Wikipedya htwiki https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paj_Prensipal MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Medya Espesyal Diskite Itilizatè Diskisyon Itilizatè Wikipedya Diskisyon Wikipedya Fichye Diskisyon Fichye MedyaWiki Diskisyon MedyaWiki Modèl Diskisyon Modèl Èd Diskisyon Èd Kategori Diskisyon Kategori TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk 0 14404 882782 649102 2026-07-14T09:28:56Z R. Henrik Nilsson 35658 File : Early 20th century lever lock key by August Stenman AB Eskilstuna Sweden.jpg | thumbnail | Kle 882782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ebòch}} {{definisyon |fanmi=non komen |objè= |imaj= |referans= }} [[File:Early 20th century lever lock key by August Stenman AB Eskilstuna Sweden.jpg|thumbnail|Kle]] '''Kle''' se yon zouti pou fèmen ak louvri yon pòt. == Tradiksyon == * [[Lòt kreyòl]]: * [[franse|Franse]]: clef * [[angle|Angle]]: key * [[alman|Alman]]: Schlüssel * [[panyòl|Panyòl]]: llave == Istwa == Istwa mo sa == referans == == Kèk lyen == jse2yoc5tlvhn17k6geynxyfryctw3y 0 73816 882775 820223 2026-07-14T06:02:04Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moun |non=Jean-Pierre Desagnat |foto= |tèks= |fonksyon=[[Sinema franse|reyalizatè franse]] |domèn=Sinema, televizyon |diplòm= |etid= |dat nesans=[[18 oktòb]] [[1934]] |lye nesans=[[Pari]] |peyi nesans=[[Frans]] |dat lanmò= |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite= franse |relijyon= |rezidans= |kontak= |Biyografi= |zèv= |omaj= |rekonpans= |remak= |fim= }} '''Jean-Pierre Desagnat''', ki fèt [[18 oktòb]] [[1934]] nan [[Pari]] ([[Frans]]), se yon [[Sinema franse|reyalizatè franse]]. == Biyografi == Li se papa [[Vincent Desagnat]] ak reyalizatè yo, [[Olivier Desagnat]] ak [[François Desagnat]]. == Zèv li yo == === Tankou reyalizatè ak senaris === * [[1968]] : ''[[Pas de roses pour OSS 117]]'' * [[1968]] : ''[[Vertige pour un tueur]]'' * [[1969]] : ''[[Les Étrangers (fim, 1969)|Les Étrangers]]'' * [[1980]] : ''[[Les Charlots contre Dracula]]'' === Tankou reyalizatè === * [[1963]] : ''[[Janique Aimée]]'' (seri) * [[1965]] : ''[[Chambre à louer]]'' (seri) *[[1973]] : ''[[L'Éloignement (fim)|L'Éloignement]]'' (seri) * [[1973]]-[[1974]] : ''[[Arsène Lupin (seri)|Arsène Lupin]], série télévisée * [[1980]] : ''[[Les Charlots contre Dracula]]'' * [[1980]]-[[1984]] : ''[[La Vie des autres (seri)|La Vie des autres]]'' (seri) * [[1983]] : ''[[Rouge marine]]'' * [[1983]] : ''[[Flics de choc (fim)|Flics de choc]]'' === Tankou asistan reyalizatè === * [[1960]] : ''[[Le Capitan (fim, 1960)|Le Capitan]]'' d'[[André Hunebelle]] * 1961-1963 : ''[[Le Temps des copains]]'', de [[Robert Guez]] * [[1965]] : ''[[Fantômas se déchaîne]]'' d'[[André Hunebelle]] * [[1966]] : ''[[Atout cœur à Tokyo]]'' de [[Michel Boisrond]] * [[1967]] : ''[[Fantômas contre Scotland Yard]]'' d'[[André Hunebelle]] * [[1979]] : ''[[C'est dingue, mais on y va... !]]'' de [[Michel Gérard]] == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0220795/ Jean-Pierre Desagnat] sou IMDb * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210723230340/https://www.cinema-francais.fr/les_realisateurs/realisateur_d/desagnat_jean_pierre.htm Jean-Pierre Desagnat] sou cinema-francais.fr {{DEFAULTSORT:Desagnat, Jean-Pierre}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Aktè]] [[Kategori:Reyalizatè sinema]] [[Kategori:Reyalizatè televizyon]] [[Kategori:Reyalizatè franse]] [[Kategori:Senaris franse]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1934]] 3dw4xjmogme0v9yzdkvdtyxfy2ynmby 0 74698 882730 745234 2026-07-13T15:52:47Z Raymond Trencavel 28592 882730 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hélène Duc''' se yon [[Aktè|aktris]] [[Frans|fransèz]], ki fèt [[22 mas]] [[1917]] nan [[Bergerac (Dordogne)|Bergerac]] ([[Dordogne (département)|Dordogne]], [[Oksitani (rejyon kiltirèl)|Oksitani]]) epi ki mouri [[23 novanm]] [[2014]] nan [[Pari]]. == Biyografi == == Zèv li yo == === Sinema === * [[1944]] : ''[[Falbalas]]'' de [[Jacques Becker]] : yon anplwaye nan kay kouti'' * [[1951]] : ''[[Édouard et Caroline]]'' de [[Jacques Becker]] : envite melomàn * [[1952]] : ''[[Le Plus Heureux des hommes]]'' d'[[Yves Ciampi]] * [[1955]] : ''[[Les Grandes Manœuvres]]'' de [[René Clair]] : ''la préfète'' * [[1959]] : ''[[Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe (fim)|Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe]]'' de [[Jean Renoir]] : Isabelle * [[1960]] : ''[[Le Caïd (fim, 1960)|Le Caïd]]'' de [[Bernard Borderie]] : Edmée * [[1961]] : ''[[Les Amours célèbres]]'' de [[Michel Boisrond]] : yon admiratris nan eskètch : ''Les Comédiennes'' * [[1962]] : ''[[Comment réussir en amour]]'' de [[Michel Boisrond]] : ''la fanm direktè "Éditions du Soleil" * [[1963]] : ''La Vie conjugale'' de [[André Cayatte]] : ''une mère'' (non ** ''[[Jean-Marc ou la Vie conjugale]]'', 1e pati ** ''[[Françoise ou la Vie conjugale]]'', 2e pati * [[1964]] : ''[[La Chasse à l'homme]]'' d'[[Édouard Molinaro]] : Madanm Armande * [[1965]] : ''[[Les Baratineurs]]'' de [[Francis Rigaud]] : Marie-Louise du Portail * [[1966]] : ''[[Les malabars sont au parfum]]'' de [[Guy Lefranc (reyalizatè)|Guy Lefranc]] : matant Berthe * [[1968]] : ''[[À tout casser]]'' de [[John Berry]] : boujwaz * [[1968]] : ''[[La Prisonnière (fim, 1968)|La Prisonnière]]'' de [[Henri-Georges Clouzot]] ak [[Robert Ménégoz]] : yon envite * [[1973]] : ''[[La Femme en bleu]]'' de [[Michel Deville]] * [[1973]] : ''[[Je sais rien, mais je dirai tout]]'' de [[Pierre Richard]] : Madanm Gastié-Leroy * [[1975]] : ''[[Catherine et Cie]]'' de [[Michel Boisrond]] * [[1975]] : ''[[Le Faux-cul]]'' de [[Roger Hanin]] : Mamy * [[1980]] : ''[[Alors... Heureux ?]]'' de [[Claude Barrois]] : Madmwazèl Chaufour * [[1987]] : ''[[Miss Mona]]'' de [[Mehdi Charef]] : manman Mona * [[1987]] : ''[[Promis... juré !]]'' de [[Jacques Monnet]] : Bonne Maman * [[1997]] : ''[[Les Sœurs Soleil]]'' de [[Jeannot Szwarc]] : dam nan kay doktè zannimo * [[1997]] : ''[[Rien que des grandes personnes]]'' de [[Jean-Marc Brondolo]] (kout fim) * [[2001]] : ''[[Un ange]]'' de [[Miguel Courtois]] : Natacha * [[2001]] : ''[[Tanguy (fim)|Tanguy]]'' de [[Etienne Chatiliez]] : Odile, granmanman * [[2003]] : ''[[Laisse tes mains sur mes hanches]]'' de [[Chantal Lauby]] : Madanm Tatin === Tankou senaris === * [[1962]] : ''[[Les Trois Chapeaux claques (fim, 1962)|Les Trois Chapeaux claques]]'', fim de [[Jean-Pierre Marchand]], sou yon adaptasyon fransèz de Hélène Duc ak [[José Estrada]] === Televizyon === * [[1956]] : ''[[Eugénie Grandet (fim, 1956)|Eugénie Grandet]]'' de [[Maurice Cazeneuve]] : Madanm des Gassins * [[1961]] : ''[[L'inspecteur Leclerc enquête]]'' : "La mort d'un fantôme" : gadyèn * [[1963]] : ''[[Premier Amour (Tourgueniev)|Premier Amour]]'' de [[Jean Prat (reyalizatè)|Jean Prat]] : manman an * [[1965]] : ''[[Marie Curie - Une certaine jeune fille]]'' de [[Pierre Badel]] : Madanm Dizier * [[1965 à la télévision|1965]] : ''[[Sens interdit (fim)|Sens interdit]]'' de [[Roger Kahane]] : Yveline * [[1966]] : ''[[Illusions perdues (mini-série, 1966)|Illusions perdues]]'' de [[Maurice Cazeneuve]] d'après [[Honoré de Balzac]] * [[1966]] : ''[[Plainte contre X]]'' de [[Philippe Ducrest]] * [[1967]] : ''[[L'Amateur ou S.O.S. Fernand]]'', épisode ''La Vicomtesse'' de [[Quentin Lawrence]] * [[1967]] : ''[[Allô Police (série télévisée)|Allô Police]]'', épisode ''Affaire de famille'' de [[Robert Guez]] * [[1968]] : ''[[Une femme sans importance]]'' d'[[Oscar Wilde]], réalisation [[Gilbert Pineau]] * [[1968]] : ''[[Cinq jours d'automne]]'' de [[Pierre Badel]] * [[1969]] : ''[[Allô Police (seri)|Allô Police]]'', épisode ''Au diable la malice'' d'[[Ado Kyrou|Adonis Kyrou]] : Madanm Martens * [[1970]] : ''[[Le Tribunal de l'impossible]]'' : ''Un esprit nommé Katie King'' de [[Pierre Badel]] : Mabel Cook * [[1970]] : ''[[Le Lys dans la vallée (fim, 1970)|Le Lys dans la vallée]]'' de [[Marcel Cravenne]] : Madanm de Vandenesse * [[1971]] : ''[[La Possédée (fim, 1971)|La Possédée]]'' d'[[Éric Le Hung]] * [[1971]] : ''[[Le Thé sous les cyprès]]'' de [[Jean Pignol]] * [[1971]] : ''[[Père (teyat)|Père]]'' d'[[Édouard Bourdet]], reyalizasyon [[Jeannette Hubert]] * [[1972]] : ''[[La Cerisaie]]'' d'[[Anton Tchekhov]], reyalizasyon [[Stellio Lorenzi]] : ''Charlotte'' * [[1972]] : ''[[Rue de Buci (fim)|Rue de Buci]]'' de [[Gérald Duduyer]] : matant * [[1972]] : ''[[Les Rois maudits (seri, 1972)|Les Rois maudits]]'' de [[Claude Barma]] : [[Mahaut d'Artois]] * [[1973]] : ''[[La Duchesse d'Avila]]'' de [[Philippe Ducrest]] : ''une duègne'' * [[1973]] : ''[[Poker d'As (seri)|Poker d'As]]'' de [[Hubert Cornfield]] : Kontès de Rhuys * [[1974]] : ''[[Jean Pinot, médecin d'aujourd'hui]]'' de [[Michel Fermaud]] : Madanm Bocquart * [[1976]] : ''[[Le Cheval évanoui]]'' d'[[Alain Dhénaut]] : Felicity Chesterfield * [[1976]] : ''[[Les Infidèles (fim, 1976)|Les Infidèles]]'' d'[[Alain Dhénaut]] : Émilienne * [[1976]] : ''[[Voyez-vous ce que je vois ?]]'' de [[Ray Cooney]] ak [[John Chapman (ekriven)|John Chapman]], reyalizasyon [[Agnès Delarive]] * [[1977]] : ''[[Oh Archibald]]'' de [[Lazare Iglesis]] : Lady Elizabeth * [[1978]] : ''[[Claudine à Paris]]'' d'[[Édouard Molinaro]] : matant Cœur * [[1978]] : ''Claudine en ménage'' d'[[Édouard Molinaro]] : matant Cœur * [[1979]] : ''[[Le Baiser au lépreux]]'' d'[[André Michel]] : ''Félicie Cazenave'' * [[1979]] : ''[[Médecins de nuit]]'' de [[Nicolas Ribowski]], épisode : ''Le livre rouge'' * [[1979]] : ''[[Les Dames de la côte]]'' de [[Nina Companeez]] * [[1980]] : ''[[Fantômas (seri)|Fantômas]]'', épisode ''L'Échafaud magique'' de [[Claude Chabrol]] : ''la marquise de Langrune'' * [[1980]] : ''[[Les Liaisons dangereuses (téléfilm, 1980)|Les Liaisons dangereuses]]'' de [[Claude Barma]] : ''la maréchale'' * [[1980]] : ''[[Médecins de nuit]]'', épisode ''Le Livre rouge'' de [[Nicolas Ribowski]] : Madanm Vincent * [[1981]] : ''[[Nana (seri)|Nana]]'' de [[Maurice Cazeneuve]] : Madanm Hugon * [[1981]] : ''[[Cinq-Mars (seri)|Cinq-Mars]]'' de [[Jean-Claude Brialy]] : Madanm d'Effiat * [[1981]] : ''[[Anthelme Collet ou le Brigand gentillhomme]]'' de [[Jean-Paul Carrère]] : makiz d'Ebourifol * [[1982]] : ''[[Toutes griffes dehors]]'' de [[Michel Boisrond]] * [[1982]] : ''[[Les Joies de la famille Pinelli]]'' de [[Jean L'Hôte]] : ''Armelle Marek'' * [[1983]] : ''[[Vichy dancing]]'' de [[Léonard Keigel]] : ''Mona Ginès'' * [[1983]] : ''[[Lettres du bagne]]'' de [[Jean L'Hôte]] : ''Lucienne, l'infirmière'' * [[1983]] : ''[[Père Noël et fils]]'' d'[[André Flédérick]] * [[1984]] : ''[[Le Rat]]'' d'[[Elisabeth Huppert]] : manman an * [[1984]] : ''[[Le Sexe faible]]'' d'[[Édouard Bourdet]], reyalizasyon [[Lazare Iglesis]] : kontès * [[1985]] : ''[[Maguy]]'' : manman Maguy * [[1988]] : ''[[L'Appart]]'' de [[Christiane Spiero]] : Gwendoline * [[1989]] : ''[[Des cadavres à la pelle]]'' d'[[Éric Le Hung]] : matant Gianni * [[1991]] : ''[[Années de plumes, années de plomb]]'' de [[Nicolas Ribowski]] : vèv Silbermann'' * [[1991]] : ''[[C'est quoi, ce petit boulot ? (fim)|C'est quoi, ce petit boulot ?]]'' de [[Michel Berny]] ak [[Gian Luigi Polidoro]] : matant Barbara * [[1995]] : ''[[Samson le magnifique]]'' d'[[Étienne Périer (reyalizatè)|Étienne Périer]] : Madam Brachart * [[1999]] : ''[[PJ (seri)|PJ]]'', épisode ''Tango'' de [[Gérard Vergez]] : bèlmè Meurteaux * [[2000]] : ''[[PJ (seri)|PJ]]'', épisode ''Tourisme sexuel'' de [[Benoît d'Aubert]] : bèlmè Meurteaux * [[2001]] : ''[[Rastignac ou les Ambitieux]]'' d'[[Alain Tasma]] : vye dam * [[2005]] : ''[[Les Rois maudits (seri, 2005)|Les Rois maudits]]'' de [[Josée Dayan]] : Madanm de Bouville == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0239680/ Hélène Duc] sou IMDb {{DEFAULTSORT:Duc, Hélène}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Fanm]] [[Kategori:Aktè]] [[Kategori:Aktè sinema]] [[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]] [[Kategori:Aktè franse]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1917]] [[Kategori:Lanmò 2014]] [[Kategori:Aktè ki soti Oksitani]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Oksitani]] l58xvr291x8h43wa1evkmbb55k901j8 0 77993 882729 781323 2026-07-13T15:42:33Z Raymond Trencavel 28592 882729 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dominique Valadié''', ki fèt an [[1952]] nan [[Nis]] ([[Frans]], [[Provence|Rejyon Provence]]), se yon [[Aktè|Aktris]] [[Frans|fransèz]]. == Biyografi == == Zèv li yo == == Sinema == * [[1982]] : ''[[Légitime Violence (fim, 1982)|Légitime Violence]]'' de [[Serge Leroy]] : sekretè nan CAPMAC * [[1989]] : ''[[Comme d'habitude (fim, 1989)|Comme d'habitude]]'' de [[Bruno Herbulot]] * [[1989]] : ''[[Embrasse-moi (fim, 1989)|Embrasse-moi]]'' de [[Michèle Rosier]] : manman * [[1991 au cinéma|1991]] : ''[[Une rencontre]]'' de [[Charles Castella]] (kout fim) * [[1991 au cinéma|1991]] : ''[[Trop près des Dieux]]'' de [[Jean-Michel Roux]] (kout fim) * [[1993]] : ''[[Juste avant l'orage]]'' de [[Bruno Herbulot]] : Joséphine * [[1995]] : ''[[La Fille seule]]'' de [[Benoît Jacquot]] : manman * [[1995]] : ''[[Pullman paradis]]'' de [[Michèle Rosier]] : Maryse * [[1996]] : ''[[Mon homme (fim, 1996)|Mon homme]]'' de [[Bertrand Blier]] : Gilberte * [[1997]] : ''[[La Soupe (fim, 1997)|La Soupe]]'' d'[[Antoine Santana]] (kout fim) * [[2002]] : ''[[Un moment de bonheur]]'' d'[[Antoine Santana]] : Cécile * [[2002]] : ''[[Le Loup de la côte Ouest]]'' d'[[Hugo Santiago]] : gadyèn * [[2003]] : ''[[Elle est des nôtres]]'' de [[Siegrid Alnoy]] : Marie-Noëlle, vwazin * [[2008]] : ''[[Didine]]'' de [[Vincent Dietschy]] : Madaanm Santonge * [[2009]] : ''[[Un chat un chat]]'' de [[Sophie Fillières]] : manman * [[2013]] : ''[[Au bout du conte]]'' d'[[Agnès Jaoui]] : Jacqueline * [[2018]] : ''[[Nos batailles|Nos Batailles]]'' de [[Guillaume Senez]] : Joëlle * [[2019]] : ''[[Premières vacances]]'' de [[Patrick Cassir]] : Nicole * [[2019]] : ''[[Moi, maman, ma mère et moi]]'' de [[Christophe Le Masne]] : Maman * [[2020]] : ''[[Les Cobayes (fim)|Les Cobayes]]'' d'Emmanuel Poulain-Arnaud == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0883462/ Dominique Valadié] sou IMDb {{DEFAULTSORT:Valadié, Dominique}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Aktè]] [[Kategori:Aktè sinema]] [[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]] [[Kategori:Aktè franse]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1952]] [[Kategori:Aktè ki soti Oksitani]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Oksitani]] ok1k6un3gle8qd9rq5iolfprfmfssve 0 80572 882761 793047 2026-07-13T21:19:57Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moun |non=Frédérique Hébrard |foto=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_H%C3%A9brard_-_Com%C3%A9die_du_Livre_2010_-_P1390375.jpg |tèks=Frédérique Hébrard (2010) |fonksyon=aktris, fanm ekriven |domèn=sinema, televizyon |diplòm= |etid= |dat nesans=[[7 jen]] [[1927]] |lye nesans=[[Nîmes]] |peyi nesans=[[Frans]] |dat lanmò= |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite=franse |relijyon= |rezidans= |kontak= |Biyografi= |zèv= |omaj= |rekonpans= |remak= |fim= }} '''Frédérique Hébrard''', née Chamson ki fèt [[7 jen]] [[1927]] nan [[Nîmes]] ([[Frans]]), se yon [[Aktè|aktris]] ak [[ekriven]] [[Frans|fransèz]]. == Biyografi == Frédérique Hébrard se pitit fi akademisyen [[André Chamson]] ak [[Lucie Mazauric]]. Li te pran non grann manman li kòm sedonim. == Zèv li yo == === Tankou senaris === ==== Sinema ==== * [[1976]] : ''[[Un mari, c'est un mari]]'', daprè liv menm non<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cinema-francais.fr/les_films/films_f/films_friedman_serge/un_mari_c_est_un_mari.htm |title=Fiche du film sur cinema.francais.fr |access-date=2021-11-03 |archive-date=2021-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926072533/https://www.cinema-francais.fr/les_films/films_f/films_friedman_serge/un_mari_c_est_un_mari.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==== Televizyon ==== * [[1966]] : ''[[Comment ne pas épouser un milliardaire]]'', an kolaborasyon avèk [[Louis Velle]] (adaptasyon televizyon woman otè panyòl Luisa-Maria Linarès : ''Sous la coupe de Barbe-Bleue''). * [[1967]] : ''[[Le Regret de Pierre Guilhem]]'' * [[1971]] : ''[[La Demoiselle d'Avignon]]'' de [[Michel Wyn]], an kolaborasyon avèk [[Louis Velle]] (li tou vwa animatris [[France Inter]] sou radyo deibò nan machin François Fonsalette). * [[1973]] : ''[[Les Témoins (fim, 1972)|Les Témoins]]'' * [[1981]] : ''[[Adieu ma chérie]]'' * [[1990]] : ''[[Le Mari de l'ambassadeur]]'' * [[1993]] : ''[[Le Château des oliviers]]'' * [[1997]] : ''[[Le Grand Batre]]'' * [[2010]] : ''[[Les Châtaigniers du désert]]'' de [[Caroline Huppert]] === Tankou aktris === * [[1950]] : ''[[Le Crime des justes]]'' de [[Jean Gehret]] : Jeannette * [[1951]] : ''[[Un grand patron]]'' d'[[Yves Ciampi]] * [[1976]] : ''[[Un mari, c'est un mari]]'' de [[Serge Friedman]] : madanm Jean Martel * [[1997]] : ''[[Comme des rois (fim, 1997)|Comme des rois]]'' de [[François Velle]] : fanm nan jiri === Teyat === * [[1949]] : ''[[Jeanne la Folle]]'' de [[François Aman-Jean]], metè an sèn [[Jean Meyer (aktè)|Jean Meyer]] * [[1952]] : ''[[On ne voit pas les cœurs]]'' d'[[André Chamson]], metè an sèn [[Christian-Gérard]] * [[1955]] : ''[[À bout portant (teyat)|À bout portant]]'' de [[Jean Bruce]], metè an sèn [[Jacques-Henri Duval]] * [[1955]] : ''[[La Folle nuit]]'' de [[André Mouëzy-Éon]] ak [[Félix Gandéra]], metè an sèn [[Alfred Pasquali]] * [[1956]] : ''[[À la monnaie du Pape]]'' de [[Louis Velle]], metè an sèn [[René Dupuy]] * [[1957]] : ''[[À la monnaie du Pape]]'' de [[Louis Velle]] * [[1959]] : ''[[Mousseline]]'' de [[Louis Velle]], metè an sèn otè == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0372905/ Frédérique Hébrard] sou IMDb {{DEFAULTSORT:Hébrard, Frédérique}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Fanm]] [[Kategori:Aktè]] [[Kategori:Aktè sinema]] [[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]] [[Kategori:Aktè franse]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1927]] se0lr43pbbd5lf99b7e8ujvzu2gc6c6 0 80860 882728 795019 2026-07-13T15:39:38Z Raymond Trencavel 28592 882728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moun |non=Jacques Dufilho |foto=Jacques_Dufilho_1978.jpg |tèks=Jacques Dufilho (1978) |fonksyon=aktè |domèn=sinema |diplòm= |etid= |dat nesans=[[19 fevriye]] [[1914]] |lye nesans=[[Bègles]], [[Gironde (depatman)|Gironde]] |peyi nesans=[[Frans]] |dat lanmò=[[28 out]] [[2005]] |lye lanmò=[[Gers (depatman)|Gers]] |peyi lanmò=[[Frans]] |nasyonalite= |relijyon= |rezidans= |kontak= |Biyografi= |zèv= |omaj= |rekonpans= |remak= |fim= }} '''Jacques Gabriel Dufilho''', rele '''Jacques Dufilho''', ki fèt [[19 fevriye]] [[1914]] nan [[Bègles]] nan [[Gironde (depatman)|Gironde]] ([[Frans]], [[Oksitani (rejyon kiltirèl)|Oksitani]]) epi ki mouri [[28 out]] [[2005]] nan [[Ponsampère|Lectoure]] nan [[Gers (depatman)|Gers]] ([[Frans]], [[Oksitani (rejyon administratif)|Rejyon Oksitani]]), se yon [[aktè]] [[Frans|franse]].<ref>[https://www.avis-de-deces.com/deces-celebrites/1520/Jacques-DUFILHO avis-de-decès.com]</ref> == Biyografi == == Zèv li yo == ==== 1939-1949 ==== * [[1939]] : ''[[Le Corsaire (fim)|Le Corsaire]]'' de [[Marc Allégret]] (fim inacheve) * [[1941]] : ''[[Croisières sidérales]]'' d'[[André Zwobada]] : yon bwonzyè * [[1942]] : ''[[Adieu Léonard]]'' de [[Pierre Prévert]] : machann mawon * 1942 : ''[[Étoiles de demain]]'' de [[René-Guy Grand]] : li menm * [[1944]] : ''[[Premier de cordée (fim)|Premier de cordée]]'' de [[Louis Daquin]] : Fernand Lourtier * [[1947]] : ''[[Le Bateau à soupe]]'' de [[Maurice Gleize]] : Zélize * 1947 : ''[[Brigade criminelle (fim, 1947)|Brigade criminelle]]'' de [[Gilbert Gil]] : Lucien * [[1948]] : ''[[La Figure de proue]]'' de [[Christian Stengel]]: kòmandan Clément * 1948 : ''[[Le Destin exécrable de Guillemette Babin]]'' de [[Guillaume Radot]] : kire * 1948 : ''[[La Ferme des sept péchés]]'' de [[Jean Devaivre]] : François Sovignant * [[1949]] : ''[[Histoires extraordinaires (fim, 1949)|Histoires extraordinaires]]'' de [[Jean Faurez]] : sòlda sou ==== 1950-1959 ==== * [[1950]] : ''[[Vendetta en Camargue]]'' de [[Jean Devaivre]] : Zacramir * [[1951]] : ''[[Caroline chérie (fim, 1951)|Caroline chérie]]'' de [[Richard Pottier]]: valè Pont-Bellanger / Giuseppe * 1951 : ''[[Bibi Fricotin (fim)|Bibi Fricotin]]'' de [[Marcel Blistène]] : tonton * 1951 : ''[[Deux sous de violettes]]'' de [[Jean Anouilh]] : anplwaye gaz * [[1952 au cinéma|1952]] : ''[[Le Rideau rouge]]'' ''(Ce soir on joue McBeth)'' d'[[André Barsacq]] : yon aktè * 1952 : ''[[Le Chemin de Damas (fim, 1952)|Le Chemin de Damas]]'' de [[Max Glass]] : Pierre * [[1953]] : ''[[Un caprice de Caroline chérie]]'' de [[Jean Devaivre]] : Giuseppe * 1953 : ''[[Ma femme, ma vache et moi]]'' de [[Jean Devaivre]] * 1953 : ''[[Saadia (fim)|Saadia]]'' d'[[Albert Lewin]] : chèf bandi * [[1954]] : ''[[Le Chevalier de la nuit]]'' de [[Robert Darène]] : polisye Machard * 1954 : ''[[Sang et Lumières (fim)|Sang et Lumières]]'' de [[Georges Rouquier]] : Chispa * 1954 : ''[[Cadet Rousselle (fim, 1954)|Cadet Rousselle]]'' d'[[André Hunebelle]] : Carlos * [[1955]] : ''[[Marie-Antoinette reine de France]]'' de [[Jean Delannoy]] : Marat * 1955 : ''[[Milord l'Arsouille (fim, 1955)|Milord l'Arsouille]]'' d'[[André Haguet]] * [[1956]] : ''[[Mon curé chez les pauvres (fim, 1956)|Mon curé chez les pauvres]]'' d'[[Henri Diamant-Berger]] : Fernand * 1956 : ''[[Courte Tête]]'' de [[Norbert Carbonnaux]] : le garçon d'écurie * 1956 : ''[[La vie est belle (fim, 1956)|La Vie est belle]]'' de [[Roger Pierre]] ak [[Jean-Marc Thibault]] : chèf fanfa * 1956 : ''[[Notre-Dame de Paris (fim, 1956)|Notre-Dame de Paris]]'' de [[Jean Delannoy]] : Guillaume Rousseau * [[11957]] : ''[[Ce sacré Amédée]]'' de [[Louis Félix]]: Placard * 1957 : ''[[Jusqu'au dernier]]'' de [[Pierre Billon (reyalizatè)|Pierre Billon]] : Pépé * 1957 : ''[[Que les hommes sont bêtes]]'' de [[Roger Richebé]] : enspektè * 1957 : ''[[La Route joyeuse]]'' ''(The Happy Road)'' de [[Gene Kelly]] : Michel Bertrand * 1957 : ''[[Mademoiselle Strip-tease]]'' de [[Pierre Foucaud]] : Pedro * 1957 : ''[[Nathalie (fim)|Nathalie]]'' de [[Christian-Jaque]] : Simon, sèvè a * 1957 : ''[[Les Espions (fim, 1957)]]'' de [[Henri-Georges Clouzot]] : yon reparatè pòselèn, endikatè * [[1958]] : ''[[Sous la terreur (fim, 1958)|A Tale of Two Cities]]'' de [[Ralph Thomas]] * 1958 : ''[[Le Temps des œufs durs]]'' de [[Norbert Carbonnaux]] : Jules Grandvivier * 1958 : ''[[Chéri, fais-moi peur]]'' de [[Jack Pinoteau]] : Émile, valè a * 1958 : ''[[Et ta sœur (fim, 1958)|Et ta sœur]]'' de [[Maurice Delbez]] : Puymartin, otè a * 1958 : ''[[Taxi, Roulotte et Corrida]]'' d'[[André Hunebelle]] : kliyan taksi * 1958 : ''[[Maxime (fim)|Maxime]]'' d'[[Henri Verneuil]] : Flick * [[1959]] : ''[[Le Petit Prof]]'' de [[Carlo Rim]] : le chef du service de l'état civil * 1959 : ''[[Bobosse (fim)|Bobosse]]'' d'[[Étienne Périer (reyalizatè)|Étienne Périer]] : Gaston, valè a * 1959 : ''[[Fripouillard et Cie]]'' ''(I Tartassati)'' de [[Steno (reyalizatè)|Steno]] : sipèrentandan nan prizon * 1959 : ''[[Julie la Rousse]]'' de [[Claude Boissol]] : valè * 1959 : ''[[Signé Arsène Lupin]]'' d'[[Yves Robert (reyalizatè)|Yves Robert]] : Albert, valè * 1959 : ''[[Le travail c'est la liberté]]'' de [[Louis Grospierre]] : ajan Grosjean == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0240638 Jacques Dufilho] sou IMDb {{DEFAULTSORT:Dufilho, Jacques}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Aktè]] [[Kategori:Aktè sinema]] [[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]] [[Kategori:Aktè franse]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1914]] [[Kategori:Lanmò 2005]] [[Kategori:Aktè ki soti Oksitani]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Oksitani]] 1rv4ntitunrdot1kljvx5v5rfhe2haq 0 90397 882773 865131 2026-07-14T02:22:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882773 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hojang Taret''' se yon [[:en:Meitei|pyès teyat klasik nan lang Meitei]] ki baze sou [[:en:Tragédie_grecque|ansyen trajedi grèk]] [[:en:Euripide|Euripide]] la [[:en:Les_Phéniciennes|, Fanm Fenisyen yo]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/2018-looking-back-theatre-stage-nsd-play-art-and-culture-5508202/|title=At This Stage {{!}} 2018: Looking back|date=2018-12-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en|access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref> Li te dirije pa Oasis Sougaijam epi te pwodwi pa [[:en:Imphāl|Imphal]] 's Umbilical Theatre, Kangleipak. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metawards.com/plays/hojang-taret|title=Hojang Taret - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards|website=Hojang Taret - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards|language=en|access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artculturefestival.in/expect-13-meta-plays/|title=WHAT TO EXPECT FROM 10 META PLAYS? - Art Culture Festival|date=2018-03-21|language=en-US|access-date=2023-08-24|archive-date=2023-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824092114/https://www.artculturefestival.in/expect-13-meta-plays/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metawards.com/blog/hojang-taret-a-greek-tragedy-brought-to-life|title=Hojang Taret- A Greek Tragedy brought to Life - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards|website=Hojang Taret- A Greek Tragedy brought to Life - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards|language=en|access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref> Li dekri difikilte moral yo nan konfli ki te geyen ant frè yo ki lakòz ansyen vil [[:en:Thèbes_(Grèce)|Tèb]] la kraze . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metawards.com/plays/hojang-taret|title=Hojang Taret - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards|website=Hojang Taret - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards|language=en|access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artculturefestival.in/expect-13-meta-plays/|title=WHAT TO EXPECT FROM 10 META PLAYS? - Art Culture Festival|date=2018-03-21|language=en-US|access-date=2023-08-24|archive-date=2023-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824092114/https://www.artculturefestival.in/expect-13-meta-plays/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metawards.com/blog/hojang-taret-a-greek-tragedy-brought-to-life|title=Hojang Taret- A Greek Tragedy brought to Life - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards|website=Hojang Taret- A Greek Tragedy brought to Life - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards|language=en|access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref> == Konplo == Anvan manman [[Jocaste]] te touye tèt li, li te eseye mete antant nan mitan de pitit gason l yo, [[Eteocles]] ak [[Polyneices|Polynice]] . De frè yo t ap goumen pou pran fotèy la. Pitit gason l yo pa koute okenn nan pawòl li yo. Tout efò li pou anpeche pèt trajik lavi presye pitit li yo se anven. Se konsa, de chèf yo te fini touye youn lòt. Chagren Rèn Jocaste pa t gen limit. Finalman, li touye tèt li. Touswit apre sa, vil Tèb te temwen destriksyon l. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metawards.com/plays/hojang-taret|title=Hojang Taret - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards|website=Hojang Taret - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards|language=en|access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artculturefestival.in/expect-13-meta-plays/|title=WHAT TO EXPECT FROM 10 META PLAYS? - Art Culture Festival|date=2018-03-21|language=en-US|access-date=2023-08-24|archive-date=2023-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824092114/https://www.artculturefestival.in/expect-13-meta-plays/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metawards.com/blog/hojang-taret-a-greek-tragedy-brought-to-life|title=Hojang Taret- A Greek Tragedy brought to Life - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards|website=Hojang Taret- A Greek Tragedy brought to Life - Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards|language=en|access-date=2023-08-24}}</ref> == Kout je == Pandan ke yo te jwe Hojang Taret nan 13yèm edisyon Mahindra Excellence Theatre Awards (META), Oasis Sougaijam, direktè Hojang Taret, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/theatre-and-its-thespians-1502627452.html|title=Theatre and its thespians|website=The Statesman}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artculturefestival.in/expect-13-meta-plays/|title=WHAT TO EXPECT FROM 10 META PLAYS? - Art Culture Festival|date=2018-03-21|language=en-US|access-date=2023-08-24|archive-date=2023-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824092114/https://www.artculturefestival.in/expect-13-meta-plays/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, te note :{{Sitasyon blok|“Objektif la se melanje mouvman fizik, imaj vizyèl ak mizik nan yon naratif vizyèl. ... Hojang Taret se yon trajedi klasik grèk, ekri pa Euripide, toujou enpòtan jodi a. Long batay pou endepandans nou ak divizyon peyi nou an te kite mak li sou mwen. Resanblans sa yo ak konsekans lagè a, ki enpòtan menm apre 2,500 ane, te fè m chwazi pyès sa a pou yon odyans pi laj. Objektif direksyon mwen an se melanje mouvman fizik, simagri vizyèl ak mizik nan yon naratif vizyèl ak eleman miltimedya.”|Oasis Sougaijam|Director, Hojang Taret<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theatre and its thespians |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/theatre-and-its-thespians-1502627452.html |website=The Statesman}}</ref>}}Anplis META a, pyès teyat la te prezante nan 19yèm [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]] ki te òganize pa Ministè Lakilti (End) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://20brm.nsd.gov.in/ahal-amadi-epak/|title=AHAL AMADI EPAK – 20th Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2023-08-24|quote=It participated in the 19th Bharat Rang Mahotsav and 8th Theatre Olympic with the play Hojang Taret directed by Oasis Sougaijam. Recently, the play has won three Mahindra Excellency in Theatre Awards 2018.|archive-date=2023-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824093755/https://20brm.nsd.gov.in/ahal-amadi-epak/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, apre yon pwosesis seleksyon ak yon pwosesis pwojeksyon pou evènman an <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://20brm.nsd.gov.in/ahal-amadi-epak/|title=AHAL AMADI EPAK – 20th Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2023-08-24|quote=It participated in the 19th Bharat Rang Mahotsav and 8th Theatre Olympic with the play Hojang Taret directed by Oasis Sougaijam. Recently, the play has won three Mahindra Excellency in Theatre Awards 2018.|archive-date=2023-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824093755/https://20brm.nsd.gov.in/ahal-amadi-epak/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> . 8 mas 2018, pyès la te jwetou nan 8yèm jwèt Olenpik <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://20brm.nsd.gov.in/ahal-amadi-epak/|title=AHAL AMADI EPAK – 20th Bharat Rang Mahotsav 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2023-08-24|quote=It participated in the 19th Bharat Rang Mahotsav and 8th Theatre Olympic with the play Hojang Taret directed by Oasis Sougaijam. Recently, the play has won three Mahindra Excellency in Theatre Awards 2018.|archive-date=2023-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824093755/https://20brm.nsd.gov.in/ahal-amadi-epak/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> teyat 2018, nan Bhanja Kala Mandap, BJB Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insider.in/hojang-taret-mar8-2018/event|title=Theatre Olympics 2018 - Hojang Taret|website=|language=en|access-date=2023-08-24|archive-date=2023-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824093152/https://insider.in/hojang-taret-mar8-2018/event|dead-url=yes}}</ref> . == Referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Teyat]] 7f9zjlicyse97isavc1ep0n0eg2v492 0 93370 882771 855158 2026-07-13T22:35:09Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biyografi|lejand=Pòtrè pretandan Georges Petit.|lye nesans=Ansyen 2e awondisman Pari|lye nesans=9e awondisman Pari}} '''Georges Petit''', ki fèt [[Pari]] 11 mas 1856 kote li te mouri 12 me 1920 <ref>[http://archives.paris.fr/arkotheque/visionneuse/visionneuse.php?arko=YTo2OntzOjQ6ImRhdGUiO3M6MTA6IjIwMjEtMTAtMTEiO3M6MTA6InR5cGVfZm9uZHMiO3M6MTE6ImFya29fc2VyaWVsIjtzOjQ6InJlZjEiO2k6NDtzOjQ6InJlZjIiO2k6MjYwNDE5O3M6MTY6InZpc2lvbm5ldXNlX2h0bWwiO2I6MTtzOjIxOiJ2aXNpb25uZXVzZV9odG1sX21vZGUiO3M6NDoicHJvZCI7fQ==#uielem_move=-84.01041412353516%2C-32.982635498046875&uielem_rotate=F&uielem_islocked=1&uielem_zoom=180 Archives de Paris {{9e}}, acte de décès {{nimewo|703}}, année 1920 (vue 10/31)]</ref>, se yon galris [[Frans|fransè]] ak [[machann atizay]] ki aktif nan [[Pari]] depi 1881 pou rive jis li mouri an 1920, dat kote Bernheim-Jeune te pran galri li a. == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans}} === Lyen ekstèn === {{Lòt pwojè|commons=Category:Georges Petit (1856 – 1920)}}{{liens}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240529001108/http://www.lasocietenouvelle.fr/galerie-georges-petit.html Anne-Françoise Ponthus, « La Galerie Georges Petit », sur ''La Société Nouvelle'', 2016]. * {{En}} Biographies dans le domaine public sur le site du [https://web.archive.org/web/20060429215017/http://www.whistler.arts.gla.ac.uk/biog/Peti_G.htm Centre for Whistler Studies]. * {{En}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080704144219/http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/ggcassattptg/ggcassattptg-46289.0-prov.html National Gallery of Art USA]. * {{En}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20081007055427/http://www.guggenheimlasvegas.org/past/exhibition_168_work_md_204.html Guggenheim Heritage Museum]. * {{En}} {{pdf}} [http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/publications/pdfs/burghers/divided/chronology.pdf Metropolitan Museum of Art, Chronology of the Artist's Life (Rodin)]. * {{En}} [http://www.artic.edu/aic/exhibitions/picasso/themes.html Exhibition Notes: ''Cézanne to Picasso: Ambroise Vollard, Patron of the Avant-Garde'', The Art Institute of Chicago]. [[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]] [[Kategori:Lanmò an me 1920]] [[Kategori:Nesans an mas 1856]] [[Kategori:Machann Atizay]] 9p3oapqyt1hjp43c88w83pq220p1su3 0 94901 882727 881667 2026-07-13T13:54:40Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Club de football|couleur cadre=E00209|couleur écriture=FFFFFF|personnage blanc=oui|nom=Eintracht Francfort|logo=Eintracht Frankfurt Logo.svg|nom complet=Eintracht Frankfurt e.V.|surnoms=SGE (''Sportgemeinde Eintracht'')<br />die Adler (''les Aigles'')<ref name="nickname">{{Lien web|titre=#98 – Eintracht Francfort : die Adler |url=https://footnickname.wordpress.com/2020/05/31/98-eintracht-francfort-die-adler/|site=footnickname.wordpress.com|langue=fr|consulté le=23 août 2021}}</ref><br />Launische Diva (''Diva Capricieuse'')<br>Die Diva vom Main (''La Diva du [[Main (rivière)|Main]]'')<br>Schlappekicker(''Les joueurs en pantoufle'')<ref name="nickname2">{{Lien web|titre=#891 – Eintracht Francfort : Schlappekicker |url=https://footnickname.wordpress.com/2022/11/02/891-eintracht-francfort-schlappekicker/|site=footnickname.wordpress.com|langue=fr|consulté le=2 novembre 2022}}</ref>|noms précédents=''Frankfurter FC Viktoria 1899''<br />''Frankfurter FC Kickers'' 1899<br />''Frankfurter FV''|date de fondation={{date|8|mars|1899|en football}} (''Fondation Viktoria'')<br />{{date|7|mai|1911|en football}} (''Fusion'')<br />[[1920 en football|1920]] (''Fusion'')<br />[[1945 en football|1945]] (''Reconstitution'')<br />[[1968 en football|1968]] (''Fusion'')|date de disparition=|statut professionnel=|couleurs=Rouge, Noir et Blanc|équipement sportif=[[Deutsche Bank Park]]|capacité=58000|siège=Mörfelder Landstraße 362<br />60528 [[Francfort-sur-le-Main]]|président={{GER-d}} [[Peter Fischer (football)|Peter Fischer]]|entraîneur={{GER-d}} [[Dino Toppmöller]]|championnat actuel=[[Championnat d'Allemagne de football|Bundesliga]]|joueur le plus capé={{GER-d}} [[Karl-Heinz Körbel]] (728 matchs)|meilleur buteur={{GER-d}} [[Karl Ehmer]] (225 buts)|site web={{de}} [http://www.eintracht.de eintracht.de]|palmarès national=[[Championnat d'Allemagne de football|Championnat d'Allemagne]] (1)<br />[[Coupe d'Allemagne de football|Coupe d'Allemagne]] (5)|palmarès international=[[Ligue Europa]] (2)|pattern_la1=_frankfurt2425h|pattern_b1=_frankfurt2425h|pattern_ra1=_frankfurt2425h|pattern_sh1=|pattern_so1=|leftarm1=FF0000|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=FF0000|shorts1=000000|socks1=FFFFFF|pattern_la2=_frankfurt2425a|pattern_b2=_frankfurt2425a|pattern_ra2=_frankfurt2425a|pattern_sh2=|pattern_so2=|leftarm2=000000|body2=000000|rightarm2=000000|shorts2=000000|socks2=000000|pattern_la3=_frankfurt2425t|pattern_b3=_frankfurt2425t|pattern_ra3=_frankfurt2425t|pattern_sh3=|pattern_so3=|leftarm3=FF6600|body3=FF6600|rightarm3=FF6600|shorts3=000000|socks3=FF6600|actualité=Championnat d'Allemagne de football 2024-2025{{!}}Bundesliga 2024-2025|maj={{date|1 septembre 2024}}}}<span lang="aeb" dir="rtl">'''Eintracht'''</span> '''Frankfurt''' (an allemand : Eintracht Frankfurt) se yon klèb [[Espò (divètisman)|milti-espò]] [[Almay|Alman]] ki baze nan [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]]. Seksyon yo plis konnen se [[foutbòl]] . Se yon Mo Alman an ''{{Lang|de|Eintracht}}'' vle di " Konkòd "Oswa" Antant ". == Repè istorik == * 1899 - 03/08/1899, fondasyon ''Eintracht Frankfurter Fußball Club Viktoria vom 1899'' . * 1899 - Club te fonde kòm ''Frankfurter Fußball-Club 1899'' . * 1899 - 11/13/1899 (?), fondasyon ''Frankfurter Fußball Club Kickers 1899'' . * 1900 - 11/28/1900, fizyon ''Frankfurter Fußball-Club 1899'' ak ''Frankfurter Fußball.'' ''Club Kickers 1899'' pou fòme ''Frankfurter Fußball-Club 1899 Kickers'' . * 1904 - ''Frankfurter Fußball-Club 1899 Kickers'' chanje non ''Fußball Verein Kickers Frankfurt'' . * 1911 - 05/07/1911, ''Fußball Club Viktoria 1899 Frankfurt'' ak ''Fußball Verein Kickers Frankfurt'' pou fòme ''Frankfurter Fußball Verein Kickers Victoria.'' * 1920 - Avril, fizyon ''Frankfurter Fußball Verein Kickers Victoria'' ak ''Frankfurter Turngemeinde 1861'' pou fòme ''Turn-Und Sport Gemeinde Eintracht Frankfurt 1861'' . * 1927 - Divize an de antite ''Turngemeinde Eintracht Frankfurt von 1861'' ( [[Jimnastik]] ak ''Sportgemeinde Eintracht Frankfurt (FFV) von 1899'' (ki gen ladan [[foutbòl]] ). * 1945 - Disolisyon pa alye yo. * 1945 - Rekonstitisyon anba non ''Sportgemeinschaft Eintracht'' Lè sa a, rekòmanse non an anvan lagè. * 1959 - chanpyon Alman ak 1 patisipasyon nan yon koup Ewopeyen an (C1) ( ''sezon 1959-60'' ). * 1968 - Fizyon ''Sportgemeinschaft Eintracht Frankfurt'' ak ''Turn-und Fechtgemeinde Eintracht Frankfurt 1861'' pou fòme '''Eintracht Frankfurt''' . == Istwa == === Frankfurter FC Viktoria 1899 === ==== Palmarès viktwa 1899 ==== === SG Eintracht Frankfurt 1899 === [[Fichye:RC_Lens_-_FC_Nantes_(25-11-2020)_13.jpg|gauche|vignette| Randal Kolo Muani onore premye seleksyon li kont Otrich 22 septanm 2022 .]] == Bilan espò == === Palmarès === * '''koup klib chanpyon Ewopeyen an / Lig chanpyon''' : ** Finalis : 1960 * '''UEFA Cup / Lig Europa (2)''' : ** Gayan : 1980, 2022 * '''UEFA Super Cup (0)''' : ** Finalis : 2022 * '''Chanpyona Alman (1)''' : ** Chanpyon : 1959 ** Vis-chanpyon : 1932 * '''koup Alman (5)''' : ** Gayan : 1974, 1975, 1981, 1988 ak 2018 ** Finalis : 1964, 2006, 2017 ak 2023 * '''Alman Super Cup''' : ** Finalis : 1988 ak 2018 * '''[[Chanpyona foutbòl Dezyèm Divizyon Alman|Chanpyona Dezyèm Divizyon Alman]]''' : ** Chanpyon : 1998 * '''Oberliga Sid''' : ** Chanpyon : 1953 ak 1959 ** Vis-chanpyon : 1954, 1961, 1962 * '''Entènasyonal foutbòl Cup''' ** Gayan : 1967 * '''Alps Cup''' ** Gayan : 1967 === Bilan Ewopeyen an === ==== Bilan ==== {| class="wikitable alternance" bgcolor="#f7f8ff" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" |+Bilan européen de l'Eintracht Francfort au {{date-|28 novembre 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballdatabase.eu/fr/club/histoire/86-eintracht_francfort|title=Eintracht Francfort - Histoire|website=footballdatabase.eu|access-date=19 mai 2022|archive-date=2024-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203090310/https://www.footballdatabase.eu/fr/club/histoire/86-eintracht_francfort|dead-url=yes}}</ref> !Compétition !Titres !{{abréviation|P|Nombre de participations}} !{{abréviation|MJ|Matchs joués}} !{{abréviation|V|Matchs gagnés}} !{{abréviation|N|Matchs nuls}} !{{abréviation|D|Matchs perdus}} !{{abréviation|BP|Buts marqués}} !{{abréviation|BC|Buts concédés}} !{{abréviation|Diff.|Différence de buts}} |- |Ligue des champions (C1) | - |2 |15 |7 |3 |5 |30 |28 | +2 |- |Coupe des coupes (C2) | - |4 |24 |14 |3 |7 |41 |23 | +18 |- |Ligue Europa (C3) |2 |15 |118 |64 |26 |27 |225 |120 | +105 |- |Ligue Conférence (C4) | - |1 |10 |4 |2 |4 |17 |12 | +5 |- |Supercoupe de l'UEFA | - |1 |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 |2 | -2 |- |Coupe Intertoto | - |1 |5 |3 |0 |2 |14 |6 | +8 |- !Total !2 !24 !172 !92 !34 !46 !326 !191 !+135 |} ==== Rezilta yo ==== ; Lejand == Foutbòl pwofesyonèl == === Antrenè yo === {{Kolòn|* {{GER-d}} [[Albert Sohn]] : [[1919 en football|1919]] * {{HUN (1920-1946)-d}} [[Izidor Kürschner]] : [[1921 en football|1921]]-[[1922 en football|1922]] * {{WAL-d}} [[Maurice Parry]] : mars [[1925 en football|1925]]-mars [[1926 en football|1926]] * {{SUI-d}} [[Walter Dietrich]] et {{GER-d}} [[Fritz Egly]] : janvier [[1926 en football|1926]]-[[1927 en football|1927]] * {{AUT-d}} [[Gustav Wieser]] : octobre [[1927 en football|1927]]-mai [[1928 en football|1928]] * {{drapeau|Allemagne|empire}} [[Paul Oßwald]] (1) : [[1928 en football|1928]]-[[1933 en football|1933]] * {{GER (1945)-d}} [[Willi Spreng]] : septembre [[1933 en football|1933]]-mai [[1935 en football|1935]] * {{GER (1945)-d}} [[Paul Oßwald]] (2) : [[1935 en football|1935]]-[[1938 en football|1938]] * {{GER (1945)-d}} [[Otto Boer]] : [[1939 en football|1939]] * {{HUN (1920-1946)-d}} [[Péter Szabó]] (1) : mars [[1939 en football|1939]]-[[1941 en football|1941]] * {{GER (1945)-d}} [[Willi Lindner]] : juillet [[1941 en football|1941]] * {{HUN (1920-1946)-d}} [[Péter Szabó]] (2) : mars [[1942 en football|1942]]-[[1943 en football|1943]] * {{GER (1945)-d}} [[Willi Balles]] : [[1942 en football|1942]] * {{GER (1946-1949)-d}} [[Willi Pfeiffer]] : novembre-décembre [[1945 en football|1945]] * {{GER (1946-1949)-d}} [[Sepp Herberger]] : décembre [[1945 en football|1945]]-janvier [[1946 en football|1946]] * {{GER (1946-1949)-d}} [[Emil Melcher]] : janvier [[1946 en football|1946]]-[[1947 en football|1947]] * {{GER (1946-1949)-d}} [[Willi Treml]] : [[1947 en football|1947]]-janvier [[1948 en football|1948]] * {{GER (1946-1949)-d}} [[Bernhard Kellerhoff]] : février-décembre [[1948 en football|1948]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Walter Hollstein]] : janvier [[1949 en football|1949]]-[[1950 en football|1950]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Kurt Windmann]] : [[1950 en football|1950]]-[[1956 en football|1956]] * {{AUT-d}} [[Adolf Patek]] : [[1956 en football|1956]]-[[1958 en football|1958]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Paul Oßwald]] (3) : [[1958 en football|1958]]-avril [[1964 en football|1964]] * {{YUG-d}} [[Ivan Horvat]] : avril [[1964 en football|1964]]-[[1965 en football|1965]] * {{ROU (1965-1989)-d}} [[Alexander Schwartz]] : [[1965 en football|1965]]-[[1968 en football|1968]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Erich Ribbeck]] : [[1968 en football|1968]]-[[1973 en football|1973]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Dietrich Weise]] : [[1973 en football|1973]]-[[1976 en football|1976]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Hans-Dieter Roos]] : [[1976 en football|1976]]-novembre [[1976 en football|1976]] * {{HUN-d}} [[Gyula Lóránt]] : novembre [[1976 en football|1976]]-novembre [[1977 en football|1977]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Jürgen Grabowski]] (''intérim'') : décembre [[1977 en football|1977]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Dettmar Cramer]] : décembre [[1977 en football|1977]]-[[1978 en football|1978]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Otto Knefler]] : [[1978 en football|1978]]-décembre [[1978 en football|1978]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Friedel Rausch]] : janvier [[1979 en football|1979]]-[[1980 en football|1980]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Lothar Buchmann]] : [[1980 en football|1980]]-[[1982 en football|1982]] * {{AUT-d}} [[Helmut Senekowitsch]] : [[1982 en football|1982]]-septembre [[1982 en football|1982]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Ulrich Meyer]] : septembre [[1982 en football|1982]] * {{YUG-d}} [[Branko Zebec]] : septembre [[1982 en football|1982]]-octobre [[1983 en football|1983]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Jürgen Grabowski]] et {{RFA-d}} [[Klaus Mank]] (''intérim'') : octobre [[1983 en football|1983]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Dietrich Weise]] : octobre [[1983 en football|1983]]-décembre [[1986 en football|1986]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Timo Zahnleiter]] : décembre [[1986 en football|1986]]-[[1987 en football|1987]] * {{RFA-d}} [[Karl-Heinz Feldkamp]] : [[1987 en football|1987]]-septembre [[1988 en football|1988]] * {{HUN-d}} [[Pál Csernai]] : septembre-décembre [[1988 en football|1988]] * {{GER-d}} [[Jörg Berger]] (1) : décembre [[1988 en football|1988]]-avril [[1991 en football|1991]] * {{YUG-d}} [[Dragoslav Stepanović]] (1) : avril [[1991 en football|1991]]-mars [[1993 en football|1993]] * {{GER-d}} [[Horst Heese]] : mars [[1993 en football|1993]]-[[1993 en football|1993]] * {{GER-d}} [[Klaus Toppmöller]] : [[1993 en football|1993]]-avril [[1994 en football|1994]] * {{GER-d}} [[Karl-Heinz Körbel]] (1) : avril [[1994 en football|1994]]-[[1994 en football|1994]] * {{GER-d}} [[Jupp Heynckes]] : [[1994 en football|1994]]-avril [[1995 en football|1995]] * {{GER-d}} [[Karl-Heinz Körbel]] (2) : avril [[1995 en football|1995]]-mars [[1996 en football|1996]] * {{YUG-d}} [[Dragoslav Stepanović]] (2) : avril-décembre [[1996 en football|1996]] * {{GER-d}} [[Rudolf Bommer]] (''intérim'') : décembre [[1996 en football|1996]] * {{GER-d}} [[Horst Ehrmantraut]] : décembre [[1996 en football|1996]]-décembre [[1998 en football|1998]] * {{GER-d}} [[Bernhard Lippert]] (''intérim'') : décembre [[1998 en football|1998]] * {{GER-d}} [[Reinhold Fanz]] : décembre [[1998 en football|1998]]-avril [[1999 en football|1999]] * {{GER-d}} [[Jörg Berger]] (2) : avril-décembre [[1999 en football|1999]] * {{GER-d}} [[Felix Magath]] : décembre [[1999 en football|1999]]-janvier [[2001 en football|2001]] * {{GER-d}} [[Rolf Dohmen]] : janvier-avril [[2001 en football|2001]] * {{GER-d}} [[Friedel Rausch]] : avril [[2001 en football|2001]]-[[2001 en football|2001]] * {{SUI-d}} [[Martin Andermatt]] : [[2001 en football|2001]]-mars [[2002 en football|2002]] * {{GER-d}} [[Armin Kraaz]] (''intérim'') : mars [[2002 en football|2002]]-[[2002 en football|2002]] * {{GER-d}} [[Willi Reimann]] : [[2002 en football|2002]]-[[2004 en football|2004]] * {{GER-d}} [[Friedhelm Funkel]] : [[2004 en football|2004]]-[[2009 en football|2009]] * {{GER-d}} [[Michael Skibbe]] : [[2009 en football|2009]]-mars [[2011 en football|2011]] * {{GER-d}} [[Christoph Daum]] : mars [[2011 en football|2011]]-[[2011 en football|2011]] * {{GER-d}} [[Armin Veh]] (1) : [[2011 en football|2011]]-[[2014 en football|2014]] * {{GER-d}} [[Thomas Schaaf]] : 2014-2015 * {{GER-d}} [[Armin Veh]] (2) : 2015-mars 2016<ref>{{lien web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/L-entraineur-armin-veh-demis-de-ses-fonctions/640690|titre=L'entraîneur Armin Veh démis de ses fonctions|site=L'Équipe.fr}}</ref> * {{CRO-d}} [[Niko Kovač]] : mars 2016<ref>{{lien web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Niko-kovac-nomme-entraineur-de-l-eintracht-francfort/641282|titre=Niko Kovac nommé entraîneur de l'Eintracht Francfort|site=L'Équipe.fr}}</ref>-juin 2018 * {{AUT-d}} [[Adi Hütter]] : juillet 2018<ref>{{lien web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Adi-hutter-succede-a-niko-kovac-sur-le-banc-de-l-eintracht-francfort/901782|titre=Adi Hütter succède à Niko Kovac sur le banc de l'Eintracht Francfort|site=L'Équipe.fr}}</ref>-mai 2021 * {{AUT-d}} [[Oliver Glasner]] : mai [[2021 en football|2021]]-juin [[2023 en football|2023]] * {{GER-d}} [[Dino Toppmöller]] : juillet [[2023 en football|2023]]-janvier [[2026 en football|2026]] * {{GER-d}} [[Dennis Schmitt]] : janvier [[2026 en football|2026]]-février [[2026 en football|2026]] * {{ESP-d}} [[Albert Riera]] : février [[2026 en football|2026]]-mai 2026 * {{AUT-d}} [[Adi Hütter]] : mai 2026- |taille=20}} === An patikilye === {{Portail|football|Francfort-sur-le-Main}} [[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]] [[Kategori:Foutbol an Almay]] [[Kategori:Foutbol]] [[Kategori:Espo]] [[Kategori:Francfort-sur-le-Main]] [[Kategori:Ewop]] bm7njqlhenkbfxlh5bhf71fcgjruqj7 0 97638 882774 882616 2026-07-14T05:25:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882774 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Jaswant Singh Khalra''' (1952–1995) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sikhsiyasat.net/the-valiant-jaswant-singh-khalra-new-book-launched/|title=The Valiant – Jaswant Singh Khalra: New Book Launched|date=2020-10-26|website=Sikh Siyasat News|language=en|access-date=2022-09-06|archive-date=2022-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906032213/https://sikhsiyasat.net/the-valiant-jaswant-singh-khalra-new-book-launched/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> te yon aktivis dwa moun Endyen. Li te youn nan aktivis dwa moun ki pi enpòtan nan Punjab . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sikhri.org/articles/the-legacy-of-jaswant-singh-khalra|title=The Legacy of Jaswant Singh Khalra|last=Singh|first=Santbir|date=8 September 2025|website=Sikh Research Institute|quote=Thirty years ago, famed human rights activist Bhai Jaswant Singh Khalra was abducted, tortured, and murdered by the Punjab Police. He was killed for the work he did in exposing the Punjab Police’s crimes of extrajudicial killings and illegal cremations. Three decades after his death, what can we learn from his example?}}</ref> Li te vin rekonèt entènasyonalman apre li te fin dekouvri prèv sou plizyè milye swadizan ekzekisyon ekstrajidisyè, disparisyon fòse ak kremasyon ilegal ke Lapolis Punjab te fè pandan ensurreksyon an nan Punjab, nan peyi Zend . Ankèt li a te dokimante apeprè 25,000 kremasyon ilegal epi li te deklare ke anviwon 2,000 polisye ki te refize patisipe nan asasina ilegal yo te mouri, Travay Khalra a te atire atansyon òganizasyon entènasyonal dwa moun, tankou Amnisti Entènasyonal, epi li te vin tounen youn nan ankèt ki pi enpòtan sou dwa moun konsènan Punjab nan ane 1990 yo. <ref name="amnesty">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa20/007/1998/en/|title=India: A Mockery of Justice: The case concerning the “disappearance” of human rights defender Jaswant Singh Khalra severely undermined|date=31 March 1998|website=Amnesty International|quote=This brief report documents the means used by accused police officers, including delay of proceedings and intimidation of witnesses, in their search of impunity for the “disappearance” of Jaswant Singh Khalra, human rights defender and General secretary of the Human Rights Wing of the Akali Dal political party.}}</ref> Yo te kidnape Khalra deyò lakay li nan Amritsar nan dat 6 septanm 1995 epi apre sa yo te asasinen l. Asasinay li a te vin tounen yon ka enpòtan nan domèn dwa moun nan peyi Zend, ki te abouti nan kondanasyon ak prizon a vi sis ofisye lapolis Punjab pou kidnapin ak asasina li a. Depi lè sa a, lanmò li vin tounen yon senbòl lit pou verite, responsablite ak jistis nan Punjab. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2005/09/27/other-screams-terror|title=Other Screams of Terror|date=27 September 2005|website=Human Rights Watch|quote=The killing of Jaswant Singh Khalra cannot, and should not, be forgotten. For Jaswant Singh Khalra took on an indispensable job in a democracy: he dared to ask questions.}}</ref> <ref name="amnesty"/> == Aktivis == Jaswant Singh Khalra te direktè yon labank nan vil Amritsar nan Penjab pandan peryòd militans nan Penjab. Apre Operasyon Blue Star, asasina Indira Gandhi, ak revòlt anti-Sikh an 1984 yo, lapolis te gen pouvwa pou arete sispèk pou nenpòt rezon, swadizan kòm sispèk teworis. Yo te akize lapolis pou touye sispèk san zam nan tire epi boule plizyè milye kadav pou kouvri asasina yo. Khalra t ap mennen ankèt sou kat gwo ka an menm tan epi li te kontinye kolekte prèv ak temwen. Ka sa yo te gen ladan yo asasina Behla anba detansyon, ka boukliye imen an konsènan lanmò sèt sivil, kremasyon 25,000 kadav enkoni nan Punjab, epi lapolis te touye anviwon 2,000 ofisye lapolis ki pa t ap kolabore nan operasyon kont teworis yo. Biwo Santral Envestigasyon an, yon ajans gouvènman sendika a, te konkli ke lapolis te kremasyon ilegalman 2,097 moun nan distri Tarn Taran sèlman. Selon dosye ankèt CBI yo ki te site pa Lakou Siprèm nan (ki te pale atravè Jij Sathasivam - jan li te ye lè sa a - ak Jij Chauhan nan Prithpal Singh kont Eta Punjab) li te yon aktivis dwa moun ki t ap travay sou anlèvman, eliminasyon ak kremasyon kadav moun ki pa reklame pandan peryòd ensurjans nan Punjab Endyen an . Tribinal la te obsève ke lapolis te elimine jèn moun sou pretèks ke yo te militan epi yo te debarase yo de kadav yo san dosye. <ref name="express">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/activist-khalra-custodial-death--sc-upholds-life-in-jail-for-punjab-cops/871023/|title=khalra custodial death-sc upholds life in jail for Punjab cops|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> Pandan Khalra t ap chèche kèk kòlèg ki te disparèt, li te dekouvri dosye ki soti nan minisipalite Amritsar la ki te genyen non, laj ak adrès moun lapolis te touye epi boule pita. Lòt rechèch te revele ka nan 3 lòt distri nan Punjab, sa ki ogmante lis la pa plizyè milye. Komisyon Nasyonal Dwa Moun nan pibliye yon lis kèk nan kadav lapolis te idantifye ke lapolis te boule nan Distri Lapolis Amritsar, Majitha ak Tarn Taran ant jen 1984 ak desanm 1994. Lakou Siprèm End lan ak Komisyon Nasyonal Dwa Moun nan End lan sètifye validite done sa yo. Jaswant Singh Khalra te deklare ke te kapab gen plis pase 25,000 Sikh ki te asasinen epi boule ilegalman pa leta. Jiska prezan, fanmi moun ki te "disparèt" pandan ensurreksyon an ap tann konfimasyon sou sò moun yo renmen ki disparèt yo. Tribune India pibliye yon lis non. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040730/nhrc1.htm|title=NHRCList|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> Sepandan, yon lòt bò aktivis li se valorizasyon li bay sou ensurreksyon Khalistani an ak asasen Indira Gandhi yo, ansanm ak sipò pou yon eta Sikh teyokratik kont gouvènman sekilyè nan peyi Zend nan epòk sa a, jan yo note sa patikilyèman nan pwòp atik li a, 'The Game Of Elections - Should It Be Played Or Not?' ki te pibliye okòmansman nan Liberation Khalistan (fevriye 1992) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baaznews.org/p/khalra-game-of-elections-khalistan|title=The Game Of Elections - Should It Be Played Or Not?|website=www.baaznews.org|access-date=2026-07-10}}</ref> == Fanmi == Granpapa Khalra a, Harnam Singh, te yon aktivis nan mouvman Ghadar pou endepandans peyi Zend . Harnam Singh te youn nan 376 pasaje bato Komagata Maru a tou, ki te navige soti Britanik-Hong Kong, via [[Shanghai]], Lachin, ak Yokohama, Japon, pou rive Vancouver, Kanada, an 1914, li te pote 376 pasaje ki soti Punjab, peyi Zend Britanik . Pami yo, 24 te antre Kanada, men 352 lòt pasaje yo pa t gen dwa debake nan Kanada, e bato a te oblije retounen nan peyi Zend. Harnam Singh, pami lòt moun, te arete lè yo te rive e li te jije nan ka konplo Lahore kont anpi Britanik la e pita li te nan prizon Lahore . Madanm Jaswant Singh, Paramjit Kaur Khalra, kontinye aktivis mari l epi li se yon aktivis dwa moun byen koni. De pitit Jaswant Singh yo, Navkiran Kaur ak Janmeet Singh, se pitit li yo ki vivan. Manm fanmi li ki vivan yo enkli papa l Kartar Singh, manman l Mukhtar Kaur, twa frè Rajinder Singh Sandhu, Amarjeet Singh Sandhu (toulede ap viv nan [[Wayòm Ini|Wayòm Ini a]] ) ak Gurdev Singh Sandhu (ap viv nan [[Otrich]] ) ak senk sè: Paritam Kaur, Mohinder Kaur, Harjinder Kaur (BEO retrete) Balbir Kaur (direktè lekòl retrete) ak Beant Kaur. == Asasina == Nan dat 6 septanm 1995, pandan Khalra t ap lave machin li devan kay li, ajan lapolis Punjab te kidnape l epi yo te mennen l nan estasyon lapolis Jhabal . <ref name="amnesty"/> Malgre temwen yo te bay deklarasyon ki enplike lapolis la, <ref name="amnesty" /> epi yo te nonmen Direktè Jeneral Lapolis Punjab la, Kanwar Pal Singh Gill, kòm yon konspiratè, <ref name="tribune">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050217/punjab1.htm|title=K.P.S. Gill visited Khalra in jail, says witness|date=17 February 2005|publisher=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India}}</ref> lapolis la te nye yo te janm arete oswa kenbe Khalra. Anplis, lapolis la te deklare yo pa t konnen kote li te ye. Nan ane 1996, Biwo Santral Envestigasyon an (CBI) te jwenn prèv solid ki montre yo te detni aktivis la nan yon stasyon polis nan zòn Tarn Taran, epi yo te rekòmande pou yo pouswiv nèf ofisyèl nan Lapolis Punjab pou krim asasinay ak kidnaping. Malgre sa, moun yo te akize pou lanmò li yo te pase dis lanne anvan yo te jwenn akizasyon fòmèl kont yo, aktout yonn nan sispèk prensipal yo, ansyen Sipèentandan Lapolis Ajit Singh Sandhu, te mouri nan ane 1997. Kwak sa, gen gwo vèsyon ki fè konnen lanmò sa a te fèt sou fòm yon swisid pou kache sa k te pase a. Nan dat 18 novanm 2005, Tribinal la te deklare sis ofisyèl lapolis Punjab koupab. Pami yo, de nan akize yo, sètadi Adjwen Sipèentandan Jaspal Singh ak Asistan Sou-Enspektè Amarjit Singh, te kondane pou yo pase rès lavi yo nan prizon, pandan lòt kat polisyen yo te jwenn yon kondanasyon sèt lanne prizon pou patisipasyon yo nan anlèvman ak asasina Jaswant Singh Khalra a. Men, nan dat 16 oktòb 2007, yon ban espesyal nan Tribinal Gwo Tribinal Punjab ak Haryana, ki te gen nan tèt li Jij Mehtab Singh Gill ak Jij A. N. Jindal, te deside pwolonje santans lan pou l vin yon prizon avi pou kat lòt akize ki te rete yo: Satnam Singh, Surinder Pal Singh, Jasbir Singh (ki tout te ansyen sou-enspektè) ansanm ak Prithipal Singh (ki te yon ansyen kaporal chèf). Nan dat 11 avril 2011, Lakou Siprèm peyi Zend lan te rejte apèl ki te depoze kont kondanasyon prizon a vi pou kat akize yo, li te kritike ak fòs atwosite Lapolis Punjab te komèt pandan peryòd dezòd la. == Eritaj == Nan mwa septanm 2020, Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak la ak lòt enstitisyon Sikh yo te komemore Khalra kòm "Shaheed Bhai Jaswant Singh Khalra" epi yo te òganize ''[[Mati nan Sikhi|shaheedi]] samagam'' anyèl an memwa li. Nan mwa mas 2013, Nouvo Pati Demokratik Kanada a te adopte yon rezolisyon konvansyon pou komemore li epi pou fè moun konnen ankèt li te fè sou disparisyon fòse nan Pendjab. Nan mwa avril 2026, Galeri Atizay Peel, Mize ak Achiv nan Ontario, Kanada, te òganize ekspozisyon 'Challenging the Darkness - Jaswant Singh Khalra' pandan Mwa Eritaj Sikh la pou onore 30 an depi lanmò li. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pama.peelregion.ca/news/celebrate-sikh-heritage-month-april-pama|title=Celebrate Sikh Heritage Month this April at PAMA|date=26 March 2025|website=Peel Art Gallery, Museum and Archives (PAMA)}}</ref> === Memoryal === Konsèy Minisipal [[Fresno, Kalifòni|Fresno]] a te apwouve pwopozisyon pou chanje non Pak Victoria a pou Jaswant Singh Khalra nan dat 26 Out 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/california-city-renames-park-after-sikh-human-rights-advocate-n799261|title=California city names park after Sikh human rights advocate|date=6 September 2017|website=NBC News|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> Apre li te fin prezante mosyon an devan Konsèy Minisipal la, manm konsèy la Oliver Baines te di, "Jaswant Singh Khalra pou Kominote Punjabi/Sikh la se tankou [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King Jr.]] pou kominote pa m nan." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhnet.com/news/fresno-ca-city-council-rename-park-after-jaswant-singh-khalra|title=Fresno (CA) City Council To Rename Park After Jaswant Singh Khalra|date=4 September 2017|website=SikhNet|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> === Fim === <nowiki><i id="mwAQE">Satluj</i></nowiki>, yon fim Endyen 2026, baze sou lavi Khalra, avèk Diljit Dosanjh k ap jwe Khalra. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/punjab-95-jaswant-singh-khalra-biopic-may-release-in-february-hints-diljit-dosanjh-stmp-2663980-2025-01-13|title=Punjab 95: Diljit Dosanjh's Jaswant Singh Khalra biopic to release in February|date=13 January 2025|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> Malgre ke okòmansman yo te rele l ''Ghalughara'' (ki soti nan għallughara ki vle di "masak") epi ''Punjab '95'', Komisyon Sansi a te soulve objeksyon sou fim nan ak inite pwodiksyon an, li te mande 127 koupe ak yon nouvo tit. Yo te ranvwaye lage fim nan apre sa pou yon tan endefini, jiskaske li te finalman lage sou ZEE5, nan dat 3 Jiyè 2026, san okenn koupe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/punjab-95-teaser-diljit-dosanjh-plays-courageous-activist-jaswant-singh-khalra-film-to-finally-release-on-this-date-9784809/|title=Punjab 95 teaser: Diljit Dosanjh plays courageous activist Jaswant Singh Khalra; film to finally release on this date|date=17 January 2025|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2026/tv/news/diljit-dosanjh-satluj-punjab-95-uncut-zee5-global-1236801418/|title=Diljit Dosanjh’s ‘Satluj,’ Formerly ‘Punjab ’95’ That Was Pulled From Toronto, Streams Uncut on ZEE5 Global: ‘This Is the Complete Film, Without Any Cuts or Compromises’|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|date=2026-07-03|website=Variety|language=en-US|access-date=2026-07-03}}</ref> == Gade tou == * Kronoloji soulèvman an nan Punjab, peyi Zend * Lis kondanasyon pou asasina san kadav * Lis ka moun ki disparèt ki rezoud yo {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Lanmò 1995]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1952]] [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] pn7tpvcjvz0uhnhepwxausddworij30 0 97646 882735 882683 2026-07-13T17:29:00Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882735 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Moun k ap pratike Sikhi swiv yon seri entèdiksyon. Sa yo pa manda relijye jan Sikhi sijere a, yo pa entèdi, men pito se manda ki soti nan nòm sosyal. Menm jan ak nenpòt disip nan nenpòt lafwa oswa gwoup, patisipasyon an varye selon chak moun. == Entèdiksyon == Sikh [[Khalsa]] inisye ki te sibi inisyasyon yo swiv entèdiksyon sa yo estrikteman. Pandan ke gourou Sikh yo pa t aplike relijyon epi yo pa t kwè nan fòse moun swiv okenn relijyon patikilye an jeneral, kominote Sikh la ankouraje tout moun pou yo vin pi bon moun lè yo swiv Konsèy Guru a (Gurmatta), olye pou yo viv lavi san kòd disip Guru a (Man-mat) 4 gwo transgresyon: * Retire pwal – Koupe pwal, taye pwal, retire pwal, raze pwal, rache pwal, pase fil, kolore pwal, oubyen nenpòt lòt modifikasyon nan nenpòt pati nan kò a entèdi fòmèlman. Manje vyann Kutha, vyann yon bèt ki gen yon seremoni relijye pou touye l, tankou resitasyon yon priyè, jan lalwa Mizilman ak Jwif egzije sa. Sa a se minimòm absoli tout Sikh inisye yo egzije. Malgre ke kèk Sikh pratike epi rekòmande lakto vejetarism, anpil Sikh evite manje manje ki pa vejetaryen, epi yo kwè tout moun ta dwe swiv rejim sa a. Sa a se akòz plizyè aspè sosyal, kiltirèl, politik, ak familyal. Kidonk, te toujou gen gwo dezakò pami Sikh yo sou kesyon manje manje ki pa vejetaryen. Sikh ki swiv Rehat (Kòd Konduit) Damdami Taksal & Akhand Kirtani Jatha yo dakò ak opinyon sa a tou. Akali Nihang yo tradisyonèlman manje vyann epi yo renome pou fè Jhatka. Kidonk, gen yon pakèt opinyon ki egziste sou kesyon yon "rejim alimantè Sikh" ki apwopriye nan Panth la. Malgre sa, tout Sikh yo dakò ak konsansis minimòm lan ke vyann ki touye atravè metòd Mizilman (Halal), Jwif (Shechita) oswa nenpòt lòt fason relijye pou touye vyann, se estrikteman kont prensip Sikh yo. Akal Takht la reprezante otorite final la sou pwoblèm kontwovèsyal konsènan Sikh Panth la (kominote oswa kolektif). Hukamnama a (dekrè oswa klarifikasyon), ki te pibliye pa Akal Takht Jathedar Sadhu Singh Bhaura nan dat 15 fevriye 1980, deklare ke manje vyann pa ale kont kòd konduit Sikh yo. Sikh Amritdhari yo ka manje vyann toutotan se vyann Jhatka.[9] Adiltè: Viv ansanm ak yon lòt moun apa de mari oswa madanm ou (relasyon seksyèl ak nenpòt moun ou pa marye avè l - okòmansman yon entèdiksyon sou relasyon seksyèl ak fanm mizilman, Guru Gobind Singh te bay yon entèdiksyon pou pa sezi yo pandan lagè paske kontak seksyèl avèk yo te konsidere kòm polisyon. Kahn Singh Nabha nan Mouvman Singh Sabha te pita konkli ke lòd Guru a te entèprete kòm yon entèdiksyon sou relasyon seksyèl ak yon lòt fanm apa de madanm ou.) Bwason ki anpwazonnen - Yon Sikh pa dwe pran chanv (kanabis), opyòm, alkòl, tabak, kokayin, nakotik, elatriye. An brèf, okenn sibstans ki anpwazonnen pa otorize. Anjeneral, kanabis entèdi, men kèk Sikh konsome li nan fòm manjab nan yon rituèl. Gen kèk gwoup Sikh, tankou Damdami Taksal, ki menm opoze ak bwè kafeyin nan te Endyen. Te Endyen prèske toujou sèvi nan gurudwara Sikh atravè lemond. Gen kèk gwoup Akali Nihang ki konsome shaheedi degh (ਭੰਗ) ki gen kanabis, swadizan pou ede nan meditasyon. Sūkha parshaad (ਸੁੱਖਾ ਪ੍ਰਰਸਾਦ), "Sèk-dous", se tèm Akali Nihang yo itilize pou refere a li. Tradisyonèlman, yo te kraze l epi konsome l kòm yon likid, sitou pandan festival tankou Hola Mohalla. Yo pa janm fimen l, paske pratik sa a entèdi nan Sikhi. An 2001, Jathedar Santa Singh, lidè Budha Dal la, ansanm ak 20 chèf sèk Nihang yo, te refize aksepte entèdiksyon sou konsomasyon shaheedi degh pa klèje Sikh ki nan tèt Akal Takht la - pou prezève pratik tradisyonèl yo. Selon yon atik BBC ki te pibliye resamman, "Tradisyonèlman, yo te konn bwè shaheedi degh tou, yon melanj kanabis, pou yo te ka vin pi pwòch ak Bondye". Baba Santa Singh te ekskominike epi yo te ranplase l ak Baba Balbir Singh, ki te dakò pou l pa konsome bhang. Gen lòt pratik yo mansyone pou evite, dapre Sikh Rehat Maryada a: * Li entèdi pou gason ak fanm Sikh pèse nen oswa zòrèy pou mete bijou. * Timoun ki touye pitit fi: Yon Sikh pa ta dwe touye pitit fi li; ni li pa ta dwe kenbe okenn relasyon ak yon moun ki asasen pitit fi li. * Yon Sikh pa dwe vòlè, fòme asosyasyon dout oswa patisipe nan jwèt aza . * Li pa apwopriye pou yon fanm Sikh mete yon vwal ki kouvri figi l oswa pou l kache figi l. * Sik yo pa ka mete okenn siy lòt relijyon. Sik yo pa dwe gen tèt yo toutouni oswa mete kaskèt . Yo pa ka mete okenn [[bijou]] ki ka pèse okenn pati nan kò yo tou. * Klas prèt eritye - Sikhi pa gen prèt, paske yo te aboli pa Guru Gobind Singh (10yèm Guru Sikhism nan). <ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhs.org/summary.htm|title=Sikhism Religion of the Sikh People|publisher=sikhs.org}}</ref> Sèl pozisyon li te kite se te yon [[Granti|Granthi]] pou pran swen Guru Granth Sahib la; nenpòt Sikh lib pou vin Granthi oswa li nan men Guru Granth Sahib la. <ref name="autogenerated2" /> * Espirityalite avèg: Yo pa ta dwe obsève oswa swiv idolatri, sipèstisyon, ak rituèl, tankou [[pelerinaj]], jèn, ak pirifikasyon rituèl ; sikonsizyon ; adorasyon zansèt; adorasyon tonm ; ak mete vwal obligatwa pou fanm yo. Sepandan, obsèvasyon [[senk K]] yo pa konsidere kòm sipèstisyon avèg, paske yo gen entansyon ede Sikh yo nan lavi chak jou yo. * Obsesyon materyèl: Yo pa ankouraje obsesyon ak richès materyèl nan Sikhism. * Sakrifis bèt: Sakrifis bèt pou [[Fete|selebre]] okazyon sakre yo entèdi. * Lavi ki pa oryante sou fanmi: Yo ankouraje Sik yo pou yo viv tankou yon rekli, yon mandyan, yon yogi / yogini, yon monastik ( mwàn / relijyez ), oswa selibatè . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">sitasyon nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * Pale san valè: Vanteri, tripotaj, manti, kalomnye, " koute sou do ," elatriye, pa pèmèt. [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la di Sikh la, "bouch ou pa sispann kalomnye ak tripotaj sou lòt moun. Sèvis ou a pa itil e li pa bay rezilta." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=1253&english=t&id=53906|title=Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib|website=srigranth.org}}</ref> == Gade tou == * Rechape * Rejim alimantè nan Sikhism * Kannabis ak Sikhism == Referans == {{Referans}} == Lyen ekstèn == * [http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/sikh-sikhi-sikhism/8828-fools-who-wrangle-over-flesh.html Moun sòt k'ap goumen pou lachè] * [https://www.scribd.com/doc/25772618/FOOLS-WHO-WRANGLE-OVER-FLESH-ORTHODOX-SIKH-VIEW-ON-MEAT Vèsyon Adobe nan Fools Who Wrangle Over Flesh] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100526123431/http://www.sikhs.wellington.net.nz/meat.pdf Pwofesè Gurbax Singh Dhillon – Manje Vyann ak Rehat Maryada] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8G8gUr9fIKc Videyo ki montre Jhatka nan Hazoor Sahib] * [http://www.sikhphilosophy.net/sikh-news/24666-sacrifice-at-hazur-sahib-myth-truth.html Mit Sakrifis Kabrit ak Hazoor Sahib la] * Tenets of Guru Gobind Singh by Baldev Singh * [http://sikhs.tulwar.com/meat.htm Istwa Sikh sou Rejim] * [http://www.sikhs.org/meat_au.htm Opinyon Sikh Scholar sou rejim alimantè a] i5zeyms4tzoqqqv8u1mk635c2hdumcy 0 97667 882731 2026-07-13T16:50:46Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347868809|Prachin Panth Prakash]] » 882731 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />'''''Panth Prakash''''' ( Gurmukhi : ਪੰਥ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼), ki rele tou '''''Prācīn Panth Prakāsh''''' ("Ansyen Panth Prakash", pa dwe konfonn ak " ''Naveen'' [nouvo] ''Panth Prakash la'' " pa Gianimu Gian Singh): ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਪੰਥ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ''lit'' "The Rise of the Honorable Guru Panth/Sikh Community"), se yon kwonik istorik sou istwa Sikh nan 1700 Rattan yo te konplete nan kòmansman an. ane 1810 yo. {{Refn|The original title of the work was 'Panth Prakash', it is not to be confused with a later work with a similar name by [[Giani Gian Singh]], in-which it is differentiated from it by the addition of the word 'Prachin' meaning "old" before the title.}} <ref name="Mann, Gurinder Singh 2016. page 15" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html|title=PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH|last=Sekhon|first=Sant Singh|website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> Premye pati nan tèks la kouvri yon ti kras lavi dis gourou Sikh yo, epi li trase reyalizasyon kominote Sikh la soti nan 1708 rive nan etablisman règ Sikh la nan Punjab. <ref name="Mann, Gurinder Singh 2016. page 15" /> <ref name=":2" /> Tèks la bay konpilasyon istwa ki pi konplè ki gen rapò ak ekspwa gèrye Sikh yo nan 18yèm syèk la, fòmasyon masyal Sikh yo ki t ap evolye, ak dinamik pouvwa entèn ant gwoup Sikh Misl yo . == Deskripsyon == Bhangu te ekri travay la okòmansman pou Kapitèn Murray, yon ofisyèl Britanik ki te estasyone nan Ludhiana. Britanik yo te kirye de Sikh yo epi yo te vle konnen istwa yo, sepandan yo te patwone yon Mizilman ki rele Bute Shah nan Malwa pou l ekri yon kont istorik sou Sikh yo pou yo. Lè Rattan Singh te aprann sa, li te panse yon ekriven Mizilman ta gen prejije kont Sikh yo, donk li te ofri sèvis li pito. Bhangu te konn eksplike istwa Sikh bay Murray oralman pandan lajounen an epi konvèti sa li te di pi bonè an ekri pandan lannwit lan, sa ki t ap pwodui travay la. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html|title=PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH|last=Sekhon|first=Sant Singh|website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|access-date=25 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSekhon">Sekhon, Sant Singh. [https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html "PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH"]. ''Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)''. Punjabi University, Patiala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Bhangu te ekri travay la nan Bunga Sham Singh ki te egziste toupre Tanp an lò nan Amritsar. Yo te ekri travay la an vè Punjabi. <ref name=":2" /> Tit orijinal travay la se ''Sri Gur Panth Prakash'' . : 20 Travay la kapab divize an de pati: <ref name=":0" /> : 15  # Peryòd guruship imen an: peryòd guru Sikh yo, depi lavi Guru Nanak rive jis nan lanmò Guru Gobind Singh an 1708. # Peryòd apre gouvènman imen an: kouvri peryòd ki soti nan 1708 rive nan etablisman otorite Sikh nan Penjab atravè fondasyon Anpi Sikh la pa Ranjit Singh . <ref name=":0" /> Travay la sèlman antre an pwofondè sou Guru Nanak ak Guru Gobind Singh, epi li mansyone tou kèk evènman ki gen rapò ak Guru Hargobind ak Guru Tegh Bahadur. Anplis de sa, yo note konkèt Banda Singh Bahadur ak lòt Sikh enpòtan nan epòk la. Apre istwa Bhangu sou ekzekisyon Bhai Mani Singh la, tèks la pèdi kontinwite li epi li vin pi epizod nan anrejistreman listwa li. Epizòd nan listwa Sikh ke Bhangu te deside mete nan seksyon epizod sa a gen rapò ak asasina Massa Ranghar, mati Bota Singh, Subeg Singh, Taru Singh, ak [[Mehtab Singh Bhangu|Mehtab Singh]], ''Chhota Ghallughara'' a, ''Vadda Ghallughara'' a, twazyèm atak Sikh la sou Sirhind ak lanmò Zain Khan Sirhindi, ak atak Sikh toupre Delhi . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html|title=PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH|last=Sekhon|first=Sant Singh|website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|access-date=25 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSekhon">Sekhon, Sant Singh. [https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html "PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH"]. ''Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)''. Punjabi University, Patiala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> B. S. Dhillon te fè konnen tèks la genyen 163 sakhi (istwa oswa epizòd), pandan J. S. Sital te di li genyen 170, epi Vir Singh te estime kantite a se 199. Dapre G. S. Mann, pi ansyen maniskri tèks la genyen 100 sakhi. Tèks la sèvi ak fòm pwezi tradisyonèl Endyen, tankou dohra ak chaupai. Liv la kritike konpòtman Banda Singh Bahadur, sitou paske li te chanje salitasyon Khalsa a, li te ranplase koulè ble a pa wouj, li te fè vejetaryanis vin obligatwa, epi li pa t montre respè anvè vèv Guru Gobind Singh la. Tèks la kritike tou gwoup Gangushahi yo, anba lidèchip Kharak Singh, paske yo te retabli seremoni admisyon charan pahul la. Anplis, Bhangu kritike eta ki sitiye sou bò sa a nan rivyè Sutlej yo paske yo te aksepte sipremasi British East India Company. Sa montre opinyon li te plis favorab rejyon Majha epi mwens favorab rejyon Malwa. Nan tèks la, anpil Sikh enpòtan idantifye dapre orijin kas yo. Men, Bhangu fè konnen tout Sikh egal youn ak lòt apre yo fin resevwa inisyasyon Amrit Sanchar. Dapre tèks la, prensipal ènmi Sikh yo nan epòk la se te Mogòl yo ak Afgan yo, ansanm ak kèk Rajput Endou ki t ap sèvi yo. Genyen varyasyon estilistik ak sibstansyèl ant fòm maniskri tèks la ak fòm enprime a.  Yo retire sèten pasaj yo te jwenn nan vèsyon maniskri preliminè a nan edisyon enprime yo, tankou referans a divinite Endik yo, retire referans a mitoloji Endik la, epi ranplase mo "Endou" a ak "Sikh". <ref name=":0" />  Dapre Harinder Singh, chanjman sa yo te rive akòz tèm dominan an kote Sikh yo ak Endou yo se kominote totalman diferan ki pa gen okenn relasyon youn ak lòt, yon pwendvi ki te leve pandan mouvman Singh Sabha a nan fen 19yèm syèk la. <ref name=":0" /> Kidonk, yo te modifye travay orijinal la pou l aliyen ak konpreyansyon sa a sou Sikhism. <ref name=":0" /> == Istwa == === Objektif === Rattan Singh Bhangu endike ke premye motivasyon pou ekri tèks la sete pou bay yon kont egzat sou Sikh Panth la bay ofisyèl Konpayi End Lès yo, paske li te konsidere lòt kont yo te patipri. Bhangu te rankontre ak Kapitèn William Murray, chèf lame Britanik lokal Kolonèl David Ochterlony a, ki te koute istwa Bhangu te rakonte yo. <ref name="Mann, Gurinder Singh 2016. page 17" /> Malgre sa, Dhavan diskite ke tèks la te ekri pou yon odyans Sikh ki pale Punjabi, kontrèman ak yon odyans Britanik. William Murray te enterese nan kwonoloji istorik, kidonk Rattan Singh te travay pou pwodui yon travay ki satisfè sa. : 29 Dhavan diskite ke Bhangu mande "lektè Khalsa Sikh la pou patisipe nan temwayaj ak komemorasyon tan lontan Sikh la ... tou de kòm yon fòm pratik espirityèl ak kòm yon restriksyon sou enterè pwòp gèrye Khalsa a." WH McLeod deklare tèks la "ame avèk fòs nati diferan idantite Khalsa a ak reklamasyon ke se idantite sa a Guru Gobind Singh te vle disip li yo adopte". Tèks la gen anpil respè nan kominote Nihang Sikh la, paske yo kwè Rattan Singh li menm te yon Nihang. === Rankontre === Malgre Vir Singh te date tèks la an 1841, dènye etid sou Gurinder Singh Mann yo date l nan kòmansman ane 1810 yo pito. : 15–17 Vir Singh te kwè ke Rattan Singh te pase anviwon trant ane ap travay sou konpile tèks la, se poutèt sa li te date li an 1841. : 17–18 Sa a se akòz Vir Singh ki entèprete yon pasaj enigmatik nan tèks la kòm yon referans a dat li te fini. <ref name=":02" /> : 17–18 Sepandan, pasaj sa a nan tèks la pa parèt nan tout revizyon maniskri ki disponib yo. <ref name=":02" /> : 17–18  Dapre GS Mann, Rattan Singh te pwobableman fini travay la ant 1810 ak 1813. : 27 Sa a se akòz fason Rattan Singh pa fè okenn mansyon sou akizisyon dyaman Kohinoor la pa Anpi Sikh la an jen 1813. <ref name=":0" /> : 27–28 Jvala Singh date travay la anviwon 1809. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://manglacharan.com/1880+Panth+Prakash+Giani+Gian+Singh/Panth+Prakash|title=Panth Prakash|last=Singh|first=Jvala|website=Manglacharan|access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> Louis E. Fenech date travay la anviwon 1810–1819. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6M0n_tzRSos|title=Dr. Lou Fenech on the Panj Pyare {{!}} Sikh Heritage Month Ottawa 2021|last=Fenech|first=Louis E.|date=11 April 2021|website=YouTube|publisher=Sikh Heritage Month Ottawa|at=Timestamp 50:46|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> === Sous yo === Rattan Singh Bhangu, ki te pitit pitit [[Mehtab Singh Bhangu]], te okouran de istwa oral ki ra. Souvan, otè a fè remake kijan li te tande istwa a nan men yon granmoun. Lòt granpapa li sete Sham Singh nan Karorsinghia Misl, ki te ba li enfòmasyon sou evènman konsènan Banda Singh Bahadur. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html|title=PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH|last=Sekhon|first=Sant Singh|website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|access-date=25 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSekhon">Sekhon, Sant Singh. [https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html "PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH"]. ''Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)''. Punjabi University, Patiala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Dapre Sant Singh Sekhon, Bhangu te itilize Janamsakhis yo, Gurbilases yo, ak tradisyon oral nan men fanmi li pou ekri tèks la. <ref name=":2" /> Pou istwa Bhangu sou ekzekisyon Guru Tegh Bahadur la, li prete nan ''Bachittar Natak'' Guru Gobind Singh la. <ref name=":2" /> Konsènan sous Rattan Singh Bhangu itilize yo, GS Mann ekri: : Tèks Sri Gur Panth Prakash la montre byen klè ke otè li a te yon moun ki te gen anpil konesans ki te gen aksè a yon pakèt sous Sikh, tankou Guru Granth ak dokiman istorik tankou Puratan Janam Sakhi (ane 1580 yo), Vars Gurdas Bhalla a (anvan 1630), Sri Gur Sobha Sainapati a (anvan 1710), ak Sri Gur Bilas Sukha Singh a (1797). Li fè referans tou ak aksè li te genyen a dokiman ki pa Sikh, kèk ladan yo te ekri an Sanskrit, Bhakha, ak Pèsik . Otè Rattan Singh te gen aksè a yon vèsyon yon travay Bute Shah te ekri, ki te dokimante istwa Sikh la. : 27  Rattan Singh te pwobableman gen aksè a ''Janamsakhi'' sa yo pou konstwi istwa li sou lavi Guru Nanak nan travay la: : 31  * ''Puratan Janamsakhi'' – menm mansyone pou lektè a konsilte Puratan Janamsakhi a nan travay la menm * ''Miharban Janamsakhi'' <ref name=":0" /> * ''Bhai Bala Janamsakhi'' <ref name=":0" /> Kanta pou istwa li sou gourou ki te vin apre yo nan tèks la, li te pwobableman konsilte sous sa yo: * ''Vaaran'' nan Bhai Gurdas * Konpozisyon yo atribiye a Guru Gobind Singh yo te jwenn nan Dasam Granth, sètadi ''[[Jaap Sahib]]'', ''Akaal Ustat'', ''32 Svayyie'', ''Khial'', ''Zafarnama'', ''Apani Katha'', ak ''Chandi di Var'' <ref name=":0" /> * ''Sri Gur Sobha'' nan Sainapati <ref name=":0" /> * ''Sri Gur Bilas'' Sukha Singh (sous prensipal ki itilize pou lavi Guru Gobind Singh) <ref name=":0" /> Li chèche enfòmasyon nan men moun ki te deja ekri pou dokimante peryòd [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Banda Singh Bahadur la]] . : 33  === Disponibilite === ==== Maniskri ==== [[Fichye:MS_1_of_the_Panth_Prakash_of_Rattan_Singh_Bhangu,_ca.1810–13_(1).jpg|vignette|MS 1 nan ''Panth Prakash'' Rattan Singh Bhangu a, anviwon 1810–13. Petèt se maniskri orijinal travay la.]] Gen anviwon dis maniskri travay la ki konnen pa espesyalis yo, epi se sèlman senk ladan yo ki toujou aksesib jodi a. Men kèk nan maniskri travay la ki disponib kounye a: * MS 1 – Dat ekriti a ak non moun ki te kopye maniskri a pa konnen. Li genyen 415 fèy (folios) epi li konsève nan yon koleksyon prive. Dapre G. S. Mann, sa a se maniskri orijinal travay la, dapre prèv ki jwenn andedan tèks la. Se poutèt sa, li posib ke Bhangu li menm te ekri li. MS 2 – Ekri anviwon fevriye–mas 1842, epi Dial Singh te kopye li. Li genyen 380 fèy epi li konsève nan yon koleksyon prive. MS 276 – Dat ekriti a ak non moun ki te kopye li pa konnen. Li genyen 331 fèy, men dènye fèy la manke. Li konsève nan koleksyon Guru Nanak Dev University nan Amritsar. MS 797 – Dat ekriti a pa konnen. Li genyen 247 fèy epi li konsève nan koleksyon Panjab University nan Chandigarh. Maniskri san dat – Premye ak dènye fèy yo manke. Yon kopi dijital maniskri sa a nan posesyon Balwant Singh Dhillon nan Guru Nanak Dev University. Men kèk maniskri nou te konnen anvan, men ki pa egziste ankò oubyen ki pa disponib ankò: * Maniskri ki date nan 1842 - nan gad Bhagwant Singh nan Khanpur, Sangrur. * Maniskri ki date 1858 – mansyone nan kolofon an, gade edisyon Vir Singh nan lane 1939. <ref name=":0" /> * MS 35 – maniskri ki date 1866, 314 folyo, konsève nan Moti Bagh, Patiala (MS 35). <ref name=":0" />  Sa a se pwobableman maniskri Vir Singh te fè referans a nan tèks li a. <ref name=":0" /> * Maniskri san dat – asosye avèk fanmi Rarewala a. <ref name=":0" /> * Maniskri san dat – dènye fwa li te disponib se nan bibliyotèk Inivèsite Punjab, Lahore. <ref name=":0" />   ==== Edisyon enprime ==== Vir Singh te premye moun ki te pibliye tèks la an 1914 nan Wazir-i-Hind Press, Amritsar apre li te fin jwenn yon maniskri travay la (Vir Singh se moun yo di ki te ajoute prefiks ''Prachin'' ["ansyen"] nan tit travay la pou distenge li de travay Giani Gian Singh ki te pibliye pita), <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html|title=PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH|last=Sekhon|first=Sant Singh|website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|access-date=25 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSekhon">Sekhon, Sant Singh. [https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html "PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH"]. ''Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)''. Punjabi University, Patiala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> men vèsyon sa a te kritike pa entelektyèl, tankou Louis E. Fenech ak Harinder Singh, paske li te modifye epi retire seksyon. Yon edisyon anotasyon pa Jit Singh Sital te pibliye an 1984 pa Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak la . <ref name=":2" /> : 20 Baba Santa Singh te pibliye yon kòmantè an lang Punjabi tou nan lane 2000. Harinder Singh te kreye yon lòt edisyon. <ref name=":0" /> : 20 Balwant Singh Dhillon te pibliye yon edisyon revize, ki baze sou maniskri yo, an 2004. Yo te kritike edisyon tèks Balwant Singh Dhillion an paske li pa t itilize premye revizyon maniskri yo epi li pa t dokimante chanjman ki te fèt nan tèks la ant divès vèsyon maniskri sa yo. <ref name=":0" /> : 19  == Tradiksyon == An 2006, tèks la te disponib an Anglè an de volim grasa yon tradiksyon Kulwant Singh te fè, patwone epi pibliye pa Enstiti Etid Sikh (Chandigarh). : 39 Gurtej Singh te prepare yon lòt tradiksyon anglè, an de volim, epi Singh Bros. te pibliye l an janvye 2015, epi yon dezyèm edisyon te vini apre an fevriye 2021. Ou ka jwenn tradiksyon sou entènèt travay Jaswinder Singh Sehmbi a nan gurupurshotam.com. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gurupurshotam.com/pracheen-panth-parkash/|title=Pracheen Panth Parkash|last=Sehmbi|first=Jaswinder Singh|website=Gurupurshotam|access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> Ou ka jwenn lòt tradiksyon sou entènèt kèk pasaj nan tèks la nan manglacharan.com. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://manglacharan.com/|title=1809 Gur Panth Prakash Ratan Singh Bhangu|last=Singh|first=Jvala|website=Manglacharan|access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> == Eritaj == Dapre Gurinder Singh Mann, Sri Gur Panth Prakash te lanse yon nouvo kalite literati ki konsantre sou misyon ak istwa pi laj kominote Khalsa a pandan peryòd ki te vini apre epòk Guru yo. Jiska jounen jodi a, yo kontinye fè eksplikasyon ak entèpretasyon kominotè sou tèks sa a nan gurdwara yo ak nan enstitisyon tradisyonèl edikasyon Sikh yo. Anpil lòt liv ki te ekri apre li te adopte menm tit Panth Prakash la. An 1880, Giani Gian Singh te ekri pwòp vèsyon pa li ki rele Panth Prakash, paske li te panse pwezi nan travay Bhangu a pa t ase fò, epi li te estime tou ke Bhangu te neglije istwa Sikh ki soti nan rejyon Malwa a. Dapre Sant Singh Sekhon, liv la montre yon patipri klè an favè Sikh ki soti nan rejyon Majha, pandan li pa bay Sikh ki soti nan Malwa menm enpòtans lan. Sepandan, Sekhon rekonèt ke fason Bhangu rakonte lavi Banda Singh Bahadur ak kwonoloji li prezante a toujou konsidere kòm serye nan istoryografi Sikh la. [[Santa Singh]] te mande pou tèks la disponib sou fòm kòmantè odyo, epi li te ankouraje preparasyon yon vèsyon konsa. Dapre Surjit Singh Hans, travay sa a te fè Bhangu vin rekonèt kòm yon gran istoryen, epi li te konsidere liv la kòm yon siy ke istoryografi Sikh la te rive nan yon nivo matirite avanse. == Edisyon yo == * 1914: ''Prachin Panth Prakash'', ed. Bhai Vir Singh. Amritsar: Wazir Hind Press, 8yèm réimprime 2008. : 56  * 1974: ''Sri Gur Panth Prakash'', edited by Jit Singh Sital. Amritsar: Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak, 3yèm reimprime 2004. <ref name=":0" /> * 2000: ''Prachin Panth Prakash'', 2 vol., tèks ak kòmantè pa Baba Santa Singh. Damdama: Chalda Vahir. <ref name=":0" /> * 2004: ''Sri Gur Panth Prakash'', edited by Balwant Singh Dhillon. Amritsar: Frè Singh. <ref name=":0" /> == Gade tou == * Rattan Singh Bhangu * Suraj Parkash * Twarikh Guru Khalsa * Mahan Kosh * Kavi Santokh Singh [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] r9r746y16q1lznddncmp8vt6nzgpuza 0 97668 882732 2026-07-13T16:59:06Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348920107|Shaka era]] » 882732 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fichye:Western_Satrap_Damasena_year_153.jpg|vignette|300x300px|Pyès monnen Damasena, chèf Satrap Lwès la . Dat fabrikasyon pyès monnen an, isit la 153 (100-50-3 nan chif ekriti Brahmi ) nan epòk Saka a, kidonk 231 epòk nou an, parèt byen klè dèyè tèt wa a.]] '''Shaka''' era a ( IAST : '''Śaka, Śāka''' ), ke yo rele tou '''''Shali Vahana''''' ( '''SV''' ), se yon epòk kalandriye Endou istorik (nimero ane), epòk la (ane zewo li) koresponn ak ane 78 epòk nou an. Epòk Shaka a itilize ane ekspire, ane ki fini, oswa ane konplè, kote yon ane dwe fin pase anvan yo ka konte l. Sa a sanble ak metòd oksidantal la pou detèmine laj yon moun, ki gen premye ane li dwe fin konplete anvan moun nan gen yon ane. Premye ane epòk la ki pa konte a konte kòm ane zewo. Yo itilize epòk sa a anpil nan diferan rejyon nan soukontinan Endyen an ansanm ak nan Azi Sidès . Dapre gouvènman Endyen an, yo rele l '''Era Shalivahana''' (IAST: '''Śālivāhana''' ). == Istwa == [[Fichye:Nepal30005a.JPG|vignette|250x250px|Mohar nan Gorkhali, wa Prithvi Narayan Shah, te date nan epòk Shaka 1685 (AD 1763)]] Orijin epòk Shaka a trè kontwovèse. {{Sfn|Richard Salomon|1998}} Gen de sistèm epòk Shaka ke syantis yo itilize, youn rele ''Ansyen Epòk Shaka'' a, ki gen yon epòk ensèten, pwobableman nan premye milenè anvan epòk nou an paske ansyen enskripsyon ak tèks Boudis ak Jaina yo itilize li, men sa a se yon sijè deba pami syantis yo. Lè Vedveer Arya (chèchè nan listwa Endyen ak metriz nan sanskrit) konpare eklips yo mansyone nan enskripsyon yo, li deklare ke Ansyen Epòk Shaka a te kòmanse ak kòmansman rèy premye wa Shaka a epi ke li te kòmanse an 582 anvan Jezikri. Lòt la rele ''Epòk Shaka nan ane 78 epòk nou an'', oubyen tou senpleman ''Epòk Shaka'', yon sistèm ki komen nan prèv epigrafik ki soti nan sid peyi Zend. Yon sistèm paralèl nan nò peyi Zend se ''Epòk Vikrama'' a, ke [[Vikram Samvat|kalandriye Vikrami]] ki lye ak Vikramaditya a itilize. {{Sfn|Richard Salomon|1998}} Kounye a, yo konpare kòmansman epòk Shaka a ak monte wa Endo-Skit Chashtana nan lane 78 epòk nou an. Yo jwenn enskripsyon li yo, ki date ane 11 ak 52, nan Andhau nan rejyon Kutch . Yo entèprete ane sa yo kòm ane Shaka 11 (89 epòk nou an) ak 52 (130 epòk nou an). Yon opinyon ki te pi komen anvan se te ke kòmansman epòk Shaka a koresponn ak monte Kanishka I nan lane 78 epòk nou an. {{Sfn|Richard Salomon|1998}} Sepandan, dènye rechèch Henry Falk la endike ke Kanishka te monte sou twòn nan lane 127 epòk nou an. Anplis, Kanishka pa t yon chèf Shaka, men yon chèf Kushana . Gen lòt kandida istorik ki gen ladan chèf tankou Vima Kadphises, Vonones, ak Nahapana . <ref name="KCS_1992" /> Dapre istoryen Dineshchandra Sircar, lide istorikman ki pa kòrèk sou "epòk Shalivahana" sanble baze sou viktwa wa Satavahana a, Gautamiputra Satakarni, sou kèk wa Shaka (oswa Western Kshatrapa). Sircar te sijere tou ke asosyasyon wa nò a, Vikramaditya, ak epòk Vikrama a te ka pouse kèk entelektyèl nan sid peyi Zend envante yon lejand ki sanble. Yon lòt vèsyon nan istwa a fè konnen anperè Shalivahana, ki te pitit pitit anperè lejandè Vikramaditya, te bat Shaka yo an 78 epòk komen (CE), epi epòk Shaka a ta make jou viktwa sa a. Lejand sa a parèt nan ekriti Brahmagupta (7yèm syèk epòk komen an), Al-Biruni (973–1048 epòk komen an), ak lòt otè. Sepandan, istoryen yo konsidere istwa sa a kòm yon envansyon ki pa gen baz istorik. Avèk tan, mo "Shaka" a te vin sèvi kòm yon tèm jeneral ki vle di "yon epòk" oswa "yon sistèm datasyon". Se poutèt sa, epòk la te vin rele "Shalivahana Shaka". == Itilizasyon == Premye itilizatè epòk sa a yo konnen se Satrap Lwès yo, chèf Shaka ( Indo-Skit ) nan Ujjain . Depi rèy Rudrasimha I (178–197), yo te anrejistre dat yo te fè pyès monnen yo nan epòk Shaka a, anjeneral ekri sou fas dèyè tèt wa a ak chif Brahmi . Itilizasyon epòk kalandriye a te siviv jis nan peryòd Gupta a epi li te vin tounen yon pati nan tradisyon [[Endouyis|Endou]] apre bès Boudis nan soukontinan Endyen an . Li te lajman itilize nan 6yèm rive 7yèm syèk yo, pa egzanp nan travay [[Varahamihira|Varāhamihira]] ak Brahmagupta, epi nan 7yèm syèk la li parèt tou nan epigrafi nan Azi Sidès Endou . Epòk kalandriye a te rete an vigè nan peyi Zend ak Azi Sidès pandan tout peryòd medyeval la, prensipal epòk altènatif nan metòd tradisyonèl Endou pou mezire tan an se te epòk [[Vikram Samvat]] (56 anvan Jezikri). Tribinal Javanè yo te itilize li jiska 1633, lè Anno Javanico, yon sistèm ibrid Javanè-Islamik, te ranplase li. Li kontinye ap itilize nan kalandriye saka balinè a. Li te adopte kòm epòk [[Kalandriye nasyonal endyen|kalandriye nasyonal Endyen an]] (ke yo rele tou "kalandriye Śaka") an 1957. Epòk Shaka a se [[Ekinòks prentan|ekinoks prentan]] nan ane 78 AD. Ane Kalandriye ofisyèl Shaka a lye ak [[Kalandriye gregoryen|dat gregoryen]] an, 22 mas, chak ane, eksepte nan ane bisèkstil gregoryen yo kote li kòmanse 21 mas. Yo kontinye itilize Lunisolar Shalivaahana Saka a lajman nan Sid ak Lwès peyi Zend pou anpil rezon relijye ak kèk rezon sekilyè tankou simen ak agrikilti. == Gade tou == * [[Vikram Samvat]] * [[Kalandriye nasyonal endyen|Kalandriye nasyonal Endyen an]] * [[Kalandriye gregoryen|Kalandriye Gregoryen an]] * Shaka Samvat – Paj epòk kalandriye Endou a <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] aold4zo4mk01t7uatpijpx9pwu8i1fw 0 97669 882733 2026-07-13T17:10:40Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:es:Special:Redirect/revision/151785604|Emeterio González Silva]] » 882733 wikitext text/x-wiki   Emeterio González Silva se yon ansyen lanseur javelot Kiben ki te youn nan pi gwo atlèt peyi a nan evènman sa a pandan ane 1990 yo ak kòmansman ane 2000 yo. Li te chanpyon twa fwa nan Je Panameriken yo, li te reprezante Kiba tou nan Je Olenpik 1996 ak 2000 yo epi li te etabli yon pi bon pèfòmans pèsonèl 87.12 mèt, ki te rete kòm rekò nasyonal Kiben an nan moman sa a. == Prim yo == {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="2" style="border-collapse: collapse; text-align:center; font-size: 90%; " ! style="background: #cccccc;" |Year ! style="background: #cccccc;" |Competition ! style="background: #cccccc;" |Venue ! style="background: #cccccc;" |Position ! style="background: #cccccc;" |Event ! style="background: #cccccc;" |Notes |- ! colspan="6" bgcolor="#eeeeee" |Representing Cuba Cuba |- |1990 |[[1990 Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships in Athletics#Male Junior A .28under 20.29|Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships (U-20)]] |[[La Avàn|Havana]], [[Kiba|Cuba]] | bgcolor="gold" |1st |Javelin |62.42 m |- |1992 |[[1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |[[Seoul]], [[Kore disid|Korea]] |6th |Javelin |70.60 m |- | rowspan="2" |1993 |[[1993 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics|Central American and Caribbean Championships]] |[[Cali, Colombia]] | bgcolor="cc9966" |3rd |Javelin |71.18 m |- |[[Athletics at the 1993 Central American and Caribbean Games|Central American and Caribbean Games]] |Ponce, [[Pòtoriko|Puerto Rico]] | bgcolor="cc9966" |3rd |Javelin |71.24 m |- | rowspan="2" |1995 |[[Athletics at the 1995 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]] |Mar del Plata, [[Ajantin|Argentina]] | bgcolor="gold" |1st |Javelin |79.28 m |- |[[1995 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Gothenburg, Sweden]] |17th |[[1995 World Championships in Athletics – Men's javelin throw|Javelin]] |76.54 m |- |1996 |[[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Atlanta (Djòdji)|Atlanta, Georgia]], [[Etazini|USA]] |18th |[[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|Javelin]] |77.94 m |- | rowspan="2" |1997 |[[1997 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Athens, Greece]] |7th |[[1997 World Championships in Athletics – Men's javelin throw|Javelin]] |83.56 m |- |[[Athletics at the 1997 Summer Universiade|Universiade]] |Catania, [[Itali|Italy]] | bgcolor="silver" |2nd |[[Athletics at the 1997 Summer Universiade – Men's javelin throw|Javelin]] |83.48 m |- | rowspan="2" |1998 |[[Athletics at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games|Central American and Caribbean Games]] |Maracaibo, [[Venezwela|Venezuela]] | bgcolor="gold" |1st |Javelin |80.92 m |- |[[1998 World Cup in Athletics|World Cup]] |Johannesburg, [[Afrik disid (peyi)|South Africa]] |5th |[[1998 IAAF World Cup results#Javelin throw|Javelin]] |80.72 m |- | rowspan="3" |1999 |[[Athletics at the 1999 Summer Universiade|Universiade]] |[[Palma de Mallorca, Spain]] |4th |[[Athletics at the 1999 Summer Universiade – Men's javelin throw|Javelin]] |80.73 m |- |[[Athletics at the 1999 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]] |Winnipeg, [[Kanada|Canadá]] | bgcolor="gold" |1st |[[Athletics at the 1999 Pan American Games – Men's javelin throw|Javelin]] |77.46 m |- |[[1999 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |Seville, Spain |7th |[[1999 World Championships in Athletics – Men's javelin throw|Javelin]] |84.32 m '''=&nbsp;NR''' |- | rowspan="2" |2000 |[[2000 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics|Ibero-American Championships]] |[[Río de Janeiro, Brasil]] | bgcolor="gold" |1st |[[2000 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics – Results#Javelin throw|Javelin]] |80.02 m |- |[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Sidnè|Sídney]], [[Ostrali|Australia]] |8th |[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's javelin throw|Javelin]] |83.33 m |- |2001 |[[2001 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |Edmonton, [[Kanada|Canadá]] |18th |[[2001 World Championships in Athletics – Men's javelin throw|Javelin]] |79.71 m |- |2002 |[[2002 World Cup in Athletics|World Cup]] |[[Madrid]], Spain | bgcolor="cc9966" |3rd |[[2002 IAAF World Cup results#Javein throw|Javelin]] |79.77 m<ref name="WC" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2003 |[[Athletics at the 2003 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]] |[[Sendomeng (vil)|Santo Domingo]], [[Dominikani|Dominican Republic]] | bgcolor="gold" |1st |[[Athletics at the 2003 Pan American Games – Men's javelin throw|Javelin]] |81.72 m |- |[[2003 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |Paris, [[Frans|France]] |16th |[[2003 World Championships in Athletics – Men's javelin throw|Javelin]] |76.18 m |- |2004 |[[2004 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics|Ibero-American Championships]] |[[Huelva, Spain]] | bgcolor="silver" |2nd |[[2004 Ibero-American Championships in Athletics – Results#Javelin throw|Javelin]] |76.34 m |- |2005 |[[2005 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics|Central American and Caribbean Championships]] |[[Naso|Nassau]], [[Bahamas]] | bgcolor="gold" |1st |[[2005 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics – Results#Javelin throw|Javelin]] |76.44 m |} == Pi gwo mak yo chak ane == * 1992 - 73.56 * 1995 - 82.64 * 1996 - 77.94 * 1997 - 83.56 * 1998 - 84.20 * 1999 - 84.32 * 2000 - '''87.12''' * 2001 - 82.77 * 2002 - 82.63 * 2003 - 81.72 * 2004 - 80.70 * 2005 - 80.50 * 2006 - 79.94 * 2007 - 70.61 == Lyen ekstèn == * [http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/go/emeterio-gonzalez-1.html referans espòtif] Archivado [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1973]] qnzrfcr4rhq4zkfrhocq50tj7b8mjya 0 97670 882734 2026-07-13T17:24:00Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363391327|Assassination of Indira Gandhi]] » 882734 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fichye:Indira_gandhi_memorial.jpg|vignette|200x200px|Moniman nan plas asasina a, Safdarjung Road, [[Nyoudeli|Nou Delhi]]]] <templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />Indira Gandhi, premye minis Endyen an, te asasinen a 9:30 AM nan dat 31 Oktòb 1984 nan rezidans li nan Safdarjung Road, [[Nyoudeli|Nouvo Delhi]] pa de gadkò li yo, Satwant Singh ak Beant Singh . Sa te apre Fòs Ame Endyen yo te fè Operasyon Blue Star ant 1ye ak 8 jen 1984 sou lòd Gandhi. Operasyon militè a te gen pou objektif retire militan Sikh Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale ak lòt separatis Sikh yo nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] nan Amritsar, kote ki pi sakre pou Sikhism . Operasyon an te lakòz lanmò anpil peleren, domaj nan Akal Takht la ak destriksyon Bibliyotèk Referans Sikh la. Asasina Indira Gandhi te mennen nan revòlt anti-Sikh yo nan 1984, ki te pwovoke pa foul nasyonalis ak kèk figi politik nan Indian National Congress (INC), pati politik Indira Gandhi a. Dapre plizyè sous, moun sa yo te òganize pogrom kont popilasyon Sikh yo atravè tout peyi Lend. Kat jou vyolans pa foul moun yo te lakòz destriksyon anviwon 40 gurdwara istorik ak lòt sit sakre enpòtan pou Sikh yo. Chif ofisyèl gouvènman Endyen an bay pou kantite moun ki mouri se 3,350, pandan ke lòt sous estime kantite Sikh ki te mouri a ant 8,000 ak plis pase 16,000 moun. == Operasyon Zetwal Ble a == Operasyon Blue Star te yon gwo operasyon militè Endyen ki te fèt ant 1ye ak 8 jen 1984, sou lòd Indira Gandhi pou retire lidè Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale ak disip militan Sikh li yo nan bilding konplèks [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a nan Amritsar . 229 militan Sikh ame te mouri andedan konplèks Tanp Golden an pandan operasyon an, sa ki te lakòz tou omwen 554 lanmò sivil. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/backgrounder/india-punjab|title=Punjab: Backgrounder|website=[[South Asia Terrorism Portal]]|access-date=3 February 2026|quote=over 550 innocent civilians were killed in crossfire}}</ref> Yo te jwenn 717 kadav andedan konplèks Tanp Golden an, 501 sivil ak 216 militan te mouri ant 3 ak 9 jen. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Why does this count differ from the count in the previous sentence? (March 2026)">sitasyon nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Dapre Komisè Distri Amritsar la nan epòk sa a, Ramesh Inder Singh, Onz lòt moun te mouri nan dat 1ye jen pa tire ant Fòs Lapolis Rezèv Santral la ak militan yo. Konsènan lanmò pèsonèl Lame Endyen an, Lyetnan Jeneral Prem Nath Hoon, ki te vin kòmandan Jeneral Kòmandman Lwès la (1986-87), te revele ke 336 pèsonèl Lame ak fòs sekirite Endyen yo te mouri nan operasyon batay ak militan byen etabli yo, dirije pa ansyen Majò Jeneral Shabeg Singh . Antou, ant 1119 ak 1130 moun te mouri andedan konplèks Tanp an lò a ak nan vil Amritsar pandan operasyon an. Liv Blan Gouvènman Endyen an an 1984 sou Operasyon Blue Star te rapòte ke 83 pèsonèl Lame Endyen te mouri epi 249 te blese pandan operasyon an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://1984sikh-archive.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/white-paper.pdf|title=White Paper on the Punjab Agitation|year=1984|publisher=Government of India|page=169|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> Sepandan, kèk rapò jounalis kontanporen te sijere ke te gen plis viktim. Jounalis Shekhar Gupta, ki te prezan nan Amritsar pandan operasyon an, te deklare ke 136 pèsonèl lame te mouri epi anviwon 220 te blese, li dekri li kòm "pi gwo kantite viktim fòs ame nou yo te sibi nan yon operasyon domestik nan 24 èdtan." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/before-indira-assassination-bhindranwale/14416/|title=Before Indira Assassination: Life and Death of a Man Called Bhindranwale|last=Gupta|first=Shekhar|date=4 November 2017|website=ThePrint|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> Antou, 919 a 930 moun an total te mouri andedan konplèks Golden Temple la ak nan vil Amritsar pandan operasyon an. Gen lòt sous ki estime te gen anviwon 5,000 sivil ak 700 militè ki te mouri toupatou nan konplèks la ak nan Amritsar pandan operasyon an. : 35  {{Sfn|Karim|1991}} <ref name="whathappenedbluestar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/1984-operation-blue-star-amritsar-1251681-2018-06-06|title=What happened during 1984 Operation Blue Star?|date=6 June 2018|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=9 February 2021|quote=Official reports put the number of deaths among the Indian army at 83 and the number of civilian deaths at 492, though independent estimates ran much higher.}}</ref> <ref name="ReferenceB" /> : 151 Operasyon an te lakòz gwo domaj tou nan de nan pi sakre tanp Sikh yo, [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a ak Akal Takht, ansanm ak destriksyon Bibliyotèk Referans Sikh la. Menas yo te santi pou lavi Gandhi a te ogmante apre operasyon an. <ref name="dnaindia_tryst">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293|title=Operation Blue Star: India's first tryst with militant extremism|date=5 November 2016|website=Dnaindia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103012225/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-operation-blue-star-india-s-first-tryst-with-militant-extremism-2270293|archive-date=3 November 2017|access-date=29 October 2017}}</ref> Kidonk, Biwo Entèlijans lan te retire Sikh yo nan gadkò pèsonèl li paske yo te pè asasina yo. Gandhi te pè ke sa ta ranfòse imaj anti-Sikh li nan mitan piblik la, sepandan, li te bay lapolis Delhi lòd pou yo remete gadkò Sikh li yo nan plas yo, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.readersdigest.in/culturescape/story-the-death-of-indira-gandhi-sagarika-ghose-124682|title=She Handpicked Him, He Shot Her Dead|last=Ghose|first=Sagarika|date=December 28, 2018|website=readersdigest.in|publisher=Reader's Digest|access-date=June 17, 2020}}</ref> tankou Beant Singh, ke yo di se li ki pi renmen l. == Asasina == === Atak === Anviwon 9:20 nan maten, lè Lend (IST), nan dat 31 oktòb 1984, Indira Gandhi t ap mache pou al bay yon entèvyou ak aktè britanik Peter Ustinov, ki t ap filme yon dokimantè pou televizyon irlandè. Li te akonpaye pa sekretè pèsonèl li R. K. Dhawan, responsab sekirite pèsonèl li Rameshwar Dayal, ak Konstab Narayan Singh. Li t ap travèse jaden rezidans Premye Minis la, ki sitiye nan No. 1 Safdarjung Road nan New Delhi, pou l ale nan biwo ki toupre a nan 1 Akbar Road. Jou sa a, Gandhi pa t mete vès balistik li a, malgre yo te konseye li pou l te mete l toutan apre Operasyon Blue Star. Gandhi te pase nan yon baryè ki te siveye pa Konstab Satwant Singh ak Sou-Enspektè Beant Singh, kote de gadkò yo te louvri dife sou li. Dapre rapò ofisyèl yo, Beant Singh te tire twa bal ak revolvè kalib .38 li a an premye, apre sa Satwant Singh te tire plizyè bal ak yon mitralyè Sterling pandan Gandhi te tonbe atè. Apre sa, de mesye yo te remèt zam yo, epi Beant Singh te rapòte ke li te di, "Mwen fè sa m te dwe fè. Ou fè sa ou vle fè." Yon ti tan apre, ofisye Lapolis Fwontyè Tarsem Singh Jamwal ak Ram Saran te konfwonte asayan yo. Beant Singh te mouri pandan konfwontasyon an, pandan ke Satwant Singh te arete apre li te fin blese. Satwant Singh te pita jije, kondane, epi kondane a lanmò pou asasina Indira Gandhi. Li te egzekite pa pann an 1989 ansanm ak Kehar Singh, ki te kondane kòm yon konplis konplo. Salma Sultan te bay premye nouvèl asasina Gandhi a nan jounal aswè Doordarshan nan dat 31 oktòb 1984, plis pase dis èdtan apre yo te fin touye l. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-riots-that-could-not-be-televised/536471/|title=The riots that could not be televised|date=3 November 2009|publisher=Indianexpress.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205154910/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-riots-that-could-not-be-televised/536471/|archive-date=5 December 2009|access-date=31 March 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20071001-we-the-eyeballs-734164-2007-09-23|title=We the eyeballs: Cover Story – India Today|date=24 September 2007|publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215111034/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/We+the+eyeballs/1/1328.html|archive-date=15 December 2014|access-date=31 March 2015}}</ref> Gouvènman Endyen an deklare ke sekretè Gandhi a, RK Dhawan, te pase sou desizyon ofisyèl entèlijans ak sekirite ki te bay lòd pou yo retire polisye yo kòm yon menas pou sekirite, sa gen ladan asasen li yo. Beant te youn nan gad Gandhi pi renmen yo, li te konnen depi dizan. Paske li te yon Sikh, yo te retire l nan pèsonèl li apre Operasyon Blue Star, men Gandhi te asire ke yo te reentegre l. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.readersdigest.in/culturescape/story-the-death-of-indira-gandhi-sagarika-ghose-124682|title=She Handpicked Him, He Shot Her Dead|last=Ghose|first=Sagarika|date=December 28, 2018|website=readersdigest.in|publisher=Reader's Digest|access-date=June 17, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGhose2018">Ghose, Sagarika (28 December 2018). [https://www.readersdigest.in/culturescape/story-the-death-of-indira-gandhi-sagarika-ghose-124682 "She Handpicked Him, He Shot Her Dead"]. ''readersdigest.in''. Reader's Digest<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Satwant te gen 22 an lè asasina a te fèt, epi yo te plase l nan gad Gandhi a senk mwa anvan. <ref name="smith" /> === Lanmò deklare === [[Fichye:IndiraGandhi-SareeAtTimeOfDeath.JPG|vignette|200x200px|Sari Sambalpuri Gandhi a ki te tache ak san ansanm ak bagay li yo nan moman asasina li a, konsève nan Mize Memoryal Indira Gandhi nan [[Nyoudeli|Nouvo Delhi]] .]] Yo te mennen Gandhi nan Enstiti Syans Medikal Tout End lan, Nouvo Delhi (AIIMS) a 9:30.&nbsp;Direktè deziyen AIIMS la, Sneh Bhargava, te ekri ke byenke Gandhi te klinikman mouri lè li te rive, doktè yo te oblije kenbe aparans lan epi kontinye opere li jiskaske pitit gason l ', Rajiv Gandhi, te kapab prete sèman kòm premye minis. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgenl7gv2lo|title=A pioneering doctor remembers India leader Indira Gandhi's final moments|last=Mollan|first=Cherylann|date=28 June 2025|website=[[BBC News]]|access-date=29 June 2025}}</ref> Yo te deklare li mouri a 2:20.&nbsp;Yon ekip doktè, Tirath Das Dogra alatèt li, te fè otopsi a. Dogra te deklare ke 30 bal te soti nan yon mitralyè Sterling ak yon revolvè ki te frape Gandhi. Asasen yo te tire 33 bal sou li, pami yo 30 te touche l; 23 te travèse kò l, pandan sèt te rete anndan. Dogra te pran bal pou etabli idantite zam yo epi pou korele chak zam ak bal yo te jwenn nan egzamen balistik la. Yo te konpare bal yo ak zam yo te jwenn nan CFSL Delhi. === Dèy nasyonal === Gouvènman Endyen an te bay lòd pou yon dèy nasyonal soti 1ye pou rive 12 novanm, drapo yo te mwatye ma, aktivite amizman ak kiltirèl yo te anile epi biwo yo te fèmen pandan plizyè jou. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/htthisday-november-1-1984-prime-minister-indira-gandhi-shot-dead-12-day-mourning-announced-101635688584055.html|title=HT THIS DAY: November 1, 1984 — Prime Minister Indira Gandhi shot dead; 12-day mourning announced|date=31 October 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Tanzani]] te deklare sèt jou dèy, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78viAAAAMAAJ&q=Tanzania+declare+national+mourning|title=Africa|date=1984}}</ref> [[Ouganda]] senk, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78viAAAAMAAJ&q=Tanzania+declare+national+mourning|title=Africa|date=1984|website=books.google.com}}</ref> ak [[Kiba]] kat. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://sbc.org.pl/Content/88480/PDF/88480.pdf|title=Po zabójstwie Indiry Gandhi|website=sbc.org.pl|access-date=May 21, 2026}}</ref> [[Pakistan]], [[Vyetnam]], [[Brezil]], [[Nikaragwa]] ak [[Gabon]] te deklare twa jou dèy chak. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/10/31/Indira-Gandhi-assassinated/9097413288121/|title=Indira Gandhi assassinated|date=October 31, 1984|website=www.upi.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.normasbrasil.com.br/norma/decreto-90394-1984_43628.html|title=Decreto nº 90.394 de 31/10/1984|website=www.normasbrasil.com.br}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnweAAAAMAAJ&q=Gabon+declares+national+mourning|title=Asian Recorder|date=1964|website=books.google.com}}</ref> [[Pòtigal]] te deklare de jou dèy, <ref name=":2" /> Yougoslavi, [[Bilgari]], [[Chip]], Repiblik Pèp Mongolyen an ak [[Moris]] te deklare yon jou dèy nasyonal. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp%7Cissue:UB_00064_19841102%7Cpage:1|title=BNL viewer|website=istorijskenovine.unilib.rs}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JSfhuFv6JUC&q=cyprus+declared+national+mourning+for+indira+gandhi|title=Cyprus Bulletin: Review of Cyprus Developments|date=1984|publisher=Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3XwEAQAAIAAJ&q=declared+day+of+mourning+for+indira+gandhi+death|title=Africa Research Bulletin|date=1984|website=books.google.com}}</ref> === Antèman === Yo te pran kò Gandhi a nan yon cha kanon nan wout Delhi nan maten 1ye novanm nan pou ale Teen Murti Bhavan, kote papa l te rete a epi kote li te antere. <ref name="cnn">{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-and-indira-25-years-after-a-pms-assassination/104183-37.html|title=25 years after Indira Gandhi's assassination|date=30 October 2009|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104180327/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/india-and-indira-25-years-after-a-pms-assassination/104183-37.html|archive-date=4 November 2011|access-date=5 September 2011}}</ref> Yo te boule l avèk tout onè leta yo nan dat 3 novanm toupre Raj Ghat, yon moniman pou [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]], nan yon zòn yo rele Shakti Sthal . Pi gran pitit gason l lan ak siksesè li, Rajiv Gandhi, te limen bwa dife a. Pami dignitè etranje ki te patisipe nan fineray leta a te gen: <ref name="report">{{Cite web|url=https://mealib.nic.in/?2513?000|title=MEA Annual Report 1984-85|date=1985|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Dignitaries |- |Afghanistan |Chairman of the Council of Ministers Sultan Ali Keshtmand |- |Algeria |Prime Minister Abdelhamid Brahimi |- |Argentina |Vice President Víctor Hipólito Martínez |- |Australia |Governor-General Ninian Stephen <br /><br />Prime Minister Bob Hawke |- |Bangladesh |President Hussain Muhammad Ershad |- |Belgium |Deputy Prime Minister Charles-Ferdinand Nothomb |- |Bhutan |King Jigme Singye Wangchuck |- |Bulgaria |General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party Todor Zhivkov |- |Burma |Chairman of the Burma Socialist Programme Party Ne Win |- |Canada |Chief Justice Brian Dickson<br /><br />Secretary of State for External Affairs Joe Clark |- |China |Vice Premier Yao Yilin |- |Cyprus |President Spyros Kyprianou |- |Czechoslovakia |Prime Minister Lubomír Štrougal |- |Fiji |Governor-General Penaia Ganilau<br /><br />Prime Minister Kamisese Mara |- |Finland |Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa |- |France |Prime Minister Laurent Fabius |- |East Germany |President of the People's Chamber Horst Sindermann |- |West Germany |Vice Chancellor and Minister of Foreign Affairs Hans-Dietrich Genscher |- |Greece |Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou |- |Guyana |Prime Minister Desmond Hoyte |- |Indonesia |Vice President Umar Wirahadikusumah |- |Ireland |Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald |- |Italy |Minister of Foreign Affairs Giulio Andreotti |- |Japan |Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone |- |Jordan |Crown Prince Hassan bin Talal |- |Kampuchea |President of the Council of State Heng Samrin<br /><br />Prime Minister Chan Sy |- |Kenya |Vice President Mwai Kibaki |- |North Korea |Vice President Pak Song-chol |- |South Korea |Speaker of the National Assembly [[:ko:채문식|Chae Mun-shik]] |- |Laos |President Souphanouvong<br /><br />Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane |- |Liberia |Vice President Harry Moniba |- |Libya |Secretary-General of the General People's Congress Mifta al-Usta Umar |- |Madagascar |President Didier Ratsiraka |- |Malaysia |Deputy Prime Minister Musa Hitam |- |Maldives |Minister of Foreign Affairs Fathulla Jameel |- |Mauritius |Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth |- |Mongolia |First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers [[:mn:Түмэнбаярын Рагчаа|Tumenbayaryn Ragchaa]] |- |Mozambique |President Samora Machel |- |Nauru |President Hammer DeRoburt |- |Nepal |Prime Minister Lokendra Bahadur Chand |- |Netherlands |Prince Claus |- |New Zealand |Governor-General David Beattie<br /><br />Prime Minister David Lange |- |Norway |Minister of Foreign Affairs Svenn Stray |- |Pakistan |President Zia-ul-Haq |- |Philippines |First Lady [[Imelda Marcos]] |- |Poland |Chairman of the Council of State Henryk Jabłoński<br /><br />Prime Minister Wojciech Jaruzelski |- |Portugal |Prime Minister Mário Soares |- |Soviet Union |Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikolai Tikhonov |- |Spain |Prime Minister Felipe González |- |Sri Lanka |President J. R. Jayewardene |- |Sweden |Minister for Foreign Affairs Lennart Bodström |- |Syria |Vice President Zuhair Masharqa<br /><br />Minister of Foreign Affairs Farouk al-Sharaa |- |Tanzania |President Julius Nyerere |- |Turkey |Deputy Prime Minister Kaya Erdem |- |Uganda |President Milton Obote |- |United Arab Emirates |Deputy Prime Minister Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Nahyan |- |United Kingdom |Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher<br /><br />Princess Anne (representing Queen [[Elizabeth II]]) |- |United States |Secretary of State George Shultz<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/statement-assassination-prime-minister-indira-gandhi-india|title=Statement on the Assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India|last=Reagan|first=Ronald|date=October 31, 1984|website=reaganlibrary.gov|access-date=October 27, 2022}}</ref> |- |Vanuatu |President Ati George Sokomanu<br /><br />Prime Minister Walter Lini |- |Vietnam |President Trường Chinh<br /><br />Prime Minister Phạm Văn Đồng |- |North Yemen |Prime Minister Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani |- |Yugoslavia |President Veselin Đuranović<br /><br />Prime Minister Milka Planinc |- |Zambia |President Kenneth Kaunda |- |Zimbabwe |Prime Minister Robert Mugabe |- |} == Konsekans == Pandan kat jou ki te vin apre yo, plis pase 8,000 Sikh te mouri nan vyolans revanj . Gen lòt sous ki rapòte plis pase 25,000 lanmò Sikh. Komisyon Ankèt Jistis Thakkar la, dirije pa Jistis Manharlal Pranlal Thakkar, ki te kreye pou mennen ankèt sou asasina Gandhi a, te rekòmande yon ankèt apa pou ang konplo ki dèyè asasina a. Rapò Thakkar la te deklare ke "zegwi sispèk" la te lonje sou RK Dhawan pou konplisite nan konplo a. Satwant Singh ak konplis li Kehar Singh te kondane amò. Yo te egzekite toulede nan dat 6 janvye 1989. Yon fim Punjabi ki rele ''Kaum De Heere'' ( ''Bijou Kominote a'' ) ki mete aksan sou wòl/lavi de gad ki te asasinen Indira Gandhi te dwe soti 22 Out 2014, men gouvènman Endyen an te entèdi l pandan senk an. == Gade tou == * Lis bagay ki pote non Indira Gandhi * Ensureksyon nan Punjab, peyi Zend * Politik entèn gouvènman Indira Gandhi a * Asasina Rajiv Gandhi, asasina pitit gason Indira a ak siksesè li kòm Premye Minis ki pa gen rapò ak sa otreman. [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 6lirn0cdjwt7dljh3zsoqgrdzn5uqqg 0 97671 882736 2026-07-13T19:33:24Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357951801|Baba Buddha]] » 882736 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>   '''Baba Bouda''' ( Gurmukhi : ਬਾਬਾ ਬੁੱਢਾ; ''bābā buḍhā'' ; ki vle di "granmoun saj"; 6 oktòb 1506 – 8 septanm 1631 oubyen 1571–1631) te yon figi enpòtan nan premye sikhi a . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://eos.learnpunjabi.org/BUDDHA%20BABA%20(1506-1631).html|title=BUḌḌHĀ BĀBĀ (1506-1631)|website=eos.learnpunjabi.org|access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref> Li se pwobableman orijin tradisyon ''bhai'' sikism lan epi yo konnen l tou kòm '''Bhai Bouda''' . Kòm yon kontanporen sèt [[Guru Sikh yo|guru sikh]], li te pèsonèlman [[Guru Gaddi|enstale]] kat ladan yo nan guruism lan. <ref name=":182" /> == Premye lavi == Li te fèt nan yon fanmi Endou Randhawa Jat an 1506 nan vilaj Kathu Nangal nan Amritsar . Papa l te rele Sugha Randhawa epi manman l te rele Mai Gauran. Non nesans li se te Bura (Gurmukhi: ਬੂੜਾ; ''būṛā'' ). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.discoversikhism.com/sikhs/baba_budha.html|title=Baba Budha {{!}} Discover Sikhism|website=www.discoversikhism.com|access-date=2022-08-19}}</ref> Lè l te timoun, pandan l tap fè manje bèf deyò vilaj li a, li te rankontre [[Guru Nanak]]. Li te poze Guru Nanak anpil kesyon konsènan lavi ak lanmò, sa te fè, nan jèn laj li, Guru Nanak te beni l ak non Bouda, pandan l t ap pale tankou si l te yon granmoun saj. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2025)">sitasyon nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Li te yon disip Guru Nanak depi chapit Kartarpur la. == Karyè espirityèl == Li te youn nan pi bonè Sikhs nan Guru Nanak, e li te fè [[Guru Gaddi|seremoni kouwònasyon fòmèl]] senk gourou Sikh yo ki te reyisi Guru Nanak; [[Guru Angad]], [[Guru Amar Das]], Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan, ak [[Guru Hargobind]] . Yo te konsilte Bouda pandan konpilasyon ekriti Sikh yo. Lè yo te enstale [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la, yon konpilasyon ekriti Sikh, nan [[Tanp an lò a|Sri Harimandir Sahib]] nan dat 16 out 1604, Guru Arjan te nonmen Bhai Bouda premye [[Granti|Granthi]] . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://sikhri.org/articles/from-pothi-to-guru-granth-sahib|title=From Pothi to Guru Granth Sahib: The Perfect-Genius of Guru Arjan Sahib|last=Singh|first=Harjinder|date=12 September 2022|website=Sikh Research Institute|quote=Guru Arjan Sahib asked his Sikh, Baba Buddha (1506–1631), to be the first Granthi (the one who knows the Granth) to be the custodian at Sri Harimandar Sahib. Baba Buddha was carrying the Granth on his head; Guru Arjan Sahib was waving the chaur (royal-whisk). The beautiful revered Harigobind was also part of the procession. Atmosphere was divine: sound of many sankh (conch), vibrations of dundabhi (drums), and cheers of jai-jai-kar (hail or praise).}}</ref> Lè Bhani (pitit fi Guru Amar Das) te resevwa yon jagir (yon don tè) nan men anperè Mogòl Akbar, tè sa a te gen anviwon 500 bigga tè agrikòl ki te pwodiktif. Baba Buddha te responsab administrasyon tè sa a. Kòm rezilta, tè sa a te vin rele "Beer Baba Buddha Ji". Yo te bati yon gurdwara sou tè a, epi yo te itilize li pou agrikilti ansanm ak aktivite edikatif. Ganga, madanm Guru Arjan, te chèche benediksyon Baba Bouda lè Ganga te vle fè yon pitit gason pou l te ka gen yon eritye pou tit guru a. Apre yon premye tantativ ki pa t reyisi, Baba Bouda te finalman akòde l volonte l epi li te beni l. <ref name=":12" /> <ref name=":3" /> Guru Hargobind te fèt nan Ganga apre benediksyon sa a. <ref name=":12" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Karyè militè == Selon hagiografi ak istwa oral Sikh yo, Baba Bouda te aprann sistèm atizay masyal Sikh ''Shastar Vidya'' a nan men Guru Nanak li menm. Baba Bouda te bay chak gourou Nanak ki te vin apre fòmasyon nan atizay masyal la epi Guru Hargobind te òdone l pou enstwi rekrite nan premye lame Sikh la, nan Shastar Vidya. <ref name=":7" /> Sou 30 me 1606, apre mati Guru Arjan, Guru Hargobind te bay lòd konstriksyon Akal Takht la epi li te konfye responsablite konstriksyon li a Baba Bouda ak Bhai Gurdas . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://eos.learnpunjabi.org/BUDDHA%20BABA%20(1506-1631).html|title=BUḌḌHĀ BĀBĀ (1506-1631)|website=eos.learnpunjabi.org|access-date=2019-08-29}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://eos.learnpunjabi.org/BUDDHA%20BABA%20(1506-1631).html "BUḌḌHĀ BĀBĀ (1506-1631)"]. ''eos.learnpunjabi.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Pandan Guru Hargobind te nan prizon, Baba Budha te refòme lame Nihang, nan epòk yo te rele Akal Sena a, byenke kounye a li te rele Budha Dal apre Jathedar Baba Budha Randhawa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">sitasyon nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Lanmò == Apre li te pase tout lavi li ap suiv Guru Sikh yo (Sikh Gurus), Baba Buddha te mouri a laj 124 an nan ane 1631 (laj sa a bezwen verifikasyon dapre kèk sous), nan vilaj Jhanda Ramdas, sou bò rivyè Ravi. Guru Hargobind te bò kabann li lè li t ap mouri a epi li te onore li lè li te pote kò li ale nan boukan fineray la. Li te resite kèk pasaj ki soti nan Adi Granth pandan seremoni fineray la. == Eritaj == Sahib Ram Kaur te 7yèm desandan lineyè Baba Bouda. Nan lane 1850, te gen yon lekòl ki te opere nan tanp li a nan Kotnaina, nan distri Gurdaspur, avèk pwofesè sadh, [[Granti|granthi]], brahmin, ak mizisyen . == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Baba_Buddha,_as_a_young_boy,_seeks_the_blessings_of_Guru_Nanak.jpg|alt=Baba Buddha, as a young boy, seeks the blessings of Guru Nanak. Pahari, brush drawing, from the family workshop of Nainsukh of Guler, last quarter of the 18th century.| Baba Bouda, lè l te yon jèn ti gason, ap chèche benediksyon Guru Nanak. Pahari, desen ak bwòs, ki soti nan atelye fanmi Nainsukh nan Guler, dènye ka 18yèm syèk la. Fichye:Guru_Arjun_Dev_being_pronounced_fifth_guru.jpg|alt=Baba Buddha crowning the fifth guru| Baba Bouda kouwone senkyèm gourou a Fichye:Drawing_of_Guru_Arjan_meeting_Baba_Buddha_and_Bhai_Gurdas.jpg|alt=19th century drawing of Guru Arjan meeting Baba Buddha and Bhai Gurdas| Desen 19yèm syèk Guru Arjan rankontre Baba Bouda ak Bhai Gurdas </gallery> == Gade tou == * Bhai Gurdas * Bhai Mani Singh * [[Baba Deep Singh]] * [[Guru Gaddi|Gurgaddi]] == Referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] rq0qulxu89tkp8uv9ookbt61xpq4azb 0 97672 882737 2026-07-13T19:46:38Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362650484|Television show]] » 882737 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:MDR_Kripo_live.jpg|vignette|Yon plato emisyon televizyon an dirèk ak kamera]] Yon '''emisyon televizyon''', '''pwogram televizyon''', Telenovela, oubyen tou senpleman yon '''emisyon televizyon''', se referans jeneral pou nenpòt kontni ki pwodui pou gade sou yon televizyon ki transmèt atravè lè a, satelit ak kab, oubyen distribye dijitalman sou platfòm difizyon . <ref name="Willcox-TV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.consumerreports.org/tv-service/the-many-ways-to-watch-television/|title=The Many Ways to Watch Television|last=Willcox|first=James K.|date=June 27, 2017|website=[[Consumer Reports]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817064706/https://www.consumerreports.org/tv-service/the-many-ways-to-watch-television/|archive-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="Pedersen-2025">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/2025-tv-premiere-dates-1235811038/|title=2025 Premiere Dates For New & Returning Series On Broadcast, Cable & Streaming|last=Pedersen|first=Erik|date=June 27, 2025|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627161250/https://deadline.com/2025/06/2025-tv-premiere-dates-1235811038/|archive-date=June 27, 2025|access-date=28 June 2025}}</ref> Kontni an pwodui swa anndan konpayi an sou yon sèn televizyon ak plizyè kamera oubyen li pwodui pa kontra avèk konpayi pwodiksyon fim (anpil gwo konpayi amizman gen divizyon pwodiksyon fim ak televizyon). Kontni sa a jeneralman pa gen ladan l nouvèl oswa piblisite ki pase ant emisyon yo oubyen ant segman yon emisyon. Yon emisyon epizòd, kit se yon emisyon ki repete regilyèman oswa yon emisyon limite, yo rele yon '''seri televizyon.''' Yon segman endividyèl nan yon seri konsa yo rele yon '''epizòd.''' Epizòd yo anjeneral difize an seri anyèl, yo rele yo '''sezon''' nan Amerik di Nò ak '''seri''' nan lòt rejyon yo. Yon emisyon televizyon inik yo ka rele yon emisyon espesyal televizyon, alòske yon emisyon ki gen yon kantite limite epizòd se yon mini-seri . Yon fim televizyon, oswa '''telefilm''', se yon fim ki pwodui pou difize pa yon rezo tèrès oswa kab. Emisyon televizyon ki soti nan rezo televizyon terès ak rezo kab yo pi souvan pwograme davans pou difizyon, epi yo parèt nan gid elektwonik oswa lòt lis pwogram televizyon. Sepandan, devlopman televizyon an difizyon sou entènèt (streaming) fè orè televizyon yo vin mwens enpòtan pase nan deseni anvan yo. Gen kèk pwogram ki ka pase an dirèk—sa vle di yo difize nan menm moman evènman an ap fèt la olye yo pase li pita nan yon lòt lè oswa dat—men pifò pwogram yo pwodui davans. Okòmansman, telespektatè yo pa t gen yon fason pratik pou anrejistre yon emisyon pou gade pita. Sa chanje ak aparisyon videyo lakay, an premye avèk kasèt videyo ki te anrejistre sou VCR, epi pita avèk anrejistrè videyo dijital (DVR). Founisè televizyon kab yo te kòmanse ofri pwogramasyon "pay-per-view" (peye pou gade yon pwogram) oswa sèvis sou demann (on-demand), kote telespektatè yo peye yon sèl frè pou gade yon pwogram nan lè yo chwazi. Televizyon an difizyon sou entènèt (streaming television) pèmèt telespektatè yo gade pwogram nenpòt lè atravè yon abònman OTT (sèvis televizyon ki pase dirèkteman sou entènèt san nesesite pou yon rezo televizyon tradisyonèl). == Istwa == {{Atik detaye|History of television}}remye emisyon televizyon yo se te difizyon eksperimantal, ki te fèt tanzantan, epi moun te kapab gade yo sèlman nan yon ti distans toupre gwo fò won transmisyon an, kòmanse nan ane 1930 yo. Evènman yo te pase sou televizyon, tankou Je Olenpik ete 1936 yo nan Almay, kouwònman Wa George VI nan Wayòm Ini an an 1937, ak prezantasyon popilè David Sarnoff nan Fwa Mondyal New York 1939 la Ozetazini, te ankouraje devlopman mwayen kominikasyon sa a. Men, Dezyèm Gè Mondyal la te mete yon kanpe sou pwogrè a jouk apre lagè a fini. Seri Mondyal bezbòl 1947 la (1947 World Series) te ankouraje anpil Ameriken achte premye televizyon yo. Apre sa, an 1948, emisyon radyo popilè Texaco Star Theater te transfòme pou vin yon emisyon televizyon, epi li te vin premye emisyon varyete chak semèn ki te pase sou televizyon. Animatè li a, Milton Berle, te vin resevwa tinon "Mr. Television", paske emisyon an te montre televizyon se te yon fòm amizman modèn ak estab ki te kapab atire piblisite. Premye difizyon televizyon nasyonal an dirèk Ozetazini te fèt nan dat 4 septanm 1951, lè diskou Prezidan Harry Truman nan Konferans Trete Lapè Japonè a nan San Francisco te transmèt atravè sistèm kab transkontinantal ak relè radyo mikwo-onn AT&T, pou rive nan estasyon televizyon lokal atravè mache diferan yo. Premye emisyon koulè nasyonal la ( [[Rose Parade|Parad Roz]] 1954 la) Ozetazini te fèt 1ye janvye 1954. Pandan dis ane ki te swiv yo, pifò emisyon rezo yo, ak prèske tout pwogram lokal yo, te kontinye an nwa ak blan. Yo te anonse tranzisyon koulè a pou otòn 1965, pandan peryòd sa a plis pase mwatye nan tout pwogram rezo a nan lè premye tan t ap difize an koulè. Premye sezon lè premye tan tout koulè a te rive jis yon ane apre. An 1972, dènye emisyon rezo a ki te rete san pwogramasyon an te konvèti an koulè, sa ki te lakòz premye sezon rezo a ki te konplètman an koulè. == Fòma ak tip yo == Emisyon televizyon yo pi varye pase pifò lòt fòm medya akòz gran varyete fòma ak jan yo ka prezante. Yon emisyon ka [[fiksyon]] (tankou nan komedi, animasyon ak [[Dram (sinema)|dram]] ), oswa ki pa fiksyon (tankou nan dokimantè, nouvèl, ak televizyon reyalite ). Li ka sou sijè aktyèl (tankou nan ka yon nouvèl lokal ak kèk fim ki fèt pou televizyon ), oswa istorik (tankou nan ka anpil dokimantè ak seri fiksyon). Yo ka prensipalman enstriksyonèl, edikatif, oswa amizan, jan sa ye nan komedi sitiyasyon ak emisyon jwèt videyo . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">sitasyon nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Yon pwogram dram anjeneral prezante yon gwoup aktè ki jwe pèsonaj nan yon anviwònman istorik oswa nan yon epòk modèn. Pwogram nan swiv lavi pèsonaj sa yo ak avanti yo. Anvan ane 1980 yo, emisyon yo (eksepte seri ki gen fòm soap opera, sa vle di seri ki kontinye ak istwa k ap dewoule sou anpil epizòd) te souvan rete menm jan san gwo chanjman nan istwa a. Lavi pèsonaj prensipal yo ak lide debaz emisyon an te chanje trè piti. Si te gen kèk chanjman nan lavi pèsonaj yo pandan yon epizòd, souvan yo te retounen nan sitiyasyon nòmal la anvan epizòd la fini. Se poutèt sa, yo te kapab difize epizòd yo nan nenpòt lòd. Depi ane 1980 yo, anpil seri kòmanse prezante chanjman ki pwogrese nan istwa a, nan pèsonaj yo, oswa nan toude. Pa egzanp, Hill Street Blues ak St. Elsewhere se te pami premye seri dram televizyon ameriken nan lè gwo odyans (prime time) ki te itilize kalite estrikti naratif sa a. An 2012, yo te rapòte ke televizyon t ap vin tounen yon pi gwo eleman nan revni gwo konpayi medya yo pase fim. Gen kèk moun ki te note tou ogmantasyon nan kalite kèk pwogram televizyon. An 2012, direktè fim Steven Soderbergh, ki te genyen prim Akademi an, te fè kòmantè sou anbigwite ak konpleksite pèsonaj ak naratif la, te deklare: "Mwen panse ke kalite sa yo kounye a ap parèt nan televizyon, epi ke moun ki vle wè istwa ki gen kalite sa yo ap gade televizyon." == Pwodiksyon == === Devlopman === ==== Etazini ==== Lè yon moun oswa yon konpayi deside kreye nouvo kontni pou yon emisyon televizyon, yo devlope eleman emisyon an, ki gen ladan konsèp la, [[Pèsonaj fiksyon|pèsonaj]] yo, ekip la, ak aktè yo. Apre sa, yo souvan "prezante" li bay divès rezo yo nan yon tantativ pou jwenn youn ki enterese ase pou kòmande yon prototip pou premye epizòd seri a, ke yo rele yon <nowiki><i id="mwrQ">pilòt</i></nowiki> . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liveabout.com/what-is-a-pilot-episode-136877|title=What Is a Pilot Episode?|last=Basile|first=Nancy|date=April 15, 2019|website=LiveAbout|language=en|access-date=}}</ref> Eric Coleman, yon egzekitif animasyon nan [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]], te di yon entèvyouè, "Yon move konsepsyon se ke li trè difisil pou antre epi prezante emisyon ou a, alòske an reyalite egzekitif devlopman nan rezo yo vle tande anpil lide. Yo vle fè moun konnen ki kalite emisyon y ap chèche." Pou kreye pilòt la, fòk nou mete ansanm estrikti ak ekip tout seri a. Si piblik la reyaji byen ak pilòt la, rezo a ap pran emisyon an pou difize l nan pwochen sezon an. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">sitasyon nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Pafwa yo sere l pou mitan sezon an oubyen yo mande pou yo reekri l epi pou yo revize l anplis. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">sitasyon nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Gen lòt fwa, yo ''pa pase'' nèt, sa ki fòse kreyatè emisyon an "konpare pri" ak lòt rezo. Anpil emisyon pa janm rive depase etap pilòt la. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/why-do-so-many-tv-shows-get-greenlit-but-then-never-1681405688|title=The Whole Crazy Process Of Creating A TV Show, From Pitch To Pilot|date=January 23, 2015|website=Gizmodo|language=en-us|access-date=January 28, 2022}}</ref> ==== Wayòm Ini ==== Metòd "ekri an ekip" la itilize sou kèk seri dramatik ki pi long (anjeneral jiska yon maksimòm anviwon 13 epizòd). Lide pou yon pwogram konsa ka pwodui "anndan kay la" pa youn nan rezo yo; li ka soti nan yon konpayi pwodiksyon endepandan (pafwa yon pwodwi tou de). Pa egzanp, feyton long [[BBC]] a, ''EastEnders,'' se antyèman yon pwodiksyon BBC, alòske dram popilè li a, <nowiki><i id="mwyQ">Life on Mars,</i></nowiki> te devlope pa Kudos an asosyasyon ak difizè a. Toujou gen yon kantite siyifikatif pwogram (anjeneral sitcom ) ki konstwi pa sèlman youn oubyen de ekriven ak yon ti ekip pwodiksyon ki byen soude. Yo "pwopoze" pwogram sa yo nan fason tradisyonèl la, men kòm kreyatè yo okipe tout egzijans ekriti yo, gen yon seri sis oubyen sèt epizòd pa seri yon fwa yo bay apwobasyon an. Anpil nan komedi britanik ki pi popilè yo te fèt nan fason sa a, tankou ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' (byenke ak yon ekip eksklizif sis ekriven-pèfòmè), ''Fawlty Towers'', ''Blackadder'' ak <nowiki><i id="mw1A">The Office</i></nowiki> . ==== Lòt nasyon yo ==== [[Fichye:Filming_a_television_program_at_Frenckell’s_studio_in_Tampere,_1.2.1965_(19746637354).jpg|vignette|Operatè kamera Tamvisio yo ap filme yon pwogram televizyon nan estidyo Frenckell la nan dat 2 janvye 1965, nan [[Tampere]], [[Fenlann]] .]] Konpayi pwodiksyon an souvan separe de difizè a. Pwodiktè egzekitif la, souvan kreyatè emisyon an, responsab pou dirije emisyon an. Yo chwazi ekip la epi ede chwazi aktè yo, apwouve epi pafwa ekri istwa seri a—gen kèk menm ki ekri oswa reyalize gwo epizòd—pandan ke plizyè lòt pwodiktè ede asire ke emisyon an ap dewoule byen. Trè pafwa, pwodiktè egzekitif la ap chwazi tèt li nan emisyon an. Menm jan ak reyalizasyon fim oswa lòt pwodiksyon medya elektwonik, pwodiksyon yon epizòd endividyèl ka divize an twa pati: pre-pwodiksyon, fotografi prensipal, ak pòs-pwodiksyon . === Pre-pwodiksyon === [[Fichye:Arthur_Schlesinger,_Jr._NBC-TV_program_1951.JPG|droite|vignette|Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]] Pre-pwodiksyon kòmanse lè yo apwouve yon senaryo. Yo chwazi yon direktè pou planifye aparans final epizòd la. Travay pre-pwodiksyon yo gen ladan yo: fè storyboard (desen plan sèn yo), konstwi dekorasyon, akseswa, ak kostim; chwazi aktè envite; prepare bidjè; epi jwenn resous tankou ekleraj, efè espesyal, kaskad, elatriye. Lè emisyon an fin planifye, yo dwe prepare yon orè pou pwodiksyon an. Souvan, yo filme sèn yo nan yon lòd ki pa suiv istwa a youn apre lòt, epi aktè envite yo oswa menm aktè regilye yo ka disponib sèlman nan kèk moman presi. Pafwa, yo oblije filme sèn prensipal plizyè epizòd an menm tan, sa ki rann orè a pi konplike (pa egzanp, yon aktè envite ka filme sèn ki soti nan de epizòd diferan nan menm apremidi a). Sèn ki konplike yo transfòme soti nan storyboard pou vin tounen animatics (yon vèsyon anime senp ki montre mouvman ak aksyon yo) pou ede klarifye kijan sèn nan dwe dewoule. Yo ajiste senaryo yo pou yo satisfè nouvo bezwen oswa chanjman ki parèt pandan pwosesis pwodiksyon an. Gen kèk emisyon ki gen yon ti gwoup reyalizatè, men yo anjeneral konte sou reyalizatè ekstèn tou. Akòz kontrent tan difizyon an, yon sèl emisyon ka gen de ou twa epizòd an pre-pwodiksyon, youn ou de epizòd an fotografi prensipal, epi kèk lòt anplis nan divès etap pòs-pwodiksyon. Travay reyalizasyon an tèlman konplèks ke yon sèl reyalizatè anjeneral pa ka travay sou plis pase yon epizòd oswa yon emisyon alafwa, kidonk nesesite pou plizyè reyalizatè. === Fotografi prensipal === Fotografi prensipal la se lè y ap filme yon epizòd vre. Direktè a, aktè yo, ak ekip la reyini nan yon estidyo televizyon oubyen sou plas pou filme oubyen anrejistre yon videyo sou yon sèn. Yon sèn divize an plizyè plan, ki ta dwe planifye pandan pre-pwodiksyon an. Selon orè a, yo ka filme yon sèn nan yon lòd ki pa sekansyèl nan istwa a. Yo ka filme konvèsasyon yo de fwa nan diferan ang kamera, souvan avèk ranplasan, kidonk yon aktè ka fè tout replik li yo nan yon seri plan, epi answit yo filme lòt bò konvèsasyon an nan pèspektiv opoze a. Pou fini yon pwodiksyon alè, yon dezyèm inite ka ap filme yon lòt sèn sou yon lòt plato oubyen yon lòt kote an menm tan, avèk yon lòt gwoup aktè, yon asistan direktè, ak yon dezyèm ekip inite. Yon direktè fotografi sipèvize ekleraj chak plan pou asire konsistans. Evènman an dirèk yo anjeneral kouvri pa ekip Outside Broadcast ki itilize estidyo televizyon mobil, ke yo rekonèt kòm eskanè oswa kamyon OB. Malgre ke yo varye anpil selon epòk la ak sijè yo kouvri a, kamyon sa yo te nòmalman gen jiska 15 operatè ak pèsonèl pwodiksyon kalifye nan ekip yo. Nan Wayòm Ini a, pandan pi fò nan 20yèm syèk la, BBC a te founisè prensipal pwoteksyon difizyon deyò. Ekip BBC yo te travay sou prèske tout gwo evènman, tankou maryaj ak antèman wayal, gwo evènman politik ak espòtif, e menm pwogram dram. === Pòs-pwodiksyon === Yon fwa foto prensipal la fini, pwodiktè yo kowòdone travay yo pou yo kòmanse montaj videyo a. Yo ajoute efè videyo vizyèl ak dijital nan fim nan; souvan yo sou-trete sa bay konpayi ki espesyalize nan domèn sa yo. Souvan, yo jwe mizik avèk chèf òkès la ki sèvi ak fim nan kòm yon referans tan (lòt eleman mizikal yo ka deja anrejistre). Yon [[Montaj|monteur]] koupe divès moso fim nan ansanm, ajoute pati mizik la ak efè yo, detèmine tranzisyon sèn yo, epi rasanble espektak la nèt. == Tan kouri == Ozetazini, dram yo pwodui pou yon èdtan dire tipikman 37-42 minit (san konte piblisite), alòske sitcom yo pwodui pou yon 30 minit dire tipikman 18-21 minit. Gen eksepsyon: chanèl televizyon kab ki baze sou abònman, tankou HBO, Starz, Cinemax, ak Showtime, gen epizòd ki dire 45-48 minit, menm jan ak Wayòm Ini a. Opinyon odyans lan sou longè a varye akòz faktè tankou twòp kontni . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/tv-show-runtime-game-of-thrones-veep-barry-sons-of-anarchy-1202127051/|title=During Peak TV, Are Shorter Episode Runtimes Better? – IndieWire Critics Survey|last=Nguyen|first=Hanh|date=April 23, 2019|website=IndieWire|language=en-US|access-date=January 22, 2024}}</ref> An Grann Bretay, dram yo anjeneral dire ant 46 a 48 minit sou chanèl komèsyal yo, epi 57–59 minit sou [[BBC]] a. Pwogram trant minit yo dire anviwon 22 minit sou chanèl komèsyal yo epi anviwon 28 minit sou BBC a. Dire ki pi long lan sou BBC a se akòz mank poz piblisite. An Frans, pifò emisyon televizyon (kit se dram, jwèt videyo oswa dokimantè) dire 52 minit. Se menm bagay la sou prèske tout rezo franse yo (TF1, France 2, France 5, M6, Canal+, elatriye). Dire epizòd emisyon ki pwodui pou platfòm televizyon an difizyon, tankou [[Netflix]] ak Hulu, anjeneral se ant 30 minit ak inèdtan, byenke gen kèk ki dire pi lontan. <ref name="Volpe">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/netflix-episode-length-streaming-services-traditional-tv|title=The One Thing That Isn't Evolving With Netflix & Hulu's Takeover of TV|last=Volpe|first=Allie|date=October 16, 2017|website=[[Thrillist]]|access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref> Seri ki baze sou entènèt ki gen epizòd ki dire mwens pase 25 minit yo konsidere kòm seri entènèt . <ref name="Volpe" /> == Bidjè ak revni == Pifò rezo televizyon atravè lemond yo se "komèsyal", yo depann sou vann tan piblisite oswa jwenn sipòtè . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">sitasyon nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Pi gwo enkyetid direktè radyo-difizyon yo konsènan pwogram yo se gwosè odyans lan . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">sitasyon nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Nan tan lontan, kantite estasyon "gratis" yo te limite pa disponiblite frekans chanèl yo, men teknoloji televizyon kab (an deyò Etazini, televizyon satelit ) pèmèt yon elajisman nan kantite chanèl ki disponib pou telespektatè yo (pafwa nan pri prim) nan yon anviwònman ki pi konpetitif. Ozetazini, yon dram sou rezo televizyon koute an mwayèn $3.&nbsp;milyon dola pou pwodui yon epizòd, alòske dram kab yo koute 2 dola&nbsp;milyon dola an mwayèn. Epizòd pilòt la ka pi chè pase yon epizòd regilye. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">sitasyon nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> An 2004, pilòt de zèdtan nan seri <nowiki><i id="mwAUM">Lost la</i></nowiki> te koute ant 10 ak 14 dola.&nbsp;milyon dola, an 2008, pilòt de zèdtan <nowiki><i id="mwAUY">Fringe</i></nowiki> a te koute $10&nbsp;milyon dola, epi an 2010, ''Boardwalk Empire'' te $18&nbsp;milyon dola pou premye epizòd la. An 2011, <nowiki><i id="mwAUw">Game of Thrones</i></nowiki> te koute ant 5 ak 10 dola&nbsp;milyon dola, <nowiki><i id="mwAU8">Pan Am</i></nowiki> te koute apeprè $10&nbsp;milyon dola, pandan ke pilòt de zèdtan <nowiki><i id="mwAVI">Terra Nova</i></nowiki> a te koute ant $10 ak $20&nbsp;milyon. Anpil emisyon televizyon rezo Ozetazini finanse atravè finansman defisi: yon estidyo finanse pri pwodiksyon yon emisyon epi yon rezo peye yon frè lisans bay estidyo a pou dwa pou difize emisyon an. Frè lisans sa a pa kouvri depans pwodiksyon emisyon an, sa ki lakòz defisi a. Malgre ke estidyo a pa reprann lajan li nan difizyon orijinal emisyon an, li kenbe pwopriyetè emisyon an. Sa pèmèt estidyo a reprann lajan li epi fè yon pwofi atravè sendikasyon ak lavant DVD ak Blu-ray . Sistèm sa a mete pi fò nan risk finansye a sou estidyo yo; sepandan, yon emisyon ki gen siksè nan mache sendikasyon ak videyo lakay yo ka plis pase konpanse pou echèk yo. Malgre ke finansman defisi mete yon risk finansye minimòm sou rezo yo, yo pèdi pwofi nan lavni gwo siksè yo paske yo sèlman ap bay lisans pou emisyon yo. Yo rekipere depans yo sitou grasa revni piblisite pou rezo difizyon yo ak kèk chanèl kab, alòske lòt chanèl kab yo depann de abònman. An jeneral, piblisitè yo, e kidonk rezo ki depann de piblisite, pi enterese nan kantite telespektatè ki gen laj ant 18 ak 49 an pase nan kantite total telespektatè yo. Piblisitè yo dispoze peye plis pou fè piblisite pou emisyon ki reyisi ak jèn adilt yo paske yo gade mwens televizyon epi yo pi difisil pou rive jwenn yo. Dapre ''Advertising Age'', pandan sezon 2007-08 la, ''[[Grey's Anatomy]]'' te kapab fè moun peye $419,000 pou chak reklam, konpare ak sèlman $248,000 pou yon reklam pandan ''CSI'', malgre CSI te gen prèske senk milyon telespektatè an mwayèn. Akòz fòs li ak telespektatè ki pi jèn yo, ''Friends'' te kapab fè moun peye prèske twa fwa plis pou yon reklam pase ''Murder, She Wrote'', menm si de seri yo te gen menm kantite telespektatè total nan moman sa a. ''[[Glee]]'' ak ''[[The Office (seri, 2005)|The Office]]'' te atire mwens telespektatè pase ''NCIS'' pandan sezon 2009-10 la, men yo te touche an mwayèn $272,694 ak $213,617 respektivman, konpare ak $150,708 pou NCIS. == Distribisyon == Apre pwodiksyon an, yo remèt emisyon an bay rezo televizyon an, ki voye l bay estasyon afilye li yo, ki difize l nan entèval lè pwogramasyon espesifye a. Si evalyasyon Nielsen yo bon, yo kenbe emisyon an vivan osi lontan ke posib. Si non, anjeneral yo anile emisyon an. Kreyatè emisyon yo oblije chèche epizòd ki rete yo, ak posiblite pou lòt epizòd nan lavni, sou lòt rezo. Nan seri ki gen siksè patikilyèman, pafwa pwodiktè yo sispann yon seri poukont yo tankou ''[[Seinfeld]]'', ''The Cosby Show'', ''Corner Gas'', ak <nowiki><i id="mwAZ4">M*A*S*H</i></nowiki> epi fini li ak yon epizòd final, ki pafwa se yon gwo final seri . Nan okazyon ki ra, yon seri ki pa t atire anpil odyans epi ki te anile ka jwenn yon soulajman si telespektatè videyo lakay yo te patikilyèman fò. Sa te rive nan ka ''[[Les Griffin|Family Guy]]'' nan peyi Etazini ak <nowiki><i id="mwAaU">Peep Show</i></nowiki> nan Wayòm Ini a. Ozetazini, si emisyon an popilè oswa likratif, epi yo gen yon minimòm epizòd ( anjeneral 100 ) ki fèt, li ka antre nan sendikasyon difizyon, kote dwa pou difize pwogram nan yo revann pou lajan kach oswa mete yo nan yon echanj twòk (yo ofri yo bay yon estasyon gratis an echanj pou difize plis piblisite yon lòt kote nan jounen difizyon estasyon an). == Sezon/seri == Tèmoloji yo itilize pou defini yon seri epizòd ki pwodui pou yon seri televizyon varye de yon peyi a yon lòt. == Gade tou == * [[Sinema|Fim]] ** Fim long metraj ** Fim televizyon * Pwogram radyo * Lis aktè pa seri televizyon * Lis pwogram televizyon yo * Lis pwogram televizyon aksè piblik ameriken yo [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 33wtfu89nbfn2oilshavxrz9tg2mrkh 0 97673 882738 2026-07-13T19:53:26Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1267044126|Khangura]] » 882738 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Khangura''' a (ਖੰਗੂੜਾ nan Punjabi) se yon gotra nan kominote Jat ki soti nan rejyon Punjab nan [[End|peyi Zend]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">sitasyon nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Kominote Khangura nan gotra nan kominote Jat la se prensipalman rezidan Eta Prensyè Kangra a . Non ''Khangura'' a soti nan lang Pès la, ki vle di "disip gourou a" epi kominote Khangura a te enfliyanse pa ansèyman gourou Sikh yo ki te aksepte yo kòm rezidan Eta Prensyè Kangra a. Kominote Khangura te pwoteje chèf Eta Prensyè Kangra a ansanm ak Eta Prensyè Kangra a kote gen plizyè milye istwa komik. Kominote Khangura se devote Guru Tegh Bahadur, nevyèm pwofèt Sikh (Guru) (1621–1675) ak [[Guru Gobind Singh]], dizyèm pwofèt Sikh (guru) (1666–1708). Klan Khangura yo se prèske tout aderan Sikhism kounye a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/community/manpreet-badal-releases-book-on-khangura-surname/375784.html|title=Manpreet Badal releases book on 'Khangura' surname}}</ref> Istorikman Khangura Jatts ki te fèt nan Nanu Mazara ke yo rele tou Nano Mazara Sardar Hukam Singh Khangura Pitit Sardar Natha Singh Khangura se premye sarpanch nan vilaj Nanu Mazara, Ladha Ganja, ak pati nan Samrari ak Mahl nan Tehsil Phillaur. Genyen tou yon vilaj Toderwal tou pre Nabha distt Patiala ki se Vilaj la nan tout Khanguras. Jathera klan Khangura Jatt la se yon vilaj Samrari nan distri Jalandhar, Punjab, ak yon vilaj Malakpur <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Malakpur,+Punjab/@30.73594,76.2662101,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x39100f8b76dee607:0x9d0f5fe5beb223c2|title=Malakpur · Punjab 141411, India}}</ref> nan distri Ludhiana. Jathera se kote tonm zansèt komen an ye a epi Jats yo toujou adore l jouk jounen jodi a. Sit sa yo rele tou Wadae Wadhere. Genyen tou yon vilaj yo rele Akoi Sahib, toupre Sangrur nan Punjab, ki prèske antyèman gen ladan Jatts nan klan Khangura a. Youn nan gwo konstriktè nan Nò peyi Zend, espesyalman nan kapital peyi Zend kolonyal Nouvo Delhi, sete Sardar Rai Bahadur Narain Singh, ki te fè pati vilaj Akoi Sahib la epi ki te soti nan klan Khangura a. Tradisyonèlman, tankou anpil Jatt, yo te kiltivatè. Dènyèman, anpil Khanguras te emigre nan [[Kanada]], [[Wayòm Ini]], [[Etazini]], epi gen kèk nan [[Nouvèl Zelann]], [[Itali]] ak [[Ostrali]] . Genyen tou yon vilaj ki rele Khangura, nan Punjab. Anvan sa, yo te rele l Phagorey (www.khangura.org.in). Gen yon Gurdwara ki rele Gurdwara Baba Khabe Aana Sahib nan vilaj la. Anplis de sa, gen yon faktori tiyo siman nan vilaj la ki distribye tiyo siman pou irigasyon anba tè nan tout Punjab. Gen yon lekòl leta, yon lakou rekreyasyon, twa Gurdwara (de anndan vilaj la ak yon lòt deyò). Vilaj la sitiye trè pre wout kontoune Phagwara a ak gran wout nasyonal 1 (GT Road). Vilaj la apeprè 5...&nbsp;km lwen Phagwara pou rive bò Jalandhar . S. Rakhbir Singh se Sarpanch nan vilaj la kounye a. == Distribisyon == Yo sitou jwenn nan distri Jalandhar, Ludhiana ak Kapurthala nan Punjab, epi yo gen anviwon 15-25 ti bouk. Yo jwenn yo tou nan Patiala, Moga, Sangrur Distri nan Rejyon Malwa nan Punjab ak nan Haryana, yo te jwenn nan Vilaj Ratta nan distri Fatehabad la. Nan lwès Punjab Pakistan) yo jwenn yo nan Sialkot, Narowal, Sheikhupura ak Gujranwala District. Genyen tou yon vilaj yo te rele Mian Khangura nan distri Narowal nan Punjab, Pakistan. Gen 9 vilaj toupre Adampur kote anpil moun pote siyati Khangura. Vilaj sa yo se: Pandori Khangurain, Ram Nagar Dhaha, Badowal, Mandialan, Todo Majara, Begampur Jandiala, ak Talwandi Arayian. Pifò moun nan vilaj sa yo se Jat ki pote siyati sa a. Vilaj ki rele Akoi Sahib, ki sitiye anviwon 4 km soti Sangrur sou wout Ludhiana, gen yon popilasyon ki sitou konpoze de moun Khangura. Vilaj la genyen yon gurdwara istorik kote yo di twa Guru Sikh te vizite li: premye Guru a, sizyèm Guru a, ak nevyèm Guru a. Se poutèt sa yo bay li non Akoi Sahib. Lòt vilaj nan distri Sangrur ki genyen yon kantite enpòtan moun Khangura ladan yo se Batriana, Akbarpur, ak Bijalpur. Nan distri Ludhiana, vilaj Malakpur genyen kèk fanmi Khangura ki byen etabli. Genyen tou kèk fanmi Khangura ki gen enfliyans k ap viv nan vilaj Latala ak Ghangas nan Ludhiana. Lòt vilaj ki genyen yon kantite enpòtan moun Khangura se Bhadla (toupre Khanna), Aitiana, ak Sunet. == Moun Khangura yo == Sardar Agar Singh Khangura se te yon vanyan sòlda Sikh pi popilè pandan peryòd Sikh misl soti nan 1716 a 1799. Li te yon zanmi anperè a Sikh Sardar Chhajja Singh Dhillon (1716-1746) nan Bhangi Sikh misl (1716-1810). Tou dènyèman, de frè ki te parèt nan yon dokimantè chanèl 4 "Hunted" pwodui pa Shine TV (UK); Harinder Singh ak Davinder Singh. == Referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Jatt]] [[Kategori:Punjab]] [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] er0ao7snceq1a7fju3hnyn5vfv7m0j4 882739 882738 2026-07-13T19:53:53Z 1104s72 38991 882739 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Khangura''' a (ਖੰਗੂੜਾ nan Punjabi) se yon gotra nan kominote Jat ki soti nan rejyon Punjab nan [[End|peyi Zend]].Kominote Khangura nan gotra nan kominote Jat la se prensipalman rezidan Eta Prensyè Kangra a . Non ''Khangura'' a soti nan lang Pès la, ki vle di "disip gourou a" epi kominote Khangura a te enfliyanse pa ansèyman gourou Sikh yo ki te aksepte yo kòm rezidan Eta Prensyè Kangra a. Kominote Khangura te pwoteje chèf Eta Prensyè Kangra a ansanm ak Eta Prensyè Kangra a kote gen plizyè milye istwa komik. Kominote Khangura se devote Guru Tegh Bahadur, nevyèm pwofèt Sikh (Guru) (1621–1675) ak [[Guru Gobind Singh]], dizyèm pwofèt Sikh (guru) (1666–1708). Klan Khangura yo se prèske tout aderan Sikhism kounye a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/community/manpreet-badal-releases-book-on-khangura-surname/375784.html|title=Manpreet Badal releases book on 'Khangura' surname}}</ref> Istorikman Khangura Jatts ki te fèt nan Nanu Mazara ke yo rele tou Nano Mazara Sardar Hukam Singh Khangura Pitit Sardar Natha Singh Khangura se premye sarpanch nan vilaj Nanu Mazara, Ladha Ganja, ak pati nan Samrari ak Mahl nan Tehsil Phillaur. Genyen tou yon vilaj Toderwal tou pre Nabha distt Patiala ki se Vilaj la nan tout Khanguras. Jathera klan Khangura Jatt la se yon vilaj Samrari nan distri Jalandhar, Punjab, ak yon vilaj Malakpur <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Malakpur,+Punjab/@30.73594,76.2662101,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x39100f8b76dee607:0x9d0f5fe5beb223c2|title=Malakpur · Punjab 141411, India}}</ref> nan distri Ludhiana. Jathera se kote tonm zansèt komen an ye a epi Jats yo toujou adore l jouk jounen jodi a. Sit sa yo rele tou Wadae Wadhere. Genyen tou yon vilaj yo rele Akoi Sahib, toupre Sangrur nan Punjab, ki prèske antyèman gen ladan Jatts nan klan Khangura a. Youn nan gwo konstriktè nan Nò peyi Zend, espesyalman nan kapital peyi Zend kolonyal Nouvo Delhi, sete Sardar Rai Bahadur Narain Singh, ki te fè pati vilaj Akoi Sahib la epi ki te soti nan klan Khangura a. Tradisyonèlman, tankou anpil Jatt, yo te kiltivatè. Dènyèman, anpil Khanguras te emigre nan [[Kanada]], [[Wayòm Ini]], [[Etazini]], epi gen kèk nan [[Nouvèl Zelann]], [[Itali]] ak [[Ostrali]] . Genyen tou yon vilaj ki rele Khangura, nan Punjab. Anvan sa, yo te rele l Phagorey (www.khangura.org.in). Gen yon Gurdwara ki rele Gurdwara Baba Khabe Aana Sahib nan vilaj la. Anplis de sa, gen yon faktori tiyo siman nan vilaj la ki distribye tiyo siman pou irigasyon anba tè nan tout Punjab. Gen yon lekòl leta, yon lakou rekreyasyon, twa Gurdwara (de anndan vilaj la ak yon lòt deyò). Vilaj la sitiye trè pre wout kontoune Phagwara a ak gran wout nasyonal 1 (GT Road). Vilaj la apeprè 5...&nbsp;km lwen Phagwara pou rive bò Jalandhar . S. Rakhbir Singh se Sarpanch nan vilaj la kounye a. == Distribisyon == Yo sitou jwenn nan distri Jalandhar, Ludhiana ak Kapurthala nan Punjab, epi yo gen anviwon 15-25 ti bouk. Yo jwenn yo tou nan Patiala, Moga, Sangrur Distri nan Rejyon Malwa nan Punjab ak nan Haryana, yo te jwenn nan Vilaj Ratta nan distri Fatehabad la. Nan lwès Punjab Pakistan) yo jwenn yo nan Sialkot, Narowal, Sheikhupura ak Gujranwala District. Genyen tou yon vilaj yo te rele Mian Khangura nan distri Narowal nan Punjab, Pakistan. Gen 9 vilaj toupre Adampur kote anpil moun pote siyati Khangura. Vilaj sa yo se: Pandori Khangurain, Ram Nagar Dhaha, Badowal, Mandialan, Todo Majara, Begampur Jandiala, ak Talwandi Arayian. Pifò moun nan vilaj sa yo se Jat ki pote siyati sa a. Vilaj ki rele Akoi Sahib, ki sitiye anviwon 4 km soti Sangrur sou wout Ludhiana, gen yon popilasyon ki sitou konpoze de moun Khangura. Vilaj la genyen yon gurdwara istorik kote yo di twa Guru Sikh te vizite li: premye Guru a, sizyèm Guru a, ak nevyèm Guru a. Se poutèt sa yo bay li non Akoi Sahib. Lòt vilaj nan distri Sangrur ki genyen yon kantite enpòtan moun Khangura ladan yo se Batriana, Akbarpur, ak Bijalpur. Nan distri Ludhiana, vilaj Malakpur genyen kèk fanmi Khangura ki byen etabli. Genyen tou kèk fanmi Khangura ki gen enfliyans k ap viv nan vilaj Latala ak Ghangas nan Ludhiana. Lòt vilaj ki genyen yon kantite enpòtan moun Khangura se Bhadla (toupre Khanna), Aitiana, ak Sunet. == Moun Khangura yo == Sardar Agar Singh Khangura se te yon vanyan sòlda Sikh pi popilè pandan peryòd Sikh misl soti nan 1716 a 1799. Li te yon zanmi anperè a Sikh Sardar Chhajja Singh Dhillon (1716-1746) nan Bhangi Sikh misl (1716-1810). Tou dènyèman, de frè ki te parèt nan yon dokimantè chanèl 4 "Hunted" pwodui pa Shine TV (UK); Harinder Singh ak Davinder Singh. == Referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Jatt]] [[Kategori:Punjab]] [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] l0lgbowrh9imyrg6ee9ahsoxdlseb5d 882783 882739 2026-07-14T10:32:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 882783 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Khangura''' a (ਖੰਗੂੜਾ nan Punjabi) se yon gotra nan kominote Jat ki soti nan rejyon Punjab nan [[End|peyi Zend]].Kominote Khangura nan gotra nan kominote Jat la se prensipalman rezidan Eta Prensyè Kangra a . Non ''Khangura'' a soti nan lang Pès la, ki vle di "disip gourou a" epi kominote Khangura a te enfliyanse pa ansèyman gourou Sikh yo ki te aksepte yo kòm rezidan Eta Prensyè Kangra a. Kominote Khangura te pwoteje chèf Eta Prensyè Kangra a ansanm ak Eta Prensyè Kangra a kote gen plizyè milye istwa komik. Kominote Khangura se devote Guru Tegh Bahadur, nevyèm pwofèt Sikh (Guru) (1621–1675) ak [[Guru Gobind Singh]], dizyèm pwofèt Sikh (guru) (1666–1708). Klan Khangura yo se prèske tout aderan Sikhism kounye a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/community/manpreet-badal-releases-book-on-khangura-surname/375784.html|title=Manpreet Badal releases book on 'Khangura' surname|access-date=2026-07-13|archive-date=2018-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031350/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/community/manpreet-badal-releases-book-on-khangura-surname/375784.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Istorikman Khangura Jatts ki te fèt nan Nanu Mazara ke yo rele tou Nano Mazara Sardar Hukam Singh Khangura Pitit Sardar Natha Singh Khangura se premye sarpanch nan vilaj Nanu Mazara, Ladha Ganja, ak pati nan Samrari ak Mahl nan Tehsil Phillaur. Genyen tou yon vilaj Toderwal tou pre Nabha distt Patiala ki se Vilaj la nan tout Khanguras. Jathera klan Khangura Jatt la se yon vilaj Samrari nan distri Jalandhar, Punjab, ak yon vilaj Malakpur <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Malakpur,+Punjab/@30.73594,76.2662101,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x39100f8b76dee607:0x9d0f5fe5beb223c2|title=Malakpur · Punjab 141411, India}}</ref> nan distri Ludhiana. Jathera se kote tonm zansèt komen an ye a epi Jats yo toujou adore l jouk jounen jodi a. Sit sa yo rele tou Wadae Wadhere. Genyen tou yon vilaj yo rele Akoi Sahib, toupre Sangrur nan Punjab, ki prèske antyèman gen ladan Jatts nan klan Khangura a. Youn nan gwo konstriktè nan Nò peyi Zend, espesyalman nan kapital peyi Zend kolonyal Nouvo Delhi, sete Sardar Rai Bahadur Narain Singh, ki te fè pati vilaj Akoi Sahib la epi ki te soti nan klan Khangura a. Tradisyonèlman, tankou anpil Jatt, yo te kiltivatè. Dènyèman, anpil Khanguras te emigre nan [[Kanada]], [[Wayòm Ini]], [[Etazini]], epi gen kèk nan [[Nouvèl Zelann]], [[Itali]] ak [[Ostrali]] . Genyen tou yon vilaj ki rele Khangura, nan Punjab. Anvan sa, yo te rele l Phagorey (www.khangura.org.in). Gen yon Gurdwara ki rele Gurdwara Baba Khabe Aana Sahib nan vilaj la. Anplis de sa, gen yon faktori tiyo siman nan vilaj la ki distribye tiyo siman pou irigasyon anba tè nan tout Punjab. Gen yon lekòl leta, yon lakou rekreyasyon, twa Gurdwara (de anndan vilaj la ak yon lòt deyò). Vilaj la sitiye trè pre wout kontoune Phagwara a ak gran wout nasyonal 1 (GT Road). Vilaj la apeprè 5...&nbsp;km lwen Phagwara pou rive bò Jalandhar . S. Rakhbir Singh se Sarpanch nan vilaj la kounye a. == Distribisyon == Yo sitou jwenn nan distri Jalandhar, Ludhiana ak Kapurthala nan Punjab, epi yo gen anviwon 15-25 ti bouk. Yo jwenn yo tou nan Patiala, Moga, Sangrur Distri nan Rejyon Malwa nan Punjab ak nan Haryana, yo te jwenn nan Vilaj Ratta nan distri Fatehabad la. Nan lwès Punjab Pakistan) yo jwenn yo nan Sialkot, Narowal, Sheikhupura ak Gujranwala District. Genyen tou yon vilaj yo te rele Mian Khangura nan distri Narowal nan Punjab, Pakistan. Gen 9 vilaj toupre Adampur kote anpil moun pote siyati Khangura. Vilaj sa yo se: Pandori Khangurain, Ram Nagar Dhaha, Badowal, Mandialan, Todo Majara, Begampur Jandiala, ak Talwandi Arayian. Pifò moun nan vilaj sa yo se Jat ki pote siyati sa a. Vilaj ki rele Akoi Sahib, ki sitiye anviwon 4 km soti Sangrur sou wout Ludhiana, gen yon popilasyon ki sitou konpoze de moun Khangura. Vilaj la genyen yon gurdwara istorik kote yo di twa Guru Sikh te vizite li: premye Guru a, sizyèm Guru a, ak nevyèm Guru a. Se poutèt sa yo bay li non Akoi Sahib. Lòt vilaj nan distri Sangrur ki genyen yon kantite enpòtan moun Khangura ladan yo se Batriana, Akbarpur, ak Bijalpur. Nan distri Ludhiana, vilaj Malakpur genyen kèk fanmi Khangura ki byen etabli. Genyen tou kèk fanmi Khangura ki gen enfliyans k ap viv nan vilaj Latala ak Ghangas nan Ludhiana. Lòt vilaj ki genyen yon kantite enpòtan moun Khangura se Bhadla (toupre Khanna), Aitiana, ak Sunet. == Moun Khangura yo == Sardar Agar Singh Khangura se te yon vanyan sòlda Sikh pi popilè pandan peryòd Sikh misl soti nan 1716 a 1799. Li te yon zanmi anperè a Sikh Sardar Chhajja Singh Dhillon (1716-1746) nan Bhangi Sikh misl (1716-1810). Tou dènyèman, de frè ki te parèt nan yon dokimantè chanèl 4 "Hunted" pwodui pa Shine TV (UK); Harinder Singh ak Davinder Singh. == Referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Jatt]] [[Kategori:Punjab]] [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] n12jiuxfzreutng10l8fij5qxuqvmzu 0 97674 882740 2026-07-13T20:05:59Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358043057|List of converts to Sikhism]] » 882740 wikitext text/x-wiki Sa ki anba a se yon lis moun ki te konvèti pou antre nan Sikhi (relijyon Sikh la). Relijyon Sikhi te parèt nan 15yèm syèk nan Sid Azi. Premye Sikh yo te soti nan orijin Endou ak Mizilman nan rejyon Punjab la. Apre 20yèm syèk la, kwasans dyaspora Sikh la te ede relijyon Sikh la gaye nan plizyè lòt pati nan mond lan, sa ki te pèmèt plis moun adopte lafwa sa a. An jeneral, pandan peryòd ki te swiv nan Lend 16yèm syèk la, yo te obsève ke plis pase yon tyè popilasyon Sikh la te ranfòse anpil grasa patisipasyon manm kominote Jat la, akòz fason ideyalis ak ansèyman espirityèl disip Guru Angad yo te pwopaje. == 15yèm syèk == * Bhai Mardana - Rubabi konvèti soti nan Islam nan Sikhi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/ar_showdetails.asp?id=702050232&cat=&n_date=20070205|title=Pak delegation arrives to celebrate Bhai Mardana's 550 bith anniv - News - Webindia123.com|website=news.webindia123.com|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref> * Bhai Bala - zanmi anfans ak konpayon Bhai Mardana ak [[Guru Nanak]] konvèti soti nan Hindusim nan Sikhi. == 17yèm syèk == * [[Bhai Dayala]] - te akonpaye [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] nan mati nan Delhi . * Bhai Mati Das - te akonpaye [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] nan mati nan Delhi. * Bhai Sati Das - te akonpaye [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] nan mati nan Delhi. == 18yèm syèk la == * [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] - Li te fèt nan yon fanmi Endou kòm Lachman Dev (pita Madho Das Bairagi), apre li fin rankontre ak [[Guru Gobind Singh]] li te vin yon vanyan sòlda Sikh pou Lame [[Khalsa]] . == 19yèm syèk la == [[Fichye:Colonel_Alexander_Gardner,.jpg|vignette|Kolonèl Alexander Gardner, sòlda Sikh ameriken nan lame Maharaja Ranjit Singh la]] * Alexander Gardner – Sòlda Sikh Ameriken nan lame Maharaja Ranjit Singh la . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/ripping-yarns/|title=Ripping yarns|last=Dalrymple|first=William|date=2017-05-11|website=The Spectator|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0924kwx|title=BBC Radio 4 - Great Lives, Sathnam Sanghera on Alexander Gardner|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> * Maharaja Duleep Singh – Li te fèt nan yon fanmi Sikh, men li te konvèti nan Krisyanis Anglikan kòm yon moun ki te anba pwoteksyon leta Britanik la. Li te retounen kòm yon Sikh an 1864. * Max Arthur Macauliffe (1841–1913) – administratè ansyen nan Raj Britanik la ki te plase nan Punjab; entelektyèl ak otè prolific. Yo te reprimande l kòm "li te vin tounen yon Sikh" epi li te mouri ap resite priyè Japji Sahib la an 1913. <ref name="sikhchic">{{Cite web|url=http://sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=207&cat=18|title=sikhchic.com &#124; The Art and Culture of the Diaspora &#124; Max Arthur Macauliffe - He Introduced Sikhi to the English-Speaking West|publisher=sikhchic.com|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> <ref name="nuigalway">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nuigalway.ie/english/tadhg_foley.html|title=National University of Ireland|publisher=nuigalway.ie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207082413/http://www.nuigalway.ie/english/tadhg_foley.html|archive-date=2012-02-07|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> == 20yèm syèk la == * [[Bhagat Puran Singh]] (1904–1992) – yon gwo vizyonè; yon anviwonmantalist ki te akonpli anpil; fondatè "All India Pingalwara Charitable Society"; anba gwo enfliyans ansèyman [[Guru Granth Sahib|Sri Guru Granth Sahib]] yo, li te konvèti nan relijyon Sikhi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pingalwara.ca/bhagat-puran-singh/|title=Bhagat Puran Singh|website=Pingalwara|quote=He was born and brought up in a Hindu family of village Rajewal (Rahnon) in Ludhiana district}}</ref> * [[Sahib Singh]] – yon akademik Sikh renome ki te fè yon kontribisyon ekstraòdinè nan literati Sikh. * Mèt Tara Singh – yon lidè politik ak relijye Sikh enpòtan nan premye mwatye 20yèm syèk la [[Fichye:Master_Tara_Singh-Tarn_Taaran._March_1956.jpg|vignette|Mèt Tara Singh, yon lidè Sikh enpòtan pandan Endepandans Endyen an ak Mouvman Akali a]] * Teja Singh – manm aktif nan mouvman Singh Sabha a * Muhammad Sadiq – Chantè ak aktè mizik folklorik Punjabi ki vin politisyen. Kounye a li sèvi kòm Manm Palman an, Lok Sabha nan Faridkot, Punjab == 21yèm syèk la == * [[Babaji Singh]] – yo rekonèt li te tradui [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la, ekriti santral Sikh la, an panyòl. <ref name="worldsikhnews">{{Cite web|url=http://worldsikhnews.com/29%20October%202008/Guru%20Granth%20Sahib%20now%20in%20Spanish.htm|title=WSN-Tercentenary of Guruship to Guru Granth Sahib-Guru Granth Sahib now in Spanish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104081915/http://worldsikhnews.com/29%20October%202008/Guru%20Granth%20Sahib%20now%20in%20Spanish.htm|archive-date=2010-01-04|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> <ref name="tribuneindia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081027/main8.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|publisher=tribuneindia.com|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> * Martin Singh – famasyen ak biznisman nan Nova Scotia epi kandida pou lidèchip Nouvo Pati Demokratik Kanada a an 2012. * Ryan Hurst – aktè ameriken, li pratike Sikhi anba [[3HO|tradisyon 3HO a]] kòm Gobind Seva Singh. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thethings.com/ryan-hurst-sons-of-anarchy-facts/|title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Ryan Hurst on Sons of Anarchy|date=16 September 2020|website=TheThings}}</ref> * Vic Briggs – mizisyen blues britanik, li chanje non li pou Vikram Singh Khalsa; li vin premye moun ki pa soti nan yon sous-kontinantal ki fè kirtan nan [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandir Sahib]] * Gurmukh Kaur Khalsa – Pwofesè Yoga; ko-fondatè ak direktè Golden Bridge Yoga Center nan [[Los Angeles, Kalifòni|Los Angeles]], Kalifòni <ref name="totallyzen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.totallyzen.com/gurmukh-kaur-khalsa-moving-from-karma-to-dharma.html|title=Gurmukh Kaur Khalsa, Moving from Karma to Dharma &#124; Totally Zen|publisher=totallyzen.com|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> <ref name="mrsikhnet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrsikhnet.com/2007/05/09/gurmukh-kaur-in-vanity-fair-magazine/|title=Gurmukh Kaur in Vanity Fair Magazine &#124; MrSikhNet|publisher=mrsikhnet.com|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> * Vikram Kaur Khalsa – Ansyen modèl ak aktris, li te jwe nan plizyè fim laterè <ref name="yogatech">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yogatech.com/bios/elandrak.html|title=Yoga Technology - Kundalini Yoga Online Superstore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031210084501/http://www.yogatech.com/bios/elandrak.html|archive-date=2003-12-10|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> <ref name="glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen.com/show/611/Kirsten+Lindholm/index.html|title=Kirsten Lindholm - The Private Life and Times of Kirsten Lindholm. Kirsten Lindholm Pictures.|publisher=glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen.com|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> * Tyler Atkins – Ke yo rele tou Tera Singh, se yon reyalizatè ak aktè Ostralyen. Li pi byen koni dènyèman pou pwodiksyon li te fini sou premye fim li a, ''Bosch & Rockit'', ke li te ekri, reyalize, epi pwodui. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/tyler-atkins-takes-his-sikh-faith-to-hollywood-in-search-of-his-big-break/news-story/a5947f0d8b71e519d2e1b97dc6372d46|title=Tyler Atkins takes his Sikh faith to Hollywood in search of his big break|access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> == Gade tou == * Jat Sikh * Maharaja Ranjit Singh * Lis moun ki konvèti nan Boudis * Lis moun ki konvèti nan Islam * Lis moun ki konvèti nan Endouyis * Lis moun ki konvèti nan lafwa Baha'i a * Lis moun pa kwayans == Referans == {{Referans|30em}} fwbtzfvo2vkq03ivffxhx8173d9ou5d 882741 882740 2026-07-13T20:09:57Z 1104s72 38991 882741 wikitext text/x-wiki Sa ki anba a se yon lis moun ki te konvèti pou antre nan [[Sikhi]] (relijyon Sikh la). Relijyon Sikhi te parèt nan 15yèm syèk nan Sid Azi. Premye Sikh yo te soti nan orijin [[Endouyis|Endou]] ak [[Islamis|Mizilman]] nan rejyon [[Punjab]] la. Apre 20yèm syèk la, kwasans dyaspora Sikh la te ede relijyon Sikh la gaye nan plizyè lòt pati nan mond lan, sa ki te pèmèt plis moun adopte lafwa sa a. An jeneral, pandan peryòd ki te swiv nan Lend 16yèm syèk la, yo te obsève ke plis pase yon tyè popilasyon Sikh la te ranfòse anpil grasa patisipasyon manm kominote [[Jat]] la, akòz fason ideyalis ak ansèyman espirityèl disip Guru Angad yo te pwopaje. == 15yèm syèk == * [[Bhai Mardana]] - Rubabi konvèti soti nan Islam nan Sikhi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/ar_showdetails.asp?id=702050232&cat=&n_date=20070205|title=Pak delegation arrives to celebrate Bhai Mardana's 550 bith anniv - News - Webindia123.com|website=news.webindia123.com|access-date=2019-08-04}}</ref> * [[Bhai Bala]] - zanmi anfans ak konpayon Bhai Mardana ak [[Guru Nanak]] konvèti soti nan Hindusim nan Sikhi. == 17yèm syèk == * [[Bhai Dayala]] - te akonpaye [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] nan mati nan Delhi . * [[Bhai Mati Das]] - te akonpaye [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] nan mati nan Delhi. * [[Bhai Sati Das]] - te akonpaye [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] nan mati nan Delhi. == 18yèm syèk la == * [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] - Li te fèt nan yon fanmi Endou kòm Lachman Dev (pita Madho Das Bairagi), apre li fin rankontre ak [[Guru Gobind Singh]] li te vin yon vanyan sòlda Sikh pou Lame [[Khalsa]] . == 19yèm syèk la == [[Fichye:Colonel_Alexander_Gardner,.jpg|vignette|Kolonèl Alexander Gardner, sòlda Sikh ameriken nan lame Maharaja Ranjit Singh la]] * [[Alexander Gardner]] – Sòlda Sikh Ameriken nan lame Maharaja Ranjit Singh la . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/ripping-yarns/|title=Ripping yarns|last=Dalrymple|first=William|date=2017-05-11|website=The Spectator|language=en-US|access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0924kwx|title=BBC Radio 4 - Great Lives, Sathnam Sanghera on Alexander Gardner|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> * [[Maharaja Duleep Singh]] – Li te fèt nan yon fanmi Sikh, men li te konvèti nan Krisyanis Anglikan kòm yon moun ki te anba pwoteksyon leta Britanik la. Li te retounen kòm yon Sikh an 1864. * [[Max Arthur Macauliffe]] (1841–1913) – administratè ansyen nan Raj Britanik la ki te plase nan Punjab; entelektyèl ak otè prolific. Yo te reprimande l kòm "li te vin tounen yon Sikh" epi li te mouri ap resite priyè Japji Sahib la an 1913. <ref name="sikhchic">{{Cite web|url=http://sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=207&cat=18|title=sikhchic.com &#124; The Art and Culture of the Diaspora &#124; Max Arthur Macauliffe - He Introduced Sikhi to the English-Speaking West|publisher=sikhchic.com|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> <ref name="nuigalway">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nuigalway.ie/english/tadhg_foley.html|title=National University of Ireland|publisher=nuigalway.ie|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207082413/http://www.nuigalway.ie/english/tadhg_foley.html|archive-date=2012-02-07|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> == 20yèm syèk la == * [[Bhagat Puran Singh]] (1904–1992) – yon gwo vizyonè; yon anviwonmantalist ki te akonpli anpil; fondatè "All India Pingalwara Charitable Society"; anba gwo enfliyans ansèyman [[Guru Granth Sahib|Sri Guru Granth Sahib]] yo, li te konvèti nan relijyon Sikhi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pingalwara.ca/bhagat-puran-singh/|title=Bhagat Puran Singh|website=Pingalwara|quote=He was born and brought up in a Hindu family of village Rajewal (Rahnon) in Ludhiana district}}</ref> * [[Sahib Singh]] – yon akademik Sikh renome ki te fè yon kontribisyon ekstraòdinè nan literati Sikh. * Mèt [[Tara Singh]] – yon lidè politik ak relijye Sikh enpòtan nan premye mwatye 20yèm syèk la [[Fichye:Master_Tara_Singh-Tarn_Taaran._March_1956.jpg|vignette|Mèt Tara Singh, yon lidè Sikh enpòtan pandan Endepandans Endyen an ak Mouvman Akali a]] * [[Teja Singh]] – manm aktif nan mouvman Singh Sabha a * [[Muhammad Sadiq]] – Chantè ak aktè mizik folklorik Punjabi ki vin politisyen. Kounye a li sèvi kòm Manm Palman an, Lok Sabha nan Faridkot, Punjab == 21yèm syèk la == * [[Babaji Singh]] – yo rekonèt li te tradui [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la, ekriti santral Sikh la, an panyòl. <ref name="worldsikhnews">{{Cite web|url=http://worldsikhnews.com/29%20October%202008/Guru%20Granth%20Sahib%20now%20in%20Spanish.htm|title=WSN-Tercentenary of Guruship to Guru Granth Sahib-Guru Granth Sahib now in Spanish|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104081915/http://worldsikhnews.com/29%20October%202008/Guru%20Granth%20Sahib%20now%20in%20Spanish.htm|archive-date=2010-01-04|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> <ref name="tribuneindia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081027/main8.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News|publisher=tribuneindia.com|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> * [[Martin Singh]] – famasyen ak biznisman nan Nova Scotia epi kandida pou lidèchip Nouvo Pati Demokratik Kanada a an 2012. * [[Ryan Hurst]] – aktè ameriken, li pratike Sikhi anba [[3HO|tradisyon 3HO a]] kòm Gobind Seva Singh. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thethings.com/ryan-hurst-sons-of-anarchy-facts/|title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Ryan Hurst on Sons of Anarchy|date=16 September 2020|website=TheThings}}</ref> * [[Vic Briggs]] – mizisyen blues britanik, li chanje non li pou Vikram Singh Khalsa; li vin premye moun ki pa soti nan yon sous-kontinantal ki fè kirtan nan [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandir Sahib]] * [[Gurmukh Kaur Khalsa]] – Pwofesè Yoga; ko-fondatè ak direktè Golden Bridge Yoga Center nan [[Los Angeles, Kalifòni|Los Angeles]], Kalifòni <ref name="totallyzen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.totallyzen.com/gurmukh-kaur-khalsa-moving-from-karma-to-dharma.html|title=Gurmukh Kaur Khalsa, Moving from Karma to Dharma &#124; Totally Zen|publisher=totallyzen.com|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> <ref name="mrsikhnet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrsikhnet.com/2007/05/09/gurmukh-kaur-in-vanity-fair-magazine/|title=Gurmukh Kaur in Vanity Fair Magazine &#124; MrSikhNet|publisher=mrsikhnet.com|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> * [[Vikram Kaur Khalsa]] – Ansyen modèl ak aktris, li te jwe nan plizyè fim laterè <ref name="yogatech">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yogatech.com/bios/elandrak.html|title=Yoga Technology - Kundalini Yoga Online Superstore|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031210084501/http://www.yogatech.com/bios/elandrak.html|archive-date=2003-12-10|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> <ref name="glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen.com/show/611/Kirsten+Lindholm/index.html|title=Kirsten Lindholm - The Private Life and Times of Kirsten Lindholm. Kirsten Lindholm Pictures.|publisher=glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen.com|access-date=2015-01-03}}</ref> * [[Tyler Atkins]] – Ke yo rele tou Tera Singh, se yon reyalizatè ak aktè Ostralyen. Li pi byen koni dènyèman pou pwodiksyon li te fini sou premye fim li a, ''Bosch & Rockit'', ke li te ekri, reyalize, epi pwodui. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/tyler-atkins-takes-his-sikh-faith-to-hollywood-in-search-of-his-big-break/news-story/a5947f0d8b71e519d2e1b97dc6372d46|title=Tyler Atkins takes his Sikh faith to Hollywood in search of his big break|access-date=2023-07-31}}</ref> == Gade tou == * [[Jat Sikh]] * [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] * [[Lis moun ki konvèti nan Boudis]] * [[Lis moun ki konvèti nan Islam]] * [[Lis moun ki konvèti nan Endouyis]] * [[Lis moun ki konvèti nan lafwa Baha'i a]] * [[Lis moun pa kwayans]] == Referans == {{Referans|30em}} 5vy8993jc1pk4w6x96kbyaqrjm2s1p6 0 97675 882742 2026-07-13T20:15:23Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337737194|Bhagat Bhikhan]] » 882742 wikitext text/x-wiki   Bhagat Bhikhan (Punjabi: ਭਗਤ ਭੀਖਨ, pwononsyasyon: [bhæɡæt̪ bhiːkʰɪn]) (1480–1573), ki ekri pafwa kòm Bhikan, se te yon powèt ak sen ki te fè pati mouvman Bhakti nan Lend medyeval la. De nan kantik li yo enkli nan [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la, liv sakre Sikh yo. Nan menm epòk la, te gen de sen ki te pote menm non an: Bhagat Bhikhan ak Sheikh Bhikhan, ki te yon sen Sufi. == Premye lavi == Li te fèt nan yon fanmi Endou , nan Kakori toupre Lucknow nan eta Uttar Pradesh aktyèl la nan [[End|peyi Zend]] . Gen lòt sous, tankou ''The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'', ki dekri li kòm yon moun ki gen yon background Islamik. Surinder Singh Jodhka dekri Bhikan tou kòm yon Soufi Mizilman. Bhagat Bhikhan te yon devwe nan tradisyon Bhagat Ravidas ak Bhagat Dhanna ( Ramanandi Sampradaya ). == Eritaj == Kantik li yo nan [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la reflete devouman li pou Non Bondye ke li dekri kòm "gerizon pou tout malè nan mond lan." Bhagat Bhikhan te youn nan moun ki te pi enstwi nan epòk Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] la. Pandan plizyè ane, li te angaje nan anseye ak enstwi pèp la. Li te kite plizyè pitit ki te dekore avèk pitye, sajès, konesans ak vèti. == Gade tou == * Ramanandi Sampradaya == Referans == {{Referans}} === Bibliyografi === * Ekstrè soti nan '''Ansiklopedi Sikhism''' pa Harbans Singh. Pibliye pa Inivèsite Punjabi, Patiala. * '''Relijyon Sikh la, Vol 6,''', Max Arthur MacAuliff, Oxford University Press, 1909. 746ogt958aqhhfuvsjrqixwgxosjona 882743 882742 2026-07-13T20:15:43Z 1104s72 38991 882743 wikitext text/x-wiki   Bhagat Bhikhan (Punjabi: ਭਗਤ ਭੀਖਨ, pwononsyasyon: [bhæɡæt̪ bhiːkʰɪn]) (1480–1573), ki ekri pafwa kòm Bhikan, se te yon powèt ak sen ki te fè pati mouvman Bhakti nan Lend medyeval la. De nan kantik li yo enkli nan [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la, liv sakre Sikh yo. Nan menm epòk la, te gen de sen ki te pote menm non an: Bhagat Bhikhan ak Sheikh Bhikhan, ki te yon sen Sufi. == Premye lavi == Li te fèt nan yon fanmi Endou , nan Kakori toupre Lucknow nan eta Uttar Pradesh aktyèl la nan [[End|peyi Zend]] . Gen lòt sous, tankou ''The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'', ki dekri li kòm yon moun ki gen yon background Islamik. Surinder Singh Jodhka dekri Bhikan tou kòm yon Soufi Mizilman. Bhagat Bhikhan te yon devwe nan tradisyon Bhagat Ravidas ak Bhagat Dhanna ( Ramanandi Sampradaya ). == Eritaj == Kantik li yo nan [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la reflete devouman li pou Non Bondye ke li dekri kòm "gerizon pou tout malè nan mond lan." Bhagat Bhikhan te youn nan moun ki te pi enstwi nan epòk Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] la. Pandan plizyè ane, li te angaje nan anseye ak enstwi pèp la. Li te kite plizyè pitit ki te dekore avèk pitye, sajès, konesans ak vèti. == Gade tou == * [[Ramanandi Sampradaya]] == Referans == {{Referans}} === Bibliyografi === * Ekstrè soti nan '''Ansiklopedi Sikhism''' pa Harbans Singh. Pibliye pa Inivèsite Punjabi, Patiala. * '''Relijyon Sikh la, Vol 6,''', Max Arthur MacAuliff, Oxford University Press, 1909. b3cl58p956y8ofcfqwydvzz9i3de3wm 0 97676 882744 2026-07-13T20:20:33Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340735051|Texas's 2nd Senate district]] » 882744 wikitext text/x-wiki  '''''Texas's 2nd Senate district''''' 2yèm Distri Sena Texas la se Distri Sena a, ki sèvi Konte Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall, ak Van Zandt, ansanm ak pati nan Konte Collin, Dallas, ak Ellis nan Texas. Senatè aktyèl pou Distri 2 a se Bob Hall. == '''''Texas's 2nd Senate district''''' == 2yèm Distri Sena Texas la se Distri Sena a, ki sèvi Konte Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall, ak Van Zandt, ansanm ak pati nan Konte Collin, Dallas, ak Ellis nan Texas. Senatè aktyèl pou Distri 2 a se Bob Hall.{{Election box begin|title=[[2022 Texas State Senate election|2022 General Election]]: Senate District 2<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Canvass Report 2022 NOVEMBER 8TH GENERAL ELECTION |url=https://results.texas-election.com/static/data/Reports/47009/OfficialCanvassReport.pdf?v=1721825820340 |website=Texas Election Results |publisher=Texas Secretary of State |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Bob Hall (politician)|Bob Hall]] (Incumbent)|votes=172,713|percentage=61.90|change=+2.55}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Prince Giadolor|votes=106,309|percentage=38.10|change=-2.55}} {{Election box turnout|votes=279,022|percentage=100|change=}} {{Election box hold with party link no swing|winner=Republican Party (United States)}} {{Election box end}}{{Election box begin|title=[[2022 Texas State Senate election|2022 General Election]]: Senate District 2<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Canvass Report 2022 NOVEMBER 8TH GENERAL ELECTION |url=https://results.texas-election.com/static/data/Reports/47009/OfficialCanvassReport.pdf?v=1721825820340 |website=Texas Election Results |publisher=Texas Secretary of State |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=[[Bob Hall (politician)|Bob Hall]] (Incumbent)|votes=172,713|percentage=61.90|change=+2.55}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Democratic Party (United States)|candidate=Prince Giadolor|votes=106,309|percentage=38.10|change=-2.55}} {{Election box turnout|votes=279,022|percentage=100|change=}} {{Election box hold with party link no swing|winner=Republican Party (United States)}} {{Election box end}}{{Election box begin|title=[[Texas general election, 2006]]: Senate District 2<ref>{{cite web | url = https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist127_state.htm | title = 2006 General Election | accessdate = 24 July 2024 | publisher = Office of the Secretary of State (Texas) }}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Republican Party (US)|candidate=[[Bob Deuell]]|votes=92,431|percentage=78.68|change=+24.74}} {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Libertarian Party (US)|candidate=[[Dennis Kaptain]]|votes=25,403|percentage=21.31|change=+19.82}} {{Election box majority|votes=67,388|percentage=57.36|change=+47.98}} {{Election box turnout|votes=117,474|percentage=|change=-20.86}} {{Election box hold with party link no swing|winner=Republican Party (US)}} {{Election box end}}{{Election box begin no party|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] primary, 1994: Senate District 2<ref>{{cite web | url = http://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist.exe | title = 1994 Republican Party Primary Election | accessdate = 2006-12-29 | publisher = Office of the Secretary of State (Texas) | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061108172637/http://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist.exe | archivedate = 2006-11-08 }}</ref>}} {{Election box candidate no party with winner|winner=✓|candidate=[[Richard Harvey (Texas politician)|Richard Harvey]]|votes=7,962|percentage=70.62|change=}} {{Election box candidate no party with winner|winner=|candidate=[[Roland Cordobes]]|votes=3,312|percentage=29.37|change=}} {{Election box turnout no party|votes=11,274|percentage=|change=}} {{election box end}} {| class="wikitable" ! width="30" |Ane ! width="120" | Biwo ! width="140" | Rezilta yo <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1YZRfFiCDBEYB7M18fDGLH8IrmyMQGdQKqpOu9lLvmdo/edit#gid=2054570020|title=Daily Kos Elections Statewide Results by LD|publisher=Daily Kos|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> |- | 2018 | Sena Ameriken an | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Ted Cruz|Krous]] 58.0–41.3% |- | 2018 | Gouvènè | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Greg Abbott|Abbot]] 62.3–36.0% |- | 2016 | Prezidan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Donald Trump|Trump]] 61.1–35.5% |- | 2014 | Sena Ameriken an | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} | [[John Cornyn|Kònyn]] 67.2-29.4% |- | 2012 | Prezidan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 63.3–35.5% |- | 2012 | Sena Ameriken an | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Ted Cruz|Krous]] 61.5–35.8% |- |} {| class="wikitable" !Legislature !Senator, District 2 !Counties in District |- !1 |[[Ballard C. Bagby]] |Bowie, Red River. |- !2 |[[James B. Wootten]] |Bowie, Cass, Red River, Titus. |- !3 |Albert Hamilton Latimer |Lamar, Red River. |- !4 |William M. "Buckskin" Williams |Fannin, Lamar. |- !5 | rowspan="3" |[[Johnson Wren]] | rowspan="4" |Hopkins, Lamar. |- !6 |- !7 |- !8 |[[Lewis G. Harmon]] |- !9 |[[Anderson F. Crawford]]<br /><br />[[James W. Andres]] | rowspan="3" |Hardin, Jasper, Newton, Orange, Polk, Tyler. |- !10 |Napoleon Bonaparte Charlton |- !11 |[[William M. Neyland]] |- !12 |[[Amos Clark (Texas politician)|Amos Clark]]<br /><br />[[William H. Swift]] | rowspan="2" |Angelina, Nacogdoches, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby, Trinity. |- !13 | rowspan="2" |[[William H. Swift]] |- !14 |Nacogdoches, Panola, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby. |- !15 | rowspan="2" |[[Peyton Forbes Edwards]] | rowspan="3" |Angelina, Houston, Nacogdoches, Sabine, San Augustine. |- !16 |- !17 |[[William Wallace Weatherred]] |- !18 |Frank L. Johnson | rowspan="5" |Nacogdoches, Panola, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby. |- !19 | rowspan="2" |[[Caleb Jackson Garrison]] |- !20 |- !21 | rowspan="2" |[[James M. Ingram (politician)|James M. Ingram]] |- !22 |- ![[Twenty-third Texas Legislature|23]] |John Walter Cranford | rowspan="5" |Camp, Delta, Franklin, Hopkins, Red River, Titus. |- ![[Twenty-fourth Texas Legislature|24]] | rowspan="2" |[[James L. Darwin]] |- ![[Twenty-fifth Texas Legislature|25]] |- ![[Twenty-sixth Texas Legislature|26]] | rowspan="2" |[[Charles O. James]] |- ![[Twenty-seventh Texas Legislature|27]] |- ![[Twenty-eighth Texas Legislature|28]] |[[James T. Patteson]] | rowspan="11" |Delta, Franklin, Hopkins, Red River, Titus. |- !29 | rowspan="2" |[[Charles M. Chambers]] |- ![[Thirtieth Texas Legislature|30]] |- ![[Thirty-first Texas Legislature|31]] |[[H. Bascom Thomas]]<br /><br />[[John L. Ratliff]] |- ![[Thirty-second Texas Legislature|32]] |[[John L. Ratliff]] |- ![[Thirty-third Texas Legislature|33]] | rowspan="2" |Henry Lewis Darwin |- ![[Thirty-fourth Texas Legislature|34]] |- ![[Thirty-fifth Texas Legislature|35]] | rowspan="4" |Charles R. Floyd |- ![[Thirty-sixth Texas Legislature|36]] |- ![[Thirty-seventh Texas Legislature|37]] |- ![[Thirty-eighth Texas Legislature|38]] |- ![[Thirty-ninth Texas Legislature|39]] |[[James G. Strong (Texas politician)|James G. Strong]] | rowspan="21" |Gregg, Harrison, Panola, Rusk, Shelby. |- ![[Fortieth Texas Legislature|40]] | rowspan="4" |Margie E. Neal |- ![[Forty-first Texas Legislature|41]] |- ![[Forty-second Texas Legislature|42]] |- ![[Forty-third Texas Legislature|43]] |- ![[Forty-fourth Texas Legislature|44]] | rowspan="4" |[[Joe L. Hill, Jr.]] |- !45 |- !46 |- !47 |- !48 | rowspan="10" |[[Wardlow Lane]] |- !49 |- !50 |- !51 |- !52 |- !53 |- !54 |- !55 |- !56 |- !57 |- !58 | rowspan="4" |[[Jack Strong (politician)|Jack Strong]] |- !59 |- !60 | rowspan="3" |Gregg, Panola, Rusk, Shelby, Smith, Upshur, Van Zandt, Wood. |- !61 |- !62 |Lindley Beckworth |- !63 | rowspan="5" |[[Peyton McKnight]] | rowspan="5" |Collin, Gregg, Hunt, Rains, Rockwall, Smith, Upshur, Van Zandt, Wood. |- !64 |- !65 |- !66 |- !67 |- !68 | rowspan="5" |[[Ted Lyon]] | rowspan="5" |All of Collin, Fannin, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Rockwall, Smith, Van Zandt, Wood.<br /><br />Portion of Dallas. |- !69 |- !70 |- !71 |- !72 |- !73 |Florence Shapiro |Collin, Fannin, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Rockwall, Smith, Van Zandt, Wood. |- !74 | rowspan="4" |[[David H. Cain]] | rowspan="4" |All of Fannin, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Van Zandt, Wood.<br /><br />Portions of Dallas, Ellis, Rockwall, Smith. |- !75 |- !76 |- !77 |- !78 | rowspan="6" |Robert F. Deuell | rowspan="6" |All of Delta, Fannin, Hopkins, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Rockwall, Van Zandt.<br /><br />Portions of Dallas, Smith. |- !79 |- !80 |- !81 |- !82 |- !83 |- !84 | rowspan="6" |Bob Hall | rowspan="4" |Dallas (part), Delta, Fannin, Hopkins, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Rockwall, Van Zandt. |- !85 |- !86 |- !87 |- !88 | rowspan="2" |Collin (part), Dallas (part), Ellis (part), Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall, Van Zandt. |- !89 |} == Referans == {{Referans}} bigzkqbsle4uds7eldx0tkx99sdtwwx 882745 882744 2026-07-13T20:21:00Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 DELETE BOX 882745 wikitext text/x-wiki  '''''Texas's 2nd Senate district''''' 2yèm Distri Sena Texas la se Distri Sena a, ki sèvi Konte Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall, ak Van Zandt, ansanm ak pati nan Konte Collin, Dallas, ak Ellis nan Texas. Senatè aktyèl pou Distri 2 a se Bob Hall. == '''''Texas's 2nd Senate district''''' == 2yèm Distri Sena Texas la se Distri Sena a, ki sèvi Konte Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall, ak Van Zandt, ansanm ak pati nan Konte Collin, Dallas, ak Ellis nan Texas. Senatè aktyèl pou Distri 2 a se Bob Hall. {| class="wikitable" ! width="30" |Ane ! width="120" | Biwo ! width="140" | Rezilta yo <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1YZRfFiCDBEYB7M18fDGLH8IrmyMQGdQKqpOu9lLvmdo/edit#gid=2054570020|title=Daily Kos Elections Statewide Results by LD|publisher=Daily Kos|access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> |- | 2018 | Sena Ameriken an | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Ted Cruz|Krous]] 58.0–41.3% |- | 2018 | Gouvènè | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Greg Abbott|Abbot]] 62.3–36.0% |- | 2016 | Prezidan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Donald Trump|Trump]] 61.1–35.5% |- | 2014 | Sena Ameriken an | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} | [[John Cornyn|Kònyn]] 67.2-29.4% |- | 2012 | Prezidan | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Mitt Romney|Romney]] 63.3–35.5% |- | 2012 | Sena Ameriken an | align="right" {{party shading/Republican}} | [[Ted Cruz|Krous]] 61.5–35.8% |- |} {| class="wikitable" !Legislature !Senator, District 2 !Counties in District |- !1 |[[Ballard C. Bagby]] |Bowie, Red River. |- !2 |[[James B. Wootten]] |Bowie, Cass, Red River, Titus. |- !3 |Albert Hamilton Latimer |Lamar, Red River. |- !4 |William M. "Buckskin" Williams |Fannin, Lamar. |- !5 | rowspan="3" |[[Johnson Wren]] | rowspan="4" |Hopkins, Lamar. |- !6 |- !7 |- !8 |[[Lewis G. Harmon]] |- !9 |[[Anderson F. Crawford]]<br /><br />[[James W. Andres]] | rowspan="3" |Hardin, Jasper, Newton, Orange, Polk, Tyler. |- !10 |Napoleon Bonaparte Charlton |- !11 |[[William M. Neyland]] |- !12 |[[Amos Clark (Texas politician)|Amos Clark]]<br /><br />[[William H. Swift]] | rowspan="2" |Angelina, Nacogdoches, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby, Trinity. |- !13 | rowspan="2" |[[William H. Swift]] |- !14 |Nacogdoches, Panola, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby. |- !15 | rowspan="2" |[[Peyton Forbes Edwards]] | rowspan="3" |Angelina, Houston, Nacogdoches, Sabine, San Augustine. |- !16 |- !17 |[[William Wallace Weatherred]] |- !18 |Frank L. Johnson | rowspan="5" |Nacogdoches, Panola, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby. |- !19 | rowspan="2" |[[Caleb Jackson Garrison]] |- !20 |- !21 | rowspan="2" |[[James M. Ingram (politician)|James M. Ingram]] |- !22 |- ![[Twenty-third Texas Legislature|23]] |John Walter Cranford | rowspan="5" |Camp, Delta, Franklin, Hopkins, Red River, Titus. |- ![[Twenty-fourth Texas Legislature|24]] | rowspan="2" |[[James L. Darwin]] |- ![[Twenty-fifth Texas Legislature|25]] |- ![[Twenty-sixth Texas Legislature|26]] | rowspan="2" |[[Charles O. James]] |- ![[Twenty-seventh Texas Legislature|27]] |- ![[Twenty-eighth Texas Legislature|28]] |[[James T. Patteson]] | rowspan="11" |Delta, Franklin, Hopkins, Red River, Titus. |- !29 | rowspan="2" |[[Charles M. Chambers]] |- ![[Thirtieth Texas Legislature|30]] |- ![[Thirty-first Texas Legislature|31]] |[[H. Bascom Thomas]]<br /><br />[[John L. Ratliff]] |- ![[Thirty-second Texas Legislature|32]] |[[John L. Ratliff]] |- ![[Thirty-third Texas Legislature|33]] | rowspan="2" |Henry Lewis Darwin |- ![[Thirty-fourth Texas Legislature|34]] |- ![[Thirty-fifth Texas Legislature|35]] | rowspan="4" |Charles R. Floyd |- ![[Thirty-sixth Texas Legislature|36]] |- ![[Thirty-seventh Texas Legislature|37]] |- ![[Thirty-eighth Texas Legislature|38]] |- ![[Thirty-ninth Texas Legislature|39]] |[[James G. Strong (Texas politician)|James G. Strong]] | rowspan="21" |Gregg, Harrison, Panola, Rusk, Shelby. |- ![[Fortieth Texas Legislature|40]] | rowspan="4" |Margie E. Neal |- ![[Forty-first Texas Legislature|41]] |- ![[Forty-second Texas Legislature|42]] |- ![[Forty-third Texas Legislature|43]] |- ![[Forty-fourth Texas Legislature|44]] | rowspan="4" |[[Joe L. Hill, Jr.]] |- !45 |- !46 |- !47 |- !48 | rowspan="10" |[[Wardlow Lane]] |- !49 |- !50 |- !51 |- !52 |- !53 |- !54 |- !55 |- !56 |- !57 |- !58 | rowspan="4" |[[Jack Strong (politician)|Jack Strong]] |- !59 |- !60 | rowspan="3" |Gregg, Panola, Rusk, Shelby, Smith, Upshur, Van Zandt, Wood. |- !61 |- !62 |Lindley Beckworth |- !63 | rowspan="5" |[[Peyton McKnight]] | rowspan="5" |Collin, Gregg, Hunt, Rains, Rockwall, Smith, Upshur, Van Zandt, Wood. |- !64 |- !65 |- !66 |- !67 |- !68 | rowspan="5" |[[Ted Lyon]] | rowspan="5" |All of Collin, Fannin, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Rockwall, Smith, Van Zandt, Wood.<br /><br />Portion of Dallas. |- !69 |- !70 |- !71 |- !72 |- !73 |Florence Shapiro |Collin, Fannin, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Rockwall, Smith, Van Zandt, Wood. |- !74 | rowspan="4" |[[David H. Cain]] | rowspan="4" |All of Fannin, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Van Zandt, Wood.<br /><br />Portions of Dallas, Ellis, Rockwall, Smith. |- !75 |- !76 |- !77 |- !78 | rowspan="6" |Robert F. Deuell | rowspan="6" |All of Delta, Fannin, Hopkins, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Rockwall, Van Zandt.<br /><br />Portions of Dallas, Smith. |- !79 |- !80 |- !81 |- !82 |- !83 |- !84 | rowspan="6" |Bob Hall | rowspan="4" |Dallas (part), Delta, Fannin, Hopkins, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Rockwall, Van Zandt. |- !85 |- !86 |- !87 |- !88 | rowspan="2" |Collin (part), Dallas (part), Ellis (part), Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall, Van Zandt. |- !89 |} == Referans == {{Referans}} ghrm2q5tg95zbyozrcpph6ixdndb2si 882746 882745 2026-07-13T20:22:59Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 /* Texas's 2nd Senate district */ 882746 wikitext text/x-wiki  '''''Texas's 2nd Senate district''''' 2yèm Distri Sena Texas la se Distri Sena a, ki sèvi Konte Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall, ak Van Zandt, ansanm ak pati nan Konte Collin, Dallas, ak Ellis nan Texas. Senatè aktyèl pou Distri 2 a se Bob Hall. {| class="wikitable" !Legislature ''Lejislati'' !Senator, District 2 ''Senatè, Distri 2'' !Counties in District ''Konte nan Distri a'' |- !1 |[[Ballard C. Bagby]] |Bowie, Red River. |- !2 |[[James B. Wootten]] |Bowie, Cass, Red River, Titus. |- !3 |Albert Hamilton Latimer |Lamar, Red River. |- !4 |William M. "Buckskin" Williams |Fannin, Lamar. |- !5 | rowspan="3" |[[Johnson Wren]] | rowspan="4" |Hopkins, Lamar. |- !6 |- !7 |- !8 |[[Lewis G. Harmon]] |- !9 |[[Anderson F. Crawford]]<br /><br />[[James W. Andres]] | rowspan="3" |Hardin, Jasper, Newton, Orange, Polk, Tyler. |- !10 |Napoleon Bonaparte Charlton |- !11 |[[William M. Neyland]] |- !12 |[[Amos Clark (Texas politician)|Amos Clark]]<br /><br />[[William H. Swift]] | rowspan="2" |Angelina, Nacogdoches, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby, Trinity. |- !13 | rowspan="2" |[[William H. Swift]] |- !14 |Nacogdoches, Panola, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby. |- !15 | rowspan="2" |[[Peyton Forbes Edwards]] | rowspan="3" |Angelina, Houston, Nacogdoches, Sabine, San Augustine. |- !16 |- !17 |[[William Wallace Weatherred]] |- !18 |Frank L. Johnson | rowspan="5" |Nacogdoches, Panola, Rusk, Sabine, San Augustine, Shelby. |- !19 | rowspan="2" |[[Caleb Jackson Garrison]] |- !20 |- !21 | rowspan="2" |[[James M. Ingram (politician)|James M. Ingram]] |- !22 |- ![[Twenty-third Texas Legislature|23]] |John Walter Cranford | rowspan="5" |Camp, Delta, Franklin, Hopkins, Red River, Titus. |- ![[Twenty-fourth Texas Legislature|24]] | rowspan="2" |[[James L. Darwin]] |- ![[Twenty-fifth Texas Legislature|25]] |- ![[Twenty-sixth Texas Legislature|26]] | rowspan="2" |[[Charles O. James]] |- ![[Twenty-seventh Texas Legislature|27]] |- ![[Twenty-eighth Texas Legislature|28]] |[[James T. Patteson]] | rowspan="11" |Delta, Franklin, Hopkins, Red River, Titus. |- !29 | rowspan="2" |[[Charles M. Chambers]] |- ![[Thirtieth Texas Legislature|30]] |- ![[Thirty-first Texas Legislature|31]] |[[H. Bascom Thomas]]<br /><br />[[John L. Ratliff]] |- ![[Thirty-second Texas Legislature|32]] |[[John L. Ratliff]] |- ![[Thirty-third Texas Legislature|33]] | rowspan="2" |Henry Lewis Darwin |- ![[Thirty-fourth Texas Legislature|34]] |- ![[Thirty-fifth Texas Legislature|35]] | rowspan="4" |Charles R. Floyd |- ![[Thirty-sixth Texas Legislature|36]] |- ![[Thirty-seventh Texas Legislature|37]] |- ![[Thirty-eighth Texas Legislature|38]] |- ![[Thirty-ninth Texas Legislature|39]] |[[James G. Strong (Texas politician)|James G. Strong]] | rowspan="21" |Gregg, Harrison, Panola, Rusk, Shelby. |- ![[Fortieth Texas Legislature|40]] | rowspan="4" |Margie E. Neal |- ![[Forty-first Texas Legislature|41]] |- ![[Forty-second Texas Legislature|42]] |- ![[Forty-third Texas Legislature|43]] |- ![[Forty-fourth Texas Legislature|44]] | rowspan="4" |[[Joe L. Hill, Jr.]] |- !45 |- !46 |- !47 |- !48 | rowspan="10" |[[Wardlow Lane]] |- !49 |- !50 |- !51 |- !52 |- !53 |- !54 |- !55 |- !56 |- !57 |- !58 | rowspan="4" |[[Jack Strong (politician)|Jack Strong]] |- !59 |- !60 | rowspan="3" |Gregg, Panola, Rusk, Shelby, Smith, Upshur, Van Zandt, Wood. |- !61 |- !62 |Lindley Beckworth |- !63 | rowspan="5" |[[Peyton McKnight]] | rowspan="5" |Collin, Gregg, Hunt, Rains, Rockwall, Smith, Upshur, Van Zandt, Wood. |- !64 |- !65 |- !66 |- !67 |- !68 | rowspan="5" |[[Ted Lyon]] | rowspan="5" |All of Collin, Fannin, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Rockwall, Smith, Van Zandt, Wood.<br /><br />Portion of Dallas. |- !69 |- !70 |- !71 |- !72 |- !73 |Florence Shapiro |Collin, Fannin, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Rockwall, Smith, Van Zandt, Wood. |- !74 | rowspan="4" |[[David H. Cain]] | rowspan="4" |All of Fannin, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Van Zandt, Wood.<br /><br />Portions of Dallas, Ellis, Rockwall, Smith. |- !75 |- !76 |- !77 |- !78 | rowspan="6" |Robert F. Deuell | rowspan="6" |All of Delta, Fannin, Hopkins, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Rockwall, Van Zandt.<br /><br />Portions of Dallas, Smith. |- !79 |- !80 |- !81 |- !82 |- !83 |- !84 | rowspan="6" |Bob Hall | rowspan="4" |Dallas (part), Delta, Fannin, Hopkins, Hunt, Kaufman, Rains, Rockwall, Van Zandt. |- !85 |- !86 |- !87 |- !88 | rowspan="2" |Collin (part), Dallas (part), Ellis (part), Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall, Van Zandt. |- !89 |} == Referans == {{Referans}} annuf7itlxpz0gm5m730tlsuyho2px2 882747 882746 2026-07-13T20:25:05Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 Kontni renplase pa «  '''''Texas's 2nd Senate district''''' 2yèm Distri Sena Texas la se Distri Sena a, ki sèvi '''Konte Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall''', ak '''Van Zandt''', ansanm ak pati nan Konte '''Collin, Dallas,''' ak '''Ellis''' nan Texas. Senatè aktyèl pou Distri 2 a se Bob Hall. == Referans == {{Referans}} » 882747 wikitext text/x-wiki  '''''Texas's 2nd Senate district''''' 2yèm Distri Sena Texas la se Distri Sena a, ki sèvi '''Konte Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall''', ak '''Van Zandt''', ansanm ak pati nan Konte '''Collin, Dallas,''' ak '''Ellis''' nan Texas. Senatè aktyèl pou Distri 2 a se Bob Hall. == Referans == {{Referans}} smkvxxakzv06rvh3k9o20jjg4ssqxif 882748 882747 2026-07-13T20:25:54Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882748 wikitext text/x-wiki  '''''Texas's 2nd Senate district''''' 2yèm Distri Sena Texas la se Distri Sena a, ki sèvi '''Konte Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall''', ak '''Van Zandt''', ansanm ak pati nan Konte '''Collin, Dallas,''' ak '''Ellis''' nan Texas. Senatè aktyèl pou Distri 2 a se Bob Hall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Canvass Report 2022 NOVEMBER 8TH GENERAL ELECTION |url=https://results.texas-election.com/static/data/Reports/47009/OfficialCanvassReport.pdf?v=1721825820340 |website=Texas Election Results |publisher=Texas Secretary of State |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref> == Referans == {{Referans}} s9w7ycrx7d2dn1hnqekqxegkwbzcy19 882749 882748 2026-07-13T20:39:52Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:TxSen2022District2.svg|vignette|'''''Texas's 2nd Senate district''''']] 2yèm Distri Sena Texas la se Distri Sena a, ki sèvi '''Konte Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall''', ak '''Van Zandt''', ansanm ak pati nan Konte '''Collin, Dallas,''' ak '''Ellis''' nan Texas. Senatè aktyèl pou Distri 2 a se Bob Hall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Canvass Report 2022 NOVEMBER 8TH GENERAL ELECTION |url=https://results.texas-election.com/static/data/Reports/47009/OfficialCanvassReport.pdf?v=1721825820340 |website=Texas Election Results |publisher=Texas Secretary of State |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref> == Referans == {{Referans}} nk8ji7nnsnusd4186al02r569wjd0id 882758 882749 2026-07-13T21:12:46Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882758 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:TxSen2022District2.svg|vignette|'''''Texas's 2nd Senate district''''']] 2yèm Distri Sena Texas la se Distri Sena a, ki sèvi '''Konte Kaufman, Navarro, Rockwall''', ak '''Van Zandt''', ansanm ak pati nan Konte '''Collin, Dallas,''' ak '''Ellis''' nan Texas. Senatè aktyèl pou Distri 2 a se [[Bob Hall (politisyen)|Bob Hall]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Canvass Report 2022 NOVEMBER 8TH GENERAL ELECTION |url=https://results.texas-election.com/static/data/Reports/47009/OfficialCanvassReport.pdf?v=1721825820340 |website=Texas Election Results |publisher=Texas Secretary of State |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref> == Referans == {{Referans}} kl0afnl03siti1fc1saw7eflynswr7g 0 97677 882750 2026-07-13T20:43:09Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359541147|Bob Hall (politician)]] » 882750 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Robert Lee Hall III''' se yon politisyen ki se yon manm Repibliken nan Sena Eta Texas la. == Istwa elektoral == {{Election box begin no party|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Primary, 2018: Senate District 2}} {{Election box candidate no party with winner|winner=✓|candidate=Bob Hall|votes=35,561|percentage=53.2|change=}} {{Election box candidate no party with winner|winner=|candidate=[[Cindy Burkett]]|votes=31,239|percentage=46.8|change=}} {{Election box majority no party|votes=|percentage=|change=}} {{Election box turnout no party|votes=66,800|percentage=|change=}} {{election box end}}'''144 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Primary, 2018: Senate District 2''' Eleksyon Prensipal Repibliken, 2018: Distri Sena 2 % Vòt Kandida ± ✓ '''Bob Hall 53.2''' % Cindy Burkett 46.8 2 % Majorite {{Election box begin no party|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Primary, 2014: Senate District 2}} {{Election box candidate no party with winner|winner=✓|candidate=Bob Hall|votes=19,085|percentage=38.8|change=}} {{Election box candidate no party with winner|winner=✓|candidate=[[Bob Deuell]]|votes=23,847|percentage=48.5|change=}} {{Election box candidate no party with winner|winner=|candidate=[[Mark Thompson(Texas politician)|Mark Thompson]]|votes=6,240|percentage=12.7|change=}} {{Election box majority no party|votes=|percentage=|change=}} {{Election box turnout no party|votes=49,172|percentage=|change=}} {{election box end}} [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1942]] 8wuanarakqhahjqmvej5d1szc77tv5z 882753 882750 2026-07-13T21:07:18Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 FIX 882753 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Robert Lee Hall III''' se yon politisyen ki se yon manm Repibliken nan Sena Eta Texas la. == Istwa elektoral == {{Election box majority no party|votes=|percentage=|change=}} {{Election box turnout no party|votes=66,800|percentage=|change=}} {{election box end}}'''144 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Primary, 2018: Senate District 2''' Eleksyon Prensipal Repibliken, 2018: Distri Sena 2 % Vòt Kandida ± ✓ '''Bob Hall 53.2''' % [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1942]] g807x3yb561xt46wihz05a8btd4g4lc 882754 882753 2026-07-13T21:07:31Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882754 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Robert Lee Hall III''' se yon politisyen ki se yon manm Repibliken nan Sena Eta Texas la. == Istwa elektoral == ='''144 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Primary, 2018: Senate District 2''' Eleksyon Prensipal Repibliken, 2018: Distri Sena 2 % Vòt Kandida ± ✓ '''Bob Hall 53.2''' % [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1942]] 5i0kugdit3r42exias6n2zjy339e6j3 882755 882754 2026-07-13T21:08:16Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882755 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Senator Bob Hall.png|vignette|Senator Bob Hall]]   '''Robert Lee Hall III''' se yon politisyen ki se yon manm Repibliken nan Sena Eta Texas la. == Istwa elektoral == ='''144 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Primary, 2018: Senate District 2''' Eleksyon Prensipal Repibliken, 2018: Distri Sena 2 % Vòt Kandida ± ✓ '''Bob Hall 53.2''' % [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1942]] 3x5jb17uq29zuec2e1cix52j6qf63g8 882756 882755 2026-07-13T21:08:52Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 /* Istwa elektoral */ 882756 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Senator Bob Hall.png|vignette|Senator Bob Hall]]   '''Robert Lee Hall III''' se yon politisyen ki se yon manm Repibliken nan Sena Eta Texas la. == Istwa elektoral == '''144 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Primary, 2018: Senate District 2''' Eleksyon Prensipal Repibliken, 2018: Distri Sena 2 % Vòt Kandida ± ✓ '''Bob Hall 53.2''' % [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1942]] 3gk70rxftc7p4uayxydd49yls3c2ysb 882757 882756 2026-07-13T21:11:46Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882757 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Senator Bob Hall.png|vignette|Senator Bob Hall]]   '''Robert Lee Hall III''' se yon politisyen ki se yon manm Repibliken nan Sena Eta Texas la. Hall te gradye an 1960 nan George D. Chamberlain High School nan Tampa, Florid. == Istwa elektoral == '''144 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Primary, 2018: Senate District 2''' Eleksyon Prensipal Repibliken, 2018: Distri Sena 2 % Vòt Kandida ± ✓ '''Bob Hall 53.2''' % [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1942]] 3m5cjejvrg1l39az7tob5yg1u44aesw 882759 882757 2026-07-13T21:14:57Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882759 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Senator Bob Hall.png|vignette|Senator Bob Hall]]   '''Robert Lee Hall III''' se yon politisyen ki se yon manm Repibliken nan Sena Eta Texas la. Hall te gradye an 1960 nan George D. Chamberlain High School nan Tampa, Florid.<ref name="abouthall">{{cite web|url=http://votebobhall.com/About-Bob.html|title=More About Bob Hall|publisher=votebobhall.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109042151/http://votebobhall.com/About-Bob.html|archivedate=November 9, 2014|accessdate=November 27, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Istwa elektoral == '''144 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Primary, 2018: Senate District 2''' Eleksyon Prensipal Repibliken, 2018: Distri Sena 2 % Vòt Kandida ± ✓ '''Bob Hall 53.2''' % [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1942]] n8o31dvv6s6dkil6zzr3pdlde8btm75 882760 882759 2026-07-13T21:15:51Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882760 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Senator Bob Hall.png|vignette|Senator Bob Hall]]   '''Robert Lee Hall III''' se yon politisyen ki se yon manm Repibliken nan Sena Eta Texas la. Hall te gradye an 1960 nan George D. Chamberlain High School nan Tampa, Florid.<ref name="abouthall">{{cite web|url=http://votebobhall.com/About-Bob.html|title=More About Bob Hall|publisher=votebobhall.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109042151/http://votebobhall.com/About-Bob.html|archivedate=November 9, 2014|accessdate=November 27, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Istwa elektoral == '''144 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Primary, 2018: Senate District 2''' Eleksyon Prensipal Repibliken, 2018: [[2yèm distri Sena Texas la|Distri Sena 2]] % Vòt Kandida ± ✓ '''Bob Hall 53.2''' % [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1942]] cuiuqntg52lmj0q38fs3yu44uzk7jpf 0 97678 882751 2026-07-13T20:51:55Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328233587|Nidhan Singh Chugha]] » 882751 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nidhan Singh Chugha''' (Jen 1855 – 6 Desanm 1936) te yon lidè Ghadarit . [ nòt 1 ] Otorite Britanik yo te konsidere li kòm youn nan Ghadarit ki pi danjere e ki pi enpòtan yo. <ref name=":32" /> == Biyografi == === Premye lavi === Nidhan Singh te fèt an 1855 nan vilaj Chugha nan distri Moga aktyèl la, nan Pendjab. Papa l te rele Sundar Singh. Gen yon sous ki di li te fèt pi bonè, an 1851. === Deplase nan peyi Lachin === [[Fichye:Portrait_photograph_of_Nidhan_Singh_'Chugha'_in_his_youth,_a_prominent_Ghadar_movement_leader_hailing_from_Chugha,_Moga.jpg|vignette|Foto pòtrè Nidhan Singh 'Chugha' nan jèn li]] An 1882, Nidhan te kite peyi Zend pou [[Shanghai]], kote li te travay kòm gadyen epi pita li te vin trezorye gurdwara lokal la. Li te ede konstwi gurdwara lokal la. <ref name=":1" /> Pandan li te nan Lachin, Nidhan Singh te marye ak yon fanm ki te soti nan kominote Chinwa a dapre rit relijyon Sikh la. Yo te gen yon pitit gason ansanm yo te rele Bijay Singh. Nidhan Singh te marye ak fanm Chinwa sa a nan mwa out 1909, yon dimanch, nan Dongbaoxing Road Gurdwara nan Shanghai. Lamarye Chinwa a te soti nan zòn Pootung (Pudong). Kominote Endyen an te konnen li te gen yon gwo enterè pou konvèti nan Sikhi, epi li te trè kontan pou maryaj la. Fanm Chinwa sa a te konvèti nan Sikhi epi li te resevwa non Gursharan Kaur pandan yon seremoni batèm Sikh. Nidhan Singh menm te resevwa non Jagjit Singh pandan seremoni Amrit Sanchar la. Seremoni maryaj la menm se te yon Anand Karaj, seremoni maryaj tradisyonèl Sikh la. Pandan seremoni an, lamarye a ak mari li te fè kat wonn alantou Guru Granth Sahib la, avèk yon salitasyon ak respè devan ekriti sakre a apre chak wonn. Yon gwo kantite Sikh lokal te patisipe nan maryaj Sino-Sikh sa a, ki te yon maryaj ant de kominote diferan, pami yo te gen 20 fanm. Se te premye maryaj ant yon moun Chinwa ak yon Sikh ki te fèt nan Dongbaoxing Road Gurdwara. Nidhan Singh te rete nan Shanghai pandan plizyè ane anvan li te finalman demenaje Ozetazini. === Etabli nan Etazini nan Amerik === Nan menm epòk Nidhan Singh te demenaje Ozetazini, nasyonalis Endyen yo te etabli Pati Ghadar la. Nidhan te vin yon manm Pati Ghadar la epi li te eli kòm yon manm nan komite egzekitif pati a. <ref name=":32" /> Nan mwa avril 1914, Nidhan te eli kòm prezidan Sosyete Khalsa Diwan nan [[Stockton, Kalifòni|Stockton]], [[Kalifòni]] . <ref name=":32" /> === Preparasyon pou pwovoke yon rebelyon anti-Britanik === Pandan Premye Gè Mondyal la, Nidhan, ansanm ak lòt gwo lidè Ghadar, te retounen nan Lend avèk objektif pou pwovoke yon soulèvman ame kont dominasyon britanik la. Avèk entansyon pou li retounen finalman nan Lend, li te premye monte abò bato S.S. Korea nan San Francisco nan dat 29 out 1914. Li te desann nan Nagasaki, Japon, ansanm ak Piara Singh (ki soti nan Langeri, Hoshiarpur) ak twa lòt moun, epi li te kontinye vwayaj li pou ale Shanghai, Lachin, kote li te ranmase lajan pou kòz mouvman Ghadar la. Yon pati nan lajan Nidhan te ranmase nan Shanghai te okòmansman bay pou ede moun ki te abò bato Komagata Maru a. Men, paske bato a pat resevwa pèmisyon pou debake nan Shanghai, yo te bay lajan sa yo bay Nidhan Singh pito pou sipòte pwòp aktivite ak objektif Ghadar li yo. Pandan li te nan Shanghai, Nidhan Singh te voye yon telegram bay manm Ghadar yo ki te rive Manila, pou avèti yo ke otorite nan Hong Kong t ap fouye bato yo avèk anpil severite pou chèche zam ak dokiman yo konsidere kòm sedisye. Akoz avètisman sa a, Ghadar yo ki te sou lòt bato a te jete tout dokiman sedisye yo nan lanmè, epi yo te remèt revolvè yo ak minisyon yo bay lidè Ghadar yo pou konsève yo. Pandan peryòd li te rete nan Shanghai la, Nidhan Singh te vizite madanm li ki te Chinwa ak pitit gasonl. Nidhan Singh te kite Shanghai abò ''Mashima Maru'' a avèk sòm lajan sa a ansanm ak 600 katouch, ''Tosa Maru'' a t ap pote kèk nan afilye Ghadarit li yo. Toulede bato yo te debake nan Penang, Malaya nan menm epòk la, epi Britanik yo te kenbe Ghadarit yo ki te abò a depi lè sa a. <ref name=":32" /> Apre Nidhan te fin kenbe nan Malaya, li te eseye konvenk twoup yo epi jwenn zam men li pa t reyisi. <ref name=":32" /> Nidhan Singh te fè pati yon gwoup Ghadarit ki te mande gouvènè Malaya pou l te pèmèt de bato yo kontinye ale nan destinasyon yo, e sa te reyisi. <ref name=":32" /> === Retounen nan Punjab === [[Fichye:Baba_Nidhan_Singh_Chugha-c1930.jpg|vignette|Nidhan Singh nan dènye ane lavi li, anviwon 1930]] Nidhan te rive Ludhiana, nan Pendjab, nan dat 7 novanm 1914, kote yo te ba li misyon pou l kreye yon rebelyon ame nan zòn nan. Konsa, li te kòmanse fè faktori fabrike eksplozif tankou bonm pou ensureksyon an. <ref name=":32" /> Faktori bonm sa yo te sitiye nan Jhabewal ak Lohat Baddi. <ref name=":32" /> Yo te fè yon plan pou lanse yon atak sipriz sou Kantonman Firozpur nan dat 30 novanm 1914, men li pa t janm rive vre. <ref name=":32" /> ==== Arete ==== Britanik yo te arete Nidhan Singh, ansanm ak Rur Singh nan Chuhar Chak, nan dat 29 avril 1915 pandan li te an enkoyito kòm yon mandyan vagabon. Nan premye ka konplo Lahore ki te vin apre a, yo te [[Pinisyon lanmò|kondane Nidhan Singh a lanmò]] . <ref name=":32" /> Sepandan, yo te pita chanje santans lanmò li a an transpòtasyon penal . <ref name=":32" /> === Pita nan lavi === Apre li te fin sèvi santans li a, Nidhan Singh te pase rès ane li yo nan Punjab epi li te vin gen respè kòm yon nonm relijye. Nidhan Singh te fè pati senkant ''[[Panj Pyare|Panj Piare]]'' ki te poze premye wòch Harimandar nan Panja Sahib nan dat 14 oktòb 1932. <ref name=":3" /> Nidhan Singh te sèvi kòm prezidan Gurdwara Lohgarh (Dina) ak Gurdwara Singh Sabha (Moga). <ref name=":32" /> Nidhan Singh te mouri nan dat 6 desanm 1936 nan Moga. <ref name=":32" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Nòt == {{Referans|group=note}} == Referans == <references /> [[Kategori:Lanmò 1936]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1855]] [[Kategori:P569 absan nan Wikidata]] [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] csus8ai09z2hxj2pvbzw9bngvjumh5x 0 97679 882752 2026-07-13T21:01:28Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349193212|Bhai Goinda]] » 882752 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Color/styles.css" />'''Bhai Goinda''' (27 Jiyè 1569 – 15 Septanm 1649) te yon predikatè Udasi epi youn nan kat ''Adi-Udasi'' aktif nan 17yèm syèk la. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.esamskriti.com/e/History/Indian-History/The-UDASI-Tradition-1.aspx|title=The Udasi Tradition|last=Kapoor|first=Satish K.|date=7 November 2020|website=eSamskirit (originally published in the Bhavan’s Journal, 15 May 2014 issue)|access-date=11 April 2026}}</ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/UDASI.html|title=UDĀSĪ|last=Kaur|first=Madanjit|website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/GOIND%20BHAI%201.html|title=GOIND, BHĀĪ|last=Padam|first=Piara Singh|website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref> Apre Baba Gurditta te monte l nan pwòp ''dhuni'' ( foye ) li, li te gen yon sant misyonè aktif nan rejyon Doaba nan Punjab. <ref name=":10" /> <ref name=":11" /> <ref name=":1" /> == Biyografi == Goinda te fèt nan dat 27 jiyè 1569 nan yon fanmi Khatri nan Srinagar, nan men paran li yo Jai Dev ak Mai Subhadra. Goinda, ki tap chèche yon limyè espirityèl, te vin enfliyanse pa yon sadhu Nanakshahi. Se poutèt sa li te vwayaje ale Kartarpur, kote li te vin disip Guru Arjan an 1596. Li te gen yon ti frè ki te rele Phula, li te konvenk li tou pou l antre nan Sikhis; Phula te fè sa an 1604 nan Amritsar. Apre sa, Goinda te vin yon asosye Baba Gurditta, ki te nonmen li kòm youn nan prensipal predikatè sektè Udasi a nan dat 11 septanm 1637. Goinda te etabli sant misyonè li nan Kiratpur, epi pita li te deplase li ale Phillaur, toude kote sa yo sitiye nan Punjab. Rejyon Doaba a se te zòn kote li te fè anpil nan aktivite predikasyon li yo. Goinda te mouri nan Phillaur nan dat 15 septanm 1649. Yo te bati yon samadh (yon moniman oswa tanp komemoratif) la an memwa li. Apre lanmò li, sant misyonè li a te kòmanse pèdi enpòtans epi li te antre nan yon peryòd bès. == Nòt ==  yo ka ekri non l kòm "goind", "gonda", "gobind", gobinda" oswa "govinda" == Referans == <references /> ndn7gflcgdgmlcrxm53n3xqd4nhcdws 0 97680 882762 2026-07-13T21:23:07Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355116239|Texas's 3rd congressional district]] » 882762 wikitext text/x-wiki   3yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl Texas la se yon distri nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini ki gen ladan l zòn banlye ak kèk zòn riral nan nò ak nòdès Dallas. Li gen ladan l yon gwo pati nan Konte Collin—sitou McKinney ak Allen—osi byen ke pati nan Plano, Frisco, ak Prosper. Anplis de sa, distri a gen ladan l tout Konte Hunt eksepte pòsyon sid li a. == Rezilta dènye eleksyon yo nan tout eta a == '''<u>2022</u> Gouvènè''' Abbott 59% '''<u>2024</u> Prezidan''' Trump 59% '''Sena''' Cruz 56% eh9a1av1iu3urf29iiqappbctl1hd4n 882763 882762 2026-07-13T21:23:45Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882763 wikitext text/x-wiki   3yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl Texas la se yon distri nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini ki gen ladan l zòn banlye ak kèk zòn riral nan nò ak nòdès Dallas. Li gen ladan l yon gwo pati nan Konte Collin—sitou McKinney ak Allen—osi byen ke pati nan Plano, Frisco, ak Prosper. Anplis de sa, distri a gen ladan l tout Konte Hunt eksepte pòsyon sid li a. == Rezilta dènye eleksyon yo nan tout eta a == '''<u>2022</u> Gouvènè''' Abbott 59%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1c2c1e0d-2fd1-43a8-a039-73e7023124d1|title=Dra 2020}}</ref> '''<u>2024</u> Prezidan''' Trump 59% '''Sena''' Cruz 56% bj79alzn67xnth6pn9khreibl6oh50e 882764 882763 2026-07-13T21:24:19Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882764 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''3yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl Texas''' la se yon distri nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini ki gen ladan l zòn banlye ak kèk zòn riral nan nò ak nòdès Dallas. Li gen ladan l yon gwo pati nan Konte Collin—sitou McKinney ak Allen—osi byen ke pati nan Plano, Frisco, ak Prosper. Anplis de sa, distri a gen ladan l tout Konte Hunt eksepte pòsyon sid li a. == Rezilta dènye eleksyon yo nan tout eta a == '''<u>2022</u> Gouvènè''' Abbott 59%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1c2c1e0d-2fd1-43a8-a039-73e7023124d1|title=Dra 2020}}</ref> '''<u>2024</u> Prezidan''' Trump 59% '''Sena''' Cruz 56% 9pwu3osx1fooz7j1aor7bby9ixd9sbc 882765 882764 2026-07-13T21:29:19Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882765 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://www.cookpolitical.com/cook-pvi/2025-partisan-voting-index/district-map-and-list https://www.cookpolitical.com/ District Map and List (119th Congress)] '''3yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl Texas''' la se yon distri nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini ki gen ladan l zòn banlye ak kèk zòn riral nan nò ak nòdès Dallas. Li gen ladan l yon gwo pati nan Konte Collin—sitou McKinney ak Allen—osi byen ke pati nan Plano, Frisco, ak Prosper. Anplis de sa, distri a gen ladan l tout Konte Hunt eksepte pòsyon sid li a. == Rezilta dènye eleksyon yo nan tout eta a == '''<u>2022</u> Gouvènè''' Abbott 59%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1c2c1e0d-2fd1-43a8-a039-73e7023124d1|title=Dra 2020}}</ref> '''<u>2024</u> Prezidan''' Trump 59% '''Sena''' Cruz 56% f0ywp9fi0aj1thznwgbgd96b01bms95 882766 882765 2026-07-13T21:30:02Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 SIT LINK 882766 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://www.cookpolitical.com/cook-pvi/2025-partisan-voting-index/district-map-and-list https://www.cookpolitical.com/ District Map and List (119th Congress)] '''3yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl Texas''' la se yon distri nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini ki gen ladan l zòn banlye ak kèk zòn riral nan nò ak nòdès Dallas. Li gen ladan l yon gwo pati nan Konte Collin—sitou McKinney ak Allen—osi byen ke pati nan Plano, Frisco, ak Prosper. Anplis de sa, distri a gen ladan l tout Konte Hunt eksepte pòsyon sid li a. == Rezilta dènye eleksyon yo nan tout eta a == '''<u>2022</u> Gouvènè''' Abbott 59%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1c2c1e0d-2fd1-43a8-a039-73e7023124d1|title=Dra 2020}}</ref> '''<u>2024</u> Prezidan''' Trump 59% '''Sena''' Cruz 56% <references /> [https://www.cookpolitical.com/cook-pvi/2025-partisan-voting-index/district-map-and-list https://www.cookpolitical.com/ District Map and List (119th Congress)] c5jzpggpg6mbfzp8jj3ngno942673jl 882767 882766 2026-07-13T21:30:24Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882767 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl Texas''' la se yon distri nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini ki gen ladan l zòn banlye ak kèk zòn riral nan nò ak nòdès Dallas. Li gen ladan l yon gwo pati nan Konte Collin—sitou McKinney ak Allen—osi byen ke pati nan Plano, Frisco, ak Prosper. Anplis de sa, distri a gen ladan l tout Konte Hunt eksepte pòsyon sid li a. == Rezilta dènye eleksyon yo nan tout eta a == '''<u>2022</u> Gouvènè''' Abbott 59%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1c2c1e0d-2fd1-43a8-a039-73e7023124d1|title=Dra 2020}}</ref> '''<u>2024</u> Prezidan''' Trump 59% '''Sena''' Cruz 56% <references /> [https://www.cookpolitical.com/cook-pvi/2025-partisan-voting-index/district-map-and-list https://www.cookpolitical.com/ District Map and List (119th Congress)] fkyqpno43z500c3pm95e6crdsspvnl4 882768 882767 2026-07-13T21:31:25Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882768 wikitext text/x-wiki # '''3yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl Texas''' la se yon distri nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini ki gen ladan l zòn banlye ak kèk zòn riral nan nò ak nòdès Dallas. Li gen ladan l yon gwo pati nan Konte Collin—sitou McKinney ak Allen—osi byen ke pati nan Plano, Frisco, ak Prosper. Anplis de sa, distri a gen ladan l tout Konte Hunt eksepte pòsyon sid li a. == Rezilta dènye eleksyon yo nan tout eta a == '''<u>2022</u> Gouvènè''' Abbott 59%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1c2c1e0d-2fd1-43a8-a039-73e7023124d1|title=Dra 2020}}</ref> '''<u>2024</u> Prezidan''' Trump 59% '''Sena''' Cruz 56% <references /> [https://www.cookpolitical.com/cook-pvi/2025-partisan-voting-index/district-map-and-list https://www.cookpolitical.com/ District Map and List (119th Congress)] i2fahex35hkr28nkttxulgfv2z8iype 882769 882768 2026-07-13T21:33:06Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882769 wikitext text/x-wiki '''3yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl Texas''' la se yon distri nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini ki gen ladan l zòn banlye ak kèk zòn riral nan nò ak nòdès Dallas. Li gen ladan l yon gwo pati nan Konte Collin—sitou McKinney ak Allen—osi byen ke pati nan Plano, Frisco, ak Prosper. Anplis de sa, distri a gen ladan l tout Konte Hunt eksepte pòsyon sid li a. == Rezilta dènye eleksyon yo nan tout eta a == '''<u>2022</u> Gouvènè''' Abbott 59%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1c2c1e0d-2fd1-43a8-a039-73e7023124d1|title=Dra 2020}}</ref> '''<u>2024</u> Prezidan''' Trump 59% '''Sena''' Cruz 56% <references /> [https://www.cookpolitical.com/cook-pvi/2025-partisan-voting-index/district-map-and-list https://www.cookpolitical.com/ District Map and List (119th Congress)] ink4mnl1ysnoswx90dii3whrwemss3e 882770 882769 2026-07-13T21:33:35Z DFW Cultured kid 39814 882770 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Texas's 3rd congressional district''''' '''3yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl Texas''' la se yon distri nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini ki gen ladan l zòn banlye ak kèk zòn riral nan nò ak nòdès Dallas. Li gen ladan l yon gwo pati nan Konte Collin—sitou McKinney ak Allen—osi byen ke pati nan Plano, Frisco, ak Prosper. Anplis de sa, distri a gen ladan l tout Konte Hunt eksepte pòsyon sid li a. == Rezilta dènye eleksyon yo nan tout eta a == '''<u>2022</u> Gouvènè''' Abbott 59%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::1c2c1e0d-2fd1-43a8-a039-73e7023124d1|title=Dra 2020}}</ref> '''<u>2024</u> Prezidan''' Trump 59% '''Sena''' Cruz 56% <references /> [https://www.cookpolitical.com/cook-pvi/2025-partisan-voting-index/district-map-and-list https://www.cookpolitical.com/ District Map and List (119th Congress)] 79rwaeuy0vx2hyxa574g2pcjkrniuzu 0 97681 882772 2026-07-13T22:42:29Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344455959|Haumai]] » 882772 wikitext text/x-wiki   Haumai (Gurmukhi: ਹਉਮੈ, ki vle di literalman "mwen-mwen" oswa "ego") se yon konsèp nan Sikhis ki refere ak egoyis, ògèy, oswa yon atitid kote yon moun mete tèt li anvan tout lòt bagay. Dapre ansèyman Sikh yo, haumai se youn nan pi gwo obstak ki anpeche yon moun grandi nan lavi espirityèl li epi devlope bon kalite moral ak espirityèl. == Etimoloji == Li se yon konbinezon mo ''Hau'' (ਹਉ) ki vle di "mwen" ak ''Mai'' (ਮੈ) ki vle di "mwen". == Deskripsyon == [[Guru Nanak]], fondatè Sikhism nan, te anseye konsèp sa a kòm sous senk mal: [[Kaam|lanvi]], konvwatiz, [[Krodh|kòlè]], [[Ahankaar|ògèy]] ak [[Moh|atachman]] . Dapre ansèyman gourou Sikh yo, se ''Haumai'' ki mennen nan sik transmigrasyon san fen ( renans ; ''samsara'' ), epi ki fè yon moun vin " manmukh ". <ref name="cole9" /> Yo deklare ke yon moun dwe vire do bay ''Haumai'', vin yon " gurmukh " epi swiv chemen Guru a pou resevwa favè Bondye a. Nan Sikhism, ou ka sèlman simonte ''Haumai'' a atravè meditasyon sou non Bondye ( ''Naam'' ), ''Simran'' ak ''[[Seva|Sewa]]'' . Kontrè ''Haumai'' a se imilite (oswa ''Nimrata'' ), ki konsidere kòm yon vèti nan Sikhism. [[Seva|Sèvis dezenterese]] yo rele ''Seva'', ak soumisyon total bay [[Waheguru]] (Bondye), se chemen Sikh la pou liberasyon. == Konsèp ki gen rapò == Konsèp destriktif pwòp tèt ou ak atachman konvwate, menm jan ak ''Haumai'' nan Sikhism, enpòtan nan lòt relijyon Endyen yo. Nan [[Boudis]], [[Endouyis]] ak Jainism, yo refere li kòm ''Ahankar'' (अहङ्कार), ''Ahammana'' (अहम्मान), ''Ahammati'' (अहम्मति ( ''मति'' ) ''Maminkāra'' . === Diferans ak ''Ahankar'' === Gourou Sikh yo fè yon distenksyon ant ''Haumai'' ak ''[[Ahankaar|Ahankar]]'' nan im yo. Haumai diferan de Ahankaar paske lèt la se yon pwodwi premye a. <ref name=":1" /> Haumai se mete konfyans nan tèt ou olye ke gen lafwa nan Bondye . <ref name=":2" /> Dapre James D. Holt, diferans lan se jan sa a: "Haumai gen pou wè ak nati egzistans yon moun ak plas yo ladan l, pandan ke ahankar se eksplore pwennvi yon moun sou pwòp enpòtans yo." <ref name=":1" /> == Gade tou == * [[Guru Granth Sahib]] == Referans == {{Referans}} 3lbdhcql30lbdlk4aj2tm8jol9na8ma 0 97682 882776 2026-07-14T07:22:42Z Armadillo Jack 39795 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:simple:Special:Redirect/revision/10105183|Texas's 4th congressional district]] » 882776 wikitext text/x-wiki 4yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl Texas la nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini an sitiye nan yon zòn nan Nòdès Texas ki gen ladan plizyè konte sou Rivyè ''Red River'', nan nòdès zòn metwopolitèn Dallas-Fort Worth, ansanm ak kèk banlye nan lès zòn metwopolitèn sa a. tl11hypsdielvvky5rix88gytuxlert 882777 882776 2026-07-14T07:24:42Z Armadillo Jack 39795 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:simple:Special:Redirect/revision/10105183|Texas's 4th congressional district]] » 882777 wikitext text/x-wiki 4yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl '''Texas's 4th congressional district''' Texas la nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini an sitiye nan yon zòn nan Nòdès Texas ki gen ladan plizyè konte sou Rivyè ''Red River'', nan nòdès zòn metwopolitèn Dallas-Fort Worth, ansanm ak kèk banlye nan lès zòn metwopolitèn sa a. 7dz851sa8eqxvh3kj4mlq9i14m21t3j 882778 882777 2026-07-14T07:25:31Z Armadillo Jack 39795 882778 wikitext text/x-wiki 4yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl '''Texas's 4th congressional district''' Texas la nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini an sitiye nan yon zòn nan Nòdès Texas ki gen ladan plizyè konte sou Rivyè ''Red River'', nan nòdès zòn metwopolitèn Dallas-Fort Worth, ansanm ak kèk banlye nan lès zòn metwopolitèn sa a. == Konpozisyon nan lavni == Apati [[eleksyon Chanm Reprezantan Etazini 2026 nan Texas|eleksyon 2026]] la, 4yèm distri a pral gen ladan konte sa yo: * [[Konte Bowie, Texas|Bowie]] (yon pati) * [[Konte Collin, Texas|Collin]] (yon pati) * [[Konte Denton, Texas|Denton]] (yon pati) * [[Konte Fannin, Texas|Fannin]] * [[Konte Grayson, Texas|Grayson]] * [[Konte Lamar, Texas|Lamar]] * [[Konte Red River, Texas|Red River]] h09btxgblowzvzgzdzu7op8t2zlpycg 882779 882778 2026-07-14T07:26:57Z Armadillo Jack 39795 882779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''4yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl''' (''Texas Congressional District 4'') Texas la nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini an sitiye nan yon zòn nan Nòdès Texas ki gen ladan plizyè konte sou Rivyè ''Red River'', nan nòdès zòn metwopolitèn Dallas-Fort Worth, ansanm ak kèk banlye nan lès zòn metwopolitèn sa a. == Konpozisyon nan lavni == Apati [[eleksyon Chanm Reprezantan Etazini 2026 nan Texas|eleksyon 2026]] la, 4yèm distri a pral gen ladan konte sa yo: * [[Konte Bowie, Texas|Bowie]] (yon pati) * [[Konte Collin, Texas|Collin]] (yon pati) * [[Konte Denton, Texas|Denton]] (yon pati) * [[Konte Fannin, Texas|Fannin]] * [[Konte Grayson, Texas|Grayson]] * [[Konte Lamar, Texas|Lamar]] * [[Konte Red River, Texas|Red River]] k4j18jt99qupvpurjp8y5ymhu7cu506 882780 882779 2026-07-14T07:28:57Z Armadillo Jack 39795 SOURCE 882780 wikitext text/x-wiki '''4yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl''' (''Texas Congressional District 4'') Texas la nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini an sitiye nan yon zòn nan Nòdès Texas ki gen ladan plizyè konte sou Rivyè ''Red River'', nan nòdès zòn metwopolitèn Dallas-Fort Worth, ansanm ak kèk banlye nan lès zòn metwopolitèn sa a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/relfiles/cdsld13/48/ur_cd_48.txt|title=TEXAS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS BY URBAN AND RURAL POPULATION AND LAND AREA|website=[[US Census Bureau]]|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref> == Konpozisyon nan lavni == Apati [[eleksyon Chanm Reprezantan Etazini 2026 nan Texas|eleksyon 2026]] la, 4yèm distri a pral gen ladan konte sa yo: * [[Konte Bowie, Texas|Bowie]] (yon pati) * [[Konte Collin, Texas|Collin]] (yon pati) * [[Konte Denton, Texas|Denton]] (yon pati) * [[Konte Fannin, Texas|Fannin]] * [[Konte Grayson, Texas|Grayson]] * [[Konte Lamar, Texas|Lamar]] * [[Konte Red River, Texas|Red River]] 66n2irj2xwm0o9ct63z9w4295yyz4o5 882781 882780 2026-07-14T07:29:38Z Armadillo Jack 39795 882781 wikitext text/x-wiki '''4yèm Distri Kongrèsyonèl''' (''Texas Congressional District 4'') Texas la nan Chanm Reprezantan Etazini an sitiye nan yon zòn nan Nòdès Texas ki gen ladan plizyè konte sou Rivyè ''Red River'', nan nòdès zòn metwopolitèn Dallas-Fort Worth, ansanm ak kèk banlye nan lès zòn metwopolitèn sa a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/relfiles/cdsld13/48/ur_cd_48.txt|title=DISTRI KONGRESYONÈL TEKSAS YO PA POPILASYON IBÈN AK RIRAL AK SIPÈFISI TÈ A|website=[[US Census Bureau]]|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref> == Konpozisyon nan lavni == Apati [[eleksyon Chanm Reprezantan Etazini 2026 nan Texas|eleksyon 2026]] la, 4yèm distri a pral gen ladan konte sa yo: * [[Konte Bowie, Texas|Bowie]] (yon pati) * [[Konte Collin, Texas|Collin]] (yon pati) * [[Konte Denton, Texas|Denton]] (yon pati) * [[Konte Fannin, Texas|Fannin]] * [[Konte Grayson, Texas|Grayson]] * [[Konte Lamar, Texas|Lamar]] * [[Konte Red River, Texas|Red River]] adkb7i74vozp8flp7zrrxzu3rvyvie9