilaka 1885 me [[Germany]] ke niche aais aur [[1892]] me ii German [[colony]], [[German South-West Africa]] banaa. [[World War I]] ke time, Windhoek pe [[South Africa]] kabjaa kar liis. Ii South West Africa (Namibia), jon ki [[South Africa]] ke niche rahaa, 1990 talak jab ki iske ajaadi milaa.

== Duusra websites ==
* [http://www.windhoekcc.org.na Official homepage of the City of Windhoek - Windhuk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119115836/http://www.windhoekcc.org.na/ |date=2020-11-19 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110419202929/http://www.namibiaonline.net/webcam_windhoek_namibia.html WebCams showing Windhoek]
* [http://www.republikein.com.na Republikein, Namibian newspaper] (Afrikaans)
* [http://www.az.com.na Allgemeine Zeitung Namibias, Namibian newspaper] (German)
* [http://www.namibian.com.na The Namibian, newspaper] (English)

[[Category:W]]
[[Category:Namibia]]
[[Category:Capital cities]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Numerical analysis</title>
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      <text bytes="6539" sha1="ogrqcumd5w0bvl4n6nuo3f5p92qpc3z" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Ybc7289-bw.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Babylonian clay tablet BC 7289 (c. 1800–1600 BC) with annotations. The approximation of the [[square root of 2]] is four [[sexagesimal]] figures, which is about six [[decimal]] figures. 1 + 24/60 + 51/60&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + 10/60&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; = 1.41421296...&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://it.stlawu.edu/%7Edmelvill/mesomath/tablets/YBC7289.html |title=Photograph, illustration, and description of the ''root(2)'' tablet from the Yale Babylonian Collection |access-date=2010-12-29 |archive-date=2012-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813054036/http://it.stlawu.edu/%7Edmelvill/mesomath/tablets/YBC7289.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Image by Bill Casselman.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/ybc/ybc.html YBC 7289, Bill Casselman]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
'''Numerical analysis''', [[algorithm]]s ke parrhai hae, jisme numerical [[approximation]] ([[symbolic computation|symbolic manipulations]] ke jagha) ke kaam me laae ke [[mathematical analysis]]  ke problem ke solve kara jaawe hae. 
==Notes==
&lt;references/&gt;

==References==
&lt;!--
This template can be used for additional references.
*{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= |year= |publisher= |location= |id= }}
--&gt;

*{{cite book |last=Gilat |first=Amos |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications |url=https://archive.org/details/matlabintroducti0000gila | edition=2nd edition |year=2004 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |location= |isbn=0-471-69420-7 }}
*{{cite book |last=Hildebrand |first=F. B. | authorlink=Francis B. Hildebrand | title=Introduction to Numerical Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontonu0000hild | edition=2nd edition |year=1974 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location= |isbn= 0-070-28761-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Leader |first=Jeffery J. | title=Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computation |url=https://archive.org/details/numericalanalysi0000lead |year=2004 |publisher=Addison Wesley |location= |isbn= 0-201-73499-0 }}
* Trefethen, Lloyd N. (2006). [http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/work/nick.trefethen/NAessay.pdf &quot;Numerical analysis&quot;], 20 pages. In: Timothy Gowers and June Barrow-Green (editors), ''Princeton Companion of Mathematics'', Princeton University Press.

==External links==

*[http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN362160546 Numerische Mathematik], volumes 1-66, Springer, 1959-1994 (searchable; pages are images). {{en icon}} {{de icon}}
*[http://www.springerlink.com/content/0029-599X Numerische Mathematik at SpringerLink] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.ph/20121208202239/http://www.springerlink.com/content/0029-599X |date=2012-12-08 }}, volumes 1-112, Springer, 1959–2009
*[http://siamdl.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=SJNAAM SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis], volumes 1-47, SIAM, 1964–2009

'''Software and Code'''
*[http://norma.mas.ecp.fr/wikimas/ScientificComputingSoftware Lists of free software for scientific computing and numerical analysis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223214554/http://norma.mas.ecp.fr/wikimas/ScientificComputingSoftware |date=2008-12-23 }} {{en icon}} {{fr icon}}
*[http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~tomek/Fortran/num_meth.html Numerical methods for Fortran programmers]
*[http://www.apropos-logic.com/nc/ Java Number Cruncher] features free, downloadable code samples that graphically illustrate common numerical algorithms
*[http://www.ifh.uni-karlsruhe.de/people/fenton/Lectures.html Excel Implementations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718110037/http://www.ifh.uni-karlsruhe.de/people/fenton/Lectures.html |date=2011-07-18 }}
*[http://www.akiti.ca/Mathfxns.html Several Numerical Mathematical Utilities (in Javascript)]

'''Online Texts'''
*[http://www.nr.com/oldverswitcher.html ''Numerical Recipes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905141405/http://www.nr.com/oldverswitcher.html |date=2015-09-05 }}, William H. Press (free, downloadable previous editions)
*[http://kr.cs.ait.ac.th/~radok/math/mat7/stepsa.htm#Numerical%20Analysis ''First Steps in Numerical Analysis''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082123/http://kr.cs.ait.ac.th/~radok/math/mat7/stepsa.htm#Numerical%20Analysis |date=2012-02-25 }}, R.J.Hosking, S.Joe, D.C.Joyce, and J.C.Turner
*[http://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~dwharder/NumericalAnalysis/ ''Numerical Analysis for Engineering''], D. W. Harder
*[http://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/CSEP/TEXTOC.html ''CSEP'' (Computational Science Education Project)], [[U.S. Department of Energy]]

'''Online Course Material'''
*[http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/fdl/people/sd103/lectures/nummeth98/index.htm#L_1_Title_Page Numerical Methods], Stuart Dalziel [[University of Cambridge]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110110055517/http://www.math.upenn.edu/~wilf/DeturckWilf.pdf Lectures on Numerical Analysis], Dennis Deturck and Herbert S. Wilf [[University of Pennsylvania]]
*[http://www.ifh.uni-karlsruhe.de/people/fenton/LectureNotes/Numerical-Methods.pdf Numerical methods] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718110104/http://www.ifh.uni-karlsruhe.de/people/fenton/LectureNotes/Numerical-Methods.pdf |date=2011-07-18 }}, John D. Fenton [[University of Karlsruhe]]
*[http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/ Numerical Methods for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906070428/http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu/ |date=2006-09-06 }}, Autar Kaw [[University of South Florida]]
*[http://math.fullerton.edu/mathews/numerical.html Numerical Analysis Project], John H. Mathews [[California State University, Fullerton]]
*[http://www.math.jct.ac.il/~naiman/nm/ Numerical Methods - Online Course] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428010420/http://math.jct.ac.il/~naiman/nm/ |date=2007-04-28 }}, Aaron Naiman [[Jerusalem College of Technology]]
*[http://www-teaching.physics.ox.ac.uk/computing/NumericalMethods/NMfP.pdf Numerical Methods for Physicists], Anthony O’Hare [[Oxford University]]
*[http://kr.cs.ait.ac.th/~radok/math/mat7/stepsa.htm#Numerical%20Analysis Lectures in Numerical Analysis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082123/http://kr.cs.ait.ac.th/~radok/math/mat7/stepsa.htm#Numerical%20Analysis |date=2012-02-25 }}, R. Radok [[Mahidol University]]
*[http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Mechanical-Engineering/2-993JSpring-2005/CourseHome/ Introduction to Numerical Analysis for Engineering], Henrik Schmidt [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Numerical Analysis}}

[[Category:Mathematics]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Galician bhasa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
      <origin>339471</origin>
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      <text bytes="5654" sha1="oplmopvs3ytuc5vorn1unh356cykjod" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox language
|name          = Galician
|nativename    = galego
|pronunciation = {{IPA-gl|ɡaˈleɣo|}}
|region        = [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and adjacent areas in [[Asturias]] and [[Castile and León]]
|speakers      = 3.2 million
|date          = 1986
|familycolor   = Indo-European
|fam2          = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
|fam3          = [[Romance language|Romance]]
|fam4          = [[Western Romance languages|Western]]
|fam5          = [[Gallo-Iberian]]
|fam6          = [[Ibero-Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]]
|fam7          = [[West Iberian languages|West-Iberian]]
|fam8          = [[Galician-Portuguese]]
|script        = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Galician alphabet]])
|nation        = [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Spain]]; accepted orally as [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] by the [[European Union]] Parliament.
|agency        = [[Royal Galician Academy]]
|iso1          = gl
|iso2          = glg
|iso3          = glg
|lingua        = 51-AAA-ab
|notice=IPA
}}
'''Galician''', Iberian Peninsula ke ek [[Romance bhasa]] hae aur is jaada kar ke [[Spain]] me bola jaawe hae.

===Bahaari jorr===
{{InterWiki|code=gl}}
* [http://www.consellodacultura.org/arquivos/cdsg/loia/index.php?idioma=2 LOIA: Open guide to Galician Language] {{en icon}}.
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=glg Ethnologue report for Galician] {{en icon}}
* [http://www.galego.org/english/index.html Basic information on Galician language] {{gl icon}}, {{es icon}}, {{en icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204043512/http://ilg.usc.es/ago/ Arquivo do Galego Oral] - An archive of records of Galician speakers.
* [http://consellodacultura.org/arquivos/asg/anosafala.php A Nosa Fala] - Sound recordings of the different dialects of the Galician language.
* [http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=Sections&amp;op=viewarticle&amp;artid=15 Amostra comparativa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930002413/http://www.agal-gz.org/modules.php?name=Sections&amp;op=viewarticle&amp;artid=15 |date=2008-09-30 }} - Comparison between Galician, Portuguese and Brazilian-Portuguese pronunciation (with sound files) (reintegrationist Galician)

* [[wikt:Appendix:Galician pronouns|Appendix:Galician pronouns]] - on Wiktionary
* [http://sli.uvigo.es/CLIG/index_en.html English-Galician CLUVI Online Dictionary] (official Galician), {{en icon}})
* [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Galician-english/ Galician - English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231131345/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Galician-english/ |date=2006-12-31 }}: from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster's Online Dictionary] - [[The Rosetta Edition]]. (Official Galician), {{en icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081102082121/http://valesne.homestead.com/untitled11.html A short English-Galician-Japanese Phraselist (Renewal)] incl. sound soft  (Official Galician), {{en icon}}, {{ja icon}}
* [http://sli.uvigo.es/DDGM/ Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval] - A dictionary of Old Galician dictionaries. {{gl icon}}
* [http://sli.uvigo.es/ddd/index.html Dicionario de dicionarios] - A dictionary of Galician dictionaries. {{gl icon}}
* [http://www.estraviz.org/ e-Estraviz] - Isaac Alonso Estraviz's dictionary (on-line). (reintegrationist norm and official norm)
* [http://gmh.consellodacultura.org/ Gallaeciae Monumenta Historica] - An on-line repository of medieval texts {{gl icon}}
* [http://www.bvg.udc.es Biblioteca Virtual Galega] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127220621/http://bvg.udc.es/ |date=2019-01-27 }} {{gl icon}}
* [http://www.cantigasdesantamaria.com/ Cantigas de Santa Maria] {{en icon}}
* [http://sli.uvigo.es/xelmirez/ Corpus Xelmirez] - A corpus on medieval Galician documentation, in Galician, Latin, and Spanish.
 
* [http://www.l-v.es Luns a Venres] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102053522/http://www.l-v.es/ |date=2008-01-02 }} - free daily newspaper {{gl icon}}
* [http://www.galiciae.com/ Galiciaé.es] - online news portal {{gl icon}}
* [http://www.galiciahoxe.com Galicia Hoxe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226084406/http://www.galiciahoxe.com/ |date=2010-12-26 }} - daily newspaper {{gl icon}}
* [http://www.anosaterra.com A Nosa Terra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051223121521/http://www.anosaterra.com/ |date=2005-12-23 }} - weekly newspaper {{gl icon}}
* [http://www.vieiros.com Vieiros] - online news portal {{gl icon}}
* [http://www.gznacion.com Gznacion] - online news portal {{gl icon}}
* [http://www.arroutadanoticias.com Arroutada Noticias] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202215734/http://www.arroutadanoticias.com/ |date=2020-12-02 }} - online news portal {{gl icon}}
* [http://www.novasgz.com/ Novas da Galiza] - monthly newspaper (in reintegrationist Galician)
* [http://www.galizalivre.org Galiza Livre] - pro-independence online news portal (in reintegrationist Galician)
* [http://www.realacademiagalega.org Royal Galician Academy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915181500/https://realacademiagalega.org/ |date=2020-09-15 }} {{gl icon}}
* [http://www.usc.es/ilgas/ Instituto da Lingua Galega] {{gl icon}}
* [http://www.amesanl.org/index.asp/ A Mesa pola Normalización Lingüística] {{gl icon}}
* [http://www.agal-gz.org Associaçom Galega da Língua - Portal Galego da Língua] (reintegrationist Galician)
* [http://www.mdl-galiza.org/ Movimento Defesa da Lingua] (reintegrationist Galician)

'''Galician bhasa''' ek bhasa hae.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Galician bhasa}}
[[vibhag:Spain ke bhasa]]
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  <page>
    <title>Carbohydrate</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2303" sha1="ak581bcm1c5izgtfta13xcb3co0jq48" xml:space="preserve">[[file:Lactose.svg|thumb |right|310px|[[Lactose]] is a [[disaccharide]] found in [[milk]]. It consists of a molecule of [[galactose|D-galactose]] and a molecule of [[glucose|D-glucose]] bonded by beta-1-4 [[glycosidic linkage]]. It has a formula of C&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;22&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;11&lt;/sub&gt;.]]

Ek '''carbohydrate''' ({{IPA-en|kɑrbɵˈhaɪdreɪt|pron}}) ek [[organic compound]] hae jiske empirical formula {{nowrap|C&lt;sub&gt;''m''&lt;/sub&gt;(H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)&lt;sub&gt;''n''&lt;/sub&gt;}} hae (jisme ''m'', ''n'' se different rahe sake hae); iske matlab ii hae ki isme khaali [[carbon]], [[hydrogen]], aur [[oxygen]] rahe hae, aur hydrogen:oxygen [[atom]] ke ratio 2:1 ([[paani]] ke rakam rahe hae). 

== Bahaari jorr ==
* [http://www2.ufp.pt/~pedros/bq/carb_en.htm Carbohydrates, including interactive models and animations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629185521/http://www2.ufp.pt/~pedros/bq/carb_en.htm |date=2013-06-29 }} (Requires [http://www.mdl.com/products/framework/chime/ MDL Chime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320002451/http://www.mdl.com/products/framework/chime/ |date=2006-03-20 }})
* [http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/2carb/ IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN): Carbohydrate Nomenclature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124032405/http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/2carb/ |date=2005-01-24 }}
* [http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/carbhyd.htm Carbohydrates detailed]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110925001842/http://evilcyber.com/nutrition/complex-and-simple-carbohydrates/ Complex And Simple Carbohydrates] Explanation of the differences
* [http://www.biochemweb.org/carbohydrates.shtml Carbohydrates and Glycosylation - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301072700/http://www.biochemweb.org/carbohydrates.shtml |date=2005-03-01 }}
* [http://www.functionalglycomics.org/ Functional Glycomics Gateway], a collaboration between the [[Consortium for Functional Glycomics]] and [[Nature Publishing Group]]
* [http://www.wineclubwizard.com/wine-carbohydrates.html Wine Carbohydrates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417070138/http://www.wineclubwizard.com/wine-carbohydrates.html |date=2011-04-17 }}

[[vibhag:Carbohydrates| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bidhya Devi Bhandari</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3250" sha1="526ucxx71go1r6846k25sjt8yxr7z2s" xml:space="preserve">'''Bidhya Devi Bhandari''' ({{Lang-ne|विद्यादेवी भण्डारी}}; Janm 19 June 1961) [[Nepal]] ke president rahi (2015 to 2023). Woh [[Nepal]] ke paile Mahila president hae.


{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bidya Devi Bhandari&lt;br&gt;{{small|विद्यादेवी भण्डारी}}
| image =
| caption = Bhandari in 2015
| office = 2nd President of Nepal
| primeminister = [[KP Sharma Oli]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]&lt;br&gt;[[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]]
| vicepresident = [[Nanda Kishor Pun]]&lt;br&gt;Ram Sahya Yadav
| term_start = 28 October 2015
| term_end = 13 March 2023
| predecessor = [[Ram Baran Yadav]]
| successor = Ram Chandra Paudel
| office1 = [[Ministry of Defence (Nepal)|Minister of Defence]]
| president1 = [[Ram Baran Yadav]]
| primeminister1 = [[Madhav Kumar Nepal]]
| term_start1 = 25 May 2009
| term_end1 = 6 February 2011
| predecessor1 = [[Ram Bahadur Thapa]]
| successor1 = [[Bijay Kumar Gachhadar]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Forests and Environment (Nepal)|Minister for Environment]] [[Ministry of Health and Population (Nepal)|and Population]]
| monarch2 = [[Birendra of Nepal|King Birendra]]
| primeminister2 = [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]]
| term_start2 = 25 March 1997
| term_end2 = 7 October 1997
| predecessor2 = 
| successor2 = 
| office5 = Member of the [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] / [[2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Legislature Parliament]]
| term_start5 = 28 May 2008
| term_end5 = 28 October 2015
| constituency5 = Party list
| office3 = Member of the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]
| term_start3 = November 1994
| term_end3 = April 2008
| predecessor3 = [[Daman Nath Dhungana]]
| successor3 = [[Jhakku Prasad Subedi]]
| constituency3 = [[Kathmandu 2 (constituency)|Kathmandu–2]]
| office4 = 
| term_start4 = January 1994
| term_end4 = August 1994
| predecessor4 = [[Madan Bhandari]]
| successor4 = [[Man Mohan Adhikari]]
| constituency4 = [[Kathmandu 1 (constituency)|Kathmandu–1]]
| birth_name = Bidya Pandey
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1961|6|19}}
| birth_place = [[Mane Bhanjyang]], [[Bhojpur District, Nepal|Bhojpur]], [[Kingdom of Nepal]]&lt;br&gt;(present day Mane Bhanjyang, [[Ramprasadrai Rural Municipality]], [[Bhojpur District, Nepal|Bhojpur]], [[Province No. 1]], [[Nepal]]&lt;br/&gt;
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| party = [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile of Right Honourable President Bidya Devi Bhandari |url=https://president.gov.np/biography-of-rt-honble-president-bidhya-devi-bhandari/ |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Office of the President of Nepal |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260727234807/https://president.gov.np/biography-of-rt-honble-president-bidhya-devi-bhandari/ |archive-date=2026-07-27 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; (until 2015)
| parents = Ram Bahadur Pandey (father)&lt;br&gt; Mithila Pandey (mother)
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Madan Bhandari]]|1982|1993|end=d}}
| children = 2
| education = Bidhdhodaya Higher Secondary School, Bhojpur
| alma_mater = [[Tribhuvan University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| otherparty = 
}}

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;
==Ii bhi dekho==
==Bahaari jorr==

[[vibhag:Nepal ke log]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naruhito</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="10462" sha1="cmom4s7qu5mh482faimqtnvngei9q92" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Crown Prince Naruhito (2018).jpg|250px|thumb|Naruhito]]
'''Naruhito''' (徳仁, pronounced [naɾɯꜜçi̥to]; janam [[23 February]] [[1960]]) [[Japan]] ke samraat hain.

== Sammaan ==
===Titles and styles===
*23 February 1960 – 7 January 1989: Naruhito, ''His Imperial Highness'' Prince Hiro (浩宮徳仁親王殿下 ''Hiro-no-miya Naruhito shinnō denka'')&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|  title=天皇陛下のあゆみ｜平成から令和へ 新時代の幕開け| trans-title=History of His Majesty the Emperor| url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/special/japans-emperor6/articles/articles_crown-prince_03.html| access-date=2023-01-02| language=ja| website=[[NHK|Japan Broadcasting Corp]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite news| title=1960年 浩宮徳仁さま誕生 東京は奉祝ムード| trans-title=1960 Naruhito Hiromiya is born; Tokyo is in a celebratory mood| url=https://news.tv-asahi.co.jp/news_society/articles/000233547.html| date=30 October 2021| access-date=2023-01-02| website=TV Morning News| language=ja}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420014458/https://news.tv-asahi.co.jp/news_society/articles/000233547.html |date=2025-04-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{cite web| date=2019-06-12| title=天皇・皇族の「お名前」：御称号から親王まで…| url=https://murao-jp.com/jloyal/royal-name/| access-date=2022-09-18| trans-title=&quot;Names&quot; of the Emperor and the Imperial Family: From titles to Imperial Princes...| website=Murao's historical information site &quot;Lemuria&quot;| language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*7 January 1989 – 30 April 2019: ''His Imperial Highness'' The Crown Prince of Japan (日本の皇太子殿下 ''Nihon no kōtaishi denka'')&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;
*1 May 2019 – abtak: ''His Majesty'' The Emperor (天皇陛下 ''Ten'nō heika)''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

=== Desi (National) ===
* [[File:JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg|60px]] – Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 May 2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;chrysanthemum&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=令和元年5月1日（水）午前 {{!}} 令和元年 {{!}} 官房長官記者会見| url=https://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/tyoukanpress/201905/01_a.html|trans-title=Wednesday, May 1, 2019, morning| website=Prime Minister's Office of Japan| access-date=2023-01-02| language=ja| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607073452/http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/tyoukanpress/201905/01_a.html| archive-date=2019-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[File:JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg|60px]] – Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (23 February 1980)&lt;ref name=&quot;chrysanthemum&quot;/&gt;
* [[File:JPN Toka-sho BAR.svg|60px]] – Grand Cordon of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers (1 May 2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;chrysanthemum&quot;/&gt;
* [[File:JPN_Zuiho-sho_1Class_BAR.svg|60px]] - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure (1 May 2019) &lt;ref name=&quot;chrysanthemum&quot;/&gt;
* [[File:JPN Bunka-kunsho BAR.svg|60px]] – The Order of Culture (1 May 2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;chrysanthemum&quot;/&gt;
* [[File:Golden Pheasant Award ribbon.svg|60px]] – The [[Golden Pheasant Award]] of the [[Scout Association of Japan]] (1989)&lt;ref name=&quot;reinanzaka&quot;&gt;{{cite web| date=2014-05-23| script-title=ja:ボーイスカウト日本連盟 きじ章受章者| trans-title=Recipient of the Golden Pheasant Award of the Scout Association of Japan| url=http://reinanzaka-sc.o.oo7.jp/kiroku/documents/20140523-3-kiji-list.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811030258/http://reinanzaka-sc.o.oo7.jp/kiroku/documents/20140523-3-kiji-list.pdf| archive-date=2020-08-11| website=Reinanzaka Scout Club| language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[File:Red Cross Order of Merit (Japan).svg|60px]] - The Golden Medal of Merit of the [[Japanese Red Cross]] (1 May 2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;chrysanthemum&quot;/&gt;
* [[File:Red Cross Order of Merit (Japan).svg|60px]] - The Golden Medal of Honorary Member of the [[Japanese Red Cross]] (1 May 2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;chrysanthemum&quot;/&gt;

=== Bidesi (Foreign) ===
* {{flag|Austria}}: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria (1999) &lt;ref name=&quot;AUT1299&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf| title=Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour| language=de| page=1299| website=Parliament of Austria}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold
* {{flag|Denmark}}: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (R.E., 2004)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://kongehuset.dk/modtagere-af-danske-dekorationer| title=Modtagere af danske dekorationer| trans-title=Recipients of Danish decorations| website=Royal House of Denmark| date=12 December 2017| access-date=2023-01-02| language=da| archive-date=12 May 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512015518/http://kongehuset.dk/modtagere-af-danske-dekorationer| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.borger.dk/foa/Sider/Default.aspx?fk=26&amp;foaid=10526981&amp;paid=| website=Life in Denmark| archive-url=https://archive.today/20121217235456/https://www.borger.dk/foa/Sider/Default.aspx?fk=26&amp;foaid=10526981&amp;paid=| archive-date=17 December 2012| title=Personal Details – His Imperial Highness Naruhito}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Germany}}: Grand Cross 1st Class of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
* {{flag|Hungary}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary]] (2000) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal| url=https://magyarkozlony.hu/dokumentumok/71864f464d306a3d655dbff967cb35b6aa48fcd0/megtekintes| journal=Hungarian Journal, State Gazette| issue=64| date=23 June 2000| language=hu| page=3830| title=I: Personal Section}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Italy}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]] (1982)
* {{flag|Jordan}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Supreme Order of the Renaissance]] (1995)
* {{flag|Luxembourg}}: Knight of the [[Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau]] (2017)
* {{flag|Malaysia}}: Honorary Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (S.M.N., 2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp/|url-status=dead| title=Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan| trans-title=Listing of Distinguished Recipients of Stars and Medals| access-date=15 June 2016| archive-date=19 July 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719195551/http://www.istiadat.gov.my/index.php/component/semakanlantikanskp| website=Prime Minister of Malaysia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Netherlands}}:
** Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (1991)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://m.famousfix.com/list/grand-crosses-of-the-order-of-the-crown-netherlands| title=Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Netherlands)| website=famous Fix| access-date=2023-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Recipient of the King Willem-Alexander Inauguration Medal (2013)
* {{flag|Norway}}: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (26/03/2001)
* {{flag|Philippines}}: Grand Collar of the Order of Sikatuna, Rank of Raja (3 December 2002)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/filipino-recipients-of-japanese-decorations-and-japanese-recipients-of-philippine-decorations/| title=Filipino recipients of Japanese decorations and Japanese recipients of Philippine decorations| website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines| access-date=2023-02-15| archive-date=2021-06-24| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200056/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/filipino-recipients-of-japanese-decorations-and-japanese-recipients-of-philippine-decorations/| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Portugal}}: Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (02/12/1993)&lt;ref name=&quot;PrPort&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154| title=Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas| trans-title=Foreign Citizens Honored with Portuguese Orders| website=President of Portugal |language=pt |access-date=13 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Spain}}: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III (08/11/2008)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2008/11/10/pdfs/A44698-44698.pdf| title=Presidencia Del Goberino| trans-title=Presidency of the Government| work=Boletín Oficial del Estado| date=10 November 2008| access-date=2023-01-02| language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{flag|Sweden}}: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (26/03/2007)
* {{flag|Tonga}}:
** Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the Crown of Tonga]] (01/08/2008)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://matangitonga.to/2008/08/01/royal-orders-presented-palace| title=Royal orders presented at Palace| website=Matangi Tonga| date=1 August 2008| access-date=2 January 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121030307/https://matangitonga.to/2008/08/01/royal-orders-presented-palace| archive-date=21 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Coronation Medal of H.M. King George Tupou V (01/08/2008)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| last1=Ito| first1=Kazuya| title=Crown Princess Masako completes first duties abroad in more than 2 years| url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201507040031| access-date=2 December 2016| newspaper=[[The Asahi Shimbun]]| location=Tokyo| date=4 July 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705051734/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201507040031| archive-date=5 July 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705051734/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201507040031 |date=5 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Coronation Medal of H.M. King Tupou VI (4 July 2015)
* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}: Member First Class of the Order of Zayed (23/01/1995)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/01/23/Japanese-crown-prince-visits-UAE/8159790837200/| title=Japanese crown prince visits UAE| date=23 January 1995| website=[[United Press International]]| access-date=2023-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Honorary degrees ===
* [[University of Oxford]], Doctor of Law&lt;ref name=&quot;IHA-Activities&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/history/history02.html| title=Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress – The Imperial Household Agency| website=The Imperial Household Agency| access-date=1 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Ii bhi dekho==
==Bahaari jorr==
{{commons category|Emperor Naruhito}}
* [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e-about/activity/activity02.html Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress] at the Imperial Household Agency website

[[vibhag:1960 janam]]
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  <page>
    <title>Rahima Begum</title>
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      <text bytes="3790" sha1="m0nqbpq82d5jguyw1qosnrcum81w39q" xml:space="preserve">'''Rahima Begum''' (janm 22 maee 1984) ek angrejee maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta hain, jo antararaashtreey maanavaadhikaar sangathan restales beings kee sah-sansthaapak aur ek kalaakaar aur shodhakarta hain. Rahima Begum ne 2000 talak plaashet skool mein padhaee kee aur phir sevan kings haee skool mein padhaee kee. unhonne yoonivarsitee kolej landan se uttar aupaniveshik itihaas, saahity aur siddhaant mein eme kiya. begam ne ek shodhakarta, chitrakaar aur svatantr kalaakaar ke roop mein kaam kiya. aktoobar 2007 mein, unhonne akaadamik salaahakaar mabarur uddeen ahamad (janm 1983) ke saath restales beings kee sah-sthaapana kee. restales beings ek antararaashtreey jameenee star ka maanavaadhikaar sangathan aur panjeekrt yooke chairitee hae jo duniya bhar mein haashie par rahane vaale samudaayon ka samarthan karata hae. sangathan sakriyata, vakaalat aur shiksha ke beech sthaan gherata hae. begam kam umr se hee mukhar aur maanavaadhikaaron ke prati bhaavuk rahee hain. unhonne meediya ke saath kaam karane ke saath-saath British baanglaadeshee samudaay mein mahilaon ke adhikaaron ke aayojanon, chaimpiyan kalaon aur maanavaadhikaaron kee sah-mejabaanee aur bolane se lekar poore samudaay mein kaam kiya hae. unhonne naagarik samaaj ko sangathit kiya hae aur kaee raashtreey aur antarraashtreey abhiyaanon ka netrtv kiya hae. isake alaava, begam ne vibhinn think taink, enajeeo/aaeeenajeeo se paraamarsh kiya hae ki kaise kamajor samudaayon kee behatar seva kee jae aur saath hee neeti parivartan anusandhaan pariyojanaon par unakee sahaayata kee peshakash kee. vah ek painal visheshagy hain, aur unhonne ghareloo aur antararaashtreey star par maanavaadhikaaron par vyaakhyaan diya hae (barkale kailiforniya, elesee, kolambiya vishvavidyaalay, enavaeeyoo, dhaaka vishvavidyaalay, maleshiya vishvavidyaalay kaee any). mabaroor ahamad ke saath restales beings ka netrtv karane vaale unake kaam aur barma mein satae gae rohingya samudaay ke samarthan ke saath-saath kirgistaan mein mahilaon ke adhikaaron ko antarraashtreey meediya aur vishv raay kee vishesh prashansa aur dhyaan mila. maee 2014 mein, beebeesee eshiyan netavark par naadiya alee dvaara rohingya pravaasee sankat ke baare mein begam ka saakshaatkaar liya gaya tha.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20141101023742/http://blogs.independent.co.uk/2011/06/02/third-anniversary-of-restless-beings-charity/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.consentcampaign.org.uk/pledge/champions/item/rahima-begum |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2014-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101024100/http://www.consentcampaign.org.uk/pledge/champions/item/rahima-begum |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.omarshahid.co.uk/2011/11/28/restless-beings-human-writes-2-rhythm-factory/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630065625/https://omarshahid.co.uk/2011/11/28/restless-beings-human-writes-2-rhythm-factory/ |archive-date=2022-06-30 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/yoursay/schools/11108601.print/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2018-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111093235/https://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/yoursay/schools/11108601.print/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.theasians.co.uk/story/20130128_bbp100_revealed |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2013-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814102522/http://www.theasians.co.uk/story/20130128_bbp100_revealed |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20141101020942/http://lovewapping.org/2013/12/nominations-british-bangladeshi-power-inspiration-2014-open/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sandarbh ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Joyce Clague</title>
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      <text bytes="3906" sha1="qck3vnklipjinn9ei9nyenhuqyi6ayk" xml:space="preserve">'''Joyce Clague''' (nee marsee; janm 22 julaee 1938) ek [[Australia]]n raajaneetik kaaryakarta aur yegal bujurg hain. unakee sakriyata svadeshee aastreliyaee logon ke lie saamaajik parivartan par kendrit hae. vah 1967 ke sanvaidhaanik janamat sangrah ko bhadakaane mein prabhaavashaalee theen aur 1996 ke mool sheershak daave mein, jise yegal # 1 ke roop mein jaana jaata hae, jise 2015 mein sulajhaaya gaya tha. joyas kairolin marsee ka janm 22 julaee 1938 ko maikaleen ke nyoo sauth vels shahar mein hua tha, jo 15 bachchon mein se ek tha. yadyapi mishan skoolon mein jaane vaale aadivaasee bachchon ko apanee maatrbhaasha bolane se drdhata se hatotsaahit kiya gaya tha, klaig ne apane daada-daadee ke saath sanvaad karane aur apanee sanskrti ke saath ek majaboot sambandh banae rakhane ke lie yegal bhaasha seekhee. kishoree ke roop mein, usane sidanee mein narsing kee padhaee kee. kleg mile aur eborijinal-ostreliyaee phailoship ke pramukh sadasyon ke saath dost ban gae aur eborijins progresiv esosieshan ke sadasy ban gae. 1960 mein, unhonne nyooport, sidanee mein aadivaasee unnati sammelan ke lie teesare sangheey parishad mein hissa liya. unhen ek viziting ektivist, jaik hornar mein protsaahan mila. vah 1967 ke sanvaidhaanik janamat sangrah ko bhadakaane mein prabhaavashaalee theen. 1967 ke janamat sangrah ke baad, unhonne sangeetakaar jimee litil ke saath svadeshee aastreliyaee logon ko matadaata soochee mein laane ke abhiyaan par kaam kiya. vah 1967 ke janamat sangrah, vot yas phor eborijins ke baare mein philm mein bhee dikhaee deen. 1968 mein, vah uttaree kshetr kee vidhaan parishad ke lie khadee hueen, jisamen unake svatantr abhiyaan ne 6500 aadivaasee logon ke naamaankan ko protsaahit kiya. unhonne 1969 mein phedareshan kaunsil phor edavaansament oph eborijins (fchaatsi) ka aayojan kiya. unhen naslavaad ka mukaabala karane ke lie vishv charch aayog ka pratinidhi bhee niyukt kiya gaya tha. 1972 fchaatsi sammelan mein unhen uttaree kshetr ke raajy sachiv ke roop mein chuna gaya tha. unhonne nyoo sauth vels lokapaal ke kaaryaalay mein sahaayak jaanch adhikaaree ke roop mein bhee kaam kiya. vah ek sansthaapak sadasy theen aur unhonne preemiyar ke lie nyoo sauth vels mahila salaahakaar parishad ke roop mein do kaaryakaal die. 1977 mein, unhen membar oph da ordar oph da British empaayar se sammaanit kiya gaya. usake pita ne use aadivaasee logon kee or se sammaan sveekaar karane ke lie protsaahit kiya. vah emabeeee ko pahale se kaheen jyaada blaik ke roop mein sandarbhit karatee hae. 1980 ke dashak mein, vah nyoo sauth vels kee sansad ke donon sadanon mein ostreliyaee lebar paartee kee seeton ke lie poorv-chayan ke lie khadee hueen. vah ostreliyan ripablik moovament kee sadasy bhee theen. 1987 se shuroo hokar, vah koshaadhyaksh aur metropolitan laind kaunsil kee sadasy theen. maikaleen mein nungera sangrahaalay kaaphee had talak unakee pahal thee. pariyojana ke saath usakee bhaageedaaree ko samaapt karane ke baad, sangrahaalay antatah viphal ho gaya. 1986 mein, klaig ostreliyan myooziyam trast par trastee banane vaale pahale aadivaasee vyakti the.&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=meQCLctUqs8C&amp;dq=Joyce%20Clague&amp;pg=PA135&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.theage.com.au/news/tv-radio/marriage-tracked-across-race-and-time/2008/08/06/1217702121910.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.uwastudentguild.com/damsel-joyce-clague/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914002230/http://www.uwastudentguild.com/damsel-joyce-clague/ |archive-date=2019-09-14 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=EJMwU1kqo7sC&amp;dq=Joyce%20Clague&amp;pg=PA80&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://australianmuseum.net.au/blogpost/at-the-museum/baya-ngara-read-speak-knowledge-because-of-her-we-can&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://womenshistorynetwork.org/blog/?tag=joyce-clague&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sandarbh ==
{{Reflist}}

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  <page>
    <title>Vijaya Prabhakaran</title>
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      <text bytes="281" sha1="77ysb89hqcug5lrbc36agmqrj6zuc1x" xml:space="preserve">'''V. Vijaya Prabhakaran''' (b. 1991) ek Indian Politician rahe hai jo Lok Sabha 2024 elections mein maujud the. Li ek actor bhi rahe hai. 

Li Dravida Munettra Dravida KAzagham party ke hai.

{{BD|1990||Prabhakaran, Vijaya}}

== Realted ==
Investigative 
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    <title>Padma Sachdev</title>
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      <text bytes="4195" sha1="ktdwsekzx8kydd73bn7bs6lnox3hn2h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer &lt;!-- For more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]]. --&gt;
| name             = Padma Sachdev
| image            = Padma Sachdev bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG 0781 May 12, 2018.jpg
| image_size       = 
| alt              = 
| caption          = Sachdev in 2018
| birth_name       = 
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|df=no|1940|04|17}}
| birth_place      = [[Purmandal]] [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|df=no|2021|08|04|1940|04|07}}
| death_place      = Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation       = Poet, writer
| language         = Dogri
| nationality      = Indian
| ethnicity        = 
| citizenship      = Indian
| education        = 
| alma_mater       = 
| period           = 
| genre            = 
| subject          = 
| movement         = 
| notableworks     = 
| spouse           = Vedpal Deep and  later  [[Surinder Singh (singer)|Surinder Singh]] (1966–2021)
| partner          = 
| children         = 
| relatives        = 
| influences       = 
| influenced       = 
| awards           = [[Sahitya Akademi]]; [[Padma Shri]]; ''Kabir Samman''
| signature        = 
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| website          = &lt;!-- www.example.com --&gt;
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}}
'''Padma Sachdev''' (17 April 1940 – 4 August 2021) ek Hindustani kavitri aur novelist rahin. Uu Dogri bhasha ke pahila modern aurat kavitri rahin. Uu [[Hindi]] mein bhi likhat rahin. Uu kai kavita collection publish karin, jisme Meri Kavita Mere Geet (My Poems, My Songs) shamil hai, jon 1971 mein Sahitya Akademi Award jiitis. Unke 2001 mein Padma Shri, India ke fourth highest civilian award, aur 2007-08 saal ke liye [[Madhya Pradesh]] Sarkar dwara diya gaya Kabir Samman bhi mila, 2015 saal ke liye Saraswati Samman, 2019 mein Sahitya Akademi Fellowship bhi mila.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citeweb|title=Padma Sachdev conferred Akademi's highest honour|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/padma-sachdev-conferred-akademis-highest-honour/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Niji Zindagi aur Maut==

Sachdev ke janam Baru Brahmin Pariwar mein Purmandal, Jammu mein 17 April 1940 ke hua rahaa. Uu Sanskrit scholar, professor Jai Dev Badu, jon baad mein 1947 mein India ke bantwaare ke dauraan maar diye gais, ke teen bachchan mein sabse badi rahin. Unke pahile Vedpal Deep se shaadi hui, aur baad mein 1966 mein musical duo &quot;Singh Bandhu&quot; ke singer Surinder Singh se shaadi kar lin. Uu aur Surinder Singh pahile New Delhi mein rahat rahe, lekin baad mein Mumbai shift ho gain. Unke 4 August 2021 ke Mumbai mein 81 saal ke umar mein maut ho gais, unke piche pati Surinder Singh aur unke beti Meeta Sachdev chhod gain.

==Kaam-dhandha==

Sachdev 1961 se All India Radio, Jammu mein announcer ke taur pe kaam karat rahin. Yahin unke Singh Bandhu musical duo ke Hindustani vocalist Surinder Singh se mulakat hui, jon us time duty officer rahe. Aagle saalon mein, uu All India Radio, Mumbai ke saath bhi kaam karin.

Sachdev 1969 mein apne anthology Meri Kavita Mere Geet (transl. my poem my song) ke liye Sahitya Akademi Award jiitin. Kaam ke preface mein likhte hue, Hindi kavi Ramdhari Singh Dinkar ne note kiya &quot;Padma ke kavita padh ke humke laga ki hum apna kalam phek dein - kyunki Padma jon likhe hai uu sacha kavita hai.&quot; Unke autobiography Boond Bawadi ek classic maana jaat hai. Unke kitaab In Bin (transl. without them) Indian gharon mein domestic helps dwara nibhai gais under appreciated role ko address karat hai.

Uu 1973 ke Hindi film Ved Rahi dwara &quot;Prem Parbat&quot; ke gaana 'Mera chhota sa ghar baar' ke lyrics likhin, jisme Jaidev ke music rahaa. Uske baad, uu 1978 ke Hindi film &quot;Aankhin Dekhi&quot; ke do gaane ke lyrics likhin, jisme J.P. Kaushik ke music rahaa, jisme famous duet &quot;Sona re, tujhe kaise miloo&quot; bhi shamil hai jon Mohd Rafi aur Sulakshana Pandit dwara gaya gais. Uu 1979 ke Hindi film &quot;Saahas&quot; ke liye Yogesh ke saath lyrics bhi likhin, jisme Ameen Sangeet ke music rahaa.

Unke mashhoor Indian singer, Lata Mangeshkar ko Dogri bhasha ke gaane gane ke liye (notably Tu malla tu, Bhala Sapaiyaa Dogreiya) influence kare ke bhi credit diya jaat hai, jon bahut famous ho gain.
==Sandrabh==
[[vibhag:1940 janam]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sex</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Sundaresan</username>
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      <comment>Removed redirect to [[Sexual reproduction]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4114" sha1="qdebhw87vqecoe2o22lmkzzwra5274l" xml:space="preserve">'''Sex'''ek [[sexual reproduction|sexually reproducing]] organism ke  [[phenotypic trait]] hae, dui rakam ke  [[gamete]]s banae me, ]&amp;mdash;[[male]] nai to [[female]] gametes.&lt;!-- NOTE: Per previous talk page discussion -- the &quot;Which lead sentence should we go with?&quot; RfC -- consensus is for mentioning the male and female aspect in the first sentence. If wanting to remove this or significantly change this sentence, please discuss on the article talk page first.--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mills p5&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Mills A | chapter = Sex and Reproduction |title=Biology of Sex |date=2018 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-4875-9337-7 |page=43 |language=en |quote=In sexually reproducing animals, there are two sexes, the male and the female. [...] We have already defined male and female based on gonads and on the type of gametes produced in those gonads, either eggs or sperm. |ref={{sfnref|Mills|2018}} }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Purves-2000&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=De Loof |first=Arnold |date=2018 |title=Only two sex forms but multiple gender variants: How to explain? |journal=Communicative &amp; Integrative Biology |volume=11 |issue=1 |article-number=e1427399 |doi=10.1080/19420889.2018.1427399 |doi-access=free |issn=1942-0889 |pmc=5824932 |pmid=29497472}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sexual reproduction ke samay, ek male aur ek female gamete jirr ke [[zygote]] bane hae, jon ek bachchaa me develop hoe hae jiske  traits duuno maai aur baap ke rahe hae.  Uu [[jiu]] jon chhotaa gametes ([[spermatozoa]], [[sperm]]) ke utpaadan kare hae ke  ''male'' bola jaawe hae, jab jiu jon barraa gametes ([[ovum|ova]], often called egg cells) ke banae hae ke   ''female'' bola jaawe hae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Royle-2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Kokko H, Jennions M | author-link1 = Hanna Kokko | chapter = Sex differences in parental care | veditors = Royle NJ, Smiseth PT, Kölliker M | chapter-url={{GBurl|id=K-EUDAAAQBAJ|q=Sex+differences+in+parental+care|pg=PR5}}|title=The Evolution of Parental Care|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969257-6|page=103|language=en|quote=The answer is that there is an agreement by convention: individuals producing the smaller of the two gamete types{{snd}}sperm or pollen{{snd}}are males, and those producing larger gametes{{snd}}eggs or ovules{{snd}}are females.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ek jii jon duuno rakam ke  gamete ke utpaadan kare hae ke  [[hermaphrodite]] bola jaawe hae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Purves-2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Life: The Science of Biology|vauthors=Purves WK, Sadava DE, [[Gordon Orians|Orians GH]], Heller HC|publisher=Sinauer Associates; W.H. Freeman &amp; Co. |location=Sunderland, Mass. |year=2000|isbn=978-0-7167-3873-2|page=736|quote=A single body can function as both male and female. Sexual reproduction requires both male and female haploid gametes. In most species, these gametes are produced by individuals that are either male or female. Species that have male and female members are called dioecious (from the Greek for 'two houses'). In some species, a single individual may possess both female and male reproductive systems. Such species are called monoecious ('one house') or hermaphroditic.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Avise-2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book | chapter = Two sexes in one | chapter-url={{GBurl|id=jqiR8C0lEckC|q=Hermaphrodite}}|title=Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality|vauthors=Avise JC|date=2011|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-52715-6|pages=1–7|language=en|author-link=John Avise|access-date=18 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sex jaada kar ke  '''biological sex''' bola jaawe hae aur jab   ''sex'' sabd ke akele kaam me laawa jaawe hae  tab [[Sex (disambiguation)|iske sex ke duusra matalb hoe sake hae]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Winfree |first=L. Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAhxEQAAQBAJ |title=Essentials of Criminological Theory: Fifth Edition |last2=Wareham |first2=Jennifer |last3=Abadinsky |first3=Howard |date=2025-07-15 |publisher=Waveland Press |isbn=978-1-4786-5749-1 |page=265 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub}}

[[Vibhag:S]]
[[Vibhag:Jiu vigyan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>France Prešeren</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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      <text bytes="4050" sha1="j7025pwhnz4qw7egm79cyhzz07ajl47" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer &lt;!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --&gt;
| name = France Prešeren
| image = Prešern-Goldenstein.jpg
| caption = Prešeren, 1850 oil portrait efn-lr|The only known portrait from memory of his actual appearance.&lt;ref name=&quot;DEDI63&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/63-zbirka-portretov-franceta-preserna |title=Zbirka portretov Franceta Prešerna |trans-title=The Collection of Depictions of France Prešeren |encyclopedia=Enciklopedija naravne in kulturne dediščine na Slovenskem – DEDI [Encyclopedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia] |first1=Urška |last1=Šavc |editor1-first=Mateja |editor1-last=Šmid Hribar |editor2-first=Gregor |editor2-last=Golež |editor3-first=Dan |editor3-last=Podjed |editor4-first=Drago |editor4-last=Kladnik |editor5-first=Bojan |editor5-last=Erhartič |editor6-first=Primož |editor6-last=Pavlin |editor7-first=Jerele |editor7-last=Ines |access-date=31 January 2013 |language=sl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222100221/http://www.dedi.si/dediscina/63-zbirka-portretov-franceta-preserna |archive-date=22 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; After 1900, this served as the pattern for later depictions although its veracity has been doubted.&lt;ref name=&quot;DEDI63&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.damirglobocnik.com/books.html |first=Damir |last=Globočnik |title=Prešeren in likovna umetnost |language=sl |trans-title=Prešeren and the Visual Arts |access-date=31 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1800|12|3}}
| birth_place = [[Vrba (Slovenia)|Vrba]], [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]], [[Habsburg monarchy]] (now [[Slovenia]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1849|2|8|1800|12|3}}
| death_place = [[Kranj]], [[Austrian Empire]] (now Slovenia)
| occupation = Poet, lawyer
| nationality = [[Duchy of Carniola|Carniola]]n, [[Slovenes|Slovene]]
| genre = 
| movement = [[Romantic school|Romanticism]]
| notableworks = ''[[The Baptism on the Savica]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[O Vrba]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[Sonnets of Misfortune]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[A Wreath of Sonnets]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[Zdravljica]]''
| language = Primarily Slovene, some works in German.
| website = 
| signature = File:Prešeren signature (gajica).jpg
}}

'''France Prešeren''' ({{IPA|sl|fɾanˈtsɛ́ pɾɛˈʃèːɾən|pron|Sl-France Prešeren.oga}}) ([[3 December]] [[1800]] – [[8 February]] [[1849]])  [[Slovenia]] ke ek kavi rahaa aur uske  Slovene literature ke sab se khaas jan maana jaawe hae. Uske kavita ke dher bhasa me anuwaad karaa gais hae. .&lt;ref name=&quot;SloBookAgency&quot;&gt;[http://jakrs.si/baza_prevodov/?no_cache=1&amp;tx_jakprevodi_pi1%5BsearchAvtor%5D=231&amp;cHash=511456e51f2e4422998fba2fb7459d4a Database of translations – Prešeren] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010206/http://jakrs.si/baza_prevodov/?no_cache=1&amp;tx_jakprevodi_pi1%5BsearchAvtor%5D=231&amp;cHash=511456e51f2e4422998fba2fb7459d4a |date=5 October 2013 }}, Slovene Book Agency, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

Uske sab se barraa  Slovene classical kavi maana jaawe hae aur uu baad ke   [[Slovene literature]] ke inspire karis hae.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/fakulteta/aktualno/kronika/kliping/feb%202008/3314914.pdf |title=France Prešeren, največji slovenski pesnik |trans-title=France Prešeren, the Greatest Slovene Poet |date=8 February 2008 |newspaper=Novice – Slovenski tednik za Koroško |first=Peter |last=Svetina }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uske maut ke baad, uu leading name of the Slovene [[literary canon]] banaa rahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Božič_Zoran&quot;&gt;Božič, Zoran (2011).[http://www.jezikinslovstvo.com/pdf.php?part=2011|5-6|3%E2%80%9326 Dejavniki literarne kanonizacije v srednješolskih berilih – na primeru Prešerna (Factors of literary canonisation in high school reading materials – the case of Prešeren)], ''Jezik in slovstvo'', vol.56, 5–6, pp. 3–26 {{COBISS|ID=50591842}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{stub}}

{{BD|1800|1849|Preseren, France}}

[[Vibhag:P]]
[[Vibhag:Slovenia ke kavi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi</title>
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      <text bytes="13384" sha1="fz79xj08oswx88nr113ph7lv19saqhw" xml:space="preserve">{{Delete|Cross wiki spam. --[[sadasya:Fralambert|Fralambert]] ([[sadasya ke baat:Fralambert|talk]]) 22:11, 1 Navambar 2026 (UTC)}}
'''Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi''' ek bhartiya [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[nyayvid]], [[Clergyman|dharmguru]] aur [[Mujtahid]] hai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Al-Musawi|first=Hassan|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675026M/Contemporary_Shia_Religious_Leadership_in_the_Indian_Diaspora|title=Contemporary Shia Religious Leadership in the Indian Diaspora|date=2022|publisher=Dar al-Thaqalayn Publications|location=[[Najaf]], [[Karbala]]|pages=Unit 7, Allamah Maulana Syed Hasan Imam, Page 49 to Page 57|ol=62675026M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Rashtriya Andaaz|title=India's One Of Leading Muslim Figure And Shia Religious Leader Hazrat Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri On Eid E Milad|date=2026-08-27|url=http://archive.org/details/indias-one-of-leading-muslim-figure-and-shia-religious-leader-hazrat-maulana-sye|access-date=2026-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Maulana Hasan Imam Facebook|title=Shia Religious Leader Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri On A Community Social And Public Gathering|date=2026-08-26|url=http://archive.org/details/shia-religious-leader-maulana-syed-hasan-imam-zangipuri-on-a-community-social-and-public-gathering|access-date=2026-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://newdle.com/writings/9b03f81c-68b8-457a-97da-b72b2eb927a4 Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi: A Senior Cleric and Revolutionary],  ''STP News''&lt;/ref&gt; vo [[India|pashchimi bharat]] ke sarvochch dharmik pradhikari han. Rizvi ko [[Mira Road]], [[Mumbai|uttari mumbai]] aur pashchimi upnagaron (mumbai) ki shiya aabadi ka mukhiya bhi mana jata hai. unhone Mira Road, Mumbai sthit haidari jama masjid mein do dashkon se adhik samay tak imam-e-jumma ke roop mein seva di hai.&lt;ref name=&quot;inquilab2021&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=27 November 2021|title=وسیم رضوی کے خلاف میراروڈ کے مسلمانوں میں بھی شدید بے چینی اور اضطراب|language=Urdu|trans-title=Extreme unrest and anxiety among the Muslims of Mira Road against Wasim Rizvi|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/extreme-unrest-and-anxiety-among-the-muslims-of-mira-road-against-wasim-rizvi-31886}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=The Shia Times|url=http://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-2-successful-decades-of-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|title=The Shia Times, 2 Successful Decades Of Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|date=2022-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Niji Jankari ==
Rizvi, March 02, 1974 ko Jangipur, Ghazipur me paida hue the.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free &amp; Borrowable Texts, Movies, Music &amp; Wayback Machine|url=https://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-shia-olama-magazine-2005-pg-19-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|access-date=2026-10-17|website=archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ijaza-e- Ijtihad, Page No. 1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Syed|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675031M/Qom_Ke_Ayyam|title=Qom Ke Ayyam|date=1995|publisher=Original Publisher: Qom Publications Place of Publication: Qom, Iran Year of Original Publication: 1995 Republished by: Zarr Press Place of Republishing: Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan Year of Republishing: 1997|location=Qom, Iran and Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan|pages=Page no 9|ol=62675031M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Afghanistani|first=Maulana Syed Ahmed|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675031M/Qom_Ke_Ayyam|title=Qom Ke Ayyam|date=1995|publisher=Original Publisher: Qom Publications Place of Publication: Qom, Iran Year of Original Publication: 1995 Republished by: Zarr Press Place of Republishing: Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan Year of Republishing: 1997|location=Qom, Iran and Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan|pages=Page no 13-14|ol=62675031M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Maulana Syed Ahmed, Qom ke Ayyam, P.17, Iran&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=IbrahimShaykh|date=2026-10-15|title=Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi: A Prominent Religious Leader and One of Most Influential Muslim Figures|url=https://submitpr.org/press-release/syed-hasan-imam-rizvi-a-prominent-religious-leader-and-one-of-most-influential-muslim-figures|access-date=2026-10-17|website=SubmitPR Free|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rizvi ke 1,00,000 se zyada anuyay hai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=David Michael|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675030M/Religious_Authority_and_Social_Change_among_Twelver_Shia_Communities|title=Religious Authority and Social Change among Twelver Shia Communities|date=2024|publisher=Meridian Scholarly Publications|location=New York, United States|pages=Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 109 to Page 130|ol=62675030M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Naqvi|first=Syed Abbas|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675025M/Ulama_of_the_Indian_Subcontinent_Biographical_Profiles_and_Intellectual_Traditions|title=Ulama of the Indian Subcontinent: Biographical Profiles and Intellectual Traditions|date=2023|publisher=Maktaba-e-Tahqiq, Pakistan|location=Karachi, Pakistan|pages=Section 19, Naqeeb-ul-Millat Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 127 to Page 149|ol=62675025M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Eleanor J.|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675027M/Faith_and_Public_Leadership_among_India's_Muslim_Minorities|title=Faith and Public Leadership among India's Muslim Minorities|date=2024|publisher=Meridian Studies Press|location=New York, United States|ol=62675027M}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayatollah Rizvi&lt;ref&gt;[https://telegra.ph/Ayatollah-Syed-Hasan-Imam-Rizvi-Zangipuri-A-Revolutionary-10-21 Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri: A Revolutionary] ''Wilof d. Amins''&lt;/ref&gt; ko ''Naqeeb ul Millat''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Levesque|first=Dr Robert|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675032M/Indian_Muslim_Legends|title=Indian Muslim Legends: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia of Muslim scholars, Sufis, poets, philosophers, educators and reformers of Indian Sub continent.|date=2026|publisher=RL Publishing, USA|location=Fremont, California, United States|pages=Chapter 73, Page 465-467|doi=10.5281/zenodo.23338154}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Levesque|first=Dr. Robert|url=https://zenodo.org/records/23338154|title=Indian Muslim Legends|publisher=RL Publishing, USA|location=Fremont, California, United States|pages=Chapter No 73- Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 464 to Page 472|doi=10.5281/zenodo.23338154|ol=62675032M}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Daqeeq ul Daqaaeq''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;, ''Allamah''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;, ''Aaftab-e-Imamat''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; aur Qibla ke naam se bhi jaana jata hai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; unke updeshon ka ek sangrah 'mimber-e-mudallal' naamak pustak mein prakashit hua tha. ise pakistani lekhak saiyad mehdi jafri ne likha tha aur karachi, pakistan ke 'idara-e-marif publications' ne prakashit kiya tha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jafri|first=Syed Mehdi|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675029M/Mimbar-e-Mudallal|title=Mimbar-e-Mudallal: Sermons and Intellectual Contributions of Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi|date=2023|publisher=Idara-e-Ma'arif Publications|location=Karachi, Pakistan|ol=OL62675029M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rizvi kayi tarah ke dharmik aur samajik program ka hissa reh chuke hai jaha wo bayan dete hai.&lt;ref name=&quot;quds2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=29 March 2025|title=رمضان المبارک کے آخری جمعہ کوشہر و مضافات میں ’یوم القدس‘ منایا گیا|language=Urdu|trans-title=Quds Day was observed in the city and suburbs on the last Friday of Ramadan|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/quds-day-was-celebrated-in-the-city-and-suburbs-on-the-last-friday-of-ramadan-75185}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;seerat2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=1 December 2025|title=سیرت النبیؐ و اتحاد امت کانفرنس میں قرآن مجید کے راستے پر چلنے کی تلقین|language=Urdu|trans-title=Call to follow the path of the Holy Quran at the Seerat-un-Nabi and Ittehad-ul-Ummah conference|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/exhortation-to-follow-the-path-of-the-holy-quran-at-the-seerat-ul-nabi-pbuh-and-ittehad-ul-ummah-conference-87709}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hamariaawaz&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=16 March 2021|title=کرونا وائرس سے زیادہ خطرناک جہیز کا وائرس ہے: قاضی مطیع الرحمٰن قاسمی|language=Urdu|work=Hamari Aawaz|url=https://news.hamariaawaz.com/7967/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baqi2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2017 Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi's Protest on Jannatul Baqi|url=https://archive.org/details/2017-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvis-protest-on-jannatul-baqi|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;quds2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2023 Yaum E Quds Protest, Mira Road, Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2023-yaum-e-quds-protest-mira-road-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;waseemarchive&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2021 Darul Qaza Mira Road With Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2021-darul-qaza-mira-road-with-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-protest-on-waseem-rizvi-la|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Isfahan|first=IQNA|title=IQNA Isfahan- Shia Olama wa Khuteba Board, Mira Road|url=https://isfahan.iqna.ir/ur/news/3512933/ممبئی-میں-شیعہ-علماء-اسمبلی-ہندوستان-کا-دو-روزہ-اہم-اجلاس-منعقد}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Khorasan|first=IQNA|title=IQNA Khorasan- Shia Olama wa Khuteba Council, Mira Road|url=https://khorasan.iqna.ir/ur/news/3512933/ممبئی-میں-شیعہ-علماء-اسمبلی-ہندوستان-کا-دو-روزہ-اہم-اجلاس-منعقد}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-10-21|title=ممبئی میں شیعہ علماء اسمبلی ہندوستان کا دو روزہ اجلاس؛ قومی مسائل کو باہمی اتفاق سے حل کرنے پر زور|url=https://ur.hawzahnews.com/news/384946/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A6%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C-%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%81-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84|access-date=2026-10-02|website=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|publisher=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=ہندوستان کے مختلف علاقوں کے علماء اور انجمنوں نے وسیم مرتد اور اس کے ساتھیوں کے سوشل بائیکاٹ کا اعلان کرتے ہوئے انہیں اسلام سے خارج قرار دیا|url=https://ur.hawzahnews.com/news/367998/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%DA%BA-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%DA%BA-%D9%86%DB%92-%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1|access-date=2026-10-02|website=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|publisher=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Times|first=Mibha|title=Protestors seek Waseems arrest for petition against removal of Quranic verses|url=https://mibhatimes.com/social/protestors-seek-waseems-arrest-for-petition-against-removal-of-quranic-verses/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hijabinq&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=19 March 2022|title=اگر لڑکیاں حجاب پہنیں گی تو اسکول اور کالج انتظامیہ کو اجازت دینے پر مجبور ہونا پڑے گا|language=Urdu|trans-title=If girls wear hijab, school and college administrations will be forced to give permission|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/if-the-girls-wear-hijab-the-school-and-college-administration-will-be-forced-to-give-permission-34717}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sardanatv&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Shia Crowd Lead By Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi Filed FIR In Mira Road Police Station Against Rohit Sardana On 2017|url=https://archive.org/details/shia-crowd-lead-by-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-filed-fir-in-mira-road-police-statio|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sardanarally&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2017, Rohit Sardana Protest Rally, Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2017-rohit-sardana-protest-rally-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;veritassardana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=2 September 2026|title=Senior Shia Cleric and Chief of Shia Population of Mira Road Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri files an FIR against Journalist Rohit Sardana|work=Veritas International Express|url=https://veritasinternationalexpress.mojonetwork.in/national-news/mira-road-shia-cleric-fir-against-journalist-rohit-sardana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;toiSardana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=23 November 2017|title=Muslim groups see red over journo's tweet|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/muslim-groups-see-red-over-journos-tweet/articleshow/61759448.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;interview2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2015|title=Interview Of Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi, 2015, Zainabia Channel|url=https://archive.org/details/interview-of-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-2015-zainabia-channel|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aur dekhe ==

* [[Shia Islam]]

== Hwala ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Islam]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>339476</id>
      <parentid>339465</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T04:52:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-58196-90</username>
        <id>42058</id>
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      <comment>Discussion ka kaunho panna nahi dikh raha, try again add proper tag used in hif.wikipedia not wiki tag</comment>
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      <text bytes="13253" sha1="l3udymnods9x9984lwsu70bi764fmre" xml:space="preserve">'''Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi''' ek bhartiya [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[nyayvid]], [[Clergyman|dharmguru]] aur [[Mujtahid]] hai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Al-Musawi|first=Hassan|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675026M/Contemporary_Shia_Religious_Leadership_in_the_Indian_Diaspora|title=Contemporary Shia Religious Leadership in the Indian Diaspora|date=2022|publisher=Dar al-Thaqalayn Publications|location=[[Najaf]], [[Karbala]]|pages=Unit 7, Allamah Maulana Syed Hasan Imam, Page 49 to Page 57|ol=62675026M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Rashtriya Andaaz|title=India's One Of Leading Muslim Figure And Shia Religious Leader Hazrat Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri On Eid E Milad|date=2026-08-27|url=http://archive.org/details/indias-one-of-leading-muslim-figure-and-shia-religious-leader-hazrat-maulana-sye|access-date=2026-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Maulana Hasan Imam Facebook|title=Shia Religious Leader Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri On A Community Social And Public Gathering|date=2026-08-26|url=http://archive.org/details/shia-religious-leader-maulana-syed-hasan-imam-zangipuri-on-a-community-social-and-public-gathering|access-date=2026-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://newdle.com/writings/9b03f81c-68b8-457a-97da-b72b2eb927a4 Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi: A Senior Cleric and Revolutionary],  ''STP News''&lt;/ref&gt; vo [[India|pashchimi bharat]] ke sarvochch dharmik pradhikari han. Rizvi ko [[Mira Road]], [[Mumbai|uttari mumbai]] aur pashchimi upnagaron (mumbai) ki shiya aabadi ka mukhiya bhi mana jata hai. unhone Mira Road, Mumbai sthit haidari jama masjid mein do dashkon se adhik samay tak imam-e-jumma ke roop mein seva di hai.&lt;ref name=&quot;inquilab2021&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=27 November 2021|title=وسیم رضوی کے خلاف میراروڈ کے مسلمانوں میں بھی شدید بے چینی اور اضطراب|language=Urdu|trans-title=Extreme unrest and anxiety among the Muslims of Mira Road against Wasim Rizvi|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/extreme-unrest-and-anxiety-among-the-muslims-of-mira-road-against-wasim-rizvi-31886}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=The Shia Times|url=http://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-2-successful-decades-of-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|title=The Shia Times, 2 Successful Decades Of Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|date=2022-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Niji Jankari ==
Rizvi, March 02, 1974 ko Jangipur, Ghazipur me paida hue the.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free &amp; Borrowable Texts, Movies, Music &amp; Wayback Machine|url=https://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-shia-olama-magazine-2005-pg-19-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|access-date=2026-10-17|website=archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ijaza-e- Ijtihad, Page No. 1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Syed|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675031M/Qom_Ke_Ayyam|title=Qom Ke Ayyam|date=1995|publisher=Original Publisher: Qom Publications Place of Publication: Qom, Iran Year of Original Publication: 1995 Republished by: Zarr Press Place of Republishing: Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan Year of Republishing: 1997|location=Qom, Iran and Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan|pages=Page no 9|ol=62675031M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Afghanistani|first=Maulana Syed Ahmed|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675031M/Qom_Ke_Ayyam|title=Qom Ke Ayyam|date=1995|publisher=Original Publisher: Qom Publications Place of Publication: Qom, Iran Year of Original Publication: 1995 Republished by: Zarr Press Place of Republishing: Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan Year of Republishing: 1997|location=Qom, Iran and Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan|pages=Page no 13-14|ol=62675031M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Maulana Syed Ahmed, Qom ke Ayyam, P.17, Iran&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=IbrahimShaykh|date=2026-10-15|title=Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi: A Prominent Religious Leader and One of Most Influential Muslim Figures|url=https://submitpr.org/press-release/syed-hasan-imam-rizvi-a-prominent-religious-leader-and-one-of-most-influential-muslim-figures|access-date=2026-10-17|website=SubmitPR Free|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rizvi ke 1,00,000 se zyada anuyay hai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=David Michael|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675030M/Religious_Authority_and_Social_Change_among_Twelver_Shia_Communities|title=Religious Authority and Social Change among Twelver Shia Communities|date=2024|publisher=Meridian Scholarly Publications|location=New York, United States|pages=Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 109 to Page 130|ol=62675030M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Naqvi|first=Syed Abbas|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675025M/Ulama_of_the_Indian_Subcontinent_Biographical_Profiles_and_Intellectual_Traditions|title=Ulama of the Indian Subcontinent: Biographical Profiles and Intellectual Traditions|date=2023|publisher=Maktaba-e-Tahqiq, Pakistan|location=Karachi, Pakistan|pages=Section 19, Naqeeb-ul-Millat Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 127 to Page 149|ol=62675025M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Eleanor J.|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675027M/Faith_and_Public_Leadership_among_India's_Muslim_Minorities|title=Faith and Public Leadership among India's Muslim Minorities|date=2024|publisher=Meridian Studies Press|location=New York, United States|ol=62675027M}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayatollah Rizvi&lt;ref&gt;[https://telegra.ph/Ayatollah-Syed-Hasan-Imam-Rizvi-Zangipuri-A-Revolutionary-10-21 Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri: A Revolutionary] ''Wilof d. Amins''&lt;/ref&gt; ko ''Naqeeb ul Millat''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Levesque|first=Dr Robert|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675032M/Indian_Muslim_Legends|title=Indian Muslim Legends: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia of Muslim scholars, Sufis, poets, philosophers, educators and reformers of Indian Sub continent.|date=2026|publisher=RL Publishing, USA|location=Fremont, California, United States|pages=Chapter 73, Page 465-467|doi=10.5281/zenodo.23338154}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Levesque|first=Dr. Robert|url=https://zenodo.org/records/23338154|title=Indian Muslim Legends|publisher=RL Publishing, USA|location=Fremont, California, United States|pages=Chapter No 73- Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 464 to Page 472|doi=10.5281/zenodo.23338154|ol=62675032M}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Daqeeq ul Daqaaeq''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;, ''Allamah''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;, ''Aaftab-e-Imamat''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; aur Qibla ke naam se bhi jaana jata hai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; unke updeshon ka ek sangrah 'mimber-e-mudallal' naamak pustak mein prakashit hua tha. ise pakistani lekhak saiyad mehdi jafri ne likha tha aur karachi, pakistan ke 'idara-e-marif publications' ne prakashit kiya tha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jafri|first=Syed Mehdi|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675029M/Mimbar-e-Mudallal|title=Mimbar-e-Mudallal: Sermons and Intellectual Contributions of Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi|date=2023|publisher=Idara-e-Ma'arif Publications|location=Karachi, Pakistan|ol=OL62675029M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rizvi kayi tarah ke dharmik aur samajik program ka hissa reh chuke hai jaha wo bayan dete hai.&lt;ref name=&quot;quds2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=29 March 2025|title=رمضان المبارک کے آخری جمعہ کوشہر و مضافات میں ’یوم القدس‘ منایا گیا|language=Urdu|trans-title=Quds Day was observed in the city and suburbs on the last Friday of Ramadan|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/quds-day-was-celebrated-in-the-city-and-suburbs-on-the-last-friday-of-ramadan-75185}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;seerat2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=1 December 2025|title=سیرت النبیؐ و اتحاد امت کانفرنس میں قرآن مجید کے راستے پر چلنے کی تلقین|language=Urdu|trans-title=Call to follow the path of the Holy Quran at the Seerat-un-Nabi and Ittehad-ul-Ummah conference|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/exhortation-to-follow-the-path-of-the-holy-quran-at-the-seerat-ul-nabi-pbuh-and-ittehad-ul-ummah-conference-87709}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hamariaawaz&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=16 March 2021|title=کرونا وائرس سے زیادہ خطرناک جہیز کا وائرس ہے: قاضی مطیع الرحمٰن قاسمی|language=Urdu|work=Hamari Aawaz|url=https://news.hamariaawaz.com/7967/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baqi2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2017 Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi's Protest on Jannatul Baqi|url=https://archive.org/details/2017-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvis-protest-on-jannatul-baqi|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;quds2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2023 Yaum E Quds Protest, Mira Road, Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2023-yaum-e-quds-protest-mira-road-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;waseemarchive&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2021 Darul Qaza Mira Road With Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2021-darul-qaza-mira-road-with-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-protest-on-waseem-rizvi-la|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Isfahan|first=IQNA|title=IQNA Isfahan- Shia Olama wa Khuteba Board, Mira Road|url=https://isfahan.iqna.ir/ur/news/3512933/ممبئی-میں-شیعہ-علماء-اسمبلی-ہندوستان-کا-دو-روزہ-اہم-اجلاس-منعقد}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Khorasan|first=IQNA|title=IQNA Khorasan- Shia Olama wa Khuteba Council, Mira Road|url=https://khorasan.iqna.ir/ur/news/3512933/ممبئی-میں-شیعہ-علماء-اسمبلی-ہندوستان-کا-دو-روزہ-اہم-اجلاس-منعقد}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-10-21|title=ممبئی میں شیعہ علماء اسمبلی ہندوستان کا دو روزہ اجلاس؛ قومی مسائل کو باہمی اتفاق سے حل کرنے پر زور|url=https://ur.hawzahnews.com/news/384946/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A6%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C-%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%81-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84|access-date=2026-10-02|website=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|publisher=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=ہندوستان کے مختلف علاقوں کے علماء اور انجمنوں نے وسیم مرتد اور اس کے ساتھیوں کے سوشل بائیکاٹ کا اعلان کرتے ہوئے انہیں اسلام سے خارج قرار دیا|url=https://ur.hawzahnews.com/news/367998/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%DA%BA-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%DA%BA-%D9%86%DB%92-%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1|access-date=2026-10-02|website=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|publisher=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Times|first=Mibha|title=Protestors seek Waseems arrest for petition against removal of Quranic verses|url=https://mibhatimes.com/social/protestors-seek-waseems-arrest-for-petition-against-removal-of-quranic-verses/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hijabinq&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=19 March 2022|title=اگر لڑکیاں حجاب پہنیں گی تو اسکول اور کالج انتظامیہ کو اجازت دینے پر مجبور ہونا پڑے گا|language=Urdu|trans-title=If girls wear hijab, school and college administrations will be forced to give permission|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/if-the-girls-wear-hijab-the-school-and-college-administration-will-be-forced-to-give-permission-34717}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sardanatv&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Shia Crowd Lead By Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi Filed FIR In Mira Road Police Station Against Rohit Sardana On 2017|url=https://archive.org/details/shia-crowd-lead-by-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-filed-fir-in-mira-road-police-statio|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sardanarally&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2017, Rohit Sardana Protest Rally, Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2017-rohit-sardana-protest-rally-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;veritassardana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=2 September 2026|title=Senior Shia Cleric and Chief of Shia Population of Mira Road Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri files an FIR against Journalist Rohit Sardana|work=Veritas International Express|url=https://veritasinternationalexpress.mojonetwork.in/national-news/mira-road-shia-cleric-fir-against-journalist-rohit-sardana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;toiSardana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=23 November 2017|title=Muslim groups see red over journo's tweet|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/muslim-groups-see-red-over-journos-tweet/articleshow/61759448.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;interview2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2015|title=Interview Of Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi, 2015, Zainabia Channel|url=https://archive.org/details/interview-of-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-2015-zainabia-channel|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aur dekhe ==

* [[Shia Islam]]

== Hwala ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Islam]]</text>
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      <id>339483</id>
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      <text bytes="13375" sha1="poneihpvv4cjcdorfoaic28rggorab8" xml:space="preserve">'''Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi''' ek bhartiya [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[nyayvid]], [[Clergyman|dharmguru]] aur [[Mujtahid]] hai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Al-Musawi|first=Hassan|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675026M/Contemporary_Shia_Religious_Leadership_in_the_Indian_Diaspora|title=Contemporary Shia Religious Leadership in the Indian Diaspora|date=2022|publisher=Dar al-Thaqalayn Publications|location=[[Najaf]], [[Karbala]]|pages=Unit 7, Allamah Maulana Syed Hasan Imam, Page 49 to Page 57|ol=62675026M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Rashtriya Andaaz|title=India's One Of Leading Muslim Figure And Shia Religious Leader Hazrat Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri On Eid E Milad|date=2026-08-27|url=http://archive.org/details/indias-one-of-leading-muslim-figure-and-shia-religious-leader-hazrat-maulana-sye|access-date=2026-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Maulana Hasan Imam Facebook|title=Shia Religious Leader Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri On A Community Social And Public Gathering|date=2026-08-26|url=http://archive.org/details/shia-religious-leader-maulana-syed-hasan-imam-zangipuri-on-a-community-social-and-public-gathering|access-date=2026-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://newdle.com/writings/9b03f81c-68b8-457a-97da-b72b2eb927a4 Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi: A Senior Cleric and Revolutionary],  ''STP News''&lt;/ref&gt; vo [[India|pashchimi bharat]] ke sarvochch dharmik pradhikari han. Rizvi ko [[Mira Road]], [[Mumbai|uttari mumbai]] aur pashchimi upnagaron (mumbai) ki shiya aabadi ka mukhiya bhi mana jata hai. unhone Mira Road, Mumbai sthit haidari jama masjid mein do dashkon se adhik samay tak imam-e-jumma ke roop mein seva di hai.&lt;ref name=&quot;inquilab2021&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=27 November 2021|title=وسیم رضوی کے خلاف میراروڈ کے مسلمانوں میں بھی شدید بے چینی اور اضطراب|language=Urdu|trans-title=Extreme unrest and anxiety among the Muslims of Mira Road against Wasim Rizvi|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/extreme-unrest-and-anxiety-among-the-muslims-of-mira-road-against-wasim-rizvi-31886}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=The Shia Times|url=http://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-2-successful-decades-of-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|title=The Shia Times, 2 Successful Decades Of Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|date=2022-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Niji Jankari ==
Rizvi, March 02, 1974 ko Jangipur, Ghazipur me paida hue the.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free &amp; Borrowable Texts, Movies, Music &amp; Wayback Machine|url=https://archive.org/details/the-shia-times-shia-olama-magazine-2005-pg-19-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|access-date=2026-10-17|website=archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ijaza-e- Ijtihad, Page No. 1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Syed|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675031M/Qom_Ke_Ayyam|title=Qom Ke Ayyam|date=1995|publisher=Original Publisher: Qom Publications Place of Publication: Qom, Iran Year of Original Publication: 1995 Republished by: Zarr Press Place of Republishing: Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan Year of Republishing: 1997|location=Qom, Iran and Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan|pages=Page no 9|ol=62675031M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Afghanistani|first=Maulana Syed Ahmed|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675031M/Qom_Ke_Ayyam|title=Qom Ke Ayyam|date=1995|publisher=Original Publisher: Qom Publications Place of Publication: Qom, Iran Year of Original Publication: 1995 Republished by: Zarr Press Place of Republishing: Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan Year of Republishing: 1997|location=Qom, Iran and Dasht-e Barchi, District 13, Kabul, Afghanistan|pages=Page no 13-14|ol=62675031M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Maulana Syed Ahmed, Qom ke Ayyam, P.17, Iran&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=IbrahimShaykh|date=2026-10-15|title=Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi: A Prominent Religious Leader and One of Most Influential Muslim Figures|url=https://submitpr.org/press-release/syed-hasan-imam-rizvi-a-prominent-religious-leader-and-one-of-most-influential-muslim-figures|access-date=2026-10-17|website=SubmitPR Free|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rizvi ke 1,00,000 se zyada anuyay hai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cohen|first=David Michael|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675030M/Religious_Authority_and_Social_Change_among_Twelver_Shia_Communities|title=Religious Authority and Social Change among Twelver Shia Communities|date=2024|publisher=Meridian Scholarly Publications|location=New York, United States|pages=Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 109 to Page 130|ol=62675030M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Naqvi|first=Syed Abbas|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675025M/Ulama_of_the_Indian_Subcontinent_Biographical_Profiles_and_Intellectual_Traditions|title=Ulama of the Indian Subcontinent: Biographical Profiles and Intellectual Traditions|date=2023|publisher=Maktaba-e-Tahqiq, Pakistan|location=Karachi, Pakistan|pages=Section 19, Naqeeb-ul-Millat Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 127 to Page 149|ol=62675025M}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Eleanor J.|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675027M/Faith_and_Public_Leadership_among_India's_Muslim_Minorities|title=Faith and Public Leadership among India's Muslim Minorities|date=2024|publisher=Meridian Studies Press|location=New York, United States|ol=62675027M}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayatollah Rizvi&lt;ref&gt;[https://telegra.ph/Ayatollah-Syed-Hasan-Imam-Rizvi-Zangipuri-A-Revolutionary-10-21 Ayatollah Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi Zangipuri: A Revolutionary] ''Wilof d. Amins''&lt;/ref&gt; ko ''Naqeeb ul Millat''&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Levesque|first=Dr Robert|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675032M/Indian_Muslim_Legends|title=Indian Muslim Legends: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia of Muslim scholars, Sufis, poets, philosophers, educators and reformers of Indian Sub continent.|date=2026|publisher=RL Publishing, USA|location=Fremont, California, United States|pages=Chapter 73, Page 465-467|doi=10.5281/zenodo.23338154}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Levesque|first=Dr. Robert|url=https://zenodo.org/records/23338154|title=Indian Muslim Legends|publisher=RL Publishing, USA|location=Fremont, California, United States|pages=Chapter No 73- Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi, Page 464 to Page 472|doi=10.5281/zenodo.23338154|ol=62675032M}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ''Daqeeq ul Daqaaeq''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;, ''Allamah''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;, ''Aaftab-e-Imamat''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; aur Qibla ke naam se bhi jaana jata hai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; unke updeshon ka ek sangrah 'mimber-e-mudallal' naamak pustak mein prakashit hua tha. ise pakistani lekhak saiyad mehdi jafri ne likha tha aur karachi, pakistan ke 'idara-e-marif publications' ne prakashit kiya tha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jafri|first=Syed Mehdi|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL62675029M/Mimbar-e-Mudallal|title=Mimbar-e-Mudallal: Sermons and Intellectual Contributions of Syed Hasan Imam Rizvi|date=2023|publisher=Idara-e-Ma'arif Publications|location=Karachi, Pakistan|ol=OL62675029M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rizvi kayi tarah ke dharmik aur samajik program ka hissa reh chuke hai jaha wo bayan dete hai.&lt;ref name=&quot;quds2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=29 March 2025|title=رمضان المبارک کے آخری جمعہ کوشہر و مضافات میں ’یوم القدس‘ منایا گیا|language=Urdu|trans-title=Quds Day was observed in the city and suburbs on the last Friday of Ramadan|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/quds-day-was-celebrated-in-the-city-and-suburbs-on-the-last-friday-of-ramadan-75185}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;seerat2025&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=1 December 2025|title=سیرت النبیؐ و اتحاد امت کانفرنس میں قرآن مجید کے راستے پر چلنے کی تلقین|language=Urdu|trans-title=Call to follow the path of the Holy Quran at the Seerat-un-Nabi and Ittehad-ul-Ummah conference|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/exhortation-to-follow-the-path-of-the-holy-quran-at-the-seerat-ul-nabi-pbuh-and-ittehad-ul-ummah-conference-87709}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hamariaawaz&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=16 March 2021|title=کرونا وائرس سے زیادہ خطرناک جہیز کا وائرس ہے: قاضی مطیع الرحمٰن قاسمی|language=Urdu|work=Hamari Aawaz|url=https://news.hamariaawaz.com/7967/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260928105656/https://news.hamariaawaz.com/7967/ |date=28 September 2026 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;baqi2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2017 Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi's Protest on Jannatul Baqi|url=https://archive.org/details/2017-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvis-protest-on-jannatul-baqi|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;quds2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2023 Yaum E Quds Protest, Mira Road, Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2023-yaum-e-quds-protest-mira-road-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;waseemarchive&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2021 Darul Qaza Mira Road With Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2021-darul-qaza-mira-road-with-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-protest-on-waseem-rizvi-la|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Isfahan|first=IQNA|title=IQNA Isfahan- Shia Olama wa Khuteba Board, Mira Road|url=https://isfahan.iqna.ir/ur/news/3512933/ممبئی-میں-شیعہ-علماء-اسمبلی-ہندوستان-کا-دو-روزہ-اہم-اجلاس-منعقد}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Khorasan|first=IQNA|title=IQNA Khorasan- Shia Olama wa Khuteba Council, Mira Road|url=https://khorasan.iqna.ir/ur/news/3512933/ممبئی-میں-شیعہ-علماء-اسمبلی-ہندوستان-کا-دو-روزہ-اہم-اجلاس-منعقد}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-10-21|title=ممبئی میں شیعہ علماء اسمبلی ہندوستان کا دو روزہ اجلاس؛ قومی مسائل کو باہمی اتفاق سے حل کرنے پر زور|url=https://ur.hawzahnews.com/news/384946/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A6%DB%8C-%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA-%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C-%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%81-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84|access-date=2026-10-02|website=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|publisher=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=ہندوستان کے مختلف علاقوں کے علماء اور انجمنوں نے وسیم مرتد اور اس کے ساتھیوں کے سوشل بائیکاٹ کا اعلان کرتے ہوئے انہیں اسلام سے خارج قرار دیا|url=https://ur.hawzahnews.com/news/367998/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%DA%BA-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%DA%BA-%D9%86%DB%92-%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1|access-date=2026-10-02|website=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|publisher=حوزہ نیوز ایجنسی|language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Times|first=Mibha|title=Protestors seek Waseems arrest for petition against removal of Quranic verses|url=https://mibhatimes.com/social/protestors-seek-waseems-arrest-for-petition-against-removal-of-quranic-verses/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hijabinq&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=19 March 2022|title=اگر لڑکیاں حجاب پہنیں گی تو اسکول اور کالج انتظامیہ کو اجازت دینے پر مجبور ہونا پڑے گا|language=Urdu|trans-title=If girls wear hijab, school and college administrations will be forced to give permission|work=Inquilab|url=https://www.inquilab.com/news/articles/if-the-girls-wear-hijab-the-school-and-college-administration-will-be-forced-to-give-permission-34717}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sardanatv&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Shia Crowd Lead By Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi Filed FIR In Mira Road Police Station Against Rohit Sardana On 2017|url=https://archive.org/details/shia-crowd-lead-by-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-filed-fir-in-mira-road-police-statio|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sardanarally&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=2017, Rohit Sardana Protest Rally, Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi|url=https://archive.org/details/2017-rohit-sardana-protest-rally-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;veritassardana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=2 September 2026|title=Senior Shia Cleric and Chief of Shia Population of Mira Road Maulana Syed Hasan Imam Zangipuri files an FIR against Journalist Rohit Sardana|work=Veritas International Express|url=https://veritasinternationalexpress.mojonetwork.in/national-news/mira-road-shia-cleric-fir-against-journalist-rohit-sardana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;toiSardana&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=23 November 2017|title=Muslim groups see red over journo's tweet|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/muslim-groups-see-red-over-journos-tweet/articleshow/61759448.cms}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;interview2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=2015|title=Interview Of Maulana Hasan Imam Rizvi, 2015, Zainabia Channel|url=https://archive.org/details/interview-of-maulana-hasan-imam-rizvi-2015-zainabia-channel|website=Internet Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aur dekhe ==

* [[Shia Islam]]

== Hwala ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Islam]]</text>
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