Wikipedya htwiki https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paj_Prensipal MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Medya Espesyal Diskite Itilizatè Diskisyon Itilizatè Wikipedya Diskisyon Wikipedya Fichye Diskisyon Fichye MedyaWiki Diskisyon MedyaWiki Modèl Diskisyon Modèl Èd Diskisyon Èd Kategori Diskisyon Kategori TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk 0 13285 889317 821895 2026-10-24T18:57:27Z Kitanago 19629 infobox 889317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Administre}} {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = écrivain | alt = Desen nwa e blan, ak kreyon, ki reprezante yon fanm ak cheve mawon ki pote yon tèt wòb sou fas. }} '''Marie Vieux-Chauvet''', ki fèt [[16 septanm]] [[1916]] nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] ([[Ayiti]]) epi ki mouri [[19 jen]] [[1973]] nan [[Nouyòk]] ([[Etazini]]), se yon fanm [[ekriven]] [[Ayiti|ayisyèn]]. == Biyografi == Marie Vieux-Chauvet fèt nan lane 1916 Pòtoprens. Li se pitit fi [[Constant Vieux]], yon politisyen, ansyen senatè ak anbasadè Ayiti e Delia Nones, ki fèt nan zile Saint-Thomas (Zile Vyèj). Daprè temwanyaj gran sè li, Lilian Vieux, li te yon timoun ki renmen li anpil. Depi Marie gen 12 lane, li kòmanse ekri pyès teyat. Li te konn bay zanmi li jwe teyat sa yo. Marie Vieux-Chauvet etidye nan "Annexe de l’École Normale d’Institutrices" epi jwenn brevè elemantè li nan lane 1933. Premye maryaj li avèk doktè Aymond Charlier te ateri sou yon divòs. Li vin remarye avèk yon ajan Vwayaj ki rele Pierre Chauvet. Kom [[Marie-Thérèse Colimon]], Marie Vieux-Chauvet pase tout vi li ap goumen kont abi yo nan tout kalite ki se viktim yo nan fanm, malere a, dezerite yo ak tout fèb yo. Nan premye woman li, ''La Légende des fleurs'' (pibliye anba non Colibri), Marie Vieux-Chauvet mete aksan anpil sou rèv fratènite ak solidarite ki motive ekri li yo. Li pibliye plizyè woman, tout domine pa pwoblèm nan egalite ak lajistis. [[Brun Ricot]], [[Seymour Pradel]], [[Jacques Stephen Alexis]] te konn enspire li avèk prensip egalite yo te konn degaje nan zèv yo. Woman li yo chita tou sou yon seri tèm tankou [[vodou]], [[esklavaj]], [[kolonyalis]] ak [[ewotis]]. Kouran ideyalis e egzistansyalis Marie Chauvet ap degaje nan zèv li yo, vin bay li yon vwa politik ki fò anpil. Nan ''Fille d’Haiti'', li mansyone yon mouvman revolisyonè ki, daprè sous yo, ta sanble anonse sa ki ta pral pase lè [[François Duvalier]] pran pouvwa a. Nan lòt woman li, ''La danse sur le volcan'' (1957), li dekri sitiyasyon fanm ayisyèn yo nan yon jèn ras melanje, sou anbisyon imen ak dezanchantman nan fas a yon sosyete pa kapab ale pi devan. Nou jwenn kèk pèsonaj ki make listwa peyi Dayiti kòm [[Vincent Ogé]]. Nan kòmansman ane 1960 yo, Marie Chauvet vin tounen yon lidè nan domèn literati ayisyèn an. Li se sèl grenn fanm, pami yon seri gwo ekriven epòk la tankou [[René Philoctète]], [[Davertige]], [[Rolang Morisseau]], [[Serge Legagneur]], [[Anthony Phelps]]. Li te konn ouvri kay li, ki te zòn [[Boudon]], pou reyalize tout sa ki gen pou wè avèk reyinyon sosyal epi literè. Anba rejim Duvalier a, Marie Vieux-Chauvet rive pwodui nan 6 mwa, premye vèsyon youn nan gwo manman penmba woman li ki se ''Amour, Colère et Folie''. Nan woman sa a, li chwazi denonse tout prejije sosyal ki gen pou wè avèk koulè po moun. Lè [[Simone de Beauvoir]], ki te zanmi li, fin li liv, li mete dife pou mezon edisyon Gallimard, pibliye woman sila nan lane 1968. Nan yon entèvyou, sè Marie, Lilian, rakonte asasina neve li epi arestasyon ak disparisyon pitit li ki te fèt nan menm ane sa. Sa ki te oblije li ak tout rès fanmi an, kanpe an kwa pou woman an pa pibliye. Sa yo fè, yo achte nan edisyon Gallimard tout estòk woman an epi yo anpeche yo mete li sou mache a. Lè Marie wè tout bon vrè tout baryè ki sou wout li, li deside egzile tèt li nan vil Nouyòk epi divòse avèk dezyèm mari li. Pandan li te Nouyòk, li marye avèk yon Ameriken, Ted Proudfoot. Ant 1971 (dat lanmò François Duvalier) ak 1973 (dat lanmò Marie Vieux-Chauvet), li ekri dènye liv li, ''Les rapaces'', ki pale sou wòl yon ekriven ki engaje, e li fè kèk komantè tou sou klas sosyal ayisyèn an ak relasyon dependans ki egziste ant pouvwa ayisyen ak pwisans etranjè yo. Marie Vieux-Chauvet mouri dat 19 jen 1973 nan Nouyòk. Nan lane 2004, 2005, 2014, 2015, mezon edisyon Zellig edite yon lòt fwa ankò kèk nan woman li yo , tankou : ''La danse sur le volcan'' (2004), ''Amour, colere et Folie'' (2005), ''Fille d’Haiti’’ (2014), ''Fonds des Nègres'' (2015). Nan lane 2016, anpil aktivite te òganize pou selebre santenè nesans otè a nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], [[Nouyòk]] ak [[Monreyal]]. == Zèv li yo (seleksyon) == === Woman === * 1954 ː ''Fille d’Haïti'', [[Pari]], Fasquelle * 1957 ː ''La Danse sur le volcan'', [[Pari]], Plon; [[Pari]] / Léchelle, Maisonneuve & Larose / Edisyon Emina Soleil, 2004 * 1960 ː ''Fonds des Nègres'', [[Pòtoprens]], Henri Deschamps * 1968 ː ''Amour, colère et folie'', [[Pari]], Gallimard, 1968; [[Pari]] / Léchelle, Maisonneuve & Larose / Rééditions Emina Soleil, 2005 / reedisyon Zulma, coll. Z/a, 2015, postfas [[Dany Laferrière]] * 1986 ː ''Les Rapaces'', [[Pòtoprens]], Henri Deschamps === Teyat === * 1947 ː ''La Légende des fleurs'', [[Pòtoprens]], Henri Deschamps, 1947; Pòtoprens: Rééditions Marie Vieux, 2009. * 1948 ː ''Samba''. Miz an sèn ane 1948 nan [[Pòtoprens]] * 2008 ː ''Amour, colère et folie'', adaptasyon José Pliya. [[Pari]] Avant-Scène Théâtre Woman ''Amour, colère et folie'' te adapte pou teyat pa José Pliya. "Amour", mete nan sèn pa Vincent Goethals, avèk Magali Comeau-Denis (Claire) ak Cyril Viallon (dansè) ak jwe nan l'Artchipel (Gwadloup), sou Scène nationale d'Evry ak nan Tarmac de la Villette, 2007-2008; "Colère" mete nan sèn pa François Rancillac, avèk Nicole Dogué (Laura), nan Artchipel (Gwadloup) nan mwa oktòb 2008; ak "Folie" mete nan sèn pa José Exélis, nan mwa oktòb 2009 nan Artchipel. === Nouvèl === * 1954 ː ''Ti-Moune nan bois'', Optique 7 (septanm 1954): 57-60. == Rekonpans == * 1954 ː Pri "Alliance Française", pou ''Fille d'Haïti'' * 1960 ː Pri "France-Antilles", pou ''Fonds des Nègres'' * 1986 ː Pri "Deschamps" (postim), pou ''Amour, colère et folie'' == Bibliyografi == * 2013 ː ''[[Féminines Traversées]]'' == Referans == * Araujo, Nara. ''"The Contribution of women's writing to the literature and intellectual achievements of the Caribbean: Moi, Tituba Sorciere and Amour, Colere et Folie."'' Journal of Black Studies 25.2 (desanm 1994): 217-230. * Asibong, Andrew. ''"Mulier Sacra: Marie Chauvet, Marie Darrieussecq and the Sexual Metamorphoses of 'Bare Life'."'' French Cultural Studies 14.2 (jen 2003): 169-177. * Boisvert, Jayne R. ''"Erzulie, the Divine Paradox: as Rose in Chauvet's Colère and as Noémie in Ollivier's Mère-Solitude"''. Journal of Haitian Studies 8.1 (mas 2002): 27-38. * Chancy, Myriam J.A. ''"Framing Silence: Revolutionary Novels by Haitian Women"''. New Brunswick: Rutgers U. Press, 1997. Condé, Maryse. ''"Les conflits politiques"''. La Parole des femmes; essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979: 98-110. * Dayan, Joan. ''"Reading Women in the Caribbean: Marie Chauvet's Love, Anger, and Madness."'' Displacements: Women, Tradition, Literatures in French. Nancy K. Miller and Joan Dejean, eds. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1991): 228-53. * Dayan, Joan. ''"Fictions of Haiti"''. Haiti, History, and the Gods. Berkeley: U. of California Press, 1995: 77-139. * Duffey, Carolyn. ''"In Flight from the Borderlines: Roses, Rivers, and Missing Haitian History in Marie Chauvet's 'Colère' and Edwidge Danticat's Krik? Krak! and The Farming of Bones."'' Journal of Caribbean Literatures 3.1 (2002): 156-170. * Fowler, Carolyn. ''"Marie Chauvet"''. Dictionnaire littéraire des femmes de langue française (Christiane P. Makward et Madeleine Cottenet-Hage, éds). Paris: Karthala, 1996: 126-128. * Hoffmann, Léon-François. ''"Formation sociale, déformation personnelle: l'éducation de Claire dans Amour de Marie Chauvet"''. Études Créoles 17.2 (1995): 87-91. * [[Yanick Lahens]]. ''"Faulkner-Chauvet: un cas d'intertextualité (Colère)"''. Chemins Critiques 2 (septanm 1991): 189-207. * Laroche, Maximilien. ''"Trois Etudes sur "Folie" de Marie Chauvet"''. Montréal: GRELCA, 1984. * Marty, Anne. ''"Entre je et nous, l'oeuvre de Marie Chauvet est fécondée par la conscience du tragique"''. Pour Haïti (Paris) 24 (avril 1997): 23-27. * Paravisini-Gebert, Lizabeth. ''"Haiti in the Works of Marie Chauvet: an Introduction"''. Cimarrón 2 (1990): 225-233. * Peterson, Michel. ''"Angoisse, corps et pouvoir dans Amour de Marie Chauvet"''. Elles écrivent des Antilles (Suzanne Rinne et Joëlle Vitiello, éds.). Pari: L'Harmattan, 1997: 39-49. * Sandin-Fremaint, Pedro A. ''"A Theological Reading of Four Novels by Marie Chauvet: In Search of Christic Voices"''. Lewiston, New York: Mellon Press, 1992. * Charfman, Ronnie. ''"Theorizing Terror: The Discourse of Violence in Marie Chauvet's Amour Colère Folie"''. Postcolonial Subjects; Francophone Women Writers. (Mary Jean Green et al., éds.), Minneapolis: U. of Minnesota Press, 1996: 229-245. * Serrano, Lucienne. ''"L'Étrange et le familier: Étude sur « Amour » dans Amour, Colère et Folie de Marie Chauvet"''. Francographies 11 (2002): 145-156. * Shelton, Marie-Denise. ''"Problématique de l'espace dans l'oeuvre de Marie Chauvet"''. Notre Librairie 132 (oktob-desanm 1997): 142-151. * Wainwright, Edith. ''"La présence africaine dans les oeuvres féminines haïtiennes : Marie Chauvet, Marie-Thérèse Colimon, [[Paulette Poujol Oriol]]"''. The Journal of Haitian Studies 3/4 (1997-1998): 96-102. == Lyen deyò == * [http://ile-en-ile.org/chauvet/ Marie Vieux-Chauvet] sou ile-en-ile.org * [http://www.potomitan.info/kebek/tavernier.php Zèv Marie Vieux-Chauvet resisite] sou potomitan.info * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140209141918/http://www.haiti-reference.com/notables/getperson.php?personID=I32&tree=ecrivains Biyografi, jeneyaloji ak bibliyografi Marie Vieux-Chauvet] sou haiti-reference.com * [http://www.haitiwebs.com/emagazine/content/view/716/155/lang,en/ Biyografi ak bibliyografi Marie Vieux-Chauvet] sou haitiwebs.com {{DEFAULTSORT:Vieux-Chauvet, Marie}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Fanm]] [[Kategori:Literati]] [[Kategori:Ekriven]] [[Kategori:Fanm ekriven]] [[Kategori:Ekriven ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1916]] [[Kategori:Lanmò 1973]] l1ixq9sirjxbr9jkk4j4eiuhqvnins4 0 14754 889347 863724 2026-10-24T21:24:26Z CommonsDelinker 161 Replacing Huracán_Hugo.jpg with [[File:Hugo_1989-09-21_1844Z_(large_labeled).jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: Criterion 4 - conforms to other similar files' formats for storm images). 889347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{eboch}} [[Fichye:Hugo 1989-09-21 1844Z (large labeled).jpg|250px|right|thumb|Meteyoloji ː ouragan Hugo]] [[Fichye:Rolling-thunder-cloud.jpg|thumb|[[Akis]] ki fòme yon baryè nyaj nan [[Enschede]], ([[Peyiba]]).]] '''Meteyoloji''' se yon branch syans latè ki etidye lè ki antoure [[planèt]] nou an ; etid fenomèn atmosferik tankou [[bwouya]], [[nyaj]], [[lanèj]], [[lapli]] ak [[zeklè]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/mlg/hss/Creole_hs_M.pdf |title=Kopi achiv |access-date=2010-08-01 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728065317/http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/mlg/hss/Creole_hs_M.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:Syans]] 2x5h74mxhnnjfw67kif2na4u2bfhjtj 0 21237 889313 812167 2026-10-24T15:20:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 889313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moun |non=Vito Volterra |foto=Vito Volterra.jpg |tèks= Vito Volterra |fonksyon=matematisyen |domèn=Matematik |diplòm=Inivèsite Piz |etid= |dat nesans= [[3 me]] [[1860]] |lye nesans= [[Ancône (Itali)|Ancône]] |peyi nesans=[[Itali]] |dat lanmò= [[11 oktòb]] [[1940]] |lye lanmò= [[Wòm (Itali)|Wòm]] |peyi lanmò= [[Itali]] |nasyonalite=italyen |zèv= Ekwasyon entegral |nòt= }} '''Vito Volterra''', ki fèt [[3 me]] [[1860]] nan [[Ancône (Itali)|Ancône]] nan [[Marches]] epi li mouri [[11 oktòb]] [[1940]] nan [[Wòm (Itali)|Wòm]]),se yon [[matematisyen]] ak [[fizisyen]] [[Itali|italyen]]. == Biyografi == Volterra fèt nan yon fanmi pòv. == Zèv li yo == * {{cite book|year=1899|title=Sur la théorie des variations des latitudes|editor=[[Acta Mathematica]]}} * ''[https://archive.org/details/leonssurlintgrat29783gut Leçons sur l'intégration des Équations Différentielles aux Dérivées Partielles]'', Upsal, 1906 * {{cite book|year=1907|title=Sur l’équilibre des corps élastiques multiplement connexes|editor=Annales Scientifiques de l’École Normale Supérieure}} * {{cite book|year=1910|url=http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.math/docviewer?did=00750002&view=50&frames=0&seq=7|title=Leçons sur les fonctions de lignes|location=Paris|editor=Gauthier-Villars|access-date=2020-06-28|archive-date=2004-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040129000939/http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.math/docviewer?did=00750002&view=50&frames=0&seq=7|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite book|year=1912|url=https://archive.org/details/theoryofpermutab004296mbp|title= The theory of permutable functions|editor=Princeton University Press}} * {{cite book|year=1913|url=http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.math/docviewer?did=01690002&view=50&frames=0&seq=9|title=Leçons sur les équations intégrales et les équations intégro-différentielles|location=Paris|editor=Gauthier-Villars|access-date=2020-06-28|archive-date=2004-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040130183046/http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.math/docviewer?did=01690002&view=50&frames=0&seq=9|dead-url=yes}} * ''Henri Poincaré, l'œuvre scientifique, l'œuvre philosophique'', Vito Volterra, [[Jacques Hadamard]], [[Paul Langevin]], [[Pierre Boutroux]], edisyon [[Félix Alcan]], coll. «[[Nouvelle collection scientifique]]», 1914. * {{cite book|title=Variazioni e fluttuazioni del numero d'individui in specie animali conviventi|year=1926|journal=Mem. R. Accad. Naz. dei Lincei|pages= 31–113}} <!-- tad. en anglais : Vito Volterra. 1926. Fluctuations in the Abundance of a Species considered Mathematically. Nature, Volume 118, Issue 2972, pp. 558-560 (1926).--> * {{cite book|year=1931|editor=Gauthier-Villars|title= Leçons sur la théorie mathématique de la lutte pour la vie|publisher= Jacques Gabay en 1990|isbn=2-87647-066-7}} * (avèk U. D'Ancona) ''Les associations biologiques au point de vue mathématique'', Hermann, 1935 * {{cite book|year=1937|title=Principes de biologie mathématique|editor=Acta Biotheoretica}} * {{cite book|year=1960|url=http://archive.numdam.org/article/MSM_1960__147__3_0.pdf |title=Sur les Distorsions des corps élastiques |author= Enrico Volterra|location=Paris|editor= Gauthier-Villars}} == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12144356v Vito Volterra] sou bnf.fr * [https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=33908 Vito Volterra] sou genealogy.math * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071030132130/http://www.numdam.org/numdam-bin/recherche?h=aur&aur=Volterra,+Vito&format=short Kèk atik] sou [[numdam]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Volterra, Vito}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Matematik]] [[Kategori:Matematisyen]] [[Kategori:Matematisyen italyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1860]] [[Kategori:Lanmò 1940]] rj0wl0287b5ldwm8jncjyte1u1ky0v8 0 61177 889310 807186 2026-10-24T14:20:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 889310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taksinomi''' oswa '''taksonomi''' se yon branch biyoloji ki etidye divèsite èt vivan. Aktivite sa a dekri, gwoupe ak nonmen [[òganis]] yo selon etid karakteristik komen yo. Kategori yerarchize rele [[takson]]. Biyolojis ki etidye taksinomi rele taksninomis. Li dwe ofri zouti ak metòd pou idantifye yo (an patikilye lè li sèvi avèk [[kle detèminasyon]]). Rekonesans nan kominote syantifik kategori sa yo baze sou pètinans [[deskripsyon espès|deskripsyon]] yo, atribisyon yon [[nomanklati|non]] ak [[Klasifikasyon syantifik espès|klasifikasyon]] yo nan òganis vivan.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dr Sabah CHERMAT|title=Introduction à la systématique C 1 - Botanique Pharmaceutique 2ème Année Pharmacie|url=http://univ.ency-education.com/uploads/1/3/1/0/13102001/pharm2an19_botanique-introduction_systematique.pdf|format=pdf|website=univ.ency-education.com|location=Sétif|editor=Université Sétif UFAS1|year=2018|accessdate=6 mas 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130040757/http://univ.ency-education.com/uploads/1/3/1/0/13102001/pharm2an19_botanique-introduction_systematique.pdf|archive-date=2023-01-30|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Taksonomi kontanporen kounye a baze sou yon konsepsyon fondamantalman evolitif (apwòch ki te fè posib an patikilye pa devlopman nan biyoloji molekilè<ref>{{cite book|author1=Guillaume Lecointre|author2=Dominique Visset|author3=Bosquet, Gilles|author4=Charrier, David|title=Classification phylogénétique de Guillaume Lecointre et Hervé Le Guyader|location=Paris|editor=Belin|year=|pages =831|isbn=978-2-410-00385-7|oclc=987914329}}</ref> pandan dezyèm mwatye nan 20yèm syèk la), atravè itilizasyon [[Jenetik popilasyon yo|jenetik popilasyon]] pou mete aksan sou egzistans li, nouvo espès, oswa analiz filojenetik pou klase yo. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:Syans]] k1488e8usuitijbahmjrt84vk6wqlpc 10 62585 889419 888716 2026-10-25T03:28:46Z Kitanago 19629 889419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Infobox|build|nom={{#invoke:Infobox/Infobox universelle|main|{{{wikidata|}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{Infobox en Lua|{{#invoke:Infobox/Infobox universelle|templateName|{{{wikidata|}}}}} via Modèl:Infobox}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}} </noinclude> h1i31bxrxkddzwv781sxdjijxi110vu 0 65023 889314 808596 2026-10-24T15:40:25Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 889314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moun |non= Yaa Asantewaa |foto= |tèks= |fonksyon= Rèn mè, chèf militè |domèn= politik |diplòm= |etid= |dat nesans=[[1840]] |lye nesans= Besease |peyi nesans=[[Gana]] |dat lanmò= [[17 oktòb]] [[1921]] |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= [[Sechèl]] |nasyonalite= |relijyon= |rezidans= |kontak= |Biyografi= |zèv= |omaj= |rekonpans= |remak= |fim= }} '''Yaa Asantewaa''' (c. [[1840]] – [[17 oktòb]] [[1921]]) (pwononse <span class="IPA nopopups">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/ 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span> <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑː/ 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'no'">n</span><span title="/./ syllable break">.</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/eɪ/ long 'a' in 'base'">eɪ</span><span title="/./ syllable break">.</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</span>) te vin renn Ejisu nan Lanpi Ashanti —ki fè pati de peyi [[Gana]] jodi-a— apre frèl Nana Akwasi Afrane Okpese, Ejisuhene—oswa chèf nan Ejisu te vin bal tit la. An 1900, li te lidè  rebelyon Ashanti yo rele Lagè Asantewaa oubyen Lagè Twòn Dore, kont kolon Angle.<ref>[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah Appiah, Kwame Anthony], and [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates,_Jr. Henry Louis Gates, Jr.] (eds), ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience'', p. 276.</ref> == Anfans li == Yaa Asantewaa te fèt an 1840 nan Besease nan sant peyi [[Gana]]. Li te lene nan yon fanmi de timoun. Frèl, Afrane Panin te vin Chèf nan Edweso, yon kominote ki tou pre. Apre yon anfans san pwoblèm, li te kiltive latè ki sou nan alantou Boankra. Li te antre nan yon maryaj poligam ak yon nonm soti nan Kumsai e li te gen yon pitit fi avèl.<ref name="dq">{{cite web |url=http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/07/22/yaa-asantewaa/ |title=Yaa Asantewaa |date=22 jiyè 2016 |publisher=Dangerous Women |language= |author=Korsah, Chantal |access-date=20 fevriye 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221010958/http://dangerouswomenproject.org/2016/07/22/yaa-asantewaa/ |archive-date=2017-02-21 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Kijan rebelyon an kòmanse == Pandan rèy frè li, Yaa Asantewaa te wè Konfederasyon Ashanti pase anpil tray ki menase lavni li, kankou yon gè sivil soti nan 1883 rive nan 1888. Lè frèl te mouri an 1894, Yaa Asantewaa itilize dwa li tankou Manman Renn peyi a pou nonmen pitit pitit li kòm Ejisuhene. Lè Angle yo depòtel nan la [[Sechèl|Se]]<nowiki/>chèl an 1896, ansanm ak [[List of rulers of Asante|Wa Asante]] Prempeh I  ak lòt manm nan gouvènman Asante an, Yaa Asantewaa te vin rejan nan distrik Ejisu-Juaben. Apre depòtasyon Prempeh I, gouvènè-jeneral Kòt Dò a, Frederick Hodgson ki te yon blan Angle,  te egzije oou yo remèt li twòn dore-a ki se senbòl nanchon Asante-a. Dikta sa-a te  a te fè  rès manm gouvènman Asante a reyini nan Kumasi pou diskite kijan pou yo fè wa yo tounen lakay li. Yo pat rive dakò sou kijan pou sa te fèt. Yaa Asantewaa, ki te prezan nan reyinyon sa a te kanpe poul pale ak manm konsèy la. Pawòl li nan okazyon sa-a vin selèb:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackhistoryheroes.com/2010/05/queen-mother-nana-yaa-asantewaa.html|title=Queen Mother Nana Yaa Asantewaa of West Africa's Ashanti Empire|publisher=Black History Heroes|language=|accessdate=20 fevriye 2017}}</ref><blockquote>"Sanble gen nan nou ki pè batay pou wa nou. Mwen sonje epòk  Osei Tutu, Okomfo Anokye ak Opuki Ware, epòk chèf ki pat kite moun vin atake wa nou. Pat gen okenn blan ki tap vin pèmèt li pale ak ak Chèf Asante jan gouvènè angle a te vin pal avèk nou maten an. Eske se ta vre Asante pa gen grenn ankò? Mwen pa ka kwè sa. Li pa ka! Map sèmante: si gason vanyan Asante yo pap batay, en ben noumenm fanm nap degaje nou. Map rele fanm parèy mwen. Nou pral goumen kont nonm blan yo. Nou pral goumen jouk nou tout tonbe sou chan batay la."<ref name="Oforka2015">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZQ_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT97|title=The Bleeding Continent: How Africa Became Impoverished and Why It Remains Poor|last=Oforka|first=Venatius Chukwudum|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=2015|isbn=978-1-5144-2972-3|pages=97–}}</ref></blockquote>Nan denmen maten, 28 Mas 1900, Yaa Asantewaa rasanble fanm yo ansanm, ak tout gason ki deside swiv yo. Ak yon lame senk mil moun, li te dirije  [[Asante Uprising|Soulèvman]] Asante ke yon vin rele Lagè Twòn Dore a. Ak sipò rès noblès Asante-a, li te goumen ak vanyans kont Britanik yo.<ref name="Commey2012">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNFaDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|title=100 Greatest African Kings And Queens ( Volume One )|last=Commey|first=Pusch Komiete|publisher=BookBaby|year=2012|isbn=978-1-62488-777-2|pages=53–}}</ref> == Rebelyon an ak konsekans li == [[Fichye:Yaa_Asantewaa's_Cell.jpg|droite|vignette|The room believed to be Yaa Asantewaa's Cell]] An Mas 1900, rebelyon an fè syèj Fò Kumasi a kote Angle yo te refijye. Fò a egziste toujou jodi-ae li rele Mize Militè Fò Kumasi. Apre plizyè mwa, Gouvènè Kot Dò a te voye yon fòs 1.400 moun pou kraze rebelyon an. Pandan tan sa-a, yo kaptire Larenn Yaa Asantewaa ak 15 nan konseye pwòch li , e yo te voye yo ann egzil nan lè Sechèl.<ref>Berry, L. V., ''Ghana: a Country Study''.</ref> Rebelyon an te reprezante batay final la nan yon seri de batay Anglo-Asante ki dire pandan 19e syèk. Nan premye janvye 1902, Angle yo te fin pa akonpli sa lame Asanti te anpeche yo fè pandan yon syèk e lanpi Asanti te vin on protektora  britanik.<ref name="Boahen2003">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4ALSvMlbzUC|title=Yaa Asantewaa and the Asante-British War of 1900-1|last=Boahen|first=A. Adu|publisher=James Currey Publishers|year=2003|isbn=978-0-85255-443-2}}</ref> Yaa Asantewaa te mouri ann ekzil nan peyi Sechèl le 17 oktòb 1921. Twa lane apre lanmò li, nan 27 desanm 1924, Prempeh I ak lòt egzile noblès Asanti yo te retounen nan peyi yo. Prempeh I te fè kò Asantewaa ak lòt depòte Asante yo tounen nan peyi yo  pou yon  antèman wayal kòm sa dwa.<ref name="Boahen2003-2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NA5a78btyKMC&pg=PA25|title=The History of Ashanti Kings and the Whole Country Itself and Other Writings|last=Boahen|first=A. Adu|publisher=British Academy|year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-726261-0|pages=25–}}</ref> Rèv Yaa Asantewaa pou yon peyi Asante san dominasyon kolon Angle  te reyalize nan 6 Mas 1957, lè pwotektora Asante a te pran endepandans ansanm ak rès peyi Gana, premye nasyon Afriken nan Lafrik Ginen ki akonpli sila.<ref name="Bourret1960">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjisAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2|title=Ghana, the Road to Independence, 1919-1957|last=Bourret|first=F. M.|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1960|isbn=978-0-8047-0400-7|pages=2–}}</ref> == Wòl sosyal fanm nan nanchon Asante == Konfwontasyon yon fanm ki  tap sèvi kòm chèf politik ak militè yon anpi pat yon bagay lame kolon Angle te abitye nan 19yèm syèk. Jan Yaa Asantewaa te rasanble fanm nan peyi Akan an soti nan obligasyon politik fanm nan peyi Akan yo ki te gen wòl yo nan lajistis ak nan paleman. Yerachi twòn gason nan pèp Akan te ale men nan men ak  fanm ki nan menm pozisyon. Nan lakou yo, granmoun fanm ki te rele ''mpanyimfo'' yo te travay tèt kole'' '' ak konsèy lakou a ki te rele ''ôdekuro''. Fanm ''mpanyinfo yo te '' travay ak ''aberewa'' oswa ''ôbaa panyin'', pou rezoud pwoblèm fanm. Pou chak ''ôdekuro'', yon ''ôbaa panyin'' te responsab zafè fanm yo nan vilaj la e te sèvi kòm yon manm nan konsèy vilaj la.<ref name="Arhin2001">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vV1yAAAAMAAJ|title=Transformations in Traditional Rule in Ghana: 1951-1996|last=Arhin|first=Kwame|publisher=Sedco|year=2001|isbn=978-9964-72-173-2}}</ref> == Referans == {{Reflist|2}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081230235015/http://www.ghanaclips.com/view_video.php?viewkey=40ce177cf70da146c8dc Yaa Asantewaa nan Manhyia Palace Museum nan Kumasi] {{DEFAULTSORT:Asantewaa, Yaa}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Fanm]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1840]] [[Kategori:Lanmò 1921]] ibqgozc1g21iu26vkza9m9we0t3xhe9 4 67009 889312 888921 2026-10-24T14:44:44Z ListeriaBot 19489 Wikidata list updated [V2] 889312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?linkcount ?item ?itemLabel WHERE { SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],fr" } {?item wdt:P17 wd:Q790.} UNION {?item wdt:P131/wdt:P279* wd:Q790 .} UNION {?item wdt:P27 wd:Q790} ?item wikibase:sitelinks ?linkcount . OPTIONAL {?article schema:about ?item ; schema:isPartOf <https://ht.wikipedia.org/> .} FILTER (!BOUND(?article)) } ORDER BY DESC(?linkcount) LIMIT 200 |sort= |columns=NUMBER:numéro,P18:Image,label:Nom,P625:Géolocalisation,P131:Lieu |thumb=128 }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! numéro ! Image ! Nom ! Géolocalisation ! Lieu |- | style='text-align:right'| 1 | [[Fichye:Sandy 2012-10-25 0320Z.png|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q264|Hurricane Sandy]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 2 | [[Fichye:MUTCD-MI I2-6 (Eastern Time Zone).svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q941023|Eastern Time Zone]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 3 | | ''[[:d:Q273894|Piarists]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 4 | [[Fichye:Monkeypox By Country.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q112070734|2022–2023 mpox outbreak]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 5 | [[Fichye:Map-Francophone World.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q1003588|Francophonie]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 6 | [[Fichye:Windwardpassagemap.JPG|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q140265|Windward Passage]]'' | {{Coord|20|-74|display=inline}} | |- | style='text-align:right'| 7 | [[Fichye:Wilson Isidor in 2022.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q58484930|Wilson Isidor]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 8 | [[Fichye:John baptist de la salle 1.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q138579|Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools]]'' | {{Coord|41.899|12.423|display=inline}} | ''[[:d:Q498452|North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q1008456|Puerto Cabezas]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 9 | | ''[[:d:Q4131845|Ayisyen]]'' | | [[Ayiti]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 10 | | ''[[:d:Q594254|1973 CONCACAF Championship]]'' | {{Coord|18.5425|-72.3386|display=inline}} | |- | style='text-align:right'| 11 | [[Fichye:Maracanã, 5 de agosto de 2016- onde o Egito encontra o Haiti... -rio2016 (28778328632).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q20113758|Haiti at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 12 | [[Fichye:RC Lens - FC Nantes (28-10-2023) - Duverne.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q26251605|Jean-Kévin Duverne]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 13 | [[Fichye:Hannes Delcroix (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q56011432|Hannes Delcroix]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 14 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q107472171|Haiti at the 2022 Winter Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 15 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q126284599|Haiti at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 16 | | ''[[:d:Q20986|ISO 3166-2:HT]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 17 | | ''[[:d:Q4435409|list of World Heritage Sites in Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 18 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q141217|Haiti at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 19 | | ''[[:d:Q1256655|20th parallel north]]'' | {{Coord|20|0|display=inline}} | |- | style='text-align:right'| 20 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q144034|Haiti at the 1900 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 21 | [[Fichye:Haiti at the opening ceremony of the 1928 Summer Olympics.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q147174|Haiti at the 1928 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 22 | | ''[[:d:Q2467445|Ligue Haïtienne]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 23 | | ''[[:d:Q3439047|War of Dominican Independence]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 24 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q42914391|Haiti at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 25 | [[Fichye:Jimmy "Barbecue" Cherizier 2024.png|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q101440369|Jimmy Chérizier]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 26 | [[Fichye:Bennedict Mathurin (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q105013647|Bennedict Mathurin]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 27 | [[Fichye:Vida y viajes de Cristobal Colón, 1851 Construcción de la fortaleza de La Navidad (3819531625).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q1798978|La Navidad]]'' | {{Coord|19.690556|-72.015833|display=inline}} | |- | style='text-align:right'| 28 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti (civil).svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q2297885|Haiti at the 1924 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 29 | | ''[[:d:Q23772079|Yassin Fortuné]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 30 | | ''[[:d:Q108000394|Lenny Joseph]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 31 | | ''[[:d:Q114355328|Ruben Providence]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 32 | | ''[[:d:Q124392516|Dominique Simon]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 33 | | ''[[:d:Q136466749|Keeto Thermoncy]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 34 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q141075|Haiti at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 35 | | ''[[:d:Q21621771|Duke Lacroix]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 36 | | ''[[:d:Q72697581|Louicius Don Deedson]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 37 | [[Fichye:Garven Metusala.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q107370468|Garven Metusala]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 38 | | ''[[:d:Q107426681|Martin Experiénce]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 39 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q133756484|Haiti at the 2026 Winter Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 40 | | ''[[:d:Q139813358|Woodensky Pierre]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 41 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q143063|Haiti at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 42 | | ''[[:d:Q1024083|1991 CONCACAF Women's Championship]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 43 | | ''[[:d:Q1254997|19th parallel north]]'' | {{Coord|19|0|display=inline}} | |- | style='text-align:right'| 44 | [[Fichye:Port-au-Prince airfield seizure.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q2026486|Operation Uphold Democracy]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 45 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q2194097|Haiti at the 1960 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 46 | | ''[[:d:Q100792937|Josué Casimir]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 47 | | ''[[:d:Q112623666|Alexandre Pierre]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 48 | [[Fichye:Fafà Picault NE Revolution Inter Miami 7.9.25-032 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q5429349|Fafà Picault]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 49 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q1986870|Haiti at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 50 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti (1964–1986).svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q2291898|Haiti at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 51 | | ''[[:d:Q111345092|Carl Sainté]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 52 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q145152|Haiti at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 53 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q150527|Haiti at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 54 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti (1964–1986).svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q168379|Haiti at the 1972 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 55 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti (1964–1986).svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q2489822|Haiti at the 1976 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 56 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti (civil).svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q2651878|Haiti at the 1932 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 57 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q2666070|Haiti at the 1992 Summer Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 58 | [[Fichye:Cap-Haitien seen from Morne Jean Explosion.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q110106709|Cap-Haïtien fuel tanker explosion]]'' | {{Coord|19.751389|-72.205556|display=inline}} | [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap Ayisyen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 59 | [[Fichye:2019-07-17 SG Dynamo Dresden vs. Paris Saint-Germain by Sandro Halank–054 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q69948832|Garissone Innocent]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 60 | [[Fichye:The part is devoted to the contest "Wiki loves folklore".jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q96622031|Wiki Loves Folklore]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 61 | [[Fichye:Michel Patrick Boisvert 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q114735638|Michel Patrick Boisvert]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 62 | | ''[[:d:Q4124963|Armed Forces of Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 63 | | ''[[:d:Q667038|United Nations Mission in Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 64 | | ''[[:d:Q137145245|1974 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 65 | | ''[[:d:Q861844|André Corvington]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 66 | [[Fichye:Rafael Estrella Urena Great Grandfather.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q887837|Rafael Estrella Ureña]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 67 | | ''[[:d:Q131478437|Category:2025 in Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 68 | [[Fichye:Trou Caïman.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q2805779|Trou Caïman]]'' | {{Coord|18.642804|-72.146336|display=inline}} | [[Tomazo (komin)|Tomazo]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 69 | [[Fichye:Order of Merit of the Republic of Haiti (Grade of Commander) - IMG 4985.JPG|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q112390|National Order of Honour and Merit]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 70 | | ''[[:d:Q1449569|Lee Holdridge]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 71 | | ''[[:d:Q1626302|LGBT rights in Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 72 | | ''[[:d:Q1857436|2010–11 Haitian general election]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 73 | [[Fichye:Danish Air Transport ATR-42-300.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q7641058|Sunrise Airways]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 74 | | ''[[:d:Q10530123|Max Hilaire]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 75 | | ''[[:d:Q19702717|Jeppe Simonsen]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 76 | [[Fichye:Lens - Evian (29-02-2016) 17.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q22280180|Dylan Saint-Louis]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 77 | | ''[[:d:Q49004376|Leverton Pierre]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 78 | | ''[[:d:Q60677605|Benji Michel]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 79 | [[Fichye:Fabre-jeune.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q110984265|Jacques Fabre]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 80 | | ''[[:d:Q111536396|Dany Jean]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 81 | [[Fichye:Hotel Montana.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q3121455|Hôtel Montana]]'' | {{Coord|18.527222|-72.297778|display=inline}} | [[Petyonvil (komin)|Petyonvil]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 82 | [[Fichye:Hotel Oloffson mars 2007.JPG|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q3365701|Hotel Oloffson]]'' | {{Coord|18.529444|-72.3375|display=inline}} | ''[[:d:Q47364624|Turgeau]]'' |- | style='text-align:right'| 83 | | ''[[:d:Q4116369|Islam in Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 84 | | ''[[:d:Q2202375|Catholic Church in Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 85 | | ''[[:d:Q2581074|Coupe d'Haïti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 86 | [[Fichye:Frantz Massenat - Lliga Catalana 2019 - by unnika.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q16228333|Frantz Massenat]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 87 | | ''[[:d:Q19883868|Constitution of Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 88 | | ''[[:d:Q26225095|Caye Sable]]'' | {{Coord|18.7|-72.76667|display=inline}} | [[Lwès (depatman)|Lwès]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 89 | | ''[[:d:Q60853298|Arcahaie FC]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 90 | [[Fichye:Danielle Etienne .jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q69803071|Danielle Etienne]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 91 | | ''[[:d:Q107122118|Carnejy Antoine]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 92 | [[Fichye:Grace 2021-08-21 0610Z.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q108141536|Hurricane Grace]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 93 | | ''[[:d:Q110855814|Richardson Viano]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 94 | | ''[[:d:Q119952811|Jayro Jean]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 95 | | ''[[:d:Q3094730|Racing FC]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 96 | | ''[[:d:Q3623880|La Gonâve Arrondissement]]'' | {{Coord|18.8322|-72.8658|display=inline}} | [[Lwès (depatman)|Lwès]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 97 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q5639707|Haiti at the Paralympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 98 | [[Fichye:UN Haiti - MINUSTAH HQ after 2010 earthquake.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q166484|Christopher Hotel]]'' | {{Coord|18.5391|-72.3121|display=inline}} | [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 99 | | ''[[:d:Q1432122|Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haïti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 100 | [[Fichye:Cathedral of Cap-Haitien.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q11737318|Our Lady of the Assumption Cathedral, Cap-Haïtien]]'' | {{Coord|19.761|-72.2007|display=inline}} | [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap Ayisyen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 101 | [[Fichye:Kenny Chery.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q26709113|Kenny Chery]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 102 | | ''[[:d:Q47571408|Nadine Magloire]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 103 | [[Fichye:Shan Borgelin (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q62078453|Shanyder Borgelin]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 104 | [[Fichye:Route Nationale ^3, Lejene, Haiti - panoramio (7).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q3043219|deforestation in Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 105 | | ''[[:d:Q3297666|Massif des Montagnes Noires]]'' | {{Coord|19.0833|-72.25|display=inline}} | |- | style='text-align:right'| 106 | | ''[[:d:Q3504239|Haitian Vodoun Culture Language]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 107 | | ''[[:d:Q3589794|Haiti national under-17 football team]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 108 | | ''[[:d:Q3873766|Ekip baskètbòl Ayiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 109 | [[Fichye:St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral - Howell, New Jersey 02.JPG|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q4126487|Russian Orthodox Eparchy of Eastern America and New York]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 110 | [[Fichye:Michelle Obama and Jill Biden in Haiti 2010.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q5361449|Elisabeth Delatour Préval]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 111 | | ''[[:d:Q5715358|Henri Caesar]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 112 | | ''[[:d:Q6771722|Marlena Wesh]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 113 | [[Fichye:Citadelle Laferrière terrace 2.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q2305026|Ramiers]]'' | {{Coord|19.5736|-72.2442|display=inline}} | [[Milo (komin)|Milo]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 114 | | ''[[:d:Q19881628|2015–16 Haitian parliamentary election]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 115 | | ''[[:d:Q26226528|Ilet a Brouee]]'' | {{Coord|18.128333|-73.590556|display=inline}} | [[Sid (depatman)|Sid]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 116 | | ''[[:d:Q26837183|Mulern Jean]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 117 | | ''[[:d:Q28823593|Anne Marie Coriolan]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 118 | [[Fichye:Bocchit Edmond - 2018 (31046028358) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q56651422|Bocchit Edmond]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 119 | [[Fichye:Chelsea Surpris.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q83906425|Chelsea Surpris]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 120 | | ''[[:d:Q106205592|Lise-Marie Dejean]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 121 | | ''[[:d:Q107476272|Sabiana Anestor]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 122 | | ''[[:d:Q113003310|Haiti at the 2022 World Athletics Championships]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 123 | | ''[[:d:Q121461135|Haiti at the 2023 World Athletics Championships]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 124 | | ''[[:d:Q124742130|2024 Haitian jailbreak]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 125 | | ''[[:d:Q134383521|Téo James Michel]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 126 | | ''[[:d:Q4883|Ron Howard]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 127 | | ''[[:d:Q137183516|Haiti at the 2026 Winter Paralympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 128 | | ''[[:d:Q3163953|Janbatis Chavàn]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 129 | [[Fichye:Lecture-scenique-iphigenie jr-lemoine.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q3169917|Jean-René Lemoine]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 130 | | ''[[:d:Q3316510|Miss Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 131 | [[Fichye:Daniele Battaglia.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q3701868|Daniele Battaglia]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 132 | [[Fichye:Matthew 2010-09-24 1635Z.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q4353265|Tropical Storm Matthew]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 133 | [[Fichye:American University of the Caribbean (Haiti).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q4745323|American University of the Caribbean, Haiti]]'' | {{Coord|18.2134|-73.7547|display=inline}} | [[Okay (komin)|Okay]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 134 | | ''[[:d:Q5856947|Fe y Alegría]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 135 | [[Fichye:EL SAIEH Issa 00.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q5922934|Issa El-Saieh]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 136 | [[Fichye:Human rights index vdem, HTI.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q5938282|human rights in Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 137 | | ''[[:d:Q6726315|Madame Max Adolphe]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 138 | | ''[[:d:Q7136383|Parc St. Victor]]'' | {{Coord|19.753611|-72.2075|display=inline}} | [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap Ayisyen]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 139 | | ''[[:d:Q110664|Léonard Pétion Laroche]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 140 | [[Fichye:Hispaniolanpineforest.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q287885|Hispaniolan pine forests]]'' | {{Coord|18.33|-71.78|display=inline}} | |- | style='text-align:right'| 141 | | ''[[:d:Q655961|United Nations Transition Mission in Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 142 | | ''[[:d:Q1060772|list of Roman Catholic dioceses in Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 143 | | ''[[:d:Q1353457|Haiti at the 2012 Summer Paralympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 144 | | ''[[:d:Q1531692|Raboteau Massacre]]'' | {{Coord|19.45|-72.683333|display=inline}} | [[Gonayiv (awondisman)|Gonayiv]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 145 | | ''[[:d:Q1569605|Haiti Davis Cup team]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 146 | | ''[[:d:Q1654386|Inivèsite Notre Dame Ayiti]]'' | {{Coord|18.528689|-72.335342|display=inline}} | [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 147 | | ''[[:d:Q2069340|rail transport in Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 148 | | ''[[:d:Q2299927|Haiti at the 2008 Summer Paralympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 149 | [[Fichye:Flag of Haiti.svg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q2497054|Haiti at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 150 | | ''[[:d:Q16587373|National Unity Party]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 151 | [[Fichye:Cathédrale Jérémie Haïti.JPG|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q17608165|St. Louis King of France Cathedral]]'' | {{Coord|18.6447|-74.1146|display=inline}} | [[Jeremi (komin)|Jeremi]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 152 | [[Fichye:Marie-Denise Douyon au maison de la culture Claude-Léveillé.png|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q19666225|Marie-Denise Douyon]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 153 | | ''[[:d:Q19895065|French Haitian]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 154 | | ''[[:d:Q24744408|2016–17 Haitian Senate election]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 155 | | ''[[:d:Q26704937|Frantz Dorsainvil]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 156 | | ''[[:d:Q28086332|Ashkanov Apollon]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 157 | | ''[[:d:Q28941174|FC Juventus des Cayes]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 158 | | ''[[:d:Q30074499|Axel Louissaint]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 159 | | ''[[:d:Q34383826|Haiti at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 160 | | ''[[:d:Q51120334|Myrlande Constant]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 161 | | ''[[:d:Q57037767|Ángel Orelién]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 162 | | ''[[:d:Q62653313|Ronaldo Damus]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 163 | | ''[[:d:Q68166407|Haiti at the 2019 World Championships in Athletics]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 164 | | ''[[:d:Q70531330|Mikerline Saint-Félix]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 165 | | ''[[:d:Q83880803|Roseline Éloissaint]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 166 | | ''[[:d:Q83887546|Kethna Louis]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 167 | [[Fichye:82 Stevenson Savart 0211.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q132831156|Stevenson Savart]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 168 | [[Fichye:Aleksandr Guboglo CF Montreal NYCFC 6.28.25-016 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q132862176|Aleksandr Guboglo]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 169 | [[Fichye:Kiki Haiti.JPG|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q118219922|Shwendesky Joseph]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 170 | [[Fichye:Brooklyn FC vs DC Power FC (Aug 2026) 22 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q118366884|Claire Constant]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 171 | | ''[[:d:Q2879687|Port-au-Prince Bay]]'' | {{Coord|18.617616|-72.45092|display=inline}} | [[Pòtoprens (awondisman)|Pòtoprens]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 172 | | ''[[:d:Q3208335|Montagne Terrible]]'' | {{Coord|18.8897|-72.4008|display=inline}}<br/>{{Coord|18.88972|-72.40028|display=inline}} | [[Sen Mak (awondisman)|Sen Mak]] |- | style='text-align:right'| 173 | | ''[[:d:Q3366461|Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 174 | [[Fichye:Fort Saint Joseph - Fort Liberte (Looking South).jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q3403821|Capture of Fort-Dauphin]]'' | {{Coord|19.667778|-71.839722|display=inline}} | |- | style='text-align:right'| 175 | | ''[[:d:Q3419888|Rally of Progressive National Democrats]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 176 | | ''[[:d:Q3485996|Siege of Port-au-Prince]]'' | {{Coord|18.5425|-72.338611|display=inline}} | |- | style='text-align:right'| 177 | | ''[[:d:Q3532552|Tortug' Air]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 178 | [[Fichye:Yvette Bonny Entrée principale.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q3574037|Yvette Bonny]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 179 | | ''[[:d:Q3589796|équipe d'Haïti de volley-ball féminin]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 180 | [[Fichye:Alix Pasquet.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q4727515|Alix Pasquet]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 181 | | ''[[:d:Q4809359|association football in Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 182 | [[Fichye:Haiti-locator.png|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q4871314|Battle of Jean-Rabel]]'' | {{Coord|19.918333|-73.2|display=inline}} | |- | style='text-align:right'| 183 | | ''[[:d:Q4895878|Bertrand Madsen]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 184 | | ''[[:d:Q5354703|elections in Haiti]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 185 | | ''[[:d:Q5639691|Haiti Billie Jean King Cup team]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 186 | | ''[[:d:Q5639745|1987 Haitian general election]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 187 | | ''[[:d:Q6904034|Montagnes du Cibao]]'' | {{Coord|18.216667|-71.966667|display=inline}} | |- | style='text-align:right'| 188 | | ''[[:d:Q766764|Dieudonné LaMothe]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 189 | | ''[[:d:Q1089416|Andre Pascal]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 190 | | ''[[:d:Q1149808|Brother Voodoo]]'' | | |- | style='text-align:right'| 191 | [[Fichye:Les Trois-Rivières en Haïti.jpg|center|128px]] | ''[[:d:Q1952095|Les Trois Rivières]]'' | {{Coord|19.95|-72.866667|display=inline}} | |- | style='text-align:right'| 192 | | ''[[:d:Q2036275|Osvaldo Jeanty]]'' | | |} {{Wikidata list end}} l2ws5lysh6wzgl3xr6fx653xr6zubyx 0 73897 889309 878482 2026-10-24T13:57:58Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 889309 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Spherical pressure waves.gif|thumb|upright=1|Pwopagasyon onn yo ki esferik yo pou presyon an yo nan you bagay ki flou.]] '''Son''', nenpòt bagay zòrèy kapab tande.<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Western Electrical Company|title=Fundamentals of Telephone Communication Systems|date=1969|page=2.1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=px3oVGXr4mo|title=What Does Sound Look Like?|date=9 April 2014|work=NPR|publisher=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410064648/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=px3oVGXr4mo|archive-date=10 April 2014|access-date=9 April 2014}}</ref> '''son''' an se you [[vibrasyon]] [[Mekanik (syans)|mekanik]] ki pou [[bagay flou (matyè)| bagay flou]], ki gaye sou fòm [[onn]] lonjitidinal gras a [[defòmasyon elastik]] ki son bagay flou li menm. Moun ki ap viv, tankou anpil [[zannimo]], resanti vibrasyon sa a gras ak sans ki pou [[zòrèy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aip.org/pacs/pacs2010/individuals/pacs2010_regular_edition/reg_acoustics_appendix.htm|title=PACS 2010 Regular Edition—Acoustics Appendix|last=Acoustical Society of America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514111126/http://www.aip.org/pacs/pacs2010/individuals/pacs2010_regular_edition/reg_acoustics_appendix.htm|archive-date=14 May 2013|access-date=22 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="JHU">{{cite web|url=http://pages.jh.edu/~virtlab/ray/acoustic.htm|title=The Propagation of sound|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430054640/http://pages.jh.edu/~virtlab/ray/acoustic.htm|archive-date=30 April 2015|access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref> [[Akoustik]] se syans ki etidye son ; [[esikowakoustik]] etidye mannyè kote [[ògàn]] yo ki pou [[kò moun]] nan [[sansasyon|resanti]] e [[omo sapyens|moun vivan]] [[pèsepsyon|wèlwen]] e entèprèt son yo.<ref>[http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/space-environment/1-is-there-sound-in-space.html Is there sound in space?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016010300/http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/space-environment/1-is-there-sound-in-space.html|date=2017-10-16}} Northwestern University.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170618062312/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/150-people-in-astronomy/space-exploration-and-astronauts/general-questions/918-can-you-hear-sounds-in-space-beginner Can you hear sounds in space? (Beginner)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618062312/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/150-people-in-astronomy/space-exploration-and-astronauts/general-questions/918-can-you-hear-sounds-in-space-beginner|date=2017-06-18}}. Cornell University.</ref> == Onn sonò == [[Fichye:Thoth08BigasDrumEvansChalmette.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Onn sonò]] '''Onn sonò''' se yon varyasyon presyon ki retransmèt atravè matyè kòm yon onn lonjitidinal; li reflete, li entèfere epi li gen frekans, longèdonn, vitès ak anplitid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/mlg/hss/Creole_hs_S.pdf|title=Kopi achiv|access-date=2020-02-19|archive-date=2011-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728065011/http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/mlg/hss/Creole_hs_S.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idehpoyan.com/%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9/|title=عايق صوتي ديوار|website=idehpoyan|language=fa-IR|access-date=2025-01-01|archive-date=2024-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209004235/https://idehpoyan.com/%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%82-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>[https://phys.org/news/2019-03-evidence-mass.html Beyond cloning: Harnessing the power of virtual quantum broadcasting]</ref> == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * {{cite web |url=http://www.aip.org/pacs/pacs2010/individuals/pacs2010_regular_edition/reg_acoustics_appendix.htm|title=PACS 2010 Regular Edition—Acoustics Appendix|last=Acoustical Society of America|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514111126/http://www.aip.org/pacs/pacs2010/individuals/pacs2010_regular_edition/reg_acoustics_appendix.htm|archive-date=14 May 2013|access-date=22 May 2013}} [[Kategori:Syans]] m7bjue1ldtaq6fjh9am9fgsc75yvui6 0 83444 889311 801745 2026-10-24T14:28:12Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 889311 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''The Better Man''''' se yon [[sinema ameriken|fim ameriken]] soti an [[1914]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/B/BetterMan1914.html |title=The Better Man |access-date=2022-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529121329/https://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/B/BetterMan1914.html |archive-date=2022-05-29 |dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>Steven J. Ross. ''Working-Class Hollywood: Silent Film and the Shaping of Class in America''</ref> == Aktè == * [[William Courtleigh]] kòm Mark Stebbing * [[Arthur Hoops]] kòm Lionel Barmore * [[Alice Claire Elliott]] kòm Margaret Wharton == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0003677/ ''The Better Man''] sou IMDb [[Kategori:1914]] [[Kategori:Sinema]] [[Kategori:Fim]] [[Kategori:Fim ameriken]] euarmg3v7e7jbrzq2r2gsh1fdyzymbz 10 88848 889330 844203 2026-10-24T20:10:23Z Kitanago 19629 889330 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{nocat|}}}|oui||[[Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti - {{{eta|demand}}}]]}} {{Anvan kad kolore|{{#switch:{{{eta|demand}}} |demand=écarlate |aktyèl=orange |reli=vertmoyen }}}} Atik sa a gen yon demand pou relekti pa [[Wikipedya:Atelye relekti|Atelye relekti]]. * eta : {{#switch:{{{eta|demand}}} |demand='''{{Wouj|demand}}''' |aktyèl='''{{Oranj|aktyèl}}''' |relu='''{{Vèt|reli}}''' }} * demandè : {{#ifeq:{{{demandè|}}}||''renseigner le paramètre <code>demandè</code>''|[[Itilizatè:{{{demandè}}}|{{{demandè}}}]] - <small>([[Diskisyon itilizatè:{{{demandè}}}|diskite]])</small>}} * dat demand la : {{#ifeq:{{{dat demand la|}}}||''renseigner le paramètre <code>dat demand la</code>''|{{{dat demand la}}}}} * relektè : {{#ifeq:{{{relektè|}}}|||[[Itilizatè:{{{relektè}}}|{{{relektè}}}]] - <small>([[Diskisyon itilizatè:{{{relektè}}}|diskite]])</small>}} ** pran an chaj nan dat : {{#ifeq:{{{dat pac|}}}|||{{{dat pac}}}}} ** fini nan dat: {{#ifeq:{{{dat fin|}}}|||{{{dat fin}}}}} * kòmantè : {{#ifeq:{{{kòmantè|}}}|||{{{kòmantè}}}}} * avansman : {{#if:{{{ avansman |}}}|{{ avansman |{{{ avansman }}}}}|}} {{Fini kad}}</includeonly><noinclude> [[Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti]] {{Documentation|contenu= == Utilisation == Ce modèle permet de gérer les demandes de relecture par l'{{atére}}. Pou itilize l, jis rekopye sa ki anba a nan paj diskisyon atik la. <pre> {{atelye relekti |eta=demand |demandè= - |dat demand la = {{subst:CURRENTDAY}} {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}} |relektè= - |dat pac= - |dat fin= - |kòmantè = - |avansman= - }} </pre> Cette page sera alors ajoutée automatiquement à la catégorie [[:Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti - demand]], en précisant le paramètre ''demandè'', à renseigner par le nom utilisateur (sans crochet). Le paramètre commentaire est libre (discussion, etc.) == TemplateData == <templatedata> { "params": { "nocat": { "label": "Nocat", "description": "Indiquer « 1 » pour ne pas catégoriser la page.", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "1" ] }, "état": { "label": "État de la demande", "description": "Statut de la demande à choisir parmi les valeurs proposées.", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "demande", "en cours", "relu" ], "required": true }, "demandeur": { "label": "Demandeur", "description": "Nom de l'utilisateur ayant réalisé la demande en format brut.", "example": "Utilisateur123", "type": "wiki-user-name", "suggested": true }, "date demande": { "label": "Date de la demande", "description": "Date de la demande. À mettre en forme manuellement.", "example": "{{Date-|11/12/2009}}", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "autovalue": "{{subst:CURRENTDAY}} {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}" }, "relecteur": { "label": "Relecteur", "description": "Nom de l'utilisateur ayant réalisé la relecture en format brut.", "example": "Utilisateur123", "type": "wiki-user-name", "suggested": true }, "date pec": { "label": "Date de prise en charge", "description": "Date ou la demande à été prise en charge. À mettre en forme manuellement.", "example": "{{Date-|11/12/2009}}", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "date fin": { "label": "Date de fin de prise en charge", "description": "Date ou la relecture est terminée, ou abandonnée. À mettre en forme manuellement.", "example": "{{Date-|11/12/2009}}", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "commentaire": { "label": "Commentaire", "description": "Commentaire libre.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "avancement": { "label": "Pourcentage d'avancement", "description": "Estimation du pourcentage d'avancement de la relecture en format brut.", "example": "« 10 », « 50 » ou « 100 »", "type": "number", "suggested": true } }, "description": "Encadré présentant une demande de relecture en page de discussion d'un article.", "paramOrder": [ "état", "avancement", "demandeur", "date demande", "relecteur", "date pec", "date fin", "commentaire", "nocat" ], "format": "{{_\n| ____________ = _\n}}" } </templatedata> }}<!-- fin contenu --> [[Kategori:Modèl espas Diskisyon]] </noinclude> fep19wjll1ewfcb9vj0y5dam5enayqo 889331 889330 2026-10-24T20:13:32Z Kitanago 19629 889331 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{nocat|}}}|oui||[[Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti - {{{eta|demand}}}]]}} {{Anvan kad kolore|{{#switch:{{{eta|demand}}} |demand=écarlate |aktyèl=orange |reli=vertmoyen }}}} Atik sa a gen yon demand pou relekti pa [[Wikipedya:Atelye relekti|Atelye relekti]]. * eta : {{#switch:{{{eta|demand}}} |demand='''{{Wouj|demand}}''' |aktyèl='''{{Oranj|aktyèl}}''' |relu='''{{Vèt|reli}}''' }} * demandè : {{#ifeq:{{{demandè|}}}||''renseigner le paramètre <code>demandè</code>''|[[Itilizatè:{{{demandè}}}|{{{demandè}}}]] - <small>([[Diskisyon itilizatè:{{{demandè}}}|diskite]])</small>}} * dat demand la : {{#ifeq:{{{dat demand la|}}}||''renseigner le paramètre <code>dat demand la</code>''|{{{dat demand la}}}}} * relektè : {{#ifeq:{{{relektè|}}}|||[[Itilizatè:{{{relektè}}}|{{{relektè}}}]] - <small>([[Diskisyon itilizatè:{{{relektè}}}|diskite]])</small>}} ** pran an chaj nan dat : {{#ifeq:{{{dat pac|}}}|||{{{dat pac}}}}} ** fini nan dat: {{#ifeq:{{{dat fin|}}}|||{{{dat fin}}}}} * kòmantè : {{#ifeq:{{{kòmantè|}}}|||{{{kòmantè}}}}} * avansman : {{#if:{{{ avansman |}}}|{{ avansman |{{{ avansman }}}}}|}} {{Fini kad}}</includeonly><noinclude> [[Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti]] </noinclude> 6frq69q41hysui2wl9d4j8a6x4bccwf 889332 889331 2026-10-24T20:14:42Z Kitanago 19629 889332 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{nocat|}}}|oui||[[Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti - {{{eta|demand}}}]]}} {{Anvan kad kolore|{{#switch:{{{eta|demand}}} |demand=écarlate |aktyèl=orange |reli=vertmoyen }}}} Atik sa a gen yon demand pou relekti pa [[Wikipedya:Atelye relekti|Atelye relekti]]. * eta : {{#switch:{{{eta|demand}}} |demand='''{{Wouj|demand}}''' |aktyèl='''{{Oranj|aktyèl}}''' |relu='''{{Vèt|reli}}''' }} * demandè : {{#ifeq:{{{demandè|}}}||''renseigner le paramètre <code>demandè</code>''|[[Itilizatè:{{{demandè}}}|{{{demandè}}}]] - <small>([[Diskisyon itilizatè:{{{demandè}}}|diskite]])</small>}} * dat demand la : {{#ifeq:{{{dat demand la|}}}||''renseigner le paramètre <code>dat demand la</code>''|{{{dat demand la}}}}} * relektè : {{#ifeq:{{{relektè|}}}|||[[Itilizatè:{{{relektè}}}|{{{relektè}}}]] - <small>([[Diskisyon itilizatè:{{{relektè}}}|diskite]])</small>}} ** pran an chaj nan dat : {{#ifeq:{{{dat pac|}}}|||{{{dat pac}}}}} ** fini nan dat: {{#ifeq:{{{dat fin|}}}|||{{{dat fin}}}}} * kòmantè : {{#ifeq:{{{kòmantè|}}}|||{{{kòmantè}}}}} * avansman : {{#if:{{{ avansman |}}}|{{ avansman |{{{ avansman }}}}}|}} {{Fini kad}}</includeonly><noinclude> [[Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti]] {{Documentation|contenu= == Utilisation == Modèl sa pèmèt jere demand pou reli atik pa {{atére}}. Pou itilize l, jis rekopye sa ki anba a nan paj diskisyon atik la. <pre> {{atelye relekti |eta=demand |demandè= - |dat demand la = {{subst:CURRENTDAY}} {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}} |relektè= - |dat pac= - |dat fin= - |kòmantè = - |avansman= - }} </pre> Cette page sera alors ajoutée automatiquement à la catégorie [[:Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti - demand]], en précisant le paramètre ''demandè'', à renseigner par le nom utilisateur (sans crochet). Le paramètre commentaire est libre (discussion, etc.) == TemplateData == <templatedata> { "params": { "nocat": { "label": "Nocat", "description": "Indiquer « 1 » pour ne pas catégoriser la page.", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "1" ] }, "état": { "label": "État de la demande", "description": "Statut de la demande à choisir parmi les valeurs proposées.", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "demande", "en cours", "relu" ], "required": true }, "demandeur": { "label": "Demandeur", "description": "Nom de l'utilisateur ayant réalisé la demande en format brut.", "example": "Utilisateur123", "type": "wiki-user-name", "suggested": true }, "date demande": { "label": "Date de la demande", "description": "Date de la demande. À mettre en forme manuellement.", "example": "{{Date-|11/12/2009}}", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "autovalue": "{{subst:CURRENTDAY}} {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}" }, "relecteur": { "label": "Relecteur", "description": "Nom de l'utilisateur ayant réalisé la relecture en format brut.", "example": "Utilisateur123", "type": "wiki-user-name", "suggested": true }, "date pec": { "label": "Date de prise en charge", "description": "Date ou la demande à été prise en charge. À mettre en forme manuellement.", "example": "{{Date-|11/12/2009}}", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "date fin": { "label": "Date de fin de prise en charge", "description": "Date ou la relecture est terminée, ou abandonnée. À mettre en forme manuellement.", "example": "{{Date-|11/12/2009}}", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "commentaire": { "label": "Commentaire", "description": "Commentaire libre.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "avancement": { "label": "Pourcentage d'avancement", "description": "Estimation du pourcentage d'avancement de la relecture en format brut.", "example": "« 10 », « 50 » ou « 100 »", "type": "number", "suggested": true } }, "description": "Encadré présentant une demande de relecture en page de discussion d'un article.", "paramOrder": [ "état", "avancement", "demandeur", "date demande", "relecteur", "date pec", "date fin", "commentaire", "nocat" ], "format": "{{_\n| ____________ = _\n}}" } </templatedata> }}<!-- fin contenu --> [[Kategori:Modèl espas Diskisyon]] </noinclude> 600dbxv3btntcekz7dwwn3m380ndf3x 889334 889332 2026-10-24T20:22:23Z Kitanago 19629 889334 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{nocat|}}}|oui||[[Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti - {{{eta|demand}}}]]}} {{Anvan kad kolore|{{#switch:{{{eta|demand}}} |demand=écarlate |aktyèl=orange |reli=vertmoyen }}}} Atik sa a gen yon demand pou relekti pa [[Wikipedya:Atelye relekti|Atelye relekti]]. * eta : {{#switch:{{{eta|demand}}} |demand='''{{Wouj|demand}}''' |aktyèl='''{{Oranj|aktyèl}}''' |relu='''{{Vèt|reli}}''' }} * demandè : {{#ifeq:{{{demandè|}}}||''renseigner le paramètre <code>demandè</code>''|[[Itilizatè:{{{demandè}}}|{{{demandè}}}]] - <small>([[Diskisyon itilizatè:{{{demandè}}}|diskite]])</small>}} * dat demand la : {{#ifeq:{{{dat demand la|}}}||''renseigner le paramètre <code>dat demand la</code>''|{{{dat demand la}}}}} * relektè : {{#ifeq:{{{relektè|}}}|||[[Itilizatè:{{{relektè}}}|{{{relektè}}}]] - <small>([[Diskisyon itilizatè:{{{relektè}}}|diskite]])</small>}} ** pran an chaj nan dat : {{#ifeq:{{{dat pac|}}}|||{{{dat pac}}}}} ** fini nan dat: {{#ifeq:{{{dat fin|}}}|||{{{dat fin}}}}} * kòmantè : {{#ifeq:{{{kòmantè|}}}|||{{{kòmantè}}}}} * avansman : {{#if:{{{ avansman |}}}|{{ avansman |{{{ avansman }}}}}|}} {{Fini kad}}</includeonly><noinclude> [[Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti]] {{Dokimantasyon|contenu= == Utilisation == Modèl sa pèmèt jere demand pou reli atik pa {{atére}}. Pou itilize l, jis rekopye sa ki anba a nan paj diskisyon atik la. <pre> {{atelye relekti |eta=demand |demandè= - |dat demand la = {{subst:CURRENTDAY}} {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}} |relektè= - |dat pac= - |dat fin= - |kòmantè = - |avansman= - }} </pre> Cette page sera alors ajoutée automatiquement à la catégorie [[:Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti - demand]], en précisant le paramètre ''demandè'', à renseigner par le nom utilisateur (sans crochet). Le paramètre commentaire est libre (discussion, etc.) == TemplateData == <templatedata> { "params": { "nocat": { "label": "Nocat", "description": "Indiquer « 1 » pour ne pas catégoriser la page.", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "1" ] }, "état": { "label": "État de la demande", "description": "Statut de la demande à choisir parmi les valeurs proposées.", "type": "string", "suggestedvalues": [ "demande", "en cours", "relu" ], "required": true }, "demandeur": { "label": "Demandeur", "description": "Nom de l'utilisateur ayant réalisé la demande en format brut.", "example": "Utilisateur123", "type": "wiki-user-name", "suggested": true }, "date demande": { "label": "Date de la demande", "description": "Date de la demande. À mettre en forme manuellement.", "example": "{{Date-|11/12/2009}}", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "autovalue": "{{subst:CURRENTDAY}} {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}}" }, "relecteur": { "label": "Relecteur", "description": "Nom de l'utilisateur ayant réalisé la relecture en format brut.", "example": "Utilisateur123", "type": "wiki-user-name", "suggested": true }, "date pec": { "label": "Date de prise en charge", "description": "Date ou la demande à été prise en charge. À mettre en forme manuellement.", "example": "{{Date-|11/12/2009}}", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "date fin": { "label": "Date de fin de prise en charge", "description": "Date ou la relecture est terminée, ou abandonnée. À mettre en forme manuellement.", "example": "{{Date-|11/12/2009}}", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "commentaire": { "label": "Commentaire", "description": "Commentaire libre.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "avancement": { "label": "Pourcentage d'avancement", "description": "Estimation du pourcentage d'avancement de la relecture en format brut.", "example": "« 10 », « 50 » ou « 100 »", "type": "number", "suggested": true } }, "description": "Encadré présentant une demande de relecture en page de discussion d'un article.", "paramOrder": [ "état", "avancement", "demandeur", "date demande", "relecteur", "date pec", "date fin", "commentaire", "nocat" ], "format": "{{_\n| ____________ = _\n}}" } </templatedata> }}<!-- fin contenu --> [[Kategori:Modèl espas Diskisyon]] </noinclude> 166d7uzhd6hqvmy3r5dqky5g4hhtpru 10 93427 889420 855808 2026-10-25T03:44:40Z Kitanago 19629 889420 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly> <templateStyles src="Modèl:Common/Style.css" /> {{Infobox/Début}} {{Infobox/Titre |{{#if:{{{non|}}} | {{{non}}} | {{#if:{{Libellé Wikidata|{{{wikidata|}}}}} | {{Libellé Wikidata|{{{wikidata|}}}|link=-}} | {{PAGENAME}} }} }} |{{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} |footballblack |{{charte sportive/Texte|foutbòl}} |3 }} {{Infobox/Image | {{#if: {{Wikidata|P18|{{{imaj|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} | {{Wikidata|P18|{{{imaj|}}} |numval=1|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} | defaut 2.svg}} | {{lejand Wikidata|{{{lejand|}}}|linkback=true}} | {{{taille image|}}} | {{{alternative|}}} | 3 | | Foutbolè }} {{Infobox/Sous-titre optionnel | Siyasyon aktyèl | {{{klèb aktyèl|}}}{{{nimewo nan klèb|}}} | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | Ekip | {{{klèb aktyèl|}}} ||| 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | Nimewo | {{{nimewo nan klèb|}}} ||| 2 }} {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Biyografi | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne 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{{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée | '''Ane''' | '''Klèb''' || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{pakou amatè|}}} ||| 2 }} }} }} {{#if:{{{pakou pwo|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou pwofesyonèl¹ | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée valeurs multiples | '''Ane''' | | '''Klèb''' | | '''{{#if: {{{en-tête parcours|}}} | {{{en-tête parcours}}} | {{nobr|{{0}}{{abréviation discrète|M.|Match}}{{0}}({{abréviation discrète|B.|Gòl}})}}'''}} }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{pakou pwo|}}} ||| 3 }} }} {{#if:{{{pakou senyò|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou senyò¹ | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée valeurs multiples | '''Ane''' | | '''Klèb''' | | '''{{#if: {{{en-tête parcours}}} | {{{en-tête parcours}}} | {{nobr|{{0}}{{abréviation discrète|M.|Match}}{{0}}({{abréviation discrète|G.|Gòl}})}}'''}} }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{pakou senyò|}}} ||| 3 }} }} {{#if: {{{pakou senyò|}}} {{{pakou pwo|}}} {{{pakou amatè|}}} | | {{#if: {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|teams}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | pakou senyò¹ | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{#invoke:Infobox/Footballeur|teams}} }} }} }} {{#if:{{{amatè aprè|}}} | {{#if:{{{pakou amatè|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou amatè | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée | '''Ane''' | '''Klèb''' || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{pakou amatè|}}} || 3 }} }} }} {{#if: {{{seleksyon nasyonal|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{seleksyon nasyonal|-}}}| - | | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Seleksyon nan ekip nasyonal² | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée valeurs multiples | '''Ane''' | | '''Ekip''' | | '''{{#if: {{{en-tête parcours|}}} | {{{en-tête parcours}}} | {{nobr|{{0}}{{abréviation discrète|M.|Matchs}}{{0}}({{abréviation discrète|G.|Buts}})}}'''}} }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{seleksyon nasyonal|}}} ||| 3 }} }} | {{#if: {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|selections}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Seleksyon nan ekip nasyonal² | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|selections}} }} }} }} {{#if: {{{karyè antrenè|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou antrenè | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée valeurs multiples | '''Ane''' | | '''Ekip''' | | '''{{abréviation discrète|Stats|Estatistik}}''' }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{karyè antrenè|}}} ||| 3 }} }} {{Infobox/Ligne | <small>{{#if:{{{pakou pwo|}}}{{{pakou senyò|}}} | ¹ Konpetisyon ofisyèl nasyonal ak entènasyonal senyò, ki genyen pakou amatè ak nan ekip rezèv.<br /> | {{#if: {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|teams}} | ¹ Match chanpyona sèlman.<br />}} }}{{#switch:{{{seleksyon nansyonal|}}} | - = | = {{#if: {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|selection}} | ² Match ofisyèl.<br /> }} | ² Match ofisyèl.<br /> }}{{#if: {{{dat mizajou|}}} | Dènye mizajou : {{{dat mizajou}}}<br /> }}{{#if: {{{nasyonalite|}}}{{{dat nesans|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{wikidata|}}}|-|oui|}} || Tout oswa yon pati enfòmasyon sa yo soti nan [[Wikipedya:Wikidata|Wikidata]].<br/><!-- -->{{#if:{{{wikidata|}}}|[[:d:{{{wikidata|}}}|Klike la pou konplete yo]]|{{Lien Wikidata|{{PAGENAME}}|texte=Klike la pou konplete yo}}}}. }}</small> |left|| 555555 | 3 }} {{Infobox/Notice | Infobox Foutbolè | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Fin}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{NAMESPACE}}||<!-- -->{{Wikidata image|1={{{imaj|}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{pakou pwo|}}}|[[Kategori:Utilisation du paramètre parcours pro dans le modèle infobox Footballeur]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{pakou amatè|}}}|[[Kategori:Utilisation du paramètre parcours amateur dans le modèle infobox Footballeur]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{#property:P54}}||[[Kategori:P54 absan nan Wikidata]]}}<!-- -->}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> qtpjmr27r7skeq5huy0edgjhv8nei2q 889421 889420 2026-10-25T03:47:13Z Kitanago 19629 889421 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly> <templateStyles src="Modèl:Common/Style.css" /> {{Infobox/Début}} {{Infobox/Titre |{{#if:{{{non|}}} | {{{non}}} | {{#if:{{Libellé Wikidata|{{{wikidata|}}}}} | {{Libellé Wikidata|{{{wikidata|}}}|link=-}} | {{PAGENAME}} }} }} |{{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} |footballblack |{{charte sportive/Texte|foutbòl}} |3 }} {{Infobox/Image | {{#if: {{Wikidata|P18|{{{imaj|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} | {{Wikidata|P18|{{{imaj|}}} |numval=1|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} | defaut 2.svg}} | {{lejand Wikidata|{{{lejand|}}}|linkback=true}} | {{{taille image|}}} | {{{alternative|}}} | 3 | | Foutbolè }} {{Infobox/Sous-titre optionnel | Siyasyon aktyèl | {{{klèb aktyèl|}}}{{{nimewo nan klèb|}}} | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | Ekip | {{{klèb aktyèl|}}} ||| 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | Nimewo | {{{nimewo nan klèb|}}} ||| 2 }} {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Biyografi | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | {{abréviation discrète|Non|Non konplè}} | {{Wikidata|P1477|{{{non nesans|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} | {{Wikidata|P1477|{{{non nesans|}}}|conjtype=or|entity={{{wikidata|}}}| linkback=1}} || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | {{nobr|Nasyonalite}} | {{Wikidata|P27|{{{nasyonalite|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} | {{#if: {{{nasyonalite|}}}|{{{nasyonalite|}}}|{{#invoke:Country_data|getNationality|item={{{wikidata|}}}| linkback=1}}[[Kategori:Paj ki ittilize P27]]}} || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | {{nobr|[[Nasyonalite espòtiv|{{info|Nas.|Nasyonalite}} espòtiv]]}} | {{{nasyon espòtiv|}}} ||| 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | Nesans | {{Wikidata|P569|{{{dat nesans|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}{{{lye nesans|}}} | {{#invoke:Date|dateInfobox|naissance|{{Wikidata|P569|{{{dat nesans|}}}| linkback=1 |conjtype=or |sorttype=chronological|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|{{Wikidata|P570|{{{dat lanmò|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|qualificatif=nan foutbòl}} {{#if:{{Wikidata|P19|{{{lye nesans|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|<br/>{{Wikidata|P19|{{{lye nesans|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|}} {{#ifeq:{{#property:P569}}{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Category:P569 absan nan Wikidata]]}} || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | Lanmò | {{Wikidata|P570|{{{dat lanmò|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}{{{lye lanmò|}}} | {{#invoke:Date|dateInfobox|mort|{{Wikidata|P569|{{{dat nesans|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|{{Wikidata|P570|{{{dat lanmò|}}}| linkback=1 |conjtype=or|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|qualificatif=nan foutbòl }} {{#if:{{Wikidata|P20|{{{lye lanmò|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|<br/>{{Wikidata|P20|{{{lye lanmò|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} |}} {{#ifeq:{{#property:P570}}{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Category:P570 absan nan Wikidata]]}} || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | [[Wotè (antwopometri)|Wotè]] | {{Wikidata|P2048|{{{wotè|}}}|targetunit=m|excludespecial=true|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} | {{#if: {{{wotè|}}} | {{{wotè}}} | {{taille|m={{ranplase|{{Wikidata|property=P2048|targetunit=m|excludespecial =true|numval=1|showunit=-|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|,|.}} }} }} || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | {{nobr|{{abréviation discrète|Peryòd pwo.|Peryòd pwofesyonèl}}}} | {{{peryòd pwo|}}} ||| 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | Pòs | {{Wikidata|P413|{{{pozisyon|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} | {{Wikidata|P413|{{{pozisyon|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}| linkback=1}} {{#ifeq:{{#property:P413}}{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Kategori:P413 absan nan Wikidata]]|{{#if: {{{pozisyon|}}} | |[[Kategori:Paj ki itilize P413]]}}}} || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | Pye fò | {{{pye|}}} ||| 2 }} {{#if:{{{pakou jinyò|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou jinyò | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée | '''Ane''' | '''Klèb''' || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{pakou jinyò|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{amatè aprè|}}} | | {{#if:{{{parkou amatè|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou amatè | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée | '''Ane''' | '''Klèb''' || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{pakou amatè|}}} ||| 2 }} }} }} {{#if:{{{pakou pwo|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou pwofesyonèl¹ | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée valeurs multiples | '''Ane''' | | '''Klèb''' | | '''{{#if: {{{en-tête parcours|}}} | {{{en-tête parcours}}} | {{nobr|{{0}}{{abréviation discrète|M.|Match}}{{0}}({{abréviation discrète|G.|Gòl}})}}'''}} }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{pakou pwo|}}} ||| 3 }} }} {{#if:{{{pakou senyò|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou senyò¹ | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée valeurs multiples | '''Ane''' | | '''Klèb''' | | '''{{#if: {{{en-tête parcours}}} | {{{en-tête parcours}}} | {{nobr|{{0}}{{abréviation discrète|M.|Match}}{{0}}({{abréviation discrète|G.|Gòl}})}}'''}} }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{pakou senyò|}}} ||| 3 }} }} {{#if: {{{pakou senyò|}}} {{{pakou pwo|}}} {{{pakou amatè|}}} | | {{#if: {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|teams}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | pakou senyò¹ | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{#invoke:Infobox/Footballeur|teams}} }} }} }} {{#if:{{{amatè aprè|}}} | {{#if:{{{pakou amatè|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou amatè | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée | '''Ane''' | '''Klèb''' || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{pakou amatè|}}} || 3 }} }} }} {{#if: {{{seleksyon nasyonal|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{seleksyon nasyonal|-}}}| - | | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Seleksyon nan ekip nasyonal² | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée valeurs multiples | '''Ane''' | | '''Ekip''' | | '''{{#if: {{{en-tête parcours|}}} | {{{en-tête parcours}}} | {{nobr|{{0}}{{abréviation discrète|M.|Match}}{{0}}({{abréviation discrète|G.|Gòl}})}}'''}} }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{seleksyon nasyonal|}}} ||| 3 }} }} | {{#if: {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|selections}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Seleksyon nan ekip nasyonal² | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|selections}} }} }} }} {{#if: {{{karyè antrenè|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou antrenè | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée valeurs multiples | '''Ane''' | | '''Ekip''' | | '''{{abréviation discrète|Stats|Estatistik}}''' }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{karyè antrenè|}}} ||| 3 }} }} {{Infobox/Ligne | <small>{{#if:{{{pakou pwo|}}}{{{pakou senyò|}}} | ¹ Konpetisyon ofisyèl nasyonal ak entènasyonal senyò, ki genyen pakou amatè ak nan ekip rezèv.<br /> | {{#if: {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|teams}} | ¹ Match chanpyona sèlman.<br />}} }}{{#switch:{{{seleksyon nansyonal|}}} | - = | = {{#if: {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|selection}} | ² Match ofisyèl.<br /> }} | ² Match ofisyèl.<br /> }}{{#if: {{{dat mizajou|}}} | Dènye mizajou : {{{dat mizajou}}}<br /> }}{{#if: {{{nasyonalite|}}}{{{dat nesans|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{wikidata|}}}|-|oui|}} || Tout oswa yon pati enfòmasyon sa yo soti nan [[Wikipedya:Wikidata|Wikidata]].<br/><!-- -->{{#if:{{{wikidata|}}}|[[:d:{{{wikidata|}}}|Klike la pou konplete yo]]|{{Lien Wikidata|{{PAGENAME}}|texte=Klike la pou konplete yo}}}}. }}</small> |left|| 555555 | 3 }} {{Infobox/Notice | Infobox Foutbolè | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Fin}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{NAMESPACE}}||<!-- -->{{Wikidata image|1={{{imaj|}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{pakou pwo|}}}|[[Kategori:Utilisation du paramètre parcours pro dans le modèle infobox Footballeur]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{pakou amatè|}}}|[[Kategori:Utilisation du paramètre parcours amateur dans le modèle infobox Footballeur]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{#property:P54}}||[[Kategori:P54 absan nan Wikidata]]}}<!-- -->}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> ceic50lk6dktto02mk1jkajc4uimiz6 889422 889421 2026-10-25T03:48:23Z Kitanago 19629 889422 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly> <templateStyles src="Modèl:Common/Style.css" /> {{Infobox/Début}} {{Infobox/Titre |{{#if:{{{non|}}} | {{{non}}} | {{#if:{{Libellé Wikidata|{{{wikidata|}}}}} | {{Libellé Wikidata|{{{wikidata|}}}|link=-}} | {{PAGENAME}} }} }} |{{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} |footballblack |{{charte sportive/Texte|foutbòl}} |3 }} {{Infobox/Image | {{#if: {{Wikidata|P18|{{{imaj|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} | {{Wikidata|P18|{{{imaj|}}} |numval=1|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} | defaut 2.svg}} | {{lejand Wikidata|{{{lejand|}}}|linkback=true}} | {{{taille image|}}} | {{{alternative|}}} | 3 | | Foutbolè }} {{Infobox/Sous-titre optionnel | Siyasyon aktyèl | {{{klèb aktyèl|}}}{{{nimewo nan klèb|}}} | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | Ekip | {{{klèb aktyèl|}}} ||| 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | Nimewo | {{{nimewo nan klèb|}}} ||| 2 }} {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Biyografi | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | {{abréviation discrète|Non|Non konplè}} | {{Wikidata|P1477|{{{non nesans|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} | {{Wikidata|P1477|{{{non nesans|}}}|conjtype=or|entity={{{wikidata|}}}| linkback=1}} || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | {{nobr|Nasyonalite}} | {{Wikidata|P27|{{{nasyonalite|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} | {{#if: {{{nasyonalite|}}}|{{{nasyonalite|}}}|{{#invoke:Country_data|getNationality|item={{{wikidata|}}}| linkback=1}}[[Kategori:Paj ki ittilize P27]]}} || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | {{nobr|[[Nasyonalite espòtiv|{{info|Nas.|Nasyonalite}} espòtiv]]}} | {{{nasyon espòtiv|}}} ||| 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | Nesans | {{Wikidata|P569|{{{dat nesans|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}{{{lye nesans|}}} | {{#invoke:Date|dateInfobox|naissance|{{Wikidata|P569|{{{dat nesans|}}}| linkback=1 |conjtype=or |sorttype=chronological|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|{{Wikidata|P570|{{{dat lanmò|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|qualificatif=nan foutbòl}} {{#if:{{Wikidata|P19|{{{lye nesans|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|<br/>{{Wikidata|P19|{{{lye nesans|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|}} {{#ifeq:{{#property:P569}}{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Category:P569 absan nan Wikidata]]}} || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | Lanmò | {{Wikidata|P570|{{{dat lanmò|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}{{{lye lanmò|}}} | {{#invoke:Date|dateInfobox|mort|{{Wikidata|P569|{{{dat nesans|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|{{Wikidata|P570|{{{dat lanmò|}}}| linkback=1 |conjtype=or|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|qualificatif=nan foutbòl }} {{#if:{{Wikidata|P20|{{{lye lanmò|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|<br/>{{Wikidata|P20|{{{lye lanmò|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} |}} {{#ifeq:{{#property:P570}}{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Category:P570 absan nan Wikidata]]}} || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | [[Wotè (antwopometri)|Wotè]] | {{Wikidata|P2048|{{{wotè|}}}|targetunit=m|excludespecial=true|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} | {{#if: {{{wotè|}}} | {{{wotè}}} | {{taille|m={{ranplase|{{Wikidata|property=P2048|targetunit=m|excludespecial =true|numval=1|showunit=-|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}}|,|.}} }} }} || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | {{nobr|{{abréviation discrète|Peryòd pwo.|Peryòd pwofesyonèl}}}} | {{{peryòd pwo|}}} ||| 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | Pòs | {{Wikidata|P413|{{{pozisyon|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}}} | {{Wikidata|P413|{{{pozisyon|}}}|entity={{{wikidata|}}}| linkback=1}} {{#ifeq:{{#property:P413}}{{NAMESPACE}}||[[Kategori:P413 absan nan Wikidata]]|{{#if: {{{pozisyon|}}} | |[[Kategori:Paj ki itilize P413]]}}}} || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne mixte optionnelle | Pye fò | {{{pye|}}} ||| 2 }} {{#if:{{{pakou jinyò|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou jinyò | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée | '''Ane''' | '''Klèb''' || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{pakou jinyò|}}} }} }} {{#if:{{{amatè aprè|}}} | | {{#if:{{{parkou amatè|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou amatè | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée | '''Ane''' | '''Klèb''' || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{pakou amatè|}}} ||| 2 }} }} }} {{#if:{{{pakou pwo|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou pwofesyonèl¹ | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée valeurs multiples | '''Ane''' | | '''Klèb''' | | '''{{#if: {{{en-tête parcours|}}} | {{{en-tête parcours}}} | {{nobr|{{0}}{{abréviation discrète|M.|Match}}{{0}}({{abréviation discrète|G.|Gòl}})}}'''}} }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{pakou pwo|}}} ||| 3 }} }} {{#if:{{{pakou senyò|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou senyò¹ | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée valeurs multiples | '''Ane''' | | '''Klèb''' | | '''{{#if: {{{en-tête parcours|}}} | {{{en-tête parcours}}} | {{nobr|{{0}}{{abréviation discrète|M.|Match}}{{0}}({{abréviation discrète|G.|Gòl}})}}'''}} }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{pakou senyò|}}} ||| 3 }} }} {{#if: {{{pakou senyò|}}} {{{pakou pwo|}}} {{{pakou amatè|}}} | | {{#if: {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|teams}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | pakou senyò¹ | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{#invoke:Infobox/Footballeur|teams}} }} }} }} {{#if:{{{amatè aprè|}}} | {{#if:{{{pakou amatè|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou amatè | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée | '''Ane''' | '''Klèb''' || 2 }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{pakou amatè|}}} || 3 }} }} }} {{#if: {{{seleksyon nasyonal|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{{seleksyon nasyonal|-}}}| - | | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Seleksyon nan ekip nasyonal² | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée valeurs multiples | '''Ane''' | | '''Ekip''' | | '''{{#if: {{{en-tête parcours|}}} | {{{en-tête parcours}}} | {{nobr|{{0}}{{abréviation discrète|M.|Match}}{{0}}({{abréviation discrète|G.|Gòl}})}}'''}} }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{seleksyon nasyonal|}}} ||| 3 }} }} | {{#if: {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|selections}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Seleksyon nan ekip nasyonal² | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|selections}} }} }} }} {{#if: {{{karyè antrenè|}}} | {{Infobox/Sous-titre | Pakou antrenè | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | {{Charte sportive/Texte|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Ligne donnée valeurs multiples | '''Ane''' | | '''Ekip''' | | '''{{abréviation discrète|Stats|Estatistik}}''' }} {{Infobox/Ligne | {{{karyè antrenè|}}} ||| 3 }} }} {{Infobox/Ligne | <small>{{#if:{{{pakou pwo|}}}{{{pakou senyò|}}} | ¹ Konpetisyon ofisyèl nasyonal ak entènasyonal senyò, ki genyen pakou amatè ak nan ekip rezèv.<br /> | {{#if: {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|teams}} | ¹ Match chanpyona sèlman.<br />}} }}{{#switch:{{{seleksyon nansyonal|}}} | - = | = {{#if: {{#invoke: Infobox/Footballeur|selection}} | ² Match ofisyèl.<br /> }} | ² Match ofisyèl.<br /> }}{{#if: {{{dat mizajou|}}} | Dènye mizajou : {{{dat mizajou}}}<br /> }}{{#if: {{{nasyonalite|}}}{{{dat nesans|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{wikidata|}}}|-|oui|}} || Tout oswa yon pati enfòmasyon sa yo soti nan [[Wikipedya:Wikidata|Wikidata]].<br/><!-- -->{{#if:{{{wikidata|}}}|[[:d:{{{wikidata|}}}|Klike la pou konplete yo]]|{{Lien Wikidata|{{PAGENAME}}|texte=Klike la pou konplete yo}}}}. }}</small> |left|| 555555 | 3 }} {{Infobox/Notice | Infobox Foutbolè | {{charte sportive/Niveau 1|football}} | 3 }} {{Infobox/Fin}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{NAMESPACE}}||<!-- -->{{Wikidata image|1={{{imaj|}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{pakou pwo|}}}|[[Kategori:Utilisation du paramètre parcours pro dans le modèle infobox Footballeur]]}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{pakou amatè|}}}|[[Kategori:Utilisation du paramètre parcours amateur dans le modèle infobox Footballeur]]}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{#property:P54}}||[[Kategori:P54 absan nan Wikidata]]}}<!-- -->}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 9uwxhbny16y1fiy8109vfzmpl7w7hrr 0 93452 889423 877024 2026-10-25T03:50:51Z Kitanago 19629 889423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Foubolè|non=Melchie Dumornay|imaj=Dumornay is ready to go (cropped).png|taille image=|légende=|klèb aktyèl={{FRA-d}} [[Olympique lyonnais (féminines)|Olympique lyonnais]]|nimewo klèb=6|non nesans=Melchie Daëlle Dumornay|dat nesans={{dat|17|8|2003|nan foutbòl|âge=oui}}|lye nesans=[[Mibalè]] ([[Ayiti]])|nasyonalite={{HAI-d}} [[Ayiti|ayisyèn]]|wotè={{taille|m=1.60}}|pozisyon=[[Mitan teren|Milye ofansif]]|pye=Ambidextre|pakou jinyò={{de kolòn }}|pakou senyò={{Twa kolòn |[[2017 nan foutbòl|2017]]-[[2021 nan foutbòl|2021]]|{{HAI-d}} [[Association sportive Tigresses|AS Tigresses]]| |[[2021 nan foutbòl|2021]]-[[2023 nan foutbòl|2023]]|{{FRA-d}} [[Stade de Reims (féminines)|Stade de Reims]]|{{0}}39 (23) |[[2023 nan foutbòl|2023]]- |{{FRA-d}} [[Olympique lyonnais (féminines)|Olympique lyonnais]]|{{0}}23 (13) }}|sélection nationale={{Trois colonnes |[[2017 nan foutbòl|2017]]-[[2018 en football|2018]]|{{HAI-d}} Haïti -17 ans|{{0}}10 (18) |[[2018 nan foutbòl|2018]]-|{{HAI-d}} [[Équipe d'Haïti féminine de football des moins de 20 ans|Haïti -20 ans]]|{{0}}15 (26) |[[2018 nan foutbòl|2018]]-|{{HAI football féminin}}|{{0}}24 (12) }}|dat mizajou={{date-|08/10/2024}}}} '''Melchie Dumornay (Mèlchi Dimòney)''', ki gen ti jwèt non '''Corventina''' (Kòvenntina) fèt nan dat 17 dawou 2003 nan Mibalè an Ayiti. Li se yon jwez foutbòl entènasyonal k ap jwe kòm miye teren atak ekip Olenmpik Lyon an. == Biyografi == === Karyè klèb === Melchie Dumornay ('''Mèlchi Dimòney)''' fèt epi grandi nan [[Mibalè (komin)|Mibalè]] an [[Ayiti]]. Manman l ak papa l se moun nan Sid ([[Aken (komin)|AKEN]]). Li te kòmanse istwa lanmou li ak foutbòl nan katye li,pandan l ap jwe pye atè epi tèt pou tèt nan mitan yon dal gason ki pi gran pase l . Se depi la,li kòmanse devlope lespri konbativite ak tanperaman ganyan lakay li. <ref name="olympics.com">{{Cite web|url=https://olympics.com/fr/infos/football-coupe-monde-feminine-2023-haiti-melchie-dumornay-world-at-their-feet|title=Coupe du monde féminine 2023 : À la découverte de Melchie Dumornay, la joueuse prodige d’Haïti|date=21/7/2023|website=olympics.com|access-date=27/7/2023}}.</ref> . Aprè li te devlope fizikman, an 2017 li entegre ekip AS Tigrès la; aprè sa, yon ane pita, lè l vin gen laj kenzan, li te vin meyè jwez ak sila ki make plis gòl nan chanpyona ayisyen an <ref name="olympics.com"/> . An novanm 2018, li te fè yon esè ak Olenmpik Lyon, ki te yon siksè, malgre yo pa t kapab rekrite li akòz laj li ki te twò piti <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.piedscarresfem.fr/2021/09/11/melchie-dumornay-la-pepite-haitienne-debarque-au-stade-de-reims/|title=Melchie Dumornay, la pépite haïtienne débarque au Stade de Reims|date=2021-09-11|website=PiedsCarrés-Féminin|language=fr-FR|access-date=2021-10-18|archive-date=2021-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018170617/https://www.piedscarresfem.fr/2021/09/11/melchie-dumornay-la-pepite-haitienne-debarque-au-stade-de-reims/|dead-url=yes}}.</ref> . Premye evennman ki te tou lanse karyè li te fèt nan mondyal 2018 kategori timoun ki pa gen 20 ane nan peyi [[Frans|Lafrans]] . Ayisyèn yo pral elimine kont Almay pou 3èm ak dènye match yo nan konpetisyon an. Dènye chans yo pou fè yon bon enpresyon. Amandine Miquel (Amandin Mikèl), antrenè seleksyon fanm nan Estad de Renm, te prezan pandan match popilè sa a. Tombe sou cham, Stad de Renm patka tann e kouri pran kontak relasyon avèk jèn ayisyèn lan jiskaske li te rive gen dizwitan.{{Début citation}}À la Coupe du monde U20, j’ai vu Melchie. Elle avait quinze ans et elle donnait beaucoup de mal aux joueuses allemandes. On s'est dit qu’on devrait suivre cette joueuse et voir ce que ça donne à ses dix-huit ans. Je n’ai jamais vu une aussi bonne joueuse.{{Fini sitasyon blok|Amandine Miquel|olympics.com<ref name="olympics.com"/>}}An 2020, magazin ''Gol'' te nonmen li senkyèm jwez ki pi pwomèt nan mond lan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-om/lists/nxgn-2020-the-10-best-wonderkids-in-womens-football/2bg2g2ubjp591vd1lkjmzqvwa#pud643eqplj41tg9zumpzc4yd|title=NxGn 2020: The 10 best wonderkids in women’s football {{!}} Goal.com|website=www.goal.com|access-date=2021-10-18}}.</ref> Nan dat 9 septembre 2021, lè li te fèk selebre dizwityèm anivèsè nesans li epi finalman li te kapab gen aksè pou l kapab jwe aletranje, e malgre enterè plizyè lòt klèb plis prestijye an [[Ewòp]] ak [[Etazini]], li te rive enskri ak Stad Renm nan Divizyon 1 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lesportaufeminin.fr/2021/09/13/mercato-zoom-sur-melchie-dumornay-la-derniere-recrue-du-stade-de-reims/|title=Mercato : Zoom sur ... Melchie Dumornay, la dernière recrue du Stade de Reims|language=fr-FR|access-date=2021-10-18|archive-date=2022-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810024251/https://www.lesportaufeminin.fr/2021/09/13/mercato-zoom-sur-melchie-dumornay-la-derniere-recrue-du-stade-de-reims/|dead-url=yes}}.</ref>, kote li al jwe menm kote ak konpatriyòt li Kethna Louis <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/melchie-dumornay-haiti-kroos-wonderkid-50-clubs-wanted/g1o37j6lx361s370rt4p3a1n|title=Melchie Dumornay: Haiti’s Kroos-inspired wonderkid that around 50 clubs wanted {{!}} Goal.com|website=www.goal.com|access-date=2021-10-18}}.</ref> .{{Début citation}}Je voulais commencer ma carrière en France. Je pense que la passion, le travail acharné et la détermination m’ont permis de progresser.{{Fini sitasyon blok|Melchie Dumornay|olympics.com<ref name="olympics.com"/>}} Yon lòt fwa ankò, menm magazin Gòl la te nonmen l senkyèm jwez ki pi pwomèt nan mond lan pou ane 2021 an <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/nxgn-2021-10-best-wonderkids-womens-football/anmn817neemf1jmsnr168zjoh|title=NXGN 2021: The 10 best wonderkids in women's football {{!}} Goal.com|website=www.goal.com|access-date=2021-10-18}}.</ref> . Pou premye match li ak Renm, li fè de pas desizif nan yon mitan kont GPSO 92 Issy <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/231974/des-debuts-reussis-pour-melchie-daeelle-dumornay-en-france|title=Des débuts réussis pour Melchie Daëelle Dumornay en France|website=Le Nouvelliste|language=en|access-date=2021-10-18}}.</ref> . Aprè sa, li fè 2 gòl pou dezyèm match li kont Bòdo <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vantbefinfo.com/2021/10/melchie-dumornay-dit-corventina-brille-a-nouveau-avec-le-stade-de-reims/|title=Melchie Dumornay dite Corventina brille à nouveau avec le Stade de Reims|last=VBI|date=2021-10-16|website=Vant Bèf Info|language=fr-FR|access-date=2021-10-18|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019063952/https://vantbefinfo.com/2021/10/melchie-dumornay-dit-corventina-brille-a-nouveau-avec-le-stade-de-reims/|dead-url=yes}}.</ref> . Nan lane 2022, li te genyen pri NXGN (jwè ki pi pwomèt nan mond lan pa magazin ''Gol'') aprè de aparisyon l nan klasman sila <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stade-de-reims.com/melchie-dumornay-lyon-la-saison-prochaine/|title=Melchie Dumornay à Lyon la saison prochaine|date=16-1-2023|website=stade-de-reims.com|language=fr-FR|access-date=24-7-2023}}.</ref> . An janvier 2023, pandan ke anpil klib Ewopeyen yo ak Ameriken yo te dèyè l, li te rive siyen pou twa ane nan Olenmpik Lyon . Pandan tan sa a, li te fini sezon an ak Renm <ref name="Olympique & Lyonnais">{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympique-et-lyonnais.com/mercato-melchie-dumornay-vit-un-reve-en-signant-a-lol,274726.html|title=Mercato : Melchie Dumornay "vit un rêve" en signant à l’OL|last=Hernandez|first=David|date=2023-01-17|website=Olympique & Lyonnais|language=fr-FR|access-date=2023-01-17}}.</ref> .{{Début citation}}Cela a toujours été mon rêve pour moi de porter le maillot de l’Olympique Lyonnais. Je sais que ce club peut me permettre de progresser et de conquérir des trophées. J’ai hâte de jouer ici et d’évoluer notamment aux côtés de [[Wendie Renard]]. C’est un modèle pour beaucoup de jeunes joueuses et j’espère devenir un jour comme elle.{{Fini sitasyon blok|Melchie Dumornay|Olympique & Lyonnais<ref name="Olympique & Lyonnais"/>}} Mèlchie Dumornay '''(Mèlchi Dimòney) nan''' nominasyon pou tit jwè mwa pou Oktòb <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympique-et-lyonnais.com/dumornay-ol-nommee-pour-le-titre-de-joueuse-du-mois-en-d1-feminine,308142.html|title=Dumornay (OL) nommée pour le titre de joueuse du mois en D1|last=Hernandez|first=David|date=2023-11-04|website=Olympique & Lyonnais|language=fr-FR|access-date=2023-11-05}}</ref> . === Karyè entènasyonal === Melchie Dumornay '''(Mèlchi Dimòney)''' patisipe nan tounwa KONKAKAF nan kategori timoun ki pa depase 17 ane yo, aprè kategori ki pa depase 20 ane yo. Avèk patisipasyon sa yo, li te kalifye Ayiti pou koup di mond nan kategori a an 2018, sa ki te pèmèt Ayiti vin premye nasyon [[Karayib|Karayib la]] ki te patisipe nan konpetisyon an <ref name=":0"/> . Gras a 14 gòl li te make pandan chanpyona KONKAKAF kategori ki pa depase 20 ane yo an 2020, li te genyen soulye dò nan konpetisyon sila a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/213226/melchie-daelle-dumornay-soulier-dor-du-championnat-feminin-de-la-concacaf-u20|title=Melchie Daelle Dumornay, Soulier d'or du championnat féminin de la Concacaf U20|website=Le Nouvelliste|language=en|access-date=2021-10-18}}.</ref> . Nan mwa me 2018, yo te rele l pou premye fwa nan ekip nasyonal la pou patisipe nan kalifikasyon Gòl Keup 2018 la <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haitilibre.com/article-24337-haiti-flash-debut-des-eliminatoires-de-la-coupe-du-monde-de-football-feminin-france-2019.html|title=Début des éliminatoires de la coupe du monde de football féminin «France 2019»|date=9/5/2018|website=haitilibre.com|access-date=4/8/2023}}.</ref> . 13 mai 2018, li make premye gòl li pou seleksyon an, pandan match nil ki te rive fèt<ref name="Jamaïque - Haïti">{{Cite web|url=https://www.haitilibre.com/article-24375-haiti-football-france-2019-haiti-rate-de-peu-la-qualification.html|title=Haïti rate de peu la qualification|date=14/5/2018|website=haitilibre.com|access-date=4/8/2023}}.</ref> kont Jamayik . Nan 21 fevriye 2023, lè li fè 2 gòl nan play-off kont Chili, e li penmèt peyi l kalifye pou premye faz final koup di mond <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juno7.ht/haiti-qualifiee-pour-la-premiere-fois-de-son-histoire/|title=Haïti Qualifiée Pour La Première Fois De Son Histoire Au Mondial Féminin|website=Juno7|language=en|access-date=2023-02-23}}.</ref> . * Gayan Trophée des Champions an 2023 * Gayan D1 Arkema an 2024 * Yo te vote l pi bon jwez Concacaf 2023/2024, li te ranpòte pri sa a nan da[https://www.juno7.ht/melchie-dumornay-nommee-au-ballon-dor-feminin-2025/ t 22 septanm 2025]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juno7.ht/melchie-dumornay-nommee-au-ballon-dor-feminin-2025/|title=Melchie Dumornay, première haïtienne nommée au Ballon d’Or féminin 2025 - Juno7|date=2025-08-07|language=fr-FR|access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref> lan, Dumornay te pran plas 18tyèm nan lis balon dò ki te reyini tòp 20 jwez ke yo te chwazi pou fè lis lan. Pandan sezon sa a, ak ekip Lyonèz la, li te fè 22 gòl ak 9 pas desizif. Sa ki plase l etanke premye jwez ayisyen ki reyisi nomine nan gwo evennman sila a. E nan menm ane a ankò, nan dat 10 novanm 2025 lan, pou yon dezyèm fwa, li regenyen pri meyè jwez Concacaf la.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Melchie Dumornay meilleure joueuse de la Concacaf et nommée au prix The Best FIFA 2025|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/261482/melchie-dumornay-meilleure-joueuse-de-la-concacaf-et-nommee-au-prix-the-best-fifa-2025|access-date=2025-12-01|language=fr}}</ref> == Distenksyon pèsonèl == * Trofe D1 Arkema pou jwè mwa a pou Oktòb 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unfp.org/2023/11/melchie-dumornay-recompensee-2/|title=Melchie Dumornay récompensée -|website=www.unfp.org|access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref> * twofe meyè jwez Konkakaf 2024 *Twofe meyè jwez Konkakaf 2025<ref>{{Cite web|title=Melchie Dumornay remporte son deuxième prix de Joueur de l'année de la Concacaf|url=https://www.liguehaitienne.com/fr/news/melchie-dumornay-remporte-son-deuxi-me-prix-de-joueur-de-l-ann-e-de-la-concacaf|date=2025-11-10|access-date=2025-12-01|language=fr|first=Ligue Haitienne de|last=Football}}</ref> == Kontra piblisite == === Adidas === Nan novembre 2022, li te anonse sou kont Instagram li ke li te siyen ak manifakti ekipman Adidas . Dapre ajan li a, Takumi Jeannin, kontra sa a se alontèm epi li gen pou objektif pou devlope mak jwè a epi ede peyi li <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/football-melchie-dumornay-signe-avec-adidas/|title=Melchie Dumornay signe avec Adidas|website=Loop news|language=en|access-date=2023-02-23}}.</ref> .  {{Boîte déroulante/début|titre=Matchs internationaux / Haïti {{HAI-d}}}} {|class="wikitable alternance" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; line-height:14px;" width=100% |- ! # !! Date !! Stade !! Adversaire !! Résultat !! Minutes !! Compétition !! {{goal}} !! {{passe décisive}} !! Capitaine !! Club |- |''1''||{{date-|9|5|2018}}||align=left|{{HAI-d}} [[Stade Sylvio-Cator]], [[Port-au-Prince]]||align=left|{{MTQ football féminin}}||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|2 - 0|| 90 ||bgcolor=LightBlue|[[Éliminatoires du Championnat féminin de la CONCACAF 2018|Qualifs Gold Cup 2018]]||-||-||Non||rowspan="8"|{{HAI-d}} [[Association sportive Tigresses|AS Tigresses]] |- |''2''||{{date-|11|5|2018}}||align=left|{{HAI-d}} Stade Sylvio-Cator, Port-au-Prince||align=left|{{GLP-d}} [[Équipe de Guadeloupe féminine de football|Guadeloupe]]||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|0 - 11|| 90 ||bgcolor=LightBlue|Qualifs Gold Cup 2018||-||2||Non |- |''3''||{{date-|13|5|2018}}||align=left|{{HAI-d}} Stade Sylvio-Cator, Port-au-Prince||align=left|{{JAM football féminin}}<ref name="Jamaïque - Haïti"/>||bgcolor={{fc|nul}}|2 - 2|| 90 ||bgcolor=LightBlue|Qualifs Gold Cup 2018||1||-||Non |- |''4''||{{date-|4|10|2019}}||align=left|{{PUR-d}} [[Estadio Juan Ramón Loubriel]], [[Bayamón]]||align=left|{{SUR football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Suriname - Haïti|url=https://www.leballonrond.fr/jogo.php?id=7797028|site=leballonrond.fr|date=4/10/2019|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|0 - 10|| 66 ||bgcolor=Gold|[[Tournoi pré-olympique féminin de la CONCACAF 2020|Qualifs JO 2020]]||1||1||Non |- |''5''||{{date-|7|10|2019}}||align=left|{{PUR-d}} Estadio Juan Ramón Loubriel, Bayamón||align=left|{{PUR football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Puerto Rico - Haïti|url=https://www.leballonrond.fr/match.php?id=7797030&hp=1|site=leballonrond.fr|date=7/10/2019|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|1 - 2|| 90 ||bgcolor=Gold|Qualifs JO 2020||1||-||Non |- |''6''||{{date-|29|1|2020}}||align=left|{{USA-d}} [[Shell Energy Stadium|BBVA Stadium]], [[Houston]]||align=left|{{USA football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=États-Unis - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2020/01/29/nc-america/womens-olympic-qualifying-concacaf/united-states/haiti/3183890/|site=soccerway.com|date=29/1/2020|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|4 - 0|| 90 ||bgcolor=Gold|Qualifs JO 2020||-||-||Non |- |''7''||{{date-|1|2|2020}}||align=left|{{USA-d}} BBVA Stadium, Houston||align=left|{{CRC football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Haïti - Costa Rica|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2020/02/01/nc-america/womens-olympic-qualifying-concacaf/haiti/costa-rica/3183891/|site=soccerway.com|date=1/2/2020|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|0 - 2|| 90 ||bgcolor=Gold|Qualifs JO 2020||-||-||Non |- |''8''||{{date-|4|2|2020}}||align=left|{{USA-d}} BBVA Stadium, Houston||align=left|{{PAN football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Panama - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2020/02/04/nc-america/womens-olympic-qualifying-concacaf/panama/haiti/3183893/|site=soccerway.com|date=4/2/2020|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|0 - 6|| 90 ||bgcolor=Gold|Qualifs JO 2020||1||1||Non |- |''9''||{{date-|9|4|2022}}||align=left|{{IVB-d}} [[Sherly Ground]], [[Road Town]]||align=left|{{IVB-d}} [[Équipe des îles Vierges britanniques féminine de football|Îles Vierges]]<ref>{{lien web|titre=Île Vierges Britanniques - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2022/04/09/nc-america/womens-wc-qualifying-concacaf/british-virgin-islands/haiti/3685447/|site=soccerway.com|date=9/4/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|0 - 21|| 60 ||bgcolor=LightBlue|[[Éliminatoires du Championnat féminin de la CONCACAF 2022|Qualifs Gold Cup 2022]]||2||3||Non||rowspan="12"|{{FRA-d}} [[Stade de Reims (féminines)|Stade de Reims]] |- |''10''||{{date-|13|4|2022}}||align=left|{{DOM-d}} [[Stade olympique Félix-Sánchez|Stade Félix-Sánchez]], [[Saint-Domingue (ville)|Saint-Domingue]]||align=left|{{CUB football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Haïti - Cuba|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2022/04/13/nc-america/womens-wc-qualifying-concacaf/haiti/cuba/3685449/|site=soccerway.com|date=13/4/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|6 - 0|| 76 ||bgcolor=LightBlue|Qualifs Gold Cup 2022||1||1||Non |- |''11''||{{date-|26|6|2022}}||align=left|{{CRC-d}} [[Stade Alejandro Morera Soto]], [[Alajuela]]||align=left|{{CRC football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Costa Rica - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/26/world/friendly-women/costa-rica/haiti/3792030/|site=soccerway.com|date=26/6/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|2 - 1|| 80 ||bgcolor=Lavender|[[Match amical]]||-||-||Non |- |''12''||{{date-|28|6|2022}}||align=left|{{CRC-d}} Stade Complejo fedefutbol Plycem, Alajuela||align=left|{{CRC football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Costa Rica - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/28/world/friendly-women/costa-rica/haiti/3792031/|site=soccerway.com|date=28/6/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|2 - 4|| 90 ||bgcolor=Lavender|Match amical||2||-||Non |- |''13''||{{date-|5|7|2022}}||align=left|{{MEX-d}} [[Estadio Universitario]], [[San Nicolás de los Garza|San Nicolás]]||align=left|{{USA football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=États-Unis - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2022/07/05/nc-america/womens-wc-qualifying-concacaf/united-states/haiti/3782254/|site=soccerway.com|date=5/7/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|3 - 0|| 90 ||bgcolor=Silver|[[Championnat féminin de la CONCACAF 2022|Gold Cup 2022]]||-||-||Non |- |''14''||{{date-|8|7|2022}}||align=left|{{MEX-d}} [[Stade BBVA]], [[Guadalupe (Nuevo León)|Guadalupe]]||align=left|{{MEX football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Haïti - Mexique|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2022/07/08/nc-america/womens-wc-qualifying-concacaf/haiti/mexico/3782259/|site=soccerway.com|date=8/7/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|3 - 0|| 83 ||bgcolor=Silver|Gold Cup 2022||-||-||Non |- |''15''||{{date-|12|7|2022}}||align=left|{{MEX-d}} Stade BBVA, Guadalupe||align=left|{{JAM football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Jamaïque - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2022/07/12/nc-america/womens-wc-qualifying-concacaf/jamaica/haiti/3782268/|site=soccerway.com|date=12/7/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|4 - 0|| 90 ||bgcolor=Silver|Gold Cup 2022||-||-||Non |- |''16''||{{date-|11|11|2022}}||align=left|{{POR-d}} Estádio José Martins Vieira, [[Almada]]||align=left|{{POR football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Portugal - Haïti|url=https://www.leballonrond.fr/jogo.php?id=9084422|site=leballonrond.fr|date=11/11/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|5 - 0|| 90 ||bgcolor=Lavender|Match amical||-||-||Non |- |''17''||{{date-|18|2|2023}}||align=left|{{NZL-d}} [[North Harbour Stadium]], [[North Shore City|North Shore]]||align=left|{{SEN football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Sénégal - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2023/02/18/world/womens-wc-qualifying-intercontinental-play-offs-/senegal/haiti/3975383/|site=soccerway.com|date=18/2/2023|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|0 - 4|| 75 ||bgcolor=Yellow|[[Éliminatoires de la Coupe du monde féminine de football 2023|Qualifs CDM 2023]]||-||1||Non |- |''18''||{{date-|22|2|2023}}||align=left|{{NZL-d}} North Harbour Stadium, North Shore||align=left|{{CHI football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Chili - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2023/02/22/world/womens-wc-qualifying-intercontinental-play-offs-/chile/haiti/3975387/|site=soccerway.com|date=22/2/2023|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|1 - 2|| 90 ||bgcolor=Yellow|Qualifs CDM 2023||2||-||Non |- |''19''||{{date-|7|4|2023}}||align=left|{{TUR-d}} Emirhan Sport Center, [[Manavgat (Antalya)|Manavgat]]||align=left|{{NGR football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Nigeria - Haïti|url=https://www.haitilibre.com/article-39252-haiti-match-amical-nos-grenadieres-s-inclinent-[2-1]-face-aux-super-faucons-du-nigeria-videos.html|site=haitilibre.com|date=8/4/2023|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|2 - 1|| 90 ||bgcolor=Lavender|Match amical||1||-||Non |- |''20''||{{date-|10|4|2023}}||align=left|{{TUR-d}} Emirhan Sport Center, Manavgat||align=left|{{MDA football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Moldavie - Haïti|url=https://www.haitilibre.com/article-39276-haiti-coupe-du-monde-feminine-victoire-des-grenadieres-sur-la-moldavie-[3-1]-match-amical-video.html|site=haitilibre.com|date=11/4/2023|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|3 - 1|| 45 ||bgcolor=Lavender|Match amical||-||1||{{cap}} |- |''21''||{{date-|8|7|2023}}||align=left|{{KOR-d}} [[Seoul World Cup Stadium]], [[Seoul]]||align=left|{{KOR football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Corée du Sud - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2023/07/08/world/friendly-women/korea-republic/haiti/4077225/|site=soccerway.com|date=8/7/2023|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|2 - 1|| 69 ||bgcolor=Lavender|Match amical||-||1||Non||rowspan="4"|{{FRA-d}} [[Olympique lyonnais (féminines)|O. lyonnais]] |- |''22''||{{date-|22|7|2023}}||align=left|{{AUS-d}} [[Suncorp Stadium|Brisbane Stadium]], [[Brisbane]]||align=left|{{ENG football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Angleterre - Haïti|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/fr/match-centre/match/103/285026/285033/400222836?competitionEntryId=103|site=fifa.com|date=22/7/2023|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|1 - 0|| 90 ||bgcolor=LimeGreen|[[Coupe du monde féminine de football 2023|CDM 2023]]||-||-||Non |- |''23''||{{date-|28|7|2023}}||align=left|{{AUS-d}} [[Hindmarsh Stadium]], [[Adélaïde (Australie)|Adélaïde]]||align=left|{{CHN football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Chine - Haïti|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/fr/match-centre/match/103/285026/285033/400222834|site=fifa.com|date=28/7/2023|consulté le=28/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|1 - 0|| 44 ||bgcolor=LimeGreen|CDM 2023||-||-||Non |- |''24''||{{date-|1|8|2023}}||align=left|{{AUS-d}} [[Perth Oval|Perth Rectangular Stadium]], [[Perth (Australie-Occidentale)|Perth]]||align=left|{{DEN football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Haïti - Danemark|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/fr/match-centre/match/103/285026/285033/400222838|site=fifa.com|date=1/8/2023|consulté le=1/8/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|0 - 2|| 90 ||bgcolor=LimeGreen|CDM 2023||-||-||Non |} {| |-valign=top |Résultat : {{Légende/Début}} {{Légende|{{fc|gagné}}|G {{=}} Match gagné}} {{Légende|{{fc|nul}}|N {{=}} Match nul}} {{Légende|{{fc|perdu}}|P {{=}} Match perdu}} {{Légende/Fin}} |} {{Boîte déroulante/fin}} == Referans == {{Referans}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&q=dumornay+18eme+ballon+d+or&cvid=09242a950ced4c36a08563214179dbcc&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEJMTM1MDJqMGoxqAIAsAIA&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=LCTS|title=dumornay 18eme ballon d or|language=en|access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref> == Lyen ekstèn == {{Liens}} rzj93k6nme1r6gf2fh143h6ckqacn8x 889424 889423 2026-10-25T03:52:30Z Kitanago 19629 889424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Foubolè|non=Melchie Dumornay|imaj=Dumornay is ready to go (cropped).png|taille image=|lejand= Dumornay avèk [[OL Lyonnes]] an [[2025]].|klèb aktyèl={{FRA-d}} [[Olympique lyonnais (féminines)|Olympique lyonnais]]|nimewo klèb=6|non nesans=Melchie Daëlle Dumornay|dat nesans={{dat|17|8|2003|nan foutbòl|âge=oui}}|lye nesans=[[Mibalè]] ([[Ayiti]])|nasyonalite={{HAI-d}} [[Ayiti|ayisyèn]]|wotè={{taille|m=1.60}}|pozisyon=[[Mitan teren|Milye ofansif]]|pye=Ambidextre|pakou jinyò={{de kolòn }}|pakou senyò={{Twa kolòn |[[2017 nan foutbòl|2017]]-[[2021 nan foutbòl|2021]]|{{HAI-d}} [[Association sportive Tigresses|AS Tigresses]]| |[[2021 nan foutbòl|2021]]-[[2023 nan foutbòl|2023]]|{{FRA-d}} [[Stade de Reims (féminines)|Stade de Reims]]|{{0}}39 (23) |[[2023 nan foutbòl|2023]]- |{{FRA-d}} [[Olympique lyonnais (féminines)|Olympique lyonnais]]|{{0}}23 (13) }}|sélection nationale={{Trois colonnes |[[2017 nan foutbòl|2017]]-[[2018 en football|2018]]|{{HAI-d}} Haïti -17 ans|{{0}}10 (18) |[[2018 nan foutbòl|2018]]-|{{HAI-d}} [[Équipe d'Haïti féminine de football des moins de 20 ans|Haïti -20 ans]]|{{0}}15 (26) |[[2018 nan foutbòl|2018]]-|{{HAI football féminin}}|{{0}}24 (12) }}|dat mizajou={{date-|08/10/2024}}}} '''Melchie Dumornay (Mèlchi Dimòney)''', ki gen ti jwèt non '''Corventina''' (Kòvenntina) fèt nan dat 17 dawou 2003 nan Mibalè an Ayiti. Li se yon jwez foutbòl entènasyonal k ap jwe kòm miye teren atak ekip Olenmpik Lyon an. == Biyografi == === Karyè klèb === Melchie Dumornay ('''Mèlchi Dimòney)''' fèt epi grandi nan [[Mibalè (komin)|Mibalè]] an [[Ayiti]]. Manman l ak papa l se moun nan Sid ([[Aken (komin)|AKEN]]). Li te kòmanse istwa lanmou li ak foutbòl nan katye li,pandan l ap jwe pye atè epi tèt pou tèt nan mitan yon dal gason ki pi gran pase l . Se depi la,li kòmanse devlope lespri konbativite ak tanperaman ganyan lakay li. <ref name="olympics.com">{{Cite web|url=https://olympics.com/fr/infos/football-coupe-monde-feminine-2023-haiti-melchie-dumornay-world-at-their-feet|title=Coupe du monde féminine 2023 : À la découverte de Melchie Dumornay, la joueuse prodige d’Haïti|date=21/7/2023|website=olympics.com|access-date=27/7/2023}}.</ref> . Aprè li te devlope fizikman, an 2017 li entegre ekip AS Tigrès la; aprè sa, yon ane pita, lè l vin gen laj kenzan, li te vin meyè jwez ak sila ki make plis gòl nan chanpyona ayisyen an <ref name="olympics.com"/> . An novanm 2018, li te fè yon esè ak Olenmpik Lyon, ki te yon siksè, malgre yo pa t kapab rekrite li akòz laj li ki te twò piti <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.piedscarresfem.fr/2021/09/11/melchie-dumornay-la-pepite-haitienne-debarque-au-stade-de-reims/|title=Melchie Dumornay, la pépite haïtienne débarque au Stade de Reims|date=2021-09-11|website=PiedsCarrés-Féminin|language=fr-FR|access-date=2021-10-18|archive-date=2021-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018170617/https://www.piedscarresfem.fr/2021/09/11/melchie-dumornay-la-pepite-haitienne-debarque-au-stade-de-reims/|dead-url=yes}}.</ref> . Premye evennman ki te tou lanse karyè li te fèt nan mondyal 2018 kategori timoun ki pa gen 20 ane nan peyi [[Frans|Lafrans]] . Ayisyèn yo pral elimine kont Almay pou 3èm ak dènye match yo nan konpetisyon an. Dènye chans yo pou fè yon bon enpresyon. Amandine Miquel (Amandin Mikèl), antrenè seleksyon fanm nan Estad de Renm, te prezan pandan match popilè sa a. Tombe sou cham, Stad de Renm patka tann e kouri pran kontak relasyon avèk jèn ayisyèn lan jiskaske li te rive gen dizwitan.{{Début citation}}À la Coupe du monde U20, j’ai vu Melchie. Elle avait quinze ans et elle donnait beaucoup de mal aux joueuses allemandes. On s'est dit qu’on devrait suivre cette joueuse et voir ce que ça donne à ses dix-huit ans. Je n’ai jamais vu une aussi bonne joueuse.{{Fini sitasyon blok|Amandine Miquel|olympics.com<ref name="olympics.com"/>}}An 2020, magazin ''Gol'' te nonmen li senkyèm jwez ki pi pwomèt nan mond lan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-om/lists/nxgn-2020-the-10-best-wonderkids-in-womens-football/2bg2g2ubjp591vd1lkjmzqvwa#pud643eqplj41tg9zumpzc4yd|title=NxGn 2020: The 10 best wonderkids in women’s football {{!}} Goal.com|website=www.goal.com|access-date=2021-10-18}}.</ref> Nan dat 9 septembre 2021, lè li te fèk selebre dizwityèm anivèsè nesans li epi finalman li te kapab gen aksè pou l kapab jwe aletranje, e malgre enterè plizyè lòt klèb plis prestijye an [[Ewòp]] ak [[Etazini]], li te rive enskri ak Stad Renm nan Divizyon 1 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lesportaufeminin.fr/2021/09/13/mercato-zoom-sur-melchie-dumornay-la-derniere-recrue-du-stade-de-reims/|title=Mercato : Zoom sur ... Melchie Dumornay, la dernière recrue du Stade de Reims|language=fr-FR|access-date=2021-10-18|archive-date=2022-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810024251/https://www.lesportaufeminin.fr/2021/09/13/mercato-zoom-sur-melchie-dumornay-la-derniere-recrue-du-stade-de-reims/|dead-url=yes}}.</ref>, kote li al jwe menm kote ak konpatriyòt li Kethna Louis <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/melchie-dumornay-haiti-kroos-wonderkid-50-clubs-wanted/g1o37j6lx361s370rt4p3a1n|title=Melchie Dumornay: Haiti’s Kroos-inspired wonderkid that around 50 clubs wanted {{!}} Goal.com|website=www.goal.com|access-date=2021-10-18}}.</ref> .{{Début citation}}Je voulais commencer ma carrière en France. Je pense que la passion, le travail acharné et la détermination m’ont permis de progresser.{{Fini sitasyon blok|Melchie Dumornay|olympics.com<ref name="olympics.com"/>}} Yon lòt fwa ankò, menm magazin Gòl la te nonmen l senkyèm jwez ki pi pwomèt nan mond lan pou ane 2021 an <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/lists/nxgn-2021-10-best-wonderkids-womens-football/anmn817neemf1jmsnr168zjoh|title=NXGN 2021: The 10 best wonderkids in women's football {{!}} Goal.com|website=www.goal.com|access-date=2021-10-18}}.</ref> . Pou premye match li ak Renm, li fè de pas desizif nan yon mitan kont GPSO 92 Issy <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/231974/des-debuts-reussis-pour-melchie-daeelle-dumornay-en-france|title=Des débuts réussis pour Melchie Daëelle Dumornay en France|website=Le Nouvelliste|language=en|access-date=2021-10-18}}.</ref> . Aprè sa, li fè 2 gòl pou dezyèm match li kont Bòdo <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vantbefinfo.com/2021/10/melchie-dumornay-dit-corventina-brille-a-nouveau-avec-le-stade-de-reims/|title=Melchie Dumornay dite Corventina brille à nouveau avec le Stade de Reims|last=VBI|date=2021-10-16|website=Vant Bèf Info|language=fr-FR|access-date=2021-10-18|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019063952/https://vantbefinfo.com/2021/10/melchie-dumornay-dit-corventina-brille-a-nouveau-avec-le-stade-de-reims/|dead-url=yes}}.</ref> . Nan lane 2022, li te genyen pri NXGN (jwè ki pi pwomèt nan mond lan pa magazin ''Gol'') aprè de aparisyon l nan klasman sila <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stade-de-reims.com/melchie-dumornay-lyon-la-saison-prochaine/|title=Melchie Dumornay à Lyon la saison prochaine|date=16-1-2023|website=stade-de-reims.com|language=fr-FR|access-date=24-7-2023}}.</ref> . An janvier 2023, pandan ke anpil klib Ewopeyen yo ak Ameriken yo te dèyè l, li te rive siyen pou twa ane nan Olenmpik Lyon . Pandan tan sa a, li te fini sezon an ak Renm <ref name="Olympique & Lyonnais">{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympique-et-lyonnais.com/mercato-melchie-dumornay-vit-un-reve-en-signant-a-lol,274726.html|title=Mercato : Melchie Dumornay "vit un rêve" en signant à l’OL|last=Hernandez|first=David|date=2023-01-17|website=Olympique & Lyonnais|language=fr-FR|access-date=2023-01-17}}.</ref> .{{Début citation}}Cela a toujours été mon rêve pour moi de porter le maillot de l’Olympique Lyonnais. Je sais que ce club peut me permettre de progresser et de conquérir des trophées. J’ai hâte de jouer ici et d’évoluer notamment aux côtés de [[Wendie Renard]]. C’est un modèle pour beaucoup de jeunes joueuses et j’espère devenir un jour comme elle.{{Fini sitasyon blok|Melchie Dumornay|Olympique & Lyonnais<ref name="Olympique & Lyonnais"/>}} Mèlchie Dumornay '''(Mèlchi Dimòney) nan''' nominasyon pou tit jwè mwa pou Oktòb <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympique-et-lyonnais.com/dumornay-ol-nommee-pour-le-titre-de-joueuse-du-mois-en-d1-feminine,308142.html|title=Dumornay (OL) nommée pour le titre de joueuse du mois en D1|last=Hernandez|first=David|date=2023-11-04|website=Olympique & Lyonnais|language=fr-FR|access-date=2023-11-05}}</ref> . === Karyè entènasyonal === Melchie Dumornay '''(Mèlchi Dimòney)''' patisipe nan tounwa KONKAKAF nan kategori timoun ki pa depase 17 ane yo, aprè kategori ki pa depase 20 ane yo. Avèk patisipasyon sa yo, li te kalifye Ayiti pou koup di mond nan kategori a an 2018, sa ki te pèmèt Ayiti vin premye nasyon [[Karayib|Karayib la]] ki te patisipe nan konpetisyon an <ref name=":0"/> . Gras a 14 gòl li te make pandan chanpyona KONKAKAF kategori ki pa depase 20 ane yo an 2020, li te genyen soulye dò nan konpetisyon sila a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/213226/melchie-daelle-dumornay-soulier-dor-du-championnat-feminin-de-la-concacaf-u20|title=Melchie Daelle Dumornay, Soulier d'or du championnat féminin de la Concacaf U20|website=Le Nouvelliste|language=en|access-date=2021-10-18}}.</ref> . Nan mwa me 2018, yo te rele l pou premye fwa nan ekip nasyonal la pou patisipe nan kalifikasyon Gòl Keup 2018 la <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haitilibre.com/article-24337-haiti-flash-debut-des-eliminatoires-de-la-coupe-du-monde-de-football-feminin-france-2019.html|title=Début des éliminatoires de la coupe du monde de football féminin «France 2019»|date=9/5/2018|website=haitilibre.com|access-date=4/8/2023}}.</ref> . 13 mai 2018, li make premye gòl li pou seleksyon an, pandan match nil ki te rive fèt<ref name="Jamaïque - Haïti">{{Cite web|url=https://www.haitilibre.com/article-24375-haiti-football-france-2019-haiti-rate-de-peu-la-qualification.html|title=Haïti rate de peu la qualification|date=14/5/2018|website=haitilibre.com|access-date=4/8/2023}}.</ref> kont Jamayik . Nan 21 fevriye 2023, lè li fè 2 gòl nan play-off kont Chili, e li penmèt peyi l kalifye pou premye faz final koup di mond <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juno7.ht/haiti-qualifiee-pour-la-premiere-fois-de-son-histoire/|title=Haïti Qualifiée Pour La Première Fois De Son Histoire Au Mondial Féminin|website=Juno7|language=en|access-date=2023-02-23}}.</ref> . * Gayan Trophée des Champions an 2023 * Gayan D1 Arkema an 2024 * Yo te vote l pi bon jwez Concacaf 2023/2024, li te ranpòte pri sa a nan da[https://www.juno7.ht/melchie-dumornay-nommee-au-ballon-dor-feminin-2025/ t 22 septanm 2025]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.juno7.ht/melchie-dumornay-nommee-au-ballon-dor-feminin-2025/|title=Melchie Dumornay, première haïtienne nommée au Ballon d’Or féminin 2025 - Juno7|date=2025-08-07|language=fr-FR|access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref> lan, Dumornay te pran plas 18tyèm nan lis balon dò ki te reyini tòp 20 jwez ke yo te chwazi pou fè lis lan. Pandan sezon sa a, ak ekip Lyonèz la, li te fè 22 gòl ak 9 pas desizif. Sa ki plase l etanke premye jwez ayisyen ki reyisi nomine nan gwo evennman sila a. E nan menm ane a ankò, nan dat 10 novanm 2025 lan, pou yon dezyèm fwa, li regenyen pri meyè jwez Concacaf la.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Melchie Dumornay meilleure joueuse de la Concacaf et nommée au prix The Best FIFA 2025|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/261482/melchie-dumornay-meilleure-joueuse-de-la-concacaf-et-nommee-au-prix-the-best-fifa-2025|access-date=2025-12-01|language=fr}}</ref> == Distenksyon pèsonèl == * Trofe D1 Arkema pou jwè mwa a pou Oktòb 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unfp.org/2023/11/melchie-dumornay-recompensee-2/|title=Melchie Dumornay récompensée -|website=www.unfp.org|access-date=2023-11-19}}</ref> * twofe meyè jwez Konkakaf 2024 *Twofe meyè jwez Konkakaf 2025<ref>{{Cite web|title=Melchie Dumornay remporte son deuxième prix de Joueur de l'année de la Concacaf|url=https://www.liguehaitienne.com/fr/news/melchie-dumornay-remporte-son-deuxi-me-prix-de-joueur-de-l-ann-e-de-la-concacaf|date=2025-11-10|access-date=2025-12-01|language=fr|first=Ligue Haitienne de|last=Football}}</ref> == Kontra piblisite == === Adidas === Nan novembre 2022, li te anonse sou kont Instagram li ke li te siyen ak manifakti ekipman Adidas . Dapre ajan li a, Takumi Jeannin, kontra sa a se alontèm epi li gen pou objektif pou devlope mak jwè a epi ede peyi li <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/football-melchie-dumornay-signe-avec-adidas/|title=Melchie Dumornay signe avec Adidas|website=Loop news|language=en|access-date=2023-02-23}}.</ref> .  {{Boîte déroulante/début|titre=Matchs internationaux / Haïti {{HAI-d}}}} {|class="wikitable alternance" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; line-height:14px;" width=100% |- ! # !! Date !! Stade !! Adversaire !! Résultat !! Minutes !! Compétition !! {{goal}} !! {{passe décisive}} !! Capitaine !! Club |- |''1''||{{date-|9|5|2018}}||align=left|{{HAI-d}} [[Stade Sylvio-Cator]], [[Port-au-Prince]]||align=left|{{MTQ football féminin}}||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|2 - 0|| 90 ||bgcolor=LightBlue|[[Éliminatoires du Championnat féminin de la CONCACAF 2018|Qualifs Gold Cup 2018]]||-||-||Non||rowspan="8"|{{HAI-d}} [[Association sportive Tigresses|AS Tigresses]] |- |''2''||{{date-|11|5|2018}}||align=left|{{HAI-d}} Stade Sylvio-Cator, Port-au-Prince||align=left|{{GLP-d}} [[Équipe de Guadeloupe féminine de football|Guadeloupe]]||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|0 - 11|| 90 ||bgcolor=LightBlue|Qualifs Gold Cup 2018||-||2||Non |- |''3''||{{date-|13|5|2018}}||align=left|{{HAI-d}} Stade Sylvio-Cator, Port-au-Prince||align=left|{{JAM football féminin}}<ref name="Jamaïque - Haïti"/>||bgcolor={{fc|nul}}|2 - 2|| 90 ||bgcolor=LightBlue|Qualifs Gold Cup 2018||1||-||Non |- |''4''||{{date-|4|10|2019}}||align=left|{{PUR-d}} [[Estadio Juan Ramón Loubriel]], [[Bayamón]]||align=left|{{SUR football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Suriname - Haïti|url=https://www.leballonrond.fr/jogo.php?id=7797028|site=leballonrond.fr|date=4/10/2019|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|0 - 10|| 66 ||bgcolor=Gold|[[Tournoi pré-olympique féminin de la CONCACAF 2020|Qualifs JO 2020]]||1||1||Non |- |''5''||{{date-|7|10|2019}}||align=left|{{PUR-d}} Estadio Juan Ramón Loubriel, Bayamón||align=left|{{PUR football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Puerto Rico - Haïti|url=https://www.leballonrond.fr/match.php?id=7797030&hp=1|site=leballonrond.fr|date=7/10/2019|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|1 - 2|| 90 ||bgcolor=Gold|Qualifs JO 2020||1||-||Non |- |''6''||{{date-|29|1|2020}}||align=left|{{USA-d}} [[Shell Energy Stadium|BBVA Stadium]], [[Houston]]||align=left|{{USA football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=États-Unis - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2020/01/29/nc-america/womens-olympic-qualifying-concacaf/united-states/haiti/3183890/|site=soccerway.com|date=29/1/2020|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|4 - 0|| 90 ||bgcolor=Gold|Qualifs JO 2020||-||-||Non |- |''7''||{{date-|1|2|2020}}||align=left|{{USA-d}} BBVA Stadium, Houston||align=left|{{CRC football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Haïti - Costa Rica|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2020/02/01/nc-america/womens-olympic-qualifying-concacaf/haiti/costa-rica/3183891/|site=soccerway.com|date=1/2/2020|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|0 - 2|| 90 ||bgcolor=Gold|Qualifs JO 2020||-||-||Non |- |''8''||{{date-|4|2|2020}}||align=left|{{USA-d}} BBVA Stadium, Houston||align=left|{{PAN football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Panama - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2020/02/04/nc-america/womens-olympic-qualifying-concacaf/panama/haiti/3183893/|site=soccerway.com|date=4/2/2020|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|0 - 6|| 90 ||bgcolor=Gold|Qualifs JO 2020||1||1||Non |- |''9''||{{date-|9|4|2022}}||align=left|{{IVB-d}} [[Sherly Ground]], [[Road Town]]||align=left|{{IVB-d}} [[Équipe des îles Vierges britanniques féminine de football|Îles Vierges]]<ref>{{lien web|titre=Île Vierges Britanniques - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2022/04/09/nc-america/womens-wc-qualifying-concacaf/british-virgin-islands/haiti/3685447/|site=soccerway.com|date=9/4/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|0 - 21|| 60 ||bgcolor=LightBlue|[[Éliminatoires du Championnat féminin de la CONCACAF 2022|Qualifs Gold Cup 2022]]||2||3||Non||rowspan="12"|{{FRA-d}} [[Stade de Reims (féminines)|Stade de Reims]] |- |''10''||{{date-|13|4|2022}}||align=left|{{DOM-d}} [[Stade olympique Félix-Sánchez|Stade Félix-Sánchez]], [[Saint-Domingue (ville)|Saint-Domingue]]||align=left|{{CUB football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Haïti - Cuba|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2022/04/13/nc-america/womens-wc-qualifying-concacaf/haiti/cuba/3685449/|site=soccerway.com|date=13/4/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|6 - 0|| 76 ||bgcolor=LightBlue|Qualifs Gold Cup 2022||1||1||Non |- |''11''||{{date-|26|6|2022}}||align=left|{{CRC-d}} [[Stade Alejandro Morera Soto]], [[Alajuela]]||align=left|{{CRC football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Costa Rica - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/26/world/friendly-women/costa-rica/haiti/3792030/|site=soccerway.com|date=26/6/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|2 - 1|| 80 ||bgcolor=Lavender|[[Match amical]]||-||-||Non |- |''12''||{{date-|28|6|2022}}||align=left|{{CRC-d}} Stade Complejo fedefutbol Plycem, Alajuela||align=left|{{CRC football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Costa Rica - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2022/06/28/world/friendly-women/costa-rica/haiti/3792031/|site=soccerway.com|date=28/6/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|2 - 4|| 90 ||bgcolor=Lavender|Match amical||2||-||Non |- |''13''||{{date-|5|7|2022}}||align=left|{{MEX-d}} [[Estadio Universitario]], [[San Nicolás de los Garza|San Nicolás]]||align=left|{{USA football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=États-Unis - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2022/07/05/nc-america/womens-wc-qualifying-concacaf/united-states/haiti/3782254/|site=soccerway.com|date=5/7/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|3 - 0|| 90 ||bgcolor=Silver|[[Championnat féminin de la CONCACAF 2022|Gold Cup 2022]]||-||-||Non |- |''14''||{{date-|8|7|2022}}||align=left|{{MEX-d}} [[Stade BBVA]], [[Guadalupe (Nuevo León)|Guadalupe]]||align=left|{{MEX football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Haïti - Mexique|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2022/07/08/nc-america/womens-wc-qualifying-concacaf/haiti/mexico/3782259/|site=soccerway.com|date=8/7/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|3 - 0|| 83 ||bgcolor=Silver|Gold Cup 2022||-||-||Non |- |''15''||{{date-|12|7|2022}}||align=left|{{MEX-d}} Stade BBVA, Guadalupe||align=left|{{JAM football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Jamaïque - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2022/07/12/nc-america/womens-wc-qualifying-concacaf/jamaica/haiti/3782268/|site=soccerway.com|date=12/7/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|4 - 0|| 90 ||bgcolor=Silver|Gold Cup 2022||-||-||Non |- |''16''||{{date-|11|11|2022}}||align=left|{{POR-d}} Estádio José Martins Vieira, [[Almada]]||align=left|{{POR football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Portugal - Haïti|url=https://www.leballonrond.fr/jogo.php?id=9084422|site=leballonrond.fr|date=11/11/2022|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|5 - 0|| 90 ||bgcolor=Lavender|Match amical||-||-||Non |- |''17''||{{date-|18|2|2023}}||align=left|{{NZL-d}} [[North Harbour Stadium]], [[North Shore City|North Shore]]||align=left|{{SEN football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Sénégal - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2023/02/18/world/womens-wc-qualifying-intercontinental-play-offs-/senegal/haiti/3975383/|site=soccerway.com|date=18/2/2023|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|0 - 4|| 75 ||bgcolor=Yellow|[[Éliminatoires de la Coupe du monde féminine de football 2023|Qualifs CDM 2023]]||-||1||Non |- |''18''||{{date-|22|2|2023}}||align=left|{{NZL-d}} North Harbour Stadium, North Shore||align=left|{{CHI football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Chili - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2023/02/22/world/womens-wc-qualifying-intercontinental-play-offs-/chile/haiti/3975387/|site=soccerway.com|date=22/2/2023|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|1 - 2|| 90 ||bgcolor=Yellow|Qualifs CDM 2023||2||-||Non |- |''19''||{{date-|7|4|2023}}||align=left|{{TUR-d}} Emirhan Sport Center, [[Manavgat (Antalya)|Manavgat]]||align=left|{{NGR football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Nigeria - Haïti|url=https://www.haitilibre.com/article-39252-haiti-match-amical-nos-grenadieres-s-inclinent-[2-1]-face-aux-super-faucons-du-nigeria-videos.html|site=haitilibre.com|date=8/4/2023|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|2 - 1|| 90 ||bgcolor=Lavender|Match amical||1||-||Non |- |''20''||{{date-|10|4|2023}}||align=left|{{TUR-d}} Emirhan Sport Center, Manavgat||align=left|{{MDA football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Moldavie - Haïti|url=https://www.haitilibre.com/article-39276-haiti-coupe-du-monde-feminine-victoire-des-grenadieres-sur-la-moldavie-[3-1]-match-amical-video.html|site=haitilibre.com|date=11/4/2023|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|gagné}}|3 - 1|| 45 ||bgcolor=Lavender|Match amical||-||1||{{cap}} |- |''21''||{{date-|8|7|2023}}||align=left|{{KOR-d}} [[Seoul World Cup Stadium]], [[Seoul]]||align=left|{{KOR football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Corée du Sud - Haïti|url=https://fr.soccerway.com/matches/2023/07/08/world/friendly-women/korea-republic/haiti/4077225/|site=soccerway.com|date=8/7/2023|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|2 - 1|| 69 ||bgcolor=Lavender|Match amical||-||1||Non||rowspan="4"|{{FRA-d}} [[Olympique lyonnais (féminines)|O. lyonnais]] |- |''22''||{{date-|22|7|2023}}||align=left|{{AUS-d}} [[Suncorp Stadium|Brisbane Stadium]], [[Brisbane]]||align=left|{{ENG football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Angleterre - Haïti|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/fr/match-centre/match/103/285026/285033/400222836?competitionEntryId=103|site=fifa.com|date=22/7/2023|consulté le=24/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|1 - 0|| 90 ||bgcolor=LimeGreen|[[Coupe du monde féminine de football 2023|CDM 2023]]||-||-||Non |- |''23''||{{date-|28|7|2023}}||align=left|{{AUS-d}} [[Hindmarsh Stadium]], [[Adélaïde (Australie)|Adélaïde]]||align=left|{{CHN football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Chine - Haïti|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/fr/match-centre/match/103/285026/285033/400222834|site=fifa.com|date=28/7/2023|consulté le=28/7/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|1 - 0|| 44 ||bgcolor=LimeGreen|CDM 2023||-||-||Non |- |''24''||{{date-|1|8|2023}}||align=left|{{AUS-d}} [[Perth Oval|Perth Rectangular Stadium]], [[Perth (Australie-Occidentale)|Perth]]||align=left|{{DEN football féminin}}<ref>{{lien web|titre=Haïti - Danemark|url=https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/fr/match-centre/match/103/285026/285033/400222838|site=fifa.com|date=1/8/2023|consulté le=1/8/2023}}.</ref>||bgcolor={{fc|perdu}}|0 - 2|| 90 ||bgcolor=LimeGreen|CDM 2023||-||-||Non |} {| |-valign=top |Résultat : {{Légende/Début}} {{Légende|{{fc|gagné}}|G {{=}} Match gagné}} {{Légende|{{fc|nul}}|N {{=}} Match nul}} {{Légende|{{fc|perdu}}|P {{=}} Match perdu}} {{Légende/Fin}} |} {{Boîte déroulante/fin}} == Referans == {{Referans}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=299&q=dumornay+18eme+ballon+d+or&cvid=09242a950ced4c36a08563214179dbcc&gs_lcrp=EgRlZGdlKgYIABBFGDkyBggAEEUYOTIGCAEQABhA0gEJMTM1MDJqMGoxqAIAsAIA&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=LCTS|title=dumornay 18eme ballon d or|language=en|access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref> == Lyen ekstèn == {{Liens}} 3ltvm792v1cgfuku3qx35nuqsbf2u3i 0 93913 889386 887747 2026-10-24T22:59:08Z Mikhail Ryazanov 7057 JPEG → PNG 889386 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Animasyon''', nan domèn [[odyovizyèl]], se yon seri teknik ki te devlope a pati XIXe syèk la, dabò avèk reouvè prensip la nan [[band desine]] ak itilizasyon pwosesis optik ak mekanik ki pa depase de segond nan reprezantasyon yo ( jwèt optik, folioscope ), Lè sa a, soti nan 1892, pa fonksyònman pwosesis sa yo nan ki pèmèt pi long pèfòmans. dire, soti nan youn a senk minit ( [[Teyat optik]] ) ak itilize nan 1906 nan imaj-pa-imaj tire sou yon mwayen lineyè, fim fotografik ( desen, animasyon volim ), epi finalman, a pati de ane 1970 yo, pa adopsyon nan òdinatè. pwosesis ( animasyon òdinatè, jwèt videyo ). Teknik sa yo se rezilta rechèch ki dire plis pase yon syèk pou jwenn ouvraj vizyèl oswa odyovizyèl ki bay ilizyon ke [[desen]], [[Tablo (boza)|penti]], divès objè inaktif ( [[eskilti]], [[makèt]], poupe, maryonèt, elatriye) oswa [[Imaj vityèl|imaj ki pwodwi sou òdinatè]], yo doue ak. pwòp mouvman yo ak mouvman yo, tankou si yo te vivan, pakonsekan itilize tèm nan "animasyon» (ki soti nan [[Laten]] ''[https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/animalis animalis]'' «anime, vivan, bèt"). [[Fichye:Phenakistiscope.png|droite|vignette|200x200px| Phenakistiscope disk (1832).]] == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans}} == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=Category:Animations|wiktionary=animation|wiktionary titre=animation|wiktionary2=animé|wiktionary titre2=animé}} === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[GIF]] * [[Stop-motion]] {{Kategori prensipal|Animasyon}} === Lyen ekstèn === {{Liens}} [[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]] [[Kategori:Grafis]] [[Kategori:Atizay grafik]] [[Kategori:Anime]] [[Kategori:Teknik sinematografik]] [[Kategori:Istwa sinema]] [[Kategori:Animasyon 3D]] 76gea91q9marhgky5dnq1ic3mbqxyuz 0 94040 889396 856748 2026-10-24T23:20:28Z Kitanago 19629 Kitanago a déplacé la page [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)]] vers [[Gouwou (mèt espirityèl)]] 856748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg|vignette| Guru a se yon figi respekte nan peyi Zend. Isit la Shankara, youn nan gourou ki pi renome nan Endouyis yo montre anseye kat disip li yo.]] '''Guru''' {{MSAPI|/gu.ʁu/}} '''gouwou''', (ki soti nan Sanskrit: {{Lang|sa-Deva|गुरु}}, ''{{Lang|sa-Latn|guru}}'', {{MSAPI|/gu.ru/}} ) se yon tèm ki vle di "preseptè", "titè ","konseye","gid espirityèl","mè » <ref>''[[The Sanskrit Heritage Dictionary]]'' de [[Gérard Huet]] </ref> {{,}} <ref>De même, dans la littérature anglophone : ''guru'' est un mot [[sanskrit]] signifiant ''teacher'', guide, [[expert]], ou ''master'' dans un certain domaine de connaissance [référence : Stefan Pertz (2013), ''The Guru in Me - Critical Perspectives on Management'', GRIN Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3638749251}}, {{p.|2-3}}]. Cependant, pour distinguer sans ambiguïté le lien respectueux de « maître et disciples » en [[Boudis|bouddhisme]] du lien historique entre « maître et esclaves », certains auteurs privilégient le synonyme « mentor ». </ref>. Pandan ke yo itilize tèm nan nan [[Lang angle|lang anglè]] pou deziyen yon ekspè nan nenpòt domèn, san konotasyon pejoratif, li te itilize depi mitan XXe syèk la nan orijin mo gouwou a, yo te itilize patikilyèman an [[Frans]] (ak nan [[Oksidan]] sèlman) nan yon fason iwonik oswa pejoratif, li deziyen yon [[Maître à penser|mèt pansè]], yon ekspè, yon manipilatè, oswa plis jeneralman yon moun ki rasanble disip. == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Leksik End]] [[Kategori:Tit relijye]] [[Kategori:Guru (mèt espirityèl)]] ndwfp7gbftwr2ejeum7jog6g0y4xy91 889398 889396 2026-10-24T23:21:32Z Kitanago 19629 889398 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Raja_Ravi_Varma_-_Sankaracharya.jpg|vignette| Guru a se yon figi respekte nan peyi Zend. Isit la Shankara, youn nan gourou ki pi renome nan Endouyis yo montre anseye kat disip li yo.]] '''Guru''' {{MSAPI|/gu.ʁu/}} '''gouwou''', (ki soti nan Sanskrit: {{Lang|sa-Deva|गुरु}}, ''{{Lang|sa-Latn|guru}}'', {{MSAPI|/gu.ru/}} ) se yon tèm ki vle di "preseptè", "titè ","konseye","gid espirityèl","mè » <ref>''[[The Sanskrit Heritage Dictionary]]'' de [[Gérard Huet]] </ref> {{,}} <ref>De même, dans la littérature anglophone : ''guru'' est un mot [[sanskrit]] signifiant ''teacher'', guide, [[expert]], ou ''master'' dans un certain domaine de connaissance [référence : Stefan Pertz (2013), ''The Guru in Me - Critical Perspectives on Management'', GRIN Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3638749251}}, {{p.|2-3}}]. Cependant, pour distinguer sans ambiguïté le lien respectueux de « maître et disciples » en [[Boudis|bouddhisme]] du lien historique entre « maître et esclaves », certains auteurs privilégient le synonyme « mentor ». </ref>. Pandan ke yo itilize tèm nan nan [[Lang angle|lang anglè]] pou deziyen yon ekspè nan nenpòt domèn, san konotasyon pejoratif, li te itilize depi mitan XXe syèk la nan orijin mo gouwou a, yo te itilize patikilyèman an [[Frans]] (ak nan [[Oksidan]] sèlman) nan yon fason iwonik oswa pejoratif, li deziyen yon [[Maître à penser|mèt pansè]], yon ekspè, yon manipilatè, oswa plis jeneralman yon moun ki rasanble disip. == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Leksik End]] [[Kategori:Tit relijye]] [[Kategori:Gouwou (mèt espirityèl)]] 1d5wo20374vf96mil2udzxxnpyvrwlz 0 97634 889346 889137 2026-10-24T21:20:58Z Kitanago 19629 889346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l. An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an. Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo. Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li. == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur [ nòt 1 ] ) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End). [ nòt 2 ] Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason. Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la. Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ). <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> ] Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman). Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> == Gade tou == * Bhakti * Mouvman Bhakti * Dasam Granth * Japji {{s-start}} {{succession box|before=[[Guru Angad]]|title=[[Sikh gurus|Sikh Guru]]|years=26 March 1552 – 1 September 1574|after=[[Guru Ram Das]]}} {{s-end}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] ai9ezaq7gjh3t8fds24r0uwuo727l2g 889348 889346 2026-10-24T21:26:33Z Kitanago 19629 889348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l. An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an. Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo. Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li. == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur [ nòt 1 ] ) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End). [ nòt 2 ] Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason. Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la. Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ). <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> ] Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman). Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> == Referans== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] t7j6fn2wectks2r3kjcjjs1h3n30bqg 889349 889348 2026-10-24T21:27:55Z Kitanago 19629 /* Referans */ 889349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l. An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an. Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo. Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li. == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur [ nòt 1 ] ) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End). [ nòt 2 ] Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason. Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la. Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ). <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> ] Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman). Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 3oay5gbmg6uih1o64cgwmtnil0topmv 889350 889349 2026-10-24T21:29:27Z Kitanago 19629 889350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l. An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an. Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li. == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur [ nòt 1 ] ) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End). [ nòt 2 ] Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason. Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la. Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ). <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> ] Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman). Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] mpkg02wyc8x54lqlvhp4qmgfhwertg5 889351 889350 2026-10-24T21:31:46Z Kitanago 19629 /* Istwa familyal ak nesans */ 889351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l. An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an. Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li. == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason. Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la. Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ). <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> ] Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman). Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] n0aog04ezzaclk5gahqmm2looh8jyah 889352 889351 2026-10-24T21:34:36Z Kitanago 19629 /* Istwa familyal ak nesans */ 889352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l. An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an. Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li. == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022" /> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la. Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ). <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> ] Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman). Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] dmi9f0l5oinqt8dj7uc49ci155ums0g 889353 889352 2026-10-24T21:37:26Z Kitanago 19629 889353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l. An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" /><ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li. == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022" /> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la. Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ). <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> ] Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman). Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 4dnbang1ho06pv2znr4t2bxvhhj8x2m 889354 889353 2026-10-24T21:39:58Z Kitanago 19629 889354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li. == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022" /> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la. Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ). <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> ] Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman). Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] h5jib7bfsfx8oxsfnct17vtw01gp6iq 889355 889354 2026-10-24T21:46:08Z Kitanago 19629 889355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022" /> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la. Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ). <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> ] Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman). Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 58dyst4pfzeeqgprpdqrt3d7t608xtl 889356 889355 2026-10-24T21:59:41Z Kitanago 19629 /* Istwa familyal ak nesans */ 889356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":0222">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la. Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ). <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> ] Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman). Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] b37095hgt82lzohcy51lv5m1u2xt3ty 889357 889356 2026-10-24T22:00:23Z Kitanago 19629 /* Istwa familyal ak nesans */ 889357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la. Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ). <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> ] Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman). Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] o0kdlz1o6gmckn7bqv69qwf5lnlehj1 889358 889357 2026-10-24T22:03:39Z Kitanago 19629 /* Maryaj */ 889358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la. Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ). <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> ] Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman). Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] oz8o35px4e0p7efszq2k8ysu49ypwhe 889359 889358 2026-10-24T22:05:23Z Kitanago 19629 /* Ansèyman */ 889359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ). <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> ] Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman). Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] l3isqthnfnqbgi0yeaq454ez6oywtv3 889360 889359 2026-10-24T22:11:48Z Kitanago 19629 /* Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè */ 889360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman). Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] k72j2tf0y5ev8lak87qiakgp0fif20z 889361 889360 2026-10-24T22:13:58Z Kitanago 19629 /* Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè */ 889361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] srvgy99wjyu55qlfjgupffqdcnigoh7 889362 889361 2026-10-24T22:18:58Z Kitanago 19629 /* Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè */ 889362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022"> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] bytjh0ip2d7ci8sp42x4tyyd9drkdjv 889363 889362 2026-10-24T22:19:51Z Kitanago 19629 /* Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè */ 889363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Sikh World |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9780429848384 |series=Routledge Worlds |chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574) |quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] k688kpsyeanogc8k6th0fy0ci7wpmi6 889364 889363 2026-10-24T22:20:33Z Kitanago 19629 /* Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè */ 889364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye. ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 6tpljmkwgxg8sarifkd1wo6isc12rhu 889365 889364 2026-10-24T22:20:55Z Kitanago 19629 /* Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè */ 889365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Sikh World |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9780429848384 |series=Routledge Worlds |chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574) |quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l. Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] tt14pjb6nf4v7yy8h5msv0olv2bm8w9 889366 889365 2026-10-24T22:23:08Z Kitanago 19629 /* Opoze sistèm Purdah la */ 889366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir . Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Sikh World |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9780429848384 |series=Routledge Worlds |chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574) |quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das was also against the custom of purdah. Once Raja of Haripur along with his wives visited the Guru place, the queen observed purdah, Guru objected and asked them to put their veils off. One of them did not agree to remove purdah the Guru remarked "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why hast thou come hither?" The effects of this was that the men, with whom it was usual in hard times to leave their females to the mercy of invader, (let they performed Jauhar), now they come forward as the defenders of their homes. Guru Amar Das started Pin [sic] system for the regeneration of the society, which was entrusted with the task of educating women in religious and social norms. The whole organization was handled by intellectual women; Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi [sic] and Bibi Pal (these women were devotees of Guru Amar Das and helped him in educating women) were those who contributed in this system.}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] n1s401w8nh1wn01f7asnuyllzjhotzf 889367 889366 2026-10-24T22:26:47Z Kitanago 19629 /* Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè */ 889367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Sikh World |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9780429848384 |series=Routledge Worlds |chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574) |quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das was also against the custom of purdah. Once Raja of Haripur along with his wives visited the Guru place, the queen observed purdah, Guru objected and asked them to put their veils off. One of them did not agree to remove purdah the Guru remarked "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why hast thou come hither?" The effects of this was that the men, with whom it was usual in hard times to leave their females to the mercy of invader, (let they performed Jauhar), now they come forward as the defenders of their homes. Guru Amar Das started Pin [sic] system for the regeneration of the society, which was entrusted with the task of educating women in religious and social norms. The whole organization was handled by intellectual women; Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi [sic] and Bibi Pal (these women were devotees of Guru Amar Das and helped him in educating women) were those who contributed in this system.}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak". Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 9j1s2yulhse7jq11t639hiklo02a0xg 889368 889367 2026-10-24T22:30:32Z Kitanago 19629 /* Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray */ 889368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Sikh World |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9780429848384 |series=Routledge Worlds |chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574) |quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das was also against the custom of purdah. Once Raja of Haripur along with his wives visited the Guru place, the queen observed purdah, Guru objected and asked them to put their veils off. One of them did not agree to remove purdah the Guru remarked "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why hast thou come hither?" The effects of this was that the men, with whom it was usual in hard times to leave their females to the mercy of invader, (let they performed Jauhar), now they come forward as the defenders of their homes. Guru Amar Das started Pin [sic] system for the regeneration of the society, which was entrusted with the task of educating women in religious and social norms. The whole organization was handled by intellectual women; Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi [sic] and Bibi Pal (these women were devotees of Guru Amar Das and helped him in educating women) were those who contributed in this system.}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh. Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair|title= Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101}}</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=W. Owen|last2=Sambhi|first2=Piara Singh | isbn=978-0-333-54107-4 |title=Derived Religions?|year=1993|pages=10–24|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2}}</ref> Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 043pjgyhamacxb38hjr6evlqbf2ehro 889369 889368 2026-10-24T22:31:28Z Kitanago 19629 /* Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray */ 889369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Sikh World |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9780429848384 |series=Routledge Worlds |chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574) |quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das was also against the custom of purdah. Once Raja of Haripur along with his wives visited the Guru place, the queen observed purdah, Guru objected and asked them to put their veils off. One of them did not agree to remove purdah the Guru remarked "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why hast thou come hither?" The effects of this was that the men, with whom it was usual in hard times to leave their females to the mercy of invader, (let they performed Jauhar), now they come forward as the defenders of their homes. Guru Amar Das started Pin [sic] system for the regeneration of the society, which was entrusted with the task of educating women in religious and social norms. The whole organization was handled by intellectual women; Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi [sic] and Bibi Pal (these women were devotees of Guru Amar Das and helped him in educating women) were those who contributed in this system.}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh.<ref name=fenech35>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=35}}</ref> Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair|title= Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101}}</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=W. Owen|last2=Sambhi|first2=Piara Singh | isbn=978-0-333-54107-4 |title=Derived Religions?|year=1993|pages=10–24|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2}}</ref> Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a: # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 0bk9damgdu2qyxnqo3n1u3s9458r1a0 889370 889369 2026-10-24T22:32:36Z Kitanago 19629 /* Chwazi yon siksesè */ 889370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Sikh World |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9780429848384 |series=Routledge Worlds |chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574) |quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das was also against the custom of purdah. Once Raja of Haripur along with his wives visited the Guru place, the queen observed purdah, Guru objected and asked them to put their veils off. One of them did not agree to remove purdah the Guru remarked "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why hast thou come hither?" The effects of this was that the men, with whom it was usual in hard times to leave their females to the mercy of invader, (let they performed Jauhar), now they come forward as the defenders of their homes. Guru Amar Das started Pin [sic] system for the regeneration of the society, which was entrusted with the task of educating women in religious and social norms. The whole organization was handled by intellectual women; Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi [sic] and Bibi Pal (these women were devotees of Guru Amar Das and helped him in educating women) were those who contributed in this system.}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh.<ref name=fenech35>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=35}}</ref> Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair|title= Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101}}</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=W. Owen|last2=Sambhi|first2=Piara Singh | isbn=978-0-333-54107-4 |title=Derived Religions?|year=1993|pages=10–24|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2}}</ref> Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=9788183820752 |pages=50}}</ref> # Ramu, bofis li # Jetha, bofis li # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] n3wnmtfeftrv6c3j3wjnpha0wc5bs1w 889371 889370 2026-10-24T22:33:18Z Kitanago 19629 /* Chwazi yon siksesè */ 889371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain believes attributing the names of 'Sullakhani' and 'Lakhmi Devi' as his mother's names is an error.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Some sources state 1509 as his year of birth.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Sikh World |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9780429848384 |series=Routledge Worlds |chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574) |quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das was also against the custom of purdah. Once Raja of Haripur along with his wives visited the Guru place, the queen observed purdah, Guru objected and asked them to put their veils off. One of them did not agree to remove purdah the Guru remarked "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why hast thou come hither?" The effects of this was that the men, with whom it was usual in hard times to leave their females to the mercy of invader, (let they performed Jauhar), now they come forward as the defenders of their homes. Guru Amar Das started Pin [sic] system for the regeneration of the society, which was entrusted with the task of educating women in religious and social norms. The whole organization was handled by intellectual women; Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi [sic] and Bibi Pal (these women were devotees of Guru Amar Das and helped him in educating women) were those who contributed in this system.}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh.<ref name=fenech35>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=35}}</ref> Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair|title= Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101}}</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=W. Owen|last2=Sambhi|first2=Piara Singh | isbn=978-0-333-54107-4 |title=Derived Religions?|year=1993|pages=10–24|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2}}</ref> Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=9788183820752 |pages=50}}</ref> # Ramu, bofis li {{Efn|Also known as Bhai Rama, he was married to his elder daughter, Dani.|group=note}} # Jetha, bofis li {{Efn|He was married to his younger daughter, Bhani.|group=note}} # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 9sk0a1acqnxzk6u6f5hcdujmhokq474 889372 889371 2026-10-24T22:35:46Z Kitanago 19629 /* Istwa familyal ak nesans */ 889372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain kwè se yon erè pou yo bay non 'Sullakhani' ak 'Lakhmi Devi' kòm non manman l.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Gen kèk sous ki endike 1509 kòm ane nesans li.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=Yon devlopman enstitisyonèl enpòtan te fèt sou rèy Guru Amar Das, ki te entwodui nouvo mezi pou ranfòse koezyon ak inite nan kominote Sikh la (Panth la), ki t ap grandi san rete. Li te fonde vil Goindval sou bò rivyè Beas, kote twa rejyon Punjab yo (Majha, Doaba, ak Malwa) rankontre. Sa ka eksplike kijan enfliyans Sikh Panth la te gaye nan tou twa rejyon sa yo nan Punjab. Guru Amar Das te kreye sistèm *manji* yo ("kabann" oswa chèz otorite) pou atire nouvo disip; chak *manji* te dirije pa gason ak fanm ki te gen bon repitasyon nan kominote Sikh la, e yo te ede gaye mesaj Guru a nan kominote ki te lwen yo. Li te devlope tradisyon ekriti sakre yo lè li te prepare *Goindval Pothis* yo; li te etabli fèt *Visakhi* ak *Divali* (ki fèt de fwa pa ane), sa ki te bay kominote a — ki t ap grandi — yon okazyon pou yo reyini ansanm epi rankontre Guru a. Anplis de sa, li te etabli premye sant pelerinaj la (*baoli*), ki te sèvi pou ankouraje lavi sosyal epi atire nouvo disip. Sou direksyon li, bofis li a, Ram Das, te resevwa fòmasyon nan tradisyon mizikal Nò peyi Zend; pandan se tan, neve li a, Gurdas Bhalla, te resevwa premye edikasyon li nan lang Punjabi, Braj, ak Pèsan — sa ki te gen ladan l etid tradisyon literè Endou ak Mizilman — nan Sultanpur Lodhi. Tout mezi enpòtan sa yo montre klèman estrateji ekspansyon twazyèm Guru a. An reyalite, inisyativ sa a, ki te vize mete an plas yon sistèm administratif ki pi konplè, montre aklè jan mesaj espirityèl Guru Nanak la te gaye rapidman. Li montre tou jan moun ki te resevwa responsablite pou jere tradisyon sa a te aji avèk anpil pragmatism pou reponn a enterè k ap grandi moun yo te genyen pou ansèyman sa a.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Sikh World |last2=Mandair |first2=Arvind-Pal Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9780429848384 |series=Routledge Worlds |chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574) |quote=A major institutional development took place during the reign of Guru Amar Das, who introduced fresh measures to provide greater cohesion and unity to the ever- growing Panth. He founded the town of Goindval on the bank of the Beas River, where the three regions of the Punjab (Majha, Doaba, and Malwa) meet. This may account for the spread of the Sikh Panth's influence in all three regions of the Punjab. Guru Amar Das created the institution of manjis ("Cots," seats of authority) for attracting new followers, each headed by men and women of good standing in the Sikh community and helping in the dissemination of the Guru's word in the distant communities. He expanded the scriptural tradition by preparing the Goindval Pothis, set the biannual festivals of Visakhi and Divali that provided an opportunity for the growing community to get together and meet the Guru, and established the first pilgrimage center (baoli) for socialization and attracting new followers. Under his patronage, his son-in-law Ram Das received training in the musical traditions of North India, and his nephew Gurdas Bhalla received his early education in Punjabi, Braj, and Persian languages, including Hindu and Muslim literary traditions at Sultanpur Lodhi. All these radical measures reflect the expansionist policy of the third Guru. In fact, this early move towards the establishment of a more comprehensive administrative system speaks of the rapidity with which the spiritual appeal of Guru Nanak was gaining ground and of the practicality of those to whom the tradition had been entrusted in dealing with this broadening appeal.}}</ref> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das was also against the custom of purdah. Once Raja of Haripur along with his wives visited the Guru place, the queen observed purdah, Guru objected and asked them to put their veils off. One of them did not agree to remove purdah the Guru remarked "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why hast thou come hither?" The effects of this was that the men, with whom it was usual in hard times to leave their females to the mercy of invader, (let they performed Jauhar), now they come forward as the defenders of their homes. Guru Amar Das started Pin [sic] system for the regeneration of the society, which was entrusted with the task of educating women in religious and social norms. The whole organization was handled by intellectual women; Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi [sic] and Bibi Pal (these women were devotees of Guru Amar Das and helped him in educating women) were those who contributed in this system.}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh.<ref name=fenech35>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=35}}</ref> Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair|title= Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101}}</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=W. Owen|last2=Sambhi|first2=Piara Singh | isbn=978-0-333-54107-4 |title=Derived Religions?|year=1993|pages=10–24|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2}}</ref> Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=9788183820752 |pages=50}}</ref> # Ramu, bofis li {{Efn|Also known as Bhai Rama, he was married to his elder daughter, Dani.|group=note}} # Jetha, bofis li {{Efn|He was married to his younger daughter, Bhani.|group=note}} # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] q5hi21e6osjwcni0ovl7e4yk1mhknrs 889373 889372 2026-10-24T22:38:52Z Kitanago 19629 /* Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè */ 889373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain kwè se yon erè pou yo bay non 'Sullakhani' ak 'Lakhmi Devi' kòm non manman l.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Gen kèk sous ki endike 1509 kòm ane nesans li.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=Yon devlopman enstitisyonèl enpòtan te fèt sou rèy Guru Amar Das, ki te entwodui nouvo mezi pou ranfòse koezyon ak inite nan kominote Sikh la (Panth la), ki t ap grandi san rete. Li te fonde vil Goindval sou bò rivyè Beas, kote twa rejyon Punjab yo (Majha, Doaba, ak Malwa) rankontre. Sa ka eksplike kijan enfliyans Sikh Panth la te gaye nan tou twa rejyon sa yo nan Punjab. Guru Amar Das te kreye sistèm *manji* yo ("kabann" oswa chèz otorite) pou atire nouvo disip; chak *manji* te dirije pa gason ak fanm ki te gen bon repitasyon nan kominote Sikh la, e yo te ede gaye mesaj Guru a nan kominote ki te lwen yo. Li te devlope tradisyon ekriti sakre yo lè li te prepare *Goindval Pothis* yo; li te etabli fèt *Visakhi* ak *Divali* (ki fèt de fwa pa ane), sa ki te bay kominote a — ki t ap grandi — yon okazyon pou yo reyini ansanm epi rankontre Guru a. Anplis de sa, li te etabli premye sant pelerinaj la (*baoli*), ki te sèvi pou ankouraje lavi sosyal epi atire nouvo disip. Sou direksyon li, bofis li a, Ram Das, te resevwa fòmasyon nan tradisyon mizikal Nò peyi Zend; pandan se tan, neve li a, Gurdas Bhalla, te resevwa premye edikasyon li nan lang Punjabi, Braj, ak Pèsan — sa ki te gen ladan l etid tradisyon literè Endou ak Mizilman — nan Sultanpur Lodhi. Tout mezi enpòtan sa yo montre klèman estrateji ekspansyon twazyèm Guru a. An reyalite, inisyativ sa a, ki te vize mete an plas yon sistèm administratif ki pi konplè, montre aklè jan mesaj espirityèl Guru Nanak la te gaye rapidman. Li montre tou jan moun ki te resevwa responsablite pou jere tradisyon sa a te aji avèk anpil pragmatism pou reponn a enterè k ap grandi moun yo te genyen pou ansèyman sa a.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Mohri's name is alternatively spelt as 'Mohari'.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022" /> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das was also against the custom of purdah. Once Raja of Haripur along with his wives visited the Guru place, the queen observed purdah, Guru objected and asked them to put their veils off. One of them did not agree to remove purdah the Guru remarked "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why hast thou come hither?" The effects of this was that the men, with whom it was usual in hard times to leave their females to the mercy of invader, (let they performed Jauhar), now they come forward as the defenders of their homes. Guru Amar Das started Pin [sic] system for the regeneration of the society, which was entrusted with the task of educating women in religious and social norms. The whole organization was handled by intellectual women; Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi [sic] and Bibi Pal (these women were devotees of Guru Amar Das and helped him in educating women) were those who contributed in this system.}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh.<ref name=fenech35>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=35}}</ref> Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair|title= Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101}}</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=W. Owen|last2=Sambhi|first2=Piara Singh | isbn=978-0-333-54107-4 |title=Derived Religions?|year=1993|pages=10–24|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2}}</ref> Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=9788183820752 |pages=50}}</ref> # Ramu, bofis li {{Efn|Also known as Bhai Rama, he was married to his elder daughter, Dani.|group=note}} # Jetha, bofis li {{Efn|He was married to his younger daughter, Bhani.|group=note}} # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] rgxyfybtzoyug9j9fbbx6j76fniqcb2 889374 889373 2026-10-24T22:40:09Z Kitanago 19629 /* Maryaj */ 889374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain kwè se yon erè pou yo bay non 'Sullakhani' ak 'Lakhmi Devi' kòm non manman l.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Gen kèk sous ki endike 1509 kòm ane nesans li.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=Yon devlopman enstitisyonèl enpòtan te fèt sou rèy Guru Amar Das, ki te entwodui nouvo mezi pou ranfòse koezyon ak inite nan kominote Sikh la (Panth la), ki t ap grandi san rete. Li te fonde vil Goindval sou bò rivyè Beas, kote twa rejyon Punjab yo (Majha, Doaba, ak Malwa) rankontre. Sa ka eksplike kijan enfliyans Sikh Panth la te gaye nan tou twa rejyon sa yo nan Punjab. Guru Amar Das te kreye sistèm *manji* yo ("kabann" oswa chèz otorite) pou atire nouvo disip; chak *manji* te dirije pa gason ak fanm ki te gen bon repitasyon nan kominote Sikh la, e yo te ede gaye mesaj Guru a nan kominote ki te lwen yo. Li te devlope tradisyon ekriti sakre yo lè li te prepare *Goindval Pothis* yo; li te etabli fèt *Visakhi* ak *Divali* (ki fèt de fwa pa ane), sa ki te bay kominote a — ki t ap grandi — yon okazyon pou yo reyini ansanm epi rankontre Guru a. Anplis de sa, li te etabli premye sant pelerinaj la (*baoli*), ki te sèvi pou ankouraje lavi sosyal epi atire nouvo disip. Sou direksyon li, bofis li a, Ram Das, te resevwa fòmasyon nan tradisyon mizikal Nò peyi Zend; pandan se tan, neve li a, Gurdas Bhalla, te resevwa premye edikasyon li nan lang Punjabi, Braj, ak Pèsan — sa ki te gen ladan l etid tradisyon literè Endou ak Mizilman — nan Sultanpur Lodhi. Tout mezi enpòtan sa yo montre klèman estrateji ekspansyon twazyèm Guru a. An reyalite, inisyativ sa a, ki te vize mete an plas yon sistèm administratif ki pi konplè, montre aklè jan mesaj espirityèl Guru Nanak la te gaye rapidman. Li montre tou jan moun ki te resevwa responsablite pou jere tradisyon sa a te aji avèk anpil pragmatism pou reponn a enterè k ap grandi moun yo te genyen pou ansèyman sa a.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Yo ka ekri non Mohri a 'Mohari' tou.|group=note}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=":8" />{{,}}<ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022" /> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das was also against the custom of purdah. Once Raja of Haripur along with his wives visited the Guru place, the queen observed purdah, Guru objected and asked them to put their veils off. One of them did not agree to remove purdah the Guru remarked "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why hast thou come hither?" The effects of this was that the men, with whom it was usual in hard times to leave their females to the mercy of invader, (let they performed Jauhar), now they come forward as the defenders of their homes. Guru Amar Das started Pin [sic] system for the regeneration of the society, which was entrusted with the task of educating women in religious and social norms. The whole organization was handled by intellectual women; Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi [sic] and Bibi Pal (these women were devotees of Guru Amar Das and helped him in educating women) were those who contributed in this system.}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh.<ref name=fenech35>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=35}}</ref> Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair|title= Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101}}</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=W. Owen|last2=Sambhi|first2=Piara Singh | isbn=978-0-333-54107-4 |title=Derived Religions?|year=1993|pages=10–24|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2}}</ref> Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=9788183820752 |pages=50}}</ref> # Ramu, bofis li {{Efn|Also known as Bhai Rama, he was married to his elder daughter, Dani.|group=note}} # Jetha, bofis li {{Efn|He was married to his younger daughter, Bhani.|group=note}} # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 43qk0q3xobw8wfidze6iqa9p84dvvqb 889375 889374 2026-10-24T22:42:06Z Kitanago 19629 /* Maryaj */ 889375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain kwè se yon erè pou yo bay non 'Sullakhani' ak 'Lakhmi Devi' kòm non manman l.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Gen kèk sous ki endike 1509 kòm ane nesans li.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=Yon devlopman enstitisyonèl enpòtan te fèt sou rèy Guru Amar Das, ki te entwodui nouvo mezi pou ranfòse koezyon ak inite nan kominote Sikh la (Panth la), ki t ap grandi san rete. Li te fonde vil Goindval sou bò rivyè Beas, kote twa rejyon Punjab yo (Majha, Doaba, ak Malwa) rankontre. Sa ka eksplike kijan enfliyans Sikh Panth la te gaye nan tou twa rejyon sa yo nan Punjab. Guru Amar Das te kreye sistèm *manji* yo ("kabann" oswa chèz otorite) pou atire nouvo disip; chak *manji* te dirije pa gason ak fanm ki te gen bon repitasyon nan kominote Sikh la, e yo te ede gaye mesaj Guru a nan kominote ki te lwen yo. Li te devlope tradisyon ekriti sakre yo lè li te prepare *Goindval Pothis* yo; li te etabli fèt *Visakhi* ak *Divali* (ki fèt de fwa pa ane), sa ki te bay kominote a — ki t ap grandi — yon okazyon pou yo reyini ansanm epi rankontre Guru a. Anplis de sa, li te etabli premye sant pelerinaj la (*baoli*), ki te sèvi pou ankouraje lavi sosyal epi atire nouvo disip. Sou direksyon li, bofis li a, Ram Das, te resevwa fòmasyon nan tradisyon mizikal Nò peyi Zend; pandan se tan, neve li a, Gurdas Bhalla, te resevwa premye edikasyon li nan lang Punjabi, Braj, ak Pèsan — sa ki te gen ladan l etid tradisyon literè Endou ak Mizilman — nan Sultanpur Lodhi. Tout mezi enpòtan sa yo montre klèman estrateji ekspansyon twazyèm Guru a. An reyalite, inisyativ sa a, ki te vize mete an plas yon sistèm administratif ki pi konplè, montre aklè jan mesaj espirityèl Guru Nanak la te gaye rapidman. Li montre tou jan moun ki te resevwa responsablite pou jere tradisyon sa a te aji avèk anpil pragmatism pou reponn a enterè k ap grandi moun yo te genyen pou ansèyman sa a.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Yo ka ekri non Mohri a 'Mohari' tou.|group=note}}{{,}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=":8" />{{,}}<ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022" /> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das was also against the custom of purdah. Once Raja of Haripur along with his wives visited the Guru place, the queen observed purdah, Guru objected and asked them to put their veils off. One of them did not agree to remove purdah the Guru remarked "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why hast thou come hither?" The effects of this was that the men, with whom it was usual in hard times to leave their females to the mercy of invader, (let they performed Jauhar), now they come forward as the defenders of their homes. Guru Amar Das started Pin [sic] system for the regeneration of the society, which was entrusted with the task of educating women in religious and social norms. The whole organization was handled by intellectual women; Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi [sic] and Bibi Pal (these women were devotees of Guru Amar Das and helped him in educating women) were those who contributed in this system.}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh.<ref name=fenech35>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=35}}</ref> Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair|title= Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101}}</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=W. Owen|last2=Sambhi|first2=Piara Singh | isbn=978-0-333-54107-4 |title=Derived Religions?|year=1993|pages=10–24|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2}}</ref> Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=9788183820752 |pages=50}}</ref> # Ramu, bofis li {{Efn|Also known as Bhai Rama, he was married to his elder daughter, Dani.|group=note}} # Jetha, bofis li {{Efn|He was married to his younger daughter, Bhani.|group=note}} # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 0vocwji1k247bc180xas582u6qk29u5 889376 889375 2026-10-24T22:43:05Z Kitanago 19629 /* Chwazi yon siksesè */ 889376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain kwè se yon erè pou yo bay non 'Sullakhani' ak 'Lakhmi Devi' kòm non manman l.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Gen kèk sous ki endike 1509 kòm ane nesans li.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=Yon devlopman enstitisyonèl enpòtan te fèt sou rèy Guru Amar Das, ki te entwodui nouvo mezi pou ranfòse koezyon ak inite nan kominote Sikh la (Panth la), ki t ap grandi san rete. Li te fonde vil Goindval sou bò rivyè Beas, kote twa rejyon Punjab yo (Majha, Doaba, ak Malwa) rankontre. Sa ka eksplike kijan enfliyans Sikh Panth la te gaye nan tou twa rejyon sa yo nan Punjab. Guru Amar Das te kreye sistèm *manji* yo ("kabann" oswa chèz otorite) pou atire nouvo disip; chak *manji* te dirije pa gason ak fanm ki te gen bon repitasyon nan kominote Sikh la, e yo te ede gaye mesaj Guru a nan kominote ki te lwen yo. Li te devlope tradisyon ekriti sakre yo lè li te prepare *Goindval Pothis* yo; li te etabli fèt *Visakhi* ak *Divali* (ki fèt de fwa pa ane), sa ki te bay kominote a — ki t ap grandi — yon okazyon pou yo reyini ansanm epi rankontre Guru a. Anplis de sa, li te etabli premye sant pelerinaj la (*baoli*), ki te sèvi pou ankouraje lavi sosyal epi atire nouvo disip. Sou direksyon li, bofis li a, Ram Das, te resevwa fòmasyon nan tradisyon mizikal Nò peyi Zend; pandan se tan, neve li a, Gurdas Bhalla, te resevwa premye edikasyon li nan lang Punjabi, Braj, ak Pèsan — sa ki te gen ladan l etid tradisyon literè Endou ak Mizilman — nan Sultanpur Lodhi. Tout mezi enpòtan sa yo montre klèman estrateji ekspansyon twazyèm Guru a. An reyalite, inisyativ sa a, ki te vize mete an plas yon sistèm administratif ki pi konplè, montre aklè jan mesaj espirityèl Guru Nanak la te gaye rapidman. Li montre tou jan moun ki te resevwa responsablite pou jere tradisyon sa a te aji avèk anpil pragmatism pou reponn a enterè k ap grandi moun yo te genyen pou ansèyman sa a.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Yo ka ekri non Mohri a 'Mohari' tou.|group=note}}{{,}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=":8" />{{,}}<ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das appointed twenty-two manjis, women and men, whose primary function was to preach and teach the practice of Nam simran. This decision is indicative of the expansion of the still young movement and the consequent need to respond to the proliferation of sangats. In addition, some women, known as peerahs, were appointed to preach among women, Muslims in particular. The appointment of manjis and peerahs may be taken as a sign that the still young Panth was expanding steadily, and possibly spectacularly, in the area where Punjabi was the major regional language. The assemblies were intended to wean Sikhs away from major Hindu events, possibly challenging them to decide which of the two paths they would follow. At first, the baoli sahib seems contrary to the teachings of Guru Nanak that pilgrimage and bathing at tiraths to remove ritual pollution, in which he did not believe, were futile. It must be explained in terms of the third Guru's recognition that there were already people joining the Panth who did not necessarily share the beliefs of its founder in the essential inwardness of spirituality, the realisation of liberation through Nam simran and not outward religious forms. Even though Guru Nanak's death lay only a generation in the past or less, and there were many of his early followers still living, it was necessary to adjust to the changing circumstances that Guru Amar Das faced. That he did so is a sign of wisdom.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022" /> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das was also against the custom of purdah. Once Raja of Haripur along with his wives visited the Guru place, the queen observed purdah, Guru objected and asked them to put their veils off. One of them did not agree to remove purdah the Guru remarked "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why hast thou come hither?" The effects of this was that the men, with whom it was usual in hard times to leave their females to the mercy of invader, (let they performed Jauhar), now they come forward as the defenders of their homes. Guru Amar Das started Pin [sic] system for the regeneration of the society, which was entrusted with the task of educating women in religious and social norms. The whole organization was handled by intellectual women; Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi [sic] and Bibi Pal (these women were devotees of Guru Amar Das and helped him in educating women) were those who contributed in this system.}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh.<ref name=fenech35>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=35}}</ref> Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair|title= Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101}}</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=W. Owen|last2=Sambhi|first2=Piara Singh | isbn=978-0-333-54107-4 |title=Derived Religions?|year=1993|pages=10–24|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2}}</ref> Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=9788183820752 |pages=50}}</ref> # Ramu, bofis li {{Efn|Yo te konnen l tou sou non Bhai Rama; li te marye ak Dani, pi gran pitit fi l la.|group=note}} # Jetha, bofis li {{Efn|Li te marye ak pi jèn pitit fi li a, Bhani.|group=note}} # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 2kf4hmigglas071ecyif25xat6wdgeq 889377 889376 2026-10-24T22:44:39Z Kitanago 19629 /* Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè */ 889377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain kwè se yon erè pou yo bay non 'Sullakhani' ak 'Lakhmi Devi' kòm non manman l.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Gen kèk sous ki endike 1509 kòm ane nesans li.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=Yon devlopman enstitisyonèl enpòtan te fèt sou rèy Guru Amar Das, ki te entwodui nouvo mezi pou ranfòse koezyon ak inite nan kominote Sikh la (Panth la), ki t ap grandi san rete. Li te fonde vil Goindval sou bò rivyè Beas, kote twa rejyon Punjab yo (Majha, Doaba, ak Malwa) rankontre. Sa ka eksplike kijan enfliyans Sikh Panth la te gaye nan tou twa rejyon sa yo nan Punjab. Guru Amar Das te kreye sistèm *manji* yo ("kabann" oswa chèz otorite) pou atire nouvo disip; chak *manji* te dirije pa gason ak fanm ki te gen bon repitasyon nan kominote Sikh la, e yo te ede gaye mesaj Guru a nan kominote ki te lwen yo. Li te devlope tradisyon ekriti sakre yo lè li te prepare *Goindval Pothis* yo; li te etabli fèt *Visakhi* ak *Divali* (ki fèt de fwa pa ane), sa ki te bay kominote a — ki t ap grandi — yon okazyon pou yo reyini ansanm epi rankontre Guru a. Anplis de sa, li te etabli premye sant pelerinaj la (*baoli*), ki te sèvi pou ankouraje lavi sosyal epi atire nouvo disip. Sou direksyon li, bofis li a, Ram Das, te resevwa fòmasyon nan tradisyon mizikal Nò peyi Zend; pandan se tan, neve li a, Gurdas Bhalla, te resevwa premye edikasyon li nan lang Punjabi, Braj, ak Pèsan — sa ki te gen ladan l etid tradisyon literè Endou ak Mizilman — nan Sultanpur Lodhi. Tout mezi enpòtan sa yo montre klèman estrateji ekspansyon twazyèm Guru a. An reyalite, inisyativ sa a, ki te vize mete an plas yon sistèm administratif ki pi konplè, montre aklè jan mesaj espirityèl Guru Nanak la te gaye rapidman. Li montre tou jan moun ki te resevwa responsablite pou jere tradisyon sa a te aji avèk anpil pragmatism pou reponn a enterè k ap grandi moun yo te genyen pou ansèyman sa a.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Yo ka ekri non Mohri a 'Mohari' tou.|group=note}}{{,}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=":8" />{{,}}<ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das te nonmen vennde *manji*—ni gason ni fanm—ki te gen pou misyon prensipal preche ak anseye pratik *Nam simran* an. Desizyon sa a montre kijan mouvman an, ki te toujou jèn, t ap grandi, e li te vin nesesè pou reponn ak ogmantasyon kantite *sangat* (gwoup kominotè) yo. Anplis de sa, yo te nonmen kèk fanm, yo rele *peerah*, pou preche pami fanm yo, sitou pami Mizilman yo. Lefètke yo te nonmen *manji* ak *peerah*, sa montre ke *Panth* la (kominote Sikh la), ki te toujou jèn, t ap grandi san rete—petèt menm yon fason espektakilè—nan rejyon kote lang Panjabi a te lang prensipal la. Asanble sa yo te gen objektif pou ede Sikh yo detache tèt yo anba gwo evènman Endou yo; sa te mete yo devan yon chwa: ki chemen pami de yo a yo pral swiv? Okòmansman, *baoli sahib* la te sanble kontrè ak ansèyman Guru Nanak yo. Guru Nanak te kwè ke fè pelerinaj oswa benyen nan *tirath* (kote sakre) pou retire yon kalite "enpite" rityèl se te yon bagay initil—li pa t kwè nan pratik sa yo ditou. Sepandan, fòk nou konprann sa dapre vizyon twazyèm Guru a: te gen moun ki t ap rantre nan *Panth* la ki pa t nesesèman pataje kwayans fondatè a. Fondatè a te mete aksan sou aspè enteryè espirityalite a, kote liberasyon an vini atravè *Nam simran*, olye ke atravè fòm relijye ekstèn. Byenke lanmò Guru Nanak te pase depi anviwon yon jenerasyon sèlman—e anpil nan premye disip li yo te toujou vivan—li te nesesè pou adapte yo ak nouvo sitiyasyon Guru Amar Das te jwenn devan l yo. Lefètke li te fè sa, se yon prèv sajès.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022" /> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das was also against the custom of purdah. Once Raja of Haripur along with his wives visited the Guru place, the queen observed purdah, Guru objected and asked them to put their veils off. One of them did not agree to remove purdah the Guru remarked "if thou art not pleased with the Guru's face why hast thou come hither?" The effects of this was that the men, with whom it was usual in hard times to leave their females to the mercy of invader, (let they performed Jauhar), now they come forward as the defenders of their homes. Guru Amar Das started Pin [sic] system for the regeneration of the society, which was entrusted with the task of educating women in religious and social norms. The whole organization was handled by intellectual women; Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi [sic] and Bibi Pal (these women were devotees of Guru Amar Das and helped him in educating women) were those who contributed in this system.}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh.<ref name=fenech35>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=35}}</ref> Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair|title= Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101}}</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=W. Owen|last2=Sambhi|first2=Piara Singh | isbn=978-0-333-54107-4 |title=Derived Religions?|year=1993|pages=10–24|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2}}</ref> Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=9788183820752 |pages=50}}</ref> # Ramu, bofis li {{Efn|Yo te konnen l tou sou non Bhai Rama; li te marye ak Dani, pi gran pitit fi l la.|group=note}} # Jetha, bofis li {{Efn|Li te marye ak pi jèn pitit fi li a, Bhani.|group=note}} # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] kscqxb3q6mxonhiv4e3qxxbe7317pap 889378 889377 2026-10-24T22:46:11Z Kitanago 19629 /* Opoze sistèm Purdah la */ 889378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain kwè se yon erè pou yo bay non 'Sullakhani' ak 'Lakhmi Devi' kòm non manman l.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Gen kèk sous ki endike 1509 kòm ane nesans li.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=Yon devlopman enstitisyonèl enpòtan te fèt sou rèy Guru Amar Das, ki te entwodui nouvo mezi pou ranfòse koezyon ak inite nan kominote Sikh la (Panth la), ki t ap grandi san rete. Li te fonde vil Goindval sou bò rivyè Beas, kote twa rejyon Punjab yo (Majha, Doaba, ak Malwa) rankontre. Sa ka eksplike kijan enfliyans Sikh Panth la te gaye nan tou twa rejyon sa yo nan Punjab. Guru Amar Das te kreye sistèm *manji* yo ("kabann" oswa chèz otorite) pou atire nouvo disip; chak *manji* te dirije pa gason ak fanm ki te gen bon repitasyon nan kominote Sikh la, e yo te ede gaye mesaj Guru a nan kominote ki te lwen yo. Li te devlope tradisyon ekriti sakre yo lè li te prepare *Goindval Pothis* yo; li te etabli fèt *Visakhi* ak *Divali* (ki fèt de fwa pa ane), sa ki te bay kominote a — ki t ap grandi — yon okazyon pou yo reyini ansanm epi rankontre Guru a. Anplis de sa, li te etabli premye sant pelerinaj la (*baoli*), ki te sèvi pou ankouraje lavi sosyal epi atire nouvo disip. Sou direksyon li, bofis li a, Ram Das, te resevwa fòmasyon nan tradisyon mizikal Nò peyi Zend; pandan se tan, neve li a, Gurdas Bhalla, te resevwa premye edikasyon li nan lang Punjabi, Braj, ak Pèsan — sa ki te gen ladan l etid tradisyon literè Endou ak Mizilman — nan Sultanpur Lodhi. Tout mezi enpòtan sa yo montre klèman estrateji ekspansyon twazyèm Guru a. An reyalite, inisyativ sa a, ki te vize mete an plas yon sistèm administratif ki pi konplè, montre aklè jan mesaj espirityèl Guru Nanak la te gaye rapidman. Li montre tou jan moun ki te resevwa responsablite pou jere tradisyon sa a te aji avèk anpil pragmatism pou reponn a enterè k ap grandi moun yo te genyen pou ansèyman sa a.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Yo ka ekri non Mohri a 'Mohari' tou.|group=note}}{{,}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=":8" />{{,}}<ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das te nonmen vennde *manji*—ni gason ni fanm—ki te gen pou misyon prensipal preche ak anseye pratik *Nam simran* an. Desizyon sa a montre kijan mouvman an, ki te toujou jèn, t ap grandi, e li te vin nesesè pou reponn ak ogmantasyon kantite *sangat* (gwoup kominotè) yo. Anplis de sa, yo te nonmen kèk fanm, yo rele *peerah*, pou preche pami fanm yo, sitou pami Mizilman yo. Lefètke yo te nonmen *manji* ak *peerah*, sa montre ke *Panth* la (kominote Sikh la), ki te toujou jèn, t ap grandi san rete—petèt menm yon fason espektakilè—nan rejyon kote lang Panjabi a te lang prensipal la. Asanble sa yo te gen objektif pou ede Sikh yo detache tèt yo anba gwo evènman Endou yo; sa te mete yo devan yon chwa: ki chemen pami de yo a yo pral swiv? Okòmansman, *baoli sahib* la te sanble kontrè ak ansèyman Guru Nanak yo. Guru Nanak te kwè ke fè pelerinaj oswa benyen nan *tirath* (kote sakre) pou retire yon kalite "enpite" rityèl se te yon bagay initil—li pa t kwè nan pratik sa yo ditou. Sepandan, fòk nou konprann sa dapre vizyon twazyèm Guru a: te gen moun ki t ap rantre nan *Panth* la ki pa t nesesèman pataje kwayans fondatè a. Fondatè a te mete aksan sou aspè enteryè espirityalite a, kote liberasyon an vini atravè *Nam simran*, olye ke atravè fòm relijye ekstèn. Byenke lanmò Guru Nanak te pase depi anviwon yon jenerasyon sèlman—e anpil nan premye disip li yo te toujou vivan—li te nesesè pou adapte yo ak nouvo sitiyasyon Guru Amar Das te jwenn devan l yo. Lefètke li te fè sa, se yon prèv sajès.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022" /> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das te opoze tou ak koutim *purdah* la (pratik pou fanm kache figi yo oswa kò yo anba vwal). Yon fwa, Raja Haripur la te vizite kote Guru a te ye a ansanm ak madanm li yo; youn nan rèn yo te rete kache dèyè vwal li. Guru a te fè objeksyon epi li te mande yo pou yo retire vwal yo. Youn nan yo pa t dakò retire vwal li, e Guru a te di l: "Si figi Guru a pa fè w plezi, poukisa ou te vin isit la?" Sa te gen yon gwo enpak: gason yo—ki, nan moman difisil, te konn kite fanm yo nan men anvayisè yo (sa ki te konn mennen nan pratik *Jauhar* la)—te kòmanse kanpe pou defann kay yo. Guru Amar Das te mete sou pye yon sistèm ki rele *Pin* pou rejenere sosyete a; sistèm sa a te gen responsablite pou edike fanm yo sou nòm relijye ak sosyal yo. Se fanm entèlektyèl ki te jere tout òganizasyon an; pami moun ki te kontribye nan sistèm sa a, te gen Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi ak Bibi Pal (fanm sa yo te disip devwe Guru Amar Das e yo te ede l nan travay edikasyon fanm yo).}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh.<ref name=fenech35>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=35}}</ref> Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair|title= Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101}}</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=W. Owen|last2=Sambhi|first2=Piara Singh | isbn=978-0-333-54107-4 |title=Derived Religions?|year=1993|pages=10–24|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2}}</ref> Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=9788183820752 |pages=50}}</ref> # Ramu, bofis li {{Efn|Yo te konnen l tou sou non Bhai Rama; li te marye ak Dani, pi gran pitit fi l la.|group=note}} # Jetha, bofis li {{Efn|Li te marye ak pi jèn pitit fi li a, Bhani.|group=note}} # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] s56z6095v01tpjm8z918ea4u0h9cr1b 889379 889378 2026-10-24T22:50:38Z Kitanago 19629 889379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain kwè se yon erè pou yo bay non 'Sullakhani' ak 'Lakhmi Devi' kòm non manman l.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Gen kèk sous ki endike 1509 kòm ane nesans li.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=Yon devlopman enstitisyonèl enpòtan te fèt sou rèy Guru Amar Das, ki te entwodui nouvo mezi pou ranfòse koezyon ak inite nan kominote Sikh la (Panth la), ki t ap grandi san rete. Li te fonde vil Goindval sou bò rivyè Beas, kote twa rejyon Punjab yo (Majha, Doaba, ak Malwa) rankontre. Sa ka eksplike kijan enfliyans Sikh Panth la te gaye nan tou twa rejyon sa yo nan Punjab. Guru Amar Das te kreye sistèm *manji* yo ("kabann" oswa chèz otorite) pou atire nouvo disip; chak *manji* te dirije pa gason ak fanm ki te gen bon repitasyon nan kominote Sikh la, e yo te ede gaye mesaj Guru a nan kominote ki te lwen yo. Li te devlope tradisyon ekriti sakre yo lè li te prepare *Goindval Pothis* yo; li te etabli fèt *Visakhi* ak *Divali* (ki fèt de fwa pa ane), sa ki te bay kominote a — ki t ap grandi — yon okazyon pou yo reyini ansanm epi rankontre Guru a. Anplis de sa, li te etabli premye sant pelerinaj la (*baoli*), ki te sèvi pou ankouraje lavi sosyal epi atire nouvo disip. Sou direksyon li, bofis li a, Ram Das, te resevwa fòmasyon nan tradisyon mizikal Nò peyi Zend; pandan se tan, neve li a, Gurdas Bhalla, te resevwa premye edikasyon li nan lang Punjabi, Braj, ak Pèsan — sa ki te gen ladan l etid tradisyon literè Endou ak Mizilman — nan Sultanpur Lodhi. Tout mezi enpòtan sa yo montre klèman estrateji ekspansyon twazyèm Guru a. An reyalite, inisyativ sa a, ki te vize mete an plas yon sistèm administratif ki pi konplè, montre aklè jan mesaj espirityèl Guru Nanak la te gaye rapidman. Li montre tou jan moun ki te resevwa responsablite pou jere tradisyon sa a te aji avèk anpil pragmatism pou reponn a enterè k ap grandi moun yo te genyen pou ansèyman sa a.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Yo ka ekri non Mohri a 'Mohari' tou.|group=note}}{{,}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=":8" />{{,}}<ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das te nonmen vennde *manji*—ni gason ni fanm—ki te gen pou misyon prensipal preche ak anseye pratik *Nam simran* an. Desizyon sa a montre kijan mouvman an, ki te toujou jèn, t ap grandi, e li te vin nesesè pou reponn ak ogmantasyon kantite *sangat* (gwoup kominotè) yo. Anplis de sa, yo te nonmen kèk fanm, yo rele *peerah*, pou preche pami fanm yo, sitou pami Mizilman yo. Lefètke yo te nonmen *manji* ak *peerah*, sa montre ke *Panth* la (kominote Sikh la), ki te toujou jèn, t ap grandi san rete—petèt menm yon fason espektakilè—nan rejyon kote lang Panjabi a te lang prensipal la. Asanble sa yo te gen objektif pou ede Sikh yo detache tèt yo anba gwo evènman Endou yo; sa te mete yo devan yon chwa: ki chemen pami de yo a yo pral swiv? Okòmansman, *baoli sahib* la te sanble kontrè ak ansèyman Guru Nanak yo. Guru Nanak te kwè ke fè pelerinaj oswa benyen nan *tirath* (kote sakre) pou retire yon kalite "enpite" rityèl se te yon bagay initil—li pa t kwè nan pratik sa yo ditou. Sepandan, fòk nou konprann sa dapre vizyon twazyèm Guru a: te gen moun ki t ap rantre nan *Panth* la ki pa t nesesèman pataje kwayans fondatè a. Fondatè a te mete aksan sou aspè enteryè espirityalite a, kote liberasyon an vini atravè *Nam simran*, olye ke atravè fòm relijye ekstèn. Byenke lanmò Guru Nanak te pase depi anviwon yon jenerasyon sèlman—e anpil nan premye disip li yo te toujou vivan—li te nesesè pou adapte yo ak nouvo sitiyasyon Guru Amar Das te jwenn devan l yo. Lefètke li te fè sa, se yon prèv sajès.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022" /> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das te opoze tou ak koutim *purdah* la (pratik pou fanm kache figi yo oswa kò yo anba vwal). Yon fwa, Raja Haripur la te vizite kote Guru a te ye a ansanm ak madanm li yo; youn nan rèn yo te rete kache dèyè vwal li. Guru a te fè objeksyon epi li te mande yo pou yo retire vwal yo. Youn nan yo pa t dakò retire vwal li, e Guru a te di l: "Si figi Guru a pa fè w plezi, poukisa ou te vin isit la?" Sa te gen yon gwo enpak: gason yo—ki, nan moman difisil, te konn kite fanm yo nan men anvayisè yo (sa ki te konn mennen nan pratik *Jauhar* la)—te kòmanse kanpe pou defann kay yo. Guru Amar Das te mete sou pye yon sistèm ki rele *Pin* pou rejenere sosyete a; sistèm sa a te gen responsablite pou edike fanm yo sou nòm relijye ak sosyal yo. Se fanm entèlektyèl ki te jere tout òganizasyon an; pami moun ki te kontribye nan sistèm sa a, te gen Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi ak Bibi Pal (fanm sa yo te disip devwe Guru Amar Das e yo te ede l nan travay edikasyon fanm yo).}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh.<ref name=fenech35>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=35}}</ref> Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair|title= Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101}}</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=W. Owen|last2=Sambhi|first2=Piara Singh | isbn=978-0-333-54107-4 |title=Derived Religions?|year=1993|pages=10–24|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2}}</ref> Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=9788183820752 |pages=50}}</ref> # Ramu, bofis li {{Efn|Yo te konnen l tou sou non Bhai Rama; li te marye ak Dani, pi gran pitit fi l la.|group=note}} # Jetha, bofis li {{Efn|Li te marye ak pi jèn pitit fi li a, Bhani.|group=note}} # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Gouwou sikism]] [[Kategori:Nesans an 1479]] [[Catégorie:Lanmò an septanm 1574]] enkgn3yiu6uveos9a301ipaki4jljw3 889380 889379 2026-10-24T22:51:04Z Kitanago 19629 /* Referans */ 889380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | imaj = Amardas-Goindwal.jpg | lejand = Guru Amar Das. Rare [[fresque]] au temple sikh Goindwal Sahib à [[Goindwal]], dans le [[district de Tarn Taran]], [[Pendjab (Inde)|Pendjab]], [[Inde]]. }}    '''Guru Amar Das''' ( Gurmukhi : ਗੁਰੂ ਅਮਰ ਦਾਸ, pwononsyasyon: {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|gʊɾuː əməɾᵊ d̯aːsᵊ|}} ; 5 me 1479 – 1 septanm 1574), pafwa yo ekri li kòm '''Guru Amardas''', te twazyèm gourou Sikhi nan epi li te vin [[Guru Sikh yo|Guru Sikh]] nan dat 26 mas 1552 a laj de 73 an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/angaddev.shtml|title=BBC – Religions – Sikhism: Guru Angad Dev}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedya:Verifyabilite|<span title="The date is not mentioned in the article (March 2020)">verifikasyon echwe</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Anvan li te vin yon Sikh, nan yon pelerinaj apre li te fin santi l pou l chèche yon ''gourou'', li te tande madanm neve li a, [[Bibi Amro]], k ap resite yon kantik [[Guru Nanak]] te chante, e sa te touche l anpil. Amro te pitit fi [[Guru Angad]], dezyèm Guru Sikh yo. Amar Das te konvenk Amro pou l prezante l bay papa l..<ref name=cole20>{{cite book|author1=William Owen Cole|author2=Piara Singh Sambhi|title=The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA22| year=1995| publisher= Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-13-4|pages=20–21}}</ref> An 1539, Amar Das, a laj swasant an, te rankontre Guru Angad epi li te vin yon Sikh, li te konsakre tèt li bay Guru a. An 1552, anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. Guru Amar Das te yon inovatè enpòtan nan ansèyman Guru yo ki te entwodui yon òganizasyon relijye yo rele sistèm Manji a lè li te nonmen klèje ki resevwa fòmasyon, yon sistèm ki te elaji epi ki siviv jis nan epòk kontanporen an.<ref name="cole20" />{{,}}<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Li te etabli tou [[Piri (Sikhism)|sistèm Peerah]] la pou pwopaje relijyon an bay fanm yo.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Shanker |first=Rajkumari |title=Religion and Women |date=21 September 2015 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9781438419602 |editor-last=Sharma |editor-first=Arvind |pages=198 |chapter=Women in Sikhism}}</ref> Li te ekri epi konpile im nan yon Pothi (liv) ki finalman te ede kreye [[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]] la. Li te mete an plas refòm sosyal tou, tankou lè li te pèmèt vèv yo remariye, ankouraje alyans ant kas, ankouraje monogami, entèdi sati, epi dekouraje purdah . <ref name=":22" /> Amar Das te rete Guru Sikh yo rive laj 95 an, epi li te nonmen bofis li Bhai Jetha, ke yo te vin sonje pita sou non Guru Ram Das, kòm siksesè li.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=29–30}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Singha2000p14">{{cite book|author=H. S. Singha|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|pages=14–17, 52–56}}</ref> == Premye lavi == === Istwa familyal ak nesans === Amar Das te fèt 5 me 1479, pitit gason li se Bakht Kaur (ke yo rele tou Sullakhani, Lakhmi Devi, oubyen Rup Kaur {{Efn|Harish C. Jain kwè se yon erè pou yo bay non 'Sullakhani' ak 'Lakhmi Devi' kòm non manman l.|group=note}}) epi papa li se Tej Bhan Bhalla, nan vilaj Basarke, nan sa yo rele kounye a distri Amritsar nan Punjab (End).{{Efn|Gen kèk sous ki endike 1509 kòm ane nesans li.|group=note}}<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Harish C. |title=The Making of Punjab |publisher=Unistar Books |year=2003 |pages=272–273}}</ref> Granpapa li sete Hari Das. <ref name=":8" /> Fanmi li te fè pati gotra (klan) Bhalla nan tribi Khatri a. Amar Das te pi gran pitit gason nan kat pitit gason.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pashaura|title=The Sikh World|last2=Mandair|first2=Arvind-Pal Singh|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2023|isbn=9780429848384|series=Routledge Worlds|chapter=Guru Amar Das (1479–1574)|quote=Yon devlopman enstitisyonèl enpòtan te fèt sou rèy Guru Amar Das, ki te entwodui nouvo mezi pou ranfòse koezyon ak inite nan kominote Sikh la (Panth la), ki t ap grandi san rete. Li te fonde vil Goindval sou bò rivyè Beas, kote twa rejyon Punjab yo (Majha, Doaba, ak Malwa) rankontre. Sa ka eksplike kijan enfliyans Sikh Panth la te gaye nan tou twa rejyon sa yo nan Punjab. Guru Amar Das te kreye sistèm *manji* yo ("kabann" oswa chèz otorite) pou atire nouvo disip; chak *manji* te dirije pa gason ak fanm ki te gen bon repitasyon nan kominote Sikh la, e yo te ede gaye mesaj Guru a nan kominote ki te lwen yo. Li te devlope tradisyon ekriti sakre yo lè li te prepare *Goindval Pothis* yo; li te etabli fèt *Visakhi* ak *Divali* (ki fèt de fwa pa ane), sa ki te bay kominote a — ki t ap grandi — yon okazyon pou yo reyini ansanm epi rankontre Guru a. Anplis de sa, li te etabli premye sant pelerinaj la (*baoli*), ki te sèvi pou ankouraje lavi sosyal epi atire nouvo disip. Sou direksyon li, bofis li a, Ram Das, te resevwa fòmasyon nan tradisyon mizikal Nò peyi Zend; pandan se tan, neve li a, Gurdas Bhalla, te resevwa premye edikasyon li nan lang Punjabi, Braj, ak Pèsan — sa ki te gen ladan l etid tradisyon literè Endou ak Mizilman — nan Sultanpur Lodhi. Tout mezi enpòtan sa yo montre klèman estrateji ekspansyon twazyèm Guru a. An reyalite, inisyativ sa a, ki te vize mete an plas yon sistèm administratif ki pi konplè, montre aklè jan mesaj espirityèl Guru Nanak la te gaye rapidman. Li montre tou jan moun ki te resevwa responsablite pou jere tradisyon sa a te aji avèk anpil pragmatism pou reponn a enterè k ap grandi moun yo te genyen pou ansèyman sa a.}}</ref> Amar Das te travay kòm agrikiltè ak kòm machann. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Ane nesans ==== Gen kèk sous ki afime ane nesans 1479 pou gourou a se: ''Makhaz-i-Twarikh-i-Sikhan'' Ganda Singh, ''Gurpurab Nirnay'' [[Karam Singh (istoryen)|Karam Singh]], ''Mahan Kosh'' [[Kahn Singh Nabha]], ''Relijyon Sikh'' Max Arthur MaCauliffe ak Giani Panwa Gian Singh ''Gursh'' ak ''Khan Singh'' . Sous ki bay yon ane pita, 1509, kòm ane nesans gourou a se: ''Istwa Sikh yo'' pa Joseph Davey Cunningham ak ''Bansavalinama'' pa Kesar Singh Chibber. Kavi Santokh Singh nan ''Suraj Prakash'' la bay yon ane nesans menm pi bonè, 1469, ki koresponn ak ane Guru Nanak la . === Maryaj === Nan kòmansman ventèn li yo, Amar Das te marye ak Mansa Devi epi yo te fè kat timoun yo te rele Dani (pitit fi; fèt an 1530), Bhani (pitit fi; fèt 3 out 1533), Mohan (pitit gason; fèt 11 mas 1536), ak Mohri (pitit gason; fèt 2 jen 1539). {{Efn|Yo ka ekri non Mohri a 'Mohari' tou.|group=note}}{{,}}<ref name="eosamardas">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n103 |title=Amar Das, Guru (1479-1574) |last1=Kushwant Singh |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjab University Patiala |access-date=10 December 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=":8" />{{,}}<ref name=":022" /> Bhani te pitit li te pi remen nan kat yo. <ref name=":8" /> === Pelerinaj relijye yo === Amar Das te swiv tradisyon Vaishnavism [[Endouyis]] la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li. Yo di li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj chak ane nan Himalaya yo, nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges la . Anviwon 1539, nan youn nan pelerinaj Endou sa yo, li te rankontre yon mwàn Endou ( ''sadhu'' ) ki te mande l poukisa li pa t gen yon [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] (pwofesè, konseye espirityèl) epi Amar Das te deside jwenn youn. <ref name="eosamardas"/> <ref name=":022" /> Lè l te retounen soti nan ventyèm pelerinaj li nan rivyè Ganges la, li te tande Bibi Amro, pitit fi Guru Sikh Angad la, k ap chante yon im [[Guru Nanak]] . <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> <ref name=":022" /> Amro te konnen Amar Das atravè bèlfi li yo, ki moun Amar Das te gen rapò ak (Amro te marye ak pitit gason frè Amar Das la). <ref name=":022" /> Li te aprann nan men li bagay sou Guru Angad, epi avèk èd li, li te rankontre dezyèm Guru Sikhism nan epi li te adopte li kòm Guru espirityèl li ki te pi jèn pase laj li. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name=":022" /> === Sèvis Guru Angad la === [[Fichye:Mural_depicting_Guru_Angad_and_Guru_Amar_Das_with_attendants_on_a_terrace_from_the_Bhai_Bahlo_Darwaza_of_the_Darbar_of_Ram_Rai_in_Dehradun,_circa_pre-1688.jpg|vignette|Mural ki reprezante Guru Angad ak Guru Amar Das ak asistan yo sou yon teras ki soti nan Bhai Bahlo Darwaza nan Darbar Ram Rai nan Dehradun, anviwon 1676–1687.]] Amar Das se yon moun ki renome nan tradisyon Sikh la pou sèvis san rete li te bay Guru Angad, avèk lejann sou reveye nan premye èdtan yo epi al chache dlo pou benyen Guru li a, netwaye epi kwit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi tou li te pase anpil tan ap meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Akòz devosyon san egoyis li [[anvè]] dezyèm gourou a, Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè espirityèl li nan dat 29 mas 1552. == Guruship == Apre onz ane sèvis devwe pou Guru Angad ak sangat yo, Amar Das te nonmen twazyèm gourou. Amar Das te demenaje ale Goindwal, ki sitiye pa twò lwen Khadur, sou bò larivyè Beas, sou gran wout ki mennen Lahore, anviwon 8 kilomèt de Kapurthala ak 45 km de Amritsar. Li te fè sa pou evite konfli ki te ka rive ak pitit gason Guru Angad yo ki pa t apwouve ranplasman yo a. Menm nan Goindwal, pitit gason Angad la, Datu, te konn anmède l. Li t al jwenn Goindwal epi li di l: "Yè sèlman ou te yon moun k ap pote dlo lakay nou, epi jodi a ou chita kòm yon Guru." Lè l fin di sa, li te bay Guru a yon kout pye. Amar Das te di avèk imilite: "O gran wa, padone m. Ou dwe te blese pye w." Amar Das te retire kò l nan Goindwal epi li te kache tèt li nan yon kay nan Basarke, vilaj kote l te fèt la. Datu te etabli tèt li kòm Guru. Baba Bouda te konvenk Amar Das pou l retounen, epi Datu, kòm li pa jwenn okenn [[disip]], li tounen al jwenn Khadur . === Ansèyman === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.png|vignette|Fresk ki reprezante Guru Amar Das soti nan Baoli Sahib, Goindwal.]] Guru Amar Das te anseye ak pwòp lavi li siyifikasyon Sèvis Guru a, ke yo rele tou Guru ''Sewa'' nan langaj relijye Punjabi a . (yo ekri l tou ''[[Seva|Sevā]] )'' . Amar Das te mete aksan sou tou de aktivite espirityèl yo ansanm ak yon lavi chak jou etik. Li te ankouraje disip li yo pou yo leve anvan solèy leve, fè ablisyon yo epi medite nan silans. <ref name="eosamardas"/> Yon bon devwe, dapre sa Amar Das te anseye, ta dwe onèt, kenbe lespri li anba kontwòl, manje sèlman lè yo grangou, chèche konpayi moun ki gen krentif pou Bondye, adore Senyè a, fè yon lavi onèt, sèvi moun ki sen, pa anvi richès lòt moun epi pa janm kalomnye lòt moun. Li te rekòmande devosyon sen ak imaj Guru nan kè disip li yo. <ref name="eosamardas" /> Guru Amar Das te yon refòmatè tou, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas"/> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Li te fè pwomosyon pou maryaj ant kas, sa ki te kontrè ak ortodoksi sosyal tradisyonèl Punjabi nan epòk la.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Gurbachan |title=The Sikhs: Faith, Philosophy & Folk |last2=Shankar |first2=Sondeep |publisher=Lustre Press |year=1998 |isbn=9788174360373 |pages=26}}</ref> Li te ankouraje tou remaryaj vèv yo. <ref name=":7" /> Li te pwomouvwa monogami kòm kalite relasyon amoure ideyal la. <ref name=":7" /> === Enfliyans === ==== Òganizasyon relijye ak difizyon misyonè ==== Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen ''manji'' (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf yo nonmen yo rele ''sangatias,'' ki te ni gason ni fi), te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' ("dizyèm" nan revni an) pou koleksyon revni nan non Guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''[[Langar (Sikhi)|langar]]'' Sikhi ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas komen. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" />{{,}} <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21" /> Li te kòmanse epi inogire tou pi ki gen 84 mach eskalye yo rele ''baoli'' nan Goindval ak yon kote repo, ki te modle sou modèl tradisyon Endyen ''dharmsala'' a, ki te vin tounen yon sant pelerinaj Sikh ( ''tirath'' ).<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /><ref name="Singha2000p14" /><ref name="HaarKalsi2009p21">{{cite book|author1=Kristen Haar|author2=Sewa Singh Kalsi|title=Sikhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC&pg=PA21| year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0647-2|pages=21–22}}</ref> Yon lòt òganizasyon ki sanble ak Manji a se te ''[[Piri (Sikhism)|Piri]] a,'' ki te enplike yon ofisyèl predikasyon ak misyonè yo nonmen pou asanble ak kongregasyon Sikh yo ki te tout fanm epi ki te resevwa enstriksyon pou gaye Sikhism pami fanm yo (sitou fanm ki soti nan fanmi Mizilman).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=Understanding Sikhism |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9781906716912 |series=Understanding Faith |quote=Guru Amar Das te nonmen vennde *manji*—ni gason ni fanm—ki te gen pou misyon prensipal preche ak anseye pratik *Nam simran* an. Desizyon sa a montre kijan mouvman an, ki te toujou jèn, t ap grandi, e li te vin nesesè pou reponn ak ogmantasyon kantite *sangat* (gwoup kominotè) yo. Anplis de sa, yo te nonmen kèk fanm, yo rele *peerah*, pou preche pami fanm yo, sitou pami Mizilman yo. Lefètke yo te nonmen *manji* ak *peerah*, sa montre ke *Panth* la (kominote Sikh la), ki te toujou jèn, t ap grandi san rete—petèt menm yon fason espektakilè—nan rejyon kote lang Panjabi a te lang prensipal la. Asanble sa yo te gen objektif pou ede Sikh yo detache tèt yo anba gwo evènman Endou yo; sa te mete yo devan yon chwa: ki chemen pami de yo a yo pral swiv? Okòmansman, *baoli sahib* la te sanble kontrè ak ansèyman Guru Nanak yo. Guru Nanak te kwè ke fè pelerinaj oswa benyen nan *tirath* (kote sakre) pou retire yon kalite "enpite" rityèl se te yon bagay initil—li pa t kwè nan pratik sa yo ditou. Sepandan, fòk nou konprann sa dapre vizyon twazyèm Guru a: te gen moun ki t ap rantre nan *Panth* la ki pa t nesesèman pataje kwayans fondatè a. Fondatè a te mete aksan sou aspè enteryè espirityalite a, kote liberasyon an vini atravè *Nam simran*, olye ke atravè fòm relijye ekstèn. Byenke lanmò Guru Nanak te pase depi anviwon yon jenerasyon sèlman—e anpil nan premye disip li yo te toujou vivan—li te nesesè pou adapte yo ak nouvo sitiyasyon Guru Amar Das te jwenn devan l yo. Lefètke li te fè sa, se yon prèv sajès.}}</ref> Dapre W. Owen Cole, etablisman sistèm manji ak piri yo te ka motive pa gwo kantite nouvo konvèti ki te vin nan lafwa Sikh la, espesyalman nan Punjab. <ref name=":0" /> Sepandan, anpil nan konvèti sa yo te pote kwayans ak pratik lafwa orijinal yo, kidonk predikatè yo te nonmen pou enstwi yo sou ortodoksi ak òtopraksi Sikh ki kòrèk la, esansyèlman motive yo pou yo chwazi lafwa Sikh la ak tout sa ki mache avè l, menm si sa enplike abandone ansyen fason espirityalite yo nan pwosesis la. <ref name=":0" /> Li te nonmen fanm pou yo vin lidè kongregasyon nan jiridiksyon [[Afganistan]] ak Kachmir.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pruthi |first=Raj K. |title=Sikhism and Indian Civilization |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |year=2004 |isbn=9788171418794 |edition=1st |series=Culture and civilization series |pages=104–105}}</ref> Fanm yo te nonmen pou dirije sistèm Piri a pou gaye Sikhi bay fanm yo se te Bhani (pitit fi ki pi piti a), Bibi Dani (pitit fi ki pi gran an), ak Bibi Pal, yo tout te kalite entelektyèl. Sistèm Piri a te edike fanm yo tou nan nòm ak koutim sosyal ak relijye yo. <ref name=":3" /> [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_a_Sikh_ragi_jatha_musically_performing_using_traditional_instruments_in_the_presence_of_Guru_Amar_Das_from_Asthan_Baba_Bikram_Singh_Bedi,_Kanak_Mandi,_Amritsar,_ca.1863–1879.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre yon ''[[Ragi (Sikhi)|ragi jatha]]'' Sikh k ap jwe mizikalman lè l sèvi avèk enstriman tradisyonèl yo nan prezans Guru Amar Das ki soti nan Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879.]] Amar Das te pèsonèlman pran swen edikasyon bofis li Jetha (ki te vin Guru Ram Das nan lavni) nan mizik klasik nan Nò End, epi Bhai Gurdas, nan divès lang ak literati relijye.<ref name=":022" /> ==== Entèdiksyon pou Sati ==== Guru Amar Das te yon gwo opozan ''sati'', pratik pou yo touye madanm vèv sou bwa fineray mari yo pandan kremasyon mari a. Li deklare sa ki annapre yo konsènan pratik la: <ref name=":1" />  "Fem pa Sati, ki boule tètyo avèk kadav mari li. Okontrè, yo se sati ki mouri pa ki mouri senpleman akoz chòk separasyon ak mari yo. Epi, yo menm tou, yo ta dwe konsidere kòm moun ki gen kontantman ak imilite, ki sèvi Seyè yo, epi lè yo leve nan maten, yo toujou sonje li." — Guru Amar Das, ''Var Suhi'' of the ''Guru Granth Sahib'' (page 787), translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar"Fem boule nan dife avèk mari li Yo pase anpil doulè ak lanmò a. E si yo pa t apresye mari yo, Nanak, poukisa pou yo ta boule ditou?" —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar ==== Opoze sistèm Purdah la ==== ''Purdah'' se yon koutim tradisyonèl kote medam yo kouvri figi yo ak kò yo lè yo nan konpayi gason epi yo izole tèt yo de konpayi gason yo. Guru Amar Das te kont koutim sa a ak anpil fòs epi yo di li te yon fwa reprimande ''raja'' (wa) Haripur ki t ap vizite a ak madanm li yo lè wa a te obsève koutim nan bò kote l.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Iftikhar |first=Rukhsana |title=Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages |publisher=Notion Press |year=2016 |isbn=9789386073730 |edition=1st |quote=Guru Amar Das te opoze tou ak koutim *purdah* la (pratik pou fanm kache figi yo oswa kò yo anba vwal). Yon fwa, Raja Haripur la te vizite kote Guru a te ye a ansanm ak madanm li yo; youn nan rèn yo te rete kache dèyè vwal li. Guru a te fè objeksyon epi li te mande yo pou yo retire vwal yo. Youn nan yo pa t dakò retire vwal li, e Guru a te di l: "Si figi Guru a pa fè w plezi, poukisa ou te vin isit la?" Sa te gen yon gwo enpak: gason yo—ki, nan moman difisil, te konn kite fanm yo nan men anvayisè yo (sa ki te konn mennen nan pratik *Jauhar* la)—te kòmanse kanpe pou defann kay yo. Guru Amar Das te mete sou pye yon sistèm ki rele *Pin* pou rejenere sosyete a; sistèm sa a te gen responsablite pou edike fanm yo sou nòm relijye ak sosyal yo. Se fanm entèlektyèl ki te jere tout òganizasyon an; pami moun ki te kontribye nan sistèm sa a, te gen Bibi Bhani, Bibi Dabi ak Bibi Pal (fanm sa yo te disip devwe Guru Amar Das e yo te ede l nan travay edikasyon fanm yo).}}</ref> Youn nan rèn raja yo te refize kite vwal la, epi Guru a te reponn: "si ou pa kontan ak figi Guru a, poukisa ou ta vin isit la?" <ref name=":3" /> ==== Akbar ==== [[Fichye:Painting_of_Mughal_emperor_Akbar_meeting_Guru_Amar_Das_in_1567_at_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Penti 19yèm syèk ki montre anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] k ap rankontre Guru Amar Das an 1567 nan Goindwal.]] Anperè Mughal [[Akbar]] te rankontre Guru Amar Das. Selon lejann Sikh la, li pa t ni resevwa Akbar ni yo pa t mennen Akbar dirèkteman ba li, okontrè, Guru a te sigjere pou Akbar, tankou tout moun, chita atè a epi manje nan ''langar'' la ak tout moun anvan premye rankont yo a. Akbar, ki t ap chèche ankouraje tolerans ak akseptasyon atravè liy relijye yo, te aksepte sijesyon an san ezite. Apre konklizyon Langar la, Akbar te chita nan kongregasyon an ak rès sangat la epi li te poze Guru a yon kesyon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigurugranthsahib.org/guru-amar-das/noor-e-ilahi.htm|title=Noor-E-Ilahi}}</ref> Ajyografi Sikh yo rele ''janam-sakhis'' mansyone ke Guru Amar Das te konvenk Akbar pou l retire taks sou pelren Endou ki t ap ale Haridwar. Bhai Mani Singh (1718), yon figi Sikh enpòtan, mansyone ke anvan reyinyon an Akbar te sipliye Guru a pou yon benediksyon pou l te anekse Chittorgarh ki difisil pou pran an, ke Guru a te bay epi apre reyinyon an li te bay 84 vilaj nan non Guru Sikh enpòtan li a, Ram Das, apre Guru a li menm te refize. ==== Ritwèl nan Sikhism: maryaj, festival, fineray ==== Amar Das te konpoze yon im kaptivan yo rele ''Anand'' epi li te fè l tounen yon pati nan rituèl maryaj Sikh yo rele " Anand Karaj ", ki literalman vle di "evènman byennere". Amar Das te kwè ke yon maryaj ki reyisi se yon maryaj kote nanm mari a ak madanm nan vin tounen yon sèl metaforikman: "Yo pa mari ak fem ki chita ansanm. Òkontre, yo se fem ak mari ki gen youn lespri nan de kò." —&#x200A;Guru Amar Das, translation from ''Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages'' (2016) by Rukhsana Iftikhar Nan epòk kontanporen an, yo chante imn ''Anand'' lan pa sèlman pandan maryaj Sikh yo, men tou nan gwo selebrasyon yo. Yo resite pati nan "imn Anand" lan nan tanp Sikh yo ( ''Gurdwara'' ) chak swa, lè yo bay yon tibebe Sikh non, epitou pandan yon antèman Sikh.<ref name=fenech35>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=35}}</ref> Li se yon seksyon nan konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la, enprime sou paj 917 a 922 nan ''Adi Granth'' la epi mete sou raga "Ramkali" a. <ref name="fenech35" /> Tout konpozisyon ''Anand Sahib'' Guru Amar Das la se yon melanj [[lengwistik]] lang Panjabi ak Hindi, ki reflete edikasyon ak orijin Guru Amar Das. Im nan selebre libète anba soufrans ak enkyetid, inyon nanm nan ak divin nan, li dekri bonè yon devwe reyalize atravè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] a avèk devosyon enteryè ak lè li repete Non Kreyatè a. <ref name="Mandair2013p89" /> Im nan deklare nan strof 19 ke Veda yo anseye "Non an sipwèm", nan strof 27 ke Smriti ak Shastra diskite sou byen ak mal la men yo ireyèl paske yo pa gen yon Guru epi ke se gras Guru a ki reveye kè a ak devosyon anvè Non an. Im nan selebre lavi yon mèt kay ak devosyon enteryè konstan anvè Youn nan, li fini chak strof ak karakteristik "di Nanak".<ref name="Mandair2013p89">{{cite book |author1=Christopher Shackle |author2=Arvind Mandair|title= Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ftdcvmviy_8C&pg=PA89| year=2013| publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45108-9|pages=89–91, for a translation of his complete Anand hymn see pp. 92–101}}</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1993">{{cite book|last1=Cole|first1=W. Owen|last2=Sambhi|first2=Piara Singh | isbn=978-0-333-54107-4 |title=Derived Religions?|year=1993|pages=10–24|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-23049-5_2}}</ref> Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo rekonèt Guru Amar Das tou kòm yon moun ki te ankouraje konstriksyon tanp ak kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble pandan fèt tankou Maghi, Diwali ak Vaisakhi . Li te mande disip li yo pou yo rasanble pou lapriyè ak selebrasyon kominotè nan otòn pou Diwali ak nan prentan pou Vaisakhi, toulede ansyen fèt apre rekòt nan peyi Zend. ==== Fondasyon Goindwal ak konstriksyon Baoli Sahib la ==== Guru Amar Das te responsab pou etabli yon nouvo sant otorite Sikh nan Goindwal epi pou konstwi yon pi an eskalye yo rele Baoli Sahib nan plas la. Previzyon Guru a ki te bati yon katye jeneral nan kote santral Goindwal nan Punjab sou bò larivyè Beas la, ki kwaze pa twa gwo rejyon kiltirèl nan zòn nan ( Majha, Malwa, ak Doaba ), te ka fasilite rapid pwopagasyon Sikhism nan tout twa prensipal rejyon Punjab yo. <ref name=":022" /> Baoli Sahib la te premye sit pelerinaj vrèman Sikh la epi li te ede atire nouvo manm potansyèl nan lafwa a. <ref name=":022" /> ==== Sit Tanp an lò a ==== [[Fichye:Hamandir_Sahib_(Golden_Temple).jpg|vignette|Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la pou [[Tanp an lò a|Harimandir Sahib]] (Golden Temple). ]] Guru Amar Das te chwazi sit la nan vilaj Amritsar pou yon tanp espesyal, ke Guru Ram Das te kòmanse bati, Guru Arjan te fini epi inogire, epi Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh te dore. Tanp sa a te evolye pou l vin tounen "Harimandir Sahib" kontanporen an, oubyen tanp Hari (Bondye), ke yo rele tou [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] a. Se sit pelerinaj ki pi sakre nan Sikhi. ==== Festival yo ==== Entelektyèl tankou Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech ak William McLeod deklare ke Guru Amar Das te gen yon gwo enfliyans nan entwodui "karakteristik distenk, pelerinaj, festival, tanp ak rituèl" ki depi epòk li te yon pati entegral nan Sikhi. Li te responsab pou ranfòse dat Vaisakhi ak Diwali kòm evènman bianyèl kote Sikh yo te ka rasanble ansanm epi rankontre dirèkteman ak guru yo. ==== Lekriti Sent yo ==== [[Fichye:Folios_from_the_Pinjore_recension_of_the_Goindwal_Pothi.jpg|vignette|Folios ki soti nan revizyon Pinjore nan Goindwal Pothi, anviwon ane 1570 yo]] Yo sonje Amar Das tou kòm moun ki te kòmanse koleksyon im yo ke yo rekonèt kounye a kòm ''Goindwal Pothi'' oubyen ''Mohan Pothi'', ki te vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib|Adi Granth]]'' la – premye edisyon ekriti Sikh yo – anba senkyèm Mèt Sikh la, ki te finalman vin tounen ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' anba dizyèm Mèt Sikh la. Prèske 900 im Guru Amar Das te konpoze yo reprezante twazyèm pi gwo pati a, oubyen anviwon 15%, nan ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' la. === Chwazi yon siksesè === [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_depicting_Guru_Amar_Das_with_his_sons,_Baba_Mohan_and_Baba_Mohri,_from_Gurdwara_Chaubara_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore ki dekri Guru Amar Das ak pitit gason l yo, Baba Mohan ak Baba Mohri, ki soti nan Gurdwara Chaubara Sahib.]] Amar Das te gen kat moun nan tèt li ki t ap pran plas li kòm pwochen Guru a:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=9788183820752 |pages=50}}</ref> # Ramu, bofis li {{Efn|Yo te konnen l tou sou non Bhai Rama; li te marye ak Dani, pi gran pitit fi l la.|group=note}} # Jetha, bofis li {{Efn|Li te marye ak pi jèn pitit fi li a, Bhani.|group=note}} # Mohan, pi gran pitit gason l lan # Mohri, pi piti pitit gason l lan Li te kreye kat tès pou yo tout te pase pou deside kilès ki pral eritye tit guru a. Yo di se sèlman Jetha ki te reyisi yo tout. <ref name=":2" /> Gen moun ki panse li te ka konsidere pwòp pitit fi li, Bhani, kòm yon posib siksesè pou pòs guru a yon lè. == Lanmò == Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, yo ekri nan ''[[Ramkali Sadu]]'' (ki te konpoze pa pitit pitit gason l, Baba Sundar ), ke li te mande tout fanmi li pou rekonèt nouvo Guru a, Ram Das, epi li te pèsonèlman mete pat sandal la sou fwon Bhai Jetha pou [[Guru Gaddi|wenn li]] kòm siksesè li. Li te mouri an 1574, nan Goindwal Sahib, epi tankou lòt Guru Sikh yo, yo te boule l, epi yo te plonje "flè" yo (zo ak sann ki te rete apre kremasyon an) nan harisar (dlo k ap koule). == Literati == Yo atribiye yon gwo kantite travay ekri bay Guru Amar Das. Travay powetik li yo reflete byen travay Guru Nanak yo, yon apwòch konsèvatif ki petèt te akòz laj fin vye granmoun Amar Das lè li te vin gourou a. Anplis de sa, tradisyon tèks Sikh la te avanse anpil pandan manda li kòm gourou, avèk yon egzanp se konpilasyon Goindwal Pothis la. Amar Das bay kòmantè sou seleksyon Bhagat Bani ki te deja enkli nan Goindwal Pothis la nan etap sa a. Travay ki pi prensipal li a se te ''Anand Sahib'', ki konsantre sou relasyon ki genyen ant gourou a, disip li yo (Sikh yo), ak ''[[Gurbani|bani yo]]'' . == Nan kilti popilè == ''Guru Amardas'' se yon [[Documentaries|fim dokimantè ki]] soti an 1979, reyalize pa Prem Prakash epi pwodui pa Divizyon Fim Gouvènman End lan, ki kouvri lavi ak ansèyman li yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|title=GURU AMARDAS {{!}} Films Division|website=filmsdivision.org|access-date=12 June 2021|archive-date=12 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612092355/https://filmsdivision.org/shop/guru-amardas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das,_painting_from_ca.1800–1810.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das, painting from ca.1800–1810.| Guru Amar Das, penti soti nan ca.1800–1810. Fichye:Guru_Amar_Das_miniature.jpg|alt=Guru Amar Das miniature painting.| Penti tipòtrè Guru Amar Das. Fichye:Stamp_of_India_-_1979_-_Colnect_312147_-_500th_Birth_Anniv_Guru_Amar_Das_-_Sikh_Leader.jpeg|alt=500th Birth Anniv. Guru Amar Das postage stamp 1979| 500yèm anivèsè nesans. Koupon pou lapòs Guru Amar Das 1979 </gallery> ==Referans== ===Nòt=== {{Reflist|group=note}} === Referans=== {{referans}} [[Kategori:Gouwou sikism]] [[Kategori:Nesans an 1479]] [[Kategori:Lanmò an septanm 1574]] 651jajw9wx8c9q79amqkpsg8povkepi 0 97887 889315 889007 2026-10-24T17:38:21Z Kerbty Vilma 40806 /* Biyografi */ correction 889315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2|activité=Artiste, écrivaine, aventurière}}'''Alisa Host''', nou konnen tou sou non '''A.''' '''L.''' '''Host''' , te fèt nan jou ki te 27 oktòb nan lane 1988 nan katye Meyrin nan peyi Laswis<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1787/888934226975|title=Graphique 1.2. Collaboration scientifique internationale en matière de recherche biomédicale sur le COVID-19, de janvier au 30 novembre 2020|access-date=2026-10-20}}</ref>. Host se yon otè, avantirè epi atis. == Biyografi == Lè l te gen 17 lane, li te ekri premye woman li , ki gen pou tit "Je devais mourir". liv sa te vin pibliye jis 10 lane aprè<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/bretagne/redon-35600/dedicace-dalisa-host-lespace-culturel-3633947|title=Dédicace d'Alisa Host à l'Espace culturel|last=BOUDIER|first=Romane|date=2015-08-19|website=Ouest-France.fr|language=fr|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>. Na laj 19 lane, li te vin konstwi yon gwo makèt pou vil [[Jenèv]] ki te fè anpil pale nan laprès<ref name=":1" />. Li pibliye pwochen travay li nan dat  novanm 2015, ki te gen pou tit  "La voie des cœurs nomades", se yon istwa kote l ap rakonte mach 1 600 km  li te fè poukont li sòti Puy-en-Velay pou rive Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle. Li te mache pandan 62 jou<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reformes.ch/spiritualites/2019/03/se-retirer-du-monde-pour-mieux-y-revenir-13-alisa-host-dossier-careme-jeune|title=Se retirer du monde pour mieux y revenir 1/3, Alisa Host|date=2019-03-29|website=Réformés.ch - site d'actualité et journal des protestants réformés de Suisse romande|language=fr|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref> ak sèlman 10 ewo pa jou. Yon avanti kite kanmenm entèresan. Apre li te fin pase twa mwa nan yon kabin depeyize nan Alp Swis yo nan sezon ete 2020, li vin janbe Syèd pati lès la pou rive nan pati lwès apye epi Nòvèj nan woulib machin. Depi lè sa a, se penti miray li yo ki ede l viv nan peyi Syèd<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allolaplanete.fr/podcast/savoir-relever-les-defis/|title=Savoir relever les défis|website=Allo la Planete|language=fr-FR|access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref>. Nan yon titan apre, pi presizeman nan dat novanm 2021, li te reyalize yon gwo desen nan mi sou pò Frihamnen nan vil [[Stokolm|Stockholm]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mitti.se/nyheter/ett-omrade-i-forvandling/repuiw!u94oeR4gEouNTX6VbSp8wQ/|title=Ett område i förvandling|date=2021-10-04|website=www.mitti.se|language=sv|access-date=2022-01-02}}</ref>. Alisa Host te sansib pou sa ki gen awè ak [[ekoloji]], tankou pwoblèm polisyon plastik. Li t ap goumen pou itilize reyitilizasyon pwodui yo tankou achte bagay yo itilize deja. Nan jen 2022, Alisa Host te realize pi gwo travay li ki se yon [[frèsk]], travay sila a te mezire anviwon ven mèt nan longè, nan vil Grenad nan peyi Espay. Atravè imaj sa nou kapab li : " Sòti Stòlklwòm pou rive [[Grenad (Espay)|Grenad]], san mas." pou l pote yon mesaj libète pandan l ap selebre fen pandemi an. Travay li te reyalize a te reprezante epidemyolojis syèdwa [[Anders Tegnell]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ideal.es/culturas/mural-nomada-paseo-20220712004806-nt.html|title=Un mural nómada en el Paseo de la Cartuja|date=2022-07-11|website=Ideal|language=es|access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref>. == Piblikasyon li yo == * La voie des cœurs nomades, Genève, éd. Plan Vert, 2015 * Zéro trace, Génève, éd. Plan Vert, 2018 == Referans == <references /> [[Kategori:Nesans nan Meyrin]] [[Kategori:Nesans an oktob 1988]] [[Kategori:Ekriven swis]] [[Kategori:Ekriven vwayaje nan Laswis]] [[Kategori:Ekriven XXIe syèk]] [[Kategori:Swis/Geneve]] [[Kategori:Literati franse]] [[Kategori:Literati franse francophone]] [[Kategori:Touris]] [[Kategori:Randone]] 8aw4bviolukuimhuvguuzsk8i82iji0 0 97898 889413 889147 2026-10-25T02:46:53Z Kitanago 19629 889413 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yo rele Ayisyen Polonè''' (an kreyòl Ayisyen : , colloquially ''Polòy'' an Polonè ( ''Polscy Haitańczycy'', ''Polonya w Ayiti'', ''Polacy w Ayiti'' ) pou [[Ayiti|Ayisyen]] ki gen zansèt Polonè, depi nan kòmansman 19èm syèk la ; kèk nan yo kapab tou se [[Polòy|Polonè]] ki fèt pi resamman ki te vin sitwayennte Ayisyen. Cazale, yon ti vilaj nan mòn yo apeprè 30 kilomèt de [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], yo konsidere kòm sant prensipal kominote polonè a an Ayiti, men gen lòt vilaj polonize tou. Nan Cazale ap viv desandan dezètè [[Légions polonaises (armée française)|lejyonè polonè]] [[Napoléon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] yo,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3seaseurope.com/poles-in-haiti/|title=The 9th Generation of Poles… in Haiti|last=Edmunds|first=Weronika|date=2022-10-24|website=3 Seas Europe|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204183919/https://3seaseurope.com/poles-in-haiti/|archive-date=2022-12-04|access-date=2023-04-29}}.</ref> ki te [[Ekspedisyon nan Sen Domeng|voye nan koloni Sen Domeng]] pou retabli otorite metwopòl la [[Rétablissement de l'esclavage par Napoléon Bonaparte|ansanm ak esklavaj la]] . Gen kèk ki te chwazi pou yo mete tèt ansanm ak esklav rebèl yo pandan [[Revolisyon ayisyen|Revolisyon Ayisyen]] an. Yo kwè anviwon 400 a 500 nan Polonè sa yo te etabli an Ayiti apre lagè a.<ref name="rypson">{{Ouvrage|prénom1=Sebastian|nom1=Rypson|titre=Being Poloné in Haiti: Origins, Survivals, Development, and Narrative Production of the Polish Presence in Haiti|lieu=Warsaw|éditeur=academia.edu|date=2008|isbn=978-83-7545-085-9|lire en ligne=https://www.academia.edu/9072382|consulté le=16 June 2021}}</ref> Yo te resevwa yon estati espesyal ''Nwa Onorè'' (legalman yo te konsidere yo kòm [[Nwa (moun)|Nwa]], malgre koulè po yo) ansanm ak sitwayènte konplè anba konstitisyon Ayisyen an nan men [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], premye lidè endepandan Ayiti a. == Istwa == An 1802, Napoleon te voye yon [[Légions polonaises (armée française)|lejyon polonè]] ki te gen anviwon {{Unité|5200 hommes}} pou rantre nan [[Ekspedisyon nan Sen Domeng|fòs franse yo]] nan koloni [[Saint-Domingue|Sen Domeng]] pou siprime [[Revolisyon ayisyen|rebelyon esklav Ayisyen yo]] epi [[Rétablissement de l'esclavage par Napoléon Bonaparte|retabli esklavaj la]] . Polonè yo te espere resevwa an retou sipò Lafrans pou retabli endepandans Polòy, [[Partages de la Pologne|ki te efase sou kat jeyografik la]] an 1795.<ref name="Perry">{{Ouvrage|prénom1=James|nom1=Perry|titre=''Arrogant Armies: Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them''|éditeur=Edison: CastleBooks|année=2005}}</ref> Yon fwa yo rive la, sòlda Polonè yo aprann ke Fransè yo ap eseye siprime yon soulèvman Afriken esklav k ap goumen pou libète yo kont mèt blan yo. Plizyè santèn lejyonè polonè pral chwazi tou pou dezète pou sipòte esklav rebèl yo. Apre endepandans Ayiti, Ayisyen Polonè sa yo te bay [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines|Dessalines]] asistans, ki te ba yo tout sitwayènte.<ref>{{Ouvrage|nom1=Abbott, Elizabeth|titre=Haiti: A Shattered Nation|date=2011|isbn=9781468301601|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p6QrBL79xEC&q=cazale+haiti&pg=PT142|consulté le=1 January 2015}}</ref> Li menm dekri pèp Polonè a kòm " nèg blan an Ewòp ", ki te konsidere kòm yon gwo onè lè sa a, ki siyifi fratènite ant Polonè ak Ayisyen. [[Cazale]] vin tounen yon sant nan kominote yo a. Apeprè 160 ane apre, nan mitan XX syèk la, [[François Duvalier]], prezidan Ayiti a ki te konnen pou opinyon [[Nationalisme noir|nasyonalis nwa]] ak [[Panafricanisme|pan-afriken]] li yo, te reitilize menm konsèp " Nèg Blan an Ewòp "pou fè referans ak pèp Polonè a epi glorifye patriyotis yo,<ref>{{Ouvrage|nom1=Susan Buck-Morss|titre=Hegel, Haiti, and Universal History|éditeur=University of Pittsburgh Pre|année=2009|pages totales=75–|isbn=978-0-8229-7334-8|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=gj4sh2Ot76AC&pg=PA75}}</ref>.<ref>{{Ouvrage|nom1=Riccardo Orizio|titre=Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe|éditeur=Simon and Schuster|année=2000|pages totales=159–|isbn=978-0-7432-1197-0|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbicFX_JGjAC&pg=PA159}}</ref>" An 1983, Pap [[Jan Pòl II]] te vizite Ayiti. Li mansyone kijan Polonè yo te kontribye nan rebelyon esklav yo ki te mennen nan endepandans Ayiti. Pou vizit sa a, de prèt [[Legliz Katolik|katolik]] te ale Cazale epi yo te mande yon kantite Ayisyen Polonè (byenke sous istorik yo pa dakò sou kantite envite yo) pou yo abiye an " [[Vêtements traditionnels|rad tradisyonèl]] » epi pou asiste diskou papal la ak seremoni ki asosye avèk li yo.<ref name="rypson" /> == Referans == [[Kategori:Revolisyon Ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Istwa Dayiti]] 1u14j120m377wbmdxluyajujun0gnjx 889414 889413 2026-10-25T02:47:50Z Kitanago 19629 889414 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yo rele Ayisyen Polonè''' (an kreyòl Ayisyen : , colloquially ''Polòy'' an Polonè ( ''Polscy Haitańczycy'', ''Polonya w Ayiti'', ''Polacy w Ayiti'' ) pou [[Ayiti|Ayisyen]] ki gen zansèt Polonè, depi nan kòmansman 19èm syèk la ; kèk nan yo kapab tou se [[Polòy|Polonè]] ki fèt pi resamman ki te vin sitwayennte Ayisyen. Cazale, yon ti vilaj nan mòn yo apeprè 30 kilomèt de [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], yo konsidere kòm sant prensipal kominote polonè a an Ayiti, men gen lòt vilaj polonize tou. Nan Cazale ap viv desandan dezètè [[Légions polonaises (armée française)|lejyonè polonè]] [[Napoléon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] yo,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3seaseurope.com/poles-in-haiti/|title=The 9th Generation of Poles… in Haiti|last=Edmunds|first=Weronika|date=2022-10-24|website=3 Seas Europe|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204183919/https://3seaseurope.com/poles-in-haiti/|archive-date=2022-12-04|access-date=2023-04-29}}.</ref> ki te [[Ekspedisyon nan Sen Domeng|voye nan koloni Sen Domeng]] pou retabli otorite metwopòl la [[Rétablissement de l'esclavage par Napoléon Bonaparte|ansanm ak esklavaj la]] . Gen kèk ki te chwazi pou yo mete tèt ansanm ak esklav rebèl yo pandan [[Revolisyon ayisyen|Revolisyon Ayisyen]] an. Yo kwè anviwon 400 a 500 nan Polonè sa yo te etabli an Ayiti apre lagè a.<ref name="rypson">{{Ouvrage|prénom1=Sebastian|nom1=Rypson|titre=Being Poloné in Haiti: Origins, Survivals, Development, and Narrative Production of the Polish Presence in Haiti|lieu=Warsaw|éditeur=academia.edu|date=2008|isbn=978-83-7545-085-9|lire en ligne=https://www.academia.edu/9072382|consulté le=16 June 2021}}</ref> Yo te resevwa yon estati espesyal ''Nwa Onorè'' (legalman yo te konsidere yo kòm [[Nwa (moun)|Nwa]], malgre koulè po yo) ansanm ak sitwayènte konplè anba konstitisyon Ayisyen an nan men [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], premye lidè endepandan Ayiti a. == Istwa == An 1802, Napoleon te voye yon [[Légions polonaises (armée française)|lejyon polonè]] ki te gen anviwon {{Unité|5200 hommes}} pou rantre nan [[Ekspedisyon nan Sen Domeng|fòs franse yo]] nan koloni [[Saint-Domingue|Sen Domeng]] pou siprime [[Revolisyon ayisyen|rebelyon esklav Ayisyen yo]] epi [[Rétablissement de l'esclavage par Napoléon Bonaparte|retabli esklavaj la]] . Polonè yo te espere resevwa an retou sipò Lafrans pou retabli endepandans Polòy, [[Partages de la Pologne|ki te efase sou kat jeyografik la]] an 1795.<ref name="Perry">{{Ouvrage|prénom1=James|nom1=Perry|titre=''Arrogant Armies: Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them''|éditeur=Edison: CastleBooks|année=2005}}</ref> Yon fwa yo rive la, sòlda Polonè yo aprann ke Fransè yo ap eseye siprime yon soulèvman Afriken esklav k ap goumen pou libète yo kont mèt blan yo. [[Fichier:January_Suchodolski_-_Legionaries_at_San_Domingo_-_MP_2606_-_National_Museum_in_Warsaw_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|lien=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:January_Suchodolski_-_Legionaries_at_San_Domingo_-_MP_2606_-_National_Museum_in_Warsaw_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|gauche|vignette|Lejyonè polonè nan Sen-Domeng.]] Plizyè santèn lejyonè polonè pral chwazi tou pou dezète pou sipòte esklav rebèl yo. Apre endepandans Ayiti, Ayisyen Polonè sa yo te bay [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines|Dessalines]] asistans, ki te ba yo tout sitwayènte.<ref>{{Ouvrage|nom1=Abbott, Elizabeth|titre=Haiti: A Shattered Nation|date=2011|isbn=9781468301601|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p6QrBL79xEC&q=cazale+haiti&pg=PT142|consulté le=1 January 2015}}</ref> Li menm dekri pèp Polonè a kòm " nèg blan an Ewòp ", ki te konsidere kòm yon gwo onè lè sa a, ki siyifi fratènite ant Polonè ak Ayisyen. [[Cazale]] vin tounen yon sant nan kominote yo a. Apeprè 160 ane apre, nan mitan XX syèk la, [[François Duvalier]], prezidan Ayiti a ki te konnen pou opinyon [[Nationalisme noir|nasyonalis nwa]] ak [[Panafricanisme|pan-afriken]] li yo, te reitilize menm konsèp " Nèg Blan an Ewòp "pou fè referans ak pèp Polonè a epi glorifye patriyotis yo,<ref>{{Ouvrage|nom1=Susan Buck-Morss|titre=Hegel, Haiti, and Universal History|éditeur=University of Pittsburgh Pre|année=2009|pages totales=75–|isbn=978-0-8229-7334-8|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=gj4sh2Ot76AC&pg=PA75}}</ref>.<ref>{{Ouvrage|nom1=Riccardo Orizio|titre=Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe|éditeur=Simon and Schuster|année=2000|pages totales=159–|isbn=978-0-7432-1197-0|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbicFX_JGjAC&pg=PA159}}</ref>" An 1983, Pap [[Jan Pòl II]] te vizite Ayiti. Li mansyone kijan Polonè yo te kontribye nan rebelyon esklav yo ki te mennen nan endepandans Ayiti. Pou vizit sa a, de prèt [[Legliz Katolik|katolik]] te ale Cazale epi yo te mande yon kantite Ayisyen Polonè (byenke sous istorik yo pa dakò sou kantite envite yo) pou yo abiye an " [[Vêtements traditionnels|rad tradisyonèl]] » epi pou asiste diskou papal la ak seremoni ki asosye avèk li yo.<ref name="rypson" /> == Referans == [[Kategori:Revolisyon Ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Istwa Dayiti]] lkc5eikpm1pe1r7che2gm49mo8tlg17 889415 889414 2026-10-25T02:48:13Z Kitanago 19629 /* Istwa */ 889415 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yo rele Ayisyen Polonè''' (an kreyòl Ayisyen : , colloquially ''Polòy'' an Polonè ( ''Polscy Haitańczycy'', ''Polonya w Ayiti'', ''Polacy w Ayiti'' ) pou [[Ayiti|Ayisyen]] ki gen zansèt Polonè, depi nan kòmansman 19èm syèk la ; kèk nan yo kapab tou se [[Polòy|Polonè]] ki fèt pi resamman ki te vin sitwayennte Ayisyen. Cazale, yon ti vilaj nan mòn yo apeprè 30 kilomèt de [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], yo konsidere kòm sant prensipal kominote polonè a an Ayiti, men gen lòt vilaj polonize tou. Nan Cazale ap viv desandan dezètè [[Légions polonaises (armée française)|lejyonè polonè]] [[Napoléon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] yo,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3seaseurope.com/poles-in-haiti/|title=The 9th Generation of Poles… in Haiti|last=Edmunds|first=Weronika|date=2022-10-24|website=3 Seas Europe|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204183919/https://3seaseurope.com/poles-in-haiti/|archive-date=2022-12-04|access-date=2023-04-29}}.</ref> ki te [[Ekspedisyon nan Sen Domeng|voye nan koloni Sen Domeng]] pou retabli otorite metwopòl la [[Rétablissement de l'esclavage par Napoléon Bonaparte|ansanm ak esklavaj la]] . Gen kèk ki te chwazi pou yo mete tèt ansanm ak esklav rebèl yo pandan [[Revolisyon ayisyen|Revolisyon Ayisyen]] an. Yo kwè anviwon 400 a 500 nan Polonè sa yo te etabli an Ayiti apre lagè a.<ref name="rypson">{{Ouvrage|prénom1=Sebastian|nom1=Rypson|titre=Being Poloné in Haiti: Origins, Survivals, Development, and Narrative Production of the Polish Presence in Haiti|lieu=Warsaw|éditeur=academia.edu|date=2008|isbn=978-83-7545-085-9|lire en ligne=https://www.academia.edu/9072382|consulté le=16 June 2021}}</ref> Yo te resevwa yon estati espesyal ''Nwa Onorè'' (legalman yo te konsidere yo kòm [[Nwa (moun)|Nwa]], malgre koulè po yo) ansanm ak sitwayènte konplè anba konstitisyon Ayisyen an nan men [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], premye lidè endepandan Ayiti a. == Istwa == An 1802, Napoleon te voye yon [[Légions polonaises (armée française)|lejyon polonè]] ki te gen anviwon {{Unité|5200 hommes}} pou rantre nan [[Ekspedisyon nan Sen Domeng|fòs franse yo]] nan koloni [[Saint-Domingue|Sen Domeng]] pou siprime [[Revolisyon ayisyen|rebelyon esklav Ayisyen yo]] epi [[Rétablissement de l'esclavage par Napoléon Bonaparte|retabli esklavaj la]] . Polonè yo te espere resevwa an retou sipò Lafrans pou retabli endepandans Polòy, [[Partages de la Pologne|ki te efase sou kat jeyografik la]] an 1795.<ref name="Perry">{{Ouvrage|prénom1=James|nom1=Perry|titre=''Arrogant Armies: Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them''|éditeur=Edison: CastleBooks|année=2005}}</ref> Yon fwa yo rive la, sòlda Polonè yo aprann ke Fransè yo ap eseye siprime yon soulèvman Afriken esklav k ap goumen pou libète yo kont mèt blan yo. [[Fichye:January_Suchodolski_-_Legionaries_at_San_Domingo_-_MP_2606_-_National_Museum_in_Warsaw_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|lien=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:January_Suchodolski_-_Legionaries_at_San_Domingo_-_MP_2606_-_National_Museum_in_Warsaw_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|gauche|vignette|Lejyonè polonè nan Sen-Domeng.]] Plizyè santèn lejyonè polonè pral chwazi tou pou dezète pou sipòte esklav rebèl yo. Apre endepandans Ayiti, Ayisyen Polonè sa yo te bay [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines|Dessalines]] asistans, ki te ba yo tout sitwayènte.<ref>{{Ouvrage|nom1=Abbott, Elizabeth|titre=Haiti: A Shattered Nation|date=2011|isbn=9781468301601|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p6QrBL79xEC&q=cazale+haiti&pg=PT142|consulté le=1 January 2015}}</ref> Li menm dekri pèp Polonè a kòm " nèg blan an Ewòp ", ki te konsidere kòm yon gwo onè lè sa a, ki siyifi fratènite ant Polonè ak Ayisyen. [[Cazale]] vin tounen yon sant nan kominote yo a. Apeprè 160 ane apre, nan mitan XX syèk la, [[François Duvalier]], prezidan Ayiti a ki te konnen pou opinyon [[Nationalisme noir|nasyonalis nwa]] ak [[Panafricanisme|pan-afriken]] li yo, te reitilize menm konsèp " Nèg Blan an Ewòp "pou fè referans ak pèp Polonè a epi glorifye patriyotis yo,<ref>{{Ouvrage|nom1=Susan Buck-Morss|titre=Hegel, Haiti, and Universal History|éditeur=University of Pittsburgh Pre|année=2009|pages totales=75–|isbn=978-0-8229-7334-8|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=gj4sh2Ot76AC&pg=PA75}}</ref>.<ref>{{Ouvrage|nom1=Riccardo Orizio|titre=Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe|éditeur=Simon and Schuster|année=2000|pages totales=159–|isbn=978-0-7432-1197-0|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbicFX_JGjAC&pg=PA159}}</ref>" An 1983, Pap [[Jan Pòl II]] te vizite Ayiti. Li mansyone kijan Polonè yo te kontribye nan rebelyon esklav yo ki te mennen nan endepandans Ayiti. Pou vizit sa a, de prèt [[Legliz Katolik|katolik]] te ale Cazale epi yo te mande yon kantite Ayisyen Polonè (byenke sous istorik yo pa dakò sou kantite envite yo) pou yo abiye an " [[Vêtements traditionnels|rad tradisyonèl]] » epi pou asiste diskou papal la ak seremoni ki asosye avèk li yo.<ref name="rypson" /> == Referans == [[Kategori:Revolisyon Ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Istwa Dayiti]] g7nip3zqfhzomwy5l42l8yrqearxclf 889416 889415 2026-10-25T02:52:17Z Kitanago 19629 889416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox |non=Ayisyen Polonè yo |imaj=Battle for Palm Tree Hill.jpg |lejand=''Batay nan Sen-Domeng'', lwil sou twal [[Janvye Suchodolski]], 1845, [[Mize Lame polonèz]], [[Vasovi]]. }} '''Yo rele Ayisyen Polonè''' (an kreyòl Ayisyen : , colloquially ''Polòy'' an Polonè ( ''Polscy Haitańczycy'', ''Polonya w Ayiti'', ''Polacy w Ayiti'' ) pou [[Ayiti|Ayisyen]] ki gen zansèt Polonè, depi nan kòmansman 19èm syèk la ; kèk nan yo kapab tou se [[Polòy|Polonè]] ki fèt pi resamman ki te vin sitwayennte Ayisyen. Cazale, yon ti vilaj nan mòn yo apeprè 30 kilomèt de [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], yo konsidere kòm sant prensipal kominote polonè a an Ayiti, men gen lòt vilaj polonize tou. Nan Cazale ap viv desandan dezètè [[Légions polonaises (armée française)|lejyonè polonè]] [[Napoléon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] yo,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3seaseurope.com/poles-in-haiti/|title=The 9th Generation of Poles… in Haiti|last=Edmunds|first=Weronika|date=2022-10-24|website=3 Seas Europe|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204183919/https://3seaseurope.com/poles-in-haiti/|archive-date=2022-12-04|access-date=2023-04-29}}.</ref> ki te [[Ekspedisyon nan Sen Domeng|voye nan koloni Sen Domeng]] pou retabli otorite metwopòl la [[Rétablissement de l'esclavage par Napoléon Bonaparte|ansanm ak esklavaj la]] . Gen kèk ki te chwazi pou yo mete tèt ansanm ak esklav rebèl yo pandan [[Revolisyon ayisyen|Revolisyon Ayisyen]] an. Yo kwè anviwon 400 a 500 nan Polonè sa yo te etabli an Ayiti apre lagè a.<ref name="rypson">{{Ouvrage|prénom1=Sebastian|nom1=Rypson|titre=Being Poloné in Haiti: Origins, Survivals, Development, and Narrative Production of the Polish Presence in Haiti|lieu=Warsaw|éditeur=academia.edu|date=2008|isbn=978-83-7545-085-9|lire en ligne=https://www.academia.edu/9072382|consulté le=16 June 2021}}</ref> Yo te resevwa yon estati espesyal ''Nwa Onorè'' (legalman yo te konsidere yo kòm [[Nwa (moun)|Nwa]], malgre koulè po yo) ansanm ak sitwayènte konplè anba konstitisyon Ayisyen an nan men [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], premye lidè endepandan Ayiti a. == Istwa == An 1802, Napoleon te voye yon [[Légions polonaises (armée française)|lejyon polonè]] ki te gen anviwon {{Unité|5200 hommes}} pou rantre nan [[Ekspedisyon nan Sen Domeng|fòs franse yo]] nan koloni [[Saint-Domingue|Sen Domeng]] pou siprime [[Revolisyon ayisyen|rebelyon esklav Ayisyen yo]] epi [[Rétablissement de l'esclavage par Napoléon Bonaparte|retabli esklavaj la]] . Polonè yo te espere resevwa an retou sipò Lafrans pou retabli endepandans Polòy, [[Partages de la Pologne|ki te efase sou kat jeyografik la]] an 1795.<ref name="Perry">{{Ouvrage|prénom1=James|nom1=Perry|titre=''Arrogant Armies: Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them''|éditeur=Edison: CastleBooks|année=2005}}</ref> Yon fwa yo rive la, sòlda Polonè yo aprann ke Fransè yo ap eseye siprime yon soulèvman Afriken esklav k ap goumen pou libète yo kont mèt blan yo. [[Fichye:January_Suchodolski_-_Legionaries_at_San_Domingo_-_MP_2606_-_National_Museum_in_Warsaw_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|lien=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:January_Suchodolski_-_Legionaries_at_San_Domingo_-_MP_2606_-_National_Museum_in_Warsaw_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|gauche|vignette|Lejyonè polonè nan Sen-Domeng.]] Plizyè santèn lejyonè polonè pral chwazi tou pou dezète pou sipòte esklav rebèl yo. Apre endepandans Ayiti, Ayisyen Polonè sa yo te bay [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines|Dessalines]] asistans, ki te ba yo tout sitwayènte.<ref>{{Ouvrage|nom1=Abbott, Elizabeth|titre=Haiti: A Shattered Nation|date=2011|isbn=9781468301601|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p6QrBL79xEC&q=cazale+haiti&pg=PT142|consulté le=1 January 2015}}</ref> Li menm dekri pèp Polonè a kòm " nèg blan an Ewòp ", ki te konsidere kòm yon gwo onè lè sa a, ki siyifi fratènite ant Polonè ak Ayisyen. [[Cazale]] vin tounen yon sant nan kominote yo a. Apeprè 160 ane apre, nan mitan XX syèk la, [[François Duvalier]], prezidan Ayiti a ki te konnen pou opinyon [[Nationalisme noir|nasyonalis nwa]] ak [[Panafricanisme|pan-afriken]] li yo, te reitilize menm konsèp " Nèg Blan an Ewòp "pou fè referans ak pèp Polonè a epi glorifye patriyotis yo,<ref>{{Ouvrage|nom1=Susan Buck-Morss|titre=Hegel, Haiti, and Universal History|éditeur=University of Pittsburgh Pre|année=2009|pages totales=75–|isbn=978-0-8229-7334-8|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=gj4sh2Ot76AC&pg=PA75}}</ref>.<ref>{{Ouvrage|nom1=Riccardo Orizio|titre=Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe|éditeur=Simon and Schuster|année=2000|pages totales=159–|isbn=978-0-7432-1197-0|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbicFX_JGjAC&pg=PA159}}</ref>" An 1983, Pap [[Jan Pòl II]] te vizite Ayiti. Li mansyone kijan Polonè yo te kontribye nan rebelyon esklav yo ki te mennen nan endepandans Ayiti. Pou vizit sa a, de prèt [[Legliz Katolik|katolik]] te ale Cazale epi yo te mande yon kantite Ayisyen Polonè (byenke sous istorik yo pa dakò sou kantite envite yo) pou yo abiye an " [[Vêtements traditionnels|rad tradisyonèl]] » epi pou asiste diskou papal la ak seremoni ki asosye avèk li yo.<ref name="rypson" /> == Referans == [[Kategori:Revolisyon Ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Istwa Dayiti]] rbb26ufvb51lcq9k0nprxrx0pfounjc 10 97902 889428 889159 2026-10-25T10:22:45Z Xqbot 2540 Correction d’une double redirection depuis [[Modèl:Lang avèk non]] vers [[Modèl:Langue avèk non]] 889428 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Modèl:Langue avèk non]] k5ddd4m6psutkoutymeyld6805lx5pt 0 97909 889316 889201 2026-10-24T17:55:30Z Kerbty Vilma 40806 /* Sendikalism */ modifikasyon 889316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biographie2}}'''Jacqueline Léonard''' Fèt nan jou ki te 9 desanm nan lane 1945 ,li se yon lidè sendika Konfederasyon Jeneral Travayè (CGT) epi yon militan pou [[Dwa fanm|dwa fanm yo]]. Li te okipe pozisyon sekretè konfederal ki responsab mendèv fanm sòti 1982 ak 1989. == Biyografi == Jacqueline Léonard fèt nan dat 9 décembre 1945 nan vil Crépy-en-Valois. Li te  pran yon [[:fr:Certificat_d'aptitude_professionnelle|Certificat d'aptitude professionnelle (CAP)]] ki te pèmèt li travay kòm yon anplwaye biwo epi pèmèt li kòmanse travay nan izin metalijik Poclain an 1962. Li marye epi li se manman de pitit fi<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://vendee2.pcf.fr/taxonomy/term/2966/34204?page=137|title=Hommage de Jacqueline Léonard, ancienne secrétaire confédérale de la CGT - Bourse du travail départementale à Creil, 3 juillet 2023|last=Jacqueline Léonard|date=2023|website=Vendée 2 - PCF|access-date=04-10-2026}}</ref>. == Sendikalism == Jacqueline Léonard te vin manm sendika CGT a nan lane 1964. Aprè , li te vin okipe yon pòs kòm reprezantan anplwaye nan lane 1971. Pandan peryòd sa, manm sendika yo t ap chèche fanm nan mouvman an ki pou fè pati kad yo. Sa te pèmèt yo te akeyi l byen rapid nan sekretarya sendika depatmantal Oise la nan lane 1973. Nan menm epòk sa a, li te resevwa fòmasyon nan men yon seri militan ki gen anpil eksperyans nan domèn nan tankou [[Jean Pitkevicht]] ak [[Francis Pen]], e li te tou vin pwòch aktivis sa yo. Sa kite ede l vin okipe pozisyon sekretè jeneral sendika depatmantal Oise la an 1980.<ref name=":2" />. Nan menm peryòd sa, li te rive enplike l tou epi patisipe nan aktivite [[:fr:Parti_communiste_français|Pati Kominis Franse a]] a kòm youn nan nouvo manm komite federal la. === Sekretarya ki responsab kòz fanm yo (1982-1989) === Nan lane 1982, Jacqueline Léonard te vin ranplase Christiane Gilles nan biwo konfederal la nan pozisyon sekretè responsab kòz fanm yo. Depi lè li entegre biwo konfederasyon an, jounal ''Antoinette'' la te vin pèdi nan popilarite l, editè an chèf la vin pèdi pozisyon li pou move konduit , sa te vin lakoz tou sekretè depatmantal Rhône nan, Georgette Vacher , touye tèt li. Daprè jounal ''Le Monde'', bès nan lavant ''Antoinette'' la te vin rive akoz gwo pwoblèm ekonomik nan epòk la. Militan vin pa genyen mwayen pou achte nouvo nimewo nan magazin nan, sa lakoz abònman yo vin bese epi faktori yo kòmanse fèmen. Rive nan lane 1982, lavant lan te vin bese nèt jiska {{Unité|50000}} kopi, konpare ak {{Unité|80000}} nan ane anvan yo. Nan lane 1986, [[Dominique Lacan]], ki se yon jounalis ki t ap travay pou ''jounal Antoinette'', ansanm ak tout Jacqueline Léonard te vin viktim nan kad yon pwosè pou difamasyon aprè yo te fin pibliye yon temwayaj sou [[Vyolans seksyèl|chantaj seksyèl]] ant de anplwaye nan La Poste nan Bourg-la-Reine. CGT defann anplwaye ki te temwaye a epi, tankou anpil lòt fanm, ki t ap sibi presyon seksyèl nan travay yo. Jacqueline Léonard ak lòt manm CGT yo sèvi ak pwosè a pou montre kijan sitiyasyon sa toujou ap repete epi mande rekonesans chantaj seksyèl kòm yon deli. Pandan l te nan biwo konfederasyon kom manm, jounal ''Antoinette'' vin fèmen ansam ak tout sektè fanm konfederasyon an. Rezon ki te lakoz desizyon sa yo, te provoke gwo batbouch. Anpil konfli anndan CGT a ak PCF epi travayèz yo te vin pèdi motivasyon tou. Aparisyon mouvman [[feminis]] lan nan politik fransè ranplase apwòch ki fèt sou kondisyon fanm epi pèmèt yo gade kondisyon fanm nan selon yon apwòch sosyal. Apati 1985, lidè CGT yo te vin pèmèt yo pran an kont ni fanm ni gason nan revandikasyon sendikalis yo. Nan lane 1989,Jacqueline Léonard te vin kite sektè fanm nan. === Sekretarya pou Pwoteksyon Sosyal (1990-2001) === Rantre nan lane 1990, li te vin responsab sektè pwoteksyon sosyal la, kote li te jwe wòl sekretè konfederal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/229683-conference-de-presse-de-mme-jacqueline-leonard-secretaire-de-la-cgt-su|title=Conférence de presse de Mme Jacqueline Léonard, secrétaire de la CGT|website=Vie Publique|access-date=04-10-2026}}</ref>. Rive nan fen lane 1990 yo, li te jwenn nominasyon li nan Konsèy Administrasyon [[:fr:Caisse_nationale_de_l'assurance_maladie|Caisse nationale de l'assurance maladie]] antanke reprezantan benefisyè sekirite sosyal yo, li te rete nan pos la jiska 2001. Aprè sa yo te ranplase li pa [[Annie Dosualdo]], ki te adjwen li anvan sa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sante.gouv.fr/fichiers/bo/2001/01-46/a0463068.htm|title=Arrêté du 31 octobre 2001 portant nomination au conseil d'administration de la Caisse nationale de l'assurance maladie des travailleurs salariés|date=15-11-2001|website=Santé.gouv.fr|access-date=04-10-2026}}</ref>. == Bibliyografi == * ''Janine Olmi, Oser la parité syndicale : La CGT à l'épreuve des collectifs féminins, L'Harmattan, 2007, 296 p. (ISBN 9782296171152)'' == Referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Sekirite sosyal]] [[Kategori:Lafrans]] [[Kategori:Sendikalis CGT]] [[Kategori:Militant franse pou dwa fanm]] [[Kategori:Sendikalis franse XXe syek]] [[Kategori:Pati kominis franse]] [[Kategori:Pesonalite]] [[Kategori:Sendikalis feminen]] [[Kategori:Dwa fanm an Frans]] [[Kategori:Dwa fanm]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan l'Oise]] [[Kategori:Nesans an desanm 1945]] h1fv64ojll6xvp4hhquy4lgo8c9kgop 889427 889316 2026-10-25T04:51:22Z Kerbty Vilma 40806 /* Biyografi */ modifikasyon 889427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biographie2}}'''Jacqueline Léonard''' Fèt nan jou ki te 9 desanm nan lane 1945 ,li se yon lidè sendika Konfederasyon Jeneral Travayè (CGT) epi yon militan pou [[Dwa fanm|dwa fanm yo]]. Li te okipe pozisyon sekretè konfederal ki responsab mendèv fanm sòti 1982 ak 1989. == Biyografi == Jacqueline Léonard fèt nan dat 9 desanm 1945 nan vil Crépy-en-Valois. Li te resevwa yon [[:fr:Certificat_d'aptitude_professionnelle|Certificat d'aptitude professionnelle (CAP)]] ki te pèmèt li travay kòm yon anplwaye biwo epi pèmèt li kòmanse travay nan izin metalijik Poclain an 1962. Li marye epi li se manman de pitit fi<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://vendee2.pcf.fr/taxonomy/term/2966/34204?page=137|title=Hommage de Jacqueline Léonard, ancienne secrétaire confédérale de la CGT - Bourse du travail départementale à Creil, 3 juillet 2023|last=Jacqueline Léonard|date=2023|website=Vendée 2 - PCF|access-date=04-10-2026}}</ref>. == Sendikalism == Jacqueline Léonard te vin manm sendika CGT a nan lane 1964 aprè li te vin okipe yon pòs kòm reprezantan anplwaye nan lane 1971. Pandan peryòd sa, manm sendika yo t ap chèche fanm nan mouvman an ki pou fè pati kad yo. Sa te pèmèt yo te akeyi l byen rapid nan sekretarya sendika depatmantal Oise la nan lane 1973. Nan menm epòk sa a, li te resevwa fòmasyon nan men yon seri militan ki gen anpil eksperyans nan domèn nan tankou [[Jean Pitkevicht]] ak [[Francis Pen]], li te tou vin pwòch aktivis sa yo. Sa te ede l vin okipe pozisyon sekretè jeneral sendika depatmantal Oise la an 1980.<ref name=":2" />. Nan menm peryòd sa, li te rive enplike l tou epi patisipe nan aktivite [[:fr:Parti_communiste_français|Parti communiste français (PCF)]] a kòm youn nan nouvo manm komite federal la. === Sekretarya ki responsab kòz fanm yo (1982-1989) === Nan lane 1982, Jacqueline Léonard te vin ranplase Christiane Gilles nan biwo konfederal la nan pozisyon sekretè responsab kòz fanm yo. Depi lè li entegre biwo konfederasyon an jounal ''Antoinette'' la te vin pèdi nan popilarite l, editè an chèf la vin pèdi pozisyon li pou move konduit grav, sa te vin lakoz tou sekretè depatmantal Rhône nan, Georgette Vacher , touye tèt li. Daprè jounal ''Le Monde'', bès nan lavant ''Antoinette'' la te vin rive akoz gwo pwoblèm ekonomik nan epòk la. Militan vin pa genyen mwayen pou achte nouvo nimewo nan magazin nan, sa lakoz abònman yo vin bese epi faktori yo kòmanse fèmen. Rive nan lane 1982, lavant lan te vin bese nèt jiska {{Unité|50000}} kopi, konpare ak {{Unité|80000}} nan ane anvan yo. Nan lane 1986, [[Dominique Lacan]], ki se yon jounalis ki t ap travay pou ''jounal Antoinette'', ansanm ak tout Jacqueline Léonard te vin viktim nan kad yon pwosè pou difamasyon aprè yo te fin pibliye yon temwayaj sou [[Vyolans seksyèl|chantaj seksyèl]] ant de anplwaye nan La Poste nan Bourg-la-Reine. CGT defann anplwaye ki te temwaye a epi, tankou anpil lòt fanm, ki t ap sibi presyon seksyèl nan travay yo. Jacqueline Léonard ak lòt manm CGT yo sèvi ak pwosè a pou montre kijan sitiyasyon sa toujou ap repete epi mande rekonesans chantaj seksyèl kòm yon deli. Pandan l te nan biwo konfederasyon kom manm, jounal ''Antoinette'' vin fèmen ansam ak tout sektè fanm konfederasyon an. Rezon ki te lakoz desizyon sa yo, te provoke gwo ajitasyon. anpil konfli anndan CGT a ak PCF epi travayèz yo te vin pèdi motivasyon tou. Aparisyon mouvman [[feminis]] lan nan politik fransè ranplase apwòch ki fèt sou kondisyon fanm epi pèmèt yo gade kondisyon fanm nan selon yon apwòch sosyal. Apati 1985, lidè CGT yo te vin pèmèt yo pran an kont ni fanm ni gason nan revandikasyon sendikalis yo. Nan lane 1989,Jacqueline Léonard te vin kite sektè fanm nan. === Sekretarya pou Pwoteksyon Sosyal (1990-2001) === Rantre nan lane 1990, li te vin responsab sektè pwoteksyon sosyal la, kote li te jwe wòl sekretè konfederal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/229683-conference-de-presse-de-mme-jacqueline-leonard-secretaire-de-la-cgt-su|title=Conférence de presse de Mme Jacqueline Léonard, secrétaire de la CGT|website=Vie Publique|access-date=04-10-2026}}</ref>. Rive nan fen lane 1990 yo, li te jwenn nominasyon li nan Konsèy Administrasyon [[:fr:Caisse_nationale_de_l'assurance_maladie|Caisse nationale de l'assurance maladie]] antanke reprezantan benefisyè sekirite sosyal yo, li te rete nan pos la jiska 2001. Aprè sa yo te ranplase li pa [[Annie Dosualdo]], ki te adjwen li anvan sa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sante.gouv.fr/fichiers/bo/2001/01-46/a0463068.htm|title=Arrêté du 31 octobre 2001 portant nomination au conseil d'administration de la Caisse nationale de l'assurance maladie des travailleurs salariés|date=15-11-2001|website=Santé.gouv.fr|access-date=04-10-2026}}</ref>. == Bibliyografi == * ''Janine Olmi, Oser la parité syndicale : La CGT à l'épreuve des collectifs féminins, L'Harmattan, 2007, 296 p. (ISBN 9782296171152)'' == Referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Sekirite sosyal]] [[Kategori:Lafrans]] [[Kategori:Sendikalis CGT]] [[Kategori:Militant franse pou dwa fanm]] [[Kategori:Sendikalis franse XXe syek]] [[Kategori:Pati kominis franse]] [[Kategori:Pesonalite]] [[Kategori:Sendikalis feminen]] [[Kategori:Dwa fanm an Frans]] [[Kategori:Dwa fanm]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan l'Oise]] [[Kategori:Nesans an desanm 1945]] 2nzedbmyxxtoxgamlo5q2is8jb4myr7 0 97921 889345 889289 2026-10-24T21:15:39Z Kitanago 19629 /* Lyen ekstèn */ 889345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Localité|nom=Niwy|zoom=4}}'''Niwy''' se yon lokalite [[Polòy|polonè]] ki nan gmina Herby, ki sitiye li nan powiat Lubliniec nan voivoda Silesian . == Listwa == == Jewografi ==   == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans}} == Lyen ekstèn == {{Liens}} 44f2rroqi3mvjialkaq7uaw5qyoch29 0 97922 889343 889292 2026-10-24T21:14:32Z Kitanago 19629 889343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Localité|nom=Głęboczek|zoom=6}}'''Głęboczek''' se yon lokalite [[Polòy|polonè]] nan gmina miks Czaplinek, ki sitiye li nan powiat Drawsko nan voïvodie Poméranie oksidantal la.Li sitiye apeprè 29 km nan lès vil la Drawsko Pomorskie ak 111 km nan lès Szczecin, kapital rejyonal la. == Jewografi == [[Fichiye:Czaplinek_(gmina)_location_map.png|centré|vignette| Kat jeyografik nan komin Czaplinek.]] == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans}} 84jvp3k6h7wj2yd79v7xxmtjk6bwka6 889344 889343 2026-10-24T21:15:01Z Kitanago 19629 889344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Localité|nom=Głęboczek|zoom=6}}'''Głęboczek''' se yon lokalite [[Polòy|polonè]] nan gmina miks Czaplinek, ki sitiye li nan powiat Drawsko nan voïvodie Poméranie oksidantal la.Li sitiye apeprè 29 km nan lès vil la Drawsko Pomorskie ak 111 km nan lès Szczecin, kapital rejyonal la. == Jewografi == [[Fichye:Czaplinek_(gmina)_location_map.png|centré|vignette| Kat jeyografik nan komin Czaplinek.]] == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans}} fhe2mue5i31dzg0gn1ddeo8t8udl131 2 97923 889318 2026-10-24T19:18:22Z KOBA HTI 40807 Vwayaj ak vizyon Ocean Junior Ricardo, ki pote non sèn KOBA HTI. Yon otè-konpozitè ki fèt an 2000 nan Route des Frères, k ap pote yon enèji modèn ak otantik nan mond mizikal la. 889318 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ocean Junior Ricardo''', pi byen konnen sou non sèn li '''KOBA HTI''', se yon otè-konpozitè ak atis k ap evolye nan domèn mizikal la. Li fèt nan Route des Frères nan ane 2000. Depi nan kòmansman kwasans karyè li, KOBA HTI enpoze yon stil inik ki melanje otantisite ak yon vizyon modèn, sa ki pèmèt li pote yon enèji ak yon idantite fò nan son l yo. Avèk yon inivè ki chaje ak emosyon ak bon vib, l ap travay chak jou pou elaji odyans li epi kite anprint li sou sèn mizikal la, pand l ap kontinye eksplore nouvo orizon kreyatif pou konekte pi byen ak piblik li a. gow62otvgggd882ivb23qa6c3gnlgc4 0 97924 889319 2026-10-24T19:40:48Z Kitanago 19629 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/235921913|Ferrari 250]] » 889319 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichier:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi biza nan seri 250 la.]] == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Referans}} === Referans === {{Referans}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == <templatestyles src="Autres projets/styles.css" />{{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] oy4pwassb930eno8wptv4gqazvmk1gz 889320 889319 2026-10-24T19:41:24Z Kitanago 19629 /* Gade tou */ 889320 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichier:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi biza nan seri 250 la.]] == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Referans}} === Referans === {{Referans}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] 735t7j6iqg5jts03dqbm3uoofjan4c7 889321 889320 2026-10-24T19:41:36Z Kitanago 19629 889321 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi biza nan seri 250 la.]] == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Referans}} === Referans === {{Referans}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] is9x4rm37pxtrpiocn39b58ka53t0f0 889322 889321 2026-10-24T19:57:10Z Kitanago 19629 889322 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi biza nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri emblematik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik prodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{article|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèpteur li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap genyen tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 Èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous nan sa yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] a jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Yon nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] « Colombo » yo, yo rele l konsa an onè enjenyè italyen ki konsèpte l la, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon « 250 » la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 « Colombo » 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref> ; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{article|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group=Note>Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{article|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Date|18|mai|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{Citation étrangère|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Referans}} === Referans === {{Referans}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] paa6n3v05yyjmcqkyulhah6h8h57ej5 889323 889322 2026-10-24T19:58:05Z Kitanago 19629 889323 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi biza nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri emblematik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik prodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{article|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèpteur li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap genyen tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 Èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous nan sa yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] a jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Yon nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] « Colombo » yo, yo rele l konsa an onè enjenyè italyen ki konsèpte l la, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon « 250 » la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 « Colombo » 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref> ; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{article|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group=Note>Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{article|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Date|18|mai|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{Citation étrangère|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] 5iah78nxmp35v64kjldwfip8uj8y5mj 889324 889323 2026-10-24T19:58:27Z Kitanago 19629 889324 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi biza nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri emblematik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik prodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèpteur li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap genyen tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 Èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous nan sa yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] a jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Yon nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] « Colombo » yo, yo rele l konsa an onè enjenyè italyen ki konsèpte l la, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon « 250 » la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 « Colombo » 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref> ; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{article|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group=Note>Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{article|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Date|18|mai|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{Citation étrangère|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] lxav1xw9p3ho5k2okiwp0pcm2oa1xth 889325 889324 2026-10-24T19:59:15Z Kitanago 19629 /* Resanblans */ 889325 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi biza nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri emblematik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik prodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèpteur li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap genyen tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 Èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous nan sa yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] a jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Yon nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] « Colombo » yo, yo rele l konsa an onè enjenyè italyen ki konsèpte l la, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon « 250 » la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 « Colombo » 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref> ; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{atik|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group=Note>Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{article|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Date|18|mai|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{Citation étrangère|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] 5l7ob2h88ipk0dhf24kdn1tk71abac7 889326 889325 2026-10-24T19:59:57Z Kitanago 19629 /* Resanblans */ 889326 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi biza nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri emblematik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik prodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèpteur li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap genyen tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 Èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous nan sa yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] a jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Yon nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] « Colombo » yo, yo rele l konsa an onè enjenyè italyen ki konsèpte l la, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon « 250 » la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 « Colombo » 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref> ; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{atik|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group=Note>Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{atik|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Date|18|mai|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{Citation étrangère|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] ih3e0c3mmci00hudjjkx8c4a6gv1xbd 889327 889326 2026-10-24T20:01:39Z Kitanago 19629 /* Ferrari 250 GTE */ 889327 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi biza nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri emblematik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik prodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèpteur li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap genyen tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 Èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous nan sa yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] a jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Yon nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] « Colombo » yo, yo rele l konsa an onè enjenyè italyen ki konsèpte l la, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon « 250 » la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 « Colombo » 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref> ; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{atik|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group=Note>Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{atik|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Date|18|mai|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{sitasyon etranje|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] 0muednjhe7jata50i7f60kj3bhpbfk1 889328 889327 2026-10-24T20:02:28Z Kitanago 19629 /* Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder */ 889328 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi biza nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri emblematik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik prodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèpteur li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap genyen tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 Èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous nan sa yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] a jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Yon nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] « Colombo » yo, yo rele l konsa an onè enjenyè italyen ki konsèpte l la, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon « 250 » la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 « Colombo » 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref> ; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{atik|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group=Note>Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{atik|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Date|18|me|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{sitasyon etranje|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] 6oymu516g8fl9m1ude16bo8qnlpmqgs 889329 889328 2026-10-24T20:02:49Z Kitanago 19629 /* Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder */ 889329 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi biza nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri emblematik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik prodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèpteur li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap genyen tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 Èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous nan sa yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] a jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Yon nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] « Colombo » yo, yo rele l konsa an onè enjenyè italyen ki konsèpte l la, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon « 250 » la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 « Colombo » 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref> ; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{atik|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group=Note>Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{atik|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Dat|18|me|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{sitasyon etranje|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] pb44rm5kpu19tdztweje99604geirm2 889339 889329 2026-10-24T21:06:43Z Kitanago 19629 889339 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi ikonik nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri ikonik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik pwodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèptè li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap genyen tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 Èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous nan sa yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] a jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Yon nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] « Colombo » yo, yo rele l konsa an onè enjenyè italyen ki konsèpte l la, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon « 250 » la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 « Colombo » 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref> ; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{atik|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group=Note>Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{atik|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Dat|18|me|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{sitasyon etranje|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] kfyvtnaifopzhfeot1lskm1wne47im4 889403 889339 2026-10-24T23:49:00Z Kitanago 19629 889403 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi ikonik nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri ikonik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik pwodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèptè li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap ranpòte tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 Èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous nan sa yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] a jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Yon nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] « Colombo » yo, yo rele l konsa an onè enjenyè italyen ki konsèpte l la, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon « 250 » la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 « Colombo » 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref> ; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{atik|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group=Note>Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{atik|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Dat|18|me|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{sitasyon etranje|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] e0rshwt5q2vzht8wlfwixhclm0eg206 889404 889403 2026-10-24T23:49:54Z Kitanago 19629 889404 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi ikonik nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri ikonik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik pwodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèptè li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap ranpòte tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 Èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous nan sa yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] a jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Yon nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] « Colombo » yo, yo rele l konsa an onè enjenyè italyen ki konsèpte l la, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon « 250 » la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 « Colombo » 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref> ; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{atik|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group=Note>Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{atik|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Dat|18|me|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{sitasyon etranje|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] 1okxmxtzmrhyd6a16z92n4hfp1ijres 889405 889404 2026-10-24T23:50:13Z Kitanago 19629 889405 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi ikonik nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri ikonik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik pwodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèptè li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap ranpòte tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous nan sa yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] a jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Yon nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] « Colombo » yo, yo rele l konsa an onè enjenyè italyen ki konsèpte l la, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon « 250 » la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 « Colombo » 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref> ; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{atik|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group=Note>Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{atik|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Dat|18|me|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{sitasyon etranje|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] gc7gm1s7grqeuwwwaxze2dz7izrhbbr 889406 889405 2026-10-24T23:52:13Z Kitanago 19629 889406 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi ikonik nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri ikonik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik pwodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèptè li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap ranpòte tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa t janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous pou vin yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] a jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Yon nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] « Colombo » yo, yo rele l konsa an onè enjenyè italyen ki konsèpte l la, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon « 250 » la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 « Colombo » 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref> ; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{atik|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group=Note>Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{atik|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Dat|18|me|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{sitasyon etranje|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] hr9oacyfh8dma58gcqllnt4c4ga5gxb 889407 889406 2026-10-24T23:56:04Z Kitanago 19629 /* Resanblans */ 889407 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi ikonik nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri ikonik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik pwodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèptè li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap ranpòte tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa t janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous pou vin yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] a jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Youn nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] «Colombo» yo, yo rele l konsa pou rann omaj ak enjenyè italyen ki se konseptè l, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon «250» la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 «Colombo» 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{atik|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group="Note">Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{atik|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Dat|18|me|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{sitasyon etranje|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] 3es5j7om00d1han5x2w0y5hc2hknc71 889408 889407 2026-10-24T23:58:24Z Kitanago 19629 /* Resanblans */ 889408 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi ikonik nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri ikonik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik pwodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèptè li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap ranpòte tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa t janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous pou vin yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] la jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Youn nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] «Colombo» yo, yo rele l konsa pou rann omaj ak enjenyè italyen ki se konseptè l, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon «250» la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 «Colombo» 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi etwat, mwens wo e ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo a pafwa rele ak tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{atik|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group="Note">Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Sou yon pwen de vi teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la : vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silendr. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 chwal pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{atik|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Dat|18|me|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{sitasyon etranje|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] ki8tkq4lsk1kir1bkmwfufrlua7j0bl 889409 889408 2026-10-25T00:08:37Z Kitanago 19629 /* Resanblans */ 889409 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi ikonik nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri ikonik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik pwodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèptè li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap ranpòte tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa t janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous pou vin yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] la jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Youn nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] «Colombo» yo, yo rele l konsa pou rann omaj ak enjenyè italyen ki se konseptè l, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon «250» la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 «Colombo» 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi piti, pi ba ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo yo rele l pafwa nan tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{atik|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group="Note">Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Nan sans teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la: vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silend. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 cheval pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{atik|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore tenue de route machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non « Pininfarina » a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Dat|18|me|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{sitasyon etranje|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] h4b40d0cal6z93cipt20tv5bymhom69 889410 889409 2026-10-25T00:12:03Z Kitanago 19629 /* Resanblans */ 889410 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:1962Ferrari250GTO.jpg|droite|vignette| Ferrari 250 GTO la se modèl ki pi ikonik nan seri 250 la.]] '''Ferrari 250''' yo se yon seri ikonik [[Machin espò|machin kous]] ak [[Gran Tourism]] konstriktè italyen [[Ferrari (konpayi)|Ferrari]] te pwodui depi kòmansman ane 1950 yo jiska mitan ane 1960 yo. Non sa a fè referans dirèkteman ak yon « mekanik pwodijye »<ref>{{en}} {{atik|prénom1=Bruno|nom1=de Prato|titre=The Colombo's Idea|périodique=Ferrari World|consulté le=11 novembre 2009|lire en ligne=http://www.ferrari250gte.com/i/library_files/adsandothers_files/Suppliers-1995-06_Ferrari_World.pdf|année=1995|numéro=27}}</ref> ki pa òdinè men ki te ra pou epòk la, yon [[motè V12]] « Colombo » — non konsèptè li a, [[Gioacchino Colombo]] — ki gen yon silendre initè {{Inite|250|cm|3}}. Yo te kòmanse ak [[Ferrari 250 S|{{nobr|250 S}}]] an [[1952]], e jiskaprezan pa janm gen yon motorizasyon ki te domine [[chanpyona mondyal machin espò|espò otomobil]] la sou nivo entènasyonal pandan tout tan sa a, Ferrari 250 yo ap ranpòte tankou [[Mille Miglia]] ak [[Targa Florio]] menm jan ak [[24 èdtan Le Mans]] oswa toujou [[12 èdtan Sebring]]. Dominasyon enpresyonan sa a pa t janm ap repete pa okenn konstriktè otomobil. Men, pi lwen pase konpetisyon an, seri sa a make tou yon vire nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa konstriktè a]], ki fè l pase de estati ti manifaktirye machin kous pou vin yon konstriktè machin prestij ki gen enpòtans. Apati [[1964]], Ferrari 250 yo ap ranplase piti piti pa [[Ferrari 275]] ak [[Ferrari 330|330]]. == Resanblans == [[Fichye:250 Testa Rossa 001.JPG|vignette|droite|[[Motè V12]] la jodi a tout otan selèb ke Ferrari 250 kote l enstale a.]] Youn nan karakteristik komen tout Ferrari 250 yo (eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]]) konsène [[motè V12]] «Colombo» yo, yo rele l konsa pou rann omaj ak enjenyè italyen ki se konseptè l, [[Gioachino Colombo|Gioacchino Colombo]]. Avèk yon silendre initè de {{Inite|250|cm|3}}, sa vle di yon silendre total 3 lit ({{Inite|2953|cm|3}}), se li ki baz deziyasyon «250» la. Motè sa a se an reyalite V12 «Colombo» 1,5 lit la – premye V12 ak pi piti nan [[Ferrari (konpayi)|istwa Ferrari]] ki te ekipe [[Ferrari 125|125 S]] la – ki gen [[alezaj]] li ki te monte jiska {{Inite|73|mm}}<ref name="dyn">{{Lien web|url=http://www.autodrome-cannes.com/ferrari_250_dynasty.htm|titre=La Dynastie 250 GT Ferrari|site=Autodrome Cannes|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>; [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la rete fikse a {{Inite|58.8|mm}}. Pi piti, pi ba ak yon silendre pi piti pase sa [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine kèk ane apre a, motè Colombo yo rele l pafwa nan tèm anglè a ''{{lang|en|short block}}''<ref>{{atik|langue=en|titre=Ferrari - Motor Magic|périodique=DieCastX Magazine|prénom1=Matt|nom1=Boyd|page=25|année=Automne 2006|éditeur=Air Age Media|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=MvoDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&client=firefox-a&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false|consulté le=5 août 2009}}</ref>{{,}}<ref group="Note">Kontrèman, motè [[Aurelio Lampredi]] te desine a rele ak tèm ''{{lang|en|long block}}''.</ref>. Nan sans teknik, motè sa a prezante anpil avantaj pou epòk la: vitès lineyè piston yo modere gras ak yon alezaj ki pi gwo pase [[Kous (mekanik)|kous]] la, sant gravite a ki ba, blòk an V la ki louvri a 60° ki fèt tout antye an alyaj lejè oswa toujou [[Distribisyon (motè)|distribisyon]] ki gen yon pyebwa kam anwo pou chak ranje silend. V12 sa a te menm ekstraòdinèman pwisan – prèske 100 cheval pa lit – men tou serye e rezistan<ref name="dyn" />. Premye Ferrari 250 yo konstwi sou yon chasi long, ki dezinye pa lèt LWB pou ''{{lang|en|long wheel base}}'', ki gen {{Inite|2600|mm}} [[Anpatman (veyikil)|anpatman]], eksepte [[Ferrari 250 Europa|250 Europa]] ki gen motè « Lampredi » ki pi long nan mande yon anpatman {{Inite|2800|mm}}<ref name="Ahlgrim">{{atik|langue=en|prénom1=Steve|nom1=Ahlgrim|titre=1954 Ferrari 250 GT Europa Series II|périodique=Sports Car Market magazine|numéro=|mois=février|année=2008|page=49|issn=|url texte=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Q-5VXDrqJQMC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false|consulté le=22 décembre 2011}}</ref>. An [[1960]], [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] inogire premye chasi kout (SWB pou ''{{lang|en|short wheel base}}'') jenerasyon 250 la. Avèk yon longè anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}}, chanjman sa a gen pou objektif amelyore manyè machin nan, sitou nan viraj<ref name="Bowl_346">[[#LEG|M. Bowler ''et al.'' 2003]], Voitures d'exceptions de 1945 à nos jours, {{p.|346-351}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Ahlgrim" />, men li ede tou ekilib vizyèl machin nan<ref name="Ahlgrim" />. Jenerasyon Ferrari 250 yo konnen tou paske yo te inogire sistèm [[Fren|fren a disk]]<ref name="concep">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z1307/Ferrari-250-S.aspx|titre=1952 Ferrari 250 S news, pictures, and information|site=Conceptcarz|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Anjeneral se kawosye Tirinwa [[Pininfarina|Pinin Farina]] ki desine yo, ki pral adopte non «Pininfarina» a nan yon sèl mo an [[1961]], epi se [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]] nan [[Modèn]] ki kawosri yo. {{clr}} == Modèl kous == Motè [[Gioachino Colombo]] konsevwa a te fè debi li nan kous, twa ane anvan lansman modèl 250 Gran Tourism lan. Se yon koutim tipik Ferrari ki te lanse machin li yo anvan nan konpetisyon epi apre sa, bay patikilye pou itilizasyon sou wout. === Ferrari 225 S === [[Fichye:Paris - Retromobile 2014 - Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta - 1952 - 001.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 225 S Berlinetta (1952) - ''Retromobile Paris 2014'']] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 225 S}} Modèl ki te vini anvan « 250 » lan se « 225 S » la, ki te fè debi li an 1952 sou [[:it:Giro di Sicilia (automobilismo)|Giro Automobilistico di Sicilia]]. Yo te konstwi de pwototip de plas, yon [[:it:Barchetta|barchetta]] ak yon [[Kalite kawosri#Koupe|koupe]], tou de reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale]], ak 21 egzanplè GT. Malgre li pa fè pati seri « 250 » la, 225 S a gen yon rekò. Teste sou [[Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari|otodròm Imola]], se te premye Ferrari ki te angaje nan konpetisyon sou sikui sa a. Youn nan siksè pi enpòtan li yo se te [[Grand Prix otomobil Monako|Grand Prix Monako 1952]] kote 5 Ferrari 225 S te fini nan 5 premye plas yo, kite [[Jaguar]] a 5 tou, [[Aston Martin]] a 8 tou, [[Delahaye]] a 15 tou ak abandon [[Talbot-Lago]] yo ak [[Pegaso]]. Poutan, yo pral bat li nan [[Mille Miglia]], 1564 km yo te kouri 2 & {{date|3 mai 1952}}, kote sèt « 225 S » pa t rive bat [[Ferrari 340 MM]] ki pwisan yo ak sèl [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] ki te nan kous la. Nan lòt bò, li te genyen Grand Prix Kiba an 1955<ref>{{lien web |langue=it |url=http://www.supercars.net/cars/2784.html |site=supercar.net |titre=La Ferrari 225 S |consulté=26/9/2010}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 S === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 S}} [[Fichye:Rétromobile 2016 - Ferrari 250 Sport - 1952 - 002.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 S (1952) - ''Salon Rétromobile 2016'']] Kòm ranplasan {{nobr|[[Ferrari 225 S|225 S]]}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 S]]''' se premye Ferrari nan liy 250 yo. Se premye ki te fonksyone ak motè V12 « Colombo » a, ki devlope yon pwisans anviwon {{Inite|230|ch}}, {{nobr|250 S}} la gen plis valè yon pwototip eksperimantal ki pi bon tèren tès li pa t ap lòt pase [[Mille Miglia]] yo. Epi rezilta a konvenkan. Angaje konsa nan Mille Miglia an 1952, Ferrari {{nobr|250 S}} la soti viktorye devan rival prensipal li a, [[Mercedes-Benz 300 SL]]<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 S, pp.48-49</ref>. === Ferrari 250 MM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 MM}} [[Fichye:1953 Ferrari 250 MM Vignale Spyder, front left at Greenwich 2022.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 MM Spyder Chasi 0260MM, kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] (1953) - ''Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2022'']] Ak siksè [[Ferrari 250 S|250 S]] la dèyè li, Ferrari kòmanse an [[1953]] pwodiksyon yon nouvo modèl ki fèt pou ranplase l, an kolaborasyon pou premye fwa ak kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]]. '''[[Ferrari 250 MM]]''' (« ''Mille Miglia'' »), yo rele l konsa an onè viktwa ki te reyalize sou sikui [[Mille Miglia|Mille Miy]] yo an 1952, jwenn yon nouvo chasi tibilè<ref name="mot250MM" /> sou menm anpatman {{Inite|2400|mm}} ke « 250 S » la men ki pi lejè pa {{Inite|50|kg}}. Ekipe ak motè V12 « Colombo » ki monte a yon pwisans {{Inite|240|ch}}, {{nobr|250 MM}} la pa t vrèman yon « bèt konpetisyon » — men karyè li nan konpetisyon pral long pourtan<ref name="ferraMM" /> — men popilarite li te byen reyèl<ref>[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', Ferrari 250 MM Coupé Pininfarina, pp. 36-39</ref>. Lib de « eksè » « 250 S » la, li pote premye kalandr griyaj la, ki repran e revize pa tout 250 yo<ref name="ferraMM">{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 MM, p.53</ref>. Anviwon kenz egzanplè berlinèt la ak yon kantite ekivalan Spider ki te asanble pa [[Carrozzeria Vignale|Vignale]] sou yon desen [[Giovanni Michelotti]], pral reyalize<ref name="mot250MM">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-250-mm/2,15343.html|titre=Ferrari 250 MM|site=Motorlegend|page=2|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=29 octobre 2008|consulté=6 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Ou ka wè imaj Ferrari 250 MM Vignale nan kous [[Sports Car Club of America|SCCA]] ozetazini nan fim 1954 ''[[Les Bolides de l'enfer]]''<ref>[http://www.imcdb.org/movie_47135-Johnny-Dark.html ''Les bolides de l'enfer''] (IMCDB).</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Monza === [[Fichye:Ferrari 1954 250 Monza (15597361396).jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari Monza orijinal 1954 - ''[[Luigi Piotti]] ak [[Maurice Trintignant]] te genyen [[12 Èdtan Hyères]] 1954 nan volan li'']] '''Ferrari 250 Monza''' se yon otomobil ki yon ti jan patikilye nan fanmi « 250 » lan. 250 Monza se yon modèl ki gen mekanik li, ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 MM|250 MM]], enstale sou chasi yon [[Ferrari 750 Monza]]. Konsepsyon « ibrid » sa a pa t bay pase kat egzanplè ki 2 nan yo te kawosri pa [[Pininfarina]] ak yon design ki sanble ak sa [[:it:Ferrari 500 Mondial|Ferrari 500 Mondial]] la ak 2 lòt yo pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]] nan stil 750 Monza a<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3601/Ferrari-250-Monza-Scaglietti-Spyder.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Monza Scaglietti Spyder |site=Ultimate Car Page |auteur=Wouter Melissen |en ligne=18 février 2008 |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa IAA 2019 JM 0868.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa - ''IAA 2019'']] Reyalize pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa]]''' te domine [[Sport-pwototip]] yo depi fen ane 1950 yo jiska kòmansman ane 1960 yo. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » a, li te genyen an patikilye [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1958|1958]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1960|1960]] ak [[24 Èdtan Le Mans 1961|1961]]<ref name="TRmot">{{Lien web |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-testa-rossa/6,7947.html |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|site=Motorlegend |auteur=Gilles Bonnafous |en ligne le=17 février 2003|consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. Viktwa sa yo eksplike pa kontèks patikilye ki te wè 250 Testa Rossa fèt la. Apre aksidan mòtèl [[Pierre Levegh]] nan 24 Èdtan Le Mans 1955 yo ak [[Alfonso de Portago]] nan [[Mille Miglia]] 1957 la, [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a deside limite a twa lit silendre motè yo nan objektif pou diminye « eskalad nan pwisans [[Aston Martin]], [[Jaguar (otomobil)|Jaguar]] ak [[Maserati]] ki te mons yo »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Patrick Erhardt |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/pdf/In-The-News/Automobiles%20Classiques%20%28250%20TR%29.pdf |titre=Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa : Pierre de touche |consulté=11/11/2009}}</ref>. Ferrari, de pa l, te deja pare pou boulvèsman sa a paske silendre motè « Colombo » a te, depi lontan, jis anba baryè twa lit la. Parèt an {{date|mai 1957}} sou fòm yon pwototip pandan [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] yo, fòk nou tann mwa {{date|novembre 1957}} pou pwodiksyon vèsyon « kliyan » an kòmanse. Konstwi de 1956 a 1961, Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa se youn nan otomobil Ferrari ki pi chè. Youn nan yo te vann an {{date|mai 2009}} nan yon vant piblik pou pri {{Inite|9020000|euros}}, yon rekò<ref>{{Lien web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/automobile/2009/05/18/03001-20090518ARTFIG00489-record-des-encheres-pour-la-ferrari-250-testa-rossa-.php |titre=Record des enchères pour la Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa |site=Le Figaro |auteur=Jacques Chevalier |en ligne le=18 mai 2009 |consulté=2/9/2009}}</ref>. [[Fichye:1961 Ferrari 250 TRI-61 at Greenwich 2021, front right.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 TRI/61 (0794 TR) - Concours d'Elegance Greenwich 2021]] Desen trè patikilye 250 Testa Rossa a an reyalite pi itil pase estetik. Orijinalite zèl devan yo pèmèt kouvri wou yo sèlman an pati pou refwadi pi byen [[Fren|fren a tanbou]]<ref name="TRmot" />. Men, estil ki pa two konvansyonèl sa a pral adousi pandan pwodiksyon an, abandone zèl ki te gen anpil koupe yo pou chwazi de ouvèti ki fèt de chak bò gwo pran lè devan an<ref name="TRmot" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 P === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari P}} [[Fichye:1963 Ferrari 275 P HCC23.jpg|vignette|droite|250px|Ferrari 250 P]] Pwodui an [[1963]], karyè '''[[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]]''' nan konpetisyon otomobil la ap, vre, trè kout, men trè prestijye. Pwopilse pa motè V12 « Colombo » 3 lit a ak yon sèl pyebwa kam ki soti nan [[Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa|250 Testa Rossa]], li genyen [[12 Èdtan Sebring]], [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]], [[1 000 kilomèt Nürburgring]] epi li ofri Ferrari yon nouvo tit chanpyon mondyal konstriktè<ref name="cara250P">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_250_p.php |titre=Ferrari 250 P 1963 |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Men, pi lwen pase siksè li, Ferrari 250 P vire yon paj nan istwa konstriktè italyen an. Li bay nesans an reyalite a yon « liy prestijye » pwototip ak motè santral<ref name="cara250P"/>. Pandan premye tès li yo, « 250 P » la montre deja anpil bon kalite sou wout. Pifò Ferrari [[Gran Tourism|Gran Tourism]] yo te ekipe nan epòk la ak yon motè ki sitiye devan. Se sèlman [[Ferrari Dino]] ki ekipe ak yon motè nan pozisyon santral dèyè. Siksè yo, tankou an patikilye de viktwa youn apre lòt Targa Florio te genyen pa dènye sa a, ak sa « 250 P » yo pral konvenk [[Enzo Ferrari]] pou l adopte kalite plasman motè sa a pou pwochen modèl yo<ref name="cara250P"/>. === Ferrari 250 GTO === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTO}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTO R - 001.jpg|vignette|gauche|250px|[[Ferrari 250 GTO]] a, youn nan otomobil ki pi mitik nan mond lan]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GTO]]''', otomobil Gran Tourism ki te pwodui de [[1962]] a [[1963]], yo konsidere l toupatou kòm kentesans [[Lis modèl otomobil Ferrari|modèl Ferrari]] epòk la ak youn nan [[Machin espò|machin espò]] ki pi selèb nan tout tan. Non ''GTO'' a vle di « ''Gran Turismo Omologata'' »<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Gilles Bonnafou |url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gto/6,7175.html |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO |site=Motorlegend |en ligne le=28 novembre 2002}}</ref> an [[italyen]] « Omologe Gran Tourism ». Eritye motè V12 {{Inite|300|ch}} pwototip Testa Rossa a, alèje gras ak yon kawosri tou an aliminyòm epi li benefisye yon aerodinamik travay, 250 GTO a siperyè sou tout rival li yo imedyatman. Konsa li vin twa fwa chanpyon mondyal nan GT (1962, 1963 ak 1964)<ref name="caraGTO"/>. Pi lwen pase bèl palmarès espòtif li a, 250 GTO a antre nan lejand sitou pou estetik li<ref name="caraGTO">{{Lien web |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_legende/italiennes/ferrari_250_gto.php |titre=Ferrari 250 GTO : la divine |site=Caradisiac |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. An total, 39 egzanplè te pwodui : 36 an 1962 ak 1963, ak 3 an 1964. An [[2004]], ''Sports Car International'' te mete « 250 GTO » nan wityèm plas nan lis pi bon [[Machin espò|machin espò]] [[ane 1960]] yo. ''Motor Trend Classic'', de pa l, te nonmen « 250 GTO » nan premye plas lis « pi bon Ferrari nan tout tan » yo. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 LM === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 LM}} [[Fichye:Ferrari Coupe 250 LM 1964 Mulhouse FRA 001.JPG|vignette|gauche|250px|Ferrari 250 LM (1964) - ''Mize Nasyonal Otomobil la (Mulhouse - Frans)'']] Prezante nan [[Paris]] an novanm [[1963]], '''[[Ferrari 250 LM]]''' « ''Berlinetta Le Mans'' » se yon dekline Gran Tourism [[:it:Ferrari 250 P|Ferrari 250 P]] la. Ki fèt pou ranplase « 250 GTO » a, li pa pral konnen lè laglwa modèl anvan yo. Yo te souvan rele l pa erè 275 LM, akòz motè 3,3 lit silendre li a<ref>{{lien web |langue=en |url=http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/136/Ferrari-250-LM.html |titre=Ferrari 250 LM |consulté=22/1/2025}}</ref>. Fas a yon konkirans ki toujou pi près, ak sitou fas a nouvo [[Ford GT40]] a, Ferrari deside pwodui nan tou pa l yon modèl GT, an espere, jan li abitye a, « bon volonte [[Federasyon entènasyonal espò otomobil|CSI]] a pou jwenn omologasyon an GT depi pwodiksyon an kòmanse ». Ferrari te fè omologe « 250 GTO » a kòm yon senp evolisyon « 250 Europa GT » a, menm demach la pou 250 LM pa t konvenk CSI a. Pandan reyinyon komisyon an, sèlman 33 egzanplè sou 100 ki obligatwa yo te fabrike, omologasyon an te refize<ref name="cara250LM">{{Lien web |site=Caradisiac |url=http://www.caradisiac.com/php/voitures_collection/voitures_courses/ferrari_lm_2.php |titre=Ferrari 250 LM : La mal aimée de Maranello |consulté=6/11/2009}}</ref>. Kòm omologasyon « 250 LM » nan Gran Tourism te refize pa enstans entènasyonal epòk la, li te oblije batay kont machin espò-pwototip ki te siperyè l. An siy pwotestasyon, [[Enzo Ferrari]] te sispann pwodiksyon machin nan. Li te konfye monoplas li yo bay [[John Surtees]], ki te genyen kanmenm [[Palmarès chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal pilòt 1964]] a ak [[Lorenzo Bandini]] ki te genyen [[Grand Prix otomobil Otrich 1964|Grand Prix Otrich 1964]], ki te dispite sou [[sikui Zeltweg]] {{date|23 août 1964}}. Pandan dènye [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1 1964|Grand Prix Fòmil 1 1964]] yo, li te fè kouri machin li yo anba koulè blan ak ble ekip [[North American Racing Team|North American Racing Team - NART]], pwopriyete [[Luigi Chinetti]], enpòtatè Ferrari pou Amerik di Nò epi li te genyen [[Chanpyona mondyal Fòmil 1|Chanpyona mondyal konstriktè]]. Remake sepandan li te pran 2 premye plas yo nan [[24 Èdtan Le Mans]] an [[1965]]<ref name="cara250LM"/> ansanm ak Twofe entènasyonal pwototip yo nan [[Chanpyona mondyal machin espò 1965]]. == Modèl touris == === Ferrari 250 Europa ak Europa GT === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 Europa}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250-Europa Front-view.JPG|vignette|gauche|[[Ferrari 250 Europa]] ki te ekspoze nan [[konkou elegans]] Villa d'Este an 2008.]] Pandan [[Ferrari 250 MM]] ap briye nan konpetisyon, sitou nan [[Mille Miglia]], Ferrari lanse l nan pwodiksyon premye vèsyon touris 250 la. De seri vèsyon « estandadize » 250 MM sa a pral pwodui : '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa]]''' (20 egzanplè) ak '''[[Ferrari 250 Europa|Ferrari 250 Europa GT]]''' (44 egzanplè)<ref name="qvEuropa">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250europap1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 Europa|site=QV500|consulté le=7 novembre 2009}}</ref>. Diferans yo se sitou mekanik : 250 Europa a konstwi sou yon chasi {{Inite|2800|mm}} epi li fonksyone ak yon motè V12 « Lampredi » — sèl Ferrari 250 ki pa pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a — pandan Europa GT baze sou anpatman long {{Inite|2600|mm}} la epi li pwopilse pa motè « Colombo » a<ref name="qvEuropa" />. Pèfòmans premye Ferrari 250 touris sa a la tou ak yon vitès maksimòm ki rive pi lwen pase {{Inite|217|km/h}} ak yon 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} ki rive nan mwens pase 8 segonn, ki fè 250 Europa a « youn nan GT touris ki pi rapid nan tan li »<ref name="qvEuropa" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena === [[Fichye:Ferrari Boano av.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Koupe Boano 1956]] [[Fichye:SC06 1959 Ferrari 250 GT Boano.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]] pandan Scarsdale Concours 2006 la.]] {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena}} Pwodui depi [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena]]''' se rezilta volonte Ferrari pou pwodui yon vèsyon ki pi sivilize pase modèl anvan yo. Premyèman, se Pininfarina ki chaje kawosri nouvo otomobil la. Li menm, ki demenaje nan epòk sa a nan pi gwo enstalasyon<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2005/October/Ferrari/|titre=1956 Ferrari 250 GT Boano Coupe|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>, pa t gen tan pwodui tout chasi yo kanmenm. Se [[Mario Boano]], kofondatè [[Carrozzeria Ghia]], ki resevwa travay sa a answit. Otomobil la rele konsa trè natirèlman {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano<ref name="ferBoa">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Boano/Ellena, pp. 62-65</ref>. Sepandan, Boano antre an [[1957]] nan depatman stil [[Fiat]] epi li sede antrepriz li bay patnè li Luciano Pollo ak bofi li Ezio Ellena. Sa yo kawosri dènye modèl yo answit epi yo fè kèk ti retouch estilistik. Antrepriz Carrozzeria Boano a chanje non pou okazyon an an Carrozzeria Ellena, epi {{nobr|250 GT}} la pran non nouvo kawosye li a<ref name="ferBoa" />{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.histomobile.com/dvd_histomobile/fr/13/1956-Ferrari-250-gt_Boano,Ellena.asp?id1=90884|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Boano, Ellena|site=Histomobile|consulté le=2 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Pwodui nan 75 egzanplè Boano ak 49 egzanplè « Ellena »<ref name="ferBoa" />, {{nobr|250 GT}} Boano/Ellena yo se Ferrari ki pi abòdab jenerasyon 250 la, men yo negosye pou sa a plis pase {{Inite|300000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Photos-du-jour-Ferrari-250-GT-Elena-Boano-475|titre=Photos du jour : Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Eddy Clio, Julien Taillandier, Lionel Lucas|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009|en ligne le=3 août 2008}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta LWB oswa 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France » === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT LWB Berlinetta (16050742184).jpg|vignette|gauche|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]] 1955]] Motive e lanse nan defi pa viktwa Armando Zampiero nan Chanpyona italyen machin Espò 1955 ak yon Mercedes 300 SL, Ferrari deside pwodui yon GT ki kapab konpete nan kategori sa a. Parèt an [[1956]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta « Tour de France »]]''' se fwi kawosye Pinin Farina ak Scaglietti yo<ref name="motTDF" />. Avèk yon konsepsyon alèje gras ak aliminyòm, li ekipe ak chasi [[Ferrari 250 GT Boano/Ellena|250 GT Boano/Ellena]] a pou pwodui rapidman yon santèn egzanplè epi konsa jwenn omologasyon nouvo GT sa a. Toujou pwopilse pa V12 « Colombo » a, {{nobr|250 GT TdF}} la inove nan tèm chasi paske li ekipe ak [[Resò elikoyidal|resò elikoyidal]] devan. Ak {{Inite|240|ch}} — ki te monte answit a {{Inite|260|ch}} — li triyonfe twa fwa, an 1957, 1958 ak 1959 nan [[Tour de France otomobil|Tour de France]], se sa ki bay non eponim li a<ref name="motTDF">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-berlinetta-tour-de-france/6,1633.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta Tour de France|site=Motorlegend|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|en ligne le=9 juin 2001}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina}} [[Fichye:Hockenheimring Michael Schumacher.jpg|vignette|redresse=1.1|gauche|Defile [[Michael Schumacher]] abò yon Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina sou [[sikui Hockenheim]] an 2004.]] Dekline « kabriyolè » berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT}} la, '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet Pinin Farina]]''' desine pa kawosye selèb [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] la. Anplis li kawosri pa li menm, yon eksepsyon pou Ferrari paske se yon lòt kawosye, [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], ki anjeneral chaje ak sa. Pwodui de [[1958]] a [[1962]], {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a pral pwodui nan yon premye tan nan yon volim trè limite (Serie I) ki gen valè yon pre-seri eksperimantal jiska [[1959]], anvan l kite plas li bay vèsyon definitif ki ti kras modifye a (Serie II)<ref>{{en}} [[#FERRA|Leonardo Acerbi (2006)]], ''Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models'', Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet, pp. 108-109</ref> ki pral vann nan anviwon 200 egzanplè. {{nobr|250 GT}} Cabriolet PF a remakab sou plan estetik epi li adopte yon nouvo stil nan liy Ferrari 250 yo. Li asosye yon nen ki pwoeminan ak [[Limyè (otomobil)|limyè]] kouvri, pandan liy kòsaj la fini ak limyè dèyè ki gen yon desen orijinal. Stil la konbine liy tann ak koub tipik Pininfarina<ref name="scm">{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2006/May/Ferrari/|titre=1961 250 GT Pininfarina Cabriolet Series II|site=Sports Car Market|auteur=Steve Ahlgrim|consulté le=1 septembre 2009}}</ref>. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder}} [[Fichye:SC06 1958 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder LWB]] an [[1958]].]] Desine pa [[Pininfarina SpA|Pinin Farina]] epi kawosri pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder]]''' « se san dout youn nan pi bèl Ferrari yo ak youn nan pi bèl kabriyolè nan istwa otomobil la »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-spyder-california/6,14342.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Spyder California|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=8 octobre 2007|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. Kontrèman ak sa non li fè panse a, {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder a pa yon [[Kalite kawosri#Spider|spyder]] men yon dekline [[kabriyolè (kalite kawosri)|kabriyolè]] berlinèt epòk la. Pwopilse pa [[motè V12]] Ferrari a, li pral pwodui nan yon santèn egzanplè, ki repati apeprè egalman ant yon vèsyon chasi long LWB (''long wheel base'') <small>([[1958]] – [[1960]])</small> ak yon vèsyon chasi kout SWB (''short wheel base'') <small>([[1960]] – [[1962]])</small>. Adopsyon chasi kout la an 1960 « bay pwopòsyon ki pi kompak ki bay silwèt California a plis misk »<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/cabriolet/ferrari-250-gt-california-spyder/6,14952.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|site=Motorlegend|page=1|auteur=Serge Bellu|en ligne le=28 mai 2008|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref> epi li amelyore tenue de route nan viraj. Nan {{Dat|18|me|2008}}, yon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} California Spyder SWB ble nwit te vann nan yon vant piblik pou yon pri {{Inite|7040000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Prix-record-7-millions-d-euros-pour-une-Ferrari-250-GT-SWB-California-Spyder-055|titre=Prix record : 7 millions d'euros pour une Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} California Spyder|site=Caradisiac|auteur=Denis Adams|en ligne le=19 mai 2009|consulté le={{1er}} septembre 2009}}</ref>. === Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina.jpg|vignette|droite|Yon [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]].]] Konstwi depi [[1958]] nan nouvo izin Pinin Farina nan [[Grugliasco]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina]]''' — nouvo Ferrari sa a se premye ki pote non Pininfarina nan yon sèl mo — konte pami modèl ki pi vann konstriktè italyen Ferrari a. Vann nan prèske 350 egzanplè, pwosesis fabrikasyon li se sa ki pral pi pre sa nou ka rele yon fabrikasyon an seri<ref name="sportCP">{{Lien web|url=http://www.automobile-sportive.com/guide/ferrari/250gtcoupe.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Coupe Pininfarina (1958 - 1961)|site=L'Automobile Sportive|consulté le=7 novembre 2009|auteur=Sébastien Dupuis}}</ref>. Ki chita sou anpatman long (LWB) {{Inite|2600|mm}}, {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a briye pa pèfòmans enpresyonan li pou epòk la. 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} la chronometre konsa nan {{Inite|6.7|s}} epi vitès maksimòm lan rive nan {{Inite|240|km/h}}. Konkiran dirèk {{nobr|250 GT}} Coupe Pininfarina a ([[Jaguar XK150|Jaguar XK]], [[Aston Martin DB4]], elatriye) siperyè paske Ferrari a se pi lejè a<ref name="sportCP" />. === Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB}} [[Fichye:Ferrari-250-GT-Berlinetta-1.jpg|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]] ("Short Wheel Base") 1961.]] Parèt an [[1959]], '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB]]''' vin premye otomobil ki konnen sou plan entènasyonal pou viktwa li yo nan Gran Tourism<ref name="Bowl_346"/>. Pilòt Heinz-Ulrich Wieselmann wè l konsa : « Dosil tankou yon lanmou ete [...], plezi absoli sou kat wou, jiskaprezan nan pòte kèk moun ki gen chans »<ref name="ferGTSWB" />. Pandan non Ferrari a deja se sinonim pèfòmans, rediksyon chasi Ferrari 250 yo — ki te {{Inite|2600|mm}} anvan — ba yo pwopòsyon ideyal pandan tèm SWB, pou ''{{lang|en|Short Wheel Base}}'', vin kilt nan kategori GT a<ref name="ferGTSWB">[[#FER|Hartmut Lehbrink ''et al.'' (2004)]], ''Ferrari'', 250 GT Berlinetta SWB, pp. 108-115</ref>. Berlinèt la reyalize tou depa-sispann jiska {{Inite|100|km/h}} epi jiska arè nan 22 segonn. Pèfòmans sa a se an pati akòz fren a disk [[Dunlop]] sou wou yo, ki te ranplase tanbou modèl anvan yo<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://scalexsite.free.fr/motorracing/article_02.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GT SWB (1959 - 1962)|site=Scalexsite|consulté le=3 septembre 2009}}</ref>. Dekline an vèsyon kabriyolè ak [[Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder|California Spyder]] la epi an vèsyon liks ak [[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|Lusso]] a, {{nobr|250 GT}} Berlinetta SWB se dènye modèl kliyan jenerasyon 250 la. Li pral ranplase an [[1963]] pa [[Ferrari 330]]. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GTE === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GTE}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GTE - front right (Argyle Place, Carlton, VIC, Australia, 3 March 2007).JPG|vignette|droite|[[Ferrari 250 GTE]] ki ekspoze nan Grand Prix Festival 2007 nan [[Melburn]] pandan 60 ane Ferrari yo.]] Malgre kèk Ferrari te gen yon espas limite dèyè de sèl chèz yo, '''[[Ferrari 250 GTE]]''' inogire an [[1960]], yon nouvo gam kawosri pou Ferrari, « GT 2+2 » yo<ref>Ane 1950 yo make pa evolisyon rapid enfrastrikti wout yo, ki pwovoke yon demann k ap ogmante pou otomobil ki pi rapid, ki pi ekilibre, ke yo konnen anba non « Gran Tourism ». Ak 2 plas devan ak 2 plas dèyè, GT sa yo rele « 2+2 ».</ref>. Malgre kondesandans pirist otomobil yo, GT 2+2 yo – oswa koupe 4 plas – konnen gwo siksè epi yo vin, pandan anpil ane, espesyalite konstriktè a. Anplis, {{nobr|250 GTE}} ak desandan li a, [[Ferrari 330|330 GT]], reprezante nan epòk la plis pase 50 % pwodiksyon konpayi an<ref name="mot250GTE">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/coupe/ferrari-2-plus-2/6,7187.html|titre=Ferrari 2 Plus 2|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafous|en ligne le=28 novembre 2002|consulté le=20 juin 2009}}</ref>. Dekri pa magazin ''Road & Track'' kòm {{Citation|yon machin touris ki pa sèlman gran, men tou laglwa}}<ref>{{sitasyon etranje|lang=en|A not only grand, but glorious, touring car}} se tit ki te bay 250 GTE pa magazin ''Road & Track'' apre tès li an 1962.</ref>, {{nobr|250 GTE}} la pral Ferrari ki pi komèsyalize nan epòk li<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/ferrari-250-gte.htm|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE|site=How Stuff Works|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. Siksè li an gwo pati lye ak mekanik li. [[Motè V12]] li rive an efè devlope {{Inite|240|ch}} a {{Inite|7000|tr/min}}, pèfòmans remakab nan epòk la pou yon 2+2. Asosye ak yon [[bwat vitès|bwat mekanik]] surmultiplye a 4 vitès, li reyalize 0 a {{Inite|100|km/h}} nan yon ti kras plis pase sèt segonn<ref>{{en}} {{Lien web|url=http://www.s103662028.websitehome.co.uk/ferrari250gtep1.php|titre=Ferrari 250 GTE 2+2 Series 1|site=QV500.com|consulté le=21 juin 2009}}</ref>. An [[1964]], {{nobr|250 GTE}} la ranplase pa [[Ferrari 330|Ferrari 330 America]], ki te pwodui nan 50 egzanplè. Se ''stricto sensu'' menm modèl la ki gen silendre ogmante a 4 lit<ref name="mot250GTE" />. {{clr}} === Ferrari 250 GT Lusso === {{Atik detaye|Ferrari 250 GT Lusso}} [[Fichye:Ferrari 250 GT Lusso Berlinetta.jpg|vignette|droite|Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta sa a rele Lusso an referans ak liks li.]] '''[[Ferrari 250 GT Lusso]]''', oswa ''GTL'', se yon dekline ki pi espasye e sitou ki pi liksye [[Ferrari 250 GT Berlinetta SWB|berlinèt 250 GT]] la. Tèm {{citation étrangère|lang=it|Lusso}} la dezinye an efè {{Citation|Liks}} an italyen. {{nobr|250 GT}} Lusso a, ki pa fèt pou konpetisyon, konsidere anjeneral kòm {{Citation|youn nan modèl Ferrari ki pi elegan}}<ref name="motGTL">{{Lien web|url=http://www.motorlegend.com/competition/ferrari-250-gt-lusso/2,10911.html|titre=Ferrari 250 GT Lusso|site=Motorlegend|auteur=Gilles Bonnafou|en ligne le=16 avril 2002|consulté le={{1er}} juillet 2009}}</ref>. Fidèl ak tradisyon Ferrari, {{nobr|250 GTL}} la desine pa kawosye Turen [[Pininfarina SpA|Pininfarina]] epi fabrike de [[1962]] a [[1964]], dènye ane pwodiksyon li, pa [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti]]. Malgre kabin lan pi laj pase sa {{nobr|250 GT}} la, GT Lusso a rete yon koupe GT de plas, kontrèman ak {{nobr|[[Ferrari 250 GTE|250 GTE]]}}. Li se anplis dènye modèl jenerasyon Ferrari {{nobr|250 GT}} la. Si berlinèt {{nobr|250 GT SWB}} la se dènye modèl liy 250 la, GT Lusso a, ki pwodui nan 351 egzanplè jiska 1964, se dènye dekline li, anvan l ranplase pa [[Ferrari 275|Ferrari 275 GTB]]<ref name="motGTL" />. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === {{Références|groupe=Note}} === Referans === {{Références|taille=36}} === Bibliyografi === * Rainer W. Schlegelmilch, Hartmut Lehbrink, Jochen von Osterroth, Ferrari, Paris, Editions Place des Victoires, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 408 * Michael Bowler, Giuseppe Guzzardi et Enzo Rizzo, Voitures de légende, Editions Gründ, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-84459-078-7), p. 632 * (en) Leonardo Acerbi, Ferrari : A Complete Guide to All Models, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, 2006 (ISBN 978-0760325506, lire en ligne), p. 408 == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|commons=category:Ferrari 250}} === Lyen ekstèn === * [http://www.ferrariworld.com/FWorld/fw/index.jsp Sitwèb ofisyèl Ferrari] (en + it)   [[Kategori:Otomobil Ferrari]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan ane 1950 yo]] [[Kategori:Otomobil nan 1960 yo]] [[Kategori:Roadster]] 1020f0ex5pfbwhobnp51986f6wpvwja 1 97925 889333 2026-10-24T20:21:06Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{atelye relekti |eta=demand |demandè= Kitanago |dat demand la = {{subst:CURRENTDAY}} {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}} |relektè=Kitanago |dat pac= {{subst:CURRENTDAY}} {{subst:CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{subst:CURRENTYEAR}} |dat fin= - |kòmantè = - |avansman= 10 }} " 889333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{atelye relekti |eta=demand |demandè= Kitanago |dat demand la = 24 oktòb 2026 |relektè=Kitanago |dat pac= 24 oktòb 2026 |dat fin= - |kòmantè = - |avansman= 10 }} p3363l4hokr152lxg0t35j7j6jqba2t 889411 889333 2026-10-25T00:12:26Z Kitanago 19629 889411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{atelye relekti |eta=demand |demandè= Kitanago |dat demand la = 24 oktòb 2026 |relektè=Kitanago |dat pac= 24 oktòb 2026 |dat fin= - |kòmantè = - |avansman= 15 }} gc03868ewpys1d5sscghbas08k0p5i0 889412 889411 2026-10-25T00:13:59Z Kitanago 19629 889412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{atelye relekti |eta=aktyèl |demandè= Kitanago |dat demand la = 24 oktòb 2026 |relektè=Kitanago |dat pac= 24 oktòb 2026 |dat fin= - |kòmantè = - |avansman= 15 }} d0esdbbjf9zdhhq2fugqweizps14ynv 10 97926 889335 2026-10-24T20:50:06Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " [[Wikipedya:Atelye relekti]]<noinclude>{{Documentation|contenu= == Utilisation == Lyen ki mennen nan [[Wikipedya:Atelye relekti|atelye relekti]]. == Syntaxe == <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> }}<!-- fin contenu --> [[Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti]] [[Kategori:Modèl lyen anndan]] </noinclude> " 889335 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Wikipedya:Atelye relekti]]<noinclude>{{Documentation|contenu= == Utilisation == Lyen ki mennen nan [[Wikipedya:Atelye relekti|atelye relekti]]. == Syntaxe == <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> }}<!-- fin contenu --> [[Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti]] [[Kategori:Modèl lyen anndan]] </noinclude> 4ens1g24sbcxqodx9yr8qnz6c7g9s5w 889336 889335 2026-10-24T20:50:53Z Kitanago 19629 889336 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Wikipedya:Atelye relekti|Atelye relekti]]<noinclude>{{Documentation|contenu= == Utilisation == Lyen ki mennen nan [[Wikipedya:Atelye relekti|atelye relekti]]. == Syntaxe == <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> }}<!-- fin contenu --> [[Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti]] [[Kategori:Modèl lyen anndan]] </noinclude> 0sl7xvb8wdbwc0a05h4y5cfpatasp4u 14 97927 889337 2026-10-24T20:52:27Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " __HIDDENCAT__ {{Kategori:Wikipedya pou vide}} Kategori sa regwoupe atik ki mande relekti pa {{atére}}. {{Kategorize pa|Atelye relekti|note=oui}} [[Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti]] " 889337 wikitext text/x-wiki __HIDDENCAT__ {{Kategori:Wikipedya pou vide}} Kategori sa regwoupe atik ki mande relekti pa {{atére}}. {{Kategorize pa|Atelye relekti|note=oui}} [[Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti]] 021ur3mcoh0hz456lwly1ie67tz1ltn 889338 889337 2026-10-24T20:53:43Z Kitanago 19629 889338 wikitext text/x-wiki __HIDDENCAT__ {{Kategori Wikipedya pou vide}} Kategori sa regwoupe atik ki mande relekti pa {{atére}}. {{Kategorize pa|Atelye relekti|note=oui}} [[Kategori:Wikipedya:Atelye relekti]] 5yyl5env2cz42mgakk6xhht6d55p1f5 3 97928 889340 2026-10-24T21:09:54Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Byenvini}}~~~~ " 889340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Byenvini}}[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 24 oktòb 2026 à 21:09 (UTC) 1ki0oeaud9w405wra5tqkqo73qee8mf 3 97929 889341 2026-10-24T21:10:57Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Byenvini}}~~~~ " 889341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Byenvini}}[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 24 oktòb 2026 à 21:10 (UTC) nea5voqfgzffcwk80ahh9y6t54cklde 3 97930 889342 2026-10-24T21:13:14Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Byenvini}}~~~~ " 889342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Byenvini}}[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 24 oktòb 2026 à 21:13 (UTC) bm5mkhghy81kho78teakix98a18btx5 14 97931 889381 2026-10-24T22:51:34Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Nesans}} " 889381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesans}} au0688065zqm3p9otlcxzay0v641u12 14 97932 889382 2026-10-24T22:52:19Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Kateg ane}} " 889382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kateg ane}} eac98y84wfsxs7xc6l0leren1b1h2dx 889383 889382 2026-10-24T22:52:39Z Kitanago 19629 Tout paj sa efase 889383 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 889384 889383 2026-10-24T22:56:21Z Kitanago 19629 889384 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategori:Nesans nan XVe syèk]] [[Kategori:1479]] 8bx8aott83vh4n1j5esfjh4gyy7dcpr 14 97933 889385 2026-10-24T22:59:03Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Kateg deseni}} " 889385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kateg deseni}} p90y3e64r6b72bcn43mcw0lsbbvc9uz 10 97934 889387 2026-10-24T22:59:54Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " <includeonly>{{Diptyque pour catégorie | précédente = Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)-1}}0 | suivante = Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)+1}}0 }} {{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 477 | {{Catégorie monde antique}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 476 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1453 | {{Catégorie Moyen Âge}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1452 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1... " 889387 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Diptyque pour catégorie | précédente = Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)-1}}0 | suivante = Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)+1}}0 }} {{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 477 | {{Catégorie monde antique}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 476 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1453 | {{Catégorie Moyen Âge}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1452 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1611 | {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie Renaissance|Catégorie époque moderne}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1610 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1760 | {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque moderne}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1759 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1789 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque moderne}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} = 1789 | {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie époque contemporaine|Catégorie XVIIIe siècle}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1789 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1910 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque contemporaine}}}}<!--Les catégories des décennies ne commencent qu'à la décennie 1790 -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1909 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1919 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie Première Guerre mondiale}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1918 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1939 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque contemporaine}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1938 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1946 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie Seconde Guerre mondiale}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1945 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 2030 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque contemporaine}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 2029| {{Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle}}}} {{Saut|8px}} {{Décennie|||{{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}|titre=Chronologie}} Cette catégorie contient des articles qui évoquent les [[années {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]. [[Catégorie:Catégorie par année|{{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] [[Catégorie:Décennie du {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|+{{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 82tmxfqqx8pidb85f4lbftsel1xnsx0 889388 889387 2026-10-24T23:00:49Z Kitanago 19629 889388 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Diptyque pour catégorie | précédente = Ane {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)-1}}0 yo | suivante = Ane {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)+1}}0 yo }} {{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 477 | {{Catégorie monde antique}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 476 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1453 | {{Catégorie Moyen Âge}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1452 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1611 | {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie Renaissance|Catégorie époque moderne}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1610 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1760 | {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque moderne}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1759 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1789 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque moderne}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} = 1789 | {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie époque contemporaine|Catégorie XVIIIe siècle}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1789 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1910 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque contemporaine}}}}<!--Les catégories des décennies ne commencent qu'à la décennie 1790 -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1909 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1919 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie Première Guerre mondiale}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1918 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1939 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque contemporaine}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1938 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1946 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie Seconde Guerre mondiale}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1945 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 2030 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque contemporaine}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 2029| {{Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle}}}} {{Saut|8px}} {{Décennie|||{{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}|titre=Chronologie}} Cette catégorie contient des articles qui évoquent les [[années {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]. [[Catégorie:Catégorie par année|{{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] [[Catégorie:Décennie du {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|+{{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 1j3lbdlli761sb0bksmg4lwgkct8xiz 889389 889388 2026-10-24T23:04:54Z Kitanago 19629 889389 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Diptyque pour catégorie | précédente = Ane {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)-1}}0 yo | suivante = Ane {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)+1}}0 yo }} {{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 477 | {{Kategori mond ansyen}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 476 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1453 | {{Kategori Mwayennaj}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1452 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1611 | {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie Renaissance|Catégorie époque moderne}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1610 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1760 | {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque moderne}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1759 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1789 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque moderne}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} = 1789 | {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie époque contemporaine|Catégorie XVIIIe siècle}} }}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1789 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1910 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque contemporaine}}}}<!--Les catégories des décennies ne commencent qu'à la décennie 1790 -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1909 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1919 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie Première Guerre mondiale}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1918 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1939 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque contemporaine}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1938 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 1946 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie Seconde Guerre mondiale}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 1945 and {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} < 2030 | {{Multi bandeau|{{#ifexist:Catégorie:Années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0|Catégorie années {{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}0}}|Catégorie {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e siècle|Catégorie époque contemporaine}}}}<!-- -->{{#ifexpr: {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}} > 2029| {{Kategori {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e syèk}}}} {{Sote|8px}} {{Deseni|||{{#expr:trunc({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}/10)}}|titre=Kwonoloji}} Kategori sa a gen ladan l atik ki rele [[ane {{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] yo. [[Kategori:Kategori pa ane|{{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]] [[Kategori:Deseni {{Nombre en romain|{{#expr:trunc(({{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}-1)/100)+1}}}}e syèk|+{{Last word|{{PAGENAME}}}}]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> klwdgr7xbbmf818e65bxuvh46iiyind 14 97935 889390 2026-10-24T23:07:31Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Lanmò pa mwa|09|1574}} " 889390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lanmò pa mwa|09|1574}} m2d564ciyctq4j5sp5rk4ykqmx9ar9k 14 97936 889391 2026-10-24T23:10:22Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Multi bandeau|Kategori biyografi|Kategori lanmò}} {{Atansyon|Kategori sa a regwoupe kategori ki gen karakteristik « Lanmò an septanm » yo pa ane ; li '''pa''' fèt pou pèsonalite ki mouri an septanm.}} [[Kategori:Lanmò pa mwa|09]] [[Kategori:Septanm|Lanmò]] " 889391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multi bandeau|Kategori biyografi|Kategori lanmò}} {{Atansyon|Kategori sa a regwoupe kategori ki gen karakteristik « Lanmò an septanm » yo pa ane ; li '''pa''' fèt pou pèsonalite ki mouri an septanm.}} [[Kategori:Lanmò pa mwa|09]] [[Kategori:Septanm|Lanmò]] 7yehvcsbta4s5rn0uaoxsn9epnlruwr 14 97937 889392 2026-10-24T23:11:48Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Lanmò}} " 889392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lanmò}} pyw48kkcw5u0d0llwgdf6f7pl77vj0i 14 97938 889393 2026-10-24T23:15:49Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Kategori sikism}} [[Kategori:Pèsonalite sikh]] [[Kategori:Gouwou (mèt espirityèl)|Sikism]] " 889393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategori sikism}} [[Kategori:Pèsonalite sikh]] [[Kategori:Gouwou (mèt espirityèl)|Sikism]] lkv6dfgumf2rp4syx0g0zbry51m3hl3 14 97939 889394 2026-10-24T23:17:18Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie religion|Catégorie sikhisme|Catégorie monde indien|Catégorie hindouisme}} {{Article principal|Guru (maître spirituel)}} Cette catégorie recense les '''[[Guru (maître spirituel)|guru]]s''', guides spirituels de l'hindouisme et des religions du monde indien. [[Kategori:Chèf relijye]] [[Kategori:Tit relijye]] [[Kategori:Pèsonalite endouyism]] " 889394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie religion|Catégorie sikhisme|Catégorie monde indien|Catégorie hindouisme}} {{Article principal|Guru (maître spirituel)}} Cette catégorie recense les '''[[Guru (maître spirituel)|guru]]s''', guides spirituels de l'hindouisme et des religions du monde indien. [[Kategori:Chèf relijye]] [[Kategori:Tit relijye]] [[Kategori:Pèsonalite endouyism]] 7a9irn261rx4e0trqu8sgyoc90zr2wd 14 97940 889395 2026-10-24T23:19:35Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Kategori relijyon ak kwayans}} [[Kategori:Tit|Relijye]] [[Kategori:Relijyon]] [[Kategori:Relijye]] " 889395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategori relijyon ak kwayans}} [[Kategori:Tit|Relijye]] [[Kategori:Relijyon]] [[Kategori:Relijye]] 7nuqqe83y06rpn54x0wrp4535u4naq3 14 97942 889399 2026-10-24T23:23:04Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie biographie|Catégorie religions}} ''Cette catégorie est destinée à regrouper les articles concernant les chefs religieux de '''toutes les religions'''.'' [[Kategori:Istwa relijyon]] [[Kategori:Tit relijye]] [[Kategori:Pèsonalite relijyez]] [[Kategori:Dirijan par tip]] " 889399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie biographie|Catégorie religions}} ''Cette catégorie est destinée à regrouper les articles concernant les chefs religieux de '''toutes les religions'''.'' [[Kategori:Istwa relijyon]] [[Kategori:Tit relijye]] [[Kategori:Pèsonalite relijyez]] [[Kategori:Dirijan par tip]] smtk7bcd1no3a22j5j3zeimzfwswa5k 14 97943 889400 2026-10-24T23:26:57Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Onglè Endouyism}} {{Kategori|Endoyism}} [[Kategori:Kategori lye pa pwojè|Endouyism]] " 889400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Onglè Endouyism}} {{Kategori|Endoyism}} [[Kategori:Kategori lye pa pwojè|Endouyism]] 6zmfksof1yl4p1h2m313y6op8gwn9ul 10 97944 889401 2026-10-24T23:29:09Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " <includeonly>[[:Catégorie:{{{1}}}|{{#if: {{{2|}}}|C|c}}atégorie «&nbsp;{{{1}}}&nbsp;»]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation|contenu= == Utilisation == Ce modèle permet d'afficher un lien mis en forme vers une catégorie. == Syntaxe == {{tlc|Catégorie|< nom de la catégorie >|< à remplir pour une majuscule >}} * Le premier paramètre non nommé est obligatoire, c'est le nom de la catégorie (sans l'espace de nom). * Le second paramètre non nommé est facult... " 889401 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>[[:Catégorie:{{{1}}}|{{#if: {{{2|}}}|C|c}}atégorie «&nbsp;{{{1}}}&nbsp;»]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation|contenu= == Utilisation == Ce modèle permet d'afficher un lien mis en forme vers une catégorie. == Syntaxe == {{tlc|Catégorie|< nom de la catégorie >|< à remplir pour une majuscule >}} * Le premier paramètre non nommé est obligatoire, c'est le nom de la catégorie (sans l'espace de nom). * Le second paramètre non nommé est facultatif, s'il est rempli, il met une majuscule à « Catégorie ». == Exemples == * {{tlc|Catégorie|Wikipédia}} donne : {{Catégorie|Wikipédia}} * {{tlc|Catégorie|Wikipédia|oui}} donne : {{Catégorie|Wikipédia|oui}} == Voir aussi == * Modèles pour les articles : {{M|Catégorie principale}} et {{M|Catégorie détaillée}} * {{m|k}} : crée un lien simple vers une catégorie (identique à <code><nowiki>[[:Catégorie:...]]</nowiki></code>). * {{m|clc}} : affiche un lien vers la catégorie et le nombre de pages dans la catégorie. }} [[Kategori:Modèl lyen anndan|K]] [[Kategori:Espas Kategori|*]] [[Kategori:Modèl ki voye nan kategori|K]] </noinclude> fd1nj7dop6pexr7twzekxtk2gngxdsq 889402 889401 2026-10-24T23:31:22Z Kitanago 19629 889402 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>[[:Kategori:{{{1}}}|{{#if: {{{2|}}}|K|k}}ategori «&nbsp;{{{1}}}&nbsp;»]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation|contenu= == Utilisation == Ce modèle permet d'afficher un lien mis en forme vers une catégorie. == Syntaxe == {{tlc|Kategori|< nom de la catégorie >|< à remplir pour une majuscule >}} * Le premier paramètre non nommé est obligatoire, c'est le nom de la catégorie (sans l'espace de nom). * Le second paramètre non nommé est facultatif, s'il est rempli, il met une majuscule à « Catégorie ». == Exemples == * {{tlc|Kategori|Wikipedya}} donne : {{Kategori|Wikipedya}} * {{tlc|Kategori|Wikipedya|oui}} donne : {{Kategori|Wikipedya|oui}} == Voir aussi == * Modèl pou atik yo : {{M|Kategori prensipal}} et {{M|Kategori detaye}} * {{m|k}} : crée un lien simple vers une catégorie (identique à <code><nowiki>[[:Kategori:...]]</nowiki></code>). * {{m|clc}} : affiche un lien vers la catégorie et le nombre de pages dans la catégorie. }} [[Kategori:Modèl lyen anndan|K]] [[Kategori:Espas Kategori|*]] [[Kategori:Modèl ki voye nan kategori|K]] </noinclude> tjplveohz87f3d3qprbnclou4yuqetl 10 97945 889417 2026-10-25T03:00:38Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " <includeonly>{{#invoke:Infobox|build|nom=Monument}}{{Infobox en Lua|Monument}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> " 889417 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Infobox|build|nom=Monument}}{{Infobox en Lua|Monument}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 66880xjkdy7294xxtkrufng1p80tcli 14 97946 889418 2026-10-25T03:25:17Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Kategorize pa|Infobox}}__HIDDENCAT__ [[Kategori:Atik ki itilize infobox Monument|*]] [[Kategori:Atik ki itilize Modèl:Infobox|Monument]] " 889418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategorize pa|Infobox}}__HIDDENCAT__ [[Kategori:Atik ki itilize infobox Monument|*]] [[Kategori:Atik ki itilize Modèl:Infobox|Monument]] iqu6r0ws4du8pzhhsbvm1c9r8347qb7 14 97947 889425 2026-10-25T03:53:07Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Kategori yon pwopriyete}} " 889425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategori yon pwopriyete}} 6kt630uq9qbt3m2blhq5zh6ftm5nla1 14 97948 889426 2026-10-25T03:53:23Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Kategori yon pwopriyete}} " 889426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kategori yon pwopriyete}} 6kt630uq9qbt3m2blhq5zh6ftm5nla1