Wikipedya htwiki https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paj_Prensipal MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Medya Espesyal Diskite Itilizatè Diskisyon Itilizatè Wikipedya Diskisyon Wikipedya Fichye Diskisyon Fichye MedyaWiki Diskisyon MedyaWiki Modèl Diskisyon Modèl Èd Diskisyon Èd Kategori Diskisyon Kategori TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Kont 0 14471 882513 870391 2026-07-10T04:31:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882513 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:God_kväll,_farbror!_Hälsade_pojken.jpg|vignette|Yon trol pa John Bauer]] Mo '''kont la''' deziyen anmenm tan yon resi ki gen reyalite imajinè oswa avanti ak [[Genre literè|jan literè]] a (sitou oral ) ki rakonte resi sa yo. Kont la, antanke resi, ka kout oswa long. Kit li gen pou objektif amize oswa edifye, li pote nan li yon fòs emosyonèl oswa filozofik pwisan. Depi [[Renesans]] lan, istwa yo te reekri, sa ki te bay nesans pandan plizyè syèk a yon jan ekri apa. Sepandan, li diferan de woman an, istwa kout la ak istwa avanti a pa akseptasyon enpwobablite espesifik nan jan mèveye la, osi byen ke pa sèten kòd, tankou fraz entwodiksyon tradisyonèl ki pi popilè a " Yon jou tankou jodi a ". Gen de (2) pratik nan jan literè ki se kont la : oral ak ekri. De (2) pratik sa yo diferan nan mòd kreyasyon ak difizyon yo ansanm ak nan kontni yo, li apwopriye pou nou distenge yo. Kont lan se yon objè literè ki difisil pou defini akòz karaktè [[ibrid]] ak polimòf li. Jan literè, tankou istwa yo menm, se sijè etid ki baze sou konesans ki gen rapò, nan limyè syans imen yo, tankou istwa literè, semyoloji, [[sosyoloji]], [[Antwopoloji|antropoloji]] oswa sikanaliz . Tèm «kont la» pafwa yo itilize l pou deziyen aktivite rakonte istwa, kèlkeswa kalite istwa a ( [[epope]], lejann, istwa lavi, nouvèl, elatriye). == Bibliyografi == === Monografi === * Bruno de La Salle, ''Le murmure des contes'', En collaboration avec Henri Gougaud, Édition Desclée Brouwer, 2002 * Bruno de La Salle, ''Plaidoyer pour les Arts de la parole'', Éditions CLiO, 2004 * B. de La Salle, M. Jolivet, H. Touati, F.Cransac, ''Pourquoi faut-il raconter des histoires ? 1er tome'', Éditions Autrement, 2005 * B. De la Salle, M. Jolivet, H. Touati, F. Cransac, ''Pourquoi faut-il raconter des histoires ? 2e tome'', Éditions Autrement, 2006 * Bruno de La Salle, ''Le Conteur amoureux, Nouvelle édition augmentée'', Éditions du Rocher, 2007 * Nicole Belmont, ''Poétique du conte (essai sur le conte de tradition orale)'', Gallimard, 1999 * Nicole Belmont, ''Mythe, conte et enfance, les écritures d'Orphée et de Cendrillon''. Paris, L'Harmattan, 2010 * Nicole Belmont et Michel Izard, édition fr. du ''Rameau d'or'' (1911-1915) de James Frazer, Robert Laffont, coll. « Bouquins », 1984 * Nicole Belmont, ''Petit-Poucet rêveur, la poésie des contes merveilleux''. Paris, José Corti, coll. « Merveilleux », 2017 * Bernadette Bricout, ''La Clé des contes'', Seuil, 2005 (ISBN 978-2-02-052607-4) * Josiane Bru et Bénédicte Bonnemason (éds.), ''Le conte populaire français, contes merveilleux. Supplément au catalogue de Paul Delarue et Marie-Louise Tenèze'', Toulouse, PUM, coll. « Amphi 7 », 2017. * René-Lucien Rousseau, ''L'envers des contes. Valeur initiatique et pensée secrète des contes de fées'', Saint-Jean-de-Braye : Dangles, 1991, 239 p. * Vladimir Propp, ''Morphologie du conte'', Points-Seuil, Paris * Vladimir Propp, ''Les racines historiques du conte merveilleux'', Paris, Gallimard, 1983 * Bruno Bettelheim, ''Psychanalyse des contes de fées'', Gallimard, Paris * Pierre Sultan, ''Les Contes de Perrault sur le divan'', Paris, Riveneuve-Archimbaud, 2015 (ISBN 978-2-36013-334-5) * Marie-Louise von Franz (collaboratrice de [[Carl Gustav Jung]]), ''L'interprétation des contes de fées'', La fontaine de Pierre, Paris * Pierre Péju, ''La petite fille dans la forêt des contes. Pour une poétique du conte : en réponse aux interprétations psychanalytiques et formalistes''. * Jean-Claude Bouvier, ''Contes de l'écrit - contes de l'oral : l'opposition est-elle pertinente ?'', Publications de l'université de Provence, Aix-en-Provence, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-85399-524-5) * Michel Hindenoch, ''Conter, un art ?'', Éditions La Loupiote * Docteur Serge-René Fuchet, ''Le Conte philosophique'', Éditions collections de mémoire, 2017 * Jeanne Demers, ''Le Conte - Du mythe à la légende urbaine''. Québec Amérique, coll. « En Question » * Luda Schnitzer, ''Ce que disent les contes'', Éd. du Sorbier, 1985 (ISBN 978-2-7320-0010-7) * Marie-Louise Tenèze, ''Les contes merveilleux français, recherche de leurs organisations narratives'', Paris, Maisonneuve et Larose, 2004 * Marie-Louise Tenèze, « Une contribution fondamentale à l’étude du folklore français : Le conte populaire français. Catalogue raisonné des versions de France et des pays de langue française d’outre-mer. Tome I », ''Arts et traditions populaires'', no 3-4, 1958, 289-308 * Catherine Velay-Vallantin, ''L'Histoire des contes'', Fayard, 1992 (ISBN 2-213-02677-7) (en particulier l'Introduction : ''Le conteur et l'historien'') * Fabien Vehlmann et Frantz Duchazeau, ''Les Cinq Conteurs de Bagdad'', Dargaud, coll. « Long courrier », 1996 (ISBN 978-2-205-05779-9) * Jihad Darwiche, ''Le conte oriental, la tradition orale au Liban'', Édisud, coll. « L'espace du conte », 2001 (ISBN 2-7449-0246-2) * "''Le conteur - Considérations sur l’œuvre de Nicolas Leskov (1936)''" (voir ''Nikolaï Leskov''), dans Expérience et pauvreté, de Walter Benjamin, Petite Bibliothèque Payot Classiques (voir ''Payot et Rivages''), traduction Cédric Cohen Skalli. === Nimewo revi yo === * " Istwa pale, istwa ekri », ''Etid Fransè'', nimewo prepare pa Jeanne Demers ak Lise Gauvin, vol. 12, nos 1-2, 1976, 177 p. ( http://revue-etudesfrancaises.umontreal.ca/volume-12-numero-1-2/ ) == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans}} == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|Category:Fairy tales|wikisource=Catégorie:Contes|wiktionary=conte|wikiquote=Conte}} === Atik ki gen rapò === {{Kategori prensipal}} * Tradisyon oral, wonn ak rim, fòmil eliminasyon gade Rim, [[Abitid se vis|Pwovèb]] * Saga lejandè, Lejand, Mit * Afro-Fantasy * Palav, Griot * Ansèyman istwa * Folkloristik, [[Fòlklò|Folklo]], Motif (folkloristik) ** folklò alman, folklò bèlj, folklò franse * Imajinè * Kilti popilè, Atizay modès * Oralité * Istwa ** Lis istwa bèl bagay ** Istwa egzajere ** Istwa Bassa yo ** Istwa Ris ** Istwa Oksitan nan Périgord ** Istwa Occitan nan Lot-et-Garonne ** Istwa (oral) * [[Naratoloji]] ** Vladimir Propp, Nicole Belmont, Claude Bremond, Paul Delarue, André Mazon, Aleksandr Nikiforov, Marie-Louise Tenèze ** Karaktè tipik, Mòfoloji istwa a, Istwa tipik, Motif (folklorik) ** Klasifikasyon Aarne-Thompson-Uther (AT, 1910), Klasifikasyon Aarne-Thompson-Uther (ATU, 2004) ** Ansiklopedi istwa a, Ansiklopedi Mythica, magazin ''Fabula a'' ** Kategori Kreyati Folklorik ak Moun ki fè Folkloris * Renouvèlman istwa a soti nan ane 1970 yo === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.erudit.org/revue/etudfr/1976/v12/n1-2/036630ar.pdf " Otou nosyon istwa ekri a kèk definisyon "], pa Jeanne Deniers ak Lise Gauvin . ''Etid franse'', vol. 12, n. 1-2, 1976, p. 157-177 . * [http://www.clio.org/ Konsèvatwa Literati Oral Kontemporè CLiO] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110201102653/http://lagrandeoreille.com/ La Grande Oreille], yon magazin nan atizay la nan lapawòl * [http://www.conte-quebec.com/pages/documentation Dokiman referans sou rakonte istwa nan Kebèk] * [http://www.manioc.org/fichiers/V15047 ''Istwa ak mizik nan vil la''] * {{En}} [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/folklinks.html Folklinks] (Pòtal Entènasyonal pou Rakonte Istwa), pa DL Ashliman ( [[Université de Pittsburgh|Inivèsite Pittsburgh]] ) {{Liens}} [[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]] [[Kategori:Syans imèn ak sosyal]] 2z42r6umd9z7as8vvhpdye6ybo6j54s Lis monak an Frans 0 90685 882494 844320 2026-07-09T16:36:24Z Raymond Trencavel 28592 /* Tit */ 882494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Frans|Lafrans]] te dirije pa [[Wa|monak]] depi etablisman Wayòm West Francia nan [[843 (almanak jilyen)|843]] jouk nan fen Dezyèm Anpi Fransè an [[1870 (almanak gregoryen)|1870]], ak plizyè entèripsyon. Istoryografi klasik franse anjeneral konsidere [[Clovis (wa Frank)|Clovis]], wa Frank yo ( <abbr>r.</abbr>  507–511 ), kòm premye wa Lafrans. Sepandan, istoryen jodi a konsidere ke tankou yon wayòm pa t 'kòmanse jiskaske etablisman an nan West Francia , pandan y ap divòse Anpi Carolingian nan ane 800 yo. == Tit == Wa yo te itilize tit "Wa frank" (Laten : ''Rex Francorum'') jiska fen douzyèm syèk la; Premye moun ki te adopte tit "Wa Lafrans" ( Laten : ''Rex Franciae'' ; franse : ''roi de France'' ) se te [[Philippe Auguste|Philippe II]] an 1190 (r. 1180–1223), apre sa tit "Wa Frans yo" piti piti pèdi tè. Sepandan, ''Francorum Rex'' te kontinye itilize pafwa, pa egzanp [[Louis XII]] an 1499, [[Francois I (wa Lafrans)|François I]] an 1515, ak [[Henri II]] nan anviwon 1550; li te itilize tou sou pyès monnen jiska dizwityèm syèk la. Pandan peryòd kout lè Konstitisyon fransè 1791 la te anvigè (1791–1792) ak apre Revolisyon Jiyè a an 1830, yo te itilize style " Wa Fransè yo " ( ''roi des Français'' ) olye de " Wa Lafrans (ak Navarre). )". Se te yon inovasyon konstitisyonèl ke yo rekonèt kòm monachi popilè ki te lye tit monak la ak pèp franse olye ke posesyon teritwa Lafrans la. Avèk Kay Bonaparte , tit " Anperè Fransè yo " ( ''Empereur des Français'' ) te itilize an Frans 19yèm syèk la , pandan premye ak dezyèm Anpi fransè yo, ant 1804 ak 1814, ankò nan 1815, ak ant 1852 ak 1870. Soti nan 14yèm syèk la jiska 1801, monak angle a (e pita Britanik) te reklame fòtèy la nan Lafrans , menm si reklamasyon sa a te piman nominal eksepte yon peryòd kout pandan Lagè San Ane a lè Henry VI nan Angletè te gen kontwòl sou pi fò nan Nò Lafrans. , ki gen ladan Paris. Rive 1453, angle yo te sitou mete deyò nan Lafrans ak reklamasyon Henry a te depi lè yo te konsidere kòm ilejitim; Istoryografi franse souvan pa rekonèt Henry VI nan Angletè pami wa Lafrans yo. == List == === Dinasti Merovingien === == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == {{DEFAULTSORT:Monak Frans}} [[Kategori:Politik]] [[Kategori:Wa]] [[Kategori:Wa franse]] pzlq9lceygix6rh2gbbd2wfpuxuai5b Gims 0 95476 882495 879839 2026-07-09T16:48:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882495 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gims''', itilize ak lèt majiskil, pou komanse '''Maître Gims''' <ref>Gims trouvait que ce nom dégageait un air de divinité, ce qui ne lui convenait pas pour sa personnalité et le mettait mal à l'aise : {{Cite web|url=https://www.fratmat.info/article/87613/Culture/maitre-gims-le-rappeur-explique-pourquoi-il-ne-veut-plus-quon-lappelle-maitre#|title=Maître Gims : Le Rappeur explique pourquoi il ne veut plus qu'on l'appelle Maître|website=fratmat.info|access-date=19 mai 2023}}.</ref>, se yon chantè [[Kongo (Kinchasa)|Kino-Kongolè]], [[Rap|rapè]] ak otè-konpozitè-performer, ki fèt 5 mai 1986 nan [[Kinchasa|Kinshasa]] ( DRC ). Li te grandi an [[Frans]] men pou kounye a l ap viv an Frans ak [[Mawòk|Maròk]] . Li se manm yon gwoup hip-hop ki rele Sexion d'assaut . Li te kòmanse yon karyè solo sou non Maître Gims nan lane 2013. Pandan karyè li, li te travay ak plizyè atis entènasyonal tankou Sia, Pitbull, [[Lil Wayne]], [[Stromae]], Maluma, Sting ak anpil lòt ankò. Li te vann plis pase 5 milyon disk, ki gen ladan l pami yo 3 milyon albòm depi kòmansman karyè li. Li te kòmanse karyè solo li an 2013 lè l sòti premye albòm li an, <nowiki><i id="mwJw">Subliminal</i></nowiki> nan mwa me sou lebèl Wati B ak Sony Music,ki te vann plis pase yon milyon kopi e ki te rive jwenn dezyèm plas nan klasman tablo fransè albòm yo. Nan mwa desanm, li te pibliye yon reedisyon ki rele ''Subliminal la face cachée'' . Album nan te gen kèk mizik tankou: ''J'me tire'', ''Bella'', ''One Shot'', ''Changer'' ak ''Zombie'' . Nan premye semèn li lage an, albòm lan te sètifye disk platin epi vin disk dyaman doub fwa pou plis pase yon milyon de kopi ki te rive vann <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.booska-p.com/musique/actualites/maitre-gims-atteint-le-million-de-ventes-avec-son-album-subliminal/|title=Maitre Gims atteint le million de ventes avec son album Subliminal !|website=https://www.booska-p.com/|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref> . Albòm nan te yon gwo siksè nan klasman an Frans, Bèljik epi menm an Swis. Nan dawout 2015, Gims sòti dezyèm albòm li ki se, ''My Heart Was Right'' . Albòm nan te divize an de pati : ''La pilule rouge'', ki gen rap ladan l, ''La pilule bleu'', ki gen mizik pop sou li . Lide sila a sòti nan fim Matrix lan. Yon lane apre, li te sòti yon reedisyon ki te gen pou tit ''À contrecœur'' . Albòm sa a genyen tout bon mizik pandan karyè li, tankou : ''Est-ce que tu m'aimes<nowiki><span typeof="mw:DisplaySpace" id="mwQw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>?'' , <nowiki><i>Laissez passer</i></nowiki>, <nowiki><i id="mwRw">Brise</i></nowiki>, [[:fr:Sapés_comme_jamais|Sapés comme jamais]], [[:fr:Tu_vas_me_manquer|Tu vas me manquer]], [[:fr:Je_te_pardonne|Je te pardonne]], [[:fr:Ma_beauté|Ma beauté]]<nowiki/>epi ''Tout donner'' . Albòm nan te byen apresye epi aprè li te vann prèske 85,800 disk nan premye semèn li yo, li te sètifye disk platin <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chartsinfrance.net/Maitre-Gims/news-98751.html|title=Maître Gims : des ventes phénoménales pour "Mon coeur avait raison", son nouvel album|website=www.chartsinfrance.net|language=fr|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref> . Rive nan fen 2018, plis pase 700,000 inite te rive vann an Frans ak 581,000 inite te vann sou mache entènasyonal la <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chartsinfrance.net/Maitre-Gims/news-110699.html|title=Clip "On Off" : Gims prête main forte à Shirin David sur un single estival|website=www.chartsinfrance.net|language=fr|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref> . Li te pibliye twazyèm album li an mars 2018, ki rele <nowiki><i id="mwXA">Ceinture noire</i></nowiki> sou gwoup TF1 ak Play Two. Albòm lan te reedite plizyè fwa. : reedisyon ''Transcendence'' a te soti an avril 2019 epi yon lòt reedisyon ''Décennie'' ak 4 nouvo trak ki te soti an desanm 2019 . Albòm nan te pran premye pozisyon nan Wallonia.Epi premye plas lan te rete pandan 7 semèn youn apre lòt anvan li rive tonbe nan dezyèm plas. Epi,yon semèn aprè, li te retounen nan premye plas la. Li te antre nan Flandre 28 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/album/567d0/Maitre-Gims-Ceinture-noire|title=Gims - Ceinture noire - ultratop.be|website=www.ultratop.be|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref> . Albòm nan gen mizik tankou <nowiki><i id="mwag">Kameleon</i></nowiki>, <nowiki><i id="mwbA">Miami Vice</i></nowiki>, ''Hola Señorita'', <nowiki><i id="mwcA">Reste</i></nowiki>, ''10/10'' ak <nowiki><i id="mwcw">Mi Gna</i></nowiki> . Mizik ki gen tit <nowiki><i id="mwdQ">La même</i></nowiki> lan se mizik ki pi jwe an Frans an 2018 e li te ede Gims vin atis ki plis jwe pou ane 2018 lan sou televizyon ak radyo fransè yo <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/musique/chanson-francaise/la-meme-de-maitre-gims-et-vianney-chanson-la-plus-diffusee-en-2018_3389505.html|title="La même" de Maître Gims et Vianney, chanson la plus diffusée en 2018|date=2019-01-17|website=Franceinfo|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref>, epi vin setyèm atis tou ki plis jwe nan mond lan sou Deezer <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/j-balvin-deezer-most-streamed-artist-worldwide-2018/|title=J Balvin Is Deezer’s Top Artist Worldwide of 2018|last=Fernandez|first=Suzette|date=2018-12-04|website=Billboard|language=en-US|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref> . Pandan moman konfinman an ki te tou lye ak [[pandemi Covid-19]] la, Gims te anonse nan yon layv Enstagram yon albòm 100% rap pou mwa oktòb 2020 an. Dapre kèk piblikasyon l sou Enstagram, Gims revele ke albòm li a ta dwe yon albòm rap 80% kontrèman ak sa ki te anonse deja. Nan dat 4 desanm 2020, li sòti katriyèm albòm li ki rele <nowiki><i id="mwhA">Le Fléau</i></nowiki> . Nan mwa novanm 2020, li te genyen pri Atis Entènasyonal pou Ane a nan rekonpans Distinctive Festival Arab Arab yo aprè patisipasyon li pou mizik ''Ya Habibi'' pa Mohamed Ramadan . Epi, 17 septanm 2020, [[Netflix]] te pibliye yon dokimantè sou dis dènye ane karyè li ki rele ''Gims: On the Record'' . Nan dat ki te 28 me 2021 an, yon reedisyon ki te gen pou tit ''The Vestiges of the Scourge'' te arive pibliye. Yon dezyèm reedisyon ki gen tit ''The Empire of Meroe'' te soti 3 desanm 2021 . Albòm nan genyen landan l kèk mizik tankou ''Yolo'', ''Immortel'', <nowiki><i id="mwmA">Jusqu'ici tout va bien</i></nowiki>, ''Belle'' and <nowiki><i id="mwmw">Only You</i></nowiki> . Nan dat ki te 5 oktòb 2022 a, Gims te devwale tit nouvo albòm lan, dat l ap lage l la ak kouvèti li <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lymu.net/news/gims-nouvel-album-ldvm|title=GIMS : "Les dernières volontés de Mozart" (LDVM) disponible !|last=Lymu|date=2022-10-05|website=Lymu|language=fr|access-date=2024-10-29|archive-date=2024-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005182446/https://www.lymu.net/news/gims-nouvel-album-ldvm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> . Nan menm momann an tou, pre-kòmand disk la te tou afiche sou entènèt la <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eventsrdc.com/avec-son-5e-album-ldvm-symphony-gims-pourrait-se-lancer-dans-lopera/|title=Avec son 5e album « LDVM - Symphony », Gims pourrait se lancer dans l'opéra !|last=Eventsrdc|first=Redaction|date=2022-10-05|website=Eventsrdc.com|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref>, akonpaye ak twa tikè, lò, platin ak dyaman kòm objektif pou yo genyen <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.funradio.be/gims-il-annonce-un-nouvel-album-pour-cette-annee/|title=GIMS : il annonce un nouvel album pour cette année!|website=Fun Radio|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref> . Nan desanm 2022, li te sòti senkyèm albòm li a, <nowiki><i id="mwrA">Les dernières volontés de Mozart</i></nowiki> oswa LDVM (Symphonie). Albòm nan sètifye lò ak plis pase 50,000 kopi ki te vann nan mwa jen 2023 . Epi, an jiyè 2024, albòm lan te rive nan 100,000 kopi k vann e li te sètifye disk platin. Albòm nan finalman te gen ti siksè l menmsi li te vann mwens pase pwojè anvan li yo <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rmc.bfmtv.com/replay-emissions/charles-matin/le-bonus-rmc-maitre-gims-annonce-son-nouvel-album-les-dernieres-volontes-de-mozart-07-10_EN-202210070846.html|title=[Podcasts] Le bonus RMC : Maître Gims annonce son nouvel album "Les dernières volontés de Mozart" - 07/10|website=RMC|language=fr|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref> . Nan dawout 2022, li te entèprete mizik "Arhbo" pou mizik ofisyèl nan FIFA World Cup 2022 ansanm ak Ozuna, ke yo te menm rive jwe l tou nan seremoni ki pou te met fen ak aktivite sila a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/world-cup-2022-closing-ceremony-ozuna-gims-1235188705/|title=Ozuna, GIMS Perform ‘Arhbo’ & More at 2022 FIFA World Cup Closing Ceremony|last=Roiz|first=Jessica|date=2022-12-18|website=Billboard|language=en-US|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref> . Li te nan tèt tablo mizik franse yo senk fwa, te gen yon fwa se te kòm atis envite, dènye fwa a nan 2024 ak ''Spider'', an kolaborasyon ak Dystinct <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/|title=Top Albums|website=SNEP|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref> . Nan dat 13 septanm 2024, Gims te soti yon dezyèm EP depi dènye l te soti a an 2006, ki te gen pou tit <nowiki><i id="mwww">Le Nord se souviens</i></nowiki> ki gen tit mizik sa yo sou li tankou ''Spider'', ''Sois pas timide'', ''Terminal 2F'' ak ''Vent du Nord'' ansanm ak twa nouvo lòt tit ankò <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gentsu.fr/rap-fr/gims-devoile-son-nouveau-morceau-vent-du-nord-booba-lui-avait-deconseille-de-le-sortir|title=Gims dévoile son nouveau morceau « Vent du nord », Booba lui avait déconseillé de le sortir|date=2024-09-07|website=Gentsu|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-10-29|archive-date=2024-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241011231431/https://www.gentsu.fr/rap-fr/gims-devoile-son-nouveau-morceau-vent-du-nord-booba-lui-avait-deconseille-de-le-sortir|dead-url=yes}}</ref> . [[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]] h2gwpwmojqx7ew8k0ye91og88la93ya Isabelle Théosmy 0 95616 882504 870596 2026-07-09T22:03:24Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882504 wikitext text/x-wiki <references responsive="1"></references> '''Isabelle Théosmy''' fèt nan dat 17 desanm 1983 nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], kapital Ayiti, se yon [[ekriven]] [[Ayiti|ayisyen]], defansè dwa moun, jounalis envestigasyon ak kominikatè sosyal. == Biyografi == Depi li te tou piti, li te gen yon pasyon pou lekti, sa ki lakòz li te devlope, byen vit, yon enterè pou ekriti. Nan yon entèvyou li te bay Garens Jean-Louis<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://infrarouge.mondoblog.org/|title=Garens Jean-Louis, profil sur Mondoblog|website=www.mondoblog.org|access-date=2024-05-11|archive-date=2024-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525023433/https://infrarouge.mondoblog.org/|dead-url=yes}}.</ref> pou jounal ''[[Le National (Ayiti)|Le National]]''<ref name="Rencontre avec Isabelle Théosmy">{{Cite web|url=https://lenational.org/post_article.php?cul=1404|title=Rencontre avec Isabelle Théosmy|date=2015-09-23|website=lenational.org/|access-date=2024-05-11}}.</ref>, li eksplike: «Mwen te pase anpil tan ap li. San mwen pa t menm gen sa nan lespri mwen, lide ekri te vin jwenn mwen paske mwen te kwè mwen te kapab fè pi bon pase sa mwen te li nan epòk la. Se pou rezon sa a mwen toujou di se ekriti ki chwazi m». === Fòmasyon ak karyè jounalis === Li fè etid nan kominikasyon sosyal nan Fakilte Syans moun nan [[Université d'État d'Haïti|Inivèsite Leta Ayiti]] (Fasch/UEH)<ref>{{Article|langue=Fr|auteur1=Garens Jean-Louis|titre=Isabelle Théosmy, une écrivaine née pour écrire|périodique=Magazine|date=29 mai 2024|lire en ligne=https://celebritemag.com/2024/05/29/isabelle-theosmy-une-ecrivaine-nee-pour-ecrire/|accès url=libre}}.</ref>. Pandan plizyè ane, li te kontribye nan plizyè medya, sitou nan ekri atik pou jounal [[:fr:Le_National_(Haïti)|Le National]]. === Angajman sosyal === "Patriyaka se youn nan sistèm dominasyon ki pi ankre epi ki pi rezistan mond lan konnen. Pou yo libere tèt yo anba opresyon sa a, kote gason gen pouvwa epi fanm yo ap sibi, kèk fanm te oblije jwenn yon konsyans. Yon konsyans pou yo oze dezobeyi, reflechi yon lòt fason epi mete sou kote lòt fòm konstriksyon sosyal. Yo libere tèt yo anba anpriz lòt fòm panse yo ak azade yo pran desten yo an men, aprann panse pou tèt yo an premye. Se konsa, gen yon vizyon plis imen ak pi klè nan reyalite ki antoure yo"<ref>[[:Modèle:Citation]]</ref>. Isabelle Théosmy se yon defansè dwa moun ki angaje sitou nan fè pwomosyon pou [[dwa fanm]] yo <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://muselles.org/isabelle-theosmy-une-plume-affinee-et-une-defenseure-des-droits-humains/|title=Isabelle Théosmy, une plume affinée et une défenseure des droits humains|date=2023-11-29|website=Mus'Elles|access-date=2024-05-11}}.</ref>, li abòde avèk kouraj kèk sijè ki makònnen ak kondisyon fanm epi goumen san relach kont tout vye atitid kont fanm nan atik li yo, konsa li ofri yon pèspektiv eklere ak angaje sou kesyon enpòtan sa yo. == Zèv li yo == === Woman === * Mon amour, mon geôlier, Philippe Hugounenc Éditeur, 2020, 240 p. ([[Modèle:Ouvrage|EAN 9782492047121]]) * Nos années manquées, Milot & Varella, 2023, 239p. (ISBN978-2493420800) * L'amour arrive à temps, Milot & Varella, 2023, 279p. (ISBN978-2386170010) === Atik ak travay rechèch === * ''Doub vizaj rekonstriksyon anba lavil Pòtoprens'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enquetaction.com/post/le-double-visage-de-la-reconstruction-du-centre-ville-de-port-au-prince|title=Le double visage de la reconstruction du centre-ville de Port-au-Prince|date=2020-06-21|website=enquetaction|language=fr|access-date=2024-05-11}}.</ref> . * ''Rekonstriksyon anba lavil Pòtoprens dizan apre tranblemanntè janvye 2010 la''<ref>{{Lien vidéo|titre=Reconstruction du centre-ville de Port-au-Prince 10 ans après le séisme de janvier 2010|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqpwUhgj22k|langue=fr-FR|consulté le=2024-05-11}}.</ref> * ''{{Lang|en|Gender Action: Caracol Industrial Park Social and Gender Impacts of Year One of Haiti’s newest IFI-funded Industrial Park}}'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.genderaction.org/publications/caracol.pdf|title=Caracol Industrial Park Social and Gender Impacts of Year One of Haiti’s newest IFI-funded Industrial Park|last=Elizabeth Arend|last2=Claire Lauterbach|date=7 octobre 2013|website=genderaction.org|language=Anglais|format=PDF|last3=Elaine Zuckerman|last4=Marie Paul Isabelle Théosmy|last5=Falonne Conte}}.</ref> . * ''Lè yon limyè vle opak'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lenational.org/post_article.php?cul=1436|title=Quand une lumiere se veut Opak|last=Marie Paul Isabelle Théosm|date=6 décembre 2023}}.</ref> . == Referans yo == {{Liens}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]] [[Kategori:Jounalis envestigasyon]] [[Kategori:Fèt Pòtoprens]] [[Kategori:Pran nesans nan mwa desanm 1983]] [[Kategori:Fanm lèt ayisyèn]] oh2ly7liuurws1gkpcfedpfx7eknv7s Guru Gobind Singh 0 97373 882499 881128 2026-07-09T20:53:08Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346560741|Guru Gobind Singh]] » 882499 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Guru Gobind Singh''' ( ; fèt '''Gobind Das''' ; [ a ] 22 Desanm 1666 – 7 Oktòb 1708) <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n101|title=Gobind Singh, Guru (1666–1708)|last=Ganda Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Patiala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|archive-date=29 July 2017|access-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> te dizyèm e dènye Guru Sikh imen an. <ref name=":0" /> [ b ] Li te yon gèrye, powèt, ak filozòf. An 1675, a laj nèf an, li te ofisyèlman nonmen lidè Sikh yo apre papa l [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] —nevyèm Guru Sikh la—te egzekite pa anperè Aurangzeb . [ c ] Kat pitit gason byolojik li yo te mouri pandan lavi li—de nan batay ak de egzekite pa administratè Mughal la Wazir Khan . Pami kontribisyon remakab li yo nan Sikhi, genyen fondasyon kominote gèrye ''Sikh'' yo rele ''[[Khalsa]]'' an 1699 <ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/gobindsingh.shtml|title=BBC Religions – Sikhism|date=26 October 2009|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123020041/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/gobindsingh.shtml|archive-date=23 January 2011|access-date=30 July 2011}}</ref> epi entwodiksyon ''[[Senk K|Senk K yo]]'', senk atik lafwa ke Sikh Khalsa yo mete tout tan. Yo bay Guru Gobind Singh kredi pou ''Dasam Granth'' ki gen im ki se yon pati sakre nan priyè Sikh yo ak rituèl Khalsa yo. <ref name="britdasam">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dasam-Granth|title=Dasam Granth &#124; Sikh writings &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref> Yo bay li kredi tou kòm moun ki te finalize epi konsakre ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la kòm prensipal ekriti relijye sakre Sikhism nan ak [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] etènèl la. Li te etabli tou konsèp ''[[Khalsa|Guru Panth]]'' kòm siksesè espirityèl li, sepandan, yo raman pale de fason sa a kòm guru jodi a. Yo sonje Guru Gobind Singh kòm fondatè Paonta Sahib (an 1685) ak Damdama Sahib (an 1705). == Fanmi ak lavi byen bonè == [[Fichye:GuruGobindBirthPlace.jpg|gauche|vignette|Kote Guru Gobind Singh te fèt nan Patna, Bihar]] [[Fichye:Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_and_a_young_Gobind_Rai_at_the_Anandpur_Darbar.jpg|vignette|[[Guru Tegh Bahadur|Guru Tegh Bahadar]] ak yon jèn Gobind Das nan Anandpur Darbar]] [[Fichye:Artistic_depiction_of_"Dusht_Daman",_the_alleged_previous_incarnation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_as_narrated_in_the_"Bachittar_Natak".jpg|vignette|287x287px|Reprezantasyon atistik "Dusht Daman", swadizan enkarnasyon anvan Guru Gobind Singh jan yo rakonte l nan "Bachittar Natak" la.]] Gobind Singh te sèl pitit gason [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], nevyèm gourou Sikh la, ak Mata Gujri . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/happy-guru-gobind-singh-jayanti-2021-wishes-messages-pics-sms-status-for-whatsapp-facebook-2355113|title=Happy Guru Gobind Singh Jayanti: Wishes, Pics, Facebook Messages To Share|website=NDTV.com|access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref> Li te fèt nan klan [[Sodhi]] nan kominote Punjabi Khatri a. Li te fèt nan [[Patna]], Bihar nan dat 22 desanm 1666 pandan papa l t ap vizite [[Bengal]] ak Assam . <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n101|title=Gobind Singh, Guru (1666–1708)|last=Ganda Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Patiala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|archive-date=29 July 2017|access-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> Dapre kalandriye Desi a, dat nesans li se sèt jou apre jou nouvèl lin nan mwa linè Poh la (yo rele l tou Poh Sudi 7 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ- ਪੋਹ ਸੁਦੀ ੭). Non nesans li se te Gobind Das epi yon lotèl yo rele [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib|Takht Sri Patna Harimandar Sahib]] make kote kay kote li te fèt la epi li te pase kat premye ane nan lavi li. <ref name="eos" /> An 1670, fanmi li te retounen nan Penjab, epi an mas 1672, yo te demenaje ale Chakk Nanaki nan pye mòn Himalaya yo nan nò peyi Zend, yo rele chenn Sivalik la, kote li te resevwa edikasyon. <ref name="eos" /> <ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/gobindsingh.shtml|title=BBC Religions – Sikhism|date=26 October 2009|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123020041/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/gobindsingh.shtml|archive-date=23 January 2011|access-date=30 July 2011}}</ref> An 1675, Pandit Kachmir yo te fè yon petisyon bay Tegh Bahadur pou l pwoteje l kont pèsekisyon fanatik Iftikar Khan, gouvènè Mughal Kachmir anba Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb la . <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n101|title=Gobind Singh, Guru (1666–1708)|last=Ganda Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Patiala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|archive-date=29 July 2017|access-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> Tegh Bahadur te konsidere yon rezolisyon pasifik lè l te rankontre Aurangzeb, men konseye l yo te avèti l ke lavi l te ka an danje. Jèn Gobind Das la – ke yo te vin konnen sou non Gobind Singh apre 1699 – te konseye papa l ke pa gen pèsonn ki pi merite pou dirije epi fè yon sakrifis pase li. <ref name="eos" /> Papa l te fè tantativ la, men yo te arete l epi koupe tèt li an piblik nan Delhi nan dat 11 novanm 1675 sou lòd Aurangzeb paske li te refize konvèti nan [[Islamis|Islam]] ak konfli ki te kontinye ant Sikhism ak Anpi Islamik la. Anvan Tegh Bahadur te mouri, li te ekri yon lèt bay Gobind Das (lèt la te rele Mahalla Dasven epi li fè pati [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la) kòm yon dènye tès pou jwenn pwochen Guru a, apre mati papa l, li te vin dizyèm Guru Sikh la sou Vaisakhi nan dat 29 mas 1676. Edikasyon Gobind Singh te kontinye apre li te vin 10yèm Guru a, ni nan lekti ak ekriti, ni nan atizay masyal tankou monte cheval ak tire flèch. Guru a te aprann Farsi nan yon ane epi a laj de 6 an li te kòmanse antrene nan atizay masyal. An 1684, li te ekri Chandi di Var nan lang Punjabi - yon lagè lejandè ant byen ak mal, kote byen an kanpe kont enjistis ak tirani, jan sa dekri nan ansyen tèks sanskrit Markandeya Purana a . <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIiE-l/page/n101|title=Gobind Singh, Guru (1666–1708)|last=Ganda Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Patiala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|archive-date=29 July 2017|access-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> Li te rete nan Paonta, toupre rivaj rivyè Yamuna, jiska 1685. <ref name="eos" /> [[Fichye:Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_age_23.jpg|vignette|Soti nan Koleksyon Bhai Rupa a, imaj Guru a pandan adolesans]] Guru Gobind Singh te gen twa madanm: * A laj de 10 an, li te marye ak Jito nan dat 21 jen 1677 nan Basantgaṛh, 10&nbsp;km nan nò Anandpur. Koup la te gen twa pitit gason: Jujhar Singh (fèt an 1691), Zorawar Singh (fèt an 1696), ak Fateh Singh (fèt an 1699). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Jitojo Mata|last=Ashok|first=Shamsher Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Patiala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|archive-date=29 July 2017|access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref> * A laj de 17 an, li te marye ak Sundari nan dat 4 avril 1684 nan Anandpur. Koup la te gen yon pitit gason, Ajit Singh (fèt an 1687). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Mata_Sunder_Kaur|title=Sundari Mata|date=9 December 2019|access-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> * A laj de 33 an, li te marye ak Sahib Devan nan dat 15 avril 1700 nan Anandpur. Yo pa t gen timoun, men li te jwe yon wòl enfliyan nan Sikhi. Guru Gobind Singh te pwoklame li kòm ''Manman Khalsa yo'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Sahib Devan|last=Ashok|first=Shamsher Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Patiala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|archive-date=29 July 2017|access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> Okòmansman, Guru a te rejte pwopozisyon maryaj li a paske li te deja marye e li te gen kat pitit gason. Sangat la ak fanmi Guru a te dakò ak maryaj la. Sepandan, Gobind Singh te byen presize ke relasyon li ak Sahib Diwan t ap espirityèl e non pa fizik. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/famous-women/sahib-devan/|title=Sahib Devan|date=19 December 2000|website=The Sikh Encyclopedia|language=en-US|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> Egzanp lavi ak lidèchip Gobind Singh te gen yon enpòtans istorik pou Sikh yo. Li te enstitisyonize [[Khalsa]] yo (literalman, Moun Pi yo), ki te jwe wòl kle nan pwoteksyon Sikh yo lontan apre lanmò li, tankou pandan nèf envazyon Panjab yo ak atak Ahmad Shah Abdali soti Afganistan ant 1747 ak 1769. === Non nesans === Malgre ke non nesans li souvan rekonèt kòm "Gobind Rai", JS Grewal ak WH McLeod, pami lòt entelektyèl, fè remake ke hukamnamas ak dokiman ki soti nan papa l, Guru Tegh Bahadur, mansyone li kòm "Gobind Das". Dapre McLeod, "Gobind Rai" se te yon egzonim yo te itilize nan sous Mizilman yo. {{Refn|<ref name="books.google.com">{{harvnb|Grewal|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA70 70]}}: "Though historians generally refer to the young Gobind as Gobind Rai, in the hukamnamas of Guru Tegh Bahadur he is referred to as Gobind Das."</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDLNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT45 |title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk |date= 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-099038-1 |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref>}} === Ane nesans === Malgre ke ane nesans jeneralman aksepte pou gourou a se 1666, gen kèk sous ki anrejistre ane nesans li kòm 1661. Sikholojis Louis E. Fenech kwè 1661 gen plis chans pou se vrè ane nesans gourou a paske li koresponn pi byen ak evènman pita nan lavi li konsènan majèsti li ak lidèchip li an 1679. == Fondasyon Khalsa a == [[Fichye:GuruGobindSinghJiGurdwaraBhaiThanSingh.jpg|vignette|Yon fresk Guru Gobind Singh ak [[Panj Pyare|Panj Piare]] nan Gurdwara Bhai Than Singh ki te bati pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh.]] In 1699, Guru Gobind Singh requested the Sikhs to congregate at Anandpur on Vaisakhi (the annual spring harvest festival). According to the Sikh tradition, he asked for a volunteer. One came forward, whom he took inside a tent. The Guru returned to the crowd alone with a bloody sword.<ref name="Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi" /> He asked for another volunteer and repeated the same process of returning from the tent without anyone and with a bloodied sword four more times. After the fifth volunteer went with him into the tent, the Guru returned with all five volunteers, all safe. He called them the ''[[Panj Pyare]]'' and the first Khalsa in the Sikh tradition. Apre sa, Gobind Singh te melanje dlo ak sik nan yon bòl an fè, li te brase l ak yon nepe de bò pou l prepare sa li te rele Amrit ("nèkta"). Li te administre sa bay ''Panj Pyare'' a, akonpaye pa resitasyon Adi Granth la, konsa li te fonde ''khande ka pahul'' (seremoni batèm) yon Khalsa - yon kominote gèrye. Guru a te ba yo tou yon nouvo non fanmi " Singh " (lyon). Apre senk premye Khalsa yo te fin batize, Guru a te mande senk yo pou batize l kòm yon Khalsa. Sa te fè Guru a sizyèm Khalsa a, epi non li te chanje soti nan Guru Gobind Das pou vin Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="Cynthia_Mahmood_Faith_Baisakhi" /> Seremoni inisyasyon sa a te ranplase rituèl charan pahul ke gourou anvan yo te pratike a, kote yon inisye te bwè dlo swa Guru a oswa yon masand gouru a te tranpe zòtèy dwat li. [[Fichye:Sikh_Articles_of_Faith.JPG|droite|vignette|Kanga, Kara ak Kirpan – twa nan senk K yo]] Gobind Singh te inisye tradisyon [[Senk K|Senk K yo]] nan Khalsa a, * '''[[Kesh (Sikhi)|Kesh]]''' : cheve ki pa koupe. * '''Kangha''' : yon peny an bwa. * '''[[Kara (Sikhi)|Kara]]''' : yon braslè an fè oswa asye yo mete nan ponyèt la. * '''Kirpan''' : yon nepe. * '''Kacchera''' : kilòt kout. Li te anonse tou yon kòd disiplin pou gèrye Khalsa yo. Yo te entèdi tabak, manje vyann 'halal' (yon fason pou touye bèt la kote yo fann gòj li epi yo kite l senyen anvan yo touye l), fònikasyon, ak adiltè. Khalsa yo te dakò tou pou yo pa janm kominike avèk moun ki te swiv rival yo oswa siksesè yo. <ref name="colesambhip37" /> Ko-inisyasyon gason ak fanm ki soti nan diferan kas nan ran Khalsa yo te enstitisyonalize prensip egalite nan Sikhism kèlkeswa kas oswa sèks yon moun. <ref name="johnkoller313" /> Enpòtans Gobind Singh pou tradisyon Sikh la te wo anpil, paske li te enstitisyonalize Khalsa yo, li te reziste kont pèsekisyon kontinyèl Anpi Mughal la, epi li te kontinye defans dharma a—ke li te vle di "Vrè Relijyon"—kont atak Aurangzeb la. [[Fichye:2_Sri_Kesgarh_Takhat_Anandpur_Sahib_Khalsa_birthplace_Himalayan_foothills_in_view_Punjab_India.jpg|gauche|vignette|Anandpur Sahib gurdwara, Punjab, Kote li fèt [[Khalsa]]]] Li te prezante ide ki te konteste endirèkteman taks diskriminatwa otorite Mughal yo te enpoze yo. Pa egzanp, Aurangzeb te enpoze taks sou moun ki pa Mizilman ke yo te kolekte nan men Sikh yo tou, jizya a (taks sou vòt sou moun ki pa Mizilman), taks sou pelerinaj, ak taks ''Bhaddar'' - dènye a se te yon taks nenpòt moun ki swiv rituèl Endou a pou kale tèt apre lanmò yon moun li renmen ak kremasyon dwe peye. Guru Gobind Singh te deklare ke Khalsa pa bezwen kontinye pratik sa a, paske ''Bhaddar'' se pa dharam, men yon ''bharam'' (ilizyon). <ref name="MandairShackle2013p25" /> Pa kale tèt vle di tou pa oblije peye taks pou Sikh ki te rete nan Delhi ak lòt pati nan Anpi Mughal la. <ref name="MandairShackle2013p25" /> Sepandan, nouvo kòd konduit la te mennen tou nan dezakò entèn ant Sikh yo nan 18yèm syèk la, patikilyèman ant Nanakpanthi yo ak Khalsa yo. <ref name="MandairShackle2013p25" /> Tradisyon kominote gèrye Khalsa a, ke Guru Gobind Singh te kòmanse, kontribye nan deba akademik modèn sou pliralis nan Sikhi. Tradisyon li a siviv jiska nan epòk kontanporen yo, kote Sikh inisye yo rele Khalsa Sikh, alòske moun ki pa batize yo rele Sahajdhari Sikh. === Guru Panth === Malgre Guru Gobind Singh te pase manto guruship la bay ''Guru Granth'' ak ''Guru Panth'', pratik Guru Panth la te gaye anpil nan 18yèm syèk la pandan epòk Konfederasyon Sikh la, men li te tonbe nan lonbray pandan monte Ranjit Singh . Jodi a, yo raman pale de Guru Panth, ''Guru Granth'' ki pi popilè a te vin pi lwen pase li. <ref name=":02" /> == Ekriti Sikh yo == [[Fichye:Dasam_Granth_frontispiece_British_Library_Manuscript_Or_6298_1825-1850_CE.jpg|vignette|Yo atribiye Dasam Granth la bay Guru Gobind Singh. Li enkòpore, pami lòt bagay, mitoloji sen-gèrye nan ansyen peyi Zend. ]] <blockquote>Piara Singh Padam nan Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji de Darbari Ratan li a mete aksan sou ke Guru Gobind Singh te bay anpil konsiderasyon pou plim la menm jan ak epe a. </blockquote>Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Gobind Singh kòm finalize Kartarpur Pothi (maniskri) ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la – prensipal ekriti Sikh la. <ref name="MandairShackle2013p11">{{Cite book}}</ref> Vèsyon final la pa t aksepte im ki pa t nesesè yo nan lòt vèsyon yo epi li te gen ladan l konpozisyon papa l, Guru Tegh Bahadur. Gobind Singh te deklare tou tèks sa a kòm Guru etènèl pou Sikh yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Adi-Granth-Sikh-sacred-scripture|title=Adi Granth {{!}} Sikh sacred scripture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref> Yo bay Gobind Singh kredi tou pou ''Dasam Granth'' la. <ref name="britdasam">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dasam-Granth|title=Dasam Granth &#124; Sikh writings &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref> Se yon tèks relijye kontwovèsyal ke kèk Sikh konsidere kòm dezyèm ekriti a, epi lòt Sikh yo gen otorite ki konteste. Edisyon estanda tèks la gen 1,428 paj ak 17,293 vèsè nan 18 seksyon. <ref name="SinghFenech2014p136" /> ''Dasam Granth'' la gen ladan l im, istwa mitolojik ki soti nan tèks Endou yo, <ref name="britdasam" /> yon selebrasyon feminin nan fòm deyès Durga, fab ki pale de [[Kaam|seksyalite]], <ref name="britdasam" /> yon otobiyografi, istwa sekilye ki soti nan Purana yo ak ''Mahabharata'' a, lèt bay lòt moun tankou anperè Mughal la, ansanm ak diskisyon reveransyèl sou gèrye ak teyoloji. <ref name="SinghFenech2014p136" /> Nan ekri li yo, Guru Gobind Singh itilize plizyè non plim tankou Shyam, Raam, Kaal, Gobind Das, Gobind Singh, Nanak, ak Shah Gobind. Dapre Bansavlinama a, ki te ekri an 1755 pa Kesar Singh Chibbar, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/sikh-scriptures-and-literature/eighteenth-century-literature/bansavalinama-dasan-patshahian-ka/|title=Bansavalinama Dasan Patshahian Ka|last=Gujral|first=Maninder S.|date=19 December 2000|website=The Sikh Encyclopedia|language=en-US|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> Sikh yo te mande Gobind Singh pou l fusionne Dasam Granth ak Guru Granth Sahib la. Gobind Singh te reponn a demann lan lè l te di: "Sa a se Adi Guru Granth la; Liv rasin lan. Sa a (Dasam Granth) se sèlman pou amizman mwen. Kenbe sa nan tèt mwen epi kite de yo rete separe." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/sikh-scriptures-and-literature/sri-guru-granth-sahib-and-guru-gobind-singhs-bani/dasam-granth/|title=Dasam Granth|last=Gujral|first=Maninder S.|date=19 December 2000|website=The Sikh Encyclopedia|language=en-US|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> ''Dasam Granth'' la jwe yon wòl enpòtan nan inisyasyon ak lavi chak jou Khalsa Sikh devwe yo. Pati nan konpozisyon li yo tankou [[Jaap Sahib]], Tav-Prasad Savaiye ak Benti Chaupai se priyè chak jou yo ( Nitnem ) ak vèsè sakre liturjik yo itilize nan inisyasyon Khalsa Sikh yo. [[Fichye:Charitropakhyan_-_Invocation,_Stanza_1-2_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.jpg|vignette|Ekriti Guru Gobind Singh pandan l ap ekri ''Gurmukhi a.'' La a se premye chapit ''Charitropakhyan an.'']] == Lagè == Peryòd ki te swiv ekzekisyon Guru Tegh Bahadur – papa Guru Gobind Singh, se te yon peryòd kote Anpi Mughal la sou Aurangzeb te vin tounen yon lènmi de pli zan pli ostil pou pèp Sikh la. Sikh yo te reziste, dirije pa Gobind Singh, epi konfli Mizilman-Sikh yo te rive nan pik yo pandan peryòd sa a. <ref name="ReichbergSyse2014p673" /> Ni administrasyon Mughal la ni lame Aurangzeb la te gen yon enterè aktif nan Gobind Singh. Aurangzeb te bay yon lòd pou elimine Gobind Singh ak fanmi li. Gobind Singh te kwè nan yon Dharamyudh (lagè pou defann jistis), yon bagay yo mennen kòm yon dènye rekou, ni akoz yon dezi pou revanj, ni ak avidite, ni pou okenn objektif destriktif. <ref name="Wright2003p153" /> Pou Guru a, yon moun dwe prepare pou mouri pou sispann tirani, mete fen nan pèsekisyon, epi defann pwòp valè relijye li yo. Li te dirije katòz lagè ak objektif sa yo, men li pa janm pran kaptif ni domaje kote adorasyon pèsonn. <ref name="Wright2003p153" /> === Batay yo === [[Fichye:GuruGobind_Singh.jpg|vignette|Guru Gobind Singh ak chwal li a]] Guru Gobind Singh te mennen 21 batay kont Anpi Mughal la ak wa Siwalik Hills yo . * Batay Anandpur (1682) Bhim Chand atake Gobind Singh. * [[Batay Anandpur (1685)]] Bhim Chand atake Gobind Singh ankò. * Batay Bhangani (1688), ki mansyone chapit 8 nan ''Bicitra Natak'' Gobind Singh la, lè Fateh Shah, ansanm ak kòmandan mèsenè Hayat Khan ak Najabat Khan, te atake fòs li yo san okenn objektif. Guru a te jwenn èd nan men fòs Kripal (tonton matènèl li) ak yon brahman ki rele Daya Ram, tou de moun li fè lwanj kòm ewo nan tèks li a. Kouzen Guru a ki rele Sango Shah te mouri nan batay la, yon kouzen pitit fi [[Guru Hargobind]] la. <ref name="Grewal1998p73" /> * Batay Nadaun (1691), kont lame Islamik Mian Khan ak pitit gason l' Alif Khan, ki te bat pa fòs alye Gobind Singh, Bhim Chand ak lòt wa Endou nan pye mòn Himalaya yo. Moun ki pa Mizilman ki te alye ak Guru a te refize peye taks bay ofisyèl Islamik ki te baze nan Jammu yo. <ref name="Grewal1998p73" /> * An 1693, Aurangzeb t ap goumen ak Maratha Endou yo nan rejyon Deccan nan peyi Zend, epi li te bay lòd pou anpeche Guru Gobind Singh ak Sikh yo rasanble an gwo kantite nan Anandpur. <ref name="Grewal1998p73" /> * [[Battle of Anandpur (1695)|Batay Anandpur (1695)]] Mughals atake Gobind Singh nan Anandpur * Batay Guler (1696), premye kont pitit gason kòmandan Mizilman Dilawar Khan, Rustam Khan, toupre rivyè Sutlej, kote Guru a te mete tèt ansanm ak wa Endou Guler la epi li te kraze lame Mizilman an. <ref name="Jaques2007p420" /> Kòmandan an te voye jeneral li Hussain Khan kont lame Guru a ak wayòm Guler la, yon lagè te fèt toupre Pathankot, epi fòs konjwen yo te bat epi touye Hussain Khan. Apre kreyasyon Khalsa a, Rajas mòn yo, ki te deja pèdi nan batay kont Guru Gobind Singh, te voye yon petisyon nan Delhi pou mande yo aji imedyatman epi mete tèt ansanm ak yo nan batay kont Guru a.l * Batay Anandpur (1699), te kont de Raja nan mòn yo. Batay Anandpur (1700), kont lame Mughal Aurangzeb la, ki te voye 10,000 sòlda, an repons a lèt Raja nan mòn yo, sou kòmandman Painda Khan ak Dina Beg.<ref name="Jaques2007p48" /> Nan yon konba dirèk ant Gobind Singh ak Painda Khan, lèt la te mouri. Lanmò li te lakòz lame Mughal la kouri kite chan batay la.<ref name="Jaques2007p48" /> * Premye syèj Anandpur, Rajas ki nan mòn yo nan nò Punjab te regwoupe apre defèt nan Anandpur ane anvan an epi yo te rekòmanse kanpay yo kont Gobind Singh, yo te mete tèt ansanm ak Gujar ak lòt moun nan tribi a pou syèje Anandpur, nan nòdès Ludhiana. Lidè Gujar la, Jagatullah, te mouri nan premye jou a epi Rajas yo te chase apre yon defans briyan dirije pa pitit gason Guru a, Ajit Singh.<ref name="Rinehart2011p22">{{Cite book}}</ref> * Batay Taragarh la te yon batay ki te fèt an defans pandan Syèj Anandpur la. Batay Basoli (1702), kont lame Mughal la; yo te rele l konsa konsa apre wayòm Basoli kote Raja Dharampul te sipòte Guru a nan batay la. Lame Mughal la te resevwa sipò nan men wayòm rival Kahlur la, dirije pa Raja Ajmer Chand. Batay la te fini lè de bò yo te rive jwenn yon lapè taktik.<ref name="Jaques2007p112">{{Cite book}}</ref> * Premye batay Chamkaur (1702), lame Mughal la te repouse.<ref name="Jaques2007p48" /> * Premye batay Anandpur (1704), Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb voye yon fòs fre nan nò Punjab anba Jeneral Saiyad Khan, pita ranplase pa Ramjan Khan. Ramjan te blese mòtèl nan lòt batay trè lou alantou fò Sikh la nan Anandpur, nòdès Ludhiana, ak fòs li ankò te retire.[1] Dezyèm syèj nan Anandpur, Dapre entelektyèl, syèj sa a te deklanche pa pwopagasyon Sikhs ame nan Anandpur, nimewo yo ogmante kreye yon mank de pwovizyon. Sa a te mennen Sikh yo anvayi vilaj lokal yo pou founiti, manje, ak fouraj, ki an vire dramatikman fristre pahari rajas lokal yo ki te fòje alyans ak monte yon atak sou patrimwàn Guru Gobind Singh a.[2][3] Sòlda Sikh yo te blese jeneral Mogol la, epi lame a te retire. Lè sa a, Aurangzeb te voye yon pi gwo lame ak de jeneral, Wazir Khan ak Zaberdast Khan nan mwa me 1704, pou detwi rezistans Sikh la.[1] Apwòch lame Islamik la te pran nan batay sa a se te poze yon syèj pwolonje kont Anandpur, soti nan me rive desanm, koupe tout manje ak lòt pwovizyon k ap deplase nan ak soti, ansanm ak batay repete.[4] Gen kèk moun Sikh ki te abandone Guru a pandan syèj Anandpur la nan 1704 epi yo te sove lakay yo kote fanm yo te fè yo wont epi yo te rejwenn lame Guru a epi yo te mouri nan batay avè l nan 1705.[5][6] Nan fen a, Guru a, fanmi li, ak disip yo aksepte yon òf pa Aurangzeb pou pasaj san danje soti nan Anandpur.[7] Sepandan, kòm yo te kite Anandpur an de lo, yo te atake, ak youn nan pakèt yo ak Mata Gujari ak de pitit gason Guru a - Zorawar Singh ki gen laj 8 ak Fateh Singh ki gen laj 5 - yo te pran prizonye pa lame Mughal la.[8][9] Tou de pitit li yo te egzekite lè yo antere yo vivan nan yon miray.[4][10] Grann Mata Gujari te mouri la tou.[8] Batay Sarsa (1704), kont lame Mughal ki te dirije pa jeneral Wazir Khan; Kòmandan Mizilman an te transmèt pwomès Aurangzeb pou yon pasaj ki an sekirite bay Guru Gobind Singh ak fanmi li nan kòmansman mwa Desanm.[9] Sepandan, lè Guru a aksepte òf la epi li ale, Wazir Khan te pran prizonye, ​​egzekite yo epi pouswiv Guru a.[11] Twoup ki t ap retrèt li te avèk yo te atake plizyè fwa dèyè, ak gwo viktim Sikh yo, patikilyèman pandan y ap travèse rivyè Sarsa. * [[Batay Chamkaur la|Battle of Chamkaur (1704)]] Konsidere kòm youn nan batay ki pi enpòtan nan listwa Sikh. Li te kont lame Mughal la ki te dirije pa Nahar Khan;[1] kòmandan Mizilman an te mouri, pandan ke sou bò Sikh la, de pitit gason pi gran Guru a - Ajit Singh ak Jujhar Singh, ansanm ak lòt sòlda Sikh te mouri nan batay sa a.<ref name="Rinehart2011p22" /> * Batay Muktsar (1705), lame Guru a te atake ankò pa lame Mughal la, pandan jeneral Wazir Khan t ap chase l nan zòn arid Khidrana-ki-Dhab la. Yo te bloke Mughal yo ankò, men ak anpil pèt lavi Sikh - patikilyèman pi popilè Chalis Mukte a (literalman, "karant moun ki libere yo"),[1] e sa te dènye batay Guru Gobind Singh te dirije a.[2] Ranjit Singh te chanje non kote batay la, yo te rele Khidrana, anviwon 100 ane apre pou l vin Mukt-sar (literalman, "lak liberasyon"), dapre tèm "Mukt" (moksha) nan ansyen tradisyon Endyen an, an onè moun ki te bay lavi yo pou kòz liberasyon an.[3] * Batay Baghaur (1707) la te fèt kont Raja Bhghaur la ak moun nan zòn nan. Li te kòmanse akoz yon diskisyon lè kèk chamo Guru a te ale manje pyebwa yon jardinye lokal. Jardinye a te pran chamo yo ak kavalye a an otaj. Sikh te negosye pou yo lage yo men li te refize, sa ki te mennen nan yon batay.[1] Batay Jajau (1707) la te fèt ant Azam Shah ak Bhadur Shah pou twòn Mughal la. Bahdur Shah te chèche asistans Guru Gobind Singh. Gobind Singh te bay asistans epi yo di li te touye Azam Shah nan batay la.[2] * === Kont Mughal yo === Istoryen Mizilman nan tribinal Mughal yo te ekri sou Guru Gobind Singh ansanm ak jeyopolitik epòk li te viv la, epi kont ofisyèl Pès sa yo te fasil pou jwenn epi yo te sèvi kòm baz deskripsyon istwa Sikh nan lang angle nan epòk kolonyal la. [[Fichye:Jaap_Sahib_-_The_first_ang_(page)_with_the_opening_stanza_in_the_hand_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh.webp|vignette|Premye paj la (Panna, oubyen Ang) nan Jaap Sahib la, premye konpozisyon Dasam Granth la, nan men Guru a.]] Dapre Dhavan, tèks pèsyen istoryen tribinal Mughal yo te konpoze pandan lavi Gobind Singh te ostil avè l men yo te prezante pèspektiv Mughal la. Yo te kwè ke tradisyon gourou relijye Sikh yo te kòwonpi pa li, atravè kreyasyon yon lòd militè ki te vle reziste lame enperyal la. <ref name="Dhavanp165" /> Dhavan ekri ke kèk ekriven pèsyen ki te ekri plizyè dizèn ane oswa yon syèk apre lanmò Gobind Singh te evolye soti nan konte antyèman sou istwa tribinal Mughal yo ki te denigre Guru a, pou rive nan enkli istwa ki soti nan tèks ''gurbilas'' Sikh la ki fè lwanj Guru a. <ref name="Dhavanp165" /> Istwa Mughal yo sijere ke kòmandan Mizilman yo te wè Sikh ''panth'' la kòm youn divize an sèk ak diferan lwayote. === Relasyon ak lòt gwoup relijye yo === Kòm rezilta ostilite vyolan ant Sikh yo ak lame Mughal yo, Guru Gobind Singh te bay lòd pou segregasyon sosyal ant Khalsa yo ak Mizilman yo, santiman sa yo repete nan rahit-nama kontanporen ak posthumes yo. Nan yon pi piti mezi, yo te bay tou enjonksyon pou entèdi patisipasyon nan sèten rituèl ak kwayans Endou ansanm ak kont faksyon Sikh schismatik ki opoze ak kominote Khalsa ortodoks la. {{Refn|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nesbitt |first=Eleanor M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |title=Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-874557-0 |pages=59–60, 118 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Peggy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt-qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 |title=Ethical Issues in Six Religious Traditions |date=2007 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-3002-8 |pages=120 |language=en |quote=Ever since the time of Guru Gobind Singh (d. ce 1708), codes of conduct (rahitnamas), for example Rahitnama Bhai Chaupa and Prem Sumarg, have been in circulation. These laid down the behaviour required of Sikhs. The eighteenth and nineteenth-century rahitnamas reflected their period, and one clear purpose was the social segregation of Sikhs and Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA214 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |pages=214 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NKC9g2ayJEC&pg=PA68 |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |date=1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-61593-6 |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref>}} {{Refn|<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cush |first1=Denise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA792 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Robinson |first2=Catherine |last3=York |first3=Michael |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-18979-2 |pages=792 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Coward |first=Harold G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rA278MzR5-kC&pg=PA283 |title=Modern Indian Responses to Religious Pluralism |date=1987 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-9992-4 |pages=283 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3CYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA238 |title=Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The Islamic Case in Comparative Perspective |date=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-17334-4 |pages=238 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDLNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT96 |title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk |date= 2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-099038-1 |pages=96 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Malhotra |first1=Anshu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdvDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT195 |title=Speaking of the Self: Gender, Performance, and Autobiography in South Asia |last2=Lambert-Hurley |first2=Siobhan |date=2015 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-7497-8 |pages=195 |language=en |quote=From the time of the establishment of the Khalsa in 1699, some from within the Sikhs, more specifically the Khalsa, tried to create religious norms and codes of behavior that worked toward imparting a distinct Sikh identity partly by distancing from the Muslims. A stream within the Khalsa set about creating codes of conduct, the rahit literature, that began "othering" the Muslim/Turak (used interchangeably), passing tenets that included the avoidance of halal meat associated with the Muslims, and sleeping with Muslim women.}}</ref>}} == Ane apre lagè yo == [[Fichye:GGS_Marg_Map.jpg|gauche|vignette|Kat jeyografik GGS Marg la]] Apre Dezyèm Batay Anandpur an 1704, Guru a ak sòlda ki te rete l yo te deplase epi yo te rete nan diferan kote, tankou kache nan kote tankou forè Machhiwara nan sid Panjab. Kèk nan divès kote nan nò, lwès ak sant peyi Zend kote Guru a te rete apre 1705 yo enkli Hehar avèk Kirpal Das (tonton matènèl), Manuke, Mehdiana, Chakkar, Takhtupura, epi Madhe ak Dina (rejyon Malwa ). Li te rete lakay fanmi oswa Sikh li te fè konfyans tankou twa pitit pitit Rai Jodh, yon disip [[Guru Hargobind|Guru Har Gobind]] . Guru Gobind Singh te wè konduit lagè Aurangzeb ak lame li a kont fanmi li ak pèp li a kòm yon trayizon yon pwomès, yon bagay ki pa etik, enjis, e ki pa gen pitye. Apre lame Mughal la te fin touye tout pitit Gobind Singh yo nan batay Muktsar la, Guru a te ekri yon lèt defyan an Pès bay Aurangzeb, ki rele ''Zafarnama'' (literalman, "lèt viktwa"), yon lèt ke tradisyon Sikh la konsidere kòm enpòtan vè fen 19yèm syèk la. <ref name="syanp220" /> Lèt Guru a te sevè men li te konsilye Aurangzeb. Li te akize Anperè Mughal la ak kòmandan l yo nan yon sans espirityèl, epi li te akize yo de yon mank moralite ni nan gouvènans ni nan fason yo mennen lagè. <ref name="Hadley2001p20" /> Lèt la te predi ke Anpi Mughal la t apral fini byento, paske li pèsekite, epi li plen abi, manti, ak imoralite. Lèt la gen rasin espirityèl nan kwayans Gobind Singh sou jistis ak diyite san krent. == Lanmò moun nan fanmi li yo == [[Fichye:Pariwar_vichhora_gurudwara.jpg|vignette|Gurudwara Parivar Vichora Sahib, Majri, Punjab kote manman Guru a ak pi jèn sahibzaade a te separe avè l ]] Kat pitit gason Guru Gobind Singh yo, ke yo rele tou Chaar Sahibzaade (kat prens yo), te mouri pandan l te vivan – de pi gran yo nan yon batay ak Mughal yo, epi de pi jèn yo te egzekite pa gouvènè Mughal Sirhind la. Guru a ak de pi gran pitit gason l yo te chape anba syèj Anandpur an Desanm 1704 epi yo te rive Chamkaur, men yon gwo lame Mughal te pouswiv yo. Nan batay ki te swiv la, pi gran pitit gason Guru yo, ke yo te rele tou 'Vaade Sahibzaade', te goumen avèk kouraj, men lame Mughal la te pi gwo epi byen ekipe. <ref name="Statesman">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/chaar-sahibzaade-unforgettable-history-sikh-heroism-sacrifice-1503032667.html|title=Chaar Sahibzaade: The unforgettable history of Sikh heroism and sacrifice|date=23 December 2021|website=The Statesman}}</ref> Pandan yo te mennen Guru a nan yon kote ki an sekirite, pi gran pitit gason l yo, Sahibzada Ajit Singh ki te gen 17 an, ak Jujhar Singh ki te gen 13 an, te mouri nan [[Batay Chamkaur la|batay Chamkaur]] an Desanm 1704 kont lame Mughal la. Manman Gobind Singh, Mata Gujri, ansanm ak de pitit gason ki pi jèn li yo te separe avè l apre yo te fin chape anba syèj Mughal Anandpur an Desanm 1704; epi pita fòs Wazir Khan, gouvènè Mughal Sirhind la, te arete yo. Yo te mete de jèn yo, yo te rele 'Chotte Sahibzaade', ansanm ak grann yo nan prizon nan yon Tou Louvri (Thanda Burj), pandan jou fredi ivè yo. <ref name="Statesman">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/features/chaar-sahibzaade-unforgettable-history-sikh-heroism-sacrifice-1503032667.html|title=Chaar Sahibzaade: The unforgettable history of Sikh heroism and sacrifice|date=23 December 2021|website=The Statesman}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thestatesman.com/features/chaar-sahibzaade-unforgettable-history-sikh-heroism-sacrifice-1503032667.html "Chaar Sahibzaade: The unforgettable history of Sikh heroism and sacrifice"]. ''The Statesman''. 23 December 2021.</cite></ref> Ozanviwon 26 ak 27 Desanm 1704, yo te ofri pitit gason ki pi jèn yo, Sahibzada Fateh Singh ki te gen 6 an ak Zorawar Singh ki te gen 9 an, yon pasaj an sekirite si yo te konvèti nan Islam, men yo te refize; epi apre sa, Wazir Khan te bay lòd pou yo mete brik vivan nan miray la. Gujri te endispoze lè li te tande lanmò pitit pitit gason l yo epi li te mouri yon ti tan apre. <ref name="TK" /> Pitit gason adoptif li a, Zorawar Singh Palit, ki gen vrè non li pa konnen, te mouri an 1708 toupre Fò Chittorgarh nan yon batay ak sòlda lokal yo. Dapre Sainapati, Zorawar Singh Palit te reyisi chape nan batay Chamkaur la epi pita li te rankontre Guru a nan Rajputana, apre sa li te antre nan yon ti batay nan Chittorgarh epi li te mouri. Dapre istoryen Sikh yo, Guru Gobind Singh te pran move nouvèl sou ekzekisyon pitit gason l yo, Fateh Singh ak Zorawar Singh, avèk yon kalm stoyik, epi li te ekri "Ki itil li genyen pou etenn kèk etensèl lè ou leve yon gwo flanm dife pito?". == Lanmò == [[Fichye:Cremation_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh_at_Nanded.jpg|vignette|Kremasyon Guru Gobind Singh nan Nanded]] [[Fichye:Takht_Shri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurudwara_Nanded.JPG|droite|vignette|Takht Sri Hazur Sahib, Nanded, te bati sou plas kote yo te boule Guru Gobind Singh an 1708. Chanm enteryè a rele ''Angitha Sahib'' .]] Aurangzeb te mouri nan and 1707, epi apre yon lit pou siksesyon konmanse avek pititgason yo ki te atake youn lòt .<ref name="Dhavan2011p45" /> Guru Gobind Singh te gen sipote pou Bahadur Shah I nan Battle of Jajau a pa voye 200–300 Sikhs avek Bhai Dharam Singh epi byento li ta rantre nan lagè a tou. selon sous Sikh yo, li te Guru Gobind Singh ki mouri Azam Shah, men selon sous mughal yo, li te [[Isa Khan Munj]]. Siksesè ofisyèl Bahadur Shah te envite Guru Gobind Singh ak lame li pou rankontre l an pèsòn nan rejyon Deccan nan peyi Zend pou rekonsilyasyon. Guru Gobind Singh te espere jwenn Anandpur, ansyen gwo fò l 'yo, epi li te rete tou pre kan Imperial la pou prèske yon ane. Apèl li yo pou restorasyon tè li yo te tounen san rezilta, sepandan, kòm Bahadur Shah te kontinye ranvwaye nenpòt restorasyon nan sitiyasyon an kòm li pa t 'vle ofanse ni Guru a oswa rajas mòn yo.{{Sfn|Grewal|1998}} Wazir Khan, yon kòmandan lame Mughal ak Nawab Sirhind, kont lame li Guru a te mennen plizyè lagè, <ref name="Grewal1998p78">{{Cite book}}</ref> te komisyone de Afgan, Jamshed Khan, ak Wasil Beg, pou swiv lame Guru a pandan l ap deplase pou reyinyon ak Bahadur Shah, epi answit asasinen Guru a. De mesye yo te pouswiv Guru a an sekrè ki te gen twoup yo nan zòn Deccan nan peyi Zend, epi yo te antre nan kan an lè Sikh yo te estasyone toupre rivyè Godavari pandan plizyè mwa. Yo te jwenn aksè a Guru a epi Jamshed Khan te pike l de kouto, sa ki te lakòz yon blesi fatal nan Nanded . Gen kèk entelektyèl ki deklare ke asasen ki te touye Guru Gobind Singh la petèt pa t voye pa Wazir Khan, men se lame Mughal la ki te rete toupre a ki te voye l. Dapre ''Sri Gur Sobha'' Senapati a, yon ekriven nan kòmansman 18yèm syèk la, blesi fatal Guru a te youn anba kè li. Guru a te goumen epi li te touye asasen an, pandan konpayon asasen an te mouri anba men gad Sikh yo pandan li t ap eseye chape. Guru a te mouri akòz blesi li yo kèk jou apre, nan dat 7 oktòb 1708. {{Refn|However Hardip Singh Syan gives the date as 18 October 1708.<ref name="Syan2013p223" />}} Lanmò li te chofe yon lagè long ak anmè ant Sikh yo ak Mughal yo. Dapre Bansavalinama Kesar Singh Chibber te ekri an 1768, dènye pawòl Guru a te di: "Granth la se Guru a epi l ap mennen w nan Akal . Guru a se Khalsa a epi Khalsa a se Guru a. Yo bay Sri Sahib Mata Devi plas la. Renmen youn lòt epi elaji kominote a. Swiv pawòl Granth la. Sikh ki swiv Sikhi a ap avèk Guru a. Swiv konduit Guru a. Toujou rete avèk [[Waheguru]] ." == Dohra Mahalla Dasvan (10) == [[Fichye:Historical_handwritten_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript,_where_'Dohra'_Mahalla_10_(Dasvan)_is_included_04.jpg|vignette|''Dohra'' Guru Gobind Singh, jan yo rapòte l nan yon kopi yon Adi Granth, date 1707 epòk nou an epi ki te siyen l (ki gen yon 'nisan') pa Guru Gobind Singh, kote 'Dohra' Mahalla 10 (Dasvan) enkli. Sa a se prèv ki montre Guru Gobind Singh se otè yon liy ''Dohra'' (kouple ki rime) ki nan fen ekriti a nan paj 1429.]] Malgre ke jeneralman yo kwè ke Guru Gobind Singh pa t ajoute okenn nan konpozisyon pa l yo nan [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la, gen kèk moun ki diskite ke yon sèl kouple rime, ke yo rekonèt kòm yon ''Dohra'', nan dizyèm Guru a, ki rele ''Dohra Mahalla Dasvan'' (10), toupre fen ekriti a nan paj 1429 la se travay Guru Gobind Singh.    == Pwen de vi faksyon yo == === Namdhari === Sèk Namdhari a kwè ke Guru Gobind Singh pa t mouri an 1708 men li te kontinye viv sou alyas ak psedonim 'Ajapal Singh' epi li te pase tit guru a bay Balak Singh a laj de 146 an nan ane 1812. === Radha Soami === Gen kèk moun nan mouvman Radha Soami a, yon tradisyon Sant Mat kontanporen, ki lye Guru Gobind Singh, e pakonsekan liyaj gourou Sikh yo, ak Tulsi Sahib nan Hathras lè yo deklare ke Guru Gobind Singh te pase lidèchip la bay yon swadizan moun ki rele Ratnagar Rao, ki te pase mèt la bay Tulsi Sahib nan Hathras. Gwoup la postule ke Guru Gobind Singh te vizite yon fanmi dirijan Peshwas pandan li te nan Plato Deccan an, se konsa Tulsi Sahib te vin konnen gourou Sikh la apre li te rete ak fanmi an. Pa gen okenn prèv ki montre Ratnagar Rao te egziste; reklamasyon sa a pwobableman soti nan Kirpal Singh pou konekte mouvman Radha Soami a ak Sikhism. <ref name=":2" /> Yon koneksyon ant Guru Gobind Singh ak Tulsi Sahib pa lajman aksepte pa branch Radha Soami yo apa de branch Ruhani Satsang la. <ref name=":3" /> == Nan kilti popilè == Fim Endyen sou Guru Gobind Singh yo enkli: * ''Sarbans Dani Guru Gobind Singh'' se yon fim dramatik Endyen an lang Punjabi ki te reyalize pa Ram Maheshwari an 1998. Li pa jwe dirèkteman pa yon aktè. * ''Chaar Sahibzaade'', yon fim 2014 Endyen ki te anime sou òdinatè pa Harry Baweja, se sou pitit gason l ' Ajit Singh, Jujhar Singh, Zorawar Singh, ak Fateh Singh . * ''Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur'', yon fim anime òdinatè Endyen an 2016 pa Harry Bawej, se yon swit ''Chaar Sahibzaade'' ki pale sou batay [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Baba Banda Singh Bahadur]] kont Mughal yo anba Guru Gobind Singh. == Gade tou ==   * Lis kote ki pote non Guru Gobind Singh * 52 Hukams Guru Gobind Singh yo * Bhai Jiwan Singh * [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] {{Nòt}} [[Kategori:Lanmò 1708]] [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] pj0s3pd8pjjw2erp5xxrlz668u0my3t Ansyen Tribinal Konte Collin 0 97619 882492 2026-07-09T14:21:31Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 39770 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1303678714|Old Collin County Courthouse]] » 882492 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tribinal Konte Ansyen Collin ''(Old Collin County Courthouse)''''' lan se yon tribinal istorik ki sitiye nan sant vil istorik [[McKinney, Texas]].Li te bati an 1876 nan style Dezyèm Anpi a anvan yo te renove l an 1927 nan style Neoklasik la. Yo te kontinye itilize tribinal la jiska 1979 lè yo te fèmen l akòz fini yon nouvo tribinal 6 etaj. An 1982, yo te deziyen tribinal la kòm yon Moniman Istorik Texas ki Anrejistre e an 2006, yo te remodele l epi relouvri l kòm Sant Atizay Pèfòmans McKinney. Apati 2025, Ansyen Tribinal Konte Collin lan gen yon plan direktè apwouve pou restorasyon konplè nan men Pwogram Prezèvasyon Tribinal Istorik Texas la kòm yon pati nan Komisyon Istorik Texas la. <ref name="Courthouse CCH">{{Cite web|url=https://www.collincountyhistory.com/courthouses.html|title=Collin County Courthouse History|publisher=Collin County History|access-date=March 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948|title=Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission|website=atlas.thc.texas.gov|access-date=2025-03-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thc.texas.gov/sites/default/files/2025-02/Courthouse_Cornerstones_2025.pdf|title=2025 TEXAS HISTORIC COURTHOUSE PRESERVATION PROGRAM UPDATE|date=2025|website=[[Texas Historical Commission]]|access-date=March 17, 2025}}</ref> [[Fichye:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_Postcard_(1905-1913).jpg|gauche|vignette|Kat postal Ansyen Tribinal Konte Collin nan style Dezyèm Anpi a''Postcard of the Old Collin County Courthouse in the [[:en:Second_Empire_style|Second Empire style]]'']] [[Fichye:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_(20230996562).jpg|gauche|vignette|320x320px|Ansyen Makè Tribinal Konte Collin''Old Collin County Courthouse Marker'']] Lè Charles Wheelock te bati Ansyen Tribinal Konte Collin lan pou premye fwa an 1876, li te bati nan style Dezyèm Anpi a epi li te sitiye sou yon plas Shelbyville tipik. Plas la li menm te okipe yon sifas 35,848 pye kare (3,330.39 mèt kare). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://downtowntx.org/mckinney-texas/111-e-louisiana-st-mckinney-tx-75069|title=111 N Tennessee St - Historic Courthouse - Downtown, TX|website=downtowntx.org|access-date=2025-03-08}}</ref> Okòmansman, tribinal la te gen de etaj ansanm ak yon do-kay mansad apik ak shingle dekoratif bò kote wòch dekoratif taye ak de gwo fò tou won anlè liy do-kay la sou bò lès bilding lan. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mckinneytexas.org/631/Our-History|title=Our History {{!}} McKinney, TX - Official Website|website=www.mckinneytexas.org|access-date=2025-03-08}}</ref> Wòch yo te itilize pou bati tribinal la se te kalkè natif natal <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=167861|title=1927 Collin County Courthouse Historical Marker|website=www.hmdb.org|language=en|access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> yo te mine tou pre nan Squeezepenny, yon vil ki sitiye nan nòdès McKinney. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948|title=Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission|website=atlas.thc.texas.gov|access-date=2025-03-04}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948 "Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission"]. ''atlas.thc.texas.gov''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starlocalmedia.com/squeezepenny/article_0cec3fc8-717b-11e3-a74c-0019bb2963f4.html|title=Squeezepenny|last=Feagans|first=Brittany|date=2013-12-30|website=Star Local Media|language=en|access-date=2025-03-08}}</ref> elvjkzz4x06vuonnxeec49lh6i5055m 882493 882492 2026-07-09T14:22:48Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 39770 882493 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tribinal Konte Ansyen Collin ''(Old Collin County Courthouse)''''' lan se yon tribinal istorik ki sitiye nan sant vil istorik [[McKinney, Texas]].Li te bati an 1876 nan style Dezyèm Anpi a anvan yo te renove l an 1927 nan style Neoklasik la. Yo te kontinye itilize tribinal la jiska 1979 lè yo te fèmen l akòz fini yon nouvo tribinal 6 etaj. An 1982, yo te deziyen tribinal la kòm yon Moniman Istorik Texas ki Anrejistre e an 2006, yo te remodele l epi relouvri l kòm Sant Atizay Pèfòmans McKinney. Apati 2025, Ansyen Tribinal Konte Collin lan gen yon plan direktè apwouve pou restorasyon konplè nan men Pwogram Prezèvasyon Tribinal Istorik Texas la kòm yon pati nan Komisyon Istorik Texas la. <ref name="Courthouse CCH">{{Cite web|url=https://www.collincountyhistory.com/courthouses.html|title=Collin County Courthouse History|publisher=Collin County History|access-date=March 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948|title=Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission|website=atlas.thc.texas.gov|access-date=2025-03-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thc.texas.gov/sites/default/files/2025-02/Courthouse_Cornerstones_2025.pdf|title=2025 TEXAS HISTORIC COURTHOUSE PRESERVATION PROGRAM UPDATE|date=2025|website=[[Texas Historical Commission]]|access-date=March 17, 2025}}</ref> [[Fichye:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_Postcard_(1905-1913).jpg|gauche|vignette|'''Kat postal Ansyen Tribinal Konte Collin nan style Dezyèm Anpi a'''''Postcard of the Old Collin County Courthouse in the [[:en:Second_Empire_style|Second Empire style]]'']] [[Fichye:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_(20230996562).jpg|gauche|vignette|320x320px|'''Ansyen Makè Tribinal Konte Collin'''''Old Collin County Courthouse Marker'']] Lè Charles Wheelock te bati Ansyen Tribinal Konte Collin lan pou premye fwa an 1876, li te bati nan style Dezyèm Anpi a epi li te sitiye sou yon plas Shelbyville tipik. Plas la li menm te okipe yon sifas 35,848 pye kare (3,330.39 mèt kare). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://downtowntx.org/mckinney-texas/111-e-louisiana-st-mckinney-tx-75069|title=111 N Tennessee St - Historic Courthouse - Downtown, TX|website=downtowntx.org|access-date=2025-03-08}}</ref> Okòmansman, tribinal la te gen de etaj ansanm ak yon do-kay mansad apik ak shingle dekoratif bò kote wòch dekoratif taye ak de gwo fò tou won anlè liy do-kay la sou bò lès bilding lan. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mckinneytexas.org/631/Our-History|title=Our History {{!}} McKinney, TX - Official Website|website=www.mckinneytexas.org|access-date=2025-03-08}}</ref> Wòch yo te itilize pou bati tribinal la se te kalkè natif natal <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=167861|title=1927 Collin County Courthouse Historical Marker|website=www.hmdb.org|language=en|access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> yo te mine tou pre nan Squeezepenny, yon vil ki sitiye nan nòdès McKinney. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948|title=Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission|website=atlas.thc.texas.gov|access-date=2025-03-04}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948 "Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission"]. ''atlas.thc.texas.gov''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starlocalmedia.com/squeezepenny/article_0cec3fc8-717b-11e3-a74c-0019bb2963f4.html|title=Squeezepenny|last=Feagans|first=Brittany|date=2013-12-30|website=Star Local Media|language=en|access-date=2025-03-08}}</ref> jdlep8uir7j9l7vij2zzqhejz8b11ue 882496 882493 2026-07-09T18:03:24Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 39770 882496 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tribinal Konte Ansyen Collin ''(Old Collin County Courthouse)''''' lan se yon tribinal istorik ki sitiye nan sant vil istorik [[McKinney, Texas]].Li te bati an 1876 nan style Dezyèm Anpi a anvan yo te renove l an 1927 nan style Neoklasik la. Yo te kontinye itilize tribinal la jiska 1979 lè yo te fèmen l akòz fini yon nouvo tribinal 6 etaj. An 1982, yo te deziyen tribinal la kòm yon Moniman Istorik Texas ki Anrejistre e an 2006, yo te remodele l epi relouvri l kòm Sant Atizay Pèfòmans McKinney. Apati 2025, Ansyen Tribinal Konte Collin lan gen yon plan direktè apwouve pou restorasyon konplè nan men Pwogram Prezèvasyon Tribinal Istorik Texas la kòm yon pati nan Komisyon Istorik Texas la. <ref name="Courthouse CCH">{{Cite web|url=https://www.collincountyhistory.com/courthouses.html|title=Collin County Courthouse History|publisher=Collin County History|access-date=March 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948|title=Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission|website=atlas.thc.texas.gov|access-date=2025-03-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thc.texas.gov/sites/default/files/2025-02/Courthouse_Cornerstones_2025.pdf|title=2025 TEXAS HISTORIC COURTHOUSE PRESERVATION PROGRAM UPDATE|date=2025|website=[[Texas Historical Commission]]|access-date=March 17, 2025}}</ref> [[Fichye:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_Postcard_(1905-1913).jpg|gauche|vignette|Kat postal Ansyen Tribinal Konte Collin nan style Dezyèm Anpi aPostcard of the Old Collin County Courthouse in the [[:en:Second_Empire_style|Second Empire style]]]] [[Fichye:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_(20230996562).jpg|gauche|vignette|320x320px|'''Ansyen Makè Tribinal Konte Collin'''''Old Collin County Courthouse Marker'']] Lè Charles Wheelock te bati Ansyen Tribinal Konte Collin lan pou premye fwa an 1876, li te bati nan style Dezyèm Anpi a epi li te sitiye sou yon plas Shelbyville tipik. Plas la li menm te okipe yon sifas 35,848 pye kare (3,330.39 mèt kare). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://downtowntx.org/mckinney-texas/111-e-louisiana-st-mckinney-tx-75069|title=111 N Tennessee St - Historic Courthouse - Downtown, TX|website=downtowntx.org|access-date=2025-03-08}}</ref> Okòmansman, tribinal la te gen de etaj ansanm ak yon do-kay mansad apik ak shingle dekoratif bò kote wòch dekoratif taye ak de gwo fò tou won anlè liy do-kay la sou bò lès bilding lan. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mckinneytexas.org/631/Our-History|title=Our History {{!}} McKinney, TX - Official Website|website=www.mckinneytexas.org|access-date=2025-03-08}}</ref> Wòch yo te itilize pou bati tribinal la se te kalkè natif natal <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=167861|title=1927 Collin County Courthouse Historical Marker|website=www.hmdb.org|language=en|access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> yo te mine tou pre nan Squeezepenny, yon vil ki sitiye nan nòdès McKinney. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948|title=Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission|website=atlas.thc.texas.gov|access-date=2025-03-04}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948 "Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission"]. ''atlas.thc.texas.gov''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starlocalmedia.com/squeezepenny/article_0cec3fc8-717b-11e3-a74c-0019bb2963f4.html|title=Squeezepenny|last=Feagans|first=Brittany|date=2013-12-30|website=Star Local Media|language=en|access-date=2025-03-08}}</ref> nuc5e5p5tgkatl37cof2t0n9ri9yqe1 882497 882496 2026-07-09T18:04:34Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 39770 882497 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tribinal Konte Ansyen Collin ''(Old Collin County Courthouse)''''' lan se yon tribinal istorik ki sitiye nan sant vil istorik [[McKinney, Texas]].Li te bati an 1876 nan style Dezyèm Anpi a anvan yo te renove l an 1927 nan style Neoklasik la. Yo te kontinye itilize tribinal la jiska 1979 lè yo te fèmen l akòz fini yon nouvo tribinal 6 etaj. An 1982, yo te deziyen tribinal la kòm yon Moniman Istorik Texas ki Anrejistre e an 2006, yo te remodele l epi relouvri l kòm Sant Atizay Pèfòmans McKinney. Apati 2025, Ansyen Tribinal Konte Collin lan gen yon plan direktè apwouve pou restorasyon konplè nan men Pwogram Prezèvasyon Tribinal Istorik Texas la kòm yon pati nan Komisyon Istorik Texas la. <ref name="Courthouse CCH">{{Cite web|url=https://www.collincountyhistory.com/courthouses.html|title=Collin County Courthouse History|publisher=Collin County History|access-date=March 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948|title=Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission|website=atlas.thc.texas.gov|access-date=2025-03-04}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thc.texas.gov/sites/default/files/2025-02/Courthouse_Cornerstones_2025.pdf|title=2025 TEXAS HISTORIC COURTHOUSE PRESERVATION PROGRAM UPDATE|date=2025|website=[[Texas Historical Commission]]|access-date=March 17, 2025}}</ref> [[Fichye:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_Postcard_(1905-1913).jpg|gauche|vignette|Kat postal Ansyen Tribinal Konte Collin nan style Dezyèm Anpi ''Postcard of the Old Collin County Courthouse in the [[:en:Second_Empire_style|Second Empire style]]'']] [[Fichye:Old_Collin_County_Courthouse_(20230996562).jpg|gauche|vignette|320x320px|Ansyen Makè Tribinal Konte Collin ''Old Collin County Courthouse Marker'']] Lè Charles Wheelock te bati Ansyen Tribinal Konte Collin lan pou premye fwa an 1876, li te bati nan style Dezyèm Anpi a epi li te sitiye sou yon plas Shelbyville tipik. Plas la li menm te okipe yon sifas 35,848 pye kare (3,330.39 mèt kare). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://downtowntx.org/mckinney-texas/111-e-louisiana-st-mckinney-tx-75069|title=111 N Tennessee St - Historic Courthouse - Downtown, TX|website=downtowntx.org|access-date=2025-03-08}}</ref> Okòmansman, tribinal la te gen de etaj ansanm ak yon do-kay mansad apik ak shingle dekoratif bò kote wòch dekoratif taye ak de gwo fò tou won anlè liy do-kay la sou bò lès bilding lan. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mckinneytexas.org/631/Our-History|title=Our History {{!}} McKinney, TX - Official Website|website=www.mckinneytexas.org|access-date=2025-03-08}}</ref> Wòch yo te itilize pou bati tribinal la se te kalkè natif natal <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=167861|title=1927 Collin County Courthouse Historical Marker|website=www.hmdb.org|language=en|access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref> yo te mine tou pre nan Squeezepenny, yon vil ki sitiye nan nòdès McKinney. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948|title=Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission|website=atlas.thc.texas.gov|access-date=2025-03-04}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://atlas.thc.texas.gov/Details/5085000948 "Details - Old Collin County Courthouse - Atlas Number 5085000948 - Atlas: Texas Historical Commission"]. ''atlas.thc.texas.gov''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starlocalmedia.com/squeezepenny/article_0cec3fc8-717b-11e3-a74c-0019bb2963f4.html|title=Squeezepenny|last=Feagans|first=Brittany|date=2013-12-30|website=Star Local Media|language=en|access-date=2025-03-08}}</ref> t9eoyezukrkqyxssvp11i1v3jdimmjp Bhavsagar Granth 0 97620 882498 2026-07-09T20:38:17Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335818248|Bhavsagar Granth]] » 882498 wikitext text/x-wiki   Bhavsagar Granth (tit konplè: Bhavsagar Samunder Amrit Vani Granth) se yon tèks relijye ki gen 2,704 paj, konpile pa disip lidè relijye Endyen Baba Piara Singh Bhaniara epi pibliye nan lane 2000. Tèks la te vin trè kontwovèsyal paske anpil Sikh te wè li kòm yon imitasyon oswa yon defi otorite Guru Granth Sahib la, ke yo konsidere nan Sikh kòm Guru etènèl la. Apre manifestasyon yo, Gouvènman Punjab la te entèdi liv la, paske li te site enkyetid ke li te blese santiman relijye Sikh yo. == Konpozisyon == Baba Bhaniara se fondatè yon sèk relijye ki te atire sitou Sikh Mazhabi ki te majinalize yo. An 1998, gwoup relijye Sikh Akal Takht la te ekskominike Bhaniara, akize l de joure Sikhism ak lidè relijye Sikh kontanporen yo. Nan ete 2000, yon gurudwara lokal te entèdi youn nan disip Bhaniara yo pote liv sakre relijye Sikh ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. Kòm repons, disip Bhaniara yo te deside kreye yon nouvo liv sakre ( ''granth'' ), ki pa t ap kontwole pa seksyon dominan sosyete a. Pandan kèk mwa apre yo, Bhaniara ak disip li yo te kreye ''Bhavsagar Granth'' (ofisyèlman rele ''Bhavsagar Samundar Amrit Vani'' ). {{Sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}} Yo te kòmanse ekri liv la nan dat 20 jen 2000. Pritam Singh, moun vilaj Dhudike, te ekri pi fò pati ladan l, avèk èd 20 lòt disip (ki gen ladan sis fanm). {{Sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}} == Piblikasyon ak distribisyon == Bhaniara te pibliye liv la nan yon fonksyon ki te fèt nan jou Baisakhi an 2001. Kopi 2,704 paj sa a te gwo e lou: li te ekri sou gwo fèy papye ak yon relye chè, epi li te gen plizyè foto politisyen ki te vizite Bhaniara. {{Sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007}} Yo te [[Fotokopi|fotokopye]] tèks la epi distribye l pami disip Bhaniara yo, ki te kòmanse fè seremoni relijye ak liv la kòm sant atansyon an. Pandansetan, yo te asiyen yon enprimè nan Chandigarh pou kreye kopi liv la an papye. {{Sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007}} == Opozisyon Sikh yo == Gen kèk Sikh ki te deklare ke liv la te yon ensilt pou lafwa yo. Dapre yo, liv la te kopye plizyè pòsyon nan liv sakre Sikh la ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|, Guru Granth Sahib]]'' . Anplis, liv la te gen plizyè foto kote Bhaniara swadizan te imite [[Guru Gobind Singh]] nan Sikh yo. Nan yon foto, li te mete yon manto klere ak yon chapo menm jan ak sa yo wè nan afich popilè Gobind Singh yo; nan yon lòt foto li te monte yon chwal menm jan ak Gobind Singh. Li te ensiste tou pou yo rele pitit gason l yo ''sahibzadas'', ki se tit pitit gason Gobind Singh yo. Liv la te genyen tou istwa sou grandè Baniara, li rakonte kijan disip li yo te gen bon chans, alòske moun ki te kritike l oswa ki te pase l nan betiz te soufri move chans. {{Sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}} Nan mwa septanm 2001, pandan yon seremoni relijye òganize pa disip Bhaniara yo, yon òganizasyon ki fèk fòme yo rele Khalsa Action Force te atake fonksyon an, sezi liv la epi boule li. Sa te swiv pa plizyè ka kote yo te boule ''Guru Granth Sahib'' nan gurudwara riral Punjab yo. Lapolis te arete epi prezante devan medya yo kèk jèn gason, ki te deklare ke yo te boule ''Guru Granth Sahib'' sou enstriksyon Bhaniara. {{Sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}} Arestasyon yo te deklanche vyolans kont disip Bhaniara yo, epi Bhaniara li menm te arete anba Lwa Sekirite Nasyonal la. Pa gen okenn aksyon ki te pran kont moun ki te atake disip Bhaniara yo. {{Sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}} == Entèdiksyon == An 2001, gouvènman Punjab ki te dirije pa Parkash Singh Badal te entèdi ''Bhavsagar Granth'' epi li te konfiske tout kopi li yo, epi li te arete moun yo te jwenn ki te gen kopi sa yo nan posesyon yo. Lapolis Punjab la te pwobableman detwi kopi enprime a. {{Sfn|Meeta|Rajivlochan|2007|p=1911}} Praveen Swamy te ekri nan <nowiki><i id="mwXA">Frontline</i></nowiki> : « "Malerezman, pa gen anpil deba nan Punjab sou lejitimite desizyon Gouvènman Punjab la pou entèdi Bhavsagar Granth la... Bhavsagar Granth la... pa gen okenn pwen ki denigre prensip oswa pratik lafwa Sikh la... Bhavsagar Granth la tonbe nan yon long tradisyon relijyon popilè ensurje. Guru Granth Sahib la li menm, apre tou, te adopte Brahmanism nan yon fason ki pa presi. » Lakou Siprèm peyi Zend lan te anile entèdiksyon ''Bhavsagar Granth'' la nan dat 11 novanm 2008, li te deklare ke gouvènman Punjab la te gen dwa bay yon nouvo entèdiksyon, si sa nesesè. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1608474/|title=Piara Singh Bhaniara vs State Of Punjab And Another on 11 November, 2008|date=11 November 2008|publisher=India Kanoon}}</ref> Apre sa, gouvènman Punjab la te entèdi liv la nan dat 15 desanm 2008. == Gade tou == * Kontwovès sou plim Punjab la * Lis liv ki entèdi nan peyi Zend # *   m08qa6i7jpnrrdq0ctvffowtz4pj2vv Senk vòlè 0 97621 882500 2026-07-09T20:55:50Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341809699|Five thieves]] » 882500 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Referans}}  Nan Sikhi, '''senk vòlè''' yo, yo rele tou '''senk mal''' yo oswa '''senk vis''' yo (Punjabi: ਪੰਜ ਬੁਰਾਈਆਂ ''paja burā'ī'āṁ'' ), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/beliefs/beliefs.shtml|title=BBC - Religions - Sikhism: Sikh Beliefs|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref> se senk gwo feblès pèsonalite imen an ki pa ale ak esans espirityèl li, epi yo konnen kòm "vòlè" paske yo vòlè bon sans natirèl yon moun. Senk vòlè sa yo se [[kaam]] (lanvi), [[krodh]] (kòlè), lobh (avidite), moh (atachman) ak ahankar (ego oubyen ògèy twòp). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (July 2023)">pi bon&nbsp;sous&nbsp;nesesè</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Gade tou == * Sis lènmi (Endouyis) * Kashaya (Jainis) * Kleshas (Boudis) * Senk obstak (Boudis) * Sèt peche mòtèl * Twa pwazon <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Referans}} == Lekti siplemantè == * Sher Singh, ''[[iarchive:PhilosophyOfSikhism|Filozofi Sikhism la]]'' . Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak * Nirbhai Singh, ''Filozofi Sikhism'' . Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distri, 1990 * Nripinder Singh, ''Tradisyon Moral Sikh la'' . Delhi: Manohar, 1990 * Teja Singh, ''Esè sou Sikhism'' . Lahore: Sikh University Press, 1944 * Wazir Singh, ''Filozofi Relijyon Sikh'' . Delhi: Ess Ess Publications, 1981. * Avtar Singh, ''Etik Sikh yo'' . Patiala: Inivèsite Punjabi, 1970 3kigtn3i8wlt3i80c0zancat6rsirvi Tanp Alampur yo 0 97622 882501 2026-07-09T21:01:31Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:pa:Special:Redirect/revision/701504|ਆਲਮਪੁਰ ਮੰਦਰਾਂ]] » 882501 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Alampur Mandran''' se yon vilaj nan Budhlada tehsil ki se nan distri [[Mansa]] nan eta [[End|Endyen]] [[Punjab]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pbplanning.gov.in/districts.htm|title=Blockwise List of Villages|publisher=ਪੰਜਾਬ ਰਾਜ ਪਲਾਨਿੰਗ ਬੋਰਡ|access-date=11 ਅਪਰੈਲ 2013}}</ref> Alampur Mandran te gen yon popilasyon 2,800 moun an 2001. Li kouvri yon sifas 12.22 km². == Gade plis == * Lis vilaj nan distri Mansa a * Lis vilaj nan distri Bathinda a {{Referans}}sous: http://pbplanning.gov.in/districts.htm (11 avril 2013) [[Kategori:Wikipedya:ebòch]] s6h7mmd66myepv20xefht0sw22lr9ax Raja Gopal (Guler) 0 97623 882502 2026-07-09T21:07:58Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358731812|Raja Gopal (Guler)]] » 882502 wikitext text/x-wiki  te gouvène soti nan 1685 rive 1695 relijyon: endouyis '''Raja Gopal''' oubyen '''Raj Singh''' ( ki te viv nan fen 17yèm syèk la) te wa Guler epi li te youn nan chèf mòn yo ki te goumen kont [[Guru Gobind Singh]] nan batay Bhangani an 1688. Guru Gobind Singh te mansyone li tou nan Bachittar Natak . <ref name=":0" /> == Biyografi == An 1688, yon gwoup Rajas nan mòn yo, ki gen ladan Raja Gopal, kont Sikh yo te pèdi batay la nan batay Bhangani pa Guru Gobind Singh. [[Fichye:Miniature_painting_of_Raj_Singh_of_Guler,_also_known_as_Raja_Gopal,_seated_on_a_terrace_whilst_leaning_against_a_bolster,_ca.1690–1710.jpg|vignette|Penti minyati Raj Singh nan Guler, ke yo rele tou Raja Gopal, chita sou yon teras pandan l ap apiye sou yon travès, anviwon 1690–1710]] Apre Raja Gopal te pèdi devan chèf mòn yo nan batay Bhangani, li te chèche fè lapè epi bati bon relasyon ak Guru Gobind Singh. Pandan sa a, Dilawar Khan, yon chèf Mughal, te voye Husain Khan pou ranmase taks nan men Raja Gopal. Men, Raja Gopal pa t gen mwayen pou peye gwo kantite taks yo te mande l la. Sa te mennen nan yon batay. Raja Ram Singh nan Jasvan, Sangat Rai, ak sèt Sikh ki te vini kòm pati nan misyon lapè a te kanpe bò kote Raja Gopal. Nan batay Guler la, ki te fèt 20 fevriye 1696, Husain Khan te mouri, epi Raja Gopal ansanm ak alye li yo te genyen yon gwo viktwa. Apre sa, Raja Gopal te montre rekonesans li anvè Guru Gobind Singh lè li te fè l yon ofrann. == Referans == {{Referans}} f32f6nnqq3erby6ufb2kfqfq9vbra2x Pati Sikh Sehajdhari a 0 97624 882503 2026-07-09T21:11:24Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1229969783|Sehajdhari Sikh Party]] » 882503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pati Sehajdhari Sikh''' (SSP), ke yo te konnen anvan kòm '''Federasyon Sehajdhari Sikh''' (SSF), se yon [[pati politik]] ki anrejistre anba seksyon 29(A) nan Lwa sou Reprezantasyon Pèp la 1951 pa Komisyon Eleksyon End lan . Li pretann li se premye òganizasyon nan mond lan ki reprezante Sikh Sahajdhari yo. Doktè Paramjeet Singh Ranu se fondatè Prezidan Nasyonal Pati a. == Misyon == SSP gen pou objektif pou l gaye ansèyman ak prensip [[Guru Nanak|Guru Nanak Dev]] ak lòt [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh yo]] avèk predikasyon [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la, pou "sifye Mesaj Lapè a atravè lemond". Li gen pou objektif tou pou "anpeche fòs fachis yo divize relijyon an oswa nasyon an sou baz kas". == Istwa == Federasyon Sikh Sehajdhari a te fòme nan dat 13 avril 2001 lè yo te òganize [[Ardās|Ardas]] nan Gurudwara Tahliana Sahib Raekot pa kèk moun sekilyè ki gen menm lide avè l, sitou Sikh ki te fèt nan fanmi Sikh, lè SGPC te pase rezolisyon pou retire dwa vòt Sikh Sehajdhari yo nan eleksyon SGPC yo. Òganizasyon an te anrejistre anba Lwa Sosyete a nan Ludhiana . Nan dat 4 novanm 2001, federasyon an te òganize yon gwo kongregasyon ki te gen plizyè milye Sikh Sehajdhari devan Akal Takht nan Amritsar epi li te òganize Ardas lè yo te transfòme Federasyon Sikh Sehajdhari a an yon gwoup politik, yo te rele l Sehajdhari Shiromani Akali Dal SSAD. Apre sa, yo te soumèt yon demann bay Komisyon Elektoral End lan pou anrejistre òganizasyon an kòm yon pati politik anba seksyon 29(A) nan Lwa sou Reprezantasyon Pèp la 1951. Men, pati Akali Dal yo nan Punjab te opoze itilizasyon non '''Sehajdhari Shiromani Akali Dal''' la. Komisyon Elektoral la te mande òganizasyon an pou retire mo '''Shiromani''' ak '''Akali''' yo, paske mo '''Akali''' a refere ak Khalsa (Amritdhari), tandiske Sehajdhari yo pa fè pati Khalsa. Se poutèt sa, Konsèy Nasyonal òganizasyon an te chwazi ansyen non li ankò. Apre sa, Komisyon Elektoral End lan te anrejistre '''Sehajdhari Sikh Federation''' kòm yon pati politik anba seksyon 29(A) nan Lwa sou Reprezantasyon Pèp la 1951. Pi devan, Komisyon Elektoral la te apwouve yon lòt chanjman non, epi pati a te vin rele '''Sehajdhari Sikh Party (SSP)'''. Pati a te mennen yon batay legal nan Tribinal Siperyè Punjab ak Haryana pou dwa vòt Sikh Sehajdhari yo nan eleksyon SGPC yo, ki te egziste depi 1959 epi yo te retire dwa vòt yo an 2003 pa yon notifikasyon. Tribinal Siperyè a te anile notifikasyon an epi li te retabli dwa vòt Sikh Sehajdhari yo. SGPC a te depoze yon apèl nan Tribinal Siprèm kont vèdik Tribinal Siperyè a epi ka a anba jijman.{{Referans}} tdw5fpz40x6edtcm3fvnxbxwpvbcldl 61yèm distri Chanm Reprezantan Texas la 0 97625 882505 2026-07-10T01:07:34Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 39770 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340735144|Texas's 61st House of Representatives district]] » 882505 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''61st district of the Texas House of Representatives''''' '''61yèm distri''' '''Chanm Reprezantan Texas''' la gen ladan l yon pòsyon nan Konte Collin, Texas . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_61|title=Texas House of Representatives District 61|website=Ballotpedia|language=en|access-date=2022-09-25}}</ref> '''''Texas House of Representatives''''' Chanm Reprezantan Texas la se chanm ki pi ba nan Lejislati bikameral Texas la. Li gen 150 manm ki eli nan distrik uninominal pou manda dezan. Pa gen limit manda. Chanm lan reyini nan Kapitòl Eta a nan Austin. ix05vj2eud77nfzzrvw4b3za1opybeg 882506 882505 2026-07-10T01:28:47Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 39770 882506 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''61st district of the Texas House of Representatives''''' '''61yèm distri''' '''Chanm Reprezantan Texas''' la gen ladan l yon pòsyon nan Konte Collin, Texas . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_61|title=Texas House of Representatives District 61|website=Ballotpedia|language=en|access-date=2022-09-25}}</ref> '''''Texas House of Representatives''''' Chanm Reprezantan Texas la se chanm ki pi ba nan Lejislati bikameral Texas la. Li gen 150 manm ki eli nan distrik uninominal pou manda dezan. Pa gen limit manda. Chanm lan reyini nan Kapitòl Eta a nan Austin. Chanm Reprezantan an gen 150 manm ki eli nan distri uninominal nan eta Texas. Yon distri gen an mwayèn anviwon 168,000 moun. Eleksyon pou Chanm Reprezantan eta a fèt chak dezan, premye madi apre premye lendi nan mwa novanm nan. Reprezantan yo eli pou yon manda dezan san limit manda. Chanm lan sitiye nan Kapitòl eta a. duzpk81jwqkawp7f0ypb9k158lrdsma 882507 882506 2026-07-10T01:29:33Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 39770 882507 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Seal of Texas House of Representatives.svg|vignette|So Chanm Reprezantan Texas la]]   '''''61st district of the Texas House of Representatives''''' '''61yèm distri''' '''Chanm Reprezantan Texas''' la gen ladan l yon pòsyon nan Konte Collin, Texas . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Texas_House_of_Representatives_District_61|title=Texas House of Representatives District 61|website=Ballotpedia|language=en|access-date=2022-09-25}}</ref> '''''Texas House of Representatives''''' Chanm Reprezantan Texas la se chanm ki pi ba nan Lejislati bikameral Texas la. Li gen 150 manm ki eli nan distrik uninominal pou manda dezan. Pa gen limit manda. Chanm lan reyini nan Kapitòl Eta a nan Austin. Chanm Reprezantan an gen 150 manm ki eli nan distri uninominal nan eta Texas. Yon distri gen an mwayèn anviwon 168,000 moun. Eleksyon pou Chanm Reprezantan eta a fèt chak dezan, premye madi apre premye lendi nan mwa novanm nan. Reprezantan yo eli pou yon manda dezan san limit manda. Chanm lan sitiye nan Kapitòl eta a. 9tw20ukx84k5il8t1dxe7g3ap7iq85z Mize Syans Natirèl ak Sanktyè Fawna Heard 0 97626 882508 2026-07-10T02:09:31Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 39770 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339898851|Heard Natural Science Museum and Wildlife Sanctuary]] » 882508 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Heard Natural Science Museum & Wildlife Sanctuary''', located in [[:en:McKinney,_Texas|McKinney]], [[:en:Texas|Texas]], United States, is a private 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in 1967. With a 289-acre wildlife [[:en:Sanctuary|sanctuary]], five miles of hiking [[:en:Trail|trails]], about fifty acres of [[:en:Wetland|wetlands]], a two-acre native plant garden, a butterfly house, live animals, indoor and outdoor exhibits, the Heard welcomes over 100,000 visitors annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfwandbeyond.com/tours/back-to-nature/destinations/the-heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary|title=Dallas Fort Worth and beyond website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509005753/http://www.dfwandbeyond.com/tours/back-to-nature/destinations/the-heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary|archive-date=May 9, 2015|access-date=April 24, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Heard is the most popular tourist attraction in the city of McKinney.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://inaroundmag.com/champions/heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary/|title=Heard Natural Science Museum & Wildlife Sanctuary|last=Duggan|first=Sofia|date=April 2, 2021|website=In & Around Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref> Volunteers from McKinney, [[:en:Plano,_Texas|Plano]], [[:en:Allen,_Texas|Allen]], [[:en:Westminster,_Texas|Westminster]], [[:en:Richardson,_Texas|Richardson]], and [[:en:Dallas|Dallas]] help keep the museum running,<ref>{{Cite news|date=1970-10-01|title=Museum—|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/plano-daily-star-courier-museum/152473935/|access-date=2024-08-01|work=Plano Daily Star-Courier|pages=2}}</ref> along with organizations like the Audubon Society,<ref name=":5" /> and students from the University of North Texas in Denton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orca.unt.edu/the-heard-museum/|title=The Heard Museum {{!}} ORCA|language=en-US|access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref> [[File:Ms.BessHeard.jpg|droite|vignette]] [[Fichye:Red-spotted_Admiral_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_272971495_on_1_August_2024.jpg|gauche|vignette|'''Papiyon amiral tach wouj, natif natal nan Amerik di Nò, foto nan Heard la''' [[:en:Red-spotted_admiral|Red-spotted admiral]] butterfly, native to North America, photographed at the Heard]] [[Fichye:HeardPrairie1.jpg|droite|vignette|'''Preri nan Heard la''' Prairie at the Heard]] [[Fichye:Prairie_Ringneck_Snake_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_42030595_on_1_August_2024.jpg|gauche|vignette|'''Yo jwenn yon koulèv preri ki rele "ringneck" nan Heard pandan yon "mache nan lanati ak yon demonstrasyon iNaturalist ".'''[[:en:Prairie_ringneck_snake|Prairie ringneck snake]] found at Heard during "nature walk and [[:en:INaturalist|iNaturalist]] demonstration"]] <gallery mode="packed"> Fichye:Heard_PioneerVillage1.jpg|alt=Pioneer Village| Vilaj Pyonye Fichye:HeardButterflyHouse.jpg|alt=Butterfly House and Garden| Kay Papiyon ak Jaden Fichye:Animalsof_theWorldHeard.jpg|alt=Animals of the World| Bèt nan mond lan </gallery> [[Fichye:INdoorExhibit1.jpg|droite|vignette|'''Ekspozisyon andedan kay la'''Indoor exhibits]] :** Native Texas Snakes :** Mosasaur Exhibit :** Living Lab (some dioramas of the major ecosystems found at the Heard, a working observation bee hive, native fish, etc.) :** Marine Shell Room :** Project Passenger Pigeon 4xof1s7gut9xin3y7v69y4nm6kfm3lc 882509 882508 2026-07-10T02:12:33Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 39770 882509 wikitext text/x-wiki Mize Syans Natirèl ak Santye Fawna Heard la,''('''Heard Natural Science Museum & Wildlife Sanctuary)''''' ki sitiye nan McKinney, Texas, Etazini, se yon òganizasyon prive san bi likratif 501(c)(3)'''''(501(c)(3) nonprofit organization)''''' ki te fonde an 1967. Avèk yon santye fawna 289 kawo tè, senk mil santye randone, anviwon senkant kawo tè marekaj, yon jaden plant natif natal de kawo tè, yon kay papiyon, bèt vivan, ekspozisyon andedan ak deyò, Heard la akeyi plis pase 100,000 vizitè chak ane.[1] Heard la se atraksyon touristik ki pi popilè nan vil McKinney.[2] Volontè ki soti McKinney, Plano, Allen, Westminster, Richardson, ak Dallas ede kenbe mize a an fonksyon,[3] ansanm ak òganizasyon tankou Audubon Society,[2] ak etidyan ki soti nan University of North Texas nan Denton.[4]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfwandbeyond.com/tours/back-to-nature/destinations/the-heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary|title=Dallas Fort Worth and beyond website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509005753/http://www.dfwandbeyond.com/tours/back-to-nature/destinations/the-heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary|archive-date=May 9, 2015|access-date=April 24, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://inaroundmag.com/champions/heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary/|title=Heard Natural Science Museum & Wildlife Sanctuary|last=Duggan|first=Sofia|date=April 2, 2021|website=In & Around Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=1970-10-01|title=Museum—|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/plano-daily-star-courier-museum/152473935/|access-date=2024-08-01|work=Plano Daily Star-Courier|pages=2}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orca.unt.edu/the-heard-museum/|title=The Heard Museum {{!}} ORCA|language=en-US|access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref> [[File:Ms.BessHeard.jpg|droite|vignette]] [[Fichye:Red-spotted_Admiral_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_272971495_on_1_August_2024.jpg|gauche|vignette|'''Papiyon amiral tach wouj, natif natal nan Amerik di Nò, foto nan Heard la''' [[:en:Red-spotted_admiral|Red-spotted admiral]] butterfly, native to North America, photographed at the Heard]] [[Fichye:HeardPrairie1.jpg|droite|vignette|'''Preri nan Heard la''' Prairie at the Heard]] [[Fichye:Prairie_Ringneck_Snake_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_42030595_on_1_August_2024.jpg|gauche|vignette|'''Yo jwenn yon koulèv preri ki rele "ringneck" nan Heard pandan yon "mache nan lanati ak yon demonstrasyon iNaturalist ".'''[[:en:Prairie_ringneck_snake|Prairie ringneck snake]] found at Heard during "nature walk and [[:en:INaturalist|iNaturalist]] demonstration"]] <gallery mode="packed"> Fichye:Heard_PioneerVillage1.jpg|alt=Pioneer Village| Vilaj Pyonye Fichye:HeardButterflyHouse.jpg|alt=Butterfly House and Garden| Kay Papiyon ak Jaden Fichye:Animalsof_theWorldHeard.jpg|alt=Animals of the World| Bèt nan mond lan </gallery> [[Fichye:INdoorExhibit1.jpg|droite|vignette|'''Ekspozisyon andedan kay la'''Indoor exhibits]] :** Native Texas Snakes :** Mosasaur Exhibit :** Living Lab (some dioramas of the major ecosystems found at the Heard, a working observation bee hive, native fish, etc.) :** Marine Shell Room :** Project Passenger Pigeon fgf6rgesijldpno002cbnxarxddtcwa 882510 882509 2026-07-10T02:13:08Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 39770 882510 wikitext text/x-wiki Mize Syans Natirèl ak Santye Fawna ''Heard'' la,''('''Heard Natural Science Museum & Wildlife Sanctuary)''''' ki sitiye nan McKinney, Texas, Etazini, se yon òganizasyon prive san bi likratif 501(c)(3)'''''(501(c)(3) nonprofit organization)''''' ki te fonde an 1967. Avèk yon santye fawna 289 kawo tè, senk mil santye randone, anviwon senkant kawo tè marekaj, yon jaden plant natif natal de kawo tè, yon kay papiyon, bèt vivan, ekspozisyon andedan ak deyò, '''Heard''' la akeyi plis pase 100,000 vizitè chak ane. '''Heard''' la se atraksyon touristik ki pi popilè nan vil McKinney. Volontè ki soti McKinney, Plano, Allen, Westminster, Richardson, ak Dallas ede kenbe mize a an fonksyon,[3] ansanm ak òganizasyon tankou Audubon Society, ak etidyan ki soti nan University of North Texas nan Denton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfwandbeyond.com/tours/back-to-nature/destinations/the-heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary|title=Dallas Fort Worth and beyond website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509005753/http://www.dfwandbeyond.com/tours/back-to-nature/destinations/the-heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary|archive-date=May 9, 2015|access-date=April 24, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://inaroundmag.com/champions/heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary/|title=Heard Natural Science Museum & Wildlife Sanctuary|last=Duggan|first=Sofia|date=April 2, 2021|website=In & Around Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=1970-10-01|title=Museum—|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/plano-daily-star-courier-museum/152473935/|access-date=2024-08-01|work=Plano Daily Star-Courier|pages=2}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orca.unt.edu/the-heard-museum/|title=The Heard Museum {{!}} ORCA|language=en-US|access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref> [[File:Ms.BessHeard.jpg|droite|vignette]] [[Fichye:Red-spotted_Admiral_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_272971495_on_1_August_2024.jpg|gauche|vignette|'''Papiyon amiral tach wouj, natif natal nan Amerik di Nò, foto nan Heard la''' [[:en:Red-spotted_admiral|Red-spotted admiral]] butterfly, native to North America, photographed at the Heard]] [[Fichye:HeardPrairie1.jpg|droite|vignette|'''Preri nan Heard la''' Prairie at the Heard]] [[Fichye:Prairie_Ringneck_Snake_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_42030595_on_1_August_2024.jpg|gauche|vignette|'''Yo jwenn yon koulèv preri ki rele "ringneck" nan Heard pandan yon "mache nan lanati ak yon demonstrasyon iNaturalist ".'''[[:en:Prairie_ringneck_snake|Prairie ringneck snake]] found at Heard during "nature walk and [[:en:INaturalist|iNaturalist]] demonstration"]] <gallery mode="packed"> Fichye:Heard_PioneerVillage1.jpg|alt=Pioneer Village| Vilaj Pyonye Fichye:HeardButterflyHouse.jpg|alt=Butterfly House and Garden| Kay Papiyon ak Jaden Fichye:Animalsof_theWorldHeard.jpg|alt=Animals of the World| Bèt nan mond lan </gallery> [[Fichye:INdoorExhibit1.jpg|droite|vignette|'''Ekspozisyon andedan kay la'''Indoor exhibits]] :** Native Texas Snakes :** Mosasaur Exhibit :** Living Lab (some dioramas of the major ecosystems found at the Heard, a working observation bee hive, native fish, etc.) :** Marine Shell Room :** Project Passenger Pigeon cpwlf4xiwm8tasjzk2drwxkchhppyfs 882511 882510 2026-07-10T02:13:35Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 39770 882511 wikitext text/x-wiki Mize Syans Natirèl ak Santye Fawna ''Heard'' la,''('''Heard Natural Science Museum & Wildlife Sanctuary)''''' ki sitiye nan [[McKinney, Texas]], Etazini, se yon òganizasyon prive san bi likratif 501(c)(3)'''''(501(c)(3) nonprofit organization)''''' ki te fonde an 1967. Avèk yon santye fawna 289 kawo tè, senk mil santye randone, anviwon senkant kawo tè marekaj, yon jaden plant natif natal de kawo tè, yon kay papiyon, bèt vivan, ekspozisyon andedan ak deyò, '''Heard''' la akeyi plis pase 100,000 vizitè chak ane. '''Heard''' la se atraksyon touristik ki pi popilè nan vil McKinney. Volontè ki soti McKinney, Plano, Allen, Westminster, Richardson, ak Dallas ede kenbe mize a an fonksyon,[3] ansanm ak òganizasyon tankou Audubon Society, ak etidyan ki soti nan University of North Texas nan Denton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfwandbeyond.com/tours/back-to-nature/destinations/the-heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary|title=Dallas Fort Worth and beyond website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509005753/http://www.dfwandbeyond.com/tours/back-to-nature/destinations/the-heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary|archive-date=May 9, 2015|access-date=April 24, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://inaroundmag.com/champions/heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary/|title=Heard Natural Science Museum & Wildlife Sanctuary|last=Duggan|first=Sofia|date=April 2, 2021|website=In & Around Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=1970-10-01|title=Museum—|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/plano-daily-star-courier-museum/152473935/|access-date=2024-08-01|work=Plano Daily Star-Courier|pages=2}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orca.unt.edu/the-heard-museum/|title=The Heard Museum {{!}} ORCA|language=en-US|access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref> [[File:Ms.BessHeard.jpg|droite|vignette]] [[Fichye:Red-spotted_Admiral_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_272971495_on_1_August_2024.jpg|gauche|vignette|'''Papiyon amiral tach wouj, natif natal nan Amerik di Nò, foto nan Heard la''' [[:en:Red-spotted_admiral|Red-spotted admiral]] butterfly, native to North America, photographed at the Heard]] [[Fichye:HeardPrairie1.jpg|droite|vignette|'''Preri nan Heard la''' Prairie at the Heard]] [[Fichye:Prairie_Ringneck_Snake_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_42030595_on_1_August_2024.jpg|gauche|vignette|'''Yo jwenn yon koulèv preri ki rele "ringneck" nan Heard pandan yon "mache nan lanati ak yon demonstrasyon iNaturalist ".'''[[:en:Prairie_ringneck_snake|Prairie ringneck snake]] found at Heard during "nature walk and [[:en:INaturalist|iNaturalist]] demonstration"]] <gallery mode="packed"> Fichye:Heard_PioneerVillage1.jpg|alt=Pioneer Village| Vilaj Pyonye Fichye:HeardButterflyHouse.jpg|alt=Butterfly House and Garden| Kay Papiyon ak Jaden Fichye:Animalsof_theWorldHeard.jpg|alt=Animals of the World| Bèt nan mond lan </gallery> [[Fichye:INdoorExhibit1.jpg|droite|vignette|'''Ekspozisyon andedan kay la'''Indoor exhibits]] :** Native Texas Snakes :** Mosasaur Exhibit :** Living Lab (some dioramas of the major ecosystems found at the Heard, a working observation bee hive, native fish, etc.) :** Marine Shell Room :** Project Passenger Pigeon 3a1b5puxbxd912p4ph8n3hjf43m5dwt 882512 882511 2026-07-10T02:15:02Z Texan North Public Work Translators 214 39770 882512 wikitext text/x-wiki Mize Syans Natirèl ak Santye Fawna ''Heard'' la,''('''Heard Natural Science Museum & Wildlife Sanctuary)''''' ki sitiye nan [[McKinney, Texas]], Etazini, se yon òganizasyon prive san bi likratif 501(c)(3)'''''(501(c)(3) nonprofit organization)''''' ki te fonde an 1967. Avèk yon santye fawna 289 kawo tè, senk mil santye randone, anviwon senkant kawo tè marekaj, yon jaden plant natif natal de kawo tè, yon kay papiyon, bèt vivan, ekspozisyon andedan ak deyò, '''Heard''' la akeyi plis pase 100,000 vizitè chak ane. '''Heard''' la se atraksyon touristik ki pi popilè nan vil McKinney. Volontè ki soti McKinney, Plano, Allen, Westminster, Richardson, ak Dallas ede kenbe mize a an fonksyon,[3] ansanm ak òganizasyon tankou Audubon Society, ak etidyan ki soti nan University of North Texas nan Denton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfwandbeyond.com/tours/back-to-nature/destinations/the-heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary|title=Dallas Fort Worth and beyond website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509005753/http://www.dfwandbeyond.com/tours/back-to-nature/destinations/the-heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary|archive-date=May 9, 2015|access-date=April 24, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://inaroundmag.com/champions/heard-natural-science-museum-wildlife-sanctuary/|title=Heard Natural Science Museum & Wildlife Sanctuary|last=Duggan|first=Sofia|date=April 2, 2021|website=In & Around Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=1970-10-01|title=Museum—|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/plano-daily-star-courier-museum/152473935/|access-date=2024-08-01|work=Plano Daily Star-Courier|pages=2}}</ref>,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orca.unt.edu/the-heard-museum/|title=The Heard Museum {{!}} ORCA|language=en-US|access-date=2024-08-01}}</ref> [https://www.heardmuseum.org/ www.heardmuseum.org] [[File:Ms.BessHeard.jpg|droite|vignette]] [[Fichye:Red-spotted_Admiral_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_272971495_on_1_August_2024.jpg|gauche|vignette|'''Papiyon amiral tach wouj, natif natal nan Amerik di Nò, foto nan Heard la''' [[:en:Red-spotted_admiral|Red-spotted admiral]] butterfly, native to North America, photographed at the Heard]] [[Fichye:HeardPrairie1.jpg|droite|vignette|'''Preri nan Heard la''' Prairie at the Heard]] [[Fichye:Prairie_Ringneck_Snake_imported_from_iNaturalist_photo_42030595_on_1_August_2024.jpg|gauche|vignette|'''Yo jwenn yon koulèv preri ki rele "ringneck" nan Heard pandan yon "mache nan lanati ak yon demonstrasyon iNaturalist ".'''[[:en:Prairie_ringneck_snake|Prairie ringneck snake]] found at Heard during "nature walk and [[:en:INaturalist|iNaturalist]] demonstration"]] <gallery mode="packed"> Fichye:Heard_PioneerVillage1.jpg|alt=Pioneer Village| Vilaj Pyonye Fichye:HeardButterflyHouse.jpg|alt=Butterfly House and Garden| Kay Papiyon ak Jaden Fichye:Animalsof_theWorldHeard.jpg|alt=Animals of the World| Bèt nan mond lan </gallery> [[Fichye:INdoorExhibit1.jpg|droite|vignette|'''Ekspozisyon andedan kay la'''Indoor exhibits]] :** Native Texas Snakes :** Mosasaur Exhibit :** Living Lab (some dioramas of the major ecosystems found at the Heard, a working observation bee hive, native fish, etc.) :** Marine Shell Room :** Project Passenger Pigeon ocaoubylt8mh0ri4ejt7uzj5quyylzi