Wikipedya htwiki https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paj_Prensipal MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Medya Espesyal Diskite Itilizatè Diskisyon Itilizatè Wikipedya Diskisyon Wikipedya Fichye Diskisyon Fichye MedyaWiki Diskisyon MedyaWiki Modèl Diskisyon Modèl Èd Diskisyon Èd Kategori Diskisyon Kategori TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk 0 11982 889917 851232 2026-11-05T17:41:45Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889917 wikitext text/x-wiki Yon '''nonm premye''' se yon nom ki pa kapab divize pa okenn lòt nonm sinon ke pa li menm osinon 1. Patou sou latè se te yon nosyon ki bay anpil tèt chaje e se depi lontan gwo save tankou Eklid e latriye reflechi sou li. Tankou Eklid li demontre depi nan [[lantikite]] ke pa gen yon nomm premye ki pi gwo pase tout lòt yo. Se youn nan pi gwo resilta enpòtan, jan Eklid rive demontre sa. Nan mwa jiyè 1992 gen yon Ayisyen ki tonbe travay sou nonm premye. Li rele [[Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior]] e an 1994 li te prezante yon pati nan travay sa. == Karateristik fondamantal nonm premye == Lainé di nou ke yon moun dwe byen met nan tèt li ke nonm premye pou matematik ta kapab sanble tankou de gout dlo ak benzèn pou chimi. == De definisyon == === Premyè definisyon === Nou ka konsidere definisyon ki nan tèt paj sila : Yon nonm ki pa kapab divize pa "okenn lòt nonm sinon ke pa li menm osinon 1" Ak definisyon sa a ou ak definisyon sila a, yon nonm tankou 1 rantre pami nonm premye. === Dezyèm definisyon === Depi kèk tan gen [[matematisyen]] ki di ou pa dwe konsidere 1 kòm premye. Pou sa yo aranje yo pou yo di ke yon nonm premye se yon nonm ki gen egzakteman 2 divizè. Lainé di li pa rantre nan diskisyon sila a, menm lè li gen opinyon pa li, li prefere travay pou toulede gwoup moun yo. == Men kèk teyorèm ou teyorèm ki osant o sinon ki se baz dekouvèt matematisyen sa a == === Premye teyorèm === Si nou pran yon nonm antye positif ki strikteman nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\in \mathbb{N}\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Dezyèm teyorèm === Si nou pran yon nonm antye positif ki strikteman ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\notin \mathbb{N}\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Obsèvasyon ki gen rapò ak teyorèm avan yo === Ann gade byen fraksyon sa a <math>\frac{\left(n-1\right)!}{n}</math> ki se yon lòt fòm fraksyon sa a <math>\frac{n!}{n^2}</math> ki an fèt se yon fòm pi kompak, pi kondanse men sil ka senplifye. <math>\frac{\left(n-1\right)!}{n}</math> ka modifye e vin pi senp si n pa yon nonm premye tandiske li pa ka transfòme pou vin pi senp si n se yon nonm premye. Men fò siyale ke si nou bay n valè 4, fraksyon p ap yon nonm antye paske li ap senplifye yon sèl fwa, se yon sèl faktè anba nan nivo denominatè a "ki ap ale" sa vle di ki ap disparèt aprè senplifikasyon. Sa sòt di la a fèt sèlman ak 4. Lèn tombe sou ka patikilye sa a nou gen pou pi piti 3 posibilite :<br> 1) Sèvi ak teyorèm Wilson nan<br> 2) Itilize 2 teyorèm avan yo<br> 3) Itilize sa Lene (Lainé) rele "modèl ti mouton ki pèdi" Nan moman sa a, ann chwazi dezyèm posibilite a. Nou kapab tou, si nou vle, modifye eksposan yo. Si nou vle itilize 6 ak 7 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^6}{n^7}</math> Si nou vle itilize 20 ak 21 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^{20}}{n^{21}}</math> Si nou vle itilize 40 ak 41 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^{40}}{n^{41}}</math> Si nou vle itilize 48 ak 49 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^{48}}{n^{49}}</math> yon fason pi jeneral pou nenpòt ki nonm entye pozitif t ki pi fò ke 1 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^t}{n^{\left(t+1\right)}}</math> == Kèk konsekans imedyat == === Premyè konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye pozitif ki estrikteman ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}=\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Dezyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\neq\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Twazyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}=1\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Katriyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman positif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>0<\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}<1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Senkyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor=1\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Sizyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor=0\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Sètyèm konsekans imedyat (setyèm kòròlè) === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = -1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Uityèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 0\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Nevyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman positif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Dizyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 0\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Onzyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor + \left\lfloor {-\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = -1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Douzyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor + \left\lfloor {-\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 0\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Trèzyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>-\left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor + \left\lfloor {-\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Katòzyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>-\left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor + \left\lfloor {-\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 0\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Kèk ekspresyon fonksyon karakteristik sekans nonm premye === <math>\varphi\left(n\right)={\left(1-\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor\right)} =</math> </br> <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor =</math></br> <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor= </math></br> <math>-\left[ \left[ {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right] - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right]= </math></br> <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor </math> ==== Ekspresyon fonksyon <math>\pi</math> ==== <math>\pi\left(n\right)=\sum_{m=1}^n{\left(1-\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}}\right\rfloor\right)}= n-\sum_{m=1}^n{\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}}\right\rfloor}=\sum_{m=1}^n-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor =\left|\sum_{m=1}^n\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor\right|=\sum_{m=1}^n\left|\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor\right| </math> Ekspresyon sa yo avèk yon pakèt lòt konstitye aspè santral travay Lene a. == Aspè ki gen rapò ak sa yon sant rechèch di e ki sanble se yon alisyon ak travay lene yo == Trè souvan gen nan reyalite yon òbsèvasyon ki kapab tipik, le fèt ke yon gwoup objè ta gen yon pati nan yo ki gen konpòteman diferan dezade, tandike lòt yo, pandan ke yo diferan, yo gen yon kompòtman ki menm fas a yon sityasyon detèmine. Nou dwe pran tèm objè a nan sans ansanblis jan matematisyen Kantor pran li lè li defini konsèp ansanm lan. 1) An anvisaje yon fonksyon ki defini sou ansanm nonm antye positif ki depase 1 e ki founi kòm rezilta twa fwa nonm nan si nonm premye tandiske li founi oubyen retounen menm nonm nan si nonm ki sèvi kòm agiman pa premye. 2) An anvisaje yon fonksyon ki defini sou ansanm nonm antye ki strikteman (estrikteman) positif e ki founi kòm rezilta menm nonm si nonm si nonm nan premye sa vle di imaj agyman egal a agyman si agyman se yon nonm premye tandiske si agyman pa yon nonm premye li toujou egal a yon nonm premye konstan fixe a volonte. Pou yon fonksyon konsa sant rechèch la itilize mo TRICHER ki pa gen yon konotasyon matematik e mo fasil. Eske se yon alisyon ak yon tèm etimolojik pwòch ki se truc e ki fè referans nan youn nan konotasyon yo ak yon reyalite matematik ? Eske nannan kalbas tèt la o sinon sa yo rele sibkonsyan ta vle fè kèk revelasyon? 3) An anvisaje yon fonksyon ki defini sou ansan nonm antye ki depase nonm ou ankò ki siperyè ak 1 e ki founi kòm rezilta ou byen ki retounen nonm premye ki swiv agyman an si agyman an se yon nonm premye e ki founi kòm rezilta nonm premye ki vin avan ou byen ki presede agiman si agyman se yon konpose . Fè apwòch ke repon a dezyèm kesyon se triche fasil poze yon pakèt pwoblèm fas a dezyèm nan , fas a reyalite a, e latrye... == Fonksyon ki founi nonm premye e nonm premye sèlman == === Fanmi fonksyon L<sub>p</p> === <math> Lp\left(n\right)=\left(p-n\right)\times\left\lfloor \frac{\left\lfloor{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor + n</math><br /> avèk <math>p\in\mathbb{P}</math> <br /> Kèk ekzanp <br /> si nou pran p = 53 nap genyen : <math> L\left(n\right)=\left(53-n\right)\times\left\lfloor \frac{\left\lfloor{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor + n</math><br /> Fonksyon an ap retounen 53 si n pa premye e nan kote n premye fonksyon ap retounen n. <br /> si nou pran p =7 nap genyen <math> L\left(n\right)=\left(7-n\right)\times\left\lfloor \frac{\left\lfloor{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor + n</math><br /> Fonksyon an ap retounen 7 si n pa premye e nan kote n premye fonksyon ap retounen n. <br /> === Fonksyon defini apati modèl predesesè === ..... === Fonksyon defini apati modèl siksesè === == Lene Jan Lèmit Jinyò (Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior) makònen oubyen relye Nonm premye ak yon seri de modèl == Nonm premye ak modèl lanse flèch (1 Samyè 20 vesè 20) Nom premye ak modèl ti mouton ki pèdi Nonm premye ak modèl wouj e ble [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518181016/http://cle.net.ht/ Pou jwen enfòmasyon sou Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior] Te gen anpil lòt fòmil nan adrès sa yo : https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235237/http://www.nombrespremiers.net/article/formule.doc https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235217/http://www.institutionscle.nombrespremiers.net/ Nou ka al sou sit sa a tou pou nou ka genyen yon pi bèl ide sou sijè ya : http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_premier#Autres_formules_n.27utilisant_pas_le_th.C3.A9or.C3.A8me_de_Wilson N ap kontinye ak travay lene a ofi e a mezi e n a genyen tou pou n analize travay lòt chèchè etranje realize tou. Nou ka jwen plis eksplikasyon nan nimewo SANSA jwen / jiyè 2009. Nou ka jwen enfòmasyon sou Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior sou sit sa a [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518181016/http://cle.net.ht/ Klike sou https://web.archive.org/web/20130518181016/http://cle.net.ht/ pou nou ka jwen plis enfòmasyon] == Istwa osinon istorik nonm premye anvan (avan),1992 osinon avan 1994 == === Ki sa Eklid fè === Eklid se yon matematisyen grèk. Nan dòmèn nonm premye li demontre ke tout nonm premye gen yon lòt nonm premye ki siperyè ak li oubyen ankò ke ansanm nonm premye a enfini. Li demontre sa apati de yon demonstrasyon pa labsid. Gen sa yo rele algoritm Eklid konsènan pejesede. ==== Ansanm nonm premye enfini ==== === Ki sa Eratostèn fè === === Ki sa Bètran fè === === Ki sa Paul Erdös fè === === Ki sa Ardi fè === === Ki sa Mèsèn fè === === Ki sa Rimann fè === === Ki sa Elè fè === === Ki sa Galwa fè === === Ki sa Tchebitchèf fè === === Ki sa Gòlbak fè === === Ki sa Waring fè === === Ki sa Bachè === === Ki sa Lagranj fè=== === Ki sa Koumè fè === === Ki sa Fèmat oubyen Fèma fè === === ki sa Wilson fè === === Ki sa Gos fè === === Ki sa Lavale-Pousen fè === === Ki sa Mongomri fè === === ki sa Dayson (Dyson) fè === === Ki sa Ramanoudjan fè === === Ki sa Chal Babadj fè === === Ki sa Mètens fè === === Ki sa Jak Adama fè === === Ki sa Sofi Jèmen fè === === Ki sa Tao fè === === Ki sa Grin fè === ===Ki sa Kamikayèl fè=== ===Ki sa Laibnits fè === === Ki sa Lejand fè === === Ki sa Sèlbèg fè === === Ki sa Landau fè === === Ki sa Vigo Bren fè === === Ki sa Mebiyus fè === === Ki sa Dirichlet fè === === Ki sa Newton === === Ki sa Mangòldt fè === === Ki sa Liouville fè === === Ki sa Chen fè === === Ki sa Tatuzawa fè === === Ki sa Linik fè === ===Ki sa Chnirèlman fè === === Ki sa Vinogradòv fè === === Ki sa Litèlwoud fè === === Ki sa Bezou fè === === Ki sa Nòbèt Vinè fè === === Ki sa Alen Turin fè === === Ki sa Chapiro fè === === Ki sa Chandrasekaran fè === === Ki sa Boul fè === === Ki sa lòt chèchè fè nan kesyon nonm premye a fè === === Ki jan Renaud de La Taille wè li nan 838 nimewo Science et Vie === Science & Vie ki se yon revi syantifik fransè te fè parèt yon aktik sou plim Renaud de La Taille an jiyè 1987 sou nonm premye. Selon Renaud de La Taille nonm premye gen plis ke 2000 an depi krityen vivan ap fè rechèch sou li . Renaud de La Taille te panse pou li menm ke moun ki ta rive yon fonksyon , kèlke swa fonksyon li ta va ye a , moun sa tap resevwa sa yo rele meday Fields la e li tap syeje san pèdi tan nan akademi dè syans. Eske pa gen yon ide prekonsi ki ta vle kwè ke moun sa tap gen mwens ke 40 lane oubyen ankò nan langaj imaje mwens ke 40 rekòt [[kafe]]? Si Renaud de La Taille ap viv toujou listwa matematik aprè lane 87 apran li kèk bagay ki enteresan... === Matematik fas a fas ak enfòmatik nan kesyon nonm premye a=== === Matematik fas a fas ak sekirite bankè e kriptografi === === Ki sa ki te pi gwo obstak epistemolojik === == Egzèsis senp == Sou modèl premye fòmil ki reponn ak modèl flèch Jonatan gade fòm nan di pou kisa fonksyon <math>h\left(n\right)={3^{3^{n}}} </math> se yon fonksyon sib. Itilize fonksyon sib sa e itilize ekspozan 52 ak 53 pou ka founi yon ekpresyon sekans nonm premye selon modèl flèch Jonatan. Eksplike pou kisa h(n) fòseman se yon fonksyon sib si premye fòmil ki anwo a korèk . == Ekspresyon sekans kwasant antye strikteman pozitif ki diferan de 1 e ki konpoze == Sekans ki anvisaje a se : 4 - 6-8-910-12-15-16-18-20-21-22-24-25-26-27-28-30 .... elatrye pou pi klè nonm antye strikteman pozitif ki diferan de 1 e ki pa premye .<br \> ... Nap founi kèk ekspresyon aprè kèk tan == Ekspresyon sekans kwansant antye strikteman pozitif ki pa premye selon premye definisyon an == Sekans ki anvisaje a se : 1-4 - 6-8-9-10-12-15-16-18-20-21-22-24-25-26-27-28-30- elatrye pou pi klè nonm antye strikteman pozitif ki pa premye . <br \> .... Nap founi kèk ekspresyon aprè kèk tan == Kèk sitasyon == <big>Tout sekans kwasant antye natirèl strikteman pozitif ka eksprime selon modèl boul rouj ak boul ble ou selon modèl flèch Jonatan : Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior<br /> yon nonm premye se yon nonm ki pa kase lè yo lese li tonbe : Pol Èdès <br \> Nonm premye reprezante pou matematik sa benzèn reprezante pou chimi : Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior<br \> Nou ka atan jwen yon solysyon elemantè san itilize analiz komplèks menm jan pwoblèm nan poze de fason elemantè:..... <br/> Matematik : Paske mo senp pa tròp senp, gen yon syans ki nan zye anpil moun ran konplike sa ki senp e ran senp sa ki konplike e nan labirent aparan sa a yon nonm save tankou Vòltè pa ekzanp pa retrouve li non yon si bèl edifis ki se jeometri. Si ran evidan e menm senpleman evidan se youn nan kle ki ouvri pòt yon gwoup verite nou konpran trè byen poukisa Laibnitz poze pwoblèm kriteryòm evidans la lè Dekat te fin ramne kriteryòm laverite a evidans. Tout sa ta parèt yon mistè men rezon ki fè evidans pa aksepte avèk men vitès lye ofèt ke lespri imen esey ramne tout bagay a yon pwosesis modelisasyon ki relatif a chak endividi e ki ta vle kondanse ou sentetise sa ki komen ak nati imèn, non yon tantativ fòseman a reyisit limite dan letan...Matematik se a lafwa yon reyisit ki travèse letan e ki limite dan letan. yon fwa yon verite fin etabli nan matematik li etabli nèt si nou konfòme a modèl an kesyon.Men tan va pase kote modèl sa ava vin yon ka patikilye nan yon lòt ki pi vas e ki gen plizyè branch....Lene Lèmit Tchebichèv te dil mwen dil tou : Pol Èdès</big> == Yon bagay ki dwe atire atansyon == <math>666 =2\times3\times3\times{37}</math> <math>P_{12}=37</math> <math>P_{21}=73</math> == Gade tou == * [[Postila Bètran]] * [[Fonksyon ki konte kantite divizè n]] * [[Fonksyon ki konte kantite nonm premye jimo yo]] * [[Fonksyon ki konte nonm premye ki sou fòm an+b lè a ak b premye entre yo]] * [[Fonksyon lanmbda Liouville]] * [[Fonksyon pi]] * [[Fonksyon Omega ki konte kantite faktè premye ki rantre nan dekonpozisyon yon nonm antye n]] * [[Fonksyon omega ki konte kantite nonm premye ki diferan ki divize yon nonm n]] * [[Fonksyon phi Euler]] * [[Fonksyon pi, ki konte kantite nonm premye]] * [[Fonksyon psi Tchebycheff]] * [[Fonksyon tèta Tchebycheff]] * [[Fonksyon Von Mangolt]] * [[Fòmil pou nonm konpoze]] * [[Modèl boul wouj ak boul ble]] * [[Modèl flèch Jonatan]] * [[Modèl Lhermite yo]] * [[Modèl mouton lòt patiraj]] * [[Modèl pitit pwodig ou modèl ti mouton pèdi]] * [[Modèl predesesè]] * [[Modèl siksesè]] * [[Modèl ti triyang ak gwo triyang]] * [[Modèl triyang ak kwadrilatè]] * [[Nonm pafè]] * [[Nonm premye ak modèl boul wouj ak boul ble]] * [[Nonm premye Ezau]] * [[Nonm premye Fermat]] * [[Nonm premye Izaak]] * [[Nonm premye Jakòb]] * [[Nonm premye Mersenne]] * [[Nonm zanmi]] * [[Primoryel]] * [[Pwisansyèl]] * [[Rezolisyon ekasyon premye degre ak sentèz]] == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:Matematik]] [[Kategori:Sentèz]] [[Kategori:Nonm premye]] [[Kategori:Aritmetik elemantè]] 5675us4yjytvmwqa52ex2t0zb73o3t5 889918 889917 2026-11-05T17:43:32Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 889918 wikitext text/x-wiki Yon '''nonm premye''' se yon nom ki pa kapab divize pa okenn lòt nonm sinon ke pa li menm osinon 1. Patou sou latè se te yon nosyon ki bay anpil tèt chaje e se depi lontan gwo save tankou Eklid e latriye reflechi sou li. Tankou Eklid li demontre depi nan [[lantikite]] ke pa gen yon nomm premye ki pi gwo pase tout lòt yo. Se youn nan pi gwo resilta enpòtan, jan Eklid rive demontre sa.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mathematical Olympiad Handbook: An Introduction to Problem Solving Based on the First 32 British Mathematical Olympiads 1965–1996|first=Anthony|last=Gardiner|author-link=Tony Gardiner|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-19-850105-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalolym1997gard/page/26 26]|url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicalolym1997gard|url-access=registration}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|title=Dyslexia, Dyscalculia and Mathematics: A practical guide|first=Anne|last=Henderson|edition=2nd|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-136-63662-2|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uy-yGVRUilMC&pg=PA62}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|title=The Giant Golden Book of Mathematics: Exploring the World of Numbers and Space|url=https://archive.org/details/giantgoldenbooko00adle|url-access=registration|first=Irving|last=Adler|author-link=Irving Adler|publisher=Golden Press|year=1960|page=[https://archive.org/details/giantgoldenbooko00adle/page/16 16]|oclc=6975809}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/barronsmathworkb00leff_0|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/barronsmathworkb00leff_0/page/360 360]|title=Math Workbook for the SAT I|first=Lawrence S.|last=Leff|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7641-0768-9}}</ref> Nan mwa jiyè 1992 gen yon Ayisyen ki tonbe travay sou nonm premye. Li rele [[Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior]] e an 1994 li te prezante yon pati nan travay sa. == Karateristik fondamantal nonm premye == Lainé di nou ke yon moun dwe byen met nan tèt li ke nonm premye pou matematik ta kapab sanble tankou de gout dlo ak benzèn pou chimi. == De definisyon == === Premyè definisyon === Nou ka konsidere definisyon ki nan tèt paj sila : Yon nonm ki pa kapab divize pa "okenn lòt nonm sinon ke pa li menm osinon 1" Ak definisyon sa a ou ak definisyon sila a, yon nonm tankou 1 rantre pami nonm premye. === Dezyèm definisyon === Depi kèk tan gen [[matematisyen]] ki di ou pa dwe konsidere 1 kòm premye. Pou sa yo aranje yo pou yo di ke yon nonm premye se yon nonm ki gen egzakteman 2 divizè. Lainé di li pa rantre nan diskisyon sila a, menm lè li gen opinyon pa li, li prefere travay pou toulede gwoup moun yo. == Men kèk teyorèm ou teyorèm ki osant o sinon ki se baz dekouvèt matematisyen sa a == === Premye teyorèm === Si nou pran yon nonm antye positif ki strikteman nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\in \mathbb{N}\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Dezyèm teyorèm === Si nou pran yon nonm antye positif ki strikteman ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\notin \mathbb{N}\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Obsèvasyon ki gen rapò ak teyorèm avan yo === Ann gade byen fraksyon sa a <math>\frac{\left(n-1\right)!}{n}</math> ki se yon lòt fòm fraksyon sa a <math>\frac{n!}{n^2}</math> ki an fèt se yon fòm pi kompak, pi kondanse men sil ka senplifye. <math>\frac{\left(n-1\right)!}{n}</math> ka modifye e vin pi senp si n pa yon nonm premye tandiske li pa ka transfòme pou vin pi senp si n se yon nonm premye. Men fò siyale ke si nou bay n valè 4, fraksyon p ap yon nonm antye paske li ap senplifye yon sèl fwa, se yon sèl faktè anba nan nivo denominatè a "ki ap ale" sa vle di ki ap disparèt aprè senplifikasyon. Sa sòt di la a fèt sèlman ak 4. Lèn tombe sou ka patikilye sa a nou gen pou pi piti 3 posibilite :<br> 1) Sèvi ak teyorèm Wilson nan<br> 2) Itilize 2 teyorèm avan yo<br> 3) Itilize sa Lene (Lainé) rele "modèl ti mouton ki pèdi" Nan moman sa a, ann chwazi dezyèm posibilite a. Nou kapab tou, si nou vle, modifye eksposan yo. Si nou vle itilize 6 ak 7 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^6}{n^7}</math> Si nou vle itilize 20 ak 21 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^{20}}{n^{21}}</math> Si nou vle itilize 40 ak 41 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^{40}}{n^{41}}</math> Si nou vle itilize 48 ak 49 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^{48}}{n^{49}}</math> yon fason pi jeneral pou nenpòt ki nonm entye pozitif t ki pi fò ke 1 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^t}{n^{\left(t+1\right)}}</math> == Kèk konsekans imedyat == === Premyè konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye pozitif ki estrikteman ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}=\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Dezyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\neq\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Twazyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}=1\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Katriyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman positif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>0<\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}<1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Senkyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor=1\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Sizyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor=0\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Sètyèm konsekans imedyat (setyèm kòròlè) === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = -1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Uityèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 0\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Nevyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman positif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Dizyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 0\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Onzyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor + \left\lfloor {-\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = -1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Douzyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor + \left\lfloor {-\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 0\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Trèzyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>-\left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor + \left\lfloor {-\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Katòzyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>-\left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor + \left\lfloor {-\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 0\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Kèk ekspresyon fonksyon karakteristik sekans nonm premye === <math>\varphi\left(n\right)={\left(1-\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor\right)} =</math> <br> <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor =</math><br> <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor= </math><br> <math>-\left[ \left[ {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right] - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right]= </math><br> <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor </math> ==== Ekspresyon fonksyon <math>\pi</math> ==== <math>\pi\left(n\right)=\sum_{m=1}^n{\left(1-\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}}\right\rfloor\right)}= n-\sum_{m=1}^n{\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}}\right\rfloor}=\sum_{m=1}^n-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor =\left|\sum_{m=1}^n\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor\right|=\sum_{m=1}^n\left|\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor\right| </math> Ekspresyon sa yo avèk yon pakèt lòt konstitye aspè santral travay Lene a. == Aspè ki gen rapò ak sa yon sant rechèch di e ki sanble se yon alisyon ak travay lene yo == Trè souvan gen nan reyalite yon òbsèvasyon ki kapab tipik, le fèt ke yon gwoup objè ta gen yon pati nan yo ki gen konpòteman diferan dezade, tandike lòt yo, pandan ke yo diferan, yo gen yon kompòtman ki menm fas a yon sityasyon detèmine. Nou dwe pran tèm objè a nan sans ansanblis jan matematisyen Kantor pran li lè li defini konsèp ansanm lan. 1) An anvisaje yon fonksyon ki defini sou ansanm nonm antye positif ki depase 1 e ki founi kòm rezilta twa fwa nonm nan si nonm premye tandiske li founi oubyen retounen menm nonm nan si nonm ki sèvi kòm agiman pa premye. 2) An anvisaje yon fonksyon ki defini sou ansanm nonm antye ki strikteman (estrikteman) positif e ki founi kòm rezilta menm nonm si nonm si nonm nan premye sa vle di imaj agyman egal a agyman si agyman se yon nonm premye tandiske si agyman pa yon nonm premye li toujou egal a yon nonm premye konstan fixe a volonte. Pou yon fonksyon konsa sant rechèch la itilize mo TRICHER ki pa gen yon konotasyon matematik e mo fasil. Eske se yon alisyon ak yon tèm etimolojik pwòch ki se truc e ki fè referans nan youn nan konotasyon yo ak yon reyalite matematik ? Eske nannan kalbas tèt la o sinon sa yo rele sibkonsyan ta vle fè kèk revelasyon? 3) An anvisaje yon fonksyon ki defini sou ansan nonm antye ki depase nonm ou ankò ki siperyè ak 1 e ki founi kòm rezilta ou byen ki retounen nonm premye ki swiv agyman an si agyman an se yon nonm premye e ki founi kòm rezilta nonm premye ki vin avan ou byen ki presede agiman si agyman se yon konpose . Fè apwòch ke repon a dezyèm kesyon se triche fasil poze yon pakèt pwoblèm fas a dezyèm nan , fas a reyalite a, e latrye... == Fonksyon ki founi nonm premye e nonm premye sèlman == === Fanmi fonksyon L<sub>p</p> === <math> Lp\left(n\right)=\left(p-n\right)\times\left\lfloor \frac{\left\lfloor{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor + n</math><br /> avèk <math>p\in\mathbb{P}</math> <br /> Kèk ekzanp <br /> si nou pran p = 53 nap genyen : <math> L\left(n\right)=\left(53-n\right)\times\left\lfloor \frac{\left\lfloor{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor + n</math><br /> Fonksyon an ap retounen 53 si n pa premye e nan kote n premye fonksyon ap retounen n. <br /> si nou pran p =7 nap genyen <math> L\left(n\right)=\left(7-n\right)\times\left\lfloor \frac{\left\lfloor{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor + n</math><br /> Fonksyon an ap retounen 7 si n pa premye e nan kote n premye fonksyon ap retounen n. <br /> === Fonksyon defini apati modèl predesesè === ..... === Fonksyon defini apati modèl siksesè === == Lene Jan Lèmit Jinyò (Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior) makònen oubyen relye Nonm premye ak yon seri de modèl == Nonm premye ak modèl lanse flèch (1 Samyè 20 vesè 20) Nom premye ak modèl ti mouton ki pèdi Nonm premye ak modèl wouj e ble [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518181016/http://cle.net.ht/ Pou jwen enfòmasyon sou Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior] Te gen anpil lòt fòmil nan adrès sa yo : https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235237/http://www.nombrespremiers.net/article/formule.doc https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235217/http://www.institutionscle.nombrespremiers.net/ Nou ka al sou sit sa a tou pou nou ka genyen yon pi bèl ide sou sijè ya : http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_premier#Autres_formules_n.27utilisant_pas_le_th.C3.A9or.C3.A8me_de_Wilson N ap kontinye ak travay lene a ofi e a mezi e n a genyen tou pou n analize travay lòt chèchè etranje realize tou. Nou ka jwen plis eksplikasyon nan nimewo SANSA jwen / jiyè 2009. Nou ka jwen enfòmasyon sou Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior sou sit sa a [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518181016/http://cle.net.ht/ Klike sou https://web.archive.org/web/20130518181016/http://cle.net.ht/ pou nou ka jwen plis enfòmasyon] == Istwa osinon istorik nonm premye anvan (avan),1992 osinon avan 1994 == === Ki sa Eklid fè === Eklid se yon matematisyen grèk. Nan dòmèn nonm premye li demontre ke tout nonm premye gen yon lòt nonm premye ki siperyè ak li oubyen ankò ke ansanm nonm premye a enfini. Li demontre sa apati de yon demonstrasyon pa labsid. Gen sa yo rele algoritm Eklid konsènan pejesede. ==== Ansanm nonm premye enfini ==== === Ki sa Eratostèn fè === === Ki sa Bètran fè === === Ki sa Paul Erdös fè === === Ki sa Ardi fè === === Ki sa Mèsèn fè === === Ki sa Rimann fè === === Ki sa Elè fè === === Ki sa Galwa fè === === Ki sa Tchebitchèf fè === === Ki sa Gòlbak fè === === Ki sa Waring fè === === Ki sa Bachè === === Ki sa Lagranj fè=== === Ki sa Koumè fè === === Ki sa Fèmat oubyen Fèma fè === === ki sa Wilson fè === === Ki sa Gos fè === === Ki sa Lavale-Pousen fè === === Ki sa Mongomri fè === === ki sa Dayson (Dyson) fè === === Ki sa Ramanoudjan fè === === Ki sa Chal Babadj fè === === Ki sa Mètens fè === === Ki sa Jak Adama fè === === Ki sa Sofi Jèmen fè === === Ki sa Tao fè === === Ki sa Grin fè === ===Ki sa Kamikayèl fè=== ===Ki sa Laibnits fè === === Ki sa Lejand fè === === Ki sa Sèlbèg fè === === Ki sa Landau fè === === Ki sa Vigo Bren fè === === Ki sa Mebiyus fè === === Ki sa Dirichlet fè === === Ki sa Newton === === Ki sa Mangòldt fè === === Ki sa Liouville fè === === Ki sa Chen fè === === Ki sa Tatuzawa fè === === Ki sa Linik fè === ===Ki sa Chnirèlman fè === === Ki sa Vinogradòv fè === === Ki sa Litèlwoud fè === === Ki sa Bezou fè === === Ki sa Nòbèt Vinè fè === === Ki sa Alen Turin fè === === Ki sa Chapiro fè === === Ki sa Chandrasekaran fè === === Ki sa Boul fè === === Ki sa lòt chèchè fè nan kesyon nonm premye a fè === === Ki jan Renaud de La Taille wè li nan 838 nimewo Science et Vie === Science & Vie ki se yon revi syantifik fransè te fè parèt yon aktik sou plim Renaud de La Taille an jiyè 1987 sou nonm premye. Selon Renaud de La Taille nonm premye gen plis ke 2000 an depi krityen vivan ap fè rechèch sou li . Renaud de La Taille te panse pou li menm ke moun ki ta rive yon fonksyon , kèlke swa fonksyon li ta va ye a , moun sa tap resevwa sa yo rele meday Fields la e li tap syeje san pèdi tan nan akademi dè syans. Eske pa gen yon ide prekonsi ki ta vle kwè ke moun sa tap gen mwens ke 40 lane oubyen ankò nan langaj imaje mwens ke 40 rekòt [[kafe]]? Si Renaud de La Taille ap viv toujou listwa matematik aprè lane 87 apran li kèk bagay ki enteresan... === Matematik fas a fas ak enfòmatik nan kesyon nonm premye a=== === Matematik fas a fas ak sekirite bankè e kriptografi === === Ki sa ki te pi gwo obstak epistemolojik === == Egzèsis senp == Sou modèl premye fòmil ki reponn ak modèl flèch Jonatan gade fòm nan di pou kisa fonksyon <math>h\left(n\right)={3^{3^{n}}} </math> se yon fonksyon sib. Itilize fonksyon sib sa e itilize ekspozan 52 ak 53 pou ka founi yon ekpresyon sekans nonm premye selon modèl flèch Jonatan. Eksplike pou kisa h(n) fòseman se yon fonksyon sib si premye fòmil ki anwo a korèk . == Ekspresyon sekans kwasant antye strikteman pozitif ki diferan de 1 e ki konpoze == Sekans ki anvisaje a se : 4 - 6-8-910-12-15-16-18-20-21-22-24-25-26-27-28-30 .... elatrye pou pi klè nonm antye strikteman pozitif ki diferan de 1 e ki pa premye .<br \> ... Nap founi kèk ekspresyon aprè kèk tan == Ekspresyon sekans kwansant antye strikteman pozitif ki pa premye selon premye definisyon an == Sekans ki anvisaje a se : 1-4 - 6-8-9-10-12-15-16-18-20-21-22-24-25-26-27-28-30- elatrye pou pi klè nonm antye strikteman pozitif ki pa premye . <br \> .... Nap founi kèk ekspresyon aprè kèk tan == Kèk sitasyon == <big>Tout sekans kwasant antye natirèl strikteman pozitif ka eksprime selon modèl boul rouj ak boul ble ou selon modèl flèch Jonatan : Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior<br /> yon nonm premye se yon nonm ki pa kase lè yo lese li tonbe : Pol Èdès <br \> Nonm premye reprezante pou matematik sa benzèn reprezante pou chimi : Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior<br \> Nou ka atan jwen yon solysyon elemantè san itilize analiz komplèks menm jan pwoblèm nan poze de fason elemantè:..... <br/> Matematik : Paske mo senp pa tròp senp, gen yon syans ki nan zye anpil moun ran konplike sa ki senp e ran senp sa ki konplike e nan labirent aparan sa a yon nonm save tankou Vòltè pa ekzanp pa retrouve li non yon si bèl edifis ki se jeometri. Si ran evidan e menm senpleman evidan se youn nan kle ki ouvri pòt yon gwoup verite nou konpran trè byen poukisa Laibnitz poze pwoblèm kriteryòm evidans la lè Dekat te fin ramne kriteryòm laverite a evidans. Tout sa ta parèt yon mistè men rezon ki fè evidans pa aksepte avèk men vitès lye ofèt ke lespri imen esey ramne tout bagay a yon pwosesis modelisasyon ki relatif a chak endividi e ki ta vle kondanse ou sentetise sa ki komen ak nati imèn, non yon tantativ fòseman a reyisit limite dan letan...Matematik se a lafwa yon reyisit ki travèse letan e ki limite dan letan. yon fwa yon verite fin etabli nan matematik li etabli nèt si nou konfòme a modèl an kesyon.Men tan va pase kote modèl sa ava vin yon ka patikilye nan yon lòt ki pi vas e ki gen plizyè branch....Lene Lèmit Tchebichèv te dil mwen dil tou : Pol Èdès</big> == Yon bagay ki dwe atire atansyon == <math>666 =2\times3\times3\times{37}</math> <math>P_{12}=37</math> <math>P_{21}=73</math> == Gade tou == * [[Postila Bètran]] * [[Fonksyon ki konte kantite divizè n]] * [[Fonksyon ki konte kantite nonm premye jimo yo]] * [[Fonksyon ki konte nonm premye ki sou fòm an+b lè a ak b premye entre yo]] * [[Fonksyon lanmbda Liouville]] * [[Fonksyon pi]] * [[Fonksyon Omega ki konte kantite faktè premye ki rantre nan dekonpozisyon yon nonm antye n]] * [[Fonksyon omega ki konte kantite nonm premye ki diferan ki divize yon nonm n]] * [[Fonksyon phi Euler]] * [[Fonksyon pi, ki konte kantite nonm premye]] * [[Fonksyon psi Tchebycheff]] * [[Fonksyon tèta Tchebycheff]] * [[Fonksyon Von Mangolt]] * [[Fòmil pou nonm konpoze]] * [[Modèl boul wouj ak boul ble]] * [[Modèl flèch Jonatan]] * [[Modèl Lhermite yo]] * [[Modèl mouton lòt patiraj]] * [[Modèl pitit pwodig ou modèl ti mouton pèdi]] * [[Modèl predesesè]] * [[Modèl siksesè]] * [[Modèl ti triyang ak gwo triyang]] * [[Modèl triyang ak kwadrilatè]] * [[Nonm pafè]] * [[Nonm premye ak modèl boul wouj ak boul ble]] * [[Nonm premye Ezau]] * [[Nonm premye Fermat]] * [[Nonm premye Izaak]] * [[Nonm premye Jakòb]] * [[Nonm premye Mersenne]] * [[Nonm zanmi]] * [[Primoryel]] * [[Pwisansyèl]] * [[Rezolisyon ekasyon premye degre ak sentèz]] == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:Matematik]] [[Kategori:Sentèz]] [[Kategori:Nonm premye]] [[Kategori:Aritmetik elemantè]] k6hslbwkcj5gbvetrxmd8ielybgh6ru 889919 889918 2026-11-05T17:44:26Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 889919 wikitext text/x-wiki Yon '''nonm premye''' se yon nom ki pa kapab divize pa okenn lòt nonm sinon ke pa li menm osinon 1. Patou sou latè se te yon nosyon ki bay anpil tèt chaje e se depi lontan gwo save tankou Eklid e latriye reflechi sou li. Tankou Eklid li demontre depi nan [[lantikite]] ke pa gen yon nomm premye ki pi gwo pase tout lòt yo. Se youn nan pi gwo resilta enpòtan, jan Eklid rive demontre sa.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mathematical Olympiad Handbook: An Introduction to Problem Solving Based on the First 32 British Mathematical Olympiads 1965–1996|first=Anthony|last=Gardiner|author-link=Tony Gardiner|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-19-850105-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalolym1997gard/page/26 26]|url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicalolym1997gard}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Dyslexia, Dyscalculia and Mathematics: A practical guide|first=Anne|last=Henderson|edition=2nd|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-136-63662-2|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uy-yGVRUilMC&pg=PA62}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Giant Golden Book of Mathematics: Exploring the World of Numbers and Space|url=https://archive.org/details/giantgoldenbooko00adle|first=Irving|last=Adler|author-link=Irving Adler|publisher=Golden Press|year=1960|page=[https://archive.org/details/giantgoldenbooko00adle/page/16 16]|oclc=6975809}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/barronsmathworkb00leff_0|page=[https://archive.org/details/barronsmathworkb00leff_0/page/360 360]|title=Math Workbook for the SAT I|first=Lawrence S.|last=Leff|publisher=Barron's Educational Series|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7641-0768-9}}</ref> Nan mwa jiyè 1992 gen yon Ayisyen ki tonbe travay sou nonm premye. Li rele [[Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior]] e an 1994 li te prezante yon pati nan travay sa. == Karateristik fondamantal nonm premye == Lainé di nou ke yon moun dwe byen met nan tèt li ke nonm premye pou matematik ta kapab sanble tankou de gout dlo ak benzèn pou chimi. == De definisyon == === Premyè definisyon === Nou ka konsidere definisyon ki nan tèt paj sila : Yon nonm ki pa kapab divize pa "okenn lòt nonm sinon ke pa li menm osinon 1" Ak definisyon sa a ou ak definisyon sila a, yon nonm tankou 1 rantre pami nonm premye. === Dezyèm definisyon === Depi kèk tan gen [[matematisyen]] ki di ou pa dwe konsidere 1 kòm premye. Pou sa yo aranje yo pou yo di ke yon nonm premye se yon nonm ki gen egzakteman 2 divizè. Lainé di li pa rantre nan diskisyon sila a, menm lè li gen opinyon pa li, li prefere travay pou toulede gwoup moun yo. == Men kèk teyorèm ou teyorèm ki osant o sinon ki se baz dekouvèt matematisyen sa a == === Premye teyorèm === Si nou pran yon nonm antye positif ki strikteman nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\in \mathbb{N}\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Dezyèm teyorèm === Si nou pran yon nonm antye positif ki strikteman ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\notin \mathbb{N}\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Obsèvasyon ki gen rapò ak teyorèm avan yo === Ann gade byen fraksyon sa a <math>\frac{\left(n-1\right)!}{n}</math> ki se yon lòt fòm fraksyon sa a <math>\frac{n!}{n^2}</math> ki an fèt se yon fòm pi kompak, pi kondanse men sil ka senplifye. <math>\frac{\left(n-1\right)!}{n}</math> ka modifye e vin pi senp si n pa yon nonm premye tandiske li pa ka transfòme pou vin pi senp si n se yon nonm premye. Men fò siyale ke si nou bay n valè 4, fraksyon p ap yon nonm antye paske li ap senplifye yon sèl fwa, se yon sèl faktè anba nan nivo denominatè a "ki ap ale" sa vle di ki ap disparèt aprè senplifikasyon. Sa sòt di la a fèt sèlman ak 4. Lèn tombe sou ka patikilye sa a nou gen pou pi piti 3 posibilite :<br> 1) Sèvi ak teyorèm Wilson nan<br> 2) Itilize 2 teyorèm avan yo<br> 3) Itilize sa Lene (Lainé) rele "modèl ti mouton ki pèdi" Nan moman sa a, ann chwazi dezyèm posibilite a. Nou kapab tou, si nou vle, modifye eksposan yo. Si nou vle itilize 6 ak 7 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^6}{n^7}</math> Si nou vle itilize 20 ak 21 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^{20}}{n^{21}}</math> Si nou vle itilize 40 ak 41 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^{40}}{n^{41}}</math> Si nou vle itilize 48 ak 49 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^{48}}{n^{49}}</math> yon fason pi jeneral pou nenpòt ki nonm entye pozitif t ki pi fò ke 1 nou ap genyen: <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^t}{n^{\left(t+1\right)}}</math> == Kèk konsekans imedyat == === Premyè konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye pozitif ki estrikteman ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}=\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Dezyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\neq\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Twazyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}=1\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Katriyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman positif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>0<\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}<1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Senkyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor=1\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Sizyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor=0\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Sètyèm konsekans imedyat (setyèm kòròlè) === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = -1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Uityèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 0\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Nevyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman positif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Dizyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 0\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Onzyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor + \left\lfloor {-\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = -1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Douzyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>\left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor + \left\lfloor {-\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 0\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Trèzyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>-\left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor + \left\lfloor {-\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 1\Longleftrightarrow n\in \mathbb{P} </math> === Katòzyèm konsekans imedyat === Si nou pran yon nonm antye ki strikteman pozitif ke nou rele ''n'' <math>-\left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor + \left\lfloor {-\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor = 0\Longleftrightarrow n\notin \mathbb{P} </math> === Kèk ekspresyon fonksyon karakteristik sekans nonm premye === <math>\varphi\left(n\right)={\left(1-\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor\right)} =</math> <br> <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor =</math><br> <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor= </math><br> <math>-\left[ \left[ {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right] - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right]= </math><br> <math>-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor </math> ==== Ekspresyon fonksyon <math>\pi</math> ==== <math>\pi\left(n\right)=\sum_{m=1}^n{\left(1-\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}}\right\rfloor\right)}= n-\sum_{m=1}^n{\left\lfloor\frac{\left\lfloor\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}\right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}}\right\rfloor}=\sum_{m=1}^n-\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor =\left|\sum_{m=1}^n\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor\right|=\sum_{m=1}^n\left|\left\lfloor \left\lfloor {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor - {\frac{\left(m!\right)^2}{m^3}} \right\rfloor\right| </math> Ekspresyon sa yo avèk yon pakèt lòt konstitye aspè santral travay Lene a. == Aspè ki gen rapò ak sa yon sant rechèch di e ki sanble se yon alisyon ak travay lene yo == Trè souvan gen nan reyalite yon òbsèvasyon ki kapab tipik, le fèt ke yon gwoup objè ta gen yon pati nan yo ki gen konpòteman diferan dezade, tandike lòt yo, pandan ke yo diferan, yo gen yon kompòtman ki menm fas a yon sityasyon detèmine. Nou dwe pran tèm objè a nan sans ansanblis jan matematisyen Kantor pran li lè li defini konsèp ansanm lan. 1) An anvisaje yon fonksyon ki defini sou ansanm nonm antye positif ki depase 1 e ki founi kòm rezilta twa fwa nonm nan si nonm premye tandiske li founi oubyen retounen menm nonm nan si nonm ki sèvi kòm agiman pa premye. 2) An anvisaje yon fonksyon ki defini sou ansanm nonm antye ki strikteman (estrikteman) positif e ki founi kòm rezilta menm nonm si nonm si nonm nan premye sa vle di imaj agyman egal a agyman si agyman se yon nonm premye tandiske si agyman pa yon nonm premye li toujou egal a yon nonm premye konstan fixe a volonte. Pou yon fonksyon konsa sant rechèch la itilize mo TRICHER ki pa gen yon konotasyon matematik e mo fasil. Eske se yon alisyon ak yon tèm etimolojik pwòch ki se truc e ki fè referans nan youn nan konotasyon yo ak yon reyalite matematik ? Eske nannan kalbas tèt la o sinon sa yo rele sibkonsyan ta vle fè kèk revelasyon? 3) An anvisaje yon fonksyon ki defini sou ansan nonm antye ki depase nonm ou ankò ki siperyè ak 1 e ki founi kòm rezilta ou byen ki retounen nonm premye ki swiv agyman an si agyman an se yon nonm premye e ki founi kòm rezilta nonm premye ki vin avan ou byen ki presede agiman si agyman se yon konpose . Fè apwòch ke repon a dezyèm kesyon se triche fasil poze yon pakèt pwoblèm fas a dezyèm nan , fas a reyalite a, e latrye... == Fonksyon ki founi nonm premye e nonm premye sèlman == === Fanmi fonksyon L<sub>p</p> === <math> Lp\left(n\right)=\left(p-n\right)\times\left\lfloor \frac{\left\lfloor{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor + n</math><br /> avèk <math>p\in\mathbb{P}</math> <br /> Kèk ekzanp <br /> si nou pran p = 53 nap genyen : <math> L\left(n\right)=\left(53-n\right)\times\left\lfloor \frac{\left\lfloor{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor + n</math><br /> Fonksyon an ap retounen 53 si n pa premye e nan kote n premye fonksyon ap retounen n. <br /> si nou pran p =7 nap genyen <math> L\left(n\right)=\left(7-n\right)\times\left\lfloor \frac{\left\lfloor{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}} \right\rfloor}{\frac{\left(n!\right)^2}{n^3}}\right\rfloor + n</math><br /> Fonksyon an ap retounen 7 si n pa premye e nan kote n premye fonksyon ap retounen n. <br /> === Fonksyon defini apati modèl predesesè === ..... === Fonksyon defini apati modèl siksesè === == Lene Jan Lèmit Jinyò (Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior) makònen oubyen relye Nonm premye ak yon seri de modèl == Nonm premye ak modèl lanse flèch (1 Samyè 20 vesè 20) Nom premye ak modèl ti mouton ki pèdi Nonm premye ak modèl wouj e ble [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518181016/http://cle.net.ht/ Pou jwen enfòmasyon sou Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior] Te gen anpil lòt fòmil nan adrès sa yo : https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235237/http://www.nombrespremiers.net/article/formule.doc https://web.archive.org/web/20070926235217/http://www.institutionscle.nombrespremiers.net/ Nou ka al sou sit sa a tou pou nou ka genyen yon pi bèl ide sou sijè ya : http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_premier#Autres_formules_n.27utilisant_pas_le_th.C3.A9or.C3.A8me_de_Wilson N ap kontinye ak travay lene a ofi e a mezi e n a genyen tou pou n analize travay lòt chèchè etranje realize tou. Nou ka jwen plis eksplikasyon nan nimewo SANSA jwen / jiyè 2009. Nou ka jwen enfòmasyon sou Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior sou sit sa a [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518181016/http://cle.net.ht/ Klike sou https://web.archive.org/web/20130518181016/http://cle.net.ht/ pou nou ka jwen plis enfòmasyon] == Istwa osinon istorik nonm premye anvan (avan),1992 osinon avan 1994 == === Ki sa Eklid fè === Eklid se yon matematisyen grèk. Nan dòmèn nonm premye li demontre ke tout nonm premye gen yon lòt nonm premye ki siperyè ak li oubyen ankò ke ansanm nonm premye a enfini. Li demontre sa apati de yon demonstrasyon pa labsid. Gen sa yo rele algoritm Eklid konsènan pejesede. ==== Ansanm nonm premye enfini ==== === Ki sa Eratostèn fè === === Ki sa Bètran fè === === Ki sa Paul Erdös fè === === Ki sa Ardi fè === === Ki sa Mèsèn fè === === Ki sa Rimann fè === === Ki sa Elè fè === === Ki sa Galwa fè === === Ki sa Tchebitchèf fè === === Ki sa Gòlbak fè === === Ki sa Waring fè === === Ki sa Bachè === === Ki sa Lagranj fè=== === Ki sa Koumè fè === === Ki sa Fèmat oubyen Fèma fè === === ki sa Wilson fè === === Ki sa Gos fè === === Ki sa Lavale-Pousen fè === === Ki sa Mongomri fè === === ki sa Dayson (Dyson) fè === === Ki sa Ramanoudjan fè === === Ki sa Chal Babadj fè === === Ki sa Mètens fè === === Ki sa Jak Adama fè === === Ki sa Sofi Jèmen fè === === Ki sa Tao fè === === Ki sa Grin fè === ===Ki sa Kamikayèl fè=== ===Ki sa Laibnits fè === === Ki sa Lejand fè === === Ki sa Sèlbèg fè === === Ki sa Landau fè === === Ki sa Vigo Bren fè === === Ki sa Mebiyus fè === === Ki sa Dirichlet fè === === Ki sa Newton === === Ki sa Mangòldt fè === === Ki sa Liouville fè === === Ki sa Chen fè === === Ki sa Tatuzawa fè === === Ki sa Linik fè === ===Ki sa Chnirèlman fè === === Ki sa Vinogradòv fè === === Ki sa Litèlwoud fè === === Ki sa Bezou fè === === Ki sa Nòbèt Vinè fè === === Ki sa Alen Turin fè === === Ki sa Chapiro fè === === Ki sa Chandrasekaran fè === === Ki sa Boul fè === === Ki sa lòt chèchè fè nan kesyon nonm premye a fè === === Ki jan Renaud de La Taille wè li nan 838 nimewo Science et Vie === Science & Vie ki se yon revi syantifik fransè te fè parèt yon aktik sou plim Renaud de La Taille an jiyè 1987 sou nonm premye. Selon Renaud de La Taille nonm premye gen plis ke 2000 an depi krityen vivan ap fè rechèch sou li . Renaud de La Taille te panse pou li menm ke moun ki ta rive yon fonksyon , kèlke swa fonksyon li ta va ye a , moun sa tap resevwa sa yo rele meday Fields la e li tap syeje san pèdi tan nan akademi dè syans. Eske pa gen yon ide prekonsi ki ta vle kwè ke moun sa tap gen mwens ke 40 lane oubyen ankò nan langaj imaje mwens ke 40 rekòt [[kafe]]? Si Renaud de La Taille ap viv toujou listwa matematik aprè lane 87 apran li kèk bagay ki enteresan... === Matematik fas a fas ak enfòmatik nan kesyon nonm premye a=== === Matematik fas a fas ak sekirite bankè e kriptografi === === Ki sa ki te pi gwo obstak epistemolojik === == Egzèsis senp == Sou modèl premye fòmil ki reponn ak modèl flèch Jonatan gade fòm nan di pou kisa fonksyon <math>h\left(n\right)={3^{3^{n}}} </math> se yon fonksyon sib. Itilize fonksyon sib sa e itilize ekspozan 52 ak 53 pou ka founi yon ekpresyon sekans nonm premye selon modèl flèch Jonatan. Eksplike pou kisa h(n) fòseman se yon fonksyon sib si premye fòmil ki anwo a korèk . == Ekspresyon sekans kwasant antye strikteman pozitif ki diferan de 1 e ki konpoze == Sekans ki anvisaje a se : 4 - 6-8-910-12-15-16-18-20-21-22-24-25-26-27-28-30 .... elatrye pou pi klè nonm antye strikteman pozitif ki diferan de 1 e ki pa premye .<br \> ... Nap founi kèk ekspresyon aprè kèk tan == Ekspresyon sekans kwansant antye strikteman pozitif ki pa premye selon premye definisyon an == Sekans ki anvisaje a se : 1-4 - 6-8-9-10-12-15-16-18-20-21-22-24-25-26-27-28-30- elatrye pou pi klè nonm antye strikteman pozitif ki pa premye . <br \> .... Nap founi kèk ekspresyon aprè kèk tan == Kèk sitasyon == <big>Tout sekans kwasant antye natirèl strikteman pozitif ka eksprime selon modèl boul rouj ak boul ble ou selon modèl flèch Jonatan : Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior<br /> yon nonm premye se yon nonm ki pa kase lè yo lese li tonbe : Pol Èdès <br \> Nonm premye reprezante pou matematik sa benzèn reprezante pou chimi : Lainé Jean Lhermite Junior<br \> Nou ka atan jwen yon solysyon elemantè san itilize analiz komplèks menm jan pwoblèm nan poze de fason elemantè:..... <br/> Matematik : Paske mo senp pa tròp senp, gen yon syans ki nan zye anpil moun ran konplike sa ki senp e ran senp sa ki konplike e nan labirent aparan sa a yon nonm save tankou Vòltè pa ekzanp pa retrouve li non yon si bèl edifis ki se jeometri. Si ran evidan e menm senpleman evidan se youn nan kle ki ouvri pòt yon gwoup verite nou konpran trè byen poukisa Laibnitz poze pwoblèm kriteryòm evidans la lè Dekat te fin ramne kriteryòm laverite a evidans. Tout sa ta parèt yon mistè men rezon ki fè evidans pa aksepte avèk men vitès lye ofèt ke lespri imen esey ramne tout bagay a yon pwosesis modelisasyon ki relatif a chak endividi e ki ta vle kondanse ou sentetise sa ki komen ak nati imèn, non yon tantativ fòseman a reyisit limite dan letan...Matematik se a lafwa yon reyisit ki travèse letan e ki limite dan letan. yon fwa yon verite fin etabli nan matematik li etabli nèt si nou konfòme a modèl an kesyon.Men tan va pase kote modèl sa ava vin yon ka patikilye nan yon lòt ki pi vas e ki gen plizyè branch....Lene Lèmit Tchebichèv te dil mwen dil tou : Pol Èdès</big> == Yon bagay ki dwe atire atansyon == <math>666 =2\times3\times3\times{37}</math> <math>P_{12}=37</math> <math>P_{21}=73</math> == Gade tou == * [[Postila Bètran]] * [[Fonksyon ki konte kantite divizè n]] * [[Fonksyon ki konte kantite nonm premye jimo yo]] * [[Fonksyon ki konte nonm premye ki sou fòm an+b lè a ak b premye entre yo]] * [[Fonksyon lanmbda Liouville]] * [[Fonksyon pi]] * [[Fonksyon Omega ki konte kantite faktè premye ki rantre nan dekonpozisyon yon nonm antye n]] * [[Fonksyon omega ki konte kantite nonm premye ki diferan ki divize yon nonm n]] * [[Fonksyon phi Euler]] * [[Fonksyon pi, ki konte kantite nonm premye]] * [[Fonksyon psi Tchebycheff]] * [[Fonksyon tèta Tchebycheff]] * [[Fonksyon Von Mangolt]] * [[Fòmil pou nonm konpoze]] * [[Modèl boul wouj ak boul ble]] * [[Modèl flèch Jonatan]] * [[Modèl Lhermite yo]] * [[Modèl mouton lòt patiraj]] * [[Modèl pitit pwodig ou modèl ti mouton pèdi]] * [[Modèl predesesè]] * [[Modèl siksesè]] * [[Modèl ti triyang ak gwo triyang]] * [[Modèl triyang ak kwadrilatè]] * [[Nonm pafè]] * [[Nonm premye ak modèl boul wouj ak boul ble]] * [[Nonm premye Ezau]] * [[Nonm premye Fermat]] * [[Nonm premye Izaak]] * [[Nonm premye Jakòb]] * [[Nonm premye Mersenne]] * [[Nonm zanmi]] * [[Primoryel]] * [[Pwisansyèl]] * [[Rezolisyon ekasyon premye degre ak sentèz]] == Referans == {{referans}} [[Kategori:Matematik]] [[Kategori:Sentèz]] [[Kategori:Nonm premye]] [[Kategori:Aritmetik elemantè]] da4iqswu0n2020pfy1wjh7re9v2lb6t 0 16316 889873 683340 2026-11-05T14:17:45Z Anacaona 2726 fixed typo 889873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ebòch}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' se yon ekriven. Li se yon spesyalis nan kesyon lang ak anseyman franse. Li travay nan plizyè peyi sou kesyon sa yo. {{moun |non= Leyla Chery |foto= |tèks= |dat nesans= |lye nesans= |peyi nesans= [[Ayiti]] |dat lanmò= |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite= |zèv= ''Youpi je sais lire 1 et 2'' (1998/2000) ''Wi mwen konn li'' (2001) |nòt= }} == Byografi == *Dat enpòtan yo == Zèv li yo == ''Youpi je sais lire 1 et 2'' (1998/2000) Wi mwen konn li (2001; Liv pou timoun piti: La promesse de l' arbre magique Editions Heri Deschamps 2002. Perceptions des enseignants et des parents au sujet des difficultés en lecture des élèves d'origine haïtienne des milieux défavorisés de Montréal 2003 Université de Montréal, M.A Sciences de l'éducation. == Referans == *Referans pou konnen plis anlè moun sa a ---- [[kategori:ekriven]] [[kategori:ayisyen]] [[kategori:ekriven ayisyen]] [[kategori:literati]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Chery, Leyla}} 29xr5z4cp64j8se7075sttqaoswmu68 0 32367 889926 874867 2026-11-05T17:48:46Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 889926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Pèsonalite politik|charte=monarque|non=Sylvain I<br /> <small>(Sylvain Salnave)</small> <br />|imaj=Sylvain Salnave 1867.jpg|lejand=Pòtrè Anperè Sylvain I (1869).|fonksyon 1=[[Lis souveren Ayiti|Anperè Ayiti]]|depi fonksyon 1=|jiska fonksyon 1={{dat-|19|desanm|1869}}<br /><small>({{Durée|5|7|1868|19|12|1869}})</small>|predesesè 1=''Li menm'' <small>(prezidan)</small>|siksesè 1=''Fen Anpi a'' <br />[[Nissage Saget]] <small>(prezidan lavi)</small>|depi fonksyon 2=|jiska fonksyon 2={{dat-|5|jiyè|1868}}<br /><small>({{Durée|14|6|1867|5|7|1868}})</small>|predesesè 2=''Li menm'' <small>(pwotektè)</small>|siksesè 2=''Li menm'' <small>(anperè)</small>|fonksyon 3=Pwotektè Eta Ayiti|depi fonksyon 3=|jiska fonksyon 3={{dat-|14|jen|1867}}<br /><small>({{Durée|4|5|1867|14|6|1867}})</small>|eleksyon 3=|predesesè 3=[[Fabre Geffrard]] <small>(prezidan lavi)</small> <br />[[Nissage Saget]] <small>(pwovizwa)</small>|siksesè 3=''Li menm'' <small>(prezidan lavi)</small>|non nesans=Sylvain Séraphin Salnave|dat nesans={{dat nesans|7|fevriye|1826}}|lye nesans=[[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap Ayisyen]] [[Ayiti]]|peyi nesans=|dat lanmò=15 janvye 1870|lye lanmò=[[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] [[Ayiti]]|manman=|konjwen=[[Wilmina Delacourse]]|pitit=Saint-Jules Salnave<br>Jean-Baptiste Salnave<br>Charles Salnave<br>Louis Salnave<br>Sylvestre Salnave<br>Marie-Élisabeth Salnave<br>Faustin-Étienne Salnave<br>Marie-Louise Rosa Salnave<br>Victor Salnave<br>Anne Salnave<br>Jacques Salnave<br>Marie-Anne Salnave<br>Joseph Salnave<br>Marthe Salnave<br>François Salnave<br>Marie-Marthe Salnave|eritye=Jean-Baptiste Salnave|anblèm=Coat of arms of Haiti (1849–1859).svg|siyati=|disnasti=|anblèm 2=|papa=|a pati fonksyon1={{dat-|5|jiyè|1868}}|a pati fonksyon2={{dat-|14|jen|1867}}|a pati fonksyon3={{dat-|4|me|1867-}}|jiska fonksyon1={{dat-|19|desanm|1869}}<br /><small>({{Durée|5|7|1868|19|12|1869}})</small>|jiska fonksyon2={{dat-|5|jiyè|1868}}<br /><small>({{Durée|14|6|1867|5|7|1868}})</small>|jiska fonksyon3={{dat-|14|jen|1867}}<br /><small>({{Durée|4|5|1867|14|6|1867}})</small>|taille image=250|list=[[Lis prezidan Ayiti|Anperé Ayiti]]|lis=[[Lis prezidan Ayiti|Anperé Ayiti]]|fonksyon 2=[[Prezidan pou lavi (Ayiti)|Prezidan lavi Ayiti]]|fonksyon 4=|a pati fonksyon4=|jiska fonksyon 4=|jiska fonksyon4=|predesesè 4=|siksesè 4=|monak 2=}}'''Sylvain Salnave''' (fèt [[7 fevriye]] [[1826]] nan vil [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap Ayisyen]] - mouri [[15 janvye]] [[1870]] nan [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Pòtoprens]]), se yon sòlda ayisyen e yon moun eta ki te gouvène [[Ayiti]] apati 1867 kòm "pwotektè Leta"<ref>Protecteur de la Nation en 1867.</ref>, answit kòm [[Prezidan pou lavi (Ayiti)|prezidan pou lavi]] epi [[Lis souveren Ayiti|anperè]] sou non '''Sylvain I'''<ref>«  » <small>[archive]</small>, sur ''mjp.univ-perp.fr'' <small>(consulté le 8 août 2022)</small></ref>. Rèy li a, ki te make pa lagè sivil ak Rebelyon Nò yo, te fini ak kaptire l 'ak apre ekzekisyon li an 1870. Pitit gason paran [[milat]], li te sèvi nan lame anba [[Dezyèm Anpi Ayiti|Dezyèm Anpi a]], answit li te fè konplo kont diktati [[Fabre Geffrard]] la, sa ki te fè l pran ekzil. Pandan peryòd ekzil sa a, li te eseye plizyè fwa tounen soti nan peyi l 'e pwovoke yon koudeta pou ranvèse diktati la epi ranvwaye Geffrard. Apre yon tantativ echèk nan 1865, li te manke yo te arete men li te jere chape epi pran refij nan Curaçao. Nan fen 1866, li te retounen ann Ayiti e li te eseye kòmanse yon gè sivil nan Sid la, men san siksè. Se poutèt sa li te lanse yon atak sou kapital la, epi li te rive pran sant pouvwa lejislatif yo ([[Sena ayisyen|Sena]] a ak [[Chanm Depite|Chanm depite a]]), anvan li atake [[Palè nasyonal (Ayiti)|Palè Nasyonal la]]. Koudeta sa a, ki te ranvèse rejim la, pèmèt Salnave pran tout pouvwa ak tit "pwotektè". Apre li fin bat gouvènman [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap Ayisyen]], li pran kontwòl prèske tout peyi a, eksepte anwo [[Nòdès (depatman)|Nòdès]] la. Li te vin prezidan pou lavi nan dat 14 jen 1867. Okòmansman popilè, li te aboli kò lejislatif la, sa ki te lakòz manifestasyon ak yon agravasyon nan [[Gè Sivil Ayisyen|Lagè Sivil]] la<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Jan|nom1=Rogozinski|titre=A Brief History of the Caribbean|sous-titre=from the Arawak and the Carib to the present|lieu=New York|éditeur=Facts on File, Inc.|année=1999|numéro d'édition=Revised|pages totales=220|isbn=0-8160-3811-2|lire en ligne=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofca00rogo_0|accès url=inscription}}</ref>. Apre li te fin deziyen pitit gason l kòm siksesè, lame a te pwoklame l Anperè an 1868. Dekri kòm anti-boujwa, Salnave te mennen yon politik [[piman]] bouk anvè moun ki rich yo, enpoze taks sou yo te gen entansyon favorize ansyen aristokrasi a, ak amelyore sitiyasyon an nan popilasyon an, nan mande komèsan yo bese pri machandiz yo premye nesesite. Boujwazi a, tou pre lide rebèl an, revòlte epi rantre nan rebelyon an. Lè sa a, Salnave te bay lòd konstriksyon magazen leta yo, pou konpanse mank èd finansyè gwo konpayi boujwa yo. Li fè gwo depans tou pou modènize flòt militè a, sa ki te kontribiye nan febli ekonomi peyi a ak pòv popilasyon an. Te dirije pa rival Salnave yo, ki gen ladann jeneral rebèl an [[Nissage Saget]], lagè sivil la kontinye kont diktati li a. An 1868, li pwolonje nan Nò ak Sid zile a. Salnave eseye kraze Rebelyon yo men li dwe fè bak avan li antre nan [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Pòtoprens]]. Rebèl yo te sènen vil la epi yo te bonbade l, sitou ak èd "La Terreur", yon bato marin ayisyen ki te tonbe nan men yo. Salnave reponn nan boule palè prezidansyèl la, ki se detwi pa flanm dife yo<ref name="mhaiti">{{Lien web|auteur=Candelon Rigaud|titre=Le dynamisme de Sylvain Salnave 1867 - 1869|url=http://www.mhaiti.org/billet/le-dynamisme-de-sylvain-salnave-1867-1869|site=mhaiti.org|date=26 Mars 2015|consulté le=22 août 2016}}</ref>. 19 desanm 1869, Salnave te rive sove ak yon batayon mil gason nan direksyon [[Petyonvil (komin)|Petyonvil]]. Apre sa, li deside ale nan [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]] pou jwenn azil nan men Prezidan [[Buenaventura Báez]]. Men, Jeneral [[José María Cabral (jeneral)|Cabral]] te kaptire l sou 10 janvye 1870 e li te lage l bay mesye Saget yo. Yo te mennen l devan tribinal jistis la, yo te jwenn li koupab de trayizon kont Nasyon la, epi egzekite yon ti tan apre vèdik la. == Karyè byen bonè == === Jèn === Sylvain Salnave fèt nan yon fanmi ki te gen anpil privilèj nan nò Ayiti. Pitit gason Jean-Baptiste Séraphin Salnave<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=Richard A.|nom1=Haggerty|prénom2=Library of Congress Federal Research|nom2=Division|titre=Dominican Republic and Haiti|sous-titre=country studies|éditeur=The Division|année=1991|pages totales=221|isbn=978-0-8444-0728-9|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpBt2jS3_50C&q=%22Sylvain+Salnave%22}}</ref>, yo te konn rele li Sylvestre, yon lyetnan nan lame ayisyèn, ak Clotilde Fillette Ragouse, yon dam konpayi ki soti nan yon milieux ki te gen anpil distenksyon, li grandi nan yon anviwònman kote pa t manke ni lajan ni respè sosyal. Paran li yo, ki te milat toulede, fè pati yon boujwazi rich ki te kontwole lavi ekonomik ak sosyal nan [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap-Ayisyen]]. Timounaj li, ki te fèt nan estabilite, anba enfliyans papa li ki te militè, ap kite yon gwo mak sou fason l ap wè otorite, devwa ak lòd. Depi byen bonè, Salnave pran gou pou prestij inifòm nan ak pou zafè militè. Jènès li nan Kap, yon vil kiltirèl ak komèsyal, pèmèt li antre an kontak ak gwo diskisyon sosyal ak politik ki t ap brase nan sosyete ayisyèn nan diznevyèm syèk la, sitou tansyon ant elit milat ak chèf nwa yo. Lè li vin adilt, li ale [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] pou kòmanse karyè li nan lame. Travay sa a make yon gwo chanjman nan lavi li : li kite konfò fanmi boujwa li pou l antre dirèkteman nan mitan jwèt pouvwa ak reyalite politik peyi a. Yon bagay ki te fè anpil moun sezi, se chwa li fè pou sèvi nan gouvènman anperyal [[Faustin Soulouque]]. Soulouque, yon lidè nwa ki te louvètman kont milat yo, te parèt kòm tout sa milieux fanmi Salnave a pa t dakò avè l. Men, malgre sa, Salnave fè tèt li remake byen vit nan kanpay militè Soulouque yo kont [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]], nan ane 1850 yo<ref name=":0">{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=James Grant|nom1=Wilson|prénom2=John|nom2=Fiske|titre=Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography|sous-titre=Pickering-Sumter|éditeur=D. Appleton|année=1898|pages totales=378|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbBAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA378&dq=Sylvain+Salnave}}.</ref>. Se sou chan batay la li montre kouraj li, frèt san li, ak gou li pou aksyon, sa ki fè sòlda yo renmen l epi mete l kòm yon figi ki t ap monte nan lame anperyal la. Lè Soulouque tonbe nan 1859 apre koudeta [[Fabre Geffrard]], Salnave rete endiferan. Li pa t ni defann anperè a ak tout fòs, ni li pa t parèt kòm yon gwo patizan nouvo rejim lan. Li chwazi obsève, san li pa mele twòp. Men atitid sa a pa dire lontan. Depi 1860, li pran pozisyon kont diktati Geffrard li te konsidere twòp opresif. Angajman sa a mete l vit nan kolimèt pouvwa a, fòse l pran wout ekzil. Se nan ekzil sa a pèsonalite politik Salnave a vin fòme vre : li pa t janm rete san fè anyen. Li konplote, li patisipe nan plizyè konplo, e li toujou ap reve sou moman li pral tounen Ayiti avèk viktwa. Jènès li, ki te kòmanse nan konfò yon fanmi boujwa epi ki te kontinye nan mitan lamè ak jwèt politik, prepare l pou yon sò twoub, kote lit pou pouvwa ak afimasyon otorite l t ap vin siyati li. === Egzil ak konplo === [[Fabre Geffrard]], ki gen popilarite a te kòmanse bese, pa t gen pouvwa pou l pini Salnave, ki te byen vit etabli tèt li kòm opozan prensipal rejim la. Li ankouraje ak ankouraje insurrection fwontyè souvan. An 1864, li te ankouraje yon rezirèksyon nan nò Ayiti, men mouvman an te sispann pa otorite lokal yo. An jiyè 1866, Salnave te dirije yon nouvo soulèvman nan [[Gonayiv (komin)|Gonayiv]]. Malgre li te bat ankò, revòlt la te kontinye grandi jiskaske li te siprime. Alafen, tout tantativ Salnave pou ranvèse rejim la se echèk. An 1866, li te etabli li an ekzil sou zile Curaçao, avèk patizan [[Faustin Soulouque]] yo. Li sèvi ak konfyans Soulouquist yo pou l jwenn finansman pou sèten pwojè koudeta an Ayiti. == Konkèt pouvwa a == === Pwojè Rebelyon === [[Fichye:Fabre Geffrard, PA07121.jpg|vignette|306x306px|[[Fabre Geffrard]].]] Avèk nouvo sipò finansye, patikilyèman nan men ansyen aristokrat ayisyen ki te ekzile nan [[Jamayik]] ak [[Frans|Lafrans]], Salnave te prepare yon nouvo plan pou konbat rejim Geffrard la. Apati Desanm 1866, Salnave te tounen Ayiti an kachèt e li te kòmanse yon nouvo soulèvman depi [[Gonayiv (komin)|Gonayiv]]. Plizyè nan sipòtè li yo te netralize pa otorite yo, men Salnave jere kouri ale Gonayiv, nan direksyon sid, kote frè, [[Jean-Baptiste Séraphin II Salnave|Jean-Baptiste Séraphin II]], l 'lanse yon rebelyon lokal. Yo bay yon manda arestasyon kont Salnave ak frè l la, k ap dirije kòmansman yon lagè geriya nan sid la. Salnave gen konviksyon ke yon koudeta pap pèmèt li pran pouvwa a, epi fòk yon lagè kòmanse febli pouvwa santral la ak otorite rejim yo. Men, sistèm nasyonal la, refòme pa Geffrard, tèlman ranfòse ke tantativ Salnave pou kòmanse yon gwo rebelyon koupe kout, sèlman pa entèvansyon otorite lokal yo, san yo pa bezwen twoup ki soti nan kapital la, ki pwouve efikasite nan Geffrard la politik defans nasyonal. Salnave ekri yon manifè kote li mande "trayitè" Geffrard demisyone, epi li mande tout Ayisyen ki reve nasyon yo a reprann grandè pou yo vin jwenn li epi pran zam kont rejim la. Apèl Salnave sèlman swiv nan sid peyi a, kote patizan li yo ap rasanble. Ansyen ofisye ak lyetnan Anpi a, ki te ranvwaye akoz pwoksimite yo ak ansyen [[Dezyèm Anpi Ayiti|rejim Enperyal]] la, rantre nan rebelyon an. Ansyen manm aristokrasi a, nan kache oswa nan ekzil, rasanble alantou Salnave ki vle kòmanse yon gè sivil pou fè desann Geffrard ak rejim diktati an. === Koudeta === Men, lagè a imajine pa Salnave pa pete, premye vil ki nan rebelyon yo pran pa otorite yo, epi Salnave jis chape anba yon tantativ asasina pa yon senpatizan Geffrard. Nan mwa fevriye 1867, reyalize ke Rebelyon Sid la te sou fen, Salnave monte nan yon bato ak yon gwoup sòlda. Li debake nan yon ti pò byen lwen gwo pò [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], li mete dife nan prensipal enfrastrikti li jwenn yo. Panike, plizyè rezidan nan kapital la pè yon atak ame. Gen kèk pran zam, lòt moun panike, kache, kouri, pandan ke kèk konsidere rann tèt. Dezenfòmasyon salnavis pèmèt rebèl yo antre nan kapital la. Lè mesye Salnave yo te pran kontwòl kèk kazèn, yo te tire kanon sou bilding ofisyèl yo. Batayon ki responsab defann kapital la konplètman gaye akòz divès dife ak piyaj ki fèt atravè vil la. Okouran de menas reyèl la, Geffrard bay lòd pou yon pati nan gad prezidansyèl la asire sekirite nan [[Chanm Depite|Chanm depite]] a ak [[Sena ayisyen|Sena]] a. Men, Salnave te tire sou Chanm nan anvan rive gad prezidansyèl la, answit sezi chanm Sena a. Pran an otaj, kèk palmantè dakò rekonèt Salnave kòm chèf yon gouvènman pwovizwa, men gen lòt ki refize. Moun ki refize yo bat pou yo touye oswa fòse yo demisyone. Lè Geffrard te aprann kaptire Chanm lan ak Sena a, li te ekri yon lèt bay Salnave kote li te mande l pou l lage reprezantan pèp la. Men, konsyan ke koudeta li a te sou pou chavire gouvènman an, Salnave inyore apèl prezidan an pou kalm epi mennen yon rejiman enfantri ki te rasanble bò kote l ', nan direksyon palè nasyonal la<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/231947/sylvain-salnave-la-douce-amere-michel-soukar-allume-les-projecteurs-de-lhistoire|title=Sylvain Salnave, la douce amère: Michel Soukar allume les projecteurs de l'histoire . Le Nouvelliste|language=en|access-date=2024-04-29}}</ref>. Lè yo te aprann Salnave rive nan palè a, Geffrard te ezite sou ki aksyon pou l pran. Ofisye li yo asire l ke gad prezidansyèl la kapab defann palè a ak bat Salnave, men pwoblèm nan se ke lòt moun ki soti nan Salnave yo te rasanble nan lòt distri nan vil la, epi ke kapital la ap tonbe piti piti nan men rebèl yo . 13 mas 1867, li te refize nenpòt san koule, Geffrard te ekri lèt demisyon<ref name=":1">{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=Jacques Nicolas|nom1=Léger|titre=Haiti, Her History and Her Detractors|éditeur=Neale Publishing Company|année=1907|pages totales=211–216|lire en ligne=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Haiti:_Her_History_and_Her_Detractors/Part_I:_Chapter_XVI}}.</ref>. [[Fichye:Sylvain Salnave .jpg|gauche|vignette|Sylvain Salnave.]] Apre demisyon sa a, manm gouvènman yo kite vil la epi yo ale nan Salnave ki rive triyonf devan [[Palè nasyonal (Ayiti)|palè prezidansyèl la]]. Salnave pa t pran pouvwa touswit. Se pa tout lame a ki te mete tèt ansanm avè l, epi yo te etabli yon gouvènman pwovizwa. [[Nissage Saget]], yon asosye pwòch Geffrard, te dirije gouvènman an, ki te negosye okòmansman ak Salnave epi ki te enplike l nan aksyon gouvènman an. Men, de mwa apre, Salnave te lakòz tonbe gouvènman pwovizwa a lè li te pouse patizan l yo pran Palè Nasyonal la an vyolans. Nan dat 2 me 1867, Saget te demisyone epi li te fonn gouvènman an. Nan dat 4 me, Salnave te pran pouvwa a avèk tit Pwotektè Nasyon an. Men, rejim li a te oblije fè fas a plizyè lagè sivil konstan ant diferan faksyon yo ki te defye pouvwa li apre sispansyon konstitisyon an<ref>Jan Rogozinski, , New York, Facts on File, Inc., 1999, Revised <abbr>éd.</abbr>, 220 <abbr>p.</abbr> <small>(<nowiki>ISBN 0-8160-3811-2</nowiki>, lire en ligne [archive] )</small></ref>. === Konkèt ak afimasyon nouvo rejim nan === Trè vit, Nissage Saget te etabli li nan Nò a kote li te kritike politik Salnave yo epi li te patisipe nan plizyè rebelyon. Pifò nan ansyen minis Geffrard yo, ansanm ak kèk palmantè, te rejwenn Saget nan Kap, ki te vin tounen yon boulwa final kont Salnave. Men byen vit, atak vyolan, bonm, eksplozyon ak lòt dife te febli dènye fòs yo ki pa t ase anpil ankò pou asire pwoteksyon tout vil la ak zòn ki antoure Kap. Saget dekrete mobilizasyon jeneral, li mande tout Ayisyen pran zam pou libète, epi vin defann Kap. Men apèl Saget yo pa ase ankò. Pou anpeche yon beny san, li bay lòd pou yo abandone Kap Ayisyen bay Salnavis yo, 24 jen 1867. Lè yo evite yon batay vyolan ak pèdi, Saget te kenbe kèk inite sòlda, sa ki te pèmèt li pwoteje retrè li a, ak retire li ak gouvènman li pi lwen nan nò, nan direksyon lwès la. [[Mòl Sen Nikola (komin)|Mòl Sen Nikola]] tounen nouvo refij repibliken yo. Saget tabli gouvenman li la, li refize pran wout ekzil la e kite peyi a pou Salnave san batay. Bò kote pa l, pwotèktè a gou viktwa l. Li kontwole prèske tout peyi a, epi yon bon pati nan nò a te rasanble sou li malgre rezistans an. Sepandan, li fè yon erè. Olye pou yo lanse yon atak dirèk ak soutni kont dènye fòs Saget yo, Salnave te prefere pasize nò a ak Kap, konsa bay Sagetist yo tan pou asire defans yo alantou Mòl Sen Nikola. == Diktati Salnave la == == Zèv li yo == *Sa li fè == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Avi otorite : VIAFISNIIdRefLCCNWorldCat]]{{DEFAULTSORT:Salnave, Sylvain}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Politisyen]] [[Kategori:Politisyen ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Prezidan Ayiti]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1826]] [[Kategori:Lanmò 1870]] n4mlv8golfzeynq7ligbcjzj36a2un7 0 32433 889822 889811 2026-11-05T12:23:23Z Kitanago 19629 889822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox Pèsonalite politik |non=Élie Lescot |fonksyon1=[[prezidan]] [[Ayiti]] | a pati fonksyon 1 = 15 me 1941 | jiska fonksyon 1 = 11 janvye 1946 |dat nesans=[[9 desanm]] [[1883]] |lye nesans=[[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]] |peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]] |dat lanmò=[[20 oktòb]] [[1974]] |lye lanmò=Laboul |peyi lanmò=[[Ayiti]] |nasyonalite=ayisyen |konjwen=Corinne Jean-Pierre, Georgina Saint-Aude († 1984) |zèv= |nòt= }} '''Antoine Louis Léocardie Élie Lescot''', ki fèt [[9 desanm]] [[1883]] nan [[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]] epi ki mouri [[20 oktòb]] [[1974]] nan Laboul ([[Ayiti]]), te yon [[prezidan]] [[Ayiti]]. Manda li te 15 me 1941–11 janvye 1946. == Biyografi == === Jenès === Elie lescot fèt 9 desanm 1883 nan komin Sen Lwi dinò a. Papa li te fèblantye. A ventan, li ale nan kapital la, [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], pou li etidye medsin apre li fin fè etid segondè nan [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap Ayisyen]]. Li te resevwa diplòm li e li te vin yon famasyen. Li deplase [[Pòdpè (komin)|Pòdpè]] pou li travay nan sektè ekspòtasyon-enpòtasyon. Apre lanmò premye madanm li an 1911, Lescot te antre nan politik. Li te eli depite nan [[Chanm Depite]] de (2) ane pita. Apre yon sejou kat ane an [[Frans]] pandan okipasyon Ameriken an (1915 rive 1934), li te retounen e li te okipe pòs nan administrasyon [[Louis Borno]] ak [[Sténio Vincent]]. Kat (4) ane apre, li te nonmen anbasadè nan [[Repiblik Dominikèn]], kote li te konkli, nan non gouvènman li, yon alyans ak Prezidan [[Rafael Trujillo]]. Ansuit, li te deplase nan [[Wachintòn]] apre li te nonmen anbasadè [[Etazini|Ozetazini]]. === Kòmansman karyè politik === [[Fichye:TrujilloVincentLescot1935.jpg|left|thumb|alt=|202x202px|(de goch a dwat), Lescot answit Sekretè Deta, [[Sténio Vincent]] ak [[Rafael Trujillo]].]] Lyen sere politik ak ekonomik li ak Etazini yo te ede mete baz pou monte li nan tèt peyi a. Li te resevwa sipò tasit nan men Depatman Deta pou kanpay prezidansyèl li pou li te pran plas [[Sténio Vincent]] an 1941, anba etikèt [[Lis pati politik ayisyen|Pati Repibliken Ayisyen]] an (PRH). Manm enpòtan nan [[Chanm Depite]] a te opoze kandidati li a, yo te diskite ke Ayiti bezwen yon prezidan pwogresis, pre goch sosyalis la. Lescot pwofite èd Trujillo. Li finanse kanpay li gras ak sipò finansye bank yo.<ref name="truel">{{cite web|author=John Pike|title=Haiti - 1941-1946 - Elie Lescot|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/history-13.htm|editor=|accessdate=21 desanm 2014}}</ref>. Jou eleksyon an, Lescot te genyen 36 sou 58 vòt lejislatè yo jete kont prensipal opozan li a, depite Max Hudicourt, ki te deklare maj viktwa a se akòz entimidasyon ak [[koripsyon]]. Lescot te byen vit te pran mezi pou konsolide kontwòl li sou aparèy leta a. Li te nonmen tèt li chèf gad militè a ak li te nonmen pwòp pitit gason li nan pòs gouvènman enpòtan. Aksyon sa a te fè li gran deden nan men vas majorite nan popilasyon an. == Prezidans Repiblik la == == Fen lavi == Lescot te eseye bay gad militè yo lòd pou yo kraze manifestasyon yo, men yo te rejte. Konvenki ke lavi yo te an danje, Lescot ak kabinè l 'te kouri ann egzil. Yon jent militè ki te dirije pa [[Franck Lavaud]] pran pouvwa a e li pran desizyon pou òganize eleksyon. Touswit apre egzil Lescot, radyo endepandan ak medya ekriti te pwospere, e gwoup disidan yo te siprime depi lontan te eksprime optimis sou avni Ayiti. Léon Dumarsais Estimé finalman pran plas Lescot kòm chèf Repiblik la. Lescot te retounen ann Ayiti pandan ane 1950 yo. Retire sou tè li, li te youn nan ansyen prezidan ki ra ki pa pran wout ekzil apre aparisyon [[Dinasti Duvalier|rejim Divalye]] a. Li mouri 20 oktòb 1974 a laj de 90 an. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/history-13.htm Élie Lescot] sou globalsecurity.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Lescot, Élie}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Politik]] [[Kategori:Prezidan Ayiti]] [[Kategori:Politisyen]] [[Kategori:Politisyen ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1883]] [[kategori:lanmò 1974]] mv6yudlzqoiyqk0qj8ah0vv2a1motkz 889823 889822 2026-11-05T12:25:26Z Kitanago 19629 889823 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox Pèsonalite politik | charte = Chef d'État |imaj= Élie Lescot, 1883-1974 (cropped).jpg |Lejand=Prezidan Élie Lescot |non=Élie Lescot |fonksyon1=[[prezidan]] [[Ayiti]] | a pati fonksyon 1 = 15 me 1941 | jiska fonksyon 1 = 11 janvye 1946 | predesesè 1 = [[Sténio Vincent]] | siksesè 1 = [[Franck Lavaud]] <small>(enterim)</small><br />[[Dumarsais Estimé]] |dat nesans=[[9 desanm]] [[1883]] |lye nesans=[[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]] |peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]] |dat lanmò=[[20 oktòb]] [[1974]] |lye lanmò=Laboul |peyi lanmò=[[Ayiti]] |nasyonalite=ayisyen |konjwen=Corinne Jean-Pierre, Georgina Saint-Aude († 1984) |zèv= |nòt= }} '''Antoine Louis Léocardie Élie Lescot''', ki fèt [[9 desanm]] [[1883]] nan [[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]] epi ki mouri [[20 oktòb]] [[1974]] nan Laboul ([[Ayiti]]), te yon [[prezidan]] [[Ayiti]]. Manda li te 15 me 1941–11 janvye 1946. == Biyografi == === Jenès === Elie lescot fèt 9 desanm 1883 nan komin Sen Lwi dinò a. Papa li te fèblantye. A ventan, li ale nan kapital la, [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], pou li etidye medsin apre li fin fè etid segondè nan [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap Ayisyen]]. Li te resevwa diplòm li e li te vin yon famasyen. Li deplase [[Pòdpè (komin)|Pòdpè]] pou li travay nan sektè ekspòtasyon-enpòtasyon. Apre lanmò premye madanm li an 1911, Lescot te antre nan politik. Li te eli depite nan [[Chanm Depite]] de (2) ane pita. Apre yon sejou kat ane an [[Frans]] pandan okipasyon Ameriken an (1915 rive 1934), li te retounen e li te okipe pòs nan administrasyon [[Louis Borno]] ak [[Sténio Vincent]]. Kat (4) ane apre, li te nonmen anbasadè nan [[Repiblik Dominikèn]], kote li te konkli, nan non gouvènman li, yon alyans ak Prezidan [[Rafael Trujillo]]. Ansuit, li te deplase nan [[Wachintòn]] apre li te nonmen anbasadè [[Etazini|Ozetazini]]. === Kòmansman karyè politik === [[Fichye:TrujilloVincentLescot1935.jpg|left|thumb|alt=|202x202px|(de goch a dwat), Lescot answit Sekretè Deta, [[Sténio Vincent]] ak [[Rafael Trujillo]].]] Lyen sere politik ak ekonomik li ak Etazini yo te ede mete baz pou monte li nan tèt peyi a. Li te resevwa sipò tasit nan men Depatman Deta pou kanpay prezidansyèl li pou li te pran plas [[Sténio Vincent]] an 1941, anba etikèt [[Lis pati politik ayisyen|Pati Repibliken Ayisyen]] an (PRH). Manm enpòtan nan [[Chanm Depite]] a te opoze kandidati li a, yo te diskite ke Ayiti bezwen yon prezidan pwogresis, pre goch sosyalis la. Lescot pwofite èd Trujillo. Li finanse kanpay li gras ak sipò finansye bank yo.<ref name="truel">{{cite web|author=John Pike|title=Haiti - 1941-1946 - Elie Lescot|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/history-13.htm|editor=|accessdate=21 desanm 2014}}</ref>. Jou eleksyon an, Lescot te genyen 36 sou 58 vòt lejislatè yo jete kont prensipal opozan li a, depite Max Hudicourt, ki te deklare maj viktwa a se akòz entimidasyon ak [[koripsyon]]. Lescot te byen vit te pran mezi pou konsolide kontwòl li sou aparèy leta a. Li te nonmen tèt li chèf gad militè a ak li te nonmen pwòp pitit gason li nan pòs gouvènman enpòtan. Aksyon sa a te fè li gran deden nan men vas majorite nan popilasyon an. == Prezidans Repiblik la == == Fen lavi == Lescot te eseye bay gad militè yo lòd pou yo kraze manifestasyon yo, men yo te rejte. Konvenki ke lavi yo te an danje, Lescot ak kabinè l 'te kouri ann egzil. Yon jent militè ki te dirije pa [[Franck Lavaud]] pran pouvwa a e li pran desizyon pou òganize eleksyon. Touswit apre egzil Lescot, radyo endepandan ak medya ekriti te pwospere, e gwoup disidan yo te siprime depi lontan te eksprime optimis sou avni Ayiti. Léon Dumarsais Estimé finalman pran plas Lescot kòm chèf Repiblik la. Lescot te retounen ann Ayiti pandan ane 1950 yo. Retire sou tè li, li te youn nan ansyen prezidan ki ra ki pa pran wout ekzil apre aparisyon [[Dinasti Duvalier|rejim Divalye]] a. Li mouri 20 oktòb 1974 a laj de 90 an. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/history-13.htm Élie Lescot] sou globalsecurity.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Lescot, Élie}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Politik]] [[Kategori:Prezidan Ayiti]] [[Kategori:Politisyen]] [[Kategori:Politisyen ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1883]] [[kategori:lanmò 1974]] 25ww1ovdmhso5px7slw9mk5vim8mapz 889824 889823 2026-11-05T12:28:55Z Kitanago 19629 889824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox Pèsonalite politik | charte = Chef d'État |imaj= Élie Lescot, 1883-1974 (cropped).jpg |Lejand=Prezidan Élie Lescot |non=Élie Lescot |fonksyon1=[[prezidan]] [[Ayiti]] | a pati fonksyon 1 = 15 me 1941 | jiska fonksyon 1 = 11 janvye 1946 | predesesè 1 = [[Sténio Vincent]] | siksesè 1 = [[Franck Lavaud]] <small>(enterim)</small><br />[[Dumarsais Estimé]] | fonction1 = Senatè [[Lwès(depatman)|Lwès]] | a pati fonksyon2 = {{dat|18|janvye|1941}} | jiska fonksyon2 = {{dat|15|me|1941}} | prezidan repiblik 2 = [[Sténio Vincent]] |dat nesans=[[9 desanm]] [[1883]] |lye nesans=[[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]] |peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]] |dat lanmò=[[20 oktòb]] [[1974]] |lye lanmò=Laboul |peyi lanmò=[[Ayiti]] |nasyonalite=ayisyen |konjwen=Corinne Jean-Pierre, Georgina Saint-Aude († 1984) |zèv= |nòt= }} '''Antoine Louis Léocardie Élie Lescot''', ki fèt [[9 desanm]] [[1883]] nan [[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]] epi ki mouri [[20 oktòb]] [[1974]] nan Laboul ([[Ayiti]]), te yon [[prezidan]] [[Ayiti]]. Manda li te 15 me 1941–11 janvye 1946. == Biyografi == === Jenès === Elie lescot fèt 9 desanm 1883 nan komin Sen Lwi dinò a. Papa li te fèblantye. A ventan, li ale nan kapital la, [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], pou li etidye medsin apre li fin fè etid segondè nan [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap Ayisyen]]. Li te resevwa diplòm li e li te vin yon famasyen. Li deplase [[Pòdpè (komin)|Pòdpè]] pou li travay nan sektè ekspòtasyon-enpòtasyon. Apre lanmò premye madanm li an 1911, Lescot te antre nan politik. Li te eli depite nan [[Chanm Depite]] de (2) ane pita. Apre yon sejou kat ane an [[Frans]] pandan okipasyon Ameriken an (1915 rive 1934), li te retounen e li te okipe pòs nan administrasyon [[Louis Borno]] ak [[Sténio Vincent]]. Kat (4) ane apre, li te nonmen anbasadè nan [[Repiblik Dominikèn]], kote li te konkli, nan non gouvènman li, yon alyans ak Prezidan [[Rafael Trujillo]]. Ansuit, li te deplase nan [[Wachintòn]] apre li te nonmen anbasadè [[Etazini|Ozetazini]]. === Kòmansman karyè politik === [[Fichye:TrujilloVincentLescot1935.jpg|left|thumb|alt=|202x202px|(de goch a dwat), Lescot answit Sekretè Deta, [[Sténio Vincent]] ak [[Rafael Trujillo]].]] Lyen sere politik ak ekonomik li ak Etazini yo te ede mete baz pou monte li nan tèt peyi a. Li te resevwa sipò tasit nan men Depatman Deta pou kanpay prezidansyèl li pou li te pran plas [[Sténio Vincent]] an 1941, anba etikèt [[Lis pati politik ayisyen|Pati Repibliken Ayisyen]] an (PRH). Manm enpòtan nan [[Chanm Depite]] a te opoze kandidati li a, yo te diskite ke Ayiti bezwen yon prezidan pwogresis, pre goch sosyalis la. Lescot pwofite èd Trujillo. Li finanse kanpay li gras ak sipò finansye bank yo.<ref name="truel">{{cite web|author=John Pike|title=Haiti - 1941-1946 - Elie Lescot|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/history-13.htm|editor=|accessdate=21 desanm 2014}}</ref>. Jou eleksyon an, Lescot te genyen 36 sou 58 vòt lejislatè yo jete kont prensipal opozan li a, depite Max Hudicourt, ki te deklare maj viktwa a se akòz entimidasyon ak [[koripsyon]]. Lescot te byen vit te pran mezi pou konsolide kontwòl li sou aparèy leta a. Li te nonmen tèt li chèf gad militè a ak li te nonmen pwòp pitit gason li nan pòs gouvènman enpòtan. Aksyon sa a te fè li gran deden nan men vas majorite nan popilasyon an. == Prezidans Repiblik la == == Fen lavi == Lescot te eseye bay gad militè yo lòd pou yo kraze manifestasyon yo, men yo te rejte. Konvenki ke lavi yo te an danje, Lescot ak kabinè l 'te kouri ann egzil. Yon jent militè ki te dirije pa [[Franck Lavaud]] pran pouvwa a e li pran desizyon pou òganize eleksyon. Touswit apre egzil Lescot, radyo endepandan ak medya ekriti te pwospere, e gwoup disidan yo te siprime depi lontan te eksprime optimis sou avni Ayiti. Léon Dumarsais Estimé finalman pran plas Lescot kòm chèf Repiblik la. Lescot te retounen ann Ayiti pandan ane 1950 yo. Retire sou tè li, li te youn nan ansyen prezidan ki ra ki pa pran wout ekzil apre aparisyon [[Dinasti Duvalier|rejim Divalye]] a. Li mouri 20 oktòb 1974 a laj de 90 an. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/history-13.htm Élie Lescot] sou globalsecurity.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Lescot, Élie}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Politik]] [[Kategori:Prezidan Ayiti]] [[Kategori:Politisyen]] [[Kategori:Politisyen ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1883]] [[kategori:lanmò 1974]] e3s5dysg7igj8nfqxs57gkin354wyb6 889825 889824 2026-11-05T12:30:37Z Kitanago 19629 889825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox Pèsonalite politik | charte = Chef d'État |imaj= Élie Lescot, 1883-1974 (cropped).jpg |Lejand=Prezidan Élie Lescot |non=Élie Lescot |fonksyon1=[[prezidan]] [[Ayiti]] | a pati fonksyon 1 = 15 me 1941 | jiska fonksyon 1 = 11 janvye 1946 | predesesè 1 = [[Sténio Vincent]] | siksesè 1 = [[Franck Lavaud]] <small>(enterim)</small><br />[[Dumarsais Estimé]] | fonksyon2 = Senatè [[Lwès (depatman)|Lwès]] | a pati fonksyon 2 = {{dat|18|janvye|1941}} | jiska fonksyon 2 = {{dat|15|me|1941}} | prezidan repiblik 2 = [[Sténio Vincent]] |dat nesans=[[9 desanm]] [[1883]] |lye nesans=[[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]] |peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]] |dat lanmò=[[20 oktòb]] [[1974]] |lye lanmò=Laboul |peyi lanmò=[[Ayiti]] |nasyonalite=ayisyen |konjwen=Corinne Jean-Pierre, Georgina Saint-Aude († 1984) |zèv= |nòt= }} '''Antoine Louis Léocardie Élie Lescot''', ki fèt [[9 desanm]] [[1883]] nan [[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]] epi ki mouri [[20 oktòb]] [[1974]] nan Laboul ([[Ayiti]]), te yon [[prezidan]] [[Ayiti]]. Manda li te 15 me 1941–11 janvye 1946. == Biyografi == === Jenès === Elie lescot fèt 9 desanm 1883 nan komin Sen Lwi dinò a. Papa li te fèblantye. A ventan, li ale nan kapital la, [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], pou li etidye medsin apre li fin fè etid segondè nan [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap Ayisyen]]. Li te resevwa diplòm li e li te vin yon famasyen. Li deplase [[Pòdpè (komin)|Pòdpè]] pou li travay nan sektè ekspòtasyon-enpòtasyon. Apre lanmò premye madanm li an 1911, Lescot te antre nan politik. Li te eli depite nan [[Chanm Depite]] de (2) ane pita. Apre yon sejou kat ane an [[Frans]] pandan okipasyon Ameriken an (1915 rive 1934), li te retounen e li te okipe pòs nan administrasyon [[Louis Borno]] ak [[Sténio Vincent]]. Kat (4) ane apre, li te nonmen anbasadè nan [[Repiblik Dominikèn]], kote li te konkli, nan non gouvènman li, yon alyans ak Prezidan [[Rafael Trujillo]]. Ansuit, li te deplase nan [[Wachintòn]] apre li te nonmen anbasadè [[Etazini|Ozetazini]]. === Kòmansman karyè politik === [[Fichye:TrujilloVincentLescot1935.jpg|left|thumb|alt=|202x202px|(de goch a dwat), Lescot answit Sekretè Deta, [[Sténio Vincent]] ak [[Rafael Trujillo]].]] Lyen sere politik ak ekonomik li ak Etazini yo te ede mete baz pou monte li nan tèt peyi a. Li te resevwa sipò tasit nan men Depatman Deta pou kanpay prezidansyèl li pou li te pran plas [[Sténio Vincent]] an 1941, anba etikèt [[Lis pati politik ayisyen|Pati Repibliken Ayisyen]] an (PRH). Manm enpòtan nan [[Chanm Depite]] a te opoze kandidati li a, yo te diskite ke Ayiti bezwen yon prezidan pwogresis, pre goch sosyalis la. Lescot pwofite èd Trujillo. Li finanse kanpay li gras ak sipò finansye bank yo.<ref name="truel">{{cite web|author=John Pike|title=Haiti - 1941-1946 - Elie Lescot|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/history-13.htm|editor=|accessdate=21 desanm 2014}}</ref>. Jou eleksyon an, Lescot te genyen 36 sou 58 vòt lejislatè yo jete kont prensipal opozan li a, depite Max Hudicourt, ki te deklare maj viktwa a se akòz entimidasyon ak [[koripsyon]]. Lescot te byen vit te pran mezi pou konsolide kontwòl li sou aparèy leta a. Li te nonmen tèt li chèf gad militè a ak li te nonmen pwòp pitit gason li nan pòs gouvènman enpòtan. Aksyon sa a te fè li gran deden nan men vas majorite nan popilasyon an. == Prezidans Repiblik la == == Fen lavi == Lescot te eseye bay gad militè yo lòd pou yo kraze manifestasyon yo, men yo te rejte. Konvenki ke lavi yo te an danje, Lescot ak kabinè l 'te kouri ann egzil. Yon jent militè ki te dirije pa [[Franck Lavaud]] pran pouvwa a e li pran desizyon pou òganize eleksyon. Touswit apre egzil Lescot, radyo endepandan ak medya ekriti te pwospere, e gwoup disidan yo te siprime depi lontan te eksprime optimis sou avni Ayiti. Léon Dumarsais Estimé finalman pran plas Lescot kòm chèf Repiblik la. Lescot te retounen ann Ayiti pandan ane 1950 yo. Retire sou tè li, li te youn nan ansyen prezidan ki ra ki pa pran wout ekzil apre aparisyon [[Dinasti Duvalier|rejim Divalye]] a. Li mouri 20 oktòb 1974 a laj de 90 an. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/history-13.htm Élie Lescot] sou globalsecurity.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Lescot, Élie}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Politik]] [[Kategori:Prezidan Ayiti]] [[Kategori:Politisyen]] [[Kategori:Politisyen ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1883]] [[kategori:lanmò 1974]] 0dfx48oqikhag4zq1y1cd7kxcemih3x 889826 889825 2026-11-05T12:31:52Z Kitanago 19629 889826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox Pèsonalite politik | charte = Chef d'État |imaj= Élie Lescot, 1883-1974 (cropped).jpg |Lejand=Prezidan Élie Lescot |non=Élie Lescot |fonksyon1=[[prezidan]] [[Ayiti]] | a pati fonksyon 1 = 15 me 1941 | jiska fonksyon 1 = 11 janvye 1946 | predesesè 1 = [[Sténio Vincent]] | siksesè 1 = [[Franck Lavaud]] <small>(enterim)</small><br />[[Dumarsais Estimé]] | fonksyon2 = Senatè [[Lwès (depatman)|Lwès]] | a pati fonksyon 2 = {{dat|18|janvye|1941}} | jiska fonksyon 2 = {{dat|15|me|1941}} | prezidan repiblik 2 = [[Sténio Vincent]] |dat nesans=[[9 desanm]] [[1883]] |lye nesans=[[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]] |peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]] |dat lanmò=[[20 oktòb]] [[1974]] |lye lanmò=Laboul |peyi lanmò=[[Ayiti]] |nasyonalite=ayisyen |konjwen=Corinne Jean-Pierre, Georgina Saint-Aude († 1984) |zèv= |nòt= | pwofesyon = [[famasi|Famasyen]] | amblèm = Coat of arms of Republic of Haiti (1859–1964).svg }} '''Antoine Louis Léocardie Élie Lescot''', ki fèt [[9 desanm]] [[1883]] nan [[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]] epi ki mouri [[20 oktòb]] [[1974]] nan Laboul ([[Ayiti]]), te yon [[prezidan]] [[Ayiti]]. Manda li te 15 me 1941–11 janvye 1946. == Biyografi == === Jenès === Elie lescot fèt 9 desanm 1883 nan komin Sen Lwi dinò a. Papa li te fèblantye. A ventan, li ale nan kapital la, [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], pou li etidye medsin apre li fin fè etid segondè nan [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap Ayisyen]]. Li te resevwa diplòm li e li te vin yon famasyen. Li deplase [[Pòdpè (komin)|Pòdpè]] pou li travay nan sektè ekspòtasyon-enpòtasyon. Apre lanmò premye madanm li an 1911, Lescot te antre nan politik. Li te eli depite nan [[Chanm Depite]] de (2) ane pita. Apre yon sejou kat ane an [[Frans]] pandan okipasyon Ameriken an (1915 rive 1934), li te retounen e li te okipe pòs nan administrasyon [[Louis Borno]] ak [[Sténio Vincent]]. Kat (4) ane apre, li te nonmen anbasadè nan [[Repiblik Dominikèn]], kote li te konkli, nan non gouvènman li, yon alyans ak Prezidan [[Rafael Trujillo]]. Ansuit, li te deplase nan [[Wachintòn]] apre li te nonmen anbasadè [[Etazini|Ozetazini]]. === Kòmansman karyè politik === [[Fichye:TrujilloVincentLescot1935.jpg|left|thumb|alt=|202x202px|(de goch a dwat), Lescot answit Sekretè Deta, [[Sténio Vincent]] ak [[Rafael Trujillo]].]] Lyen sere politik ak ekonomik li ak Etazini yo te ede mete baz pou monte li nan tèt peyi a. Li te resevwa sipò tasit nan men Depatman Deta pou kanpay prezidansyèl li pou li te pran plas [[Sténio Vincent]] an 1941, anba etikèt [[Lis pati politik ayisyen|Pati Repibliken Ayisyen]] an (PRH). Manm enpòtan nan [[Chanm Depite]] a te opoze kandidati li a, yo te diskite ke Ayiti bezwen yon prezidan pwogresis, pre goch sosyalis la. Lescot pwofite èd Trujillo. Li finanse kanpay li gras ak sipò finansye bank yo.<ref name="truel">{{cite web|author=John Pike|title=Haiti - 1941-1946 - Elie Lescot|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/history-13.htm|editor=|accessdate=21 desanm 2014}}</ref>. Jou eleksyon an, Lescot te genyen 36 sou 58 vòt lejislatè yo jete kont prensipal opozan li a, depite Max Hudicourt, ki te deklare maj viktwa a se akòz entimidasyon ak [[koripsyon]]. Lescot te byen vit te pran mezi pou konsolide kontwòl li sou aparèy leta a. Li te nonmen tèt li chèf gad militè a ak li te nonmen pwòp pitit gason li nan pòs gouvènman enpòtan. Aksyon sa a te fè li gran deden nan men vas majorite nan popilasyon an. == Prezidans Repiblik la == == Fen lavi == Lescot te eseye bay gad militè yo lòd pou yo kraze manifestasyon yo, men yo te rejte. Konvenki ke lavi yo te an danje, Lescot ak kabinè l 'te kouri ann egzil. Yon jent militè ki te dirije pa [[Franck Lavaud]] pran pouvwa a e li pran desizyon pou òganize eleksyon. Touswit apre egzil Lescot, radyo endepandan ak medya ekriti te pwospere, e gwoup disidan yo te siprime depi lontan te eksprime optimis sou avni Ayiti. Léon Dumarsais Estimé finalman pran plas Lescot kòm chèf Repiblik la. Lescot te retounen ann Ayiti pandan ane 1950 yo. Retire sou tè li, li te youn nan ansyen prezidan ki ra ki pa pran wout ekzil apre aparisyon [[Dinasti Duvalier|rejim Divalye]] a. Li mouri 20 oktòb 1974 a laj de 90 an. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/history-13.htm Élie Lescot] sou globalsecurity.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Lescot, Élie}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Politik]] [[Kategori:Prezidan Ayiti]] [[Kategori:Politisyen]] [[Kategori:Politisyen ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1883]] [[kategori:lanmò 1974]] ohlssu5mwau4rb5ozhwah3adzynf4nb 889827 889826 2026-11-05T12:32:08Z Kitanago 19629 889827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox Pèsonalite politik | charte = Chef d'État |imaj= Élie Lescot, 1883-1974 (cropped).jpg |Lejand=Prezidan Élie Lescot |non=Élie Lescot |fonksyon1=[[prezidan]] [[Ayiti]] | a pati fonksyon 1 = 15 me 1941 | jiska fonksyon 1 = 11 janvye 1946 | predesesè 1 = [[Sténio Vincent]] | siksesè 1 = [[Franck Lavaud]] <small>(enterim)</small><br />[[Dumarsais Estimé]] | fonksyon2 = Senatè [[Lwès (depatman)|Lwès]] | a pati fonksyon 2 = {{dat|18|janvye|1941}} | jiska fonksyon 2 = {{dat|15|me|1941}} | prezidan repiblik 2 = [[Sténio Vincent]] |dat nesans=[[9 desanm]] [[1883]] |lye nesans=[[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]] |peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]] |dat lanmò=[[20 oktòb]] [[1974]] |lye lanmò=Laboul |peyi lanmò=[[Ayiti]] |nasyonalite=ayisyen |konjwen=Corinne Jean-Pierre, Georgina Saint-Aude († 1984) |zèv= |nòt= | pwofesyon = [[famasi|Famasyen]] | anblèm = Coat of arms of Republic of Haiti (1859–1964).svg }} '''Antoine Louis Léocardie Élie Lescot''', ki fèt [[9 desanm]] [[1883]] nan [[Sen Lwi dinò (komin)|Sen Lwi dinò]] epi ki mouri [[20 oktòb]] [[1974]] nan Laboul ([[Ayiti]]), te yon [[prezidan]] [[Ayiti]]. Manda li te 15 me 1941–11 janvye 1946. == Biyografi == === Jenès === Elie lescot fèt 9 desanm 1883 nan komin Sen Lwi dinò a. Papa li te fèblantye. A ventan, li ale nan kapital la, [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], pou li etidye medsin apre li fin fè etid segondè nan [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap Ayisyen]]. Li te resevwa diplòm li e li te vin yon famasyen. Li deplase [[Pòdpè (komin)|Pòdpè]] pou li travay nan sektè ekspòtasyon-enpòtasyon. Apre lanmò premye madanm li an 1911, Lescot te antre nan politik. Li te eli depite nan [[Chanm Depite]] de (2) ane pita. Apre yon sejou kat ane an [[Frans]] pandan okipasyon Ameriken an (1915 rive 1934), li te retounen e li te okipe pòs nan administrasyon [[Louis Borno]] ak [[Sténio Vincent]]. Kat (4) ane apre, li te nonmen anbasadè nan [[Repiblik Dominikèn]], kote li te konkli, nan non gouvènman li, yon alyans ak Prezidan [[Rafael Trujillo]]. Ansuit, li te deplase nan [[Wachintòn]] apre li te nonmen anbasadè [[Etazini|Ozetazini]]. === Kòmansman karyè politik === [[Fichye:TrujilloVincentLescot1935.jpg|left|thumb|alt=|202x202px|(de goch a dwat), Lescot answit Sekretè Deta, [[Sténio Vincent]] ak [[Rafael Trujillo]].]] Lyen sere politik ak ekonomik li ak Etazini yo te ede mete baz pou monte li nan tèt peyi a. Li te resevwa sipò tasit nan men Depatman Deta pou kanpay prezidansyèl li pou li te pran plas [[Sténio Vincent]] an 1941, anba etikèt [[Lis pati politik ayisyen|Pati Repibliken Ayisyen]] an (PRH). Manm enpòtan nan [[Chanm Depite]] a te opoze kandidati li a, yo te diskite ke Ayiti bezwen yon prezidan pwogresis, pre goch sosyalis la. Lescot pwofite èd Trujillo. Li finanse kanpay li gras ak sipò finansye bank yo.<ref name="truel">{{cite web|author=John Pike|title=Haiti - 1941-1946 - Elie Lescot|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/history-13.htm|editor=|accessdate=21 desanm 2014}}</ref>. Jou eleksyon an, Lescot te genyen 36 sou 58 vòt lejislatè yo jete kont prensipal opozan li a, depite Max Hudicourt, ki te deklare maj viktwa a se akòz entimidasyon ak [[koripsyon]]. Lescot te byen vit te pran mezi pou konsolide kontwòl li sou aparèy leta a. Li te nonmen tèt li chèf gad militè a ak li te nonmen pwòp pitit gason li nan pòs gouvènman enpòtan. Aksyon sa a te fè li gran deden nan men vas majorite nan popilasyon an. == Prezidans Repiblik la == == Fen lavi == Lescot te eseye bay gad militè yo lòd pou yo kraze manifestasyon yo, men yo te rejte. Konvenki ke lavi yo te an danje, Lescot ak kabinè l 'te kouri ann egzil. Yon jent militè ki te dirije pa [[Franck Lavaud]] pran pouvwa a e li pran desizyon pou òganize eleksyon. Touswit apre egzil Lescot, radyo endepandan ak medya ekriti te pwospere, e gwoup disidan yo te siprime depi lontan te eksprime optimis sou avni Ayiti. Léon Dumarsais Estimé finalman pran plas Lescot kòm chèf Repiblik la. Lescot te retounen ann Ayiti pandan ane 1950 yo. Retire sou tè li, li te youn nan ansyen prezidan ki ra ki pa pran wout ekzil apre aparisyon [[Dinasti Duvalier|rejim Divalye]] a. Li mouri 20 oktòb 1974 a laj de 90 an. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/haiti/history-13.htm Élie Lescot] sou globalsecurity.org {{DEFAULTSORT:Lescot, Élie}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Politik]] [[Kategori:Prezidan Ayiti]] [[Kategori:Politisyen]] [[Kategori:Politisyen ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1883]] [[kategori:lanmò 1974]] 8o0pld74s7k24qrbrb2ba9znf4mhocq 0 58264 889937 850322 2026-11-05T18:10:25Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889937 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Imaj:H1N1 influenza virus.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Grip pòsin]] '''Grip pòsin''' se yon enfeksyon respiratwa ke [[viris]] grip la pwovoke epi li pwopaje nan kochon regilyèman. Yo rapòte nan peyi Meksik gen moun ki tonbe malad grav e ki mouri poutèt yo trape grip pòsin nan; sepandan ka kikonfime resaman nan peyi [[Etazini]] se dè ka ki pa twò grav.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/cd/swine_flu_faq-hc.pdf |title=Kopi achiv |access-date=2009-11-13 |archive-date=2009-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704054409/http://nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/cd/swine_flu_faq-hc.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Sentom == Sentòm grip pòsin yo sanble yo manifeste menm jan ak sentòm abityèl moun konn genyen lè yap pran grip e sentòm sa yo se lafyèv, tous, malgòj, kò fè mal, letèji (moun nan santi kò l kraze ak dòmi nan je l), maltèt, frison ak fatig. Gen moun ki fè konnen grip pòsin lan ba yo dyare ak vomisman. == Transmèt == Viris grip pòsin lan kapab transmèt dirèkteman ant [[kochon]] ak moun. Transmisyon de moun a moun posib tou, e sanble se sa kap fèt la avèk epidemi sila a. Li pwopaje sitou lè moun touse epi lè yo etènye. Moun ka trape enfeksyon an lè yo manyen yon bagay ki gen viris grip la sou li epi apresa yo manyen bouch yo oswa nen yo. Nenpòt moun ki gen kontak ak yon moun ki enfekte gen risk pou l pran grip pòsin. Li transmèt de yon moun a yon lòt moun menm jan viris grip la konn transmèt nan sezon grip: atravè ti patikil toupiti ki pwopaje nan lè nou respire a lè moun ki enfekte a touse oswa lè li etènye. == Prevansyon == Men pibon bagay pou fè pou evite pran li oswa pwopaje grip pòsin: * Ankouraje tout moun kouvri bouch yo ak nen yo lè yo touse oswa lè yo etènye. * Lave men w souvan ak savon e ak dlo, sitou lè w fin touse oswa lè w fin etènye. Ou ka itilize pwodui abaz alkòl ki fèt pou [[lave men]]; pwodui sa yo efikas tou. * Eseye pa rete pre moun ki malad. * Si w tonbe malad, evite pran kontak ak lòt moun pou w pa enfekte yo. Pwoteksyon sa yo se menm pwoteksyon moun pran lè se sezon grip e lè moun gen plizyè lòt enfeksyon respiratwa. == Kijan m ka pwoteje tèt mwen pou m pa pran grip pòsin? == Men pibon bagay pou fè pou evite pran oswa pwopaje grip pòsin: * Ankouraje tout moun kouvri bouch yo ak nen yo lè yo touse oswa lè yo etènye. * Lave men w souvan ak savon e ak dlo, sitou lè w fin touse oswa lè w fin etènye. Ou ka itilize pwodui abaz alkòl ki fèt pou lave men; pwodui sa yo efikas tou. * Eseye pa rete pre moun ki malad. * Si w tonbe malad, evite pran kontak ak lòt moun pou w pa enfekte yo. Pwoteksyon sa yo se menm pwoteksyon moun pran lè se sezon grip e lè moun gen plizyè lòt enfeksyon respiratwa. == Kisa pou m fè si m santi sentòm ki tankou sentòm grip? == Nenpòt kimoun ki gen lafyèv, kap touse oswa ki gen malgòj fèt pou l rete lakay li san l pa ale travay ni lekòl pandan omwen 7 jou, epi l pa dwe tounen travay ni tounen lekòl pazavan youn oswa de(2) jou apre sentòm yo fin ale nèt. Lave men w regilyèman. E kòm toujou, kouvri bouch ak nen w lè wap touse oswa lè wap etènye. Ou pa bezwen ale lopital si maladi a pa pa fò sou ou, sepandan nenpòt ki moun ki gen sentòm grav tankou si moun nan difisil pou l respire, moun sa a fèt pou l ale pran swen ak tretman medikal touswit. == Èske mwen dwe ale fè tès pou grip pòsin? == Menm si w ta konnen ou gen grip pòsin, sa pap afekte trètmam wap resevwa a, sepandan si yo fè tès pou yon seri de moun ki afekte, sa kapab pèmèt otorite yo swiv pwopagasyon maladi a. Pou yo dyagnostike grip pòsin, gen de(2) seri tès yo dwe fè nan laboratwa. Depatman Lasante ak Ijyèn Mantal rekòmande moun fè tès sèlman lè yo resanti sentòm ki grav oswa lè gen yon gwoup moun ki tonbe malad ansanm. Se sèlman yon prelèvman nazal (nan nen) yo bezwen pou yo ka fè tès laboratwa a. == Èske gen yon vaksen kont grip pòsin? == Pou lemoman, nanpwen [[vaksen]] kont grip pòsin. Vaksen moun pran nan sezon grip la pa pwoteje moun kont grip pòsin. Se poutèt sa li trè zenpòtan pou moun pran anpil prekosyon, tankou kouvri bouch yo lè yap touse ak lave men yo. == Si m santi sentòm grip yo, èske m bezwen pran medikaman? == Medikaman antiviral tankou Tamiflu (oseltavimir) ak Relenza (zanamivir) ka soulaje sentòm grip pòsin yo, e medikaman sa yo patikilyèman enpòtan pou moun ki malad grav yo oswa moun ki gen risk pou yo devlope konplikasyon akòz grip la. Pami moun ki nòmalman gen plis chans pou yo devlope konplikasyon se timoun piti, granmoun aje, ak moun ki soufri maladi kwonik. Pasyan ki gen grip yo e ki fè pati de kategori ki gen risk sa yo fèt pou yo ale pran tretman medikal. Li bon tou pou moun ki nan menm kay ak mounki gen nan kategori sa yo, pou yo ale pran tretman defason pou yo pa kite enfeksyon an antre sou yo. == Ki sentòm ki prezante lè moun malad grav ak grip pòsin? == Byenke ka grip pòsin yo anrejistre jiskaprezan yo pa pi grav, moun ki enfekte yo ta dwe okouran de kèlke maladi grav grip pòsin lan ka bay. Si w ta vin malad epi w santi youn nan siy avètisman sila yo, ale pran tretman medikal dijans. Men kèk siy avètisman timoun prezante ki montre yo bezwen al pran tretman medikal dijans: * Souf rapid oswa pwoblèm respirasyon * Po timoun nan vin on tijan ble * Si timoun nan pa bwè ase likid * Si timoun nan pa vle reveye oswa li pa kominike ak lòt moun * Timoun nan tèlman ap fè chimerik ke li pa vle yo pote l * Sentòm ki tankou grip la kòmanse ale epi yo retounen ak lafyèv ansanm ak yon tous ki pi mal * Lafyèv ak gratèl Men kèk sentòm granmoun prezante ki montre yo bezwen swen medikal dijans: * Difikilte pou yo pran souf yo oswa etoufman (souf kout) * Doulè oswa presyon sou lestomak oswa sou abdomèn * Vètij sibit * Moun nan ap depale (konfizyon) * Vomisman grav oswa kap pèsiste == Kisa pou m fè si m abite nan menm kay ak yon moun ki gen sentòm ki tankou grip? == Si sentòm yo grav, moun nan fèt pou l ale kay doktè. Si moun ki afekte a te gen kontak ki pre avèk yon moun ke yo panse oswa ke yo konfime ki gen grip pòsin, doktè a oswa moun kap ba l swen medikal la ka pwopoze pou moun nan fè tès pou grip pòsin. == Kisa pou m fè si m abite nan menm kay ak yon moun yo konfime ki gen grip pòsin? == Swiv menm prekosyon ou konn swiv pou evite grip moun abitye pran nan sezon grip: * Pa pran anpil kontak avèk moun ki malad la. Evite pran kontak sere ak moun nan, tankou piga bo l, piga itilize menm sèvyèt, menm linèt oswa piga itilize menm bwòsadan avèk moun ki malad la. * Pa kite moun vini an vizit. Si gen vizitè ki dwe rantre nan kay la, yo pa fèt pou yo pran okenn kontak sere avèk moun ki malad la. * Lave men w souvan ak savon ak dlo oswa avèk yon solisyon pou men ki abaz alkòl. * Ou ka konsidere pou w mete yon mask pou figi oswa yon mask respirasyon N95. Ou ka achte yo nan nenpòt ki famasi oswa nenpòt ki kenkayri. Si wap itilize yon mask an twal ke w ka itilize ankò, ou fèt pou w lave l ak savon lesiv nòmal epi seche l nan machin ki seche avèk lè cho. * Lave asyèt sal ak ajantri swa nan machin ki lave asyèt oswa lave yo alamen avèk dlo tyèd e ak savon. Ou pa bezwen separe vesèl pasyan ki gen grip la itilize. * Ou mèt fè lesiv ou san pwoblèm nan machin-a-lave nòmal avèk dlo tyèd oswa dlo frèt ak savon. Pagen nesesite pou w separe lesiv moun ki malad la. == Èske si m netwaye kay mwen sa kapab anpeche transmisyon maladi a? == Wi. Pou w ka anpeche transmisyon maladi a, tout sifas ki gen nan kay la, tankou manch pòt, pòt frijidè, telefòn ak sifas ki gen nan twalèt yo fèt pou yo lave avèk savon oswa savon lesiv; rense yo ak dlo, dezenfekte yo epi rense yo ankò. Dezenfektan yo se pwodui ki « anrejistre antanke dezenfektan » sou etikèt la. Si w pagen dezenfektan, fè yon solisyon abaz klowòks; annik ajoute 1 gwo kiyè klowòks nan yon ka (4 tas) [[dlo]]. Itilize yon mòso twal pou w pase solisyon sa a sou tout sifas yo epi apre rense sifas yo ak dlo. Jete solisyon abaz klowòks ke w itilize a epi fè yon lòt melanj solisyon ak dlo pwòp lè wap rekòmanse ak netwayaj la. Itilize sèvyèt ki gen solisyon dezenfektan pou w siye aparèy elektwonik ke moun manyen souvan (telefòn, òdinatè, rimot kontwòl). == Referans == {{referans}} [[Kategori:Maladi]] [[Kategori:Medsin]] szkvdcvkb3rhzywxi94lrsb0n0ndipw 0 59891 889932 862856 2026-11-05T18:04:56Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 889932 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kitikil''' se kouch sire ak pwotektif ki kouvri tij, fèy ak [[flè]] anpil plant epi ki ede evite pèt [[dlo]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/mlg/mss/HaitianCreole_ms_C.pdf |title=Kopi achiv |access-date=2010-06-07 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728065247/http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/mlg/mss/HaitianCreole_ms_C.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==Referans== {{reflist}} [[kategori:biyoloji]] mut5xj6kq6q41lkzfrf7d5gdyv7llxw 0 60306 889904 863508 2026-11-05T15:00:11Z Watsondjipremilus 40946 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 889904 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Espè pyonye''' se yon [[espès]] ki dekonpoze wòch pou kreye sibstans vejetal an dekonpozisyon pou lòt plant ka grandi; premye [[òganis]] ki grandi nan nouvo zòn oswa nan zòn ajite.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/mlg/mss/HaitianCreole_ms_P.pdf |title=Kopi achiv |access-date=2010-06-09 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728075616/http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/mlg/mss/HaitianCreole_ms_P.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==Referans== {{reflist}} [[kategori:biyoloji]] b7meb014fmruvu54xb5kt5k18saof9y 0 60565 889938 862771 2026-11-05T18:11:46Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 889938 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Forest on Barro Colorado.png|250px|right|thumb|Forè twopikal imid]] '''Forè twopikal imid''' se yon [[biyòm]] ki pi divès nan domèn biyoloji. Li gen yon [[tanperati]] mwayèn 25 °C (25 degre Sèlsiyis) epi li resevwa ant 200 santimèt ak 600 santimèt [[presipitasyon]] chak ane.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/mlg/mss/HaitianCreole_ms_T.pdf |title=Kopi achiv |access-date=2010-06-09 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728075630/http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/mlg/mss/HaitianCreole_ms_T.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:Biyòm]] lp2gi2atl3im5slaqct2r6oiz61n0lh 889939 889938 2026-11-05T18:12:20Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 889939 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Forest on Barro Colorado.png|250px|right|thumb|Forè twopikal imid]] '''Forè twopikal imid''' se yon [[biyòm]] ki pi divès nan domèn biyoloji. Li gen yon [[tanperati]] mwayèn 25 °C (25 degre Sèlsiyis) epi li resevwa ant 200 santimèt ak 600 santimèt [[presipitasyon]] chak ane.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/mlg/mss/HaitianCreole_ms_T.pdf |title=Kopi achiv |access-date=2010-06-09 |archive-date=2011-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728075630/http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/mlg/mss/HaitianCreole_ms_T.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Referans == {{referans}} [[Kategori:Biyòm]] 4crp5u7jt88cgj7219uzhqj4mtfwj62 0 65902 889942 868911 2026-11-05T18:14:04Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 889942 wikitext text/x-wiki '''VIH ak SIDA an Ayiti'''[[Fichye:Riban SIDA a.jpg|vignette|Riban wouj sa se senbòl la pou batay la kont VIH ak SIDA]] [[Viris]] iminodefisyan imèn (VIH), se ajan patojèn ki lakòz [[Sida|sendwom iminodefisyan aki a (SIDA)]]. Enfeksyon sa a lakòz kò moun la paka goumen ak lòt enfeksyon yo. Nan tout zòn oksidantal la, se nan [[Ayiti|peyi Dayiti]] ou jwenn plis moun ki enfekte ak viris sa a, kidonk se youn nan pi gwo epidemi nan peyi a. Nan [[karayib]] la, peyi Dayiti reprezante 48% moun enfekte ak VIH, ki se 2 fwa plis nan peyi [[Dominikani|Sendomeng]] e 4 fwa plis nan peyi [[Jamayik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pancap.org/pancap-documents/hiv-and-aids-in-the-caribbean-2/|title=HIV and AIDS in the Caribbean Fact Sheet, 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=pancap.org|publisher=Pan Caribbean Partnership against HIV/AIDS|access-date=2017-11-27|archive-date=2017-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202001250/https://pancap.org/pancap-documents/hiv-and-aids-in-the-caribbean-2/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Fanm kou gason ka gen VIH, men nan peyi Dayiti, se jèn ak fanm yo ki pi enfekte, se yo tou ki atrape viris la pi fasil. Enfeksyon sa kapab lakòz gwo dega sou sante moun la, maladi SIDA a kapab grav anpil pou moun lan. Viris ki bay VIH la se yon retwoviris ki atake defans kò a. Gen prekosyon ou ka pran, pou pa atrape viris la. Moun ki enfekte yo, ka viv lontan e byen ak tout viris la nan san yo, si yo pran medikaman yo nomalman. Nan peyi Dayiti yo bay medikaman (ARV) yo gratis. Malgre tout efò [http://mspp.gouv.ht/ Ministè Sante Piblik (MSPP)] fè pou bese kantite moun k ap enfekte yo ak pou tretman a, nivo edikasyon moun yo, ak inyorans yo sou koze VIH/SIDA a, rete on gwo defi pou Leta. Nan gouvènman Ayisyen a, "Programme National de Lutte contre le Sida" (PNLS) gen responsabilite pou l’ kontwole epidemi maladi a, epi jere tout entèvansyon ak aktivite ki gen rapò ak VIH/DIDA sou teritwa a. [[:fr:President's_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief|"President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief" (PEPFAR)]] ki se pwogram nasyonzini a ki responsab koze VIH/SIDA a, ak [[:fr:Fonds_mondial_de_lutte_contre_le_sida,_la_tuberculose_et_le_paludisme|"Fonds mondial de lutte contre le sida, la tuberculose, et le paludisme" (FMSTP)]] se de pi gwo enstitisyon entènasyonal ki bay èd teknik, lajan, zouti pou fè tès yo ak medikaman ARV yo nan peyi Dayiti. == Transmisyon ak Prevansyon == VIH la transmèt ak kontak dirèk ak kèk [[likid]] kò a tankou: san, likid nan vajen, likid nan dèyè, espèm, sekresyon avan ejakilasyon (swente), ak lèt manman. Nan lane 1983 yo te fè yon etid nan peyi Dayiti pou konnen ki faktè ki fè moun yo ka trape VIH la pi fasil. Yo te idantifye kèk faktè tankou : [[tibèkiloz]], pwostitiye, lòt maladi transmisib seksyèlman, sèks san pwoteksyon, ak transfizyon san.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pape|first=JW|date=1983|title=Characteristics of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Haiti.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6621622|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|doi=|pmid=6621622|access-date=}}</ref> Twa jan moun ka pran VIH la se: * Sèks san pwoteksyon, menm si moun nan etewoseksyèl (fi/gason) oswa omoseksyèl (gason/gason ou fi/fi) * Kontakt ak materyèl ki enfekte, tankou: piki ou sereng moun kap pran dwòg, materyèl yo fè tatou, transfizyon san (pa fasil) * Transmisyon manman/pitit pandan gwosès la, pandan l ap akouche, ak pandan l ap bay tete. Ou '''<u>pa ka pran</u>''' VIH nan [[krache]] (bo), dlo je, oswa pipi. Kontrèman ak tout sa moun ap di e kapab panse, ou pa kapa pran VIH la si w * Bo sou bouch ak yon moun ki gen VIH * Manje ak bwè ak yon moun ki gen VIH * Itilize menm twalèt ak moun gen VIH Nan popilasyon an, viris sa a se youn nan viris ki pi difisil pou jere pou plizyè rezon. Souvan moun ki enfekte a pa konnen si li enfekte (stati li), epi moun ki konnen stati li a pa toujou suiv tretman a, youn nan kòz risk transmisyon a ogmante. Nan 2014, 62.602 moun te trete sou 140.000 moun enfekte, ki reprezante sèlman 44.7% .4. Nan peyi Dayiti gen anpil estigmatizasyon, ki vle di, yo lonje dwèt ak yo pa akspete moun ki enfekte, kifè yo pa vreman pale sou koze VIH/SIDA la nan kominote yo, nan lekòl yo, e menm nan sant sante yo. Bon kopòtman yon manman ki enfekte ka diminue chans pou li bay ti bebe li a viris la. Se pou li toujou pran medikaman (ARV) li yo pandan gwosès li, epi pou li akouche nan yon sant sante (sitou pou fanm ki ap fè sezayyèn yo). Bon konpòtman sa yo ap bese anpil risk enfeksyon ti bebe a. Nan ka sezaryèn li enpotan pou fan m ansent la ale nan yon bon lopital. == Estigmatizasyon an Ayiti == Estigmatizasyon, se lè lòt moun ap lonje dwèt, pale mal osinon aji mal avèk yon moun ki malad, ki kokobe osinon ki diferan. Yo sevi ak diferans sa kòm yon mak enferyorite, pou rabese moun la. == Kantite moun ki enfekte nan peyi Dayiti == {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ ! colspan="2" |Statistik sou SIDA a an Ayiti<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/|title=Haiti: 2015 Country factsheets|last=|first=|date=|website=aidsinfo.unaids.org|publisher=UNAIDS|access-date=|archive-date=2017-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713074228/http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |Kantite moun ki ap viv avèk VIH (tout laj), 2015 |130,000 |- |Lanmò ki te koze pa SIDA (tout laj), 2015 |8,000 |- |Kantite òfelen akòz SIDA (aj 0-17), 2015 |110,000 |- |Estimasyon to tretman an antiretwoviral (granmoun ki pi gran 15+), 2015 |53% |- |Estimasyon pousantaj nan fanm ansent ki ap viv avèk VIH ak ki te resevwa yon tretman antiretwoviral pou prevansyon transmisyon manman-pitit, 2015 |>95% |} Nan lane 2014 popilasyon peyi Dayiti a a te 10.57 milyon moun, e te gen 140,000 moun k ap viv ak VIH (PLHIV). Nan 2o gen 1,8% to prevalans VIH / SIDA E e chak ane plis pase 7,200 Ayisyen mouri nan SIDA. 5 Nomalman nan kesyon jesyon VIH/SIDA la, gen kesyon tretman a, ki vle di moun ki enfekte yo dwe pran medikan yo (ARV) . Tretman ki pi popilè a rele "triterapi". Tritaerapi a diminye kantite viris la nan san moun nan, li ranfose sistèm defans kò moun la, epi li anpeche lòt kalte enfeksyon rantre sou moun la, sa ki ka lakòz lanmò moun sa a. Tretman sa tèlman byen mache nan mond la, kounie a VIH la vin on kondisyon kronik, menm chimen pou w pase nan 4 etap pou w rive nan SIDA a vin preske pa egzite anko. Anthony Fauci, ki an tèt NIAID, , ".« Si tout moun mete men kounye a, et si tout moun angaje yo nan lane k ap vini yo, nouvo jenerasyon k ap vini a pap janm gen SIDA » == Tès pou VIH == Li fasil pou yon moun fè tès VIH la nan peyi DAyiti pou li ka konn stati li. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171203232832/http://www.mspp.gouv.ht/cartographie/ MSPP lba yon lis tout klinik ak lopital nan p]eyi a kote<small> [archive]</small>, moun ka fè tès la. De tès ki genyen nan peyi Dayiti se tès rapid avek tès PCR. Tès rapid la ka sèvi ak youn gout san, epi li prann 15 minit pou bay rezilta a. Tès PCR sèvi ak plis san, ke yo voye pou laboratwa nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], e yo bay rezilta yo apre plizyè semenn. Yo pito fè tès PCR pou timoun ki fèk fèt yo. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:Sante]] [[Kategori:Maladi]] t9xs3k9gx04yajxuoua2sln08w0omwu 889943 889942 2026-11-05T18:14:28Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 889943 wikitext text/x-wiki '''VIH ak SIDA an Ayiti'''[[Fichye:Riban SIDA a.jpg|vignette|Riban wouj sa se senbòl la pou batay la kont VIH ak SIDA]] [[Viris]] iminodefisyan imèn (VIH), se ajan patojèn ki lakòz [[Sida|sendwom iminodefisyan aki a (SIDA)]]. Enfeksyon sa a lakòz kò moun la paka goumen ak lòt enfeksyon yo. Nan tout zòn oksidantal la, se nan [[Ayiti|peyi Dayiti]] ou jwenn plis moun ki enfekte ak viris sa a, kidonk se youn nan pi gwo epidemi nan peyi a. Nan [[karayib]] la, peyi Dayiti reprezante 48% moun enfekte ak VIH, ki se 2 fwa plis nan peyi [[Dominikani|Sendomeng]] e 4 fwa plis nan peyi [[Jamayik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pancap.org/pancap-documents/hiv-and-aids-in-the-caribbean-2/|title=HIV and AIDS in the Caribbean Fact Sheet, 2017|last=|first=|date=|website=pancap.org|publisher=Pan Caribbean Partnership against HIV/AIDS|access-date=2017-11-27|archive-date=2017-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202001250/https://pancap.org/pancap-documents/hiv-and-aids-in-the-caribbean-2/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Fanm kou gason ka gen VIH, men nan peyi Dayiti, se jèn ak fanm yo ki pi enfekte, se yo tou ki atrape viris la pi fasil. Enfeksyon sa kapab lakòz gwo dega sou sante moun la, maladi SIDA a kapab grav anpil pou moun lan. Viris ki bay VIH la se yon retwoviris ki atake defans kò a. Gen prekosyon ou ka pran, pou pa atrape viris la. Moun ki enfekte yo, ka viv lontan e byen ak tout viris la nan san yo, si yo pran medikaman yo nomalman. Nan peyi Dayiti yo bay medikaman (ARV) yo gratis. Malgre tout efò [http://mspp.gouv.ht/ Ministè Sante Piblik (MSPP)] fè pou bese kantite moun k ap enfekte yo ak pou tretman a, nivo edikasyon moun yo, ak inyorans yo sou koze VIH/SIDA a, rete on gwo defi pou Leta. Nan gouvènman Ayisyen a, "Programme National de Lutte contre le Sida" (PNLS) gen responsabilite pou l’ kontwole epidemi maladi a, epi jere tout entèvansyon ak aktivite ki gen rapò ak VIH/DIDA sou teritwa a. [[:fr:President's_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief|"President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief" (PEPFAR)]] ki se pwogram nasyonzini a ki responsab koze VIH/SIDA a, ak [[:fr:Fonds_mondial_de_lutte_contre_le_sida,_la_tuberculose_et_le_paludisme|"Fonds mondial de lutte contre le sida, la tuberculose, et le paludisme" (FMSTP)]] se de pi gwo enstitisyon entènasyonal ki bay èd teknik, lajan, zouti pou fè tès yo ak medikaman ARV yo nan peyi Dayiti. == Transmisyon ak Prevansyon == VIH la transmèt ak kontak dirèk ak kèk [[likid]] kò a tankou: san, likid nan vajen, likid nan dèyè, espèm, sekresyon avan ejakilasyon (swente), ak lèt manman. Nan lane 1983 yo te fè yon etid nan peyi Dayiti pou konnen ki faktè ki fè moun yo ka trape VIH la pi fasil. Yo te idantifye kèk faktè tankou : [[tibèkiloz]], pwostitiye, lòt maladi transmisib seksyèlman, sèks san pwoteksyon, ak transfizyon san.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pape|first=JW|date=1983|title=Characteristics of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Haiti.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6621622|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|doi=|pmid=6621622|access-date=}}</ref> Twa jan moun ka pran VIH la se: * Sèks san pwoteksyon, menm si moun nan etewoseksyèl (fi/gason) oswa omoseksyèl (gason/gason ou fi/fi) * Kontakt ak materyèl ki enfekte, tankou: piki ou sereng moun kap pran dwòg, materyèl yo fè tatou, transfizyon san (pa fasil) * Transmisyon manman/pitit pandan gwosès la, pandan l ap akouche, ak pandan l ap bay tete. Ou '''<u>pa ka pran</u>''' VIH nan [[krache]] (bo), dlo je, oswa pipi. Kontrèman ak tout sa moun ap di e kapab panse, ou pa kapa pran VIH la si w * Bo sou bouch ak yon moun ki gen VIH * Manje ak bwè ak yon moun ki gen VIH * Itilize menm twalèt ak moun gen VIH Nan popilasyon an, viris sa a se youn nan viris ki pi difisil pou jere pou plizyè rezon. Souvan moun ki enfekte a pa konnen si li enfekte (stati li), epi moun ki konnen stati li a pa toujou suiv tretman a, youn nan kòz risk transmisyon a ogmante. Nan 2014, 62.602 moun te trete sou 140.000 moun enfekte, ki reprezante sèlman 44.7% .4. Nan peyi Dayiti gen anpil estigmatizasyon, ki vle di, yo lonje dwèt ak yo pa akspete moun ki enfekte, kifè yo pa vreman pale sou koze VIH/SIDA la nan kominote yo, nan lekòl yo, e menm nan sant sante yo. Bon kopòtman yon manman ki enfekte ka diminue chans pou li bay ti bebe li a viris la. Se pou li toujou pran medikaman (ARV) li yo pandan gwosès li, epi pou li akouche nan yon sant sante (sitou pou fanm ki ap fè sezayyèn yo). Bon konpòtman sa yo ap bese anpil risk enfeksyon ti bebe a. Nan ka sezaryèn li enpotan pou fan m ansent la ale nan yon bon lopital. == Estigmatizasyon an Ayiti == Estigmatizasyon, se lè lòt moun ap lonje dwèt, pale mal osinon aji mal avèk yon moun ki malad, ki kokobe osinon ki diferan. Yo sevi ak diferans sa kòm yon mak enferyorite, pou rabese moun la. == Kantite moun ki enfekte nan peyi Dayiti == {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ ! colspan="2" |Statistik sou SIDA a an Ayiti<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/|title=Haiti: 2015 Country factsheets|last=|first=|date=|website=aidsinfo.unaids.org|publisher=UNAIDS|access-date=|archive-date=2017-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713074228/http://aidsinfo.unaids.org/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |Kantite moun ki ap viv avèk VIH (tout laj), 2015 |130,000 |- |Lanmò ki te koze pa SIDA (tout laj), 2015 |8,000 |- |Kantite òfelen akòz SIDA (aj 0-17), 2015 |110,000 |- |Estimasyon to tretman an antiretwoviral (granmoun ki pi gran 15+), 2015 |53% |- |Estimasyon pousantaj nan fanm ansent ki ap viv avèk VIH ak ki te resevwa yon tretman antiretwoviral pou prevansyon transmisyon manman-pitit, 2015 |>95% |} Nan lane 2014 popilasyon peyi Dayiti a a te 10.57 milyon moun, e te gen 140,000 moun k ap viv ak VIH (PLHIV). Nan 2o gen 1,8% to prevalans VIH / SIDA E e chak ane plis pase 7,200 Ayisyen mouri nan SIDA. 5 Nomalman nan kesyon jesyon VIH/SIDA la, gen kesyon tretman a, ki vle di moun ki enfekte yo dwe pran medikan yo (ARV) . Tretman ki pi popilè a rele "triterapi". Tritaerapi a diminye kantite viris la nan san moun nan, li ranfose sistèm defans kò moun la, epi li anpeche lòt kalte enfeksyon rantre sou moun la, sa ki ka lakòz lanmò moun sa a. Tretman sa tèlman byen mache nan mond la, kounie a VIH la vin on kondisyon kronik, menm chimen pou w pase nan 4 etap pou w rive nan SIDA a vin preske pa egzite anko. Anthony Fauci, ki an tèt NIAID, , ".« Si tout moun mete men kounye a, et si tout moun angaje yo nan lane k ap vini yo, nouvo jenerasyon k ap vini a pap janm gen SIDA » == Tès pou VIH == Li fasil pou yon moun fè tès VIH la nan peyi DAyiti pou li ka konn stati li. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171203232832/http://www.mspp.gouv.ht/cartographie/ MSPP lba yon lis tout klinik ak lopital nan p]eyi a kote<small> [archive]</small>, moun ka fè tès la. De tès ki genyen nan peyi Dayiti se tès rapid avek tès PCR. Tès rapid la ka sèvi ak youn gout san, epi li prann 15 minit pou bay rezilta a. Tès PCR sèvi ak plis san, ke yo voye pou laboratwa nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], e yo bay rezilta yo apre plizyè semenn. Yo pito fè tès PCR pou timoun ki fèk fèt yo. == Referans == {{referans}} [[Kategori:Sante]] [[Kategori:Maladi]] 4r065k7gkqccq05urfqcgaknt3hydf1 0 68058 889913 882192 2026-11-05T17:38:37Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 889913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moun |non=Ousmane Dembélé |foto=Ousmane_Demb%C3%A9l%C3%A9_World_Cup_Trophy.jpg |tèks=Ousmane Dembélé avèk Koup mond, 15 jiyè 2018 nan Moskou. |fonksyon=Foutbalè |domèn=Espò, foutbòl |diplòm= |etid= |dat nesans=[[15 me]] [[1997]] |lye nesans=Vernon |peyi nesans=[[Frans]] |dat lanmò= |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite= franse |relijyon= |rezidans= |kontak= |Biyografi= |zèv= |omaj= |rekonpans= |remak= |fim= }} '''Ousmane Dembélé''', ki fèt [[15 me]] [[1997]] nan [[Vernon (Eure)|Vernon]], se yon [[Foutbòl|foutbalè]] [[Ekip Frans Foutbòl|entènasyonal]] [[Frans|franse]] ki jwe nan pòs Atakan nan FC Barcelone. Li te devwale nan sade Rennais FC kote li koman karyè pwofesyonèl li an 2015, epi ane apre sa li transfere nan Borussia dortmund kote li fe yon sezon ekstraodine, li ranpote epi li make nan final koup almay la. An 2017, li ale nan FC barcelone pou 105 milyon euro, sa ki te dezyèm pi gwo transfè yon foutbolè nan epòk la. Pandan li te ranpòte plizyè tit nasyonal tankou twa Liga, li sibi anpil blesi. An 2023, li tounen an Frans, nan Paris Saint-Germain, kote li eksploze pandan sezon 2024-2025 la ak yon kat doub istorik: chanpyona Frans, Koup Frans, Tifé de chanpyon ak Lig chanpyon an, sa ki fè yo eli li Ballon d'Or 2025. Li seleksyone nan ekip Lafrans A depi 2016. Li ranpòte koup di mond 2018 kote li jwe plis kòm ranplasan. Pandan Euro 2021, li pa ka jwe apre dezyèm match la. An 2022, li pèdi final koup di mond lan kont Ajantin (3-3, epi 4-2 sou penalti), epi li rive jiska demi-final Euro 2024. '''Ekip nasyonal nan''' Le 28 out 2016, Didier Deschamps rele ousmane dembele nan ekip nasyonal Lafrans lan ansanm ak Geoffrey kondogbia kA kevin gameiro, aprè plizyè jwè te blese tankou nabil fekir, yohan cabaye ak alexandrre La Cazette te fòfè pou yon match amikal kont itali epi pou yon match kalifikasyon pou koup di mond 2018 kont Byelorisi. Se konsa, 1e septanm 2016, li jwe premye match li ak ekip nasyonal la lè li nan dezyèm mitan nan plas antoine grizman kont itali. Apre sa, li fè premye aparisyon li nan yon match ofisyèl lè li ranplase Moussa sissoko kont byelorisi. Nan dat ki te 15 novamb lan, nan 2016 li titilarize pou premye fwa ak ekip lafrans lan pandan yon match amikal kont kotdivwa, men li ranplase pa Nabil fekir pandan poz la. Nan dat ki te 13 jen 2017, li make premye gòl li ak ekip lafrans lan kont ekip angletè pandan yon match amikal, sou yon pas kylian Mbappé aprè yon bèl aksyon kolektif. == Biyografi == Ousmane Dembélé fèt 15 me 1997 nan Vernon, nan depatman Eure, ak yon papa ki soti Mali ak yon manman senegalo-moritanyèn, ki soti nan Wali Djantang epi ki fè pati etni Peul. Li grandi nan vil Andelys. An oktòb 2004, li kòmanse jwe foutbòl ak klib ALM Évreux, nan katye Madeleine, youn nan twa zòn iben sansib nan zòn Évreux<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lemoine|first=Laurent|date=2015-11-25|title=Le synode sur la famille|url=https://doi.org/10.3917/espri.1512.0128|journal=Esprit|volume=Décembre|issue=12|pages=128–131|doi=10.3917/espri.1512.0128|issn=0014-0759}}</ref>. Li jwe la pandan senk sezon, epi soti jiyè 2009 pou rive oktòb 2010, li rantre nan Évreux FC, ki te soti nan fizyon ALM Évreux ak Évreux AC. Pandan tan sa a, li eseye futsal, li konfwonte ak jwè ki pi gran pase li, epi li montre yon nivo teknik ki pi wo pase mwayèn. Lè li gen 13 an, Stade rennais FC dekouvri li pandan yon seleksyon, epi li pase tès yo avèk siksè. Malgre li te enterese pa Caen ak Le Havre tou, li chwazi ale nan sant fòmasyon Stade Rennais. Pou li pa pèdi pwen repè li yo, manman li Fatimata, frè li ak de sè li yo demenaje pou vin viv avè l nan Rennes<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Le Goff|first=Jean-Pierre|date=2019-03-19|title=La rupture, la revanche et le chaos|url=https://doi.org/10.3917/deba.204.0076|journal=Le Débat|volume=n° 204|issue=2|pages=76–85|doi=10.3917/deba.204.0076|issn=0246-2346}}</ref>. Pa == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon [[jounalis]] te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la nan apre li te te reponn li prefere choute ak pye dwat la epi mennen boul la ak pye gòch li Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite Patrick Rampillon, direktè sant antrènman Stade Rennais la jiska 2014, kwè ke Dembélé se youn nan pi bon jwè li te wè kap devlope nan ekip jèn Rennes yo, tankou Sylvain Wiltord, Yoann Gourcuff, Yann M'Vila ak Stéphane Mbia . Mikaël Silvestre, bò kote pa l, li kwè ke jwè sa fe pati nan 10 premye yo ki gen talan li kapab swiv karyè li epi li konpare l ak jèn tankou[[Cristiano Ronaldo]] lè dènye a te rive nan Manchester United <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/rennes/1784987-20160211-stade-rennais-ousmane-dembele-trois-mois-etat-excellence|title=Stade Rennais: Ousmane Dembélé, trois mois d'état d'excellence|last=Jérémy Goujon|year=2016|website=20minutes.fr|month=2|access-date=8 mars 2016}}.</ref> ." Dembélé se yon jwè yo apresye nan vestiyè a pou bon kompotman li, sa ki fè l tounen yon figi inifòm nan gwoup la. [[Kylian Mbappé]] pale de li Yo renmen l nan tout vestiyè a e tout kote li pase. . Pandan sezon 2024-2025 la, sou direksyon Luis Enrique nan PSG, apre depa Kylian Mbappé pou ale nan Real [[Madrid]], yo te chanje pozisyon Ousmane Dembélé kòm yon fo nèf pou pwofite talan li nan make gòl. Chanjman taktik sa a te pèmèt jwè a rive nan nouvo wotè ofansif, li te akimile gòl ak asistans nan kòmansman 2025 lan. Transfòmasyon Dembélé a te kontribye anpil nan siksè kolektif ekip la,e ki te abouti nan yon katriyèm siksè istorik nan sezon sa a . Jwè a te rekonèt enpak antrenè a sou devlopman li ak mantalite ekip la . Kolaborasyon sa a te solidifye pozisyon Dembélé kòm yon jwè kle nan sistèm PSG a epi li te pèmèt li genyen Balon dò 2025 la. == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon jounalis te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la nan apre li te te reponn li prefere choute ak pye dwat la epi mennen boul la ak pye gòch li Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite Patrick Rampillon, direktè sant antrènman Stade Rennais la jiska 2014, kwè ke Dembélé se youn nan pi bon jwè li te wè kap devlope nan ekip jèn Rennes yo, tankou Sylvain Wiltord, Yoann Gourcuff, Yann M'Vila ak Stéphane Mbia . Mikaël Silvestre, bò kote pa l, li kwè ke jwè sa fe pati nan 10 premye yo ki gen talan li kapab swiv karyè li epi li konpare l ak jèn tankou[[Cristiano Ronaldo]] lè dènye a te rive nan Manchester United <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/rennes/1784987-20160211-stade-rennais-ousmane-dembele-trois-mois-etat-excellence|title=Stade Rennais: Ousmane Dembélé, trois mois d'état d'excellence|last=Jérémy Goujon|year=2016|website=20minutes.fr|month=2|access-date=8 mars 2016}}.</ref> ." Dembélé se yon jwè yo apresye nan vestiyè a pou bon kompotman li, sa ki fè l tounen yon figi inifòm nan gwoup la. [[Kylian Mbappé]] pale de li Yo renmen l nan tout vestiyè a e tout kote li pase. . Pandan sezon 2024-2025 la, sou direksyon Luis Enrique nan PSG, apre depa Kylian Mbappé pou ale nan Real Madrid, yo te chanje pozisyon Ousmane Dembélé kòm yon fo nèf pou pwofite talan li nan make gòl. Chanjman taktik sa a te pèmèt jwè a rive nan nouvo wotè ofansif, li te akimile gòl ak asistans nan kòmansman 2025 lan. Transfòmasyon Dembélé a te kontribye anpil nan siksè kolektif ekip la, ki te abouti nan yon katriyèm siksè istorik nan sezon sa a . Jwè a te rekonèt enpak antrenè a sou devlopman li ak mantalite ekip la <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/France-Football/Article/Grand-recit-ousmane-dembele-etre-l-un-des-favoris-au-ballon-d-or-est-deja-une-grande-victoire/1569146|title=Ousmane Dembélé : « Être l'un des favoris au Ballon d'Or est déjà une grande victoire »|last=Florent Torchut|last2=Vincent Garcia|date=14 juin 2025|website=lequipe.fr|language=fr|access-date=18 juin 2025}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maxifoot.fr/psg/dembele-ses-mots-forts-sur-luis-enrique-foot-435506.htm|title=PSG : Dembélé, ses mots forts sur Luis Enrique|last=Damien Da Silva|date=14 juin 2025|website=maxifoot.fr|language=fr|access-date=18 juin 2025}}</ref> . Kolaborasyon sa a te solidifye pozisyon Dembélé kòm yon jwè kle nan sistèm PSG a epi li te pèmèt li genyen Balon dò 2025 la. == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon jounalis te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la nan apre li te te reponn li prefere choute ak pye dwat la epi mennen boul la ak pye gòch li Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite Patrick Rampillon, direktè sant antrènman Stade Rennais la jiska 2014, kwè ke Dembélé se youn nan pi bon jwè li te wè kap devlope nan ekip jèn Rennes yo, tankou Sylvain Wiltord, Yoann Gourcuff, Yann M'Vila ak Stéphane Mbia . Mikaël Silvestre, bò kote pa l, li kwè ke jwè sa fe pati nan 10 premye yo ki gen talan li kapab swiv karyè li epi li konpare l ak jèn tankou[[Cristiano Ronaldo]] lè dènye a te rive nan Manchester United <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/rennes/1784987-20160211-stade-rennais-ousmane-dembele-trois-mois-etat-excellence|title=Stade Rennais: Ousmane Dembélé, trois mois d'état d'excellence|last=Jérémy Goujon|year=2016|website=20minutes.fr|month=2|access-date=8 mars 2016}}.</ref> ." Dembélé se yon jwè yo apresye nan vestiyè a pou bon kompotman li, sa ki fè l tounen yon figi inifòm nan gwoup la. [[Kylian Mbappé]] pale de li Yo renmen l nan tout vestiyè a e tout kote li pase. . Pandan sezon 2024-2025 la, sou direksyon Luis Enrique nan PSG, apre depa Kylian Mbappé pou ale nan Real Madrid, yo te chanje pozisyon Ousmane Dembélé kòm yon fo nèf pou pwofite talan li nan make gòl. Chanjman taktik sa a te pèmèt jwè a rive nan nouvo wotè ofansif, li te akimile gòl ak asistans nan kòmansman 2025 la. Transfòmasyon Dembélé sa a te kontribye anpil nan siksè kolektif ekip la, ki te abouti nan yon katriyèm siksè istorik nan sezon sa a . Jwè a te rekonèt enpak antrenè a sou devlopman li ak mantalite ekip la <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/France-Football/Article/Grand-recit-ousmane-dembele-etre-l-un-des-favoris-au-ballon-d-or-est-deja-une-grande-victoire/1569146|title=Ousmane Dembélé : « Être l'un des favoris au Ballon d'Or est déjà une grande victoire »|last=Florent Torchut|last2=Vincent Garcia|date=14 juin 2025|website=lequipe.fr|language=fr|access-date=18 juin 2025}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maxifoot.fr/psg/dembele-ses-mots-forts-sur-luis-enrique-foot-435506.htm|title=PSG : Dembélé, ses mots forts sur Luis Enrique|last=Damien Da Silva|date=14 juin 2025|website=maxifoot.fr|language=fr|access-date=18 juin 2025}}</ref> . Kolaborasyon sa a te solidifye pozisyon Dembélé kòm yon jwè kle nan sistèm PSG a epi li te pèmèt li genyen Balon dò 2025 la. == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon jounalis te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la nan apre li te te reponn li prefere choute ak pye dwat la epi mennen boul la ak pye gòch li Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite Patrick Rampillon, direktè sant antrènman Stade Rennais la jiska 2014, kwè ke Dembélé se youn nan pi bon jwè li te wè kap devlope nan ekip jèn Rennes yo, tankou Sylvain Wiltord, Yoann Gourcuff, Yann M'Vila ak Stéphane Mbia . Mikaël Silvestre, bò kote pa l, li kwè ke jwè sa fe pati nan 10 premye yo ki gen talan li kapab swiv karyè li epi li konpare l ak jèn tankou[[Cristiano Ronaldo]] lè dènye a te rive nan Manchester United <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/rennes/1784987-20160211-stade-rennais-ousmane-dembele-trois-mois-etat-excellence|title=Stade Rennais: Ousmane Dembélé, trois mois d'état d'excellence|last=Jérémy Goujon|year=2016|website=20minutes.fr|month=2|access-date=8 mars 2016}}.</ref> ." == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon jounalis te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la nan apre li te te reponn li prefere choute ak pye dwat la epi mennen boul la ak pye gòch li Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon jounalis te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la nan apre li te te reponn li prefere choute ak pye dwat la epi mennen boul la ak pye gòch li Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon jounalis te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la nan apre li te te repon li prefere tire ak pye dwat la epi mennen boul la ak pye gòch la  . Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » <ref name="Deschamps">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Didier-deschamps-dembele-evidemment-que-je-le-regarde/642527|title=Didier Deschamps : {{Citation|Dembélé ? Évidemment que je le regarde}}|year=2016|website=lequipe.fr|month=3|access-date=29 mars 2016}}.</ref> Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite . == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon jounalis te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la . Li ta pita klarifye ke « prefere tire ak pye dwat la epi drible boul la ak pye gòch la » . Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » <ref name="Deschamps"/> Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite . == Palmarès == == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191015033529/https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/2543485973-wd Ousmane Dembélé] sou Fédération Française Foutball {{DEFAULTSORT:Dembélé, Ousmane}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Espò]] [[Kategori:Foutbòl]] [[Kategori:Foutbalè]] [[Kategori:Foutbalè franse]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1997]] 3uyfqh23h2uaqn0yin7vj3dcw2sulpr 889914 889913 2026-11-05T17:39:14Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 889914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moun |non=Ousmane Dembélé |foto=Ousmane_Demb%C3%A9l%C3%A9_World_Cup_Trophy.jpg |tèks=Ousmane Dembélé avèk Koup mond, 15 jiyè 2018 nan Moskou. |fonksyon=Foutbalè |domèn=Espò, foutbòl |diplòm= |etid= |dat nesans=[[15 me]] [[1997]] |lye nesans=Vernon |peyi nesans=[[Frans]] |dat lanmò= |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite= franse |relijyon= |rezidans= |kontak= |Biyografi= |zèv= |omaj= |rekonpans= |remak= |fim= }} '''Ousmane Dembélé''', ki fèt [[15 me]] [[1997]] nan [[Vernon (Eure)|Vernon]], se yon [[Foutbòl|foutbalè]] [[Ekip Frans Foutbòl|entènasyonal]] [[Frans|franse]] ki jwe nan pòs Atakan nan FC Barcelone. Li te devwale nan sade Rennais FC kote li koman karyè pwofesyonèl li an 2015, epi ane apre sa li transfere nan Borussia dortmund kote li fe yon sezon ekstraodine, li ranpote epi li make nan final koup almay la. An 2017, li ale nan FC barcelone pou 105 milyon euro, sa ki te dezyèm pi gwo transfè yon foutbolè nan epòk la. Pandan li te ranpòte plizyè tit nasyonal tankou twa Liga, li sibi anpil blesi. An 2023, li tounen an Frans, nan Paris Saint-Germain, kote li eksploze pandan sezon 2024-2025 la ak yon kat doub istorik: chanpyona Frans, Koup Frans, Tifé de chanpyon ak Lig chanpyon an, sa ki fè yo eli li Ballon d'Or 2025. Li seleksyone nan ekip Lafrans A depi 2016. Li ranpòte koup di mond 2018 kote li jwe plis kòm ranplasan. Pandan Euro 2021, li pa ka jwe apre dezyèm match la. An 2022, li pèdi final koup di mond lan kont Ajantin (3-3, epi 4-2 sou penalti), epi li rive jiska demi-final Euro 2024. '''Ekip nasyonal nan''' Le 28 out 2016, Didier Deschamps rele ousmane dembele nan ekip nasyonal Lafrans lan ansanm ak Geoffrey kondogbia kA kevin gameiro, aprè plizyè jwè te blese tankou nabil fekir, yohan cabaye ak alexandrre La Cazette te fòfè pou yon match amikal kont itali epi pou yon match kalifikasyon pou koup di mond 2018 kont Byelorisi. Se konsa, 1e septanm 2016, li jwe premye match li ak ekip nasyonal la lè li nan dezyèm mitan nan plas antoine grizman kont itali. Apre sa, li fè premye aparisyon li nan yon match ofisyèl lè li ranplase Moussa sissoko kont byelorisi. Nan dat ki te 15 novamb lan, nan 2016 li titilarize pou premye fwa ak ekip lafrans lan pandan yon match amikal kont kotdivwa, men li ranplase pa Nabil fekir pandan poz la. Nan dat ki te 13 jen 2017, li make premye gòl li ak ekip lafrans lan kont ekip angletè pandan yon match amikal, sou yon pas kylian Mbappé aprè yon bèl aksyon kolektif. == Biyografi == Ousmane Dembélé fèt 15 me 1997 nan Vernon, nan depatman Eure, ak yon papa ki soti Mali ak yon manman senegalo-moritanyèn, ki soti nan Wali Djantang epi ki fè pati etni Peul. Li grandi nan vil Andelys. An oktòb 2004, li kòmanse jwe foutbòl ak klib ALM Évreux, nan katye Madeleine, youn nan twa zòn iben sansib nan zòn Évreux<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lemoine|first=Laurent|date=2015-11-25|title=Le synode sur la famille|url=https://doi.org/10.3917/espri.1512.0128|journal=Esprit|volume=Décembre|issue=12|pages=128–131|doi=10.3917/espri.1512.0128|issn=0014-0759}}</ref>. Li jwe la pandan senk sezon, epi soti jiyè 2009 pou rive oktòb 2010, li rantre nan Évreux FC, ki te soti nan fizyon ALM Évreux ak Évreux AC. Pandan tan sa a, li eseye futsal, li konfwonte ak jwè ki pi gran pase li, epi li montre yon nivo teknik ki pi wo pase mwayèn. Lè li gen 13 an, Stade rennais FC dekouvri li pandan yon seleksyon, epi li pase tès yo avèk siksè. Malgre li te enterese pa Caen ak Le Havre tou, li chwazi ale nan sant fòmasyon Stade Rennais. Pou li pa pèdi pwen repè li yo, manman li Fatimata, frè li ak de sè li yo demenaje pou vin viv avè l nan Rennes<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Le Goff|first=Jean-Pierre|date=2019-03-19|title=La rupture, la revanche et le chaos|url=https://doi.org/10.3917/deba.204.0076|journal=Le Débat|volume=n° 204|issue=2|pages=76–85|doi=10.3917/deba.204.0076|issn=0246-2346}}</ref>. Pa == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon [[jounalis]] te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la nan apre li te te reponn li prefere choute ak pye dwat la epi mennen boul la ak pye gòch li Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite Patrick Rampillon, direktè sant antrènman Stade Rennais la jiska 2014, kwè ke Dembélé se youn nan pi bon jwè li te wè kap devlope nan ekip jèn Rennes yo, tankou Sylvain Wiltord, Yoann Gourcuff, Yann M'Vila ak Stéphane Mbia . Mikaël Silvestre, bò kote pa l, li kwè ke jwè sa fe pati nan 10 premye yo ki gen talan li kapab swiv karyè li epi li konpare l ak jèn tankou[[Cristiano Ronaldo]] lè dènye a te rive nan Manchester United <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/rennes/1784987-20160211-stade-rennais-ousmane-dembele-trois-mois-etat-excellence|title=Stade Rennais: Ousmane Dembélé, trois mois d'état d'excellence|last=Jérémy Goujon|year=2016|website=20minutes.fr|month=2|access-date=8 mars 2016}}.</ref> ." Dembélé se yon jwè yo apresye nan vestiyè a pou bon kompotman li, sa ki fè l tounen yon figi inifòm nan gwoup la. [[Kylian Mbappé]] pale de li Yo renmen l nan tout vestiyè a e tout kote li pase. . Pandan sezon 2024-2025 la, sou direksyon Luis Enrique nan PSG, apre depa Kylian Mbappé pou ale nan Real [[Madrid]], yo te chanje pozisyon Ousmane Dembélé kòm yon fo nèf pou pwofite talan li nan make gòl. Chanjman taktik sa a te pèmèt jwè a rive nan nouvo wotè ofansif, li te akimile gòl ak asistans nan kòmansman 2025 lan. Transfòmasyon Dembélé a te kontribye anpil nan siksè kolektif ekip la,e ki te abouti nan yon katriyèm siksè istorik nan sezon sa a . Jwè a te rekonèt enpak antrenè a sou devlopman li ak mantalite ekip la . Kolaborasyon sa a te solidifye pozisyon Dembélé kòm yon jwè kle nan sistèm PSG a epi li te pèmèt li genyen Balon dò 2025 la. == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon jounalis te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la nan apre li te te reponn li prefere choute ak pye dwat la epi mennen boul la ak pye gòch li Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite Patrick Rampillon, direktè sant antrènman Stade Rennais la jiska 2014, kwè ke Dembélé se youn nan pi bon jwè li te wè kap devlope nan ekip jèn Rennes yo, tankou Sylvain Wiltord, Yoann Gourcuff, Yann M'Vila ak Stéphane Mbia . Mikaël Silvestre, bò kote pa l, li kwè ke jwè sa fe pati nan 10 premye yo ki gen talan li kapab swiv karyè li epi li konpare l ak jèn tankou[[Cristiano Ronaldo]] lè dènye a te rive nan Manchester United <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/rennes/1784987-20160211-stade-rennais-ousmane-dembele-trois-mois-etat-excellence|title=Stade Rennais: Ousmane Dembélé, trois mois d'état d'excellence|last=Jérémy Goujon|year=2016|website=20minutes.fr|month=2|access-date=8 mars 2016}}.</ref> ." Dembélé se yon jwè yo apresye nan vestiyè a pou bon kompotman li, sa ki fè l tounen yon figi inifòm nan gwoup la. [[Kylian Mbappé]] pale de li Yo renmen l nan tout vestiyè a e tout kote li pase. . Pandan sezon 2024-2025 la, sou direksyon Luis Enrique nan PSG, apre depa Kylian Mbappé pou ale nan Real Madrid, yo te chanje pozisyon Ousmane Dembélé kòm yon fo nèf pou pwofite talan li nan make gòl. Chanjman taktik sa a te pèmèt jwè a rive nan nouvo wotè ofansif, li te akimile gòl ak asistans nan kòmansman 2025 lan. Transfòmasyon Dembélé a te kontribye anpil nan siksè kolektif ekip la, ki te abouti nan yon katriyèm siksè istorik nan sezon sa a . Jwè a te rekonèt enpak antrenè a sou devlopman li ak mantalite ekip la <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/France-Football/Article/Grand-recit-ousmane-dembele-etre-l-un-des-favoris-au-ballon-d-or-est-deja-une-grande-victoire/1569146|title=Ousmane Dembélé : « Être l'un des favoris au Ballon d'Or est déjà une grande victoire »|last=Florent Torchut|last2=Vincent Garcia|date=14 juin 2025|website=lequipe.fr|language=fr|access-date=18 juin 2025}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maxifoot.fr/psg/dembele-ses-mots-forts-sur-luis-enrique-foot-435506.htm|title=PSG : Dembélé, ses mots forts sur Luis Enrique|last=Damien Da Silva|date=14 juin 2025|website=maxifoot.fr|language=fr|access-date=18 juin 2025}}</ref> . Kolaborasyon sa a te solidifye pozisyon Dembélé kòm yon jwè kle nan sistèm PSG a epi li te pèmèt li genyen Balon dò 2025 la. == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon jounalis te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la nan apre li te te reponn li prefere choute ak pye dwat la epi mennen boul la ak pye gòch li Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite Patrick Rampillon, direktè sant antrènman Stade Rennais la jiska 2014, kwè ke Dembélé se youn nan pi bon jwè li te wè kap devlope nan ekip jèn Rennes yo, tankou Sylvain Wiltord, Yoann Gourcuff, Yann M'Vila ak Stéphane Mbia . Mikaël Silvestre, bò kote pa l, li kwè ke jwè sa fe pati nan 10 premye yo ki gen talan li kapab swiv karyè li epi li konpare l ak jèn tankou[[Cristiano Ronaldo]] lè dènye a te rive nan Manchester United <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/rennes/1784987-20160211-stade-rennais-ousmane-dembele-trois-mois-etat-excellence|title=Stade Rennais: Ousmane Dembélé, trois mois d'état d'excellence|last=Jérémy Goujon|year=2016|website=20minutes.fr|month=2|access-date=8 mars 2016}}.</ref> ." Dembélé se yon jwè yo apresye nan vestiyè a pou bon kompotman li, sa ki fè l tounen yon figi inifòm nan gwoup la. [[Kylian Mbappé]] pale de li Yo renmen l nan tout vestiyè a e tout kote li pase. . Pandan sezon 2024-2025 la, sou direksyon Luis Enrique nan PSG, apre depa Kylian Mbappé pou ale nan Real Madrid, yo te chanje pozisyon Ousmane Dembélé kòm yon fo nèf pou pwofite talan li nan make gòl. Chanjman taktik sa a te pèmèt jwè a rive nan nouvo wotè ofansif, li te akimile gòl ak asistans nan kòmansman 2025 la. Transfòmasyon Dembélé sa a te kontribye anpil nan siksè kolektif ekip la, ki te abouti nan yon katriyèm siksè istorik nan sezon sa a . Jwè a te rekonèt enpak antrenè a sou devlopman li ak mantalite ekip la <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/France-Football/Article/Grand-recit-ousmane-dembele-etre-l-un-des-favoris-au-ballon-d-or-est-deja-une-grande-victoire/1569146|title=Ousmane Dembélé : « Être l'un des favoris au Ballon d'Or est déjà une grande victoire »|last=Florent Torchut|last2=Vincent Garcia|date=14 juin 2025|website=lequipe.fr|language=fr|access-date=18 juin 2025}}</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maxifoot.fr/psg/dembele-ses-mots-forts-sur-luis-enrique-foot-435506.htm|title=PSG : Dembélé, ses mots forts sur Luis Enrique|last=Damien Da Silva|date=14 juin 2025|website=maxifoot.fr|language=fr|access-date=18 juin 2025}}</ref> . Kolaborasyon sa a te solidifye pozisyon Dembélé kòm yon jwè kle nan sistèm PSG a epi li te pèmèt li genyen Balon dò 2025 la. == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon jounalis te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la nan apre li te te reponn li prefere choute ak pye dwat la epi mennen boul la ak pye gòch li Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite Patrick Rampillon, direktè sant antrènman Stade Rennais la jiska 2014, kwè ke Dembélé se youn nan pi bon jwè li te wè kap devlope nan ekip jèn Rennes yo, tankou Sylvain Wiltord, Yoann Gourcuff, Yann M'Vila ak Stéphane Mbia . Mikaël Silvestre, bò kote pa l, li kwè ke jwè sa fe pati nan 10 premye yo ki gen talan li kapab swiv karyè li epi li konpare l ak jèn tankou[[Cristiano Ronaldo]] lè dènye a te rive nan Manchester United <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/rennes/1784987-20160211-stade-rennais-ousmane-dembele-trois-mois-etat-excellence|title=Stade Rennais: Ousmane Dembélé, trois mois d'état d'excellence|last=Jérémy Goujon|year=2016|website=20minutes.fr|month=2|access-date=8 mars 2016}}.</ref> ." == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon jounalis te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la nan apre li te te reponn li prefere choute ak pye dwat la epi mennen boul la ak pye gòch li Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon jounalis te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la nan apre li te te reponn li prefere choute ak pye dwat la epi mennen boul la ak pye gòch li Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon jounalis te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la nan apre li te te repon li prefere tire ak pye dwat la epi mennen boul la ak pye gòch la  . Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » <ref name="Deschamps">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Didier-deschamps-dembele-evidemment-que-je-le-regarde/642527|title=Didier Deschamps : {{Citation|Dembélé ? Évidemment que je le regarde}}|year=2016|website=lequipe.fr|month=3|access-date=29 mars 2016}}.</ref> Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite . == Espesifikasyon == [[Fichye:Saint-Lô_-_Rennes_CFA2_20150523_-_Ousmane_Dembélé_3.JPG|vignette|Ousmane Dembélé santre ak pye dwat li an .me 2015, pandan yon match CFA2 ant Stade Rennais ak FC Saint-Lô .]] Apre premye match li nan Ligue 1, Yannick Menu, youn nan ansyen antrenè li yo nan Stade Rennais, te deklare ke Ousmane Dembélé se yon « jwè Lig chanpyon nan lavni ", gras ak likiditel e pefomans li nan jwet la, antrene ekip franse a ki gen pi piti ke <nowiki><span about="#mwt407" data-cx="[{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;partial&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;targetExists&amp;quot;:true,&amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;quot;:[],&amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;quot;:[]}]" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Unité&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Modèl:Unité&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;1&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;ans&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwBCg" typeof="mw:Transclusion">19&</nowiki>nbsp;ans<nowiki></span></nowiki>, kwè ke se yon jwe ki enteresan e trè efikas kòm yon jwè ki  bon nan jwèt la, li rapid epi li ka elimine advèsè gras a kalite li yo li gen bon lide nan  jwet la li pi presi, pi vit e pi senp Epi li pwogrese menm si li bay kan dol objektif la lè li sèvi kòm yon sipò Final li  prèske osi konfòtab sou tou de zèl teren a gras a pefomans li nan jwet e li jwe tou de pyel ni dwat ni pye gòch la ". Yon anbidèkstèrité ke li te popilarize pandan yon entèvyou apre match an mas 2016 kote yon jounalis te mande l ki pye li prefere, sa ki te fè anpil bri sou entènèt la . Li ta pita klarifye ke « prefere tire ak pye dwat la epi drible boul la ak pye gòch la » . Yon konklizyon ke antrenè ekip nasyonal franse a , Didier Deschamps, konfime. « Li rapid, li se yon jwè solid, li gen de pye. Li pral vin pi bon. » <ref name="Deschamps"/> Lè l rive Rennes, travay antrenè l yo te konsiste sitou nan disipline jwèt li a, paske pafwa Ousmane Dembélé te konn tonbe nan endividyalis ak dribbling twòp. Yon defo ke li te elimine piti piti, li te devlope yon stil jwèt ki pi konsantre sou kolektivite . == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191015033529/https://www.fff.fr/equipes-de-france/tous-les-joueurs/fiche-joueur/2543485973-wd Ousmane Dembélé] sou Fédération Française Foutball {{DEFAULTSORT:Dembélé, Ousmane}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Espò]] [[Kategori:Foutbòl]] [[Kategori:Foutbalè]] [[Kategori:Foutbalè franse]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1997]] bdhuj21aytjrimj6vq5u0lk2yddol3c 0 70600 889927 847326 2026-11-05T17:49:49Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 889927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Manifestasyon''' te pran plas nan vil yo nan [[Ayiti]] depi 7 fevriye 2019 a mande demisyon [[Prezidan Repiblik Ayiti|Prezidan an Ayiti]] [[Jovenel Moïse]]. Opozan politisyen [[Jean-Charles Moïse]] te dirije manifestasyon sa yo. Manifestan yo di objektif yo se kreye yon gouvènman tranzisyon ki bay pwogram sosyal ak pote nan jistis responsab ofisyèl akize [[koripsyon]].<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/en/haiti-thousands-protest-against-corruption/a-47421473 | title=Haiti: Thousands protest against corruption {{!}} DW {{!}} 8 February 2019 | publisher=Deutsche Welle | website=dw.com |date=8 fevriye 2019 | access-date=13 fevriye 2019}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="VOA">{{en}} {{Cite web | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/angry-haitians-demand-regime-change/4782379.html | title=Angry Haitians Demand Regime Change | author1=Sandra Lemaire | author2=Matiado Vilme | publisher=Voice of America | website=voanews.com |date=12 fevriye 2019 | access-date=13 fevriye 2019}}</ref> Sou 22 oktòb, 77 moun te touye pandan manifestasyon.<ref name="Cetri">{{fr}} {{cite web|author1=Frédéric Thomas|title=Haïti : entre complicité et ingérence|url=https://www.cetri.be/Haiti-entre-complicite-et|publisher=CETRI - Centre Tricontinental|website=cetri.be|date=24 oktòb 2019|accessdate=24 oktòb 2019}}</ref> == Evènman == === Kontèks === Manifestasyon yo te kòmanse aprè rapò tribinal yo ke ofisyèl gouvènman ayisyen swadizan yo ta itilize abizivman jiska $ 3.8 milya dola prè nan pwogram venezyelyen [[PetroCaribe]] ak ke Prezidan Moïse ta patisipe nan ka koripsyon.<ref>{{en}} {{Cite journal | date=12 fevriye 2019 | title=Inmates escape from Haiti prison | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47220832 | journal=BBC News | access-date=18 fevriye 2019}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=JC_08fev />{{,}}<ref> {{en}} {{Cite web | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-deplores-haiti-violence-/4784892.html |title=US Deplores Haiti Violence| publisher=Voice of America| website=voanews.com | date=12 fevriye 2019 | access-date=13 fevriye 2019}}</ref> Pwoblèm ekonomik, espesyalman ògmantasyon nan pri a nan lavi, yo te tou favorize manifestasyon yo nan peyi.<ref name=JC_08fev> {{en}} {{cite news |title=As protests and deaths escalate in Haiti, mayors cancel pre-Carnival parties |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article225999135.html |accessdate=7 septanm 2020 |newspaper=The Miami Herald |date=8 fevriye 2019 |author=Jacqueline Charles}}</ref> === Manifestasyon yo === Nan premye jou nan manifestasyon, manifestan vize machin yo liksye nan Ayisyen rich, domaje yo.<ref name=JC_08fev /> Jou ki vini aprè a, 8 fevriye, majistra yo nan kèk vil yo te anonse anilasyon manifestasyon yo anvan kanaval Ayiti a. 9 fevriye 2019 manifestasyon yo te mennen nan eklatman pi lwen ak lapolis la. Manifestan yo te voye [[Ròch|wòch]] sou kay Prezidan Moïse la aprè fòs sekirite nan youn nan alye li yo te frape machin yon fanm e li te kòmanse bat li.<ref> {{en}} {{Cite web | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/protesters-stone-haitian-president-s-home-battle-police/4780348.html | title=Protesters Stone Haitian President's Home, Battle Police | last= |first= | date=9 fevriye 2019 | publisher=Voice of America | access-date=13 fevriye 2019}}</ref> 12 fevriye, manifestan yo te mete dife nan yon mache popilè, te sezi plizyè boutik e te patisipe nan yon prizon ki te sove, sa ki te lakòz yo te libere tout prizonye.<ref> {{en}} {{Cite news | author= | date=12 fevriye 2019 | title=Inmates escape from Haiti prison | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47220832 | newspaper=BBC News | access-date=18 fevriye 2019}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=":1"> {{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article226176555.html | title=Haiti president recalls top envoy amid ongoing violent protests, calls for resignation |last= | first= | date=13 fevriye 2019 | publisher=The Miami Herald|access-date=13 fevriye 2019}}</ref> Bilding lojman konsila jeneral yo nan peyi [[Itali]] ak [[Pewou]] te tou piye pa manifestan.<ref> {{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-deplores-haiti-violence-/4784892.html | title=US Deplores Haiti Violence | author=| publisher=Voice of America| date=12 fevriye 2019 | access-date=13 fevriye 2019}}</ref>{{,}}<ref> {{en}} {{Cite web | url=https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-26920-haiti-flash-6th-day-of-paralysis-the-country-sinks-into-chaos.html | title=6th day of paralysis, the country sinks into chaos... | publisher=Haiti Libre| website=haitilibre.com|date= | access-date=18 fevriye 2019}}</ref> Sou 14 fevriye, Prezidan Moïse te pale ak peyi a, li di li pa te kite desann, li di : {{gimè|Mwen, Jovenel Moïse, ki an tèt Eta a, pa pral bay peyi a gang ame ak trafikan dwòg}}.<ref> {{en}} {{Cite journal | date=15 fevriye 2019 | title=Haiti's president defies violent protests, will not step down| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-haiti-protests-idUSKCN1Q40DL | journal=Reuters | access-date=18 fevriye 2019}}</ref> == Aksyon == === Gouvènman Moïse la === [[Fichye:Jovenel_Moise.jpg|thumb|207x207px|[[Jovenel Moïse]], Prezidan Repiblik la depi 2016.]] [[Fichye:Jean-Charles_Moïse_Sep_2016.jpg|left|thumb|202x202px| [[Jean-Charles Moïse]], lidè opozisyon an ak kandida eleksyon prezidansyèl 2016 la.]] Prezidan Moïse te rele opozisyon an pou angaje yo nan dyalòg lapè, ki di ke {{gimè|pwoblèm peyi a se pa sèlman politik. Pwoblèm nan peyi a yo sosyal, ekonomik ak politik}}.<ref name=JC_08fev /> Polis nasyonal la te di ke te gen {{gimè|moun ki move}} ki te sispann manifestasyon lapè nan peyi a.<ref> {{en}} {{Cite news | date=15 fevriye 2019 | title=Haiti President Jovenel Moise defiant amid deadly protests and calls for his resignation | url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/15/americas/haiti-protests-against-jovenel-moise/index.html | work=[[CNN]] | access-date=16 fevriye 2019}}</ref> === Opozisyon === Opozisyon an te dirije pa [[Jean-Charles Moïse]],<ref> {{en}} {{Cite web | url=https://www.dw.com/en/haiti-thousands-protest-against-corruption/a-47421473 |title=Haiti: Thousands protest against corruption {{!}} DW {{!}} 8 February 2019 |date=8 fevriye 2019 |publisher=Deutsche Welle | access-date=13 fevriye 2019}}</ref> lidè pati Platfòm Pitit Desalin.<ref> {{fr}} {{cite news | author=Yvince Hilaire | accessdate=7 septanm 2020 | date=19 me 2015 | newspaper=Le Nouvelliste | title=La plateforme Pitit Desalin choisit Moïse Jean-Charles pour la représenter à la présidentielle | url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/144930/la-plateforme-pitit-desalin-choisit-moise-jean-charles-pour-la-representer-a-la-presidentielle}}</ref> Opozisyon an te refize ofri prezidan an nan dyalòg. Lè prezidan fini pale, opozisyon mande demisyon li,<ref name=JC_08fev /> epi òganize yon grèv jeneral atravè peyi a pou fòse li bay demisyon. <ref> {{en}} {{Cite web | url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article226176555.html | title=Haiti president recalls top envoy amid ongoing violent protests, calls for resignation | date=13 fevriye 2019 | publisher=The Miami Herald | access-date=13 fevriye 2019}}</ref> Jean-Charles Moïse ak depite opozisyon yo te mande pou yon gouvènman tranzisyon pou ranplase Moïse. Lidè opozisyon an te di : {{gimè|Si Jovenel Moïse pa vle kite pouvwa a, nou pral nonmen yon prezidan ki aji pwovizwaman nan jou kap vini yo}}.<ref name="VOA" /> [[Youri Latortue]], prezidan [[pati politik]] [[Ayiti An Aksyon (AAA)]], akize egzekitif la nan konplo nan direksyon pou pati li ak mande yo rantre nan manifestasyon yo. Li mande tou pou nouvo eleksyon jeneral ak demisyon Prezidan Jovenel Moïse. Latortue te sipòte pa [[Evans Paul]], ansyen [[Premye Minis Ayiti|Premye Minis]] ak Prezidan Alliance lan Demokratik. == Medya == Selon komite pou pwoteksyon jounalis yo, kèk repòtè te vize pa manifestan.<ref> {{en}} {{Cite news | date=15 fevriye 2019 | title=Haiti President Jovenel Moise defiant amid deadly protests and calls for his resignation | url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/15/americas/haiti-protests-against-jovenel-moise/index.html | work=CNN | access-date=16 fevriye 2019}}</ref> Yon jounalis nan ajans Reuters, Robenson Sanon, te blese pandan manifestasyon yo, men panse li te yon konyensidans, menm jan li te kenbe ant de (2) konfwontasyon. == Nòt == Atik sa a se pasyèlman oswa antyèman soti nan atik la Wikipedia an [[angle]] ki rele <span class="plainlinks">" [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Haitian_protests?oldid=883976286 2019 Haitian protests] " <small>( [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Haitian_protests?action=history al gade lis otè yo])</small></span>. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:2019]] [[Kategori:Ayiti]] [[Kategori:Politik]] [[Kategori:Kriz Ayiti (2018–prezan)]] go3i5ool45oj502hylx51maql4k2szg 0 72224 889934 888050 2026-11-05T18:07:41Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889934 wikitext text/x-wiki Relasyon ant [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]] ak Ayiti refere a relasyon diplomatik ant [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]] ak [[Ayiti|Repiblik Ayiti]]. Relasyon yo depi lontan te konplèks akòz gwo diferans kiltirèl ant de (2) nasyon yo ak pataje yo nan [[Ispayola|zile a nan Ispayola]], ki se yon pati nan Achipel nan Gwo Zantiy nan rejyon [[Karayib]] la. Estanda nan k ap viv nan Repiblik Dominikèn an konsiderableman pi wo pase an Ayiti. Migrasyon Ayisyen pòv yo ak gwo diferans kiltirèl yo te kontribiye nan yon konfli ki la depi lontan. == Istwa == === Pre-endepandans === Malgre ke li te gen vas diferans demografik ak kiltirèl depi peryòd kolonyal la, moun [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]] ak [[Ayiti]] te pafwa alye ak lènmi, toujou ap chèche domine [[Ispayola|Hispayola]]. Konfli yo te kòmanse pandan peryòd kolonyal la epi yo te vin konfli militè ak politik ant de (2) gouvènman yo. <ref name="Lancer">{{Cite web|url=http://allempires.com/article/?q=conflict_haiti_dominican|title=The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic|last=Lancer|first=Jalisco|publisher=AllEmpires|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211224932/http://allempires.com/article/?q=conflict_haiti_dominican|archive-date=2015-12-11|dead-url=no}}</ref> Divizyon politik zile Ispayola an dwe an pati pou lit ewopeyèn an pou kontwòl Nouvo Mond la nan 17yèm syèk la, lè [[Frans|Lafrans]] ak [[Espay]] te kòmanse goumen pou kontwòl sou zile a. Yo rezoud dispit yo nan lane 1697 pa divize zile a nan de (2) peyi <ref name="Wucker1999">{{Cite book|first=Michele|last=Wucker|title=Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola|page=13|location=New York|publisher=1st|date=1999|isbn=978-0-8090-9713-5|lccn=98-25785|oclc=40200381|chapter=Roosters}}</ref>. Li pa te pase 19yèm syèk la ke Ayiti te vin endepandan de Lafrans 1 janvye 1804. Ayiti panyòl, predesesè nan Repiblik Dominikèn, te vin endepandan nan Espay nan 1 desanm 1821, aprè plis pase 300 ane nan dominasyon panyòl. Nan fen 18yèm syèk la, koloni franse a te sitou peple avèk esklav nwa afriken ki te pale kreyòl, yon lang ki sòti nan lang franse ak lang afriken yo, ak ki pratike [[vodou]], yon relijyon enfliyanse pa espirityalite Afrik de Lwès. Sepandan, moun ki rete nan koloni an panyòl, ki te reprezante mwens pase yon senkyèm nan popilasyon an nan koloni an franse, te majorite Blan ak milat katolik women ki pale [[lang panyòl]]. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of U.S. - Latin American Relations|page=274|publisher=CQ Press|date=2013}}</ref> Nan mitan [[Revolisyon Ayisyen|revolisyon ayisyen]] an, Espay te bay pati panyòl la nan Ispayola an Frans pou yo te fè peyi konkeri an Ewòp. Sa a te pwofondman anwole Santo Domingo nan lit revolisyon ayisyen an, pandan ke Lafrans te chèche sèvi ak nouvo akizisyon li yo kòm yon baz pou lite revòlt lan. An 1801, lidè ayisyen [[Tousen Louvèti|Toussaint Louverture]] te chache kontwole estrateji franse a nan okipe Santo Domingo. Anvan yo te rive twoup franse yo, lame li a te ale bò solèy leve epi byen vit te pran ansyen koloni panyòl la. Lè fòs fransèz yo te ateri ane annaprè a avèk objektif pou yo te sezi tout zile a, yo pa te kapab sezi Santo Domingo. Sepandan, yo jere yo rete nan Santo Domingo. Fòs fransèz nan Santo Domingo te menase souverènte ayisyèn e gouvènè franse a nan Santo Domingo te pwovoke Ayiti lè li te pèmèt kolon yo pran esklav Ayisyen. An 1805, prezidan ayisyen [[Janjak Desalin|Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] te reyaji avèk yon envazyon san fay nan Santo Domingo. Dominiken yo ekspilse Franse yo nan lane 1809 ak re-enkòpore tèt yo nan anpi an Panyòl. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience|url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop0004unse|page=[https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop0004unse/page/423 423]|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2005}}</ref> === Endepandans kout ak inifikasyon Ispanyola (1821-1844) === 9 novanm 1821, koloni panyòl Santo Domingo te ranvèse pa yon gwoup rebèl anba kòmandman José Núñez de Cáceres, ansyen administratè koloni an <ref name="Lancer"/> {{,}} <ref name="Horváth2014">{{Cite web|url=https://flagspot.net/flags/ht-hist.html#span|title=Haiti: Historical Flags|last=Horváth|first=Zoltán|date=2014-06-21|website=Flags of the World|oclc=39626054|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928042017/http://flagspot.net/flags/ht-hist.html#span|archive-date=2015-09-28|dead-url=no}}</ref> pandan li tap pwoklame endepandans lan Wayòm Espay nan dat 1 desanm 1821 <ref name="africana">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE-N8hh-VNQC&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=spanish+haiti&source=web&ots=K8EfPYcsI4&sig=iMgEI31tSdkdtfcURxRZKAaYyh0#PPA617,M1|title=Dominican-Haitian Relations|last=Gates|first=Henry Louis|last2=Appiah, Anthony|year=1999|website=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience|access-date=2007-12-24}}</ref>. Nouvo nasyon an te rele ''Repiblik'' ''an Ayiti'' panyòl (panyòl : República del Haití Espanol ), ''Ayiti'' te gen non endijèn nan zile a . [[Fichye:President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_(Hispaniola_Unification_Regime)_Portrait.jpg|droite|vignette|243x243px| [[Jean-Pierre Boyer]], chèf Ayiti. ]] Yon gwoup ofisye militè dominiken te vote an favè nasyon ki fèk endepandan k ap antre nan Ayiti pandan yo tap chache estabilite politik anba prezidan ayisyen [[Jean-Pierre Boyer]]. Dominiken yo pa te okouran ke Boyer te fè yon konsesyon pou Franse yo ak yo te dakò pou peye Lafrans pou teritwa ki te pèdi nan Ayiti. Boyer te dakò peye yon sòm de 150 milyon fran (plis pase de (2) fwa sa ki Lafrans te akize Etazini pou teritwa a pi gwo nan Louisiana an 1803). Ayisyen yo ta dwe peye pou rete lib nan Franse. Pandan venndezan okipasyon ayisyèn, Ayisyen aplike sa kèk Dominiken konsidere kòm yon rejim militè brital. Yo te itilize lang franse a sou lang panyòl e lame a te fèmen Inivèsite Santo Santo de Aquino. Anplis de sa, lame ayisyèn an konfiske tout tè a ak pwopriyete nan legliz la ak enpoze sèvis militè obligatwa. Peryòd difisil sa a pou Dominiken yo te kreye konfli kiltirèl lang, ras, relijyon ak tradisyon nasyonal ant Dominiken ak Ayisyen. Anpil Dominiken te devlope rankin kont Ayisyen, ke yo konsidere kòm opresè yo. Yo nan lòd yo ranmase lajan pou konpansasyon an menmen nan 150 milyon fran ke Ayiti te dakò pou peye pou ansyen kolon franse ak ki te pita redwi a 60 milyon fran, Ayiti te enpoze taks lou sou Dominiken yo. Kòm Ayiti pa te kapab bay kòrèkteman ekipman pou lame li yo, fòs yo okipasyon lajman siviv pa rekizisyon oswa konfiske manje ak pwovizyon anba menas nan zam. Tantativ pou redistribiye peyi yo te nan akwochaj avèk sistèm pwopriyete kominal peyi (''terrenos comuneros''), ki te kreye avèk ekonomi an bèt, ak esklav ki fèk emansipe yo te blese nan gen kiltive rekòt lajan kach an akò avèk ''Kòd la Riral. nan'' Boyer. <ref>''Terrenos comuneros'' arose because of “scarce population, low value of the land, the absence of officials qualified to survey the lands, and the difficulty of dividing up the ranch in such a way that each would receive a share of the grasslands, forests, streams, palm groves, and small agricultural plots that, only when combined, made possible the exploitation of the ranch.” (Hoetink, ''The Dominican People: Notes for a Historical Sociology'' transl. Stephen Ault Pg. 83 (Johns Hopkins Press: Baltimore, 1982)</ref> Nan zòn riral yo, administrasyon ayisyèn an te jeneralman twò inefikas pou aplike pwòp lwa li yo. Se nan vil Santo Domingo ke efè okipasyon an te santi pi fò, e se isit la ke mouvman pou endepandans lan te kòmanse. Konstitisyon ayisyèn an entèdi tou moun ki pa sitwayen yo gen tè. Sepandan, li te pwoteje sitwayen yo ki te konnen yo posede tè soti nan lòt moun ki ta ka yo te eseye pran tè sa yo nan men yo. Daprè konstitisyon yo, li te ilegal pou yo refize pwopriyete yon sitwayen ki te deja posede li. Pifò nan yo emigre nan [[Kiba]], [[Pòtoriko|P]]<nowiki/>òtoriko (sa yo de (2) yo te byen panyòl nan moman sa a) oswa nan Gran Kolonbi, anjeneral avèk ankourajman nan ofisyèl ayisyen yo, ki akeri tè yo. Ayisyen, ki asosye [[Legliz Katolik|Legliz Katolik Women]] an avèk mèt esklav franse yo ki te eksplwate yo anvan endepandans yo, yo te konfiske tout pwopriyete legliz la, te depòte tout moun legliz etranje epi koupe lyen avèk moun legliz ki rete nan Vatikan an. Inivèsite Santo Domingo, ki te manke elèv ak pwofesè, te oblije fèmen epi peyi a te soufri yon vòl masiv nan kapital imen. Byenke okipasyon an efikasman elimine esklavaj kolonyal la epi etabli yon Konstitisyon enspire pa Konstitisyon Etazini nan tout zile a, plizyè rezolisyon ak dispozisyon ekri yo te ekspreseman vize pou konvèti Dominiken klas mwayèn nan sitwayen dezyèm klas : restriksyon sou mouvman, entèdiksyon sèvis piblik, kouvrefe lannwit, enkapasite pou vwayaje nan gwoup, entèdiksyon òganizasyon sivil yo ak fèmti endefini nan Inivèsite Eta a (akize sa a se yon òganizasyon sibvèsif) tout te mennen nan kreyasyon mouvman pou defann separasyon fòse Ayiti san konpwomi. === Gè endepandans dominikèn (1844-1856) === [[Fichye:Goletaseparacion.jpg|vignette| Bato ''"Separación Dominicana"'' pandan batay nan Tortuguero, pa Adolfo García Obregón. ]] Sou 27 fevriye 1844, moun ki rete nan Santo Domingo mete yon fen nan plis pase de (2) deseni nan movèz jesyon ayisyen pa pwoklame endepandans yo ak akèy ekzil gwo defandè nan nasyonalis dominikèn, Juan Pablo Duarte. Nouvo gouvènman an te frape rapidman pa yon envazyon Ayisyen sou twa (3) kote, ki te repouse avèk siksè pa yon lame dominikèn an plis ke, ki pa sou zam e ki te antrene, ki te anba lòd rich elevè Jeneral Pedro Santana. Dominiken yo te bat Ayisyen nan lanmè ak sou tè. Premye batay naval la te fèt 15 avril 1844. Twa (3) bato dominikèn anba lòd Juan Bautista Cambiaso te bat yon briganten ayisyen ak de bato sou kòt la nan Azua. Batay naval la pa sèlman pwoteje sòlda dominiken yo ki te batay nan Azua, men li te asire tou dominasyon marin dominikèn an pou rès lagè a. Ayiti pa te rekonsilye avèk pèt la nan de (2) tyè moun ki pale panyòl soti nan lès zile a Ispayola. 9 mas 1849, prezidan ayisyen [[Fosten Soulouk|Faustin Soulouque]] te mennen 10,000 sòlda pandan yon envazyon nan Repiblik Dominikèn. Fòs Soulouk yo te bat epi yo dwe fè bak, kite dèyè yon tras de piyaj ak destriksyon. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Pan-African Chronology II: A Comprehensive Reference to the Black Quest for Freedom in Africa, the Americas, Europe and Asia, 1865-1915|page=99|publisher=McFarland|date=1998}}</ref> Prezidan dominikèn Buenaventura Báez te lanse yon ofansif naval kont Ayiti pou anpeche menas yon nouvo envazyon. Maren li yo, ki te dirije pa avantirye a franse Fagalde, atake kòt ayisyèn an, piye vilaj bò lanmè jiska Cap Dame Marie, ak touye ekipaj ki mouri nan bato lènmi te kaptire. Fagalde te deklanche kòt sid Ayiti a, men sèl repons Soulouque a te imedya pou limen lari nan kapital la avèk bwa chandèl pou selebre premye sak li <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baur|first=John E.|date=1949|title=Faustin Soulouque, Emperor of Haiti His Character and His Reign|journal=The Americas|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=143}}</ref>. Nan mwa novanm 1855, Soulouk, ki te pwoklame Anperè Faustin I nan yon anpi ayisyen ke li te espere elaji nan Repiblik dominikèn, te anvayi vwazen li ankò fwa sa a avèk yon lame 30,000 moun ki piyej ak mache sou twa (3) kolòn. Nan mwa janvye ane annaprè a, yon kontenjan ayisyen nan 6,000 sòlda yo te bat anpil nan vil fwontyè Ouanaminthe. Plis pase 1,000 moun te mouri ak anpil te blese. <ref>{{Cite book|first=Matthew J.|last=Smith|title=Liberty, Fraternity, Exile: Haiti and Jamaica after Emancipation|page=81|publisher=UNC Press Books|date=2014}}</ref> Aprè yon viktwa dominikèn nan 8,000 defansè nan Sabana Larga soti nan 22,000 Ayisyen, dènye ayisyen an pouse tounen sou fwontyè a. Depi lè sa a, relasyon ant Repiblik dominikèn ak Ayiti te enstab. <ref>Moya, Pons Frank. 1977. Historia Colonial de Santo Domingo. 3rd ed. Santiago: Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra.</ref> === Masak pèsi a: kout kouto a oubyen ''el corte'' nan lang panyòl(1937) === Nan mwa oktòb 1937, reklame ke Ayiti te akèyi ansyen opozan dominiken yo, [[Rafael Trujillo]] te bay lòd pou yon atak sou fwontyè a, li te touye dè dizèn de milye Ayisyen pandan yo tap eseye chape. Kantite moun ki mouri toujou enkoni, men kounye a yo estime a ant 20,000 <ref name="Dove1997">{{Cite book|first=Rita|last=Dove|title=Introspections: American Poets on One of Their Own Poems|page=78|location=Middlebury, Vermont|publisher=1st|series=Bread Loaf Anthology|date=1997|isbn=978-0-87451-773-6|lccn=97-19542|oclc=36842447|chapter=Writing ‘Parsley’|quote=On October 2, 1937, Raphael Trujillo had ordered 20,000 Haitian cane workers executed because they could not roll the ‘R’ in ''perejil'', the Spanish word for parsley.}}</ref> ak 30,000. <ref name="Cambeira1996">{{Cite book|first=Alan|last=Cambeira|title=Quisqueya la Bella: The Dominican Republic in Historical and Cultural Perspective|page=182|location=Armonk, New York|publisher=M.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;Sharpe|series=Perspectives on Latin America and the Caribbean|date=1996|isbn=978-0-7656-3305-7|lccn=96-32355|oclc=605229117|chapter=The Era of Trujillo: 1930–1961|quote=During the 1937 massacre&nbsp;... anyone&nbsp;... found incapable of pronouncing correctly&nbsp;... became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty&nbsp;thousand....}}</ref> Pouki yo rele masak sa Perejil ou byen masak [[pèsi]] a, se paske sou baz move prononsiyasyon mo pési a nan lang panyòl yo te distenge Ayisyen ak Dominiken. Sou bò dominiken, moun ki dekri mas mas la nan ''el corte'', "koupe a", pandan y ap Ayisyen yo rele li kou ''kouto a'', "le coup de couteau". Temwen yo semèn sa a te rapòte ke yo wè jan Ayisyen yo te kouri atravè larivyè touprè Dajabón kòm yo te eseye jwenn an sekirite nan Ouanaminthe, jis lòt bò fwontyè a ayisyen. Sòlda yo te swiv yo nan larivyè a pou yo te touye yo, k ap koule sou san ak kò pou plizyè jou. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives|page=515|publisher=SAGE Publications|date=2016}}</ref> Aprè premye masak la, pon an ant nasyon yo te fèmen, anpeche nenpòt ki chape ak agrave bilan. == Peryòd aktyèl == === Faktè kiltirèl ak ekonomik === Nan mitan 20yèm syèk la, ekonomi de (2) peyi yo te konparab. Depi lè sa a, ekonomi dominikèn an ap pwogrese pandan ke ekonomi ayisyèn an deteryore. Ralantisman ekonomik la an Ayiti se akòz faktè tankou lit pouvwa entèn yo, rapid kwasans popilasyon, degradasyon anviwònman ak anbago komès. Jodi a, Ayiti se peyi ki pi pòv nan Emisfè oksidantal la. Li manke resous ak dansite popilasyon an Ayiti byen depase sa ki nan vwazen li yo. Malgre voye misyon nan men Nasyon Zini depi ane 1990 yo, kondisyon terib pèsiste pou kenbe lapè.<ref name="Silver2010">{{Cite journal|last=Silver|first=Alexandra|date=19 janvye 2010|title=Why Haiti and the Dominican Republic Are So Different|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1953959,00.html|dead-url=no|journal=Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612211414/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1953959,00.html|archive-date=2015-06-12}}</ref> Baryè lang la se yon faktè enpòtan nan disonans kiltirèl, ak panyòl ke yo te lang prensipal la pale nan lès Ispayòl (Repiblik dominikèn), pandan y ap pale [[Lang franse|franse]] ak [[kreyòl ayisyen]] nan lwès (Ayiti). Orijin se yon lòt faktè detèminan nan relasyon Dominiken-Ayisyen yo. Konpozisyon etnik popilasyon dominikèn an se 73% milat,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Dominican-Republic.html|title=DOMINICAN REPUBLIC|website=Encyclopedia of the Nations}}</ref> 16% blan ak 11% nwa,<ref name="CIADR">{{Cite book|title=Field Listing: Ethnic Groups §&nbsp;Dominican Republic|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=2015|issn=1553-8133|oclc=644186015|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#dr|access-date=2019-09-06|archive-date=2018-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116044500/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#dr|dead-url=yes}}</ref> pandan 95% popilasyon ayisyèn an nwa.<ref name="CIAH">{{Cite book|title=Field Listing: Ethnic Groups §&nbsp;Haiti|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=2015|issn=1553-8133|oclc=644186015|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#ha|access-date=2019-09-06|archive-date=2018-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116044500/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#ha|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ekonomi dominikèn an tou plis pase 600% pi gwo pase ekonomi ayisyèn an. Revni anyèl per capita estime a $ 1.300 dola an Ayiti ak $ 8.200 dola nan Repiblik Dominikèn.<ref name="usat201001">{{Cite journal|last=Bello|first=Marisol|date=21 janvye 2010|title=Hispaniola comparison|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-01-21-Haiti-Dominican_N.htm|publisher=USA Today|page=|access-date=9 oktòb 2016}}</ref> Divèjans ki genyen ant nivo devlopman ekonomik ant Ayiti ak Repiblik dominikèn fè fwontyè yo pi kontraste de tout fwontyè nan mond Lwès la e li evidan ke Repiblik dominikèn konnen youn nan pi gwo pwoblèm migrasyon ilegal nan Amerik la. <ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/?trails=false&xaxis=logarithmic&area=&bubbledisplaytype=countries&defaultsubjects=&interactive=true&bubbleshowall=true&bubbleshowlabels=true&year=2013&showoutliers=false&combichart=&mapyaxis=linear&yaxis=logarithmic&histogram=&indicatory=LP&chart=linechartView&geoitems=DOM,HTI&bubbleexploded=&showall=false&indicatorx=NGDPD&indicator=PPPPC&speed=5&tab=mapView&maximize=chart&db=WEO&mark=&indicatorsize=&mapexploded=&bubblehighlighttype=0 IMF - PIB per cápita (PPA) República Dominicana / Haití]</ref> === Migrasyon ayisyen nan Repiblik Dominikèn === [[Fichye:At_the_Border_of_Haiti_and_the_Dominican_Republic_(8057179936).jpg|vignette|400x400px| Ayisyen sou fwontyè ant Ayiti ak Repiblik Dominikèn. ]] Kèk koperasyon fwontyè egziste nan domèn tankou sante, biznis ak enfrastrikti. Anpil Ayisyen vwayaje nan Repiblik dominikèn pou jwenn travay sezon oswa alontèm pou voye lajan fanmi yo. Kèk nan travayè ayisyen sa yo, ansanm ak dominiken ki gen orijin ayisyèn, te rapòte diskriminasyon kont majorite popilasyon dominikèn an. Lòt Ayisyen ki ta renmen jwenn travay rete an Ayiti paske yo te pè diskriminasyon sou lòt bò fwontyè a. <ref name="Schaaf2009">{{Cite web|url=http://haitiinnovation.org/en/2009/05/21/haiti-and-dominican-republic-same-island-different-worlds|title=Haiti and the Dominican Republic: Same Island, Different Worlds|last=Schaaf|first=Bryan|date=2009-05-21|website=Haiti Innovation|location=Washington, DC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104011142/http://haitiinnovation.org/en/2009/05/21/haiti-and-dominican-republic-same-island-different-worlds|archive-date=2015-01-04|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Migrasyon te fèt depi ane 1920 yo, lè travayè ayisyen yo te ankouraje aktivman pou yo travay nan endistri sik prensipal la nan Repiblik dominikèn. Avèk modènizasyon ki te kòmanse nan ane 1960 yo, li te pran mwens travayè, ak lòt endistri ak sèvis dominiken yo te kòmanse anplwaye plis travayè ayisyen, yon sous nan travay bon mache epi mwens reglemante avèk mwens pwoteksyon legal yo. Anpil fanm ayisyèn jwenn travay nan kay dominikèn ak gason ayisyen nan sit konstriksyon dominikèn, souvan ki lakòz demenajman yon fanmi tout antye. <ref name="Schaaf2009"/> Yon gwo kantite travayè imigran ayisyen yo te kontinye ap viv nan Repiblik dominikèn pandan plizyè jenerasyon. De (2) gouvènman yo pa te kapab dakò sou yon kad legal pou fè fas ak nasyonalite pitit pitit sa yo, pou yo kite apeprè yon milyon moun ki desandan ayisyen nan apatrid Repiblik dominikèn, kidonk limite aksè yo nan swen sante, edikasyon ak opòtinite pou travay.<ref name="Schaaf2009"/> Byenke migrasyon Ayiti a nan Repiblik dominikèn an benefisye ekonomikman pou toulède peyi yo, li se youn nan prensipal kontribitè a tansyon ant de (2) peyi yo ; Imigrasyon ilegal an Ayiti gen yon gwo enpak sou pèp dominiken an. Sa a te lakòz santiman anti-ayisyen ak mefyans nan pèp ayisyen an. Yon lòt pwoblèm pou migrasyon ayisyèn an nan Repiblik dominikèn se ke li bwouye sitwayènte a. Faktè migrasyon sa a afekte pa sèlman ekonomi dominikèn an, men tou kilti li. <ref name="Taylor2013">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/american-anthropological-association/generations-of-haitian-de_b_4156611.html|title=Generations of Haitian Descendents Made Stateless in the Dominican Republic|last=Taylor|first=Erin B.|date=2013-12-25|website=The Huffington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031045350/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/american-anthropological-association/generations-of-haitian-de_b_4156611.html|archive-date=2015-10-31}}</ref> Travèse fwontyè a se byen fasil, avèk yon sèvis otobis chak jou soti nan [[Sen Domeng|Santo Domingo]] nan kòt nò a ak sid Ayiti. <ref>[http://world-adventurer.com/capital-coach-line-bus-from-port-au-prince-to-santo-domingo/ Capital Coach Line bus from Port-au-Prince to Santo Domingo]</ref> Anpil nan fwontyè a rete trè ouvè, avèk travèse regilye nan mache sou tou de (2) bò. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/mbnapv/in-photos-life-at-the-largest-border-crossing-between-haiti-and-the-dominican-republic |title=In Photos: Life at the Largest Border Crossing Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic |access-date=2019-09-06 |archive-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406030740/https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/mbnapv/in-photos-life-at-the-largest-border-crossing-between-haiti-and-the-dominican-republic |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Li posib yo kouvri yon gwo pati nan wout la ak yon otowout nò-sid travèse fwontyè a. <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/travel/driving-the-seam-of-hispaniola.html Driving the Seam of Hispaniola]</ref> === Tranblemanntè 2010 an Ayiti === Aprè [[Tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010 nan peyi Ayiti|tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010]] devastate, anpil Ayisyen te chape anba fwontyè a pou evite efè tranblemanntè a. Gouvènman dominiken an te youn nan premye ki te voye ekip pou ede distribye manje ak medikaman pou viktim yo, e li te pi fasil pou Ayisyen jwenn viza pou tretman nan lopital dominiken yo. Pwodui pou yo te transpòte an Ayiti via Repiblik dominikèn ak anpil Ayisyen blese yo te trete nan lopital dominiken.<ref name="Childress">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/que-pasa/dr-haitians-get-lost|title=DR to Haitians: get lost|last=Childress|first=Sarah|date=31 out 2011|access-date=22 avril 2013}}</ref> Refijye ayisyen yo te akeyi ak sipòte pa anpil Dominiken, byenke relasyon yo deteryore paske yo rete nan Repiblik dominiken. Sa a te lakòz kèk Dominiken enkyete ke refijye tranblemanntè yo kontribiye nan krim k ap monte, twòp moun, kolera ak chomaj. Plis ak plis diskriminasyon te atribiye a kantite masiv nan refijye ayisyen nan Repiblik dominikèn an. Nan dènye ane yo, tansyon te vin pi mal, fòse òganizasyon Entènasyonal pou Migrasyon an ofri Ayisyen $ 50 dola chak, ak asistans adisyonèl pou reyentegrasyon yo, pou yo ka retounen an Ayiti. Plis pase 1,500 moun aksepte èd sa a epi retounen. <ref name="Childress"/>[[Fichye:Embajada_de_Haití_en_Santo_Domingo.jpg|droite|vignette|Anbasad Ayiti nan Santo Domingo]] == Espò == Federasyon bezbòl Repiblik Dominikèn ak Ayiti dakò pou devlope epi ankouraje pratik bezbòl an Ayiti, sitou nan zòn fwontalye yo, paske yo kwè espò a se yon zouti devlopman ki kapab ankouraje lapè, ranfòse nati zanmitay ak respè youn pou lòt ant de pèp yo. Avèk sipò Ministè Espò Repiblik Dominikèn nan, prezidan Federasyon Dominikèn Bezbòl la (FEDOBE) deklare : “Sa pèmèt federasyon nou an reyalize rèv li pou ede Ayiti nan domèn bezbòl.” Li angaje l pou mete Federasyon Ayisyèn Bezbòl la an kontak ak òganizasyon entènasyonal yo. Federasyon Dominikèn Bezbòl la pral voye antrenè ann Ayiti pou fòmasyon teknik ansanm ak abit ak makè, pandan Federasyon Ayisyèn Bezbòl la pral bay sipò lojistik nan kad fòmasyon yo ak pwogram devlopman teknik yo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metrord.do/do/deportes/2016/02/10/acuerdan-fomentar-beisbol-haiti.html|title=Acuerdan fomentar el béisbol en Haití|date=10 février 2016|publisher=Metro|access-date=25 mai 2017}}</ref> . [[Fichye:Embajada_de_Haití_en_Santo_Domingo.jpg|droite|vignette|Anbasad Ayiti nan Santo Domingo]] == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:Ayiti]] [[Kategori:Repiblik dominikèn]] [[Kategori:Relasyon entènasyonal]] [[Kategori:Relasyon ant Ayiti ak Repiblik Dominikèn]] [[Kategori:Kout pwojektè sou/Atik pwopoze]] mxrnijm0nw5ztoa4fzb5nu7vx3bfbut 889935 889934 2026-11-05T18:08:25Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 889935 wikitext text/x-wiki Relasyon ant [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]] ak Ayiti refere a relasyon diplomatik ant [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]] ak [[Ayiti|Repiblik Ayiti]]. Relasyon yo depi lontan te konplèks akòz gwo diferans kiltirèl ant de (2) nasyon yo ak pataje yo nan [[Ispayola|zile a nan Ispayola]], ki se yon pati nan Achipel nan Gwo Zantiy nan rejyon [[Karayib]] la. Estanda nan k ap viv nan Repiblik Dominikèn an konsiderableman pi wo pase an Ayiti. Migrasyon Ayisyen pòv yo ak gwo diferans kiltirèl yo te kontribiye nan yon konfli ki la depi lontan. == Istwa == === Pre-endepandans === Malgre ke li te gen vas diferans demografik ak kiltirèl depi peryòd kolonyal la, moun [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]] ak [[Ayiti]] te pafwa alye ak lènmi, toujou ap chèche domine [[Ispayola|Hispayola]]. Konfli yo te kòmanse pandan peryòd kolonyal la epi yo te vin konfli militè ak politik ant de (2) gouvènman yo. <ref name="Lancer">{{Cite web|url=http://allempires.com/article/?q=conflict_haiti_dominican|title=The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic|last=Lancer|first=Jalisco|publisher=AllEmpires|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211224932/http://allempires.com/article/?q=conflict_haiti_dominican|archive-date=2015-12-11|dead-url=no}}</ref> Divizyon politik zile Ispayola an dwe an pati pou lit ewopeyèn an pou kontwòl Nouvo Mond la nan 17yèm syèk la, lè [[Frans|Lafrans]] ak [[Espay]] te kòmanse goumen pou kontwòl sou zile a. Yo rezoud dispit yo nan lane 1697 pa divize zile a nan de (2) peyi <ref name="Wucker1999">{{Cite book|first=Michele|last=Wucker|title=Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola|page=13|location=New York|publisher=1st|date=1999|isbn=978-0-8090-9713-5|lccn=98-25785|oclc=40200381|chapter=Roosters}}</ref>. Li pa te pase 19yèm syèk la ke Ayiti te vin endepandan de Lafrans 1 janvye 1804. Ayiti panyòl, predesesè nan Repiblik Dominikèn, te vin endepandan nan Espay nan 1 desanm 1821, aprè plis pase 300 ane nan dominasyon panyòl. Nan fen 18yèm syèk la, koloni franse a te sitou peple avèk esklav nwa afriken ki te pale kreyòl, yon lang ki sòti nan lang franse ak lang afriken yo, ak ki pratike [[vodou]], yon relijyon enfliyanse pa espirityalite Afrik de Lwès. Sepandan, moun ki rete nan koloni an panyòl, ki te reprezante mwens pase yon senkyèm nan popilasyon an nan koloni an franse, te majorite Blan ak milat katolik women ki pale [[lang panyòl]]. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of U.S. - Latin American Relations|page=274|publisher=CQ Press|date=2013}}</ref> Nan mitan [[Revolisyon Ayisyen|revolisyon ayisyen]] an, Espay te bay pati panyòl la nan Ispayola an Frans pou yo te fè peyi konkeri an Ewòp. Sa a te pwofondman anwole Santo Domingo nan lit revolisyon ayisyen an, pandan ke Lafrans te chèche sèvi ak nouvo akizisyon li yo kòm yon baz pou lite revòlt lan. An 1801, lidè ayisyen [[Tousen Louvèti|Toussaint Louverture]] te chache kontwole estrateji franse a nan okipe Santo Domingo. Anvan yo te rive twoup franse yo, lame li a te ale bò solèy leve epi byen vit te pran ansyen koloni panyòl la. Lè fòs fransèz yo te ateri ane annaprè a avèk objektif pou yo te sezi tout zile a, yo pa te kapab sezi Santo Domingo. Sepandan, yo jere yo rete nan Santo Domingo. Fòs fransèz nan Santo Domingo te menase souverènte ayisyèn e gouvènè franse a nan Santo Domingo te pwovoke Ayiti lè li te pèmèt kolon yo pran esklav Ayisyen. An 1805, prezidan ayisyen [[Janjak Desalin|Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] te reyaji avèk yon envazyon san fay nan Santo Domingo. Dominiken yo ekspilse Franse yo nan lane 1809 ak re-enkòpore tèt yo nan anpi an Panyòl. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience|url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop0004unse|page=[https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop0004unse/page/423 423]|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2005}}</ref> === Endepandans kout ak inifikasyon Ispanyola (1821-1844) === 9 novanm 1821, koloni panyòl Santo Domingo te ranvèse pa yon gwoup rebèl anba kòmandman José Núñez de Cáceres, ansyen administratè koloni an <ref name="Lancer"/> {{,}} <ref name="Horváth2014">{{Cite web|url=https://flagspot.net/flags/ht-hist.html#span|title=Haiti: Historical Flags|last=Horváth|first=Zoltán|date=2014-06-21|website=Flags of the World|oclc=39626054|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928042017/http://flagspot.net/flags/ht-hist.html#span|archive-date=2015-09-28|dead-url=no}}</ref> pandan li tap pwoklame endepandans lan Wayòm Espay nan dat 1 desanm 1821 <ref name="africana">{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE-N8hh-VNQC&pg=PA617&lpg=PA617&dq=spanish+haiti&source=web&ots=K8EfPYcsI4&sig=iMgEI31tSdkdtfcURxRZKAaYyh0#PPA617,M1|title=Dominican-Haitian Relations|last=Gates|first=Henry Louis|last2=Appiah, Anthony|year=1999|website=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience|access-date=2007-12-24}}</ref>. Nouvo nasyon an te rele ''Repiblik'' ''an Ayiti'' panyòl (panyòl : República del Haití Espanol ), ''Ayiti'' te gen non endijèn nan zile a . [[Fichye:President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_(Hispaniola_Unification_Regime)_Portrait.jpg|droite|vignette|243x243px| [[Jean-Pierre Boyer]], chèf Ayiti. ]] Yon gwoup ofisye militè dominiken te vote an favè nasyon ki fèk endepandan k ap antre nan Ayiti pandan yo tap chache estabilite politik anba prezidan ayisyen [[Jean-Pierre Boyer]]. Dominiken yo pa te okouran ke Boyer te fè yon konsesyon pou Franse yo ak yo te dakò pou peye Lafrans pou teritwa ki te pèdi nan Ayiti. Boyer te dakò peye yon sòm de 150 milyon fran (plis pase de (2) fwa sa ki Lafrans te akize Etazini pou teritwa a pi gwo nan Louisiana an 1803). Ayisyen yo ta dwe peye pou rete lib nan Franse. Pandan venndezan okipasyon ayisyèn, Ayisyen aplike sa kèk Dominiken konsidere kòm yon rejim militè brital. Yo te itilize lang franse a sou lang panyòl e lame a te fèmen Inivèsite Santo Santo de Aquino. Anplis de sa, lame ayisyèn an konfiske tout tè a ak pwopriyete nan legliz la ak enpoze sèvis militè obligatwa. Peryòd difisil sa a pou Dominiken yo te kreye konfli kiltirèl lang, ras, relijyon ak tradisyon nasyonal ant Dominiken ak Ayisyen. Anpil Dominiken te devlope rankin kont Ayisyen, ke yo konsidere kòm opresè yo. Yo nan lòd yo ranmase lajan pou konpansasyon an menmen nan 150 milyon fran ke Ayiti te dakò pou peye pou ansyen kolon franse ak ki te pita redwi a 60 milyon fran, Ayiti te enpoze taks lou sou Dominiken yo. Kòm Ayiti pa te kapab bay kòrèkteman ekipman pou lame li yo, fòs yo okipasyon lajman siviv pa rekizisyon oswa konfiske manje ak pwovizyon anba menas nan zam. Tantativ pou redistribiye peyi yo te nan akwochaj avèk sistèm pwopriyete kominal peyi (''terrenos comuneros''), ki te kreye avèk ekonomi an bèt, ak esklav ki fèk emansipe yo te blese nan gen kiltive rekòt lajan kach an akò avèk ''Kòd la Riral. nan'' Boyer. <ref>''Terrenos comuneros'' arose because of “scarce population, low value of the land, the absence of officials qualified to survey the lands, and the difficulty of dividing up the ranch in such a way that each would receive a share of the grasslands, forests, streams, palm groves, and small agricultural plots that, only when combined, made possible the exploitation of the ranch.” (Hoetink, ''The Dominican People: Notes for a Historical Sociology'' transl. Stephen Ault Pg. 83 (Johns Hopkins Press: Baltimore, 1982)</ref> Nan zòn riral yo, administrasyon ayisyèn an te jeneralman twò inefikas pou aplike pwòp lwa li yo. Se nan vil Santo Domingo ke efè okipasyon an te santi pi fò, e se isit la ke mouvman pou endepandans lan te kòmanse. Konstitisyon ayisyèn an entèdi tou moun ki pa sitwayen yo gen tè. Sepandan, li te pwoteje sitwayen yo ki te konnen yo posede tè soti nan lòt moun ki ta ka yo te eseye pran tè sa yo nan men yo. Daprè konstitisyon yo, li te ilegal pou yo refize pwopriyete yon sitwayen ki te deja posede li. Pifò nan yo emigre nan [[Kiba]], [[Pòtoriko|P]]<nowiki/>òtoriko (sa yo de (2) yo te byen panyòl nan moman sa a) oswa nan Gran Kolonbi, anjeneral avèk ankourajman nan ofisyèl ayisyen yo, ki akeri tè yo. Ayisyen, ki asosye [[Legliz Katolik|Legliz Katolik Women]] an avèk mèt esklav franse yo ki te eksplwate yo anvan endepandans yo, yo te konfiske tout pwopriyete legliz la, te depòte tout moun legliz etranje epi koupe lyen avèk moun legliz ki rete nan Vatikan an. Inivèsite Santo Domingo, ki te manke elèv ak pwofesè, te oblije fèmen epi peyi a te soufri yon vòl masiv nan kapital imen. Byenke okipasyon an efikasman elimine esklavaj kolonyal la epi etabli yon Konstitisyon enspire pa Konstitisyon Etazini nan tout zile a, plizyè rezolisyon ak dispozisyon ekri yo te ekspreseman vize pou konvèti Dominiken klas mwayèn nan sitwayen dezyèm klas : restriksyon sou mouvman, entèdiksyon sèvis piblik, kouvrefe lannwit, enkapasite pou vwayaje nan gwoup, entèdiksyon òganizasyon sivil yo ak fèmti endefini nan Inivèsite Eta a (akize sa a se yon òganizasyon sibvèsif) tout te mennen nan kreyasyon mouvman pou defann separasyon fòse Ayiti san konpwomi. === Gè endepandans dominikèn (1844-1856) === [[Fichye:Goletaseparacion.jpg|vignette| Bato ''"Separación Dominicana"'' pandan batay nan Tortuguero, pa Adolfo García Obregón. ]] Sou 27 fevriye 1844, moun ki rete nan Santo Domingo mete yon fen nan plis pase de (2) deseni nan movèz jesyon ayisyen pa pwoklame endepandans yo ak akèy ekzil gwo defandè nan nasyonalis dominikèn, Juan Pablo Duarte. Nouvo gouvènman an te frape rapidman pa yon envazyon Ayisyen sou twa (3) kote, ki te repouse avèk siksè pa yon lame dominikèn an plis ke, ki pa sou zam e ki te antrene, ki te anba lòd rich elevè Jeneral Pedro Santana. Dominiken yo te bat Ayisyen nan lanmè ak sou tè. Premye batay naval la te fèt 15 avril 1844. Twa (3) bato dominikèn anba lòd Juan Bautista Cambiaso te bat yon briganten ayisyen ak de bato sou kòt la nan Azua. Batay naval la pa sèlman pwoteje sòlda dominiken yo ki te batay nan Azua, men li te asire tou dominasyon marin dominikèn an pou rès lagè a. Ayiti pa te rekonsilye avèk pèt la nan de (2) tyè moun ki pale panyòl soti nan lès zile a Ispayola. 9 mas 1849, prezidan ayisyen [[Fosten Soulouk|Faustin Soulouque]] te mennen 10,000 sòlda pandan yon envazyon nan Repiblik Dominikèn. Fòs Soulouk yo te bat epi yo dwe fè bak, kite dèyè yon tras de piyaj ak destriksyon. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Pan-African Chronology II: A Comprehensive Reference to the Black Quest for Freedom in Africa, the Americas, Europe and Asia, 1865-1915|page=99|publisher=McFarland|date=1998}}</ref> Prezidan dominikèn Buenaventura Báez te lanse yon ofansif naval kont Ayiti pou anpeche menas yon nouvo envazyon. Maren li yo, ki te dirije pa avantirye a franse Fagalde, atake kòt ayisyèn an, piye vilaj bò lanmè jiska Cap Dame Marie, ak touye ekipaj ki mouri nan bato lènmi te kaptire. Fagalde te deklanche kòt sid Ayiti a, men sèl repons Soulouque a te imedya pou limen lari nan kapital la avèk bwa chandèl pou selebre premye sak li <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baur|first=John E.|date=1949|title=Faustin Soulouque, Emperor of Haiti His Character and His Reign|journal=The Americas|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=143}}</ref>. Nan mwa novanm 1855, Soulouk, ki te pwoklame Anperè Faustin I nan yon anpi ayisyen ke li te espere elaji nan Repiblik dominikèn, te anvayi vwazen li ankò fwa sa a avèk yon lame 30,000 moun ki piyej ak mache sou twa (3) kolòn. Nan mwa janvye ane annaprè a, yon kontenjan ayisyen nan 6,000 sòlda yo te bat anpil nan vil fwontyè Ouanaminthe. Plis pase 1,000 moun te mouri ak anpil te blese. <ref>{{Cite book|first=Matthew J.|last=Smith|title=Liberty, Fraternity, Exile: Haiti and Jamaica after Emancipation|page=81|publisher=UNC Press Books|date=2014}}</ref> Aprè yon viktwa dominikèn nan 8,000 defansè nan Sabana Larga soti nan 22,000 Ayisyen, dènye ayisyen an pouse tounen sou fwontyè a. Depi lè sa a, relasyon ant Repiblik dominikèn ak Ayiti te enstab. <ref>Moya, Pons Frank. 1977. Historia Colonial de Santo Domingo. 3rd ed. Santiago: Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra.</ref> === Masak pèsi a: kout kouto a oubyen ''el corte'' nan lang panyòl(1937) === Nan mwa oktòb 1937, reklame ke Ayiti te akèyi ansyen opozan dominiken yo, [[Rafael Trujillo]] te bay lòd pou yon atak sou fwontyè a, li te touye dè dizèn de milye Ayisyen pandan yo tap eseye chape. Kantite moun ki mouri toujou enkoni, men kounye a yo estime a ant 20,000 <ref name="Dove1997">{{Cite book|first=Rita|last=Dove|title=Introspections: American Poets on One of Their Own Poems|page=78|location=Middlebury, Vermont|publisher=1st|series=Bread Loaf Anthology|date=1997|isbn=978-0-87451-773-6|lccn=97-19542|oclc=36842447|chapter=Writing ‘Parsley’|quote=On October 2, 1937, Raphael Trujillo had ordered 20,000 Haitian cane workers executed because they could not roll the ‘R’ in ''perejil'', the Spanish word for parsley.}}</ref> ak 30,000. <ref name="Cambeira1996">{{Cite book|first=Alan|last=Cambeira|title=Quisqueya la Bella: The Dominican Republic in Historical and Cultural Perspective|page=182|location=Armonk, New York|publisher=M.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;Sharpe|series=Perspectives on Latin America and the Caribbean|date=1996|isbn=978-0-7656-3305-7|lccn=96-32355|oclc=605229117|chapter=The Era of Trujillo: 1930–1961|quote=During the 1937 massacre&nbsp;... anyone&nbsp;... found incapable of pronouncing correctly&nbsp;... became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty&nbsp;thousand....}}</ref> Pouki yo rele masak sa Perejil ou byen masak [[pèsi]] a, se paske sou baz move prononsiyasyon mo pési a nan lang panyòl yo te distenge Ayisyen ak Dominiken. Sou bò dominiken, moun ki dekri mas mas la nan ''el corte'', "koupe a", pandan y ap Ayisyen yo rele li kou ''kouto a'', "le coup de couteau". Temwen yo semèn sa a te rapòte ke yo wè jan Ayisyen yo te kouri atravè larivyè touprè Dajabón kòm yo te eseye jwenn an sekirite nan Ouanaminthe, jis lòt bò fwontyè a ayisyen. Sòlda yo te swiv yo nan larivyè a pou yo te touye yo, k ap koule sou san ak kò pou plizyè jou. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives|page=515|publisher=SAGE Publications|date=2016}}</ref> Aprè premye masak la, pon an ant nasyon yo te fèmen, anpeche nenpòt ki chape ak agrave bilan. == Peryòd aktyèl == === Faktè kiltirèl ak ekonomik === Nan mitan 20yèm syèk la, ekonomi de (2) peyi yo te konparab. Depi lè sa a, ekonomi dominikèn an ap pwogrese pandan ke ekonomi ayisyèn an deteryore. Ralantisman ekonomik la an Ayiti se akòz faktè tankou lit pouvwa entèn yo, rapid kwasans popilasyon, degradasyon anviwònman ak anbago komès. Jodi a, Ayiti se peyi ki pi pòv nan Emisfè oksidantal la. Li manke resous ak dansite popilasyon an Ayiti byen depase sa ki nan vwazen li yo. Malgre voye misyon nan men Nasyon Zini depi ane 1990 yo, kondisyon terib pèsiste pou kenbe lapè.<ref name="Silver2010">{{Cite journal|last=Silver|first=Alexandra|date=19 janvye 2010|title=Why Haiti and the Dominican Republic Are So Different|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1953959,00.html|dead-url=no|journal=Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612211414/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1953959,00.html|archive-date=2015-06-12}}</ref> Baryè lang la se yon faktè enpòtan nan disonans kiltirèl, ak panyòl ke yo te lang prensipal la pale nan lès Ispayòl (Repiblik dominikèn), pandan y ap pale [[Lang franse|franse]] ak [[kreyòl ayisyen]] nan lwès (Ayiti). Orijin se yon lòt faktè detèminan nan relasyon Dominiken-Ayisyen yo. Konpozisyon etnik popilasyon dominikèn an se 73% milat,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Dominican-Republic.html|title=DOMINICAN REPUBLIC|website=Encyclopedia of the Nations}}</ref> 16% blan ak 11% nwa,<ref name="CIADR">{{Cite book|title=Field Listing: Ethnic Groups §&nbsp;Dominican Republic|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=2015|issn=1553-8133|oclc=644186015|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#dr|access-date=2019-09-06|archive-date=2018-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116044500/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#dr|dead-url=yes}}</ref> pandan 95% popilasyon ayisyèn an nwa.<ref name="CIAH">{{Cite book|title=Field Listing: Ethnic Groups §&nbsp;Haiti|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=2015|issn=1553-8133|oclc=644186015|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#ha|access-date=2019-09-06|archive-date=2018-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116044500/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#ha|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ekonomi dominikèn an tou plis pase 600% pi gwo pase ekonomi ayisyèn an. Revni anyèl per capita estime a $ 1.300 dola an Ayiti ak $ 8.200 dola nan Repiblik Dominikèn.<ref name="usat201001">{{Cite journal|last=Bello|first=Marisol|date=21 janvye 2010|title=Hispaniola comparison|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-01-21-Haiti-Dominican_N.htm|publisher=USA Today|page=|access-date=9 oktòb 2016}}</ref> Divèjans ki genyen ant nivo devlopman ekonomik ant Ayiti ak Repiblik dominikèn fè fwontyè yo pi kontraste de tout fwontyè nan mond Lwès la e li evidan ke Repiblik dominikèn konnen youn nan pi gwo pwoblèm migrasyon ilegal nan Amerik la. <ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/?trails=false&xaxis=logarithmic&area=&bubbledisplaytype=countries&defaultsubjects=&interactive=true&bubbleshowall=true&bubbleshowlabels=true&year=2013&showoutliers=false&combichart=&mapyaxis=linear&yaxis=logarithmic&histogram=&indicatory=LP&chart=linechartView&geoitems=DOM,HTI&bubbleexploded=&showall=false&indicatorx=NGDPD&indicator=PPPPC&speed=5&tab=mapView&maximize=chart&db=WEO&mark=&indicatorsize=&mapexploded=&bubblehighlighttype=0 IMF - PIB per cápita (PPA) República Dominicana / Haití]</ref> === Migrasyon ayisyen nan Repiblik Dominikèn === [[Fichye:At_the_Border_of_Haiti_and_the_Dominican_Republic_(8057179936).jpg|vignette|400x400px| Ayisyen sou fwontyè ant Ayiti ak Repiblik Dominikèn. ]] Kèk koperasyon fwontyè egziste nan domèn tankou sante, biznis ak enfrastrikti. Anpil Ayisyen vwayaje nan Repiblik dominikèn pou jwenn travay sezon oswa alontèm pou voye lajan fanmi yo. Kèk nan travayè ayisyen sa yo, ansanm ak dominiken ki gen orijin ayisyèn, te rapòte diskriminasyon kont majorite popilasyon dominikèn an. Lòt Ayisyen ki ta renmen jwenn travay rete an Ayiti paske yo te pè diskriminasyon sou lòt bò fwontyè a. <ref name="Schaaf2009">{{Cite web|url=http://haitiinnovation.org/en/2009/05/21/haiti-and-dominican-republic-same-island-different-worlds|title=Haiti and the Dominican Republic: Same Island, Different Worlds|last=Schaaf|first=Bryan|date=2009-05-21|website=Haiti Innovation|location=Washington, DC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104011142/http://haitiinnovation.org/en/2009/05/21/haiti-and-dominican-republic-same-island-different-worlds|archive-date=2015-01-04|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Migrasyon te fèt depi ane 1920 yo, lè travayè ayisyen yo te ankouraje aktivman pou yo travay nan endistri sik prensipal la nan Repiblik dominikèn. Avèk modènizasyon ki te kòmanse nan ane 1960 yo, li te pran mwens travayè, ak lòt endistri ak sèvis dominiken yo te kòmanse anplwaye plis travayè ayisyen, yon sous nan travay bon mache epi mwens reglemante avèk mwens pwoteksyon legal yo. Anpil fanm ayisyèn jwenn travay nan kay dominikèn ak gason ayisyen nan sit konstriksyon dominikèn, souvan ki lakòz demenajman yon fanmi tout antye. <ref name="Schaaf2009"/> Yon gwo kantite travayè imigran ayisyen yo te kontinye ap viv nan Repiblik dominikèn pandan plizyè jenerasyon. De (2) gouvènman yo pa te kapab dakò sou yon kad legal pou fè fas ak nasyonalite pitit pitit sa yo, pou yo kite apeprè yon milyon moun ki desandan ayisyen nan apatrid Repiblik dominikèn, kidonk limite aksè yo nan swen sante, edikasyon ak opòtinite pou travay.<ref name="Schaaf2009"/> Byenke migrasyon Ayiti a nan Repiblik dominikèn an benefisye ekonomikman pou toulède peyi yo, li se youn nan prensipal kontribitè a tansyon ant de (2) peyi yo ; Imigrasyon ilegal an Ayiti gen yon gwo enpak sou pèp dominiken an. Sa a te lakòz santiman anti-ayisyen ak mefyans nan pèp ayisyen an. Yon lòt pwoblèm pou migrasyon ayisyèn an nan Repiblik dominikèn se ke li bwouye sitwayènte a. Faktè migrasyon sa a afekte pa sèlman ekonomi dominikèn an, men tou kilti li. <ref name="Taylor2013">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/american-anthropological-association/generations-of-haitian-de_b_4156611.html|title=Generations of Haitian Descendents Made Stateless in the Dominican Republic|last=Taylor|first=Erin B.|date=2013-12-25|website=The Huffington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031045350/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/american-anthropological-association/generations-of-haitian-de_b_4156611.html|archive-date=2015-10-31}}</ref> Travèse fwontyè a se byen fasil, avèk yon sèvis otobis chak jou soti nan [[Sen Domeng|Santo Domingo]] nan kòt nò a ak sid Ayiti. <ref>[http://world-adventurer.com/capital-coach-line-bus-from-port-au-prince-to-santo-domingo/ Capital Coach Line bus from Port-au-Prince to Santo Domingo]</ref> Anpil nan fwontyè a rete trè ouvè, avèk travèse regilye nan mache sou tou de (2) bò. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/mbnapv/in-photos-life-at-the-largest-border-crossing-between-haiti-and-the-dominican-republic |title=In Photos: Life at the Largest Border Crossing Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic |access-date=2019-09-06 |archive-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406030740/https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/mbnapv/in-photos-life-at-the-largest-border-crossing-between-haiti-and-the-dominican-republic |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Li posib yo kouvri yon gwo pati nan wout la ak yon otowout nò-sid travèse fwontyè a. <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/travel/driving-the-seam-of-hispaniola.html Driving the Seam of Hispaniola]</ref> === Tranblemanntè 2010 an Ayiti === Aprè [[Tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010 nan peyi Ayiti|tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010]] devastate, anpil Ayisyen te chape anba fwontyè a pou evite efè tranblemanntè a. Gouvènman dominiken an te youn nan premye ki te voye ekip pou ede distribye manje ak medikaman pou viktim yo, e li te pi fasil pou Ayisyen jwenn viza pou tretman nan lopital dominiken yo. Pwodui pou yo te transpòte an Ayiti via Repiblik dominikèn ak anpil Ayisyen blese yo te trete nan lopital dominiken.<ref name="Childress">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/que-pasa/dr-haitians-get-lost|title=DR to Haitians: get lost|last=Childress|first=Sarah|date=31 out 2011|access-date=22 avril 2013}}</ref> Refijye ayisyen yo te akeyi ak sipòte pa anpil Dominiken, byenke relasyon yo deteryore paske yo rete nan Repiblik dominiken. Sa a te lakòz kèk Dominiken enkyete ke refijye tranblemanntè yo kontribiye nan krim k ap monte, twòp moun, kolera ak chomaj. Plis ak plis diskriminasyon te atribiye a kantite masiv nan refijye ayisyen nan Repiblik dominikèn an. Nan dènye ane yo, tansyon te vin pi mal, fòse òganizasyon Entènasyonal pou Migrasyon an ofri Ayisyen $ 50 dola chak, ak asistans adisyonèl pou reyentegrasyon yo, pou yo ka retounen an Ayiti. Plis pase 1,500 moun aksepte èd sa a epi retounen. <ref name="Childress"/>[[Fichye:Embajada_de_Haití_en_Santo_Domingo.jpg|droite|vignette|Anbasad Ayiti nan Santo Domingo]] == Espò == Federasyon bezbòl Repiblik Dominikèn ak Ayiti dakò pou devlope epi ankouraje pratik bezbòl an Ayiti, sitou nan zòn fwontalye yo, paske yo kwè espò a se yon zouti devlopman ki kapab ankouraje lapè, ranfòse nati zanmitay ak respè youn pou lòt ant de pèp yo. Avèk sipò Ministè Espò Repiblik Dominikèn nan, prezidan Federasyon Dominikèn Bezbòl la (FEDOBE) deklare : “Sa pèmèt federasyon nou an reyalize rèv li pou ede Ayiti nan domèn bezbòl.” Li angaje l pou mete Federasyon Ayisyèn Bezbòl la an kontak ak òganizasyon entènasyonal yo. Federasyon Dominikèn Bezbòl la pral voye antrenè ann Ayiti pou fòmasyon teknik ansanm ak abit ak makè, pandan Federasyon Ayisyèn Bezbòl la pral bay sipò lojistik nan kad fòmasyon yo ak pwogram devlopman teknik yo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metrord.do/do/deportes/2016/02/10/acuerdan-fomentar-beisbol-haiti.html|title=Acuerdan fomentar el béisbol en Haití|date=10 février 2016|publisher=Metro|access-date=25 mai 2017}}</ref> . [[Fichye:Embajada_de_Haití_en_Santo_Domingo.jpg|droite|vignette|Anbasad Ayiti nan Santo Domingo]] == Referans == {{referans}} [[Kategori:Ayiti]] [[Kategori:Repiblik dominikèn]] [[Kategori:Relasyon entènasyonal]] [[Kategori:Relasyon ant Ayiti ak Repiblik Dominikèn]] [[Kategori:Kout pwojektè sou/Atik pwopoze]] h9w8l8axrpd52m6l0q77o5zc3z03xzp 0 74319 889944 888317 2026-11-05T18:14:56Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889944 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taba''' se yon [[Komin Ayiti|komin]] ann [[Ayiti]], ki sitiye nan [[depatman]] [[Lwès (rejyon jewografik)|Lwès]] ak nan [[awondisman]] [[Pòtoprens (awondisman)|Pòtoprens]]. [[Ayewopò Entènasyonal Tousen Louvèti]] se nan vil Taba. == Jewografi == === Minisipalite fwontyè yo === == Istwa == Nan epòk kolonyal la, Taba se te yon ansyen zòn plantasyon kann ki te genyen plizyè bitasyon. Pami bitasyon ki te pi ansyen yo, te gen Karadè ak Kwadèmisyon. Bitasyon Karadè a te pran non mèt li, yon nonm moun te konnen poutèt mechanste li anvè esklav yo ak mank respè li pou diyite moun. Istwa sa a montre soufrans moun ki te esklav yo te sibi nan plantasyon yo pandan peryòd kolonyal la. Apre epòk kolonyal la, tren te kòmanse travèse ansyen zòn plantasyon kann sa a. Jodi a, Pak Istorik Kann nan ede fè moun konnen pase Taba epi li ankouraje travay memwa moun Taba yo ak tout pèp ayisyen an ap fè. Pak la sèvi kòm yon espas kote moun kapab aprann plis sou istwa pwodiksyon sik, lavi nan plantasyon yo ak eritaj peryòd kolonyal la. Jiska fen 20yèm syèk la, ansyen bitasyon sa yo te reprezante enpòtans agrikilti pou Taba ak pou tout plenn Kildesak la. Anvan Taba te vin yon komin, yo te konsidere teritwa li a kòm yon zòn riral ki te fè pati komin Dèlma. Ansyen anblèm komin riral la te montre bèf k ap rale yon charyo ki chaje ak kann. Imaj sa a te montre jan pwodiksyon agrikòl, sitou kiltivasyon kann, te enpòtan pou ekonomi ak idantite zòn nan. Nan dat 13 me 2002, pandan dezyèm manda Prezidan [[Jean-Bertrand Aristide]], Taba te resevwa estati ofisyèl li kòm yon komin. Twa ane apre, dekrè 23 novanm 2005 la te presize limit nouvo komin nan. Desizyon sa yo te pèmèt Taba kòmanse òganize tèt li kòm yon kolektivite teritoryal ki gen pwòp administrasyon pa li. Menm si Taba toujou ap fè fas ak kèk pwoblèm, komin nan rive devlope otonomi administratif ak finansye li tikras pa tikras. Jodi a, li fè pati komin ann Ayiti ki kapab anvizaje yon sèten nivo otofinansman, espesyalman pou fonksyònman meri a ak pou bay popilasyon an sèvis debaz. Evolisyon sa a montre kijan Taba pase soti nan yon ansyen zòn plantasyon kolonyal pou li vin yon komin ki gen pwòp idantite li, pwòp administrasyon li ak yon plas enpòtan nan [[istwa Ayiti]]. == Administrasyon an == Komin lan konpoze de [[seksyon kominal]] : * Bèlvi 1e (ki gen ladan katye "[[Seksyon Kominal Kwadèmisyon|Kwadèmisyon]]") * Bèlvi 2e == Baz done a SIRV-TAB == MinisipaliteTaba, Direksyon Nasyonal Pwoteksyon Sivil (DPC), Sant Nasyonal pou Enfòmasyon jeyospasyal (CNIGS), Cooperazione Internazionale (COOPI) ak Enstiti Rechèch pou Devlopman (IRD), nan kowòdinasyon ak Komite entèministeryèl pou amenajman teritwa (CIAT) te pote pwojè a “Kreyasyon yon Sistèm Enfòmasyon sou resous ak frajilite pou preparasyon pou dezas, jesyon kriz ak jesyon prevantif nan teritwa a nan [[Pòtoprens (awondisman)|Pòtoprens]], Ayiti ”(out 2012 - desanm 2013), ko-finanse pa Depatman Èd imanitè a ak Pwoteksyon Sivil nan Komisyon Ewopeyen an (ECHO). Baz done a aksesib gratis sou sitwèb la gen yon gwo kantite enfòmasyon ki fè li posib yo idantifye ak dekri resous yo jesyon kriz konsènan Taba, atikile resous sa yo ak bezwen yo nan popilasyon an, espesyalman pi frajil la, ak yo idantifye yon sèten kantite pwoblèm lye ak prezans nan danje oswa nan aksè difisil nan lokal yo. == Referans == {{Referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170309130933/http://www.sirv.tabarre.ht/ Baz done SIRV-TAB] [[Kategori:Komin]] p5eo0rijivre798c277vqz0xjxgctsk 0 75968 889915 866671 2026-11-05T17:40:01Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Pèsonalite politik|fonksyon1=Fondasyon : 1870<br />Disolisyon : 1957 {{lejand|#FFFF00|Jaune}}<br />Oryantasyon : Dwa (Konsèvatif), Milatism|fonksyon2=|charte=Eleksyon|lis=|imaj=|lejand=}} '''Pati Liberal''' te youn nan pi gwo [[pati politik]] nan [[Ayiti|A]][[Ayiti|yiti]] nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Li te reprezante elit ekonomik ak entelektyèl peyi a, sitou milat yo, ki te fòme yon pati enpòtan nan baz sipò li. Konservatif ak pwoteksyonis, pati a te defann yon [[egalite]] strik ant sitwayen yo pandan l t ap soutni envizibilite diferans rasyal nan sosyete ayisyèn nan. == Istwa ak ideyoloji == Te fonde an 1870, li se, ak [[Pati Nasyonal]] la, youn nan premye òganizasyon politik ann Ayiti. [[Jean-Pierre Boyer-Bazelais]] ak Edmond Paul lanse yon sikilè pou li jwenn aderan yo. Se sa ki eksplike viktwa yo a nan eleksyon 1870 lan. Boyer Bazelais, Edmond Paul, [[Hannibal Price]], Armand Thoby fòme eta-majò Pati a : lòt yo, fonksyonè yo, yo rele yo senpatizan. Rekritman an se sitou kondisyone pa ekselans lan e kontak Boyer Bazelais yo rive lwen, pitit pitit jeneral yo Bazelais ak Boyer. Pati Liberal la yo pral wè li tankou yon pati grannèg "elit sosyal" e [[Ekonomi|ekonomik]], yon pati fèmen san baz popilè reyèl ak charye nan pwogram ni an tout revandikasyon administrativ yo. Ide yo ki pou Pati Liberal la rapwoche yo de sa ki pou revolisyonè yo an 1843. Nou jwenn tout tèm ki pou konstitisyon 1843 a nan sa ki fèt 1867 lan : yon lejislatif fò, respè lwa òganik yo. Ide yo nou jwenn yo nan jounal ''le Civilisateur'' ak nan plakèt elektoral la pou 1878 : Katechis liberalis lan. Libewo yo se yon rejim palmantè ki kont egzekitif lan ki toupisan yo. Yo reklame "pouvwa a pou sa ki kapab". Yo kondane politisyen ki vole yo. Yo bay plis enpòtans ak Enstitisyon ke ak moun yo. Men pwogram liberal la pa prezante okenn ide sosyal, pa nan zafè renovasyon sosyal. Anfas ide radikal Pati Nasyonal la, ki te reprezante mas popilè yo ak Ayisyen ki te gen desandans afriken, Pati Liberal t ap defann yon gouvènans modere epi l t ap pwoteje enterè ekonomik klas dominan yo. Tandans izolasyonis li te pouse l limite enfliyans etranje nan zafè nasyonal yo, byenke li te ankouraje politik ekonomik pwoteksyonis pou prezève ekonomi lokal la. Edmon Paul, mèt panse a pou Pati Liberal la, gentan plede an favè pwomosyon endistriyèl ak pou pwoteksyònis pran depi nan ògmantasyon taks yo ak enpòtasyon ki pou tout atik siseptib ki ap pwodui anndan peyi a ak pwoyibisyon pwòp e senp ki pou sètèn enpòtasyon, koteke rad yo ki pou tout sòt kit gason oubyen fi, soulye, sèl maren, mamit, pikwa, pèl, elt. Pou li, endistriyalizasyon se dwa bagay asire an grann pati pa [[kapital]] lokal la sèlman oubyen an asosiyasyon ak kapital etranje a, anvi pou evite asèvisman ekonomik lan ak politik ki pou nasyon an, oubyen menm entèvansyon militè. Li te tou prevwa etablisman yon bank ki pou bay eskont pa you enstitisyon etranjè. Bank sa a ap gen privilèj pou fè emisyon biyè yo men kapital espès li founi pa gouvènman ayisyen an. Pati Liberal la te prekonize mentyen an ke li mèt entèdiksyon sou dwa pou blan vin pwopriyetè a, konsakre nan atik 7 konstitisyon 1806 lan. NB:''Pa gen konstitisyon ki bèbè a nenpòtmoman ou ka rale atik ladann pou w aplike''. Edmond Paul ekri : "Se ak lonbray atik 7 ke Ayiti dwe pwospere. Atik 7 la se dwa pwodiktè ki pou nasyonalite nou an". Li pwòne yon refòm pou ansèyman ak tout nivo. Prevwayan entwodiksyon nan lekòl primè ibèn yo debann nosyon teyorik e pratik [[la]] manyèl, nan lekòl riral yo debann nosyon agrikilti, anfen kreyasyon lekòl espesyal pwofesyonèl. == Opozisyon Nasyonal ak Liberal == Pati Liberal ak [[Pati Nasyonal]] te souvan konfwonte sou gwo direksyon politik peyi a. Pandan nasyonal yo t ap plede pou pi gwo reprezantan mas moun nwa yo ak yon politik ki pi ouvè a transfòmasyon sosyal, liberal yo t ap chèche kenbe lòd etabli a epi pwoteje privilèj elit yo. Tansyon sa yo make plizyè peryòd nan listwa Ayiti, sitou lè de faksyon yo t ap goumen pou kontwòl pouvwa a pandan chanjman prezidansyèl yo. Apre yon tan, enfliyans Pati Liberal te diminye ak monte Pati Nasyonal la ak chanjman sosyo-politik nan Ayiti. Sepandan, eritaj li rete vizib nan kèk tandans politik ayisyen jodi a, espesyalman nan defans enterè ekonomik elit yo ak vizyon konservatif Leta a. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:Politik]] [[Kategori:Pati politik]] [[Kategori:Pati politik ayisyen]] jq4qipvn6hmhw8n89tc51c82qy9yxqp 889916 889915 2026-11-05T17:41:09Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 889916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Pèsonalite politik|fonksyon1=Fondasyon : 1870<br />Disolisyon : 1957 {{lejand|#FFFF00|Jaune}}<br />Oryantasyon : Dwa (Konsèvatif), Milatism|fonksyon2=|charte=Eleksyon|lis=|imaj=|lejand=}} '''Pati Liberal''' te youn nan pi gwo [[pati politik]] nan [[Ayiti|A]][[Ayiti|yiti]] nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Li te reprezante elit ekonomik ak entelektyèl peyi a, sitou milat yo, ki te fòme yon pati enpòtan nan baz sipò li. Konservatif ak pwoteksyonis, pati a te defann yon [[egalite]] strik ant sitwayen yo pandan l t ap soutni envizibilite diferans rasyal nan sosyete ayisyèn nan.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Dominican Republic and Haiti: Country Studies|url=https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/Dominican%20Republic%20and%20Haiti%20Study_4.pdf|journal=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|issue=9|pages=444}}</ref><ref name="AS">{{Cite journal|title=Racial equality and anticolonial solidarity: Anténor Firmin's global Haitian liberalism|url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/333222124/HolleyAPSR2023RacialEqualityAndAnticolonialSolidarity.pdf|journal=American Political Science Review}}</ref> == Istwa ak ideyoloji == Te fonde an 1870, li se, ak [[Pati Nasyonal]] la, youn nan premye òganizasyon politik ann Ayiti. [[Jean-Pierre Boyer-Bazelais]] ak Edmond Paul lanse yon sikilè pou li jwenn aderan yo. Se sa ki eksplike viktwa yo a nan eleksyon 1870 lan. Boyer Bazelais, Edmond Paul, [[Hannibal Price]], Armand Thoby fòme eta-majò Pati a : lòt yo, fonksyonè yo, yo rele yo senpatizan. Rekritman an se sitou kondisyone pa ekselans lan e kontak Boyer Bazelais yo rive lwen, pitit pitit jeneral yo Bazelais ak Boyer. Pati Liberal la yo pral wè li tankou yon pati grannèg "elit sosyal" e [[Ekonomi|ekonomik]], yon pati fèmen san baz popilè reyèl ak charye nan pwogram ni an tout revandikasyon administrativ yo. Ide yo ki pou Pati Liberal la rapwoche yo de sa ki pou revolisyonè yo an 1843. Nou jwenn tout tèm ki pou konstitisyon 1843 a nan sa ki fèt 1867 lan : yon lejislatif fò, respè lwa òganik yo. Ide yo nou jwenn yo nan jounal ''le Civilisateur'' ak nan plakèt elektoral la pou 1878 : Katechis liberalis lan. Libewo yo se yon rejim palmantè ki kont egzekitif lan ki toupisan yo. Yo reklame "pouvwa a pou sa ki kapab". Yo kondane politisyen ki vole yo. Yo bay plis enpòtans ak Enstitisyon ke ak moun yo. Men pwogram liberal la pa prezante okenn ide sosyal, pa nan zafè renovasyon sosyal. Anfas ide radikal Pati Nasyonal la, ki te reprezante mas popilè yo ak Ayisyen ki te gen desandans afriken, Pati Liberal t ap defann yon gouvènans modere epi l t ap pwoteje enterè ekonomik klas dominan yo. Tandans izolasyonis li te pouse l limite enfliyans etranje nan zafè nasyonal yo, byenke li te ankouraje politik ekonomik pwoteksyonis pou prezève ekonomi lokal la. Edmon Paul, mèt panse a pou Pati Liberal la, gentan plede an favè pwomosyon endistriyèl ak pou pwoteksyònis pran depi nan ògmantasyon taks yo ak enpòtasyon ki pou tout atik siseptib ki ap pwodui anndan peyi a ak pwoyibisyon pwòp e senp ki pou sètèn enpòtasyon, koteke rad yo ki pou tout sòt kit gason oubyen fi, soulye, sèl maren, mamit, pikwa, pèl, elt. Pou li, endistriyalizasyon se dwa bagay asire an grann pati pa [[kapital]] lokal la sèlman oubyen an asosiyasyon ak kapital etranje a, anvi pou evite asèvisman ekonomik lan ak politik ki pou nasyon an, oubyen menm entèvansyon militè. Li te tou prevwa etablisman yon bank ki pou bay eskont pa you enstitisyon etranjè. Bank sa a ap gen privilèj pou fè emisyon biyè yo men kapital espès li founi pa gouvènman ayisyen an. Pati Liberal la te prekonize mentyen an ke li mèt entèdiksyon sou dwa pou blan vin pwopriyetè a, konsakre nan atik 7 konstitisyon 1806 lan. NB:''Pa gen konstitisyon ki bèbè a nenpòtmoman ou ka rale atik ladann pou w aplike''. Edmond Paul ekri : "Se ak lonbray atik 7 ke Ayiti dwe pwospere. Atik 7 la se dwa pwodiktè ki pou nasyonalite nou an". Li pwòne yon refòm pou ansèyman ak tout nivo. Prevwayan entwodiksyon nan lekòl primè ibèn yo debann nosyon teyorik e pratik [[la]] manyèl, nan lekòl riral yo debann nosyon agrikilti, anfen kreyasyon lekòl espesyal pwofesyonèl. == Opozisyon Nasyonal ak Liberal == Pati Liberal ak [[Pati Nasyonal]] te souvan konfwonte sou gwo direksyon politik peyi a. Pandan nasyonal yo t ap plede pou pi gwo reprezantan mas moun nwa yo ak yon politik ki pi ouvè a transfòmasyon sosyal, liberal yo t ap chèche kenbe lòd etabli a epi pwoteje privilèj elit yo. Tansyon sa yo make plizyè peryòd nan listwa Ayiti, sitou lè de faksyon yo t ap goumen pou kontwòl pouvwa a pandan chanjman prezidansyèl yo. Apre yon tan, enfliyans Pati Liberal te diminye ak monte Pati Nasyonal la ak chanjman sosyo-politik nan Ayiti. Sepandan, eritaj li rete vizib nan kèk tandans politik ayisyen jodi a, espesyalman nan defans enterè ekonomik elit yo ak vizyon konservatif Leta a. == Referans == {{referans}} [[Kategori:Politik]] [[Kategori:Pati politik]] [[Kategori:Pati politik ayisyen]] 6ktl88j9to7zp0i66s22od3h0mqwt3r 0 79939 889931 888237 2026-11-05T18:04:03Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 889931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moun |non=Jhilmar Lora |foto= |tèks=Jhilmar Lora nan Pewou (2021) |fonksyon=foutbolè |domèn=Espò, foutbòl |diplòm= |etid= |dat nesans=[[24 oktòb]] [[2000]] |lye nesans=[[Lima]] |peyi nesans=[[Pewou]] |dat lanmò= |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite=pewouvyen |rekonpans= |omaj= |zèv= |Biyografi= |kontak= |rezidans=Lima |relijyon=[[Legliz Katolik]] |remak= |mèt=}} '''Carlos Jhilmar Lora Saavedra''', rele '''Jhilmar Lora''', ki fèt [[24 oktòb]] [[2000]] nan [[Lima]] ([[Pewou]]), se yon [[Foutbòl|foutbolè]] [[Pewou|pewouvyen]]. Li jwe kòm yon elye dwat ak ekip li ye kounye a se Sporting Cristal nan lig 1 nan Pewou. Li se yon entènasyonal absoli ak ekip foutbòl pewouvyen an depi 2021. Li te kòmanse karyè espò li nan Sporting Cristal nan lane 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.extremoceleste.com/jhilmar-lora-llegue-a-cristal-a-los-once-anos/|title=Jhilmar Lora: “Llegué a Cristal a los once años”|date=2021-07-26|website=ExtremoCeleste.com - Web Oficial de la Hinchada de Sporting Cristal|access-date=13 septanm 2021|archive-date=2023-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727101832/https://extremoceleste.com/jhilmar-lora-llegue-a-cristal-a-los-once-anos/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Konsidere kòm youn nan jèn ki pi pwomèt nan Pewou<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elportalceleste.com/jhilmar-lora-la-joven-promesa-que-ilusiona|title=Jhilmar Lora, la joven promesa que ilusiona – El Portal Celeste S.A.C.|access-date=13 septanm 2021|archive-date=2021-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921173529/https://elportalceleste.com/jhilmar-lora-la-joven-promesa-que-ilusiona|dead-url=yes}}</ref>. Nan lane 2020, li te patisipe nan Copa Conmebol Libertadores Sub-20 la. Nan lane 2021, a laj de 20, li te patisipe nan Copa Conmebol Libertadores ak Copa Sudamericana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/descentralizado/sporting-cristal-jhilmar-lora-hablo-sobre-su-presente-futbolistcio-y-reconocio-que-enfrenta-a-su-idolo-maximo-en-la-copa-libertadores-dani-alves-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal: Jhilmar Lora habló sobre su presente futbolístcio y reconoció que enfrenta a su ídolo máximo en la Copa Libertadores {{!}} Dani Alves {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|date=14 me 2021|access-date=13 septanm 2021}}</ref> Avèk Club Cristal Club Ekip anrjistreman an, Jhilmar Lora te genyen 5 tit nasyonal, pami yo Centennial Model Cup 2016, Centennial U-17 chanpyona 2018 ak Pwomosyon ak Rezèv tounwa 2016, 2018 ak 2019 te tou jere pou pou genyen 7 tounwa kout: Toreno de Verano 2018, Apertura 2016, 2017, 2018 ak Clausura 2016, 2018 ak 2019. Avèk premye ekip la nan Sporting Cristal li te genyen 3 tit, nan mitan yo, yon Lig, Apertura chanpyona ak Cup bisantnè. Avèk ekip foutbòl pewouvyèn nan 3 jwèt, li se premye jwè nan pi piti ekip pewouvyèn ki te fè premye nan Kopa Amerik la nan 21yèm syèk la. Nan nivo kategori ki pi ba yo, li te fè pati eskwadwon pewouvyen an pou chanpyona foutbòl U-15 Sid-Ameriken 2015 ki te fèt nan Ekwatè, jwe 4 jwèt. Patisipe nan tounwa kontinantal la: Brezil 2021. == Biyografi == Li te fèt 24 oktòb 2000 nan Lima. Pandan anfans li,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trome.pe/deportes/jhilmar-lora-donde-se-formo-la-posicion-en-la-que-jug%C3%B3-en-menores-y-pasajes-pocos-conocidos-de-su-vida-seleccion-peruana-sporting-cristal-eliminatorias-qatar-2022-noticia/|title=«Jhilmar Lora: dónde se formó, la posición en la que jugó en menores y pasajes pocos conocidos de su vida»}}</ref> Lora devlope lanmou li pou foutbòl gras a foutbòl nan lari. Avèk jis kat ane, Lora te pran premye etap li nan akademi Sporting Cristal, ki chita nan Liceo Naval Capitán de Navío Germán Astete, ki sitiye nan distri La Perla, Callao, Perou, a 10 minit de kay li nan katye Boterín. Pita li te jwe kèk jwèt pou Santral Cordova. An 2011, li te kòmanse fòmasyon nan divizyon ki pi ba nan Sporting Cristal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/respuestas/sporting-cristal-conoce-a-jhilmar-lora-el-joven-defensa-que-tuvo-una-destacada-actuacion-ante-sport-boys-por-la-liga-1-betsson-revtli-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal: conoce a Jhilmar Lora, el joven defensa que tuvo una destacada actuación ante Sport Boys por la Liga 1 Betsson {{!}} revtli {{!}} RESPUESTAS|last=PERÚ|first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO|date=2021-03-22|access-date=13 septanm 2021}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.extremoceleste.com/jhilmar-lora-estoy-en-cristal-desde-los-11-anos/|title=Jhilmar Lora: “Estoy en Cristal desde los 11 años”|date=31 mas 2021|website=ExtremoCeleste.com - Web Oficial de la Hinchada de Sporting Cristal|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> A laj de trèz (13) zan, premye antrenè li te Hitzvan Tazayco. Lè sa a, nan lane 2019, akòz gwo pèfòmans li nan ran ki pi ba yo, li piti piti te vin rekonesans ; jiskaske la pou premyè fwa li te monte nan premyè ekip la ki te dirije pa Manuel Barreto. Kalite li amelyore, depi a laj de 15 li te patisipe nan tounwa U-15 la. Nan 19, li te siyen premye kontra pwofesyonèl li e li te monte nan premyè ekip la.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.futbolperuano.com/liga-1/noticias/quien-es-jhilmar-lora-juvenil-de-sporting-cristal-301035|title=¿Quién es Jhilmar Lora, joven defensa de Sporting Cristal?|last=Belapatiño|first=Axel|date=2021-03-19|access-date=13 septanm 2021}}</ref> == Karyè == === Kategori enferyè === ==== Atik Cristal (2011-2020) ==== Lora te yon pati nan ekip minè Sporting Cristal la ant 2011 ak 2020. Avèk klib la li te genyen senk tit nasyonal : U-17 Centennial chanpyona a, 2016 Centennial ki gen konpòtman egzanplè Cup la 2016, 2018 ak 2019 tounwa pwomosyon ak rezèv. Li te genyen tou 3 tounwa kout nan lane 2018 : pandan ete, Ouvèti ak Fèmti. ==== Sezon 2016 ==== Nan sezon 2016 la li te patisipe nan chanpyona pwomosyon ak rezèv, ki rete nan Apertura an premyè plas ak 41 pwen ak 13 jwèt jwe pa Jhilmar Lora, nan ki menm tounwa li te patisipe nan Clausura a jwe 30 jwèt ak jwenn 73 pwen. Nan fen dat 30 la, yon Leaderboard te etabli, ki gen chanpyon bay premyè ekip li a ak 2 pwen bonis nan tablo chanpyona desantralize ak 1 pwen pou kourè-up la. Bonis sa a te vini imedyatman apre gwoup la Liguillas te fòme. ==== Centennial ki gen konpòtman egzanplè Cup ==== Sa a menm sezon li te patisipe nan Cup la ki gen konpòtman egzanplè Centennial ak objektif la ke ekip yo Rezèv nan ekip pwofesyonèl yo pa pèdi konpetisyon an, nan adisyon a sèvi kòm yon modèl pou kenbe nan konpetisyon ant U-15 ak U-17 kategori ki soti nan ane kap vini an nan mitan klib yo nan Premye Divizyon an nan Perou. Nan konpetisyon sa a Sporting Cristal te fè pati Zòn 3 (Lima) konpetisyon kont Inivèsite San Martin, Alianza Lima ak Deportivo Minisipal, nan 6 premye dat yo, genyen 5 jwèt ak pèdi sèlman 1, jwenn 15 pwen. Nan dezyèm 6 dat yo, Sporting Cristal te genyen 5 match e li te trase 1, li te jwenn 16 pwen, li te fini nan tablo a ak 31 pwen epi li te ale nan dezyèm faz la. Nan dezyèm faz la yo konpetisyon nan gwoup A ak Inivèsite San Martin, Juan Aurich ak Alianza Atlético, nan match la premye yo bat Alianza Atlético nan La Videna pa yon retentissant 4-0, de jou pita yo te fè fas a Inivèsite San Martin trase 1-1 nan pidevan a menm jan ak match la anvan yo, ki fini Group A, fè fas a Club Juan Aurich nan La Videna, genyen 1-0 ak kalifye kòm dezyèm nan gwoup la nan semi-final yo. Nan semifinal yo li ap fè fas a Universitario de Deportes le 1 Desanm nan La Videna kote yo trase 2-2 e Sporting Cristal ranpòte li 4-2 sou penalite epi li ale nan premye final li nan premye edisyon tounwa a ki fè fas a Inivèsite San Martin ki te vini soti nan bat Cesar Vallejo pou rezilta a menm sou penalite. Nan final la, Sporting Cristal ap fè fas a Universidad San Martin sou Desanm 4 nan Villa Deportiva, kote ekip ble a te genyen pa 2 objektif a 0, pran premye tit yo epi yo te premye chanpyon nan tounwa a. ==== Sezon 2017 ==== Nan sezon 2017 la li te patisipe nan chanpyona pwomosyon ak rezèv, kite premyè faz nan gwoup A an premyè plas ak 19 pwen ak 7 jwèt jwe pa Lora, nan ki menm tounwa li te patisipe nan faz nan dezyèm jwe 7 jwèt ak jwenn 16 pwen ak fini nan tablo jeneral la ak 35 pwen, te genyen 11 jwèt, 2 mare ak sèlman 1 jwèt pèdi, rete premye nan tablo a akimile nan premye pozisyon an epi ajoute yon tit plis ak Sporting Cristal ak bay 2 pwen pou chanpyona a Apertura. Nan chanpyona a Apertura li te jwe 15 jwèt, genyen 11 ak desen 4, nan adisyon ekip li a tounen nan gen plas an premye nan tablo a ajoute 39 pwen e li te vin chanpyon nan Apertura la. Nan chanpyona Clausura a li te jwe 15 jwèt, genyen 8 ak desen 4 ak pèdi 3, nan adisyon ekip li a jwenn twazyèm plas nan tablo a ajoute 28 pwen. Nan tablo a akimile yo te ajoute 67 pwen, nòt la menm jan ak Sport Huancayo, men pa diferans nan yon sèl objektif Sport Huancayo te vin chanpyon. ==== Chanpyona Centennial U-17 Ouvèti ==== Menm sezon sa a, yo te patisipe nan chanpyona U-17 Centennial, ki te patisipe nan 15 ekip ki soti nan divizyon fòmasyon nan ekip ki fèk ankouraje yo.Yo gen yon tèm yon ane pou fòme divizyon minè yo epi yo divize an de seri (Seri A ak Seri B) nan 7 ak 8 ekip. Nan konpetisyon sa a, Sporting Cristal te fè pati Seri A ki tap patisipe nan konpetisyon kont Inivèsite San Martin, Alianza Lima ak Deportivo Minisipal, Cantolao, Sport Huancayo ak Universitario de Deportes kap jwe 12 match kote Sporting Cristal te genyen 5 match, mare 4 e pèdi 3, fini nan tablo a ak 19 pwen epi ale nan kar yo kòm twazyèm nan seri A. Nan kar yo final yo konpetisyon kont dezyèm plas la nan seri B, FBC Melgar ranport nan La Videna pa yon rezilta 6-0 ak kalifye pou semi final la. Nan semifinal yo li fè fas a Inivèsite San Martín nan La Videna kote li ale nan final la, genyen 2-1. Nan final la Sporting Cristal ap fè fas a Universitario de Deportes sou 19 out nan Villa Deportiva, kote ekip la krèm te genyen pa 2 gòl a 0, pran tounwa a kourè-up. ==== U-17 Centennial chanpyona Clausura ==== Apre li fin jwe etap pentch yo ak U-17s yo, li te rive nan final la kote li ta fè fas a Alianza Lima. Nan final la, Sporting Cristal ap fè fas a Alianza Lima sou Desanm 16 nan Villa Deportiva a, kote ekip la ble ak blan te genyen pa 2 objektif a 0, men ekip yo te konnen ki jan yo chanje atitid yo epi yo jere yo trase 2-2, nan minit la 83. Apre yon sant boul sispann, Lora nòt objektif la genyen ak sele match la ak 3-2 an favè Celestes yo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://toqueygol.com/torneo-centenario-la-sub-17-de-sporting-cristal-es-campeon-del-clausura/|title=Torneo Centenario: La Sub 17 de Sporting Cristal es campeón del Clausura|date=16 desanm 2017|website=Toqueygol.com|access-date=13 septanm 2021|archive-date=2021-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713202613/https://toqueygol.com/torneo-centenario-la-sub-17-de-sporting-cristal-es-campeon-del-clausura/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lanueve.com.pe/2017/12/16/torneo-centenario-clausura-sporting-cristal-remonto-y-se-corono-campeon/|title=Torneo Centenario-Clausura: Sporting Cristal remontó y se coronó campeón – LaNueve|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909000116/http://lanueve.com.pe/2017/12/16/torneo-centenario-clausura-sporting-cristal-remonto-y-se-corono-campeon/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/descentralizado/sporting-cristal-campeon-remonto-alianza-lima-sub-17-fotos-57184/|title=Sporting Cristal campeón: remontó ante Alianza Lima en la Sub 17 [FOTOS] {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|last=DEPOR|first=NOTICIAS|date=2017-12-16|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909000115/https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/descentralizado/sporting-cristal-campeon-remonto-alianza-lima-sub-17-fotos-57184/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, pran tit la.Preparasyon pou 23 desanm, kote li ta defini tit la ak Inivèsite a espò ki bat Atik 2-0 Cristal nan final la e li te kouwone chanpyon nasyonal nan chanpyona a Centennial nan kategori a anba-17.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lanueve.com.pe/2017/12/23/torneo-centenario-universitario-es-el-campeon-nacional-de-la-categoria-sub-17/|title=Torneo Centenario: Universitario es el campeón nacional de la categoría sub-17 – LaNueve|access-date=13 septanm 2021|archive-date=2021-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909000113/http://lanueve.com.pe/2017/12/23/torneo-centenario-universitario-es-el-campeon-nacional-de-la-categoria-sub-17/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==== Sezon 2018 ==== Nan sezon 2018 la, Jhilmar Lora te patisipe nan Pwomosyon ak Rezèv chanpyona, kite premye faz nan gwoup A an premye plas ak 19 pwen ak 7 jwèt jwe pa Jhilmar Lora, nan ki menm tounwa li te patisipe nan faz nan dezyèm jwe 7 jwèt ak jwenn 18 pwen ak fini nan tablo jeneral la ak 37 pwen, te genyen 11 jwèt, 2 trase ak sèlman 1 jwèt pèdi, fini premye nan tablo a akimile nan premye pozisyon an epi ajoute yon tit plis ak Sporting Cristal ak touche 2 pwen pou Apertura la Chanpyona. Nan chanpyona a Apertura li te jwe 15 jwèt, genyen 11 ak desen 4, nan adisyon ekip li a tounen nan plas an premye nan tablo a ajoute 37 pwen e li te vin chanpyon nan Apertura la. Nan chanpyona Clausura a li te jwe 15 jwèt, genyen 8 ak desen 4 ak pèdi 3, nan adisyon ekip li a jwenn twazyèm plas nan tablo a ajoute 28 pwen. Nan tab la akimile yo te ajoute 51 pwen vin chanpyon nan konpetisyon an. ==== Sezon 2019 ==== Nan sezon 2019 la li te patisipe nan Pwomosyon ak Rezèv chanpyona, ki rete nan Apertura nan sizyèm plas ak 30 pwen ak 17 jwèt jwe pa Jhilmar Lora, nan ki menm tounwa li te patisipe nan Clausura a jwe 14 jwèt soti nan 17, konvèti 2 objektif , vin chanpyon nan Clausura a ak Pwomosyon ak rezèvasyon chanpyona. Lora te monte nan premye ekip la nan mitan ane a, sepandan li te dwe rele pou kontinye nan Copa Libertadores nan kategori l 'ane annapre a. ==== Copa Libertadores Sub-20 nan 2020 ==== Kòm chanpyon nan tounwa Rezèv yo, ekip selès la te jwe pandan fevriye tounwa kontinantal ekip U-20 yo ki te debu kont Academia Puerto Cabello nan Estad Jeneral Adrián Jara a, li pèdi 3-5<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.futbolperuano.com/copa-libertadores/noticias/sporting-cristal-vs-academia-puerto-cabello-en-vivo-online-por-la-copa-libertadores-sub-20-260167|title=Cristal cayó frente a Academia Puerto Cabello por 3-5|last=Futbolperuano.com|first=Redacción-|date=2020-02-15|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> fas a Flamengo nan Estad Jeneral Adrián Jara kote yo te pèdi pa yon retentissant 5-1, nan ki matche ak Lora te rezerve ak kat jòn la.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.futbolperuano.com/copa-libertadores/noticias/sporting-cristal-vs-flamengo-en-vivo-online-por-la-copa-libertadores-sub-20-260316|title=Cristal fue goleado por Flamengo en la Libertadores U20|last=Futbolperuano.com|first=Redacción-|date=2020-02-17|language=spanish|access-date=13 septanm 2021}}</ref> Nan dat ki sot pase a li te fè fas Nacional nan estad la Arsenio Erico gen premye viktwa li pa 2-1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.futbolperuano.com/copa-libertadores/noticias/sporting-cristal-vs-nacional-en-vivo-online-por-la-copa-libertadores-sub-20-260743|title=Sporting Cristal derrotó 2-1 a Nacional|website=Futbolperuano.com|date=2020-02-21|access-date=13 septanm 2021}}</ref> Cristal te elimine nan etap nan gwoup nan ki li te pè. avèk Academia Puerto Cabello, Flamengo ak Nacional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ovacion.pe/noticias/sporting-cristal/cristal-se-despidio-libertadores-sub-20-un-triunfo|title=Cristal se despidió de la Libertadores Sub-20 con un triunfo|access-date=13 septanm 2021|archive-date=2021-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008133507/https://ovacion.pe/noticias/sporting-cristal/cristal-se-despidio-libertadores-sub-20-un-triunfo|dead-url=yes}}</ref> === Klib Sporting Cristal === ==== Sezon 2018-2019 ==== Nan sezon 2018-2019 la, 7 out 2019, li te siyen premye kontra pwofesyonèl li e li te monte nan premyè ekip la<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.extremoceleste.com/jhilmar-lora-una-grata-reaparicion/|title=Jhilmar Lora, una grata reaparición|last=admin|date=13 septanm 2020|website=ExtremoCeleste.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>, depi li te gen yon sezon eksepsyonèl nan enferyè yo ki gen rekonesans ansyen foutbolè Perouvyen an ak antrenè, Manuel Barreto, pwomosyon li la pou premye fwa ekip la premye fè premye li sou 9 novanm 2019 kont Melgar nan yon viktwa 3-2 nan syèl la. Nan match sa a, Jhilmar Lora ta fè premye li ki ap antre nan 61 yèm minit pou Renzo Revoredo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elbocon.pe/futbol-peruano/descentralizado/sporting-cristal-manuel-barreto-bautizo-a-jhilmar-lora-tras-su-debut-ante-melgar-en-arequipa-foto-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal {{!}} Manuel Barreto ‘bautizó’ a Jhilmar Lora tras su debut ante Melgar en Arequipa {{!}} FOTO {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|date=2019-11-09|access-date=13 septanm 2021}}</ref> ==== Sezon 2019-2020 ==== Nan sezon 2019-2020 la, apre li te fin siyen premye kontra pwofesyonèl li epi yo te monte nan premyè ekip la, li te pran an kont pou eskwadwon sezon sa a, li te gen premye jwèt li nan dat 9 nan tounwa Apertura a, nan dat 31 out 2020. jwe kòm yon starter.kont Academia Deportiva Cantolao nan Matute, mete fen nan match la ak yon rezilta an favè 6-2. Li te rele pou pwochen match la nan Iván Elías Moreno Eta, kote li te yon ranplasan nan 2-0 viktwa Sporting Cristal la. Pou dat 11, Lora te rele ijan, depi li te ranplase Renzo Revoredo akòz yon aksidan inatandi, Lora te jwe yon starter nan Matute kont Cienciano kote yo mare 0-0, nan ki matche ak Lora te resevwa yon jòn nan minit 56 ak apre yon move sou Damián Ísmodes nan minit nan 71st, abit la Fernando Cirilo Legario avèti l 'ak yon lòt kat jòn, sa ki lakòz yon kat wouj ak yon kat doub jòn<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americatv.com.pe/deportes/futbol-peruano/sporting-cristal-vs-cienciano-jhilmar-lora-vio-roja-durisima-entrada-sobre-rival-n407367|title=Sporting Cristal vs. Cienciano: Jhilmar Lora vio la roja tras durísima entrada sobre rival|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Aprè jwèt sa li te rele ankò 8 oktòb 2020, pou dat 17 kont Deportivo Minisipal nan Matute, nan jwèt sa Lora te jwe kòm yon starter ak antrenè Mosquera te fè l 'jwe pivot, li te ranplase nan minit 46th pa atakan Christopher Olives Achera . Pou tounwa a fèmen li te rele yo jwe nan dat 6 kont Deportivo Binacional kote li te yon ranplasan pou 90 minit yo nan viktwa 2-1 Sporting Cristal a nan estad la Alejandro Villanueva. Li te konvoke ankò, fwa sa a yo jwe dènye dat la kote li te kòmanse jwe dwa tounen nan viktwa a 3-2 kont Academia Deportiva Cantolao ak apre viktwa sa a ekip li a kalifye pou definisyon an nan konpetisyon an. Li te rele yo jwe definisyon an kont Ayacucho FC nan Monumental la sou 5 desanm 2020, kote li te yon ranplasan nan 90 minit yo ak siplemantè, kote ekip li a trase 1-1 ak pèdi 2-3 sou penalite. Ekip li a fini sou 28 novanm 2020 premye ak 23 pwen nan Liguilla A, te jwe semifinal la ak gayan nan Faz 2, Ayacucho FC. Jhilmar Lora te rele pou premye janm nan semi-final yo nan Lig la 2020 jwe-konpwomi kote li te yon ranplasan nan 90 minit yo epi yo te yon pati nan 2-1 viktwa Cristal la. Li pa te konvoke nan semifinal la nan retounen, ni pati yo nan retounen ak lide nan final la; sepandan li te ajoute premye tit li ak premyè ekip klib la.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/futbol-peruano/en-vivo-ver-sporting-cristal-vs-universitario-por-liga-1-alineaciones-y-canales-para-seguir-la-final-de-vuelta-en-directo-via-golperu-minuto-a-minuto-liveaction-online-noticia/|title=¡Sporting Cristal campeón nacional 2020! - VIDEO RESUMEN GOLES {{!}} DEPORTE-TOTAL|date=20 desanm 2020|access-date=13 septanm 2021}}</ref> ==== Sezon 2020-2021 ==== Nan sezon 2021 la, apre yon bon kòmansman nan Lig 1, nan dat 13 janvye li konfime renouvèlman li jouk nan fen 2023<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/futbol-peruano/sporting-cristal-anuncio-renovacion-con-jhilmar-lora-y-percy-liza-hasta-2023-futbol-peruano-fichajes-liga-1-nczd-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal anunció renovación con Jhilmar Lora y Percy Liza hasta 2023 {{!}} Fútbol peruano {{!}} Fichajes {{!}} Liga 1 NCZD {{!}} DEPORTE-TOTAL|date=2021-01-31|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ovacion.pe/noticias/sporting-cristal/cristal-confirmo-renovacion-del-juvenil-lora|title=Cristal confirmó la renovación del juvenil Lora|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711054853/https://ovacion.pe/noticias/sporting-cristal/cristal-confirmo-renovacion-del-juvenil-lora|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elbocon.pe/futbol-peruano/sporting-cristal-jhilmar-lora-y-percy-liza-extendieron-contrato-hasta-2023-futbol-peruano-fichajes-liga-1-nczd-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal: Jhilmar Lora y Percy Liza extendieron contrato hasta 2023 {{!}} Fútbol peruano {{!}} Fichajes {{!}} Liga 1 NCZD {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|date=2021-01-31|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Èske w gen nan premye dat la yon retentissant 4-0 kont Deportivo Binacional kote Jhilmar Lora antre nan minit nan 46th pou Nilson Loyola ak nan 78yèm minit li te pran yon kwa pou Christofer Gonzales nan tèt ak fini final la 4-0, sa a ke yo te premye asistans li nan sezon an, jou apre 1-0 kont Sport ti gason<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.futbolperuano.com/liga-1/noticias/jhilmar-lora-tras-triunfo-de-sporting-cristal-me-siento-feliz-en-el-mejor-equipo-del-peru-video-301047|title=Jhilmar Lora tras triunfo de Sporting Cristal: "Me siento feliz en el mejor equipo del Perú" (VIDEO)|last=Castro|first=Diego Medina|date=2021-03-20|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://golperu.pe/copa-movistar/noticias/jhilmar-lora-me-siento-feliz-porque-estoy-en-el-mejor-equipo-del-peru-video-28386|title=GOLPERU - Jhilmar Lora: "Me siento feliz porque estoy en el mejor equipo del Perú" (VIDEO)|language=es|access-date=13 septanm 2021|archive-date=2021-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711014307/http://golperu.pe/copa-movistar/noticias/jhilmar-lora-me-siento-feliz-porque-estoy-en-el-mejor-equipo-del-peru-video-28386|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, nan ki matche ak Lora refè yon boul la te bay bay Irven Ávila pou l 'ede Horacio Calcaterra nòt objektif la sèlman nan match<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/respuestas/sporting-cristal-conoce-a-jhilmar-lora-el-joven-defensa-que-tuvo-una-destacada-actuacion-ante-sport-boys-por-la-liga-1-betsson-revtli-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal: conoce a Jhilmar Lora, el joven defensa que tuvo una destacada actuación ante Sport Boys por la Liga 1 Betsson {{!}} revtli {{!}} RESPUESTAS|date=2021-03-22|access-date=13 septanm 2021}}</ref> la ak pi bon an nan match la te chwazi e li te yon pati nan onz ideyal la nan dat 2 nan Faz 1 nan Lig 1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/liga-1-asi-quedo-el-once-ideal-de-la-fecha-2-de-la-fase-1-del-campeonato-local-fotos-futbol-peruano-nczd-noticia/|title=Liga 1: así quedó el once ideal de la fecha 2 de la Fase 1 del campeonato local [FOTOS] {{!}} Fútbol peruano {{!}} NCZD {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|date=2021-03-26|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Nan dat kap vini an li te kòmanse an Matute kont Alianza Universidad kote li te gen yon bon pèfòmans nan viktwa a 3-0 e li te ankò chwazi nan onz ideyal la nan dat la<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://libero.pe/futbol-peruano/1615364-liga-1-betsson-2021-liga-futbol-profesional-presento-once-ideal-fecha-3-certamen-fase-1-jhilmar-lora-ricardo-lagos-cuesta-alianza-cristal-foto|title=«Liga 1 presentó el once ideal de la fecha 3»|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402193703/https://libero.pe/futbol-peruano/1615364-liga-1-betsson-2021-liga-futbol-profesional-presento-once-ideal-fecha-3-certamen-fase-1-jhilmar-lora-ricardo-lagos-cuesta-alianza-cristal-foto|dead-url=yes}}</ref>. Sou liy sa yo, konpliman yo pa t 'sispann vini pou defandè a ke yo te wè kòm yon pwomès pou tan kap vini an, menm nan Ekip Nasyonal Perouvyen an. Nan sans sa a, li te Lora tèt li ki analize kòmanse li nan tounwa a ak kenbe ke li te pran li fasil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.futbolperuano.com/liga-1/noticias/jhilmar-lora-no-piensa-aun-llegar-a-la-seleccion-peruana-302991|title=Jhilmar Lora sobre su buen momento en Sporting Cristal: "Ahora no pienso en la selección"|last=Belapatiño|first=Axel|date=2021-03-30|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ovacion.pe/noticias/sporting-cristal/lora-ahora-no-pienso-seleccion-las-cosas-vendran-si-solas|title=Lora: "Ahora no pienso en la selección, las cosas vendrán por sí solas"|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912033014/https://ovacion.pe/noticias/sporting-cristal/lora-ahora-no-pienso-seleccion-las-cosas-vendran-si-solas|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Lora te kòmanse pwochen match la kont Deportivo Minisipal nan Matute kote ekip li a te genyen 3-1, nan jwèt sa li te ranplase nan 80èm minit pa Johan [[Madrid]]. Pou jounen 5, li te jwe kont Universitario nan Nasyonal la, genyen 1-0 ak jwe kòm yon starter nan tout jwèt la ak te genyen rival klasik klib li a<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Maximiliano Mendaña: "Que aparezca Jhilmar Lora hace que Johan Madrid tenga muy buenos partidos"|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtzSawlRycA|language=en}}</ref>. Nan dat sa a li te jwe kòm yon starter ak dezyèm klasik l 'swiv kont Alianza Lima kote ekip li a te genyen 2-1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/huayraSC/posts/4300590409975160|title=«Buen partido de Jhilmar Lora».|language=en|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>, nan ki matche ak Lora te rezerve ak kat la jòn nan minit nan 80th ak reaparèt nan onz ideyal la nan dat la. Pou match kap vini an, Lora te ranplase kont Cusco FC e li te antre nan 77èm minit pou Percy Prado kote yo te genyen 2-1. Pou jounen 8, Lora te rele ankò pou l jwe kont Sport Huancayo nan estad Miguel Grau kote li te yon ranplasan jouk 46èm minit kote li te antre pou Nilson Loyola nan viktwa 2-0 pou selès yo. Nan dènye jou ki te konkli Faz 1 nan gwoup B a, yo te fè fas a Cesar Vallejo Inivèsite kote yo pèdi 0-3 epi yo te defèt nan 8 jwèt te genyen. Nan match sa Jhilmar Lora antre nan 46èm minit pou Johan Madrid. Ekip li a fini an premyè plas ak 24 pwen e avanse nan faz 1 Lig 1 an. Sou 17 jiyè, Lora retounen nan jwe ak klib la nan Lig 1 apre li te avèk ekip la foutbòl pewouvyen an nan Copa América 2021, jwe kòm yon starter nan dat 1 nan Faz 2 nan vizite Alejandro Villanueva estad la. Kont Academia Cantolao a fini nan viktwa pou ekip selès la ak yon rezilta nan 4-2, nan adisyon li te chwazi nan onz ideyal la nan dat la<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com.pe/futbol/peru/nota/_/id/8932092/once-ideal-primera-fecha-fase-2-espn-peru|title=El once ideal de la primera fecha de la Fase 2 para ESPN Perú|date=2021-07-20|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Aprè li te genyen koup bisantnè a, vandredi 30 jiyè li te fè fas a Deportivo Minisipal nan Matute, nan match sa Jhilmar Lora te rantre nan 46yèm minit pou Percy Prado, kote yo te mare 1-1. Nan jwèt kap vini an li te kòmanse kont Inivèsite a nan espò nan estad nasyonal la, kote li te gen yon anpil nan pèfòmans reyalize objektif la selès, nan dezyèm objektif la Lora te kòmanse yon jwe sou sektè a dwat, ak yon gwo debòde kote li te kite nan sou wout la nan Rafael Guarderas. Lè sa a, defandè a te pran yon siy pou pèmèt Christofer Gonzales<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/es-pe/deportes/extra-cancha/sporting-cristal-vs-universitario-christofer-gonzales-marc%C3%B3-el-2-0-tras-taco-de-lora/vp-AAMUypM|title=Sporting Cristal vs. Universitario: Christofer Gonzales marcó el 2-0 tras taco de Lora|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trome.pe/deportes/christofer-gonzales-gol-taco-genial-de-jhilma-lora-para-el-2-0-de-sporting-cristal-vs-universitario-liga-1-video-noticia/|title=Christofer Gonzales GOL ‘Taco’ genial de Jhilma Lora para el 2-0 de Sporting Cristal vs Universitario {{!}} Liga 1 {{!}} VIDEO {{!}} DEPORTES|date=2021-08-04|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>, ki moun ki defini ak bon jan kalite sou kwen nan zòn nan, ki fè nòt dezyèm lan nan minit 41<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/descentralizado/universitario-de-deportes-vs-sporting-cristal-gracias-a-la-asistencia-de-taco-de-jhilmar-lora-christofer-gonzales-coloco-el-2-0-en-el-estadio-nacional-video-noticia/|title=Universitario de Deportes vs. Sporting Cristal {{!}} Gracias a la asistencia de taco de Jhilmar Lora: Christofer Gonzales colocó el 2-0 en el estadio Nacional {{!}} VIDEO {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|date=2021-08-03|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/futbol-peruano/gol-christofer-gonzales-universitario-vs-sporting-cristal-taco-de-jhilmar-lora-y-golazo-de-canchita-para-el-2-0-celeste-video-liga-1-nczd-noticia/|title=Gol Christofer Gonzales {{!}} Universitario vs. Sporting Cristal: taco de Jhilmar Lora y golazo de ‘Canchita’ para el 2-0 celeste {{!}} VIDEO {{!}} Liga 1 {{!}} NCZD {{!}} DEPORTE-TOTAL|date=2021-08-03|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bolavip.com/pe/sportingcristal/Lo-celebro-Jhilmar-Lora-hizo-comer-pasto-a-Guarderas-y-Christofer-Gonzales-puso-el-2-0-para-Sporting-Cristal-contra-Universitario-20210803-0029.html|title=Lo celebró: Jhilmar Lora hizo comer pasto a Guarderas y Christofer Gonzales puso el 2-0|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019021430/https://bolavip.com/pe/sportingcristal/Lo-celebro-Jhilmar-Lora-hizo-comer-pasto-a-Guarderas-y-Christofer-Gonzales-puso-el-2-0-para-Sporting-Cristal-contra-Universitario-20210803-0029.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>. Lora te ranplase nan minit 81 pa Johan Madrid, nan ki matche ak Lora te rezerve ak kat jòn lan epi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/clubscristal/status/1422735808524701700|title=Tarjeta amarilla para Sporting Cristal (17 'ST) Jhilmar Lora Sporting Cristal 2-0 Universitario # Liga1Betsson #FuerzaCristal #SomosFamiliaTrofeo.|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> yo te chwazi pi bon jwè nan match la<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://libero.pe/futbol-peruano/liga-1/2021/08/03/jhilmar-lora-empate-sporting-cristal-universitario-reacciones-lora-via-gol-peru-pe-noticia-12501|title=Lora fue elegido el mejor jugador del duelo entre Sporting Cristal vs. Universitario, pero no siente una gran satisfacción tras este empate de 2-2 ante los 'cremas'.|language=es}}</ref>, match la te fini nan yon tiraj 2-2 epi apre sa Lora kòmante li di ''ke li initil pou nou jwe byen si nou pa jwenn yon rezilta favorab. Mwen santi mwen tankou nou kite tèt nou dwe''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ovacion.pe/noticias/liga-1-betsson-fase-2/jhilmar-lora-nada-vale-jugar-bien-si-no-sacamos-un-buen-resultado|title=Jhilmar Lora: "De nada vale jugar bien si no sacamos un buen resultado"|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804211401/https://ovacion.pe/noticias/liga-1-betsson-fase-2/jhilmar-lora-nada-vale-jugar-bien-si-no-sacamos-un-buen-resultado|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/descentralizado/sporting-cristal-jhilmar-lora-tras-el-empate-ante-universitario-de-nada-sirve-jugar-bien-si-no-sacamos-un-resultado-favorable-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal {{!}} Jhilmar Lora tras el empate ante Universitario: “De nada sirve jugar bien si no sacamos un resultado favorable” {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|date=2021-08-04|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Koulye a, nan travay pou jwèt Vandredi a, Lora te enkli nan onz ideyal la nan Matchday 4<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com.pe/futbol/peru/nota/_/id/9015458/el-once-ideal-de-la-fecha-4-de-espn-peru|title=El once ideal de la fecha 4 de ESPN Perú|date=2021-08-06|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Pou jou 5 nan Faz 2 Lora te kòmanse kont Sport Huancayo nan Matute genyen 2-1, nan premye objektif la, Lora te kòmanse jwe a pou lè sa a 4 pase pita li te fini nan premye match la. Match sa a se te youn nan viktwa ki pi enpòtan Lora yo, depi avèk li yo te vin lidè nan dat sa a nan Lig 1. Pou pwochen lut kont Inivèsite Cesar Vallejo nan estad Miguel Grau nan Callao, pèdi 0-1, nan premye mwatye ekip li a. manke yon penalite ak nan minit 44 li move Jorge Luis Emerson Ríos Guevara, génération yon kat jòn ak yon penalite konvèti pa Jersson Vásquez epi yo te objektif la sèlman nan match la, nan minit 62, nan yon boul ki te soti nan yon choute objektif pa Carlos Grados, Jhilmar Lora ta koud Elsar Rodas nan tèt la, ki abit la matche ak ta remake ak chaje yon move, san yo pa premye ki montre dezyèm kat jòn nan elye dwat la nan Sporting Cristal, ki ta vle di ekspilsyon an nan jwè foutbòl la jenn<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bolavip.com/pe/sportingcristal/Una-nueva-expulsion-con-Sporting-Cristal-Jhilmar-Lora-vio-la-roja-por-este-terrible-codazo-20210814-0009.html|title=Una nueva expulsión con Sporting Cristal: Jhilmar Lora vio la roja por este terrible codazo|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814230059/https://bolavip.com/pe/sportingcristal/Una-nueva-expulsion-con-Sporting-Cristal-Jhilmar-Lora-vio-la-roja-por-este-terrible-codazo-20210814-0009.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americatv.com.pe/deportes/futbol-peruano/sporting-cristal-vs-cesar-vallejo-jhilmar-lora-fue-expulsado-codazo-elsar-rodas-n420572|title=Sporting Cristal vs. César Vallejo: Jhilmar Lora fue expulsado tras codazo a Elsar Rodas|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rpp.pe/futbol/descentralizado/video-sporting-cristal-vs-cesar-vallejo-jhilmar-lora-fue-expulsado-tras-un-codazo-en-el-rostro-de-elsar-rodas-liga-1-betsson-futbol-peruano-noticia-1352610|title=VIDEO Sporting Cristal vs. César Vallejo: Jhilmar Lora fue expulsado tras un codazo en el rostro de Elsar Rodas {{!}} Liga 1 Betsson Fútbol Peruano|last=Loayza|first=Diego Figueroa|date=2021-08-14|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>, ki pa ta jwe dat sa a kont Cusco FC nan estad la Alejando Villanueva .. Pou dat 9 nan Faz 2, Lora retounen nan onz la kòmanse apre akonpli sanksyon li nan yon match san yo pa jwe pou yon kat wouj, jwe nan estad la Miguel Grau nan Callao kont FBC Melgar fini nan viktwa pou ekip li a ak yon rezilta nan 1-0<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rpp.pe/futbol/descentralizado/sporting-cristal-vs-melgar-en-vivo-liga-1-betsson-via-gol-peru-en-directo-online-gratis-tv-por-fecha-9-de-fase-2-estadio-miguel-grau-futbol-peruano-2021-arequipa-noticia-1354562|title=Sporting Cristal vs. Melgar: ver goles, resumen y video HIGHLIGHTS del 1-0 rimense por fecha 9 de Fase 2 de Liga 1 Betsson 2021|last=Loayza|first=Diego Figueroa|date=2021-08-27|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Apre apèl ijans li nan ekip la Perouvyen, Sporting Cristal te kapab pa konte sou li pou yon match ranvwaye kont Inivèsite San Martín nan dat 2<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bolavip.com/pe/sportingcristal/En-polemico-final-Sporting-Cristal-empato-sobre-la-hora-1-1-a-San-Martin-por-la-Liga-1-20210903-0022.html|title=En polémico final: Sporting Cristal empató sobre la hora 1-1 a San Martín por la Liga 1|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908154253/https://bolavip.com/pe/sportingcristal/En-polemico-final-Sporting-Cristal-empato-sobre-la-hora-1-1-a-San-Martin-por-la-Liga-1-20210903-0022.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rpp.pe/futbol/descentralizado/sporting-cristal-2021-los-cambios-en-el-equipo-sin-sus-convocados-a-la-seleccion-peruana-noticia-1355052|title=Sporting Cristal 2021 {{!}} Los cambios en el equipo sin sus convocados a la Selección Peruana|last=Dueñas|first=Jean|date=2021-08-30|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Aprè li te rive nan Lima 10 septanm apre li te avèk ekip nasyonal la pou dat trip la, antrenè Mosquera pa t 'ekskli l' pou match la 12 septanm kont Alianza Atlético<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/futbol-peruano/sporting-cristal-vs-alianza-atletico-roberto-mosquera-informa-que-jhilmar-lora-y-martin-tavara-podrian-jugar-en-la-liga-1-nczd-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal vs. Alianza Atlético: Roberto Mosquera informa que Jhilmar Lora y Martín Távara podrían jugar en la Liga 1 {{!}} NCZD {{!}} DEPORTE-TOTAL|date=2021-09-10|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bolavip.com/pe/sportingcristal/Roberto-Mosquera-hablo-claro-la-actualidad-de-Martin-Tavara-y-Jhilmar-Lora-el-objetivo-de-Sporting-Cristal-y-su-deseo-para-fin-de-ano-20210911-0003.html|title=Mosquera habló claro: la actualidad de Távara y Lora, el objetivo de Cristal y su deseo para fin de año|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911183532/https://bolavip.com/pe/sportingcristal/Roberto-Mosquera-hablo-claro-la-actualidad-de-Martin-Tavara-y-Jhilmar-Lora-el-objetivo-de-Sporting-Cristal-y-su-deseo-para-fin-de-ano-20210911-0003.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ovacion.pe/noticias/sporting-cristal/mosquera-lora-tavara-podrian-estar-domingo-ante-alianza-atletico|title=Mosquera: "Lora y Távara podrían estar el domingo ante Alianza Atlético"|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911183528/https://ovacion.pe/noticias/sporting-cristal/mosquera-lora-tavara-podrian-estar-domingo-ante-alianza-atletico|dead-url=yes}}</ref>. Li te kòmanse jwèt la kont Alianza Atlético te jwe nan estad la Miguel Grau nan Callao, fini nan viktwa ak yon rezilta nan 5-2<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rpp.pe/futbol/descentralizado/sporting-cristal-vs-alianza-atletico-via-gol-peru-en-vivo-ver-online-tv-y-en-directo-transmision-canales-horarios-en-estadio-miguel-grau-por-fecha-10-de-fase-2-liga-1-betsson-2021-noticia-1357381|title=[RESUMEN] Sporting Cristal goleó 5-2 a Alianza Atlético por la fecha 10 de la Fase 2 de la Liga Betsson|last=Lazo|first=Renzo Castillo|date=2021-09-12|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>, kote Lora te gen yon boul ak Ramiro Fergonzi nan liy lan nan objektif li, pran yon boul Mwatye ak te fini nan yon objektif pa Alianza Atlético, Jeremy Jorge Canela Torres ke yo te yon erè. ==== Libertadores Cup 2021 ==== Ekip ble syèl la te jwe konpetisyon kontinantal la nan mwa avril kòm chanpyon Perouvyen an, debu kòm lokal nan estad nasyonal nan Lima kont Sao Paulo pèdi 0-3. Nan match sa a, Lora te antre nan 82nd minit nan ranplase Johan Madrid ak nan fen match la te resevwa yon kat jòn<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/copa-libertadores/sporting-cristal-vs-sao-paulo-en-vivo-fecha-hora-y-canales-para-ver-espn-en-directo-streaming-espn-play-por-del-debut-en-copa-libertadores-2021-sigue-transmision-online-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal vs. Sao Paulo (0-3): ver resumen, video, crónica y goles del partido por la fecha 1 de la Copa Libertadores {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|date=2021-04-20|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Pou dat ki vin apre a li ap fè fas a kous Club vizite Presidente Perón estad la retounen nan defèt ak yon 2-1, Jhilmar Lora te ankò ranplasan ak antre nan 80 minit ranplase Johan Madrid<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/futbol-peruano/sporting-cristal-vs-racing-club-en-vivo-online-a-que-hora-y-en-que-canales-ver-en-directo-el-partido-por-la-copa-libertadores-2021-partidos-de-hoy-futbol-en-vivo-nczd-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal, con un jugador más, perdió ante Racing Club en Avellaneda por la Copa Libertadores 2021 {{!}} PERÚ {{!}} ARGENTINA {{!}} pe ar {{!}} DEPORTE-TOTAL|date=2021-04-29|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Pou twazyèm dat la li jwenn yon tir kont Rentistas vizite santnè a nan Irigwe nan ki match, Lora te kòmanse, plis pase 81 minit, ekip li a ale sou kont atak la epi li te jwenn Rentistas seryezman sispann. Jhilmar Lora, nan pouvwa absoli, te pran avantaj e li te bay boul la Joao Grimaldo, ki moun ki te ralanti deside ki sa yo dwe fè epi finalman pa t 'kapab defini anvan reyaksyon an rapid nan meyè gadyen Nicolás Rossi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/copa-libertadores/sporting-cristal-vs-rentistas-en-vivo-joao-grimaldo-estaba-solo-y-erro-enorme-ocasion-de-gol-video-copa-libertadores-nczd-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal vs. Rentistas EN VIVO: Joao Grimaldo estaba solo y erró enorme ocasión de gol {{!}} VIDEO {{!}} Copa Libertadores {{!}} NCZD {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|date=2021-05-05|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>, match la te fini 0-0<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/sporting-cristal-vs-rentistas-en-vivo-online-como-y-donde-ver-gratis-la-transmision-del-partido-por-la-copa-libertadores-2021-espn-en-directo-partidos-de-hoy-futbol-en-vivo-uruguay-peru-uru-pe-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal empató 0-0 con Rentistas y sigue último en el Grupo E de la Copa Libertadores 2021 {{!}} URUGUAY {{!}} PERÚ {{!}} uru pe {{!}} DEPORTE-TOTAL|last=PERÚ|first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO|date=2021-05-05|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Kous Club nan kay la, pèdi 0-2 nan yon match kote Lora<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/copa-libertadores/sporting-cristal-vs-racing-en-vivo-fecha-hora-y-canal-en-directo-online-por-fecha-4-de-fase-de-grupos-en-copa-libertadores-2021-sigue-transmision-espn-fox-sports-movistar-play-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal vs. Racing Club (0-2): ver resumen, video, crónica y goles del partido por la fecha 4 de la Copa Libertadores {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|date=2021-05-11|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expreso.com.pe/deportes/jhilmar-lora-queremos-los-seis-puntos-de-los-partidos-ante-rentistas-y-sao-paulo/|title=Jhilmar Lora: "Queremos los seis puntos de los partidos ante Rentistas y Sao Paulo"|date=2021-05-14|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> kontinye kòmanse ak pou dat la penultyèm, li ankò te fè fas Rentistas nan kay la, ap resevwa premye viktwa 2-0 li yo ak objektif nan Alejandro Hohberg ak Martin Távara Nan ki matche ak, Jhilmar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/copa-libertadores/sporting-cristal-vs-rentistas-en-vivo-fecha-hora-canal-como-cuando-y-donde-ver-gratis-espn-y-fox-sports-por-internet-movistar-play-facebook-watch-conmebol-partido-fecha-5-copa-libertadores-2021-goles-video-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal vs. Rentistas (2-0): ver resumen, video, crónica y goles del partido por la fecha 5 de la Copa Libertadores {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|date=2021-05-19|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.futbolperuano.com/copa-libertadores/noticias/sporting-cristal-vs-rentistas-en-vivo-por-la-fecha-5-de-la-copa-libertadores-307653|title=¡Era el día! Sporting Cristal venció 2-0 a Rentistas por la fecha 5 del Grupo E de la Copa Libertadores|website=Futbolperuano.com|first=EFE-|date=2021-05-18|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> Nan dènye dat li te fè fas a Sao Paulo vizite estad Morumbi kote li te pèdi 3-0 nan match sa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/futbol-mundial/sporting-cristal-vs-sao-paulo-en-vivo-gratis-horario-canal-de-tv-y-donde-ver-partido-copa-libertadores-2021-desde-el-monumental-fox-sports-2-en-vivo-espn-play-futbol-en-vivo-argentina-ar-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal fue goleado ante Sao Paulo, pero clasificó a la próxima ronda de la Copa CONMEBOL Sudamericana {{!}} DEPORTE-TOTAL|date=2021-05-25|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>, Jhilmar Lora te kòmanse e li resevwa yon kat jòn nan minit 41<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rpp.pe/futbol/copa-libertadores/sporting-cristal-vs-sao-paulo-en-vivo-copa-libertadores-en-directo-online-fox-sports-2-fecha-6-grupo-e-estadio-morumbi-noticia-1338601|title=Sporting Cristal vs. Sao Paulo: ver goles, resumen y video HIGHLIGHTS del 3-0 'tricolor' por la fecha 6 y última del Grupo E de la Copa Libertadores 2021|last=Aguilar|first=Marith|date=2021-05-25|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Sporting Cristal fini twazyèm nan gwoup E nan Copa Libertadores yo ak 4 pwen, kidonk kalifye pou etap yo pentch nan Copa Sudamericana la<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com.pe/futbol/peru/nota/_/id/8695098/sporting-cristal-clasifico-a-la-copa-sudamericana-por-segunda-vez-desde-la-libertadores|title=Sporting Cristal clasificó a la Copa Sudamericana por segunda vez desde la Libertadores|date=2021-05-26|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.futbolperuano.com/liga-1/noticias/jhilmar-lora-lateral-de-sporting-cristal-los-elogios-lo-tomo-con-calma-debo-seguir-trabajando-307273|title=Jhilmar Lora: "Los elogios lo tomo con calma. Debo seguir trabajando" (VIDEO)|last=Castro|first=Diego Medina|date=2021-05-14|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peru.as.com/peru/2021/05/26/futbol/1622049602_298643.html|title=Aprobados y desaprobados de Cristal en la Libertadores|date=2021-05-26|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. ==== Sid Ameriken Cup 2021 ==== Ekip ble syèl la te jwe pandan jiyè tounwa Sid Ameriken an kòm pi bon twazyèm nan gwoup E nan Copa Libertadores yo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peru.as.com/peru/2021/07/21/futbol/1626890826_123333.html|title=Formación posible de Sporting Cristal hoy contra Arsenal en los octavos de Copa Sudamericana|date=2021-07-21|language=es-pe|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>, debu lakay yo nan estad nasyonal nan Lima kont Arsenal genyen 2-1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peru.as.com/peru/2021/07/14/futbol/1626278732_774937.html|title=Cristal, contra sus fantasmas|date=2021-07-14|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Nan match sa a, Lora te kòmanse ak pwodwi yon jòn pou Ajantin Nicolás Eduardo Castro nan 90 + 2 minit apre yon jwe pa Lora sou zèl dwat la<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/futbol-mundial/lo-gano-en-el-final-con-goles-de-hohberg-sporting-cristal-vencio-2-1-a-arsenal-por-la-copa-sudamericana-noticia/|title=Lo ganó en el final: Con goles de Hohberg, Sporting Cristal venció 2-1 a Arsenal por la Copa Sudamericana {{!}} DEPORTE-TOTAL|date=2021-07-14|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultados.as.com/resultados/futbol/copa_sudamericana/2021/directo/octavos_a_1_365667/|title=Sporting Cristal 2-1 Arsenal de Sarandí: resultado, resumen y goles|date=2021-07-15|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>.Nan dezyèm janm an, Lora te jwe kòm starter la ak lè Cristal te ke yo te elimine, Lora sou zèl gòch la rale yon zen ak kwa nan zòn nan ki rebondi sou defandè a, Gastón Suso epi kite l 'pou Christopher Gonzales nòt objektif li yo ak mare jwèt la. Avèk rezilta final la, 1-1 ekip li a te ale nan kar yo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/copa-sudamericana/sporting-cristal-la-jugada-crucial-de-jhilmar-lora-que-cambio-el-rumbo-del-partido-contra-arsenal-de-sarandi-copa-sudamericana-2021-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal {{!}} La jugada crucial de Jhilmar Lora que cambió el rumbo del partido contra Arsenal de Sarandí {{!}} Copa Sudamericana 2021 {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|date=2021-07-22|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><. Pou premye etap la nan kar de final la kont Peñarol nan estad Nasyonal la nan Pewou, Lora te kòmanse nan defèt la 1-3 nan Sporting Cristal, nan ki matche ak Lora te rezève ak kat jòn la nan 51yèm minit. Nan dezyèm janm la, Lora te jwe kòm yon starter nan Campeón del Siglo Stadium<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americatv.com.pe/deportes/futbol-mundial/sporting-cristal-vs-penarol-posible-once-club-celeste-revancha-uruguay-n420715|title=Sporting Cristal vs. Peñarol: El posible once del club celeste para la revancha en Uruguay|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> la kote li ta bay 1 piki ki te sou objektif, li manyen 77 fwa, li bay 42 pas kote presizyon li te 83,3%, li pran boul la 3 fwa epi Li komèt 2 fot kote youn nan yo ta resevwa yon kat jòn nan minit 81<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/copa-sudamericana/directv-en-vivo-sporting-cristal-vs-penarol-en-directo-tv-go-online-via-espn-partido-gratis-por-internet-cuartos-de-final-copa-sudamericana-2021-movistar-play-uruguay-goles-video-noticia/|title=Sporting Cristal vs. Peñarol (0-1): ver resumen, video, crónica y goles del partido de vuelta por los cuartos de final de la Copa Sudamericana {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Avèk rezilta final la, yo ta elimine 0-1 ekip li a nan kar de final la sou yon total 1-4.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://libero.pe/futbol-internacional/copa-sudamericana/2021/08/17/sporting-cristal-vs-penarol-en-vivo-directv-sports-espn-3-hora-canal-conmebol-tv-live-streaming-partido-hoy-copa-sudamericana-2021-estadio-campeon-siglo-uruguay-peru-noticia-14799|title=Sporting Cristal, eliminado de Copa Sudamericana 2021 por Peñarol.}}</ref> ==== Bisantnè Cup 2021 ==== Aprè apèl li nan Ekip Nasyonal Pewouvyen an pou fè fas a Copa América, li rate tou de 32, tou de 16, kar de final ak semifinal ak Sporting Cristal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elfutbolero.com.pe/seleccion-peruana/2021/6/8/lo-que-piensa-hacer-ricardo-gareca-con-jhilmar-lora-martin-tavara-de-cara-la-copa-america-19045.html|title=Lo que piensa hacer Ricardo Gareca con Jhilmar Lora y Martín Távara de cara a la Copa América|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822152642/https://www.elfutbolero.com.pe/seleccion-peruana/2021/6/8/lo-que-piensa-hacer-ricardo-gareca-con-jhilmar-lora-martin-tavara-de-cara-la-copa-america-19045.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pou final la nan Cup la 2021 Bicentennial, Lora fè remake nan yon konferans pou laprès ke ekip la se psyched pou pou genyen ki Trophy. "''Mwen vle fè konpetisyon nan final la nan Cup la bisantnè. Nou pral soti ak tout bagay yo pran twofe la, konpetisyon nan Faz 2 ak Lè sa a, reflechi sou kar de final la nan Sid Ameriken Cup la. Lè sa a, mwen pral panse sou Ekip Nasyonal la, bagay sa yo vini pou kont mwen. Mwen santi ke mwen genyen mwen te grandi anpil, mwen te ajoute pou kontribye nan yon gwoup ki pa t 'yon sèl abityèl la epi tou li dwe nan viv ansanm ak chèf fanmi yo. Soti nan ekip la mwen pran leson an nan batay pou 90 minit nan chak jwèt'' ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rpp.pe/futbol/descentralizado/sporting-cristal-2021-jhilmar-lora-y-la-final-de-la-bicentenario-saldremos-con-todo-por-el-trofeo-video-noticia-1349001|title=Jhilmar Lora, de Sporting Cristal, sobre la final de la Bicentenario: "Saldremos con todo por el trofeo" {{!}} VIDEO|last=Dueñas|first=Jean|date=2021-07-23|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gacetaucayalina.com/2021/07/jhilmar-lora-y-la-final-de-la-bicentenario-saldremos-con-todo-por-el-trofeo.html|title=Jhilmar Lora y la final de la Bicentenario: "Saldremos con todo por el trofeo"|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809143955/https://www.gacetaucayalina.com/2021/07/jhilmar-lora-y-la-final-de-la-bicentenario-saldremos-con-todo-por-el-trofeo.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movistardeportes.pe/noticias/jhilmar-lora-iremos-paso-a-paso-por-la-copa-bicentenario-la-sudamericana-y-la-fase-2/|title=Jhilmar Lora: "Iremos paso a paso por la Copa Bicentenario, la Sudamericana y la Fase 2"|website=Movistar Deportes|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923032037/https://movistardeportes.pe/noticias/jhilmar-lora-iremos-paso-a-paso-por-la-copa-bicentenario-la-sudamericana-y-la-fase-2/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Jhilmar Lora te jwe final Cup Bicentennial la kòm yon starter, nan Cup la tout antye li te absan akòz tan li nan ekip la Pewouvyen an nan Copa America a; Sepandan, direktè teknik la ak ansyen foutboler, Roberto Mosquera deside kòmanse l 'paske nan bon jwèt li yo ak presizyon sou ofans. Nan kòmansman reyinyon an, Lora te patisipe nan zèl dwat Bajopontina kote nan minit 12 nan premye mwatye a lè li t ap jwe yon boul divize li te gen yon kolizyon difisil ak pi devan Relly Fernández nan ki li te afekte apre sezon otòn la, apre premye mwatye a ak kòmanse dezyèm lan apre objektif Percy Liza a pou momantane 1-0 li te deside ale sou ofans, men yon pèt boul la te koute l 'anpil pwoblèm nan zòn li, ki gen ladan penalite a pou Felipe Rodriguez, byenke akòz yon erè nan zòn li yo ak angaje pa defandè Gianfranco Chávez, men minit pita yo te reyaji ak jere yo mete l '2-1 nan Percy Liza ak genyen premye Cup la Bisantnè nan klib la nan dezyèm edisyon an nan gode a epi ajoute yon lòt tit pou Lora. == Seleksyon nasyonal == === Kategori jèn yo === Mwen te yon pati nan eskwadwon la nan yon Foursquare zanmitay nan mwa janvye ak jiyè nan preparasyon pou chanpyona foutbòl Sid Ameriken U-15 2015 la<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conmebol.com/es/sub-15-ecuador-y-peru-en-un-amistoso-previo-al-sudamericano|title=Sub-15: Ecuador y Perú en un amistoso previo al Sudamericano {{!}} CONMEBOL|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Oré, ki fòme yon pati nan eskwadwon Pewouvyen an pou chanpyona foutbòl ameriken anba 15 lane 2015 la ki te fèt nan Kolonbi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peru.com/futbol/la-nueve/sudamericano-sub-15-asi-fue-ultimo-entrenamiento-seleccion-peruana-noticia-420730|title=Sudamericano Sub 15: Así fue el último entrenamiento de la Selección peruana|website=Peru.com|date=2015-11-18|5=|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913141657/https://peru.com/futbol/la-nueve/sudamericano-sub-15-asi-fue-ultimo-entrenamiento-seleccion-peruana-noticia-420730|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peru.com/futbol/la-nueve/seleccion-peruana-sub-15-conoce-convocados-sudamericano-fotos-noticia-420738|title=Selección Peruana Sub 15: Conoce a los convocados para el Sudamericano (FOTOS)|last=Peru.com|first=Redacción|date=2015-11-19|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913141659/https://peru.com/futbol/la-nueve/seleccion-peruana-sub-15-conoce-convocados-sudamericano-fotos-noticia-420738|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, jwe 4 jwèt nan gwoup B<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dechalaca.com/sub-15/sudamericano-colombia-2015/le-dieron-con-el-cetro|title=Sub-15: Le dieron con el cetro - De Chalaca {{!}} Futbol para el que la conoce|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Sou premye dat la, yo fè fas ak Irigwe nan estad minisipal la nan Montería, pèdi 0-4<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conmebol.com/es/sudamericano-sub-15-uruguay-vencio-peru-4-0|title=Sudamericano Sub 15: Uruguay venció a Perú 4 a 0 {{!}} CONMEBOL|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>, ak nan dezyèm match la nan menm estad la yo fè fas a Bolivi, pèdi 0-3<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conmebol.com/es/sudamericano-sub-15-bolivia-derroto-peru-3-0|title=Sudamericano Sub 15: Bolivia derrotó a Perú 3 a 0 {{!}} CONMEBOL|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Pou twazyèm dat la, yo fè fas a Brezil pèdi 1-6<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conmebol.com/es/sudamericano-sub-15-brasil-goleo-6-1-peru|title=Sudamericano Sub 15: Brasil goleó 6 a 1 a Perú {{!}} CONMEBOL|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>, ak sou dat la penultyèm ak dènye pou Perou yo ta fè fas a Chili, genyen 3-1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.conmebol.com/es/sudamericano-sub-15-peru-derroto-3-1-chile|title=Sudamericano Sub 15: Perú derrotó 3 a 1 a Chile {{!}} CONMEBOL|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Perou ta dwe katriyèm nan Gwoup B ak wityèm nan tablo jeneral la nan tou de respektivman ak 3 pwen. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:100%; text-align: center; width: 101%;" ! colspan="12" style="with: 104%;" align="center" |U-15 |- ! width="16" |Non ! width="100" |Dat ! width="120" |Estad ! width="120" |Jwèt ! width="50" |Rezilta ! width="150" |Konpetisyon |- |1 |22 novanm 2015 |Minisipal estad nan Montería, Montería | align="center" |'''Pewou''' - [[Selección de fútbol sub-15 de Uruguay|Irigwe]] |0 - 4 |[[Campeonato Sudamericano de Fútbol Sub-15 de 2015|U-15 chanpyona foutbòl sidameriken]] |- |2 |24 novanm 2015 |Minisipal estad nan Montería, Montería |'''Pewou''' - [[Selección de fútbol sub-15 de Bolivia|Bolivi]] |0-3 |[[Campeonato Sudamericano de Fútbol Sub-15 de 2015|U-15 chanpyona foutbòl sidameriken]] |- |3 |26 novanm 2015 |Minisipal estad nan Montería, Montería |'''Pewou''' - [[Selección de fútbol sub-15 de Brasil|Brezil]] |1-6 |[[Campeonato Sudamericano de Fútbol Sub-15 de 2015|U-15 chanpyona foutbòl sidameriken]] |- |4 |28 novanm 2015 |Minisipal estad nan Montería, Montería |'''Pewou''' - [[Selección de fútbol sub-15 de Chile|Chili]] |3-1 |[[Campeonato Sudamericano de Fútbol Sub-15 de 2015| U-15 chanpyona foutbòl sidameriken]] |} === Seleksyon absoli === ==== Kalifye 2022 ==== 21 Me 2021, Jhilmar Lora te chwazi pou premye fwa nan ekip ansyen Perou a pa antrenè Ricardo Gareca<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/seleccion-peruana/seleccion-peruana-jhilmar-lora-hablo-sobre-la-competencia-que-tendra-con-luis-advincula-y-aldo-corzo-eliminatorias-qatar-2022-sporting-cristal-noticia/|title=Selección Peruana {{!}} Jhilmar Lora habló sobre la competencia que tendrá con Luis Advíncula y Aldo Corzo {{!}} Eliminatorias Qatar 2022 {{!}} Sporting Cristal {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|last=DEPOR|first=NOTICIAS|date=2021-05-29|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-seleccion-peruana-y-lista-jugadores-para-enfrentar-a-colombia-y-ecuador-846065.aspx|title=Selección peruana y la lista de jugadores para enfrentar a Colombia y Ecuador|last=PERÚ|first=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> pou jwe dat doub kont Kolonbi nan estad nasyonal la, Lima, Perou ak Ekwatè nan estad Rodrigo Paz Delgado, Quito<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/videos/deportes/jhilmar-lora-tras-sus-primeros-dias-en-la-seleccion-peruana-vengo-a-competir-para-poder-ganarme-un-puesto-video-nnav-vr-noticia/|title=Jhilmar Lora tras sus primeros días en la Selección Peruana: “Vengo a competir para poder ganarme un puesto” {{!}} VIDEO {{!}} NNAV {{!}} VR {{!}} VIDEOS|date=2021-05-29|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/seleccion-peruana/seleccion-peruana-nestor-bonillo-hablo-sobre-el-presente-de-jhilmar-lora-en-sporting-cristal-noticia/|title=Selección Peruana: Néstor Bonillo habló sobre el presente de Jhilmar Lora en Sporting Cristal {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|last=DEPOR|first=NOTICIAS|date=2021-05-06|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>, Ekwatè Apre apèl sa a Lora kòmante, ''mwen trè kontan yo dwe nan Ekip Nasyonal la. Koulye a, li rete yo dwe konsantre pou jwèt yo faz eliminatwa. Mwen te toujou espere yo dwe isit la, men apèl la te pran m 'pa sipriz''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.futbolperuano.com/seleccion/noticias/jhilmar-lora-lateral-de-sporting-cristal-y-sus-primeras-palabras-tras-llegar-a-la-seleccion-peruana-308713|title=Jhilmar Lora y sus primeras palabras tras llegar a la Selección Peruana|last=Castro|first=Diego Medina|date=2021-05-29|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elbocon.pe/futbol-peruano/seleccion-peruana/seleccion-peruana-las-sorpresas-de-ricardo-gareca-en-la-lista-de-convocados-luis-iberico-luis-iberico-jugador-iberico-melgar-garces-renzo-garces-lora-convocados-lista-de-convocados-jhilmar-lora-alex-valera-convocados-peru-martin-tavara-ricardo-gareca-noticia/|title=Selección Peruana: Las sorpresas de Ricardo Gareca en la lista de convocados {{!}} luis iberico {{!}} luis iberico jugador {{!}} iberico melgar {{!}} garces {{!}} renzo garces {{!}} lora {{!}} convocados {{!}} lista de convocados {{!}} jhilmar lora {{!}} alex valera {{!}} convocados peru {{!}} martin tavara {{!}} ricardo gareca {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|last=BOCÓN|first=NOTICIAS EL|date=2021-05-21|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Sepandan, malgre apèl la, Lora pa te pran an kont pou de reyinyon yo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trome.pe/deportes/seleccion-peruana-trayectoria-de-jhilmar-lora-convocado-de-ultima-hora-para-la-fecha-triple-eliminatorias-qatar-2022-carrera-con-sporting-cristal-nczd-noticia/|title=Selección peruana: trayectoria de Jhilmar Lora, convocado de última hora para la fecha triple {{!}} Eliminatorias Qatar 2022 {{!}} carrera con Sporting Cristal NCZD {{!}} DEPORTES|last=TROME|first=NOTICIAS|date=2021-08-30|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Aprè li te fin patisipe nan ekip Pewouvyen an nan Copa América, Ricardo Gareca pa te konvoke li nan dat 20 out 2021, pou dat trip kont Irigwe ak Venezyela nan estad nasyonal Perou ak Brezil nan Maracanã, [[Rio de Janeiro]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americatv.com.pe/deportes/seleccion/seleccion-peruana-santiago-ormeno-no-fue-convocado-ricardo-gareca-n420813|title=Selección peruana: Fueron a la Copa América y no están en la lista para las Eliminatorias|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.futbolperuano.com/seleccion/noticias/jhilmar-lora-o-aldo-corzo-quien-debe-ser-convocado-a-la-seleccion-peruana-316952|title=Jhilmar Lora o Aldo Corzo: ¿quién debe ser llamado a la Selección Peruana?|last=Cruzalegui|first=Jorge|date=2021-08-19|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rpp.pe/futbol/seleccion-peruana/seleccion-peruana-santiago-ormeno-carlos-zambrano-y-los-ausentes-para-la-fecha-triple-de-las-eliminatorias-qatar-2022-noticia-1353556|title=Selección Peruana: Santiago Ormeño, Carlos Zambrano y los ausentes para la fecha triple de las Eliminatorias Qatar 2022|last=Blanco|first=José|date=2021-08-20|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Ekip Nasyonal Pewouvyen an te rele nan ijans pou fè fas a dat trip kalifikatif Katar 2022 yo atravè yon mesaj ki te pibliye pa Federasyon foutbòl Perouvyen an: "Ekip foutbòl Pewouvyen an konfòme li avèk enfòme apèl defandè Sporting Cristal la Jhilmar Lora pou pwochen trip la dat nan kalifikasyon Sid Ameriken yo nan Katar World Cup la 2022 "<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/es-pe/entretenimiento/famosos/selecci%C3%B3n-peruana-jhilmar-lora-fue-convocado-para-las-eliminatorias/vp-AANSzpA|title=Selección peruana: Jhilmar Lora fue convocado para las Eliminatorias|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://todosport.pe/lo-ultimo-jhilmar-lora-fue-convocado-a-la-seleccion-peruana/|title=LO ÚLTIMO: Jhilmar Lora fue convocado a la Selección Peruana|last=web9|first=Redactor|date=2021-08-30|website=Todo Sport|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Apèl pou defandè Sporting Cristal la te vini kèk minit apre aksidan Luis Advíncula te sibi nan eklatman Boca Juniors kont Racing Club<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ovacion.pe/noticias/seleccion-peruana/gareca-convoco-urgencia-jhilmar-lora|title=Gareca convocó de urgencia a Jhilmar Lora|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830145123/https://ovacion.pe/noticias/seleccion-peruana/gareca-convoco-urgencia-jhilmar-lora|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.futbolperuano.com/seleccion/noticias/seleccion-peruana-jhilmar-lora-fue-convocado-ante-lesion-de-luis-advincula-317883|title=Perú convoca a Jhilmar Lora ante lesión de Luis Advíncula|last=Cruzalegui|first=Jorge|date=2021-08-29|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americatv.com.pe/deportes/seleccion/seleccion-peruana-jhilmar-lora-fue-convocado-eliminatorias-n421153|title=Selección peruana: Jhilmar Lora fue convocado para las Eliminatorias|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Aprè sa, Pwofesè Mosquera te fyè de elèv li yo ki te rele Ekip Nasyonal Pewouvyen Ricardo Gareca a: "''Se yon fyète pou nou , pou Lora, Távara ak Gonzales, pou nou se yon satisfaksyon. Rèv nou te toujou kolabore ak Ekip Nasyonal la. Ekip Nasyonal la pi wo pase nenpòt reyisit enstitisyonèl, nou te jwe san ekip seleksyone e nou te fè byen depi nou toujou aji nan bòn fwa.''”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apnoticias.pe/peru/todo-sport/lora-y-tavara-son-un-orgullo-roberto-mosquera-608108|title=“Lora y Távara son un orgullo”: Roberto Mosquera - AP Noticias|last=Noticias|first=A. P.|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911210111/https://www.apnoticias.pe/peru/todo-sport/lora-y-tavara-son-un-orgullo-roberto-mosquera-608108|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fpp.org.pe/roberto-mosquera-sobre-convocatoria-de-gonzales-lora-y-tavara-es-un-orgullo-nuestro-sueno-es-colaborar-con-la-seleccion/|title=Roberto Mosquera sobre convocatoria de Gonzales, Lora y Tavara: "Es un orgullo, nuestro sueño es colaborar con la Selección"|last=Bolivar|first=Moises David Céspedes|date=2021-09-02|website=Federación de Periodistas del Perú|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://todosport.pe/lora-y-tavara-son-un-orgullo-roberto-mosquera/|title="Lora y Távara son un orgullo": Roberto Mosquera|date=2021-09-01|website=Todo Sport|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>Sepandan, malgre apèl la, Lora pa te pran an kont pou twa jwèt yo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elfutbolero.com.pe/liga/2021/8/25/mosquera-se-mostro-indiferente-ante-la-ausencia-de-lora-tavara-en-la-seleccion-21381.html|title=Mosquera se mostró indiferente ante la ausencia de Lora y Távara en la selección|language=spanish|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911183531/https://www.elfutbolero.com.pe/liga/2021/8/25/mosquera-se-mostro-indiferente-ante-la-ausencia-de-lora-tavara-en-la-seleccion-21381.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>. ==== Cup Amerik la 2021 ==== 27 Avril, antrenè Ricardo Gareca te prezante lis preliminè 50 moun ki te rele yo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/seleccion-peruana/seleccion-peruana-los-minutos-jugados-por-los-convocados-mas-jovenes-a-la-lista-preliminar-de-peru-para-la-copa-america-2021-en-la-liga-1-alianza-lima-sporting-cristal-noticia/|title=Selección Peruana: los minutos jugados por los convocados más jóvenes a la lista preliminar de Perú para la Copa América 2021 en la Liga 1 {{!}} Alianza Lima {{!}} Sporting Cristal {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|date=2021-05-07|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>, ki gen ladan Lora<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/seleccion/seleccion-peruana-esta-es-la-lista-de-50-convocados-de-ricardo-gareca-para-la-copa-america-2021-nczd-noticia/|title=Selección peruana: esta es la lista de 50 convocados de Ricardo Gareca para la Copa América 2021 {{!}} FPF {{!}} NCZD {{!}} DEPORTE-TOTAL|date=2021-04-28|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>. Nan dat 10 jen 2021, antrenè a te konvoke l pou l jwe Copa América 2021 ki te fèt nan peyi Brezil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canaln.pe/deportes/seleccion-peruana-convocados-ricardo-gareca-peru-lista-copa-america-brasil-conmebol-n435976|title=Selección peruana: Estos son los convocados para la Copa América {{!}} Brasil Conmebol|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://depor.com/futbol-peruano/seleccion-peruana/seleccion-peruana-jhilmar-lora-y-martin-tavara-el-plan-de-ricardo-gareca-con-ambos-de-cara-a-la-copa-america-noticia/|title=Selección Peruana {{!}} Jhilmar Lora y Martín Távara: el plan de Ricardo Gareca con ambos de cara a la Copa América {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|date=2021-06-08|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elbocon.pe/futbol-peruano/seleccion-peruana/roberto-mosquera-destaco-la-convocatoria-de-jhilmar-lora-y-martin-tavara-a-la-seleccion-peruana-copa-america-2021-sporting-cristal-nczd-noticia/|title=Roberto Mosquera destacó la convocatoria de Jhilmar Lora y Martín Távara a la Selección Peruana {{!}} Copa América 2021{{!}} Sporting Cristal {{!}} nczd {{!}} FUTBOL-PERUANO|date=2021-06-14|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bolavip.com/pe/seleccionperuana/Dos-porteros-dos-defensas-y-un-lateral-las-apuestas-de-Ricardo-Gareca-que-todavia-no-debutan-en-la-Copa-America-con-la-Seleccion-Peruana-Renzo-Garces-Anderson-Santamaria-Jose-Carvallo-Carlos-Caceda-y-Jhilmar-Lora-20210625-0017.html|title=Dos porteros, dos defensas y un lateral: las apuestas de Gareca que todavía no debutan en la Copa América|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909221229/https://bolavip.com/pe/seleccionperuana/Dos-porteros-dos-defensas-y-un-lateral-las-apuestas-de-Ricardo-Gareca-que-todavia-no-debutan-en-la-Copa-America-con-la-Seleccion-Peruana-Renzo-Garces-Anderson-Santamaria-Jose-Carvallo-Carlos-Caceda-y-Jhilmar-Lora-20210625-0017.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Defandè Sporting Cristal la te di kijan li te resevwa nouvèl apèl pou konpetisyon kontinantal la. "''Mwen pa t 'ap tann li. Mwen te nan kay ap prepare yo ale ak konsantre ak Cristal ak nan ke tout fanmi mwen te vin nan chanm mwen kouri san pwoblèm mwen tap anbrase m'. Pita tout felisitasyon yo soti nan kòmandman an teknik, travayè yo, sikològ yo te kòmanse rive pa telefòn selilè., direktiv, menm prezidan an kominike salye m'' ".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://once.pe/jhilmar-lora-el-lateral-de-20-anos-que-sorprende-en-cristal-y-en-la-seleccion/|title=Jhilmar Lora, el lateral de 20 años que sorprende en Cristal y en la selección|date=2021-08-02|website=once.pe|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821191349/https://once.pe/jhilmar-lora-el-lateral-de-20-anos-que-sorprende-en-cristal-y-en-la-seleccion/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> 20-zan la tou te rakonte sa El Tigre te di li anvan semi-final la kont Brezil. "''Li te di m 'antre nan mak la trè atantif, men ke li pa pral ezite ale sou atak la, ke li te fè li trè byen, e ke li pral chache patenarya ak koekipye mwen yo. 1 ak Sid Ameriken an, mwen si ke mwen ap gen yon chans pi gwo pou yo te sou lis sa a'' ", Lora se eksite, ki moun ki gen objektif klè:" ''Pou yo kapab yon chanpyon, yo dwe konsolide kòm yon starter nan Cristal ak yo dwe yon non regilye nan lis la seleksyon''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.directvsports.com/noticia/jhilmar-lora-quiere-ganarse-lugar-consideracion-gareca|title=Jhilmar Lora quiere ganarse un lugar en la consideración de Gareca|language=en|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>Apre apèl li a, li te antre nan fòmasyon Ekip Nasyonal Perouvyen an nan taksi epi li te mache nan Videna. Arive li te anrejistre e li te vin viral, kote itilizatè entènèt yo dekri li kòm imilite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movistardeportes.pe/noticias/mosquera-sobre-lora-y-tavara-jugar-la-copa-america-les-ayudara-mucho/|title=Mosquera sobre Lora y Távara: "Jugar la Copa América les ayudará mucho"|website=Movistar Deportes|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911184603/https://movistardeportes.pe/noticias/mosquera-sobre-lora-y-tavara-jugar-la-copa-america-les-ayudara-mucho/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Sou 17 jen, Lora pa te pran an kont pou matchday 2 nan etap nan gwoup ak Perou, kote peyi li ta premye nan tounwa a pèdi 0-4 nan Brezil. Nan jou kap vini an li te yon ranplasan pou 90 minit yo kont Kolonbi kote Perou te genyen 2-1, nan jwèt kap vini an li te yon ranplasan pou tout match la kont Ekwatè kote peyi l 'te trase yon 2-2 trase ak nan dat ki sot pase a nan etap nan gwoup kont Venezyela li te yon ranplasan ankò kote Perou te genyen 1-0 ak rete nan dezyèm plas ak 7 pwen. Nan match la quarterfinal kont Paragwe, Jhilmar Lora ta fè premye l 'ak ekip la granmoun aje k ap antre nan Aldo Corzo nan 90 + 2. Match la te 3-3 ak Perou te genyen sou penalite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peru.as.com/peru/2021/07/02/futbol/1625252705_619259.html|title=Perú 3 (4) - 3 (3) Paraguay: goles, resumen y resultado|date=2021-07-02|language=es-pe|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://riverasport.com/seleccion-peruana/debut-de-jhilmar-lora-con-la-seleccion-peruana/|title=Así fue el debut de Jhilmar Lora con la selección peruana {{!}} Copa América.|date=2021-07-06|website=Full Deporte|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> Yon jou apre match la, yo te reflete sou rezo sosyal yo sou moman espesyal sa a. "''Bon jou yè. Ala bon sa bon pou premye a, men menm plis konsa pou sa gwoup la ap reyalize'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americatv.com.pe/deportes/seleccion/seleccion-peruana-feliz-debut-mas-aun-lo-que-esta-logrando-grupo-dijo-jhilmar-lora-n418910|title=Selección peruana: "Feliz por el debut, pero más aún por lo que está logrando el grupo", dijo Jhilmar Lora|language=es|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>" te ekri jwè a Sporting Cristal sou Instagram, ansanm ak yon seri de foto nan l 'mete Jersey an de-koulè. Nan match la semi-final kont Brezil, Lora te rantre nan 75èm minit pou defandè Aldo Corzo, li te gen minit nan ki yon move pa Vinicius Junior sou moun li nan 88èm minit la te pwodwi yon jòn pou brezilyen an. Perou te bat 1-0. Nan match pou twazyèm plas la<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elperuano.pe/noticia/124288-por-otra-victoria|title=Por otra victoria|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>, Lora te yon ranplasan kote ekip Perou a te fè fas ak Kolonbi. Nan match sa, Jhilmar Lora antre nan 77èm minit pou defandè Aldo Corzo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/deporte-total/seleccion/peru-vs-colombia-raziel-garcia-lora-y-tavara-el-camino-que-deben-seguir-los-debutantes-para-consolidarse-en-la-seleccion-peruana-copa-america-christian-cueva-eliminatorias-2022-ricardo-gareca-noticia/|title=Perú vs. Colombia: Raziel García, Lora y Távara, el camino que deben seguir los debutantes para consolidarse en la selección peruana {{!}} Copa América {{!}} Christian Cueva {{!}} Eliminatorias 2022 {{!}} Ricardo Gareca {{!}} DEPORTE-TOTAL|date=2021-07-09|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> Finalman Perou te jwenn katriyèm plas nan Kopa Amerik la apre li te tonbe 3-2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcomentario.ucol.mx/elogian-peruanos-a-su-seleccion-y-piden-pensar-en-eliminatorias-al-mundial/|title=Elogian peruanos a su selección y piden pensar en eliminatorias al Mundial|date=2021-07-06|website=elcomentario.ucol.mx|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909222732/https://elcomentario.ucol.mx/elogian-peruanos-a-su-seleccion-y-piden-pensar-en-eliminatorias-al-mundial/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peru.as.com/peru/2021/07/12/futbol/1626078644_972658.html|title=Aprobados y desaprobados de la selección en la Copa América|date=2021-07-12|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> Aprè yon kout patisipasyon ak Perou nan tounwa ofisyèl entènasyonal foutbòl gason nan Amerik di Sid, li te deklare nan yon konferans pou laprès ke li te aprann anpil bagay pandan tan li te nan Copa América ak Ekip Nasyonal Pewouvyèn e ke tout sa li te aprann ap eseye tradwi li nan klib li. "''Mwen santi ke mwen te grandi anpil nan Copa América a, mwen te aprann anpil e mwen eseye kontribye sa mwen te aprann isit la nan klib la. K ap viv ansanm te ede m 'anpil, mwen eseye kaptire li chak jou nan fòmasyon isit la nan Cristal'', "Lora te di nan yon konferans pou laprès.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ovacion.pe/noticias/sporting-cristal/lora-siento-aprendi-bastante-copa-america|title=Lora: "Siento que aprendí bastante en la Copa América"|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917004036/https://ovacion.pe/noticias/sporting-cristal/lora-siento-aprendi-bastante-copa-america|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==== Rezime selon pozisyon yo jwenn nan nivo seleksyon an ==== {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" bgcolor="#f7f8ff" align="center" style="font-size: 95%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" ! width="250" |Chanpyona ! width="125" |Kategori ! width="150" |Campus ! width="120" |Rezilta ! width="75" |Alimèt ! width="75" |Objektif yo ! width="75" |Ede |- align="center" |[[Campeonato Sudamericano de Fútbol Sub-15 de 2015|2015 Sid Ameriken U-15]] |[[Selección de fútbol sub-15 del Perú|U-15]] |Kolonbi |Premye faz |4 |0 |0 |- align="center" |[[Copa América 2021|Cup Amerik la 2021]] |Seleksyon absoli |Brezil |4èm plas |3 |0 |0 |- align="center" | colspan="4" |'''Total nan faz final yo''' !7 !0 !0 |} == Pwofil kòm jwè == === Jwe estil === Jhilmar Lora souvan jwe kòm yon dwa-tounen e li te dekri tankou "gwo pwomès pou foutbòl pewouvyen an." Akòz akselerasyon remakab li yo ak ladrès kreyatif, antrenè Mosquera dekri jwèt li yo ak konpare li ak ansyen foutbolè pewouvyen an ak manadjè Nolberto Solano; Pozisyon sa a pèmèt li tire ak sant ak pye abil l'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elfutbolero.com.pe/liga/2021/4/28/los-numeros-de-jhilmar-lora-que-ilusionan-todos-en-sporting-cristal-mando-la-banca-percy-prado-16182.html|title=Los números de Jhilmar Lora que ilusionan a todos en Sporting Cristal y mandó a la banca a Percy Prado|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819164930/https://www.elfutbolero.com.pe/liga/2021/4/28/los-numeros-de-jhilmar-lora-que-ilusionan-todos-en-sporting-cristal-mando-la-banca-percy-prado-16182.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, li ede koekipye li yo.Kapasite li gen ladan kreyativite, vizyon, pase, definisyon, manyen, ak teknik, yo te refere yo kòm yon "pwomès" jwè.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bolavip.com/pe/sportingcristal/Julio-Cesar-Uribe-ve-futuro-de-Seleccion-Peruana-a-joven-promesa-de-Sporting-Cristal-Jhilmar-Lora-20210511-0011.html|title=Julio Cesar Uribe ve futuro de Selección Peruana a joven promesa de Cristal|access-date=2021-09-13|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184302/https://bolavip.com/pe/sportingcristal/Julio-Cesar-Uribe-ve-futuro-de-Seleccion-Peruana-a-joven-promesa-de-Sporting-Cristal-Jhilmar-Lora-20210511-0011.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Estatistik == === Klib === {| class="wikitable center" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Klib ! rowspan="2" |Div. ! rowspan="2" |Sezon ! colspan="2" |Lig ! colspan="2" |Tas nasyonal ! colspan="2" |Tas entènasyonal ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Alimèt !Objektif yo !Alimèt !Objektif yo !Alimèt !Objektif yo !Alimèt !Objektif yo |- | rowspan="4" |'''[[Atik Cristal]]'''<small>{{PER}}</small> | rowspan="3" |[[Perou Premye Divizyon|1.ª]] |[[Lig 1 2019 (Perou)|2019]] |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |[[Lig 1 2020 (Perou)|2020]] |4 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 |7 |0 |- |[[Lig 1 2020 (Perou)|2021]] |14 |0 |1 |0 |10 |0 |25 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total klib !19 !0 !1 !0 !13 !0 !33 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Total karyè !19 !0 !1 !0 !13 !0 !33 !0 |- |} === Patisipasyon nan konpetisyon entènasyonal yo === {| class="wikitable center" ! width="190" |Chanpyona ! width="70" |Ane ! width="140" |Klib ! width="140" |Rezilta !Alimèt !Objektif yo |- align="center" |[[2020 U-20 Libertadores Cup|U-20 Libertadores Cup]] |[[2020 U-20 Libertadores Cup|2020]] |'''[[Atik Cristal]]''' |Etap Gwoup |3 |0 |- align="center" |[[Libertadores Cup 2021|Libertadores Cup]] |[[Libertadores Cup 2021|2021]] |'''[[Atik Cristal]]''' |Etap Gwoup |6 |0 |- align="center" |[[Sid Ameriken Cup 2021|Sid Ameriken Cup]] |[[Sid Ameriken Cup 2021|2021]] |'''[[Atik Cristal]]''' |Trimès final yo |4 |0 |} === Alimèt ak ekip nasyonal Pewouvyen an === {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size:100%; text-align: center; width: 101%;" ! colspan="12" style="with: 104%;" align="center" |Seleksyon absoli |- ! width="16" |Non ! width="100" |Dat ! width="120" |Estad ! width="120" |Jwèt ! width="50" |Rezilta ! width="150" |Konpetisyon |- |1 |2 jiyè 2021 |Pedro Ludovico Teixeira Olympic Stadium, Goiania | align="center" |'''Pewou''' - [[Selección de fútbol de Paraguay|Paragwe]] |3(4) - 3(3) |[[Cup Amerik la 2021]] |- |2 |5 jiyè 2021 |Nilton Santos Olympic Stadium, Rio de Janeiro |'''Pewou''' - [[Selección de fútbol de Brasil|Brezil]] |0 - 1 |[[Cup Amerik la 2021]] |- |3 |9 jiyè 2021 |Estad Nasyonal Brasilia Mané Garrincha, Brezil |'''Pewou''' - [[Selección de fútbol de Colombia|Kolonbi]] |2 - 3 |[[Copa América 2021|Cup Amerik la 2021]] |} == Referans == {{referans|2}} == Lyen deyò == {{DEFAULTSORT:Lora, Jhilmar}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Espò]] [[Kategori:Foutbòl]] [[Kategori:Foutbalè]] [[Kategori:Foutbalè pewouvyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 2000]] puzio0zuftmkxw66qahoi7w5o3aalwa 0 80091 889818 889814 2026-11-05T12:12:19Z Kitanago 19629 ajoute kontni ak sous 889818 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Flag of Mexico.svg|thumb|Drapo Meksik]] [[Fichye:Mexicans Peoples.jpeg|thumb|Pèsonalite meksikèn]] '''Meksiken''' se sitwayen [[Meksik]]. Nan kòmansman {{s-|21}}, anviwon 70% nan popilasyon Meksiken an te gen [[Panyòl|Panyòl]] ak [[Amerindyen|Amerindyen]], alòske mwens pase 15% te sèlman orijin [[Ewòp|Ewopeyen]] (sitou panyòl)<ref name=Lizcano>{{atik |langue=es |nom=Lizcano Fernández |prénom=Francisco |date=May-August 2005 |titre=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |journal=Convergencia |volume=38 |pages=185–232 ; table on p. 218 |éditeur=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades |lieu=Mexico |issn=1405-1435}}</ref>. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Meksiken]] jsj9mck5d0dka0nh7nuubfui7x63ojl 889819 889818 2026-11-05T12:13:02Z Kitanago 19629 889819 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Flag of Mexico.svg|thumb|Drapo Meksik]] [[Fichye:Mexicans Peoples.jpeg|thumb|Pèsonalite meksikèn]] '''Meksiken''' se sitwayen [[Meksik]]. Nan kòmansman {{s-|21}}, anviwon 70% nan popilasyon Meksiken an te gen [[Panyòl|Panyòl]] ak [[Amerindyen|Amerindyen]], alòske mwens pase 15% te sèlman orijin [[Ewòp|Ewopeyen]] (sitou panyòl)<ref name=Lizcano>{{atik |langue=es |nom=Lizcano Fernández |prénom=Francisco |date=May-August 2005 |titre=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |journal=Convergencia |volume=38 |pages=185–232 ; table on p. 218 |éditeur=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades |lieu=Mexico |issn=1405-1435}}</ref>. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == {{liens}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Meksiken]] kgjrpowy7amqaeukykcuifpyutkdimg 889820 889819 2026-11-05T12:14:18Z Kitanago 19629 ajoute kontni ak sous 889820 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Flag of Mexico.svg|thumb|Drapo Meksik]] [[Fichye:Mexicans Peoples.jpeg|thumb|Pèsonalite meksikèn]] '''Meksiken''' se sitwayen [[Meksik]]. Nan kòmansman {{s-|21}}, anviwon 70% nan popilasyon Meksiken an te gen [[Panyòl|Panyòl]] ak [[Amerindyen|Amerindyen]], alòske mwens pase 15% te sèlman orijin [[Ewòp|Ewopeyen]] (sitou panyòl)<ref name=Lizcano>{{atik |langue=es |nom=Lizcano Fernández |prénom=Francisco |date=May-August 2005 |titre=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |journal=Convergencia |volume=38 |pages=185–232 ; table on p. 218 |éditeur=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades |lieu=Mexico |issn=1405-1435}}</ref>. Majorite popilasyon Meksiken an se blan oswa "mestizo" ak po klè. Yo reprezante 77% nan popilasyon an epi yo rete sitou nan nò ak lwès; majorite a gen zansèt ibèrik ak italyen.<ref>[https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=XPl8c4XINgoC&q=northern+spanish&redir_esc=y]</ref>. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == {{liens}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Meksiken]] phpw171880808a9kuo81jv7t8ktw4az 889821 889820 2026-11-05T12:19:30Z Kitanago 19629 889821 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Flag of Mexico.svg|thumb|Drapo Meksik]] [[Fichye:Mexicans Peoples.jpeg|thumb|Pèsonalite meksikèn]] '''Meksiken''' se sitwayen [[Meksik]]. Nan kòmansman {{s-|21}}, anviwon 70% nan popilasyon Meksiken an te gen [[Panyòl|Panyòl]] ak [[Amerindyen|Amerindyen]], alòske mwens pase 15% te sèlman orijin [[Ewòp|Ewopeyen]] (sitou panyòl)<ref name=Lizcano>{{atik |langue=es |nom=Lizcano Fernández |prénom=Francisco |date=May-August 2005 |titre=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |journal=Convergencia |volume=38 |pages=185–232 ; table on p. 218 |éditeur=Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades |lieu=Mexico |issn=1405-1435}}</ref>. Majorite popilasyon Meksiken an se blan oswa "mestizo" ak po klè. Yo reprezante 77% nan popilasyon an epi yo rete sitou nan nò ak lwès; majorite a gen zansèt ibèrik ak italyen.<ref>[https://books.google.com.mx/books?id=XPl8c4XINgoC&q=northern+spanish&redir_esc=y]</ref>. == Referans == {{referans}} {{Lòt pwojè|commons=Category:People of Mexico|wiktionary=Meksiken}} == Lyen deyò == {{Otorite|LCCN=sh85084533|BNF=cb12032505n}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Meksiken]] h92kmbbb36352ofmdbt0r9l06rf7w1m 0 80430 889940 878247 2026-11-05T18:13:01Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889940 wikitext text/x-wiki Planifikasyon ak preparasyon anvan pandemi te rive nan peyi yo ak òganizasyon entènasyonal yo. [[Òganizasyon Mondyal Lasante]] ekri rekòmandasyon ak gid direktif, menm si pa gen okenn mekanis soutni nan egzamen preparasyon peyi kont epidemi ak kapasite repons rapid yo. Aksyon nasyonal depann de gouvènman nasyonal yo. Nan 2005-2006, anvan [[pandemi grip pòsin 2009]] ak pandan deseni kap vini apre li a, gouvènman yo nan [[Etazini]], [[Frans]], [[Wayòm Ini]], ak lòt moun jere rezèv èstratejik nan ekipman sante, men yo souvan redwi rezèv apre pandemi 2009 la nan lòd yo diminye depans yo. Yon rapò nan mwa jen 2018 te deklare ke plan yo pandemi toupatou pat adekwa, paske viris natirèl ka sòti avèk [[to letalite]] plis pase 50%, men pwofesyonèl sante ak responsab te planifye kòmsi pandemi yo pa ta janm depase [[to letalite]] avèk plis pase 2.5% pandemi grip panyòl an 1918. Nan ane yo anvan pandemi KOVID-19, plizyè gouvènman te òganize egzèsis demonstrasyon (ki gen ladan Crimson Contagion) ki pwouve ke laplipa peyi pat ase prepare. Ni gouvènman yo, ni gwo konmès yo pa te pran aksyon. Plizyè rapò souliye enkapasite a nan gouvènman nasyonal aprann nan men anvan maladi epidemi, epidemi yo ak pandemi. Plizyè rapò souliye enkapasite gouvènman nasyonal yo pou yo aprann nan maladi anvan yo, epidemi ak pandemi. Richard Horton, redaktè an chèf nan revi Lancet la, dekri "repons mondyal la nan SARS-COV-2 [kòm] pi gwo echèk la [[syans politik]] nan yon jenerasyon". Premyè epidemi nan Hubei, [[Itali]] ak [[Espay]] te montre sistèm swen sante plizyè peyi rich te anpetre. Nan peyi an devlopman yo ki gen pi fèb enfrastrikti medikal, ekipman pou kabann swen entansif ak lòt bezwen medikal, mank yo te ka rive pi bonè. == Entènasyonal == [[Òganizasyon Mondyal Lasante]] (OMS) ak Bank Mondyal te avèti sou risk pandemi pandan tout ane 2000 yo ak ane 2010 yo, sitou apre epidemi SARS 2002-2004 la. "Global Preparedness Monitoring Board" Komisyon Konsèy lage premye rapò li nan fen 2019. Inisyativ prive yo te tou fè li posib pou ogmante konsyantizasyon sou menas yo nan yon pandemi ak bezwen yo pou pi bon preparasyon. An 2018, OMS envante tèm maladi X, ki "reprezante konesans ke yon epidemi grav entènasyonal ta ka pwovoke pa yon patojèn aktyèlman enkoni ki lakòz maladi imen" nan lòd yo konsantre rechèch ak devlopman sou kandida pou pwochèn, men aktyèlman enkoni, pandemi an. inisyativ Prive tou te ogmante konsyantizasyon sou menas pandemi ak bezwen pou pi bon preparasyon. Nan 2018,, nan KI MOUN KI envante tèm, Maladi X, ki "reprezante konesans la ki te kapab yon epidemi entènasyonal grav ki te koze pa yon patojèn kounye a enkoni rive sou lakòz maladi moun" yo nan lòd yo konsantre rechèch ak devlopman sou kandida chans pou pwochen an nan -a-fwa sèks, pandemi. divizyon Entènasyonal ak mank de apwopriye kolaborasyon limite preparasyon. Ki moun ki nan pandemi pwojè preparasyon grip te gen yon Etazini $ 39 milyon dola de ane bidjè a, soti nan 2020-2021 bidjè KI MOUN KI an de Etazini $ 4.8 milya dola. Yon nimewo de òganizasyon te patisipe pou ane prepare mond lan pou epidemi ak pandemi. Pami sa yo se Kowalisyon an pou Innovations Preparasyon Epidemi, ko-fonde pa Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation nan, bienvenus Trust, ak Komisyon Ewopeyen an. Depi 2017 Kowalisyon an te eseye pwodwi yon apwòch platfòm pou fè fas ak émergentes maladi epidemi tankou COVID-19, ki ta pèmèt devlopman vaksen rapid ak rechèch iminite an repons a epidemi. == Peyi == === Lafrans === Apre avètisman ak ogmante preparasyon nan 2000s la, 2009 kochon pandemi grip la mennen nan rapid reyaksyon anti-pandemi nan mitan peyi yo oksidantal yo. H1N1 / 09 viris souch la ak sentòm grav ak ba kondisyon lanmò evantyèlman te mennen nan yon repèkisyon sou sektè piblik sou-reactiveness, depans ak pri a wo nan vaksen an 2009 grip la. Nan dènye ane sa yo, nasyonal Garceno estratejik de ekipman medikal pa te sistematik renouvle. Nan Lafrans, se te yon € 382 milyon dola achte nan mask, vaksen ak lòt moun pou H1N1 anba responsabilite a nan Minis la nan Sante Roseline Bachelot lajman kritike. Otorite yo te sante franse deside nan 2011 pa ranplir aksyon yo nan lòd yo diminye done ak frè depo ak depann plis sou founiti pou soti nan peyi [[Chin|Lachin]] ak lojistik jis-an-tan ak distribye responsablite a bay konpayi prive sou yon baz si ou vle. Franse estratejik rezerv a tonbe nan peryòd sa a soti nan yon milya dola mask chiriji ak 600 milyon dola FFP2 mask nan 2010 a 150 milyon dola ak zewo, respektivman byen bonè nan mwa 2020. === Wayòm Ini === Similasyon nan grip ki tankou pandemik yo te te pote soti pa Sèvis Sante Nasyonal Wayòm Ini a (NHS) mete konfyans depi 2007 H5N1 grip epidemi ( "grip la [[zwazo]]"). Russell King, yon manadjè detèminasyon nan NHS yo nan moman an, te di "Biwo nan Kabinè te idantifye disponiblite a ak distribisyon PPE [ekipman pwoteksyon pèsonèl] kòm yon pwen zongle nan yon pandemi". Egzèsis Cygnus se te yon egzèsis simulation twa jou ki te fèt pa NHS England nan mwa Oktòb 2016 pou estime enpak yon ipotetik pandemi grip H2N2 sou UK a. Li te fèt pa Public Health England ki reprezante Depatman Sante ak Swen Sosyal. Douz depatman gouvènman atravè Scotland, Wales ak Northern Ireland, ansanm ak fowòm rezistans lokal yo (LRFs) te patisipe. Plis pase 950 travayè ki soti nan òganizasyon sa yo, prizon ak gouvènman lokal oswa santral te enplike pandan twa jou simulation, epi yo te teste kapasite yo pou fè fas anba sitiyasyon ki gen gwo estrès medikal. Patisipan yo te plase nan setyèm semèn pandemi an - pikwa nan kriz la, lè gen pi gwo demann pou swen sante. Nan etap sa a, yo estime 50% nan popilasyon an te enfekte, ak prèske 400,000 lanmò. Sitiyasyon an ipotetik te ke vaksen an te fè ak achte men li poko delivre nan UK a. Lopital ak ofisyèl swen sosyal yo te dwe vini ak plan ijans jere souch resous yo, pandan y ap ofisyèl gouvènman yo te ekspoze a sitiyasyon ki mande pou pran desizyon rapid. Pou rann sitiyasyon an pi reyalis, reyinyon COBRA yo te fèt ant minis ak ofisyèl yo. Nouvèl simule ak medya sosyal yo te anplwaye pou bay mizajou fiktif. Yon egzijans gouvènman an sou sitwèb preparasyon pou pandemi UK a te deklare ke egzèsis la pa te gen entansyon jere pandemi nan lavni nan diferan nati, ni detèmine ki mezi yo adopte pou evite transmisyon toupatou. Rezilta fè egzèsis yo te montre ke pandemi an ta lakòz sistèm sante peyi a tonbe nan yon mank de resous, ak Sally Davies, Ofisye Medikal an Chèf nan epòk la, ki deklare ke yon mank de vantilatè medikal ak lojistik jete kadav yo te grav. pwoblèm. Rezilta konplè egzèsis la te orijinèlman klase men pita te pibliye apre ankèt piblik ak presyon. Nan mwa novanm 2020, gouvènman UK a te deklare ke tout leson idantifye yo te diskite kòmsadwa epi yo te konsidere kòmsadwaman pou plan preparasyon pandemi li yo. Daily Telegraph rapòte yon sous gouvènman an di ke rezilta simulation yo te "twò tèt chaje" pou yo ka revele. Dapre The Telegraph, egzèsis la te mennen nan sipozisyon ke yon apwòch "iminite bann bèt yo" ta pi bon repons a yon epidemi menm jan an. Yon rapò pasyèl sou rezilta yo te pibliye pita pa jounal Britanik The Guardian, ki mennen nan mekontantman piblik sou fason li te jere. Nan mwa me 2020, lè The Guardian te fè yon entèvyou, Martin Green, chèf egzekitif Care England, youn nan pi gwo konpayi swen prive nan UK a, te di ke gouvènman an pa te deja avèti sektè sante prive yo sou mank de kapasite ta gen yon pandemi leve. Egzèsis Alice se te yon Egzèsis Britanik MERS kowonaviris modélizasyon pandemik soti nan 2016 ki enplike ofisyèl Sante Piblik [[Angletè]] ak Depatman Sante ak Swen Sosyal. Moosa Qureshi, yon konsiltan lopital ki te jwenn enfòmasyon yo pa te divilge anvan sou Alice nan 2021 te di ke egzèsis la "ta dwe prepare nou pou yon viris ki gen yon peryòd enkubasyon pi long pase grip, ki ka siviv sou sifas ki kontamine pi lontan ankò pase grip la, ki mande pou gwo. nivo pwoteksyon pou travayè swen sante yo, epi ki pa t 'kapab pran vaksen anvan yon dezyèm vag. Sa ta dwe mennen nan estrateji diferan sou PPE ak karantèn nan yon estrateji grip." Richard Horton, editè-an-chèf The Lancet, sigjere ke politik osterize ekonomik yo te jwe yon wòl nan UK a "pa aji sou leson yo" nan epidemi SARS 2002-2004 la ak nan UK a te "mal prepare" pou COVID la. -19 pandemi. Yon envestigasyon pou The Guardian te note ke privatizasyon ak koupe, osi byen ke depandans gouvènman an sou kontraktè prive pandan pandemi COVID-19, te "ekspoze" Angletè a viris la: "yon enfrastrikti ki te yon fwa an plas pou reponn a kriz sante piblik. te fraktire, epi nan kèk kote demoli, pa politik gouvènman konsèvatè ki sot pase yo te entwodui, ak kèk chanjman ki te ale nan ane Labour nan pouvwa a." === Etazini === Dapre Global Health Security Index, yon evalyasyon Ameriken-Britanik ki klase kapasite sekirite sante nan 195 peyi, Etazini an 2020 se te nasyon "pi prepare" evalyasyon sa yo baze sou sis kategori. Kategori prensipal ki konekte ak pandemi COVID-19 la se: Repons rapid, Sistèm Sante ak Prevansyon. Malgre evalyasyon sa a, Etazini te echwe pou prepare depo kritik egzèsis planifikasyon li yo te prevwa ta nesesè epi li pa t suiv pwòp dokiman planifikasyon li yo lè li te egzekite repons lan nan pandemi COVID-19 la. ==== Rapò ki prevwa pandemi mondyal ==== Lèzetazini te sibi pandemi ak epidemi pandan tout listwa li, ki gen ladan grip Panyòl 1918 ki te gen yon kantite moun ki mouri yo te estime a 550,000, grip 1957 Azyatik ki te gen yon kantite lanmò ki te estime a 70,000 lanmò, ak grip Hong Kong 1968 ki te genyen. yon kantite moun ki mouri yo estime 100,000. Nan pandemi ki pi resan anvan COVID-19 la, pandemi grip pòsin 2009 la te pran lavi plis pase 12,000 Ameriken epi entène lopital lòt 270,000 pandan apeprè yon ane. Kominote Entèlijans Etazini an, nan rapò anyèl li sou Evalyasyon Menas atravè lemond pou ane 2017 ak 2018, te di si yon coronavirus ki gen rapò ta "akeri transmisyon efikas moun-a-moun", li ta gen "potansyèl pandemi". Evalyasyon menas mondyal 2018 la te di tou nouvo kalite mikwòb ki "fasil transmèt ant moun" rete "yon gwo menas". Menm jan an tou, Evalyasyon Mondyal Menas 2019 la te avèti ke "Etazini ak mond lan pral rete vilnerab a pwochen pandemi grip la oswa epidemi a gwo echèl yon maladi kontajye ki ta ka mennen nan pousantaj masiv nan lanmò ak andikap, ki afekte gravman ekonomi mondyal la, fòse resous entènasyonal yo, epi ogmante apèl sou Etazini pou sipò." ==== Mizajou plan ak direktiv ==== Gouvènman Ameriken an te mete ajou plan pandemi li yo ak direktiv piblik yo an avril 2017. An janvye 2017 li te mete ajou estimasyon li yo nan twou vid ki genyen nan resous yo ak yon lis pwoblèm pou gouvènman ameriken an konsidere (yo rele yon liv jwèt). Plan ak direktiv yo te piblik. Estimasyon resous yo ak lis pwoblèm yo pa t piblik, menmsi yo pa t klase epi repòtè yo te jwenn yo epi fè yo piblik. Estimasyon militè a nan twou vid ki genyen nan resous an janvye 2017 te note "Defisyans ak vilnerabilite ... mank de enfrastrikti, ak PPE ... ak limite tès konfimasyon laboratwa ... Sistèm medikal yo ka akable pa yon ogmantasyon dramatik nan kantite pasyan yo. Disponibilite anplwaye yo ka limite tou kòm pèsonèl medikal vin enfekte." Nan dènye ane administrasyon [[George W. Bush]], Otorite Rechèch ak Devlopman Byomedikal Avanse (yon divizyon Depatman Sante ak Sèvis Imen) te estime ke yon lòt 70,000 machin [ventilatè] ta nesesè nan yon pandemi grip modere. ." Lis pwoblèm yo, oswa liv playbook, kouvri kondisyon nòmal ak kondisyon pandemik yo. Pandan kondisyon nòmal yo, pa te gen okenn diskisyon sou estimasyon ak bati depo pou itilize nan ijans. Ozetazini; estok Mask Estratejik Nasyonal la te itilize pou kont pandemi grip 2009 la pa administrasyon Obama a oswa pa administrasyon Trump la. Gid 2017 yo remake ke yon vaksen pou viris grip pòsin H1N1pdm09 2009 la te pran uit mwa anvan li te disponib pou distribisyon nan fen 2009. Yon vaksen pou viris SARS 2003 la te pran 13 ane pou devlope, e li te pare pou esè imen an 2016. , ki poko rive. Yon vaksen pou viris MERS 2009 la te pran dis ane pou devlope, e li te kòmanse esè imen an 2019. Sepandan, direktiv yo te di sèlman sis mwa ta bezwen pou devlope ak distribye yon vaksen pou pwochen pandemi an, di lekòl ak gadri yo ta ka bezwen. pou fèmen sa lontan. Sepandan direktiv yo te di biznis yo pou yo atann sèlman jiska de semèn nan fèmti lekòl yo, li di anplwaye yo ta ka bezwen rete lakay yo de semèn ak pitit yo. Gid yo pa t atann okenn fèmti biznis, byenke etid yo te prevwa depi lontan 80% gout nan atizay, amizman, ak rekreyasyon, ak 5% a 10% gout nan lòt aktivite ekonomik sou yon ane, ak gout pi grav nan mwa pi gwo yo. Etid preparasyon pandemi yo pa t adrese aksyon gouvènman an pou ede biznis, ni chemen rekiperasyon an. Gid yo antisipe "pandan yon pandemi, enfeksyon nan yon zòn lokalize ka dire apeprè sis a uit semèn." Gid 2017 yo te bay lis etap ki ta ka fèt, jiska izolasyon volontè lakay moun ki malad, ak karantèn lakay volontè kontak yo pou jiska twa jou. Pa te gen okenn diskisyon oswa planifikasyon pou fèmen biznis oswa bay lòd moun yo rete lakay yo, sa ki ka eksplike reta ofisyèl yo nan deside sou lòd pou rete lakay yo nan pandemi COVID-19 2020 la ak mank de preparasyon pou fè distenksyon ant travayè ki pa esansyèl ak travayè esansyèl. , ak pwoteje travayè esansyèl yo. Nan pandemi grip 1918 la, anpil vil te fèmen omwen ba, pou jiska sis semèn, e pifò vil yo te gen izolasyon obligatwa ak karantèn moun ki malad ak kontak yo. Vil ki te gen fèmti ki pi grav yo te gen pi bon rekiperasyon ekonomik la. Gid yo te di biznis yo pou yo pare pou kenbe travayè yo 3 pye apa, menm si direktiv yo te di ke tous ak estènye ka voye viris sis pye. Rechèch yo di estènye ka voye ti gout 27 pye, epi yo ka pase nwit nan sistèm vantilasyon. Gid yo pa t konsidere distans ant kliyan oswa ant yo ak travayè yo. Depi nan fen [[Gè Fwad]] la, Larisi te mennen kanpay move enfòmasyon pou ogmante mefyans nan otorite sante piblik yo, epi pou di ke pandemi SIDA a, pandemi grip pòsin 2009 la, epidemi Ebola ak pandemi COVID-19 se te yon zam bio ki te kreye Ameriken. ==== Reòganizasyon ak depa ==== Nan mwa me 2018, Konseye Sekirite Nasyonal John Bolton te reòganize Konsèy Sekirite Nasyonal Etazini (NSC) nan branch egzekitif la, lajman fusion gwoup ki responsab sekirite global sante ak biodefans-etabli pa administrasyon Obama a apre epidemi ebola 2014 la-nan yon pi gwo gwoup responsab. pou kont-proliferasyon ak biodefans. Ansanm ak reòganizasyon an, lidè gwoup sekirite sante ak biodefans mondyal la, Rear Admiral Timothy Ziemer, te kite rantre nan yon lòt ajans federal, pandan Tim Morrison te vin lidè gwoup konbine an. Moun k ap kritike reyòganizasyon sa a te refere li kòm "dimansyone" yon gwoup preparasyon pou pandemi. Apre epidemi kowonaviris la, repòtè yo te mande Trump plizyè fwa sou reòganizasyon sa a, e Trump te bay repons konfli. 6 mas 2020, lè yo te mande l nan yon brèf pou laprès si li ta "repanse" chwa 2018 la pou l pa gen yon biwo preparasyon pou pandemi, Trump te di ke reòganizasyon an te yon chwa rezonab nan epòk la paske "ou pa janm ka reyèlman panse [yon". pandemi] pral rive ... ki moun ki ta panse nou ta menm gen sijè a?" 13 mas, lè Korespondan PBS NewsHour Mezon Blanch lan, Yamiche Alcindor, te mande si reyòganizasyon an te anpeche repons gouvènman an nan epidemi coronavirus la, Trump te reprimande li paske li te poze yon "kesyon dezagreyab", epi li te ajoute: "Mwen pa t fè li.. .Disant, non, mwen pa konnen anyen sou sa... Se administrasyon an, petèt yo fè sa, kite moun ale ... bagay konsa rive." 1ye avril, [[jounalis]] Fox News John Roberts te kòmanse yon kesyon lè li te di "ou te debarase m de biwo pandemi nan Konsèy Sekirite Nasyonal la," e Trump te reponn, "Nou pa t fè sa," te dekri akizasyon an kat fwa kòm "fo". "men pa elabore plis. Apati Jiyè 2020, administrasyon an te planifye pou kreye yon nouvo biwo preparasyon pou pandemi nan Depatman Deta a. An 2018 tou, Konseye Sekirite Enteryè Tom Bossert te kite administrasyon an, selon sa Bolton te mande l. Bossert te ede kreye plan biodefans administrasyon Trump la, e se responsablite li pou kowòdone repons gouvènman an nan ka ta gen yon kriz byolojik. Siksesè Bossert la, Doug Fears, ak siksesè Fears, Peter J. Brown, te pran responsablite biodefans DHS la. Bloomberg News te rapòte nan mwa janvye 2020 ke biodefans se te yon pati "mwens enpòtan" nan responsablite Konseye Sekirite Enteryè a. Nan yon lòt depa, Luciana Borio, direktè Konsèy Sekirite Nasyonal pou preparasyon medikal ak biodefans, te kite pòs li nan mwa mas 2019. Washington Post te rapòte nan mwa mas 2020 ke Mezon Blanch lan pa ta konfime idantite ranplasman Borio a. Reuters te rapòte nan mwa mas 2020 ke administrasyon Trump te genyen nan ane anvan epidemi kowonaviris la redwi drastikman kantite anplwaye k ap travay nan biwo Beijing nan US CDC soti nan 47 a 14. Dapre Reuters, youn nan anplwaye yo te elimine an Jiyè 2019 se te. fòmasyon epidemyolojis Chinwa jaden yo pou yo reponn a epidemi maladi nan foyers yo. Trump te deklare ke rapò ke yo te koupe antrenè a te "100% mal", men US CDC rekonèt ke rapò a te vre. Administrasyon Trump la konfime tou ke li te fèmen biwo Fondasyon Syans Nasyonal (NSF) nan Beijing ak Ajans Etazini pou Devlopman Entènasyonal (USAID); biwo sa yo te genyen chak moun pa yon sèl ofisyèl ameriken. Anplis de sa, administrasyon Trump la te rekonèt li te elimine yon pozisyon administratif nan biwo Beijing Depatman Agrikilti Ameriken an; Reuters rapòte ke pozisyon an sipèvize yon pwogram siveyans maladi bèt. Administrasyon Trump te fini tou finansman pou pwogram PREDICT avètisman bonè pandemi an nan peyi Lachin, ki te fòme ak sipòte anplwaye nan 60 laboratwa etranje, ak travay sou teren an sispann nan mwa septanm 2019. Syantis yo ki te responsab pou idantifye pandemi potansyèl yo te deja lonje twò lwen ak mens. The guidelines told businesses to be ready to keep workers 3 feet apart, though the guidelin ==== Efò pou amelyore ekipman pou mask ak vantilatè ==== Depi 2015, gouvènman federal la te depanse 9.8 milyon dola nan de pwojè pou anpeche yon mank mask men abandone tou de pwojè yo anvan yo fini. Yon dezyèm kontra BARDA te siyen ak Applied Research Associates of Albuquerque, pou konsepsyon yon mask N95-rated ki ta ka itilize ankò nan ijans san efikasite redwi. Menmsi rapò federal yo te mande pou yon pwojè konsa depi 2006, kontra ARA a pa te siyen jis nan 2017, epi li rate dat limit 15 mwa li yo fini, sa ki lakòz pandemi 2020 la rive nan Etazini anvan konsepsyon an te pare. Epidemi respiratwa anvan yo ak planifikasyon gouvènman an te endike yon bezwen pou yon rezèv vantilatè ki te pi fasil pou pèsonèl medikal ki gen mwens fòmasyon yo itilize. Pwojè BARDA Aura te fè yon demann pou pwopozisyon an 2008, ak objektif pou apwobasyon FDA an 2010 oswa 2011. Yo te bay Newport Medical Instruments, yon ti manifakti vantilatè, yon kontra pou pwodiksyon jiska 40,000 vantilatè, ak yon pri sib $3,000. , pi ba pase machin ki pi konplike ki koute plis pase $ 10,000, epi li te pwodwi pwototip ak sib apwobasyon FDA an 2013. Covidien te achte NMI epi apre li te mande plis lajan pou konplete pwojè a (pote total pri a anviwon $ 8 milyon) te mande gouvènman an anile. kontra a, li di li pa t pwofitab. Gouvènman an te bay Philips yon nouvo kontra $13.8 milyon, an 2014. Konsepsyon pou Trilogy Evo Universal te jwenn apwobasyon FDA an Jiyè 2019. Gouvènman an te bay lòd pou 10,000 vantilatè nan mwa septanm 2019, ak yon dat limit nan mitan ane 2020 pou premye livrezon yo ak yon dat limit. nan 2022 pou konplete tout 10,000. Malgre kòmansman epidemi an nan mwa desanm, kapasite konpayi an te pwodwi ase pou ranpli tout lòd la, ak kapasite gouvènman an pou fòse pwodiksyon pi vit, gouvènman an pa te rive jwenn yon akò ak Philips pou livrezon akselere jiska 10 mas. , 2020. Nan mitan mwa Mas la, bezwen pou plis vantilatè te vin imedya, e menm nan absans nenpòt kontra gouvènman an, lòt manifaktirè yo te anonse plan pou fè plizyè dizèn de milye. Nan entre-temps la, Philips te vann yon vèsyon komèsyal, Trilogy Evo a, nan pri ki pi wo, kite sèlman 12,700 nan Estoka Nasyonal Estratejik la apati 15 mas. Konpare ak ti kantite lajan ki te depanse nan pwovizyon rekòmande pou yon pandemi, milya dola te depanse pa Detoch Nasyonal Estratejik la pou kreye ak estoke yon vaksen pou anthrax, ak ase vaksen variol pou tout peyi a. ==== Estrateji repons potansyèl ==== Nan 2016, NSC te mete estrateji ak rekòmandasyon pandemi tankou deplase rapidman pou detekte totalman epidemi potansyèl yo, sekirize finansman siplemantè, konsidere envoke Lwa sou Pwodiksyon Defans la, epi asire ase ekipman pwoteksyon disponib pou travayè swen sante yo. Administrasyon Trump te enfòme sou li an 2017, men li te refize fè li ofisyèl politik. == Gade tou == * [[Kowonaviris]] * [[Maladi kowonaviris 2019]] * [[Tès dyagnostik pou SARS-CoV-2]] == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * {{ht}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200320184115/https://www.haiti-reference.com/pages/2020/03/10/kovid19-pwoteksyon/ Kowonaviris la (KOVID-19): pwoteje tèt ou ak lantouray ou] sou haiti-reference.com * {{en}} [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports aktyalite sou kowonaviris nan mond] sou Sitwèb Òganizasyon Mondyal Lasante (OMS) * {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20200513103317/https://mspp.gouv.ht/site/downloads/Bulletin%20spe%CC%81cial%20surveillance%20Corona%20no%201.pdf Bilten espeyal sivèyans kowonaviris] sou sitwèb mspp.gouv.ht [[Kategori:Pandemi kowonaviris]] jgtdwwdf0btrh5vp8aehg1wa7oors61 0 87566 889905 879361 2026-11-05T15:01:29Z Watsondjipremilus 40946 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 889905 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oprah Gail Winfrey''' se yon animatè emisyon Ameriken, pwodiktè televizyon, aktris, otè, ak pwopriyetè medya. Li se pi byen li te ye pou diskou li a, Oprah Winfrey Show, emisyon nan Chicago, ki te kouri nan sendika nasyonal pou 25 ane, soti nan 1986 a 2011. Yo te rele "Rèn nan tout medya", li te pi rich Afriken-Ameriken nan. 20yèm syèk e li te yon fwa sèl bilyonè nwa nan mond lan. [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Fanm]] [[Kategori:Aktè]] [[Kategori:Aktè sinema]] [[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]] [[Kategori:Aktè ameriken]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1954]] == Jeunesse et formation == === Fanmi === Oprah Gail winfrey fèt 29 janvye 1954 nan yon fèm abandone nan Kosciusko, nan Mississippi. == Jeunesse et formation == === Fanmi === Oprah Gail winfrey fèt 29 janvye 1954 nan yon fèm abandone nan Kosciusko, nan Mississippi. Gen posiblite pou bon prenon li se ''Oprah,'' daprè yon pèsonaj biblik nan liv Rit la ki te rele ''Oprah.'' Pou pi senp, Vernita Lee, manman l, ki te akouche lakay li epi rele yon fanm chay, ki li menm te ale nan biwo leta sivil epi twonpe lè l te al fè akdenesans li. == Jeunesse et formation == === Fanmi === Oprah Gail winfrey fèt 29 janvye 1954 nan yon fèm abandone nan Kosciusko, nan Mississippi. Gen posiblite pou bon prenon li se ''Oprah,'' daprè yon pèsonaj biblik nan liv Rit la ki te rele ''Oprah.'' Pou pi senp, Vernita Lee, manman l, ki te akouche lakay li epi rele yon fanm chay, ki li menm te ale nan biwo leta sivil epi twonpe lè l te al fè akdenesans li. Bò kote papa li, Oprah Winfrey se desandan esklav ki t ap viv nan rejyon Loess Hills yo, pandan dezyèm mwatye XIXyèm syèk la. Aryè gran paran li yo, Constantine ak Violet te pou yon fèmye blan, Absalom Winfrey. Aprè gè sesesyon an Constantine ak Violet, ki te gentan marye, vin afranchi epi Absalom Winfrey te otorize yo pote non l kòm siyati yo. Vernon Winfrey se pitit pitit yo. == Jeunesse et formation == === Fanmi === Oprah Gail winfrey fèt 29 janvye 1954 nan yon fèm abandone nan Kosciusko, nan Mississippi. Gen posiblite pou bon prenon li se ''Oprah,'' daprè yon pèsonaj biblik nan liv Rit la ki te rele ''Oprah.'' Pou pi senp, Vernita Lee, manman l, ki te akouche lakay li epi rele yon fanm chay, ki li menm te ale nan biwo leta sivil epi twonpe lè l te al fè akdenesans li. Bò kote papa li, Oprah Winfrey se desandan esklav ki t ap viv nan rejyon Loess Hills yo, pandan dezyèm mwatye XIXyèm syèk la. Aryè gran paran li yo, Constantine ak Violet te pou yon fèmye blan, Absalom Winfrey. Aprè gè sesesyon an Constantine ak Violet, ki te gentan marye, vin afranchi epi Absalom Winfrey te otorize yo pote non l kòm siyati yo. Vernon Winfrey se pitit pitit yo. === Anfans === Manifakti [[koton]] nan Kosciusko ki fèmen pòt li yo, plis pase 6000 travayè vin pa gen travay ladan yo Vernita Lee. Sa te rann li pati an 1954 pou al chèche lavi nan Milwaukee nan Wisconsin epi kite pitit fi li a Oprah Winfrey nan men grann li. Hattie Mae Lee ak mari li Earless Lee posede yon ti fèm kote li pratike levaj kochon; Hattie Mae Lee travay antanke kwizinyè ak lesivyè pou cherif lokal la. == Jeunesse et formation == === Fanmi === Oprah Gail winfrey fèt 29 janvye 1954 nan yon fèm abandone nan Kosciusko, nan Mississippi. Gen posiblite pou bon prenon li se ''Oprah,'' daprè yon pèsonaj biblik nan liv Rit la ki te rele ''Oprah.'' Pou pi senp, Vernita Lee, manman l, ki te akouche lakay li epi rele yon fanm chay, ki li menm te ale nan biwo leta sivil epi twonpe lè l te al fè akdenesans li. Bò kote papa li, Oprah Winfrey se desandan esklav ki t ap viv nan rejyon Loess Hills yo, pandan dezyèm mwatye XIXyèm syèk la. Aryè gran paran li yo, Constantine ak Violet te pou yon fèmye blan, Absalom Winfrey. Aprè gè sesesyon an Constantine ak Violet, ki te gentan marye, vin afranchi epi Absalom Winfrey te otorize yo pote non l kòm siyati yo. Vernon Winfrey se pitit pitit yo. === Anfans === Manifakti koton nan Kosciusko ki fèmen pòt li yo, plis pase 6000 travayè vin pa gen travay ladan yo Vernita Lee. Sa te rann li pati an 1954 pou al chèche lavi nan Milwaukee nan Wisconsin epi kite pitit fi li a Oprah Winfrey nan men grann li. Hattie Mae Lee ak mari li Earless Lee posede yon ti fèm kote li pratike levaj kochon; Hattie Mae Lee travay antanke kwizinyè ak lesivyè pou cherif lokal la. Grann li aprann li ekri, li ak konte depi ak 2 zan edmi. pandan tan l fè kay grann li an, li te konn al legliz batis. Nan lane 1957, se pandan yon sèvis Oprah Winfrey, ki te gen 3 zan, bay premye prestasyon oral li an piblik pandan l t ap li yon tèks li ekri sou Jezi, pandan sèvis Pak la. Oprah winfrey fè non l tou lè li t ap resite powèm ''Invictus'' William Ernest Henley. == Jeunesse et formation == === Fanmi === Oprah Gail winfrey fèt 29 janvye 1954 nan yon fèm abandone nan Kosciusko, nan Mississippi. Gen posiblite pou bon prenon li se ''Oprah,'' daprè yon pèsonaj biblik nan liv Rit la ki te rele ''Oprah.'' Pou pi senp, Vernita Lee, manman l, ki te akouche lakay li epi rele yon fanm chay, ki li menm te ale nan biwo leta sivil epi twonpe lè l te al fè akdenesans li. Bò kote papa li, Oprah Winfrey se desandan esklav ki t ap viv nan rejyon Loess Hills yo, pandan dezyèm mwatye XIXyèm syèk la. Aryè gran paran li yo, Constantine ak Violet te pou yon fèmye blan, Absalom Winfrey. Aprè gè sesesyon an Constantine ak Violet, ki te gentan marye, vin afranchi epi Absalom Winfrey te otorize yo pote non l kòm siyati yo. Vernon Winfrey se pitit pitit yo. === Anfans === Manifakti koton nan Kosciusko ki fèmen pòt li yo, plis pase 6000 travayè vin pa gen travay ladan yo Vernita Lee. Sa te rann li pati an 1954 pou al chèche lavi nan Milwaukee nan Wisconsin epi kite pitit fi li a Oprah Winfrey nan men grann li. Hattie Mae Lee ak mari li Earless Lee posede yon ti fèm kote li pratike levaj kochon; Hattie Mae Lee travay antanke kwizinyè ak lesivyè pou cherif lokal la. Grann li aprann li ekri, li ak konte depi ak 2 zan edmi. pandan tan l fè kay grann li an, li te konn al legliz batis. Nan lane 1957, se pandan yon sèvis Oprah Winfrey, ki te gen 3 zan, bay premye prestasyon oral li an piblik pandan l t ap li yon tèks li ekri sou Jezi, pandan sèvis Pak la. Oprah winfrey fè non l tou lè li t ap resite powèm ''Invictus'' William Ernest Henley. Pèfòmans eskolè li yo fè li antre dirèkteman nan Third grade, ki se ekivalan kou elemantè dezyèm ane edikasyon nasyonal fransè. == Jeunesse et formation == === Fanmi === Oprah Gail winfrey fèt 29 janvye 1954 nan yon fèm abandone nan Kosciusko, nan Mississippi. Gen posiblite pou bon prenon li se ''Oprah,'' daprè yon pèsonaj biblik nan liv Rit la ki te rele ''Oprah.'' Pou pi senp, Vernita Lee, manman l, ki te akouche lakay li epi rele yon fanm chay, ki li menm te ale nan biwo leta sivil epi twonpe lè l te al fè akdenesans li. Bò kote papa li, Oprah Winfrey se desandan esklav ki t ap viv nan rejyon Loess Hills yo, pandan dezyèm mwatye XIXyèm syèk la. Aryè gran paran li yo, Constantine ak Violet te pou yon fèmye blan, Absalom Winfrey. Aprè gè sesesyon an Constantine ak Violet, ki te gentan marye, vin afranchi epi Absalom Winfrey te otorize yo pote non l kòm siyati yo. Vernon Winfrey se pitit pitit yo. === Anfans === Manifakti koton nan Kosciusko ki fèmen pòt li yo, plis pase 6000 travayè vin pa gen travay ladan yo Vernita Lee. Sa te rann li pati an 1954 pou al chèche lavi nan Milwaukee nan Wisconsin epi kite pitit fi li a Oprah Winfrey nan men grann li. Hattie Mae Lee ak mari li Earless Lee posede yon ti fèm kote li pratike levaj kochon; Hattie Mae Lee travay antanke kwizinyè ak lesivyè pou cherif lokal la. Grann li aprann li ekri, li ak konte depi ak 2 zan edmi. pandan tan l fè kay grann li an, li te konn al legliz batis. Nan lane 1957, se pandan yon sèvis Oprah Winfrey, ki te gen 3 zan, bay premye prestasyon oral li an piblik pandan l t ap li yon tèks li ekri sou Jezi, pandan sèvis Pak la. Oprah winfrey fè non l tou lè li t ap resite powèm ''Invictus'' William Ernest Henley. Pèfòmans eskolè li yo fè li antre dirèkteman nan Third grade, ki se ekivalan kou elemantè dezyèm ane edikasyon nasyonal fransè. Hattie Mae Lee te konsyan de [[rasis]] ak segregasyon ki ap ravaje pati Sid la, aprann Oprah Winfrey pou l siviv li dwe fè atansyon ak konpòtman l, aprann bon mannyè yo, ki se pi bon mwayen pou l evite gen pwoblèm ak blan yo. Depi Oprah gen malè lage kòl yo te konn korije l ak kout frèt. == Jeunesse et formation == === Fanmi === Oprah Gail winfrey fèt 29 janvye 1954 nan yon fèm abandone nan Kosciusko, nan Mississippi. Gen posiblite pou bon prenon li se ''Oprah,'' daprè yon pèsonaj biblik nan liv Rit la ki te rele ''Oprah.'' Pou pi senp, Vernita Lee, manman l, ki te akouche lakay li epi rele yon fanm chay, ki li menm te ale nan biwo leta sivil epi twonpe lè l te al fè akdenesans li. Bò kote papa li, Oprah Winfrey se desandan esklav ki t ap viv nan rejyon Loess Hills yo, pandan dezyèm mwatye XIXyèm syèk la. Aryè gran paran li yo, Constantine ak Violet te pou yon fèmye blan, Absalom Winfrey. Aprè gè sesesyon an Constantine ak Violet, ki te gentan marye, vin afranchi epi Absalom Winfrey te otorize yo pote non l kòm siyati yo. Vernon Winfrey se pitit pitit yo. === Anfans === Manifakti koton nan Kosciusko ki fèmen pòt li yo, plis pase 6000 travayè vin pa gen travay ladan yo Vernita Lee. Sa te rann li pati an 1954 pou al chèche lavi nan Milwaukee nan Wisconsin epi kite pitit fi li a Oprah Winfrey nan men grann li. Hattie Mae Lee ak mari li Earless Lee posede yon ti fèm kote li pratike levaj kochon; Hattie Mae Lee travay antanke kwizinyè ak lesivyè pou cherif lokal la. Grann li aprann li ekri, li ak konte depi ak 2 zan edmi. pandan tan l fè kay grann li an, li te konn al legliz batis. Nan lane 1957, se pandan yon sèvis Oprah Winfrey, ki te gen 3 zan, bay premye prestasyon oral li an piblik pandan l t ap li yon tèks li ekri sou Jezi, pandan sèvis Pak la. Oprah winfrey fè non l tou lè li t ap resite powèm ''Invictus'' William Ernest Henley. Pèfòmans eskolè li yo fè li antre dirèkteman nan Third grade, ki se ekivalan kou elemantè dezyèm ane edikasyon nasyonal fransè. Hattie Mae Lee te konsyan de rasis ak segregasyon ki ap ravaje pati Sid la, aprann Oprah Winfrey pou l siviv li dwe fè atansyon ak konpòtman l, aprann bon mannyè yo, ki se pi bon mwayen pou l evite gen pwoblèm ak blan yo. Depi Oprah gen malè lage kòl yo te konn korije l ak kout frèt. Nan lane 1960, Oprah Winfrey, ki te gen 6 lane, te retounen kay manman l, Vernita Lee, ki t ap viv nan yon geto nan Milwaukee ki t ap travay kòm sèvez pou yon salè 50 dola pa semèn.. == Jeunesse et formation == === Fanmi === Oprah Gail winfrey fèt 29 janvye 1954 nan yon fèm abandone nan Kosciusko, nan Mississippi. Gen posiblite pou bon prenon li se ''Oprah,'' daprè yon pèsonaj biblik nan liv Rit la ki te rele ''Oprah.'' Pou pi senp, Vernita Lee, manman l, ki te akouche lakay li epi rele yon fanm chay, ki li menm te ale nan biwo leta sivil epi twonpe lè l te al fè akdenesans li. Bò kote papa li, Oprah Winfrey se desandan esklav ki t ap viv nan rejyon Loess Hills yo, pandan dezyèm mwatye XIXyèm syèk la. Aryè gran paran li yo, Constantine ak Violet te pou yon fèmye blan, Absalom Winfrey. Aprè gè sesesyon an Constantine ak Violet, ki te gentan marye, vin afranchi epi Absalom Winfrey te otorize yo pote non l kòm siyati yo. Vernon Winfrey se pitit pitit yo. === Anfans === Manifakti koton nan Kosciusko ki fèmen pòt li yo, plis pase 6000 travayè vin pa gen travay ladan yo Vernita Lee. Sa te rann li pati an 1954 pou al chèche lavi nan Milwaukee nan Wisconsin epi kite pitit fi li a Oprah Winfrey nan men grann li. Hattie Mae Lee ak mari li Earless Lee posede yon ti fèm kote li pratike levaj kochon; Hattie Mae Lee travay antanke kwizinyè ak lesivyè pou cherif lokal la. Grann li aprann li ekri, li ak konte depi ak 2 zan edmi. pandan tan l fè kay grann li an, li te konn al legliz batis. Nan lane 1957, se pandan yon sèvis Oprah Winfrey, ki te gen 3 zan, bay premye prestasyon oral li an piblik pandan l t ap li yon tèks li ekri sou Jezi, pandan sèvis Pak la. Oprah winfrey fè non l tou lè li t ap resite powèm ''Invictus'' William Ernest Henley. Pèfòmans eskolè li yo fè li antre dirèkteman nan Third grade, ki se ekivalan kou elemantè dezyèm ane edikasyon nasyonal fransè. Hattie Mae Lee te konsyan de rasis ak segregasyon ki ap ravaje pati Sid la, aprann Oprah Winfrey pou l siviv li dwe fè atansyon ak konpòtman l, aprann bon mannyè yo, ki se pi bon mwayen pou l evite gen pwoblèm ak blan yo. Depi Oprah gen malè lage kòl yo te konn korije l ak kout frèt. Nan lane 1960, Oprah Winfrey, ki te gen 6 lane, te retounen kay manman l, Vernita Lee, ki t ap viv nan yon geto nan Milwaukee ki t ap travay kòm sèvez pou yon salè 50 dola pa semèn.. pandan tan sa, Vernita Lee fè Patricia, jèn demi sè Oprah Winfrey epi yon ti tan aprè se ta pral nesans demi frè l la Jeffrey. Yo te konn dòmi ansanm nan menm chanm nan yon pansyon familyal. Li di l regrèt libète espas li te genyen lè l te kay grann li an epi itilize lekti pou l te ka bliye sitiyasyon sa. == Jeunesse et formation == === Fanmi === Oprah Gail winfrey fèt 29 janvye 1954 nan yon fèm abandone nan Kosciusko, nan Mississippi. Gen posiblite pou bon prenon li se ''Oprah,'' daprè yon pèsonaj biblik nan liv Rit la ki te rele ''Oprah.'' Pou pi senp, Vernita Lee, manman l, ki te akouche lakay li epi rele yon fanm chay, ki li menm te ale nan biwo leta sivil epi twonpe lè l te al fè akdenesans li. Bò kote papa li, Oprah Winfrey se desandan esklav ki t ap viv nan rejyon Loess Hills yo, pandan dezyèm mwatye XIXyèm syèk la. Aryè gran paran li yo, Constantine ak Violet te pou yon fèmye blan, Absalom Winfrey. Aprè gè sesesyon an Constantine ak Violet, ki te gentan marye, vin afranchi epi Absalom Winfrey te otorize yo pote non l kòm siyati yo. Vernon Winfrey se pitit pitit yo. === Anfans === Manifakti koton nan Kosciusko ki fèmen pòt li yo, plis pase 6000 travayè vin pa gen travay ladan yo Vernita Lee. Sa te rann li pati an 1954 pou al chèche lavi nan Milwaukee nan Wisconsin epi kite pitit fi li a Oprah Winfrey nan men grann li. Hattie Mae Lee ak mari li Earless Lee posede yon ti fèm kote li pratike levaj kochon; Hattie Mae Lee travay antanke kwizinyè ak lesivyè pou cherif lokal la. Grann li aprann li ekri, li ak konte depi ak 2 zan edmi. pandan tan l fè kay grann li an, li te konn al legliz batis. Nan lane 1957, se pandan yon sèvis Oprah Winfrey, ki te gen 3 zan, bay premye prestasyon oral li an piblik pandan l t ap li yon tèks li ekri sou Jezi, pandan sèvis Pak la. Oprah winfrey fè non l tou lè li t ap resite powèm ''Invictus'' William Ernest Henley. Pèfòmans eskolè li yo fè li antre dirèkteman nan Third grade, ki se ekivalan kou elemantè dezyèm ane edikasyon nasyonal fransè. Hattie Mae Lee te konsyan de rasis ak segregasyon ki ap ravaje pati Sid la, aprann Oprah Winfrey pou l siviv li dwe fè atansyon ak konpòtman l, aprann bon mannyè yo, ki se pi bon mwayen pou l evite gen pwoblèm ak blan yo. Depi Oprah gen malè lage kòl yo te konn korije l ak kout frèt. Nan lane 1960, Oprah Winfrey, ki te gen 6 lane, te retounen kay manman l, Vernita Lee, ki t ap viv nan yon geto nan Milwaukee ki t ap travay kòm sèvez pou yon salè 50 dola pa semèn.. pandan tan sa, Vernita Lee fè Patricia, jèn demi sè Oprah Winfrey epi yon ti tan aprè se ta pral nesans demi frè l la Jeffrey. Yo te konn dòmi ansanm nan menm chanm nan yon pansyon familyal. Li di l regrèt libète espas li te genyen lè l te kay grann li an epi itilize lekti pou l te ka bliye sitiyasyon sa. Nan lane 1962, pandan Oprah te gen 8 lane, manman l kontakte papa l Vernon Winfrey ak madanm li Zelma Winfrey pou l te ka wè kòman Oprah te ka al viv kay papa l. Vernon Winfrey t ap viv nan Nashville, nan Tennessee. Li travay antanke teknisyen pou université Vanderbilt. Zelma Winfrey te dakò pou Oprah vin viv avèk li, sitou apre yon foskouch, li te tou pat ka ansent ankò, sinon l ka mouri. Akèy sa ta pral pèmèt Oprah gen lavi estab. == Jeunesse et formation == === Fanmi === Oprah Gail winfrey fèt 29 janvye 1954 nan yon fèm abandone nan Kosciusko, nan Mississippi. Gen posiblite pou bon prenon li se ''Oprah,'' daprè yon pèsonaj biblik nan liv Rit la ki te rele ''Oprah.'' Pou pi senp, Vernita Lee, manman l, ki te akouche lakay li epi rele yon fanm chay, ki li menm te ale nan biwo leta sivil epi twonpe lè l te al fè akdenesans li. Bò kote papa li, Oprah Winfrey se desandan esklav ki t ap viv nan rejyon Loess Hills yo, pandan dezyèm mwatye XIXyèm syèk la. Aryè gran paran li yo, Constantine ak Violet te pou yon fèmye blan, Absalom Winfrey. Aprè gè sesesyon an Constantine ak Violet, ki te gentan marye, vin afranchi epi Absalom Winfrey te otorize yo pote non l kòm siyati yo. Vernon Winfrey se pitit pitit yo. === Anfans === Manifakti koton nan Kosciusko ki fèmen pòt li yo, plis pase 6000 travayè vin pa gen travay ladan yo Vernita Lee. Sa te rann li pati an 1954 pou al chèche lavi nan Milwaukee nan Wisconsin epi kite pitit fi li a Oprah Winfrey nan men grann li. Hattie Mae Lee ak mari li Earless Lee posede yon ti fèm kote li pratike levaj kochon; Hattie Mae Lee travay antanke kwizinyè ak lesivyè pou cherif lokal la. Grann li aprann li ekri, li ak konte depi ak 2 zan edmi. pandan tan l fè kay grann li an, li te konn al legliz batis. Nan lane 1957, se pandan yon sèvis Oprah Winfrey, ki te gen 3 zan, bay premye prestasyon oral li an piblik pandan l t ap li yon tèks li ekri sou Jezi, pandan sèvis Pak la. Oprah winfrey fè non l tou lè li t ap resite powèm ''Invictus'' William Ernest Henley. Pèfòmans eskolè li yo fè li antre dirèkteman nan Third grade, ki se ekivalan kou elemantè dezyèm ane edikasyon nasyonal fransè. Hattie Mae Lee te konsyan de rasis ak segregasyon ki ap ravaje pati Sid la, aprann Oprah Winfrey pou l siviv li dwe fè atansyon ak konpòtman l, aprann bon mannyè yo, ki se pi bon mwayen pou l evite gen pwoblèm ak blan yo. Depi Oprah gen malè lage kòl yo te konn korije l ak kout frèt. Nan lane 1960, Oprah Winfrey, ki te gen 6 lane, te retounen kay manman l, Vernita Lee, ki t ap viv nan yon geto nan Milwaukee ki t ap travay kòm sèvez pou yon salè 50 dola pa semèn.. pandan tan sa, Vernita Lee fè Patricia, jèn demi sè Oprah Winfrey epi yon ti tan aprè se ta pral nesans demi frè l la Jeffrey. Yo te konn dòmi ansanm nan menm chanm nan yon pansyon familyal. Li di l regrèt libète espas li te genyen lè l te kay grann li an epi itilize lekti pou l te ka bliye sitiyasyon sa. Nan lane 1962, pandan Oprah te gen 8 lane, manman l kontakte papa l Vernon Winfrey ak madanm li Zelma Winfrey pou l te ka wè kòman Oprah te ka al viv kay papa l. Vernon Winfrey t ap viv nan Nashville, nan Tennessee. Li travay antanke teknisyen pou université Vanderbilt. Zelma Winfrey te dakò pou Oprah vin viv avèk li, sitou apre yon foskouch, li te tou pat ka ansent ankò, sinon l ka mouri. Akèy sa ta pral pèmèt Oprah gen lavi estab. Nan Nashville, pandan l ap preche nan yon legliz, li te konn touche 500 dola, se la li te deside se pawòl li ki pou fè l viv.. == Jeunesse et formation == === Fanmi === Oprah Gail winfrey fèt 29 janvye 1954 nan yon fèm abandone nan Kosciusko, nan Mississippi. Gen posiblite pou bon prenon li se ''Oprah,'' daprè yon pèsonaj biblik nan liv Rit la ki te rele ''Oprah.'' Pou pi senp, Vernita Lee, manman l, ki te akouche lakay li epi rele yon fanm chay, ki li menm te ale nan biwo leta sivil epi twonpe lè l te al fè akdenesans li. Bò kote papa li, Oprah Winfrey se desandan esklav ki t ap viv nan rejyon Loess Hills yo, pandan dezyèm mwatye XIXyèm syèk la. Aryè gran paran li yo, Constantine ak Violet te pou yon fèmye blan, Absalom Winfrey. Aprè gè sesesyon an Constantine ak Violet, ki te gentan marye, vin afranchi epi Absalom Winfrey te otorize yo pote non l kòm siyati yo. Vernon Winfrey se pitit pitit yo. === Anfans === Manifakti koton nan Kosciusko ki fèmen pòt li yo, plis pase 6000 travayè vin pa gen travay ladan yo Vernita Lee. Sa te rann li pati an 1954 pou al chèche lavi nan Milwaukee nan Wisconsin epi kite pitit fi li a Oprah Winfrey nan men grann li. Hattie Mae Lee ak mari li Earless Lee posede yon ti fèm kote li pratike levaj kochon; Hattie Mae Lee travay antanke kwizinyè ak lesivyè pou cherif lokal la. Grann li aprann li ekri, li ak konte depi ak 2 zan edmi. pandan tan l fè kay grann li an, li te konn al legliz batis. Nan lane 1957, se pandan yon sèvis Oprah Winfrey, ki te gen 3 zan, bay premye prestasyon oral li an piblik pandan l t ap li yon tèks li ekri sou Jezi, pandan sèvis Pak la. Oprah winfrey fè non l tou lè li t ap resite powèm ''Invictus'' William Ernest Henley. Pèfòmans eskolè li yo fè li antre dirèkteman nan Third grade, ki se ekivalan kou elemantè dezyèm ane edikasyon nasyonal fransè. Hattie Mae Lee te konsyan de rasis ak segregasyon ki ap ravaje pati Sid la, aprann Oprah Winfrey pou l siviv li dwe fè atansyon ak konpòtman l, aprann bon mannyè yo, ki se pi bon mwayen pou l evite gen pwoblèm ak blan yo. Depi Oprah gen malè lage kòl yo te konn korije l ak kout frèt. Nan lane 1960, Oprah Winfrey, ki te gen 6 lane, te retounen kay manman l, Vernita Lee, ki t ap viv nan yon geto nan Milwaukee ki t ap travay kòm sèvez pou yon salè 50 dola pa semèn.. pandan tan sa, Vernita Lee fè Patricia, jèn demi sè Oprah Winfrey epi yon ti tan aprè se ta pral nesans demi frè l la Jeffrey. Yo te konn dòmi ansanm nan menm chanm nan yon pansyon familyal. Li di l regrèt libète espas li te genyen lè l te kay grann li an epi itilize lekti pou l te ka bliye sitiyasyon sa. Nan lane 1962, pandan Oprah te gen 8 lane, manman l kontakte papa l Vernon Winfrey ak madanm li Zelma Winfrey pou l te ka wè kòman Oprah te ka al viv kay papa l. Vernon Winfrey t ap viv nan Nashville, nan Tennessee. Li travay antanke teknisyen pou université Vanderbilt. Zelma Winfrey te dakò pou Oprah vin viv avèk li, sitou apre yon foskouch, li te tou pat ka ansent ankò, sinon l ka mouri. Akèy sa ta pral pèmèt Oprah gen lavi estab. Nan Nashville, pandan l ap preche nan yon legliz, li te konn touche 500 dola, se la li te deside se pawòl li ki pou fè l viv.. Nan lane 1963, Vernita Lee mande Vernon Winfrey pou kite pitit la pase ete a lakay li nan Milwaukee. Lè ete a fini Vernon Winfrey vin chèche Oprah pou rantre eskolè a, Vernita Lee pat dakò, men kòm yo pat marye Vernita fè l konprann li pa gen okenn dwa parantal sou pitit la. nl409wbu28zcyzbf1r2lhwo3hxlm1ee 10 87689 889852 824949 2026-11-05T13:38:06Z Kitanago 19629 889852 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Modèl:Kategori antretyen pou vide]]<noinclude>{{Redireksyon modèl|type=catégorie}}</noinclude> 0zdsanbalv59pmbpuzfjy9ppziaw7zr 0 89170 889933 836578 2026-11-05T18:07:05Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889933 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gramè Interlingua''' a baze lajman sou [[lang womàn]] yo, men senplifye, sitou anba enfliyans angle. Sepandan, tout lang kontwòl yo, ki gen ladan Alman ak Ris, yo te konsilte nan devlope gramè a. Karakteristik gramatikal ki absan nan nenpòt nan lang prensipal kontwòl yo (angle, franse, Italyen, Panyòl ak Pòtigè) yo te tonbe. Pa egzanp, pa gen ni akò adjektif (panyòl/pòtigè gatos negros 'black cats'), piske karakteristik sa a absan nan lang angle, ni tan kontinyèl vèb (angle m ap li), piske yo absan an franse. Kontrèman, Interlingua gen atik, kontrèman ak Ris, kòm Ris se yon lang kontwòl segondè. Pa gen okenn mak sistemik pou pati nan lapawòl. Pa egzanp, non yo pa oblije fini nan okenn lèt an patikilye. Tipikman, sepandan, adjektif fini nan -e oswa yon konsòn, advèb fini nan -mente oswa -o, pandan y ap non fini nan -a, -e, -o oswa yon konsòn. Vèb fini nòmalman toujou fini nan -a, -e, oswa -i, pandan ke infinitif ajoute -r: ''scribe'', 'ekri'; ''scriber'', 'ekri'. == Atik == Atik defini a se ''le'', atik endefini a se ''un'', e okenn atik pa montre okenn akò sou fòm ak non yo. Prepozisyon ''a'' ("a") ak ''de'' ("nan") fusion ak yon le suivant nan al ak del respektivman. An jeneral, atik defini an itilize tankou nan lang angle, eksepte ke li pa ta dwe omisyon ak tit ki vin anvan non pwòp ni ak non abstrè ki reprezante yon klas antye, [[espès]], elatriye. == Non == Non enfleksyon pou nimewo sèlman. Non pliryèl yo pran -s apre yon vwayèl, -es apre yon konsòn (men final -c ak "g" chanje òtograf nan -ches (ak Ghes) pou konsève son [k ak g] nan c ak g). * catto 'chat' → cattos 'chat' * can 'chen' → canes 'chen' * roc 'rook' [echèk] → roches 'rooks' Interlingua pa gen sèks gramatikal. Non anime yo sèks net, sof si yo refere espesyalman a yon gason oswa yon fi. Kidonk, jornalista 'jounalis' ak scientista 'syantis' yo fè sèks net, pandan ke rege 'wa' ak regina 'larenn' yo se sèks espesifik. Ou ka kreye fòm eksplisit pou fanm lè w ranplase final -a pou yon final -o oswa -e oswa lè w ajoute sifiks -essa. * puero 'ti gason' → puera 'ti fi' * tigre 'tig' → tigressa 'tig fi' Sa yo [[koulè]] fòm regilye yo kòm maskilen lè yo parèt nan menm kontèks la. == Adjektif == Adjektif yo ka anvan oswa swiv non yo modifye a. Kòm yon kesyon de style, adjektif kout yo gen tandans anvan, adjektif long yo gen tandans swiv. [[Chif]] yo toujou anvan non an. * belle oculos oswa oculos belle 'bèl je' * un bon idea, un idea ingeniose 'a good idea, an ingenious idea' Yon adjektif pa janm dwe dakò ak non li modifye a, men adjektif yo ka plirifye lè pa gen okenn non eksplisit pou modifye. * le parve infantes 'ti timoun yo'; men le parves 'the little ones' Degre konparatif eksprime pa plis oswa mwens anvan adjektif la ak degre sipèlatif pa le plus oswa le minus. * un plus feroce leon 'yon lyon feròs' * un traino minus rapide 'a less speedy train' * le plus alte arbore 'pi wo pye bwa a' * le solution le minus costose 'solisyon ki pi piti a'. Yo ka itilize sifiks -issime pou eksprime degre superlatif absoli. un aventura excellentissime 'a most excellent adventure' Adjektif yo bon 'bon', mal 'move', magne 'gran', ak parve 'ti' gen fòm iregilye opsyonèl pou konparatif ak sipèlatif. :{| |- |''bon → plus bon → le plus bon'' || &nbsp; || oswa || &nbsp; || ''bon → melior → optime'' |- |''mal → plus mal → le plus mal'' || &nbsp; || oswa || &nbsp; || ''mal → pejor → pessime'' |- |''magne → plus magne → le plus magne'' || &nbsp; || oswa || &nbsp; || ''magne → major → maxime'' |- |''parve → plus parve → le plus parve'' || &nbsp; || oswa || &nbsp; || ''parve → minor → minime'' |- |} Teyorikman, chak adjektif ka sèvi kòm yon pwonon ki refere a yon bagay ki eksprime nan yon pasaj anvan. ​ [[Kategori:Interlingua]] ilmcb9e7lcrxbicoi53xc4q3mepygkw 0 89365 889945 869115 2026-11-05T23:11:37Z Katin pusku 40919 File 889945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gade omonim|Lynch}} {{Infobox sinema (pèsonalite) | non = David Lynch | imaj = David Lynch Cannes 2017.jpg | lejand = David Lynch nan [[Festival Cannes 2017]]. | non nesans = David Keith Lynch | dat nesans = 20 janvye 1946 | lye nesans = [[Missoula]], [[Montana]] ([[Etazini]]) | nasyonalite = [[Etazini|Ameriken]] | dat lanmò =15 janvye 2025 | kote lanmò = | pwofesyon = [[direktè]], [[senyen]], [[fotograf]], [[pennt|pennt]], [[mizisyen]] | fim remakab = <!-- Rekòmandasyon: "fim remakab: 3 oswa 4 fim prensipal (wòl remakab, fim ki genyen prim oswa fim nan bwat)" -->''[[Eraserhead]]''<br> ''[[ Elephant Man (film)|Elephant Man]]''<br>''[[Blue Velvet]]''<br>''[[Sailor and Lula]]''<br>''[[ Lost Highway (fim )|Otowout pèdi]]''<br>''[[Mulholland Drive (film)|Mulholland Drive]]'' | konjwen = [[Peggy Lynch]] (1967-1974)<br>[[Mary Fisk]] (1977-1987)<br>[[Mary Sweeney]] (2006-2006) | pitit = [[Jennifer Lynch]] | sit entènèt = [http://www.davidlynch.com davidlynch.com] | omaj = '''[[César pou meyè fim etranje]]'''<br>[[1982 nan sinema|1982]] pou ''[[Elephant Man (film)|Elephant Man]]''<br> [[2002 nan sinema|2002]] pou ''[[Mulholland Drive (film)|Mulholland Drive]]''<br> '''[[Palme d'or]] nan [[Cannes Film Festival]] ''' <br>[[1990 nan sinema|1990]] pou ''[[Sailor et Lula]]''<br> '''[[Cannes Festival Directing Prize|Directing Prize]] nan [[Cannes la Festival fim]]'''<br>[[2001 nan sinema|2001]] pou ''Mulholland Drive''<br>'''[[Golden Lion|Golden Lion of' onè]] nan [[Venis Mostra]]''' [[2006 nan sinema|2006]]<br> '''[[Legion d'honneur]]''' [[2007]] | seri remakab = ''[[Twin Peaks (seri TV)|Twin Peaks]]'' }} [[File:Isabella Rossellini David Lynch Cannes.jpg|thumb|Isabella Rossellini & David Lynch (1990)]] '''David Lynch''' {{MSAPI|ˈdeɪvɪd lɪnt͡ʃ}}<ref>[[Pononsiyasyon angle|Pononsiyasyon]] nan [[Anglè Ameriken]] [[Transkripsyon fonetik|transkripsyon]] dapre [[Fonetik entènasyonal alfabè a|estanda API]].</ref> (1946 – 2025) se yon [[reyalizatè]], [[senyen]], [[fotograf]], [[mizisyen]] ak [[atis|pent]] [[Etazini|Ameriken ]], fèt {{dat nesans|20 janvye 1946}} nan [[Missoula]] ([[Montana]]). Li se otè dis fim long ki te pibliye ant 1977 ak 2006, ansanm ak yon seri televizyon remakab, ''[[Twin Peaks (seri TV)|Twin Peaks]]'', ki te pibliye an 1990-1991 e ki te pwolonje an 2017. Nominasyon pou [[Oscars pou sinema]] kòm pi bon direktè pou ''[[Elephant Man (film)|Elephant Man]]'' (1980), ''[[Blue Velvet]]'' (1986) ak '' [[Mulholland Drive (film)|Mulholland Drive]]'' (2001), li te resevwa [[Palme d'or]] nan [[Cannes Film Festival]] nan [[Cannes Film Festival 1990|1990]] pou ''[[Sailor and Lula]]'' ak yon [[Golden Lyon pou tout lavi|Onory Golden Lion]] nan [[Venice Mostra]] nan [[ Venice Film Festival 2006|2006]]. Style inovatè ak sureèl li, pafwa yo dekri kòm "Lynchian," te vin rekonèt anpil espektatè ak kritik. Li karakterize pa imaj rèv li yo ak konsepsyon son metikuleu. Simagri pafwa vyolan nan fim li yo ba li yon repitasyon pou "deranje, ofanse oswa mistifye" odyans li yo{{Sfn|Lynch|Rodley|2005|p=245}}. David Lynch fè yon gade nwa ak alisinasyon sou reyalite imen an twoublan ki kache dèyè laparans sosyal la, nan ti vil Ameriken yo (nan ''[[Blue Velvet]]'' oswa ''[[Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me|Twin. Peaks]]'') oswa [[Los Angeles]] (nan ''[[Lost Highway (film)|Lost Highway]]'' oswa ''[[Mulholland Drive (film)|Mulholland Drive]] ''). Apre sa, li te bay nouvo direksyon nan karyè atistik li, li te vin konnen kòm yon pent, fotograf, mizisyen<ref name="lat"/>, [[designer]] oswa [[videyograf]] [[World Wide Web|web ]]. Depi kreyasyon [[David-Lynch Foundation]] li an 2005, li patisipe nan pwomosyon [[meditasyon transandantal]] pou ede moun ki rele "an risk"<ref>{{Book|language=en |otè1=Peter Larsen|tit=Tap nan TM: Sinatè David Lynch vle pataje ak lekòl benefis li di ke li te rekòlte nan Meditasyon Transandantal|editè=Orange County Register|dat=10 Out 2005|pasaj=Kouvri}}.</ref>. Kritik fim nan [[Pauline Kael]] dekri li kòm "premye [[surrealism|surrealist]]<ref name="lat">{{Web link|language=en|url=https://www.latimes . com/books/la-ca-jc-david-lynch-book-20180620-story.html|site=[[Los Angeles Times]]|author=Tyler Malone|title=Memoir-slash-biyografi David Lynch se, wi, etranj — ak pwofondman Ameriken|dat=20 jen 2018}}.</ref> ; an 2007, yon gwoup kritik te rasanble pa '[[The Guardian]]'' te mete l 'nan tèt yon lis 40 direktè<ref>{{Atik|url=http://film.guardian.co.uk /features/page/0,11456,1082823,00.html |title=40 meyè direktè |periodical=The Guardian Online |ane=2007 |accessed=27 septanm 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/ web/20070704012453/http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/page/0,11456,1082823,00.html |archivedate=4 jiyè 2007 |location=London }}.</ref>, pandan ke la sit [[AllMovie]] defini li kòm "bann yon sèl moun nan sinema modèn Ameriken an"<ref>{{web link| non = Ankeny | premye non = Jason | url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/david-lynch-100454 |title=David Lynch: Biyografi |sit entènèt=AllMovie |accessed=29 novanm 2010}}.</ref>. == Biyografi == === Orijin ak jèn === [[File:David Lynch (1964 yearbook portrait).jpg|vignette|straightened|David Lynch an 1964, ane li te fè 18 an}}.]] David Keith Lynch te fèt nan [[Missoula]], nan eta [[Montana]], nan {{dat-|20 janvye 1946}}{{Sfn|Lynch|Rodley|2005|p=1}}. Papa l, Donald Walton Lynch (1915-2007), se te yon chèchè pou Depatman Agrikilti Etazini (USDA), e manman l, Edwina "Sunny" Lynch née Sundholm (1919-2004), se yon pwofesè angle. De nan granparan matènèl Lynch yo se te imigran Finnish-Swedwa ki te rive Ozetazini nan {{s-|19}}<ref>{{web link|url=https://ng.se/artiklar/ david- lynch-%E2%80%9Dden-haer-vaerlden-aer-full-av-hat-och-angest%E2%80%9D|title=David Lynch: ”Den här världen är full av hat och ångest”| sit entènèt= NÖJESGUIDEN}}.</ref>. Lynches yo souvan deplase selon transfè papa a. Kidonk, fanmi an te ale nan [[Sandpoint]], nan [[Idaho]], lè David te gen de mwa. Dezan apre, apre nesans frè l John, fanmi an tounen nan [[Spokane (Washington)|Spokane]], [[Washington (Eta)|Washington]], kote yon ti sè, Mat, te fèt. Frè ak sè yo te resevwa yon edikasyon [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]]<ref name="Williams">{{Atik|author=Williams, Alex|title=David Lynch's Shockingly Peaceful Inner Life|periodical=[[The New York Times]]| dat=31 desanm 2007|url=http://www.culteducation.com/reference/tm/tm150.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130910174717/http://www.culteducation.com/reference /tm/tm150.html|archivedate=10 septanm 2013|accessed on=29 novanm 2010}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Sadighian">{{Atik|otè=Sadighian, David | title=David Lynch panse nou tout se anpoul. Ki sa ki?|journal=Yale Daily News|dat=1 Oktòb 2005|url=http://www.globalgoodnews.com/education-news-a.html?art=1128100751793764|accessed=29 Novanm 2010}}.</ref>. Apre sa, fanmi an te kontinye vwayaj yo nan [[Durham (Kawolin di Nò)|Durham]] nan [[Karolin di Nò]], nan [[Boise]] nan [[Idaho]] ak nan [[Alexandria (Virginia)|Alexandria ]] nan [[Virginia (Etazini)|Virginia]]{{Sfn|Lynch|Rodley|2005|p=1}}. Jèn David adapte relativman fasil ak lavi itineran sa a, e jeneralman pa gen pwoblèm pou fè zanmi nan chak nouvo lekòl{{Sfn|Lynch|Rodley|2005|p=2-3}}. Li di sou anfans li: {{sitasyon blok|Lè mwen te timoun, mwen te jwenn mond lan konplètman kokenn. Natirèlman, mwen te gen laperèz nòmal yo, tankou ale lekòl... pou mwen, nan epòk la, lekòl se te yon krim kont jèn moun. Li te detwi grenn libète yo. Pwofesè yo pa t ankouraje konesans oswa yon atitid pozitif|referans={{Sfn|Lynch|Rodley|2005|p=14}}}} Lynch te rantre nan [[Boy Scouts of America|Boy Scouts]], kote li te rive jwenn ran [[Eagle Scout]]. Se nan kapasite sa a ke li te prezan ak lòt Boy Scout andeyò [[Mezon Blanch]] la pandan [[Jou Inogirasyon|inaugurasyon]] Prezidan [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy| John F. Kennedy]], nan kenzyèm anivèsè nesans Lynch. {{Sfn|Lynch|Rodley|2005|p=5}}. Lynch te enterese nan penti ak desen depi yon laj trè jèn, e li te kòmanse panse pou l fè yon karyè lè li t ap viv nan Virginia, kote papa youn nan zanmi l yo te yon pent pwofesyonèl{{Sfn|Lynch| Rodley|2005|p =8-9}}. Nan Francis C. Hammond High School nan Alexandria, Lynch pa t 'fè byen, montre yon ti enterè nan travay lekòl la, men li te popilè ak lòt elèv lekòl segondè yo. Nan inivèsite, li te kòmanse etidye penti nan {{Lien|Corcoran School of the Arts and Design}} nan Washington, DC, anvan li te kite an 1964 pou {{Lien|Lekòl Mize Fine Arts nan Tufts}} nan [[Boston]], kote li te pataje chanm li ak mizisyen [[Peter Wolf]]<ref>{{web link|url=https://corcoran.gwu.edu/notable-alumni|title= Ansyen elèv remakab &#124; Corcoran School of the Arts & Design & #124; George Washington University|sit entènèt=corcoran.gwu.edu}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{web link|title=Peter'sBio|url=http://www.peterwolf.com/ bio/index2.html|site=peterwolf.com|editor=Peter Wolf|accessed on=27 septanm 2020|author=Peter Wolf|ane=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615152715/ http ://www.peterwolf.com/bio/index2.html|archivedate=15 jen 2012}}.</ref>. Li te kite lekòl apre sèlman yon ane: “Mwen pa t enspire pa kote sa a DIOU. ". Ak zanmi l [[Jack Fisk]], li deside vwayaje an Ewòp pou twa ane kap vini yo, nan lide pou amelyore konpetans li: yo patikilyèman vle antrene ak pent ekspresyonist Ostralyen [[Oskar Kokoschka]], men lè yo rive. nan Salzburg, yo te jwenn ke li pa t 'disponib; desi, yo te retounen Ozetazini, sejou yo an Ewòp te dire sèlman de semèn{{Sfn|Lynch|Rodley|2005|p=31-34}}. == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv|language=fr|original language=en|author=Ak [[Nicolas Richard (ekriven)|Nicolas Richard]]|title=Istwa vrè mwen an ''(Catching the Big Fish)''|subtitle= meditasyon, konsyans ak kreyativite|editè=Sonatine|location=Paris|ane=2008|mwa=avril|jou=24|total paj=156|isbn=978-2-35584-009-8}} * {{Liv|language=fr|original language=en|author1=Ak Chris Rodley|author2=Serge Grüneberg|tit=David Lynch: entèvyou ak Chris Rodley, fim, foto, penti|editè=[[Cahiers du cinéma]] |plas=Paris|ane=2004|mwa=Oktòb|jou=24|total paj=224|isbn=2-86642-371-2|isbn2=978-2866423711}} * {{Liv|language=nan|otè=Avèk Chris Rodley|ane=2005|title=Lynch on Lynch (edisyon revize)|location=New York|piblikatè=Faber and Faber|isbn=978-0-571-22018- 2}} * ''The Air is on Fire'' (katalòg ekspozisyon + 2 CD), Paris, ko-edisyon [[Cartier Foundation for Contemporary Art]] / [[Edisyon Xavier Barral]], 2007 {{ISBN|978- 2- 7427-6496-9}} * ''Works on paper'', pibliye apre egzibisyon "David Lynch, ''The Air is on Fire''" nan Fondasyon Cartier, [[Steidl Verlag|Steidl]], 2011. * David Lynch ak Kristine McKenna, ''Chanm pou rèv'', trad. pa Carole Delporte ak Johan Frederik Hel Guedj, Paris, Éditions JC Lattès, [[2018 nan literati|2018]], 600 p. {{ISBN|978-2-7096-5624-5}} == Nòt ak referans == {{Traduction/Référence|en|David Lynch|980210723}} {{Anpil referans|gwosè=24}} == Apendis == {{Lòt pwojè |commons=Kategori:David Lynch |tit komen=David Lynch |wikiquote=David Lynch }} === Bibliyografi === ==== An franse ==== * {{Book|language=fr|author1=[[Michel Chion]]|title=David Lynch|location=Paris|editè=[[Cahiers du cinéma]]|koleksyon=Authors|ane=2001|ane premye edisyon=1992 |paj=288|isbn=2-86642-319-4|id=Chion1992}} * “David Lynch”, ''[[Les Inrockuptibles]]'', nimewo espesyal sou direksyon Christian Fevret, {{4th}} trimès 2004 * ''Purgatory of the senses: "Lost Highway", pa David Lynch'', Guy Astic, [[edisyon Rouge Profond]], 2004 * ''Twin Peaks, laboratwa David Lynch'', Guy Astic, Rouge Profond edisyon, 2005 * "Vyolans ak [[psikopatoloji]] nan travay sinematografik David Lynch", tèz egzèsis Anne Sabatier (medsin), Dijon, 2005 * ''[[Mulholland Drive (film)|Mulholland Drive]], pa David Lynch (Dirt Walk With Me)'', Hervé Aubron, Yellow Now, 2006 * {{Liv|lang=franse|otè1=[[Thierry Jousse]]|tit=David Lynch|location=Paris|editè=[[Cahiers du cinéma]]|koleksyon=Masters of Cinema|dat=2007|total paj= 103|isbn=978-2-8664-2912-6}} * ''David Lynch. Yon sinema nan mal'', [[Enrique Seknadje]], Camion Noir, 2010 * ''David Lynch: imaj, matyè ak tan'', [[Éric Dufour (filozòf)|Éric Dufour]], Paris, Vrin, {{coll|Filozofi ak sinema}}, 2008 ''David Lynch - Man Waking From Dream'', sou direksyon Jean-Charles Vergne, tèks franse/anglè J.-C. Vergne, Mathieu Potte-Bonneville, Pierre Zaoui, 180 p., 150 repwodiksyon koulè; pibliye nan okazyon egzibisyon David Lynch nan [[Fonds régional d'art contemporain d'Auvergne|FRAC Auvergne]], [[Clermont-Ferrand]], {{1st}} trimès 2012 * "Mizik ak tèkstur son kòm eleman nan naratif fim nan travay David Lynch, soti nan "Eraserhead" (1977) rive nan "Inland Empire" (2006)", Emmanuelle Bobée, tèz mizikoloji anba direksyon Pierre-Albert Castanet. ak Gilles Mouëllic, University of Rouen, 2015 ==== Nan lang angle ==== * ''David Lynch'', Michelle Le Blanc, Colin Odell, Harpenden, Hertfordshire: Pocket Essentials, 2000 {{ISBN|1-903047-06-4}} === Sinema sou Lynch === * [[1989 nan televizyon|1989]]: ''David Lynch: Don't Look at Me'', dokimantè nan seri ''[[Cinéastes de notre temps]]'' ki te dirije pa Guy Girard {{kòmantè| { {Imdb title|id=tt0215723|title=David Lynch: Pa gade mwen}}.}} * 2007: ''The Sound of David Lynch'', dokimantè pa [[Elio Lucantonio]] ak [[Michaël Souhaité]], ak David Lynch, [[Angelo Badalamenti]] ak [[Michel Chion]] {{commentary| Fim nan kouvri tout etap yo nan fè band yo nan fim Lynch yo: mizik la, dyalòg yo, efè son yo, melanje yo.}} * 2010: ''[[Lynch (One)]]'', dokimantè [[Jason Scheunemann]] te tire pandan dezan pandan filme ''[[Inland Empire (film)|Inland Empire]] '' {{ kòmantè|Gade: {{Liv|non1=Jason|non1=Scheunemann|non2=Jeremy|non2=Alter|non3=David|non3=Lynch|non4=Krzysztof|non4=Majchrzak|tit= Lynch|editè= Absurda, Hideout Films, Oneblackarm Films|date=2007-11-16|li sou entènèt=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1032207/|accessed=2021-05-01}}.}} * 2013: {{Web link |title=''The Dream Life of David L.''|url=https://www.transkom.tv/actualites/la-vie-revee-de-david-l-sur- amazon-prime/ |site=TransKom |konsilte sou=}}, long fim franse, ki te dirije pa [[Paul Lê]] ak [[Julien Pichard]] ak [[Sylvain Urban]], sou Amazon Prime {{commentary|The fim rann omaj bay direktè a nan imajine vwayaj li kòm yon etidyan atistik.<br>[https://www.transkom.tv/actualites/la-vie-revee-de-david-l-sur-amazon-prime / Trelè kap difize sou ''transkom.tv''.]}} * 2016: ''{{link|lang= en | trad = David Lynch: Lavi Atizay | fr = David Lynch: Lavi Art | tèks = David Lynch: The Art Life}}'', dokimantè Ameriken pa [[Jon Nguyen]], [[Rick Barnes]] ak [[Olivia Neergaard-Holm]], [http://www.potemkine.fr/ Potemkine-film/David-lynch-the-art-life-david-lynch-the-art-life/pa61m4f283.html prezantasyon sou ''potemkine.fr''] {{commentary|[https://www.lemonde. fr/cinema/article/2017/02/14/david-lynch-the-art-life-de-la-toile-aux-etoiles_5079320_3476.html#lfvr6h8bzDU6Vd1z.99 Gade sou ''lemonde.fr''.]}} * 2022: ''Lynch/Oz'', dokimantè pa [[Alexandre O. Philippe]], {{hour|1|48}} min {{commentary|Sis kritik fim Ameriken ak registè ([[Karyn Kusama] ], [[John Waters (direktè)|John Waters]], [[Amy Nicholson]], [[Aaron Moorhead]], [[Rodney Ascher]], [[Justin Benson]]) eksplore pwòp teyori relasyon yo ant Lynch ak li. pwosesis kreyatif ak fim lejand ''[[The Wizard of Oz]]''.}} === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[David Lynch Foundation]] === Lyen deyò === {{liens}} {{CLEDETRI:Lynch, David}} [[Kategori:David Lynch|*]] [[Kategori:Direktè Ameriken]] [[Kategori:Palm d'Or-genyen direktè]] [[Kategori:Prim Direktè nan Festival Film Cannes]] [[Kategori:Prezidans jiri Festival Film Cannes]] [[Kategori: Ofisye Legiyon Onè a (dat pa espesifye)]] [[Kategori:Etidyan Konsèvatwa Ameriken Film Institute]] [[Kategori:Kritik vèsyon ofisyèl la sou atak 11 septanm 2001 yo]] [[Kategori: Pèsonalite Ameriken ki fèt ak yon paran Finnish]] [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1946]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Missoula]] [[Kategori:Lanmò 2025]] 163xx58xoj4e575ykma1mx9xbu1i91u 0 89795 889831 889627 2026-11-05T12:40:28Z Kitanago 19629 889831 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Kashink par Arnaud Baumann (2026).jpg|vignette|Kashink (2026)]] [[Image:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] [[Image:1060 Capistranstiege - Street Art Mural IMG 1777.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Miral pa Kashink sou Capistrstiege, ki te kreye nan kad festival Calle Libre 2015 la]] [[Image:Capistranstiege mit Wandmalereien.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Capistranstiege nan Mariahilf, Vyèn]] '''Kashink''', psedonim '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans-|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[grafiti atis]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Psedonim li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KashinK: "Mwen renmen flou liy yo" {{!}} atizay lari {{!}} atizay {{ ! }} Artistik Rezo, ajite lavi kiltirèl|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulted on =2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name= " artistikrezo "/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{citation|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 ;* Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) ;* Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{dat-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{dat-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Carte blanche pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({ {dat-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tours, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tours]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb). 2021}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon .fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{dat-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan {{7yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Jen}} - {{dat-|Oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{Web link|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lyen Entènèt|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan {{10yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{dat-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{dat-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{dat-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}< /ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan {{17th | awondisman}} nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan {{18th}} ak {{19th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-| Oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=" hyperwall"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Fresko ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], [[rue Ordener]] nan {{18th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan {{13th|arwondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans|referans= <ref name="20minutes">{{Web link|title=KashinK: "Fizikman grafiti trè difisil" |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111- 20140318-kashink -physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |dat=18 mas 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lyen Web|title==Rankontre ak Kashink, atis ki genre gratis - Kòmantè Emma Mercier kolekte |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site= www. artistikrezo.com |dat=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Web link|title = Rosa Parks fè miray la, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris 18th & 19th |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lyen Web |title=KASHINK anba INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www. linflux.com |dat= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Web link|title=Street Art: Kashink, atizay iben pou fanm, angajman yon atis flanbwayan |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/ 05/street-art -kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Web link|title = L'Art en Cave konbine travay yon atis kontanporen ak yon ansyen eksepsyonèl. Kashink trase style kolore ak trè grafik li soti nan orijin slav ak Panyòl li. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |sit = vin-saintchinian.shop |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lyen Web|tit = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |sit = www. station16editions.com |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Web link|title=KashinK: Street-Art: Kashink, tèt fò grafiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la -forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |sit=www.telerama.fr |konsilte sou=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{koneksyon}} {{portal|atizay kontanporen|feminis|Paris}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Categorie:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] [[Kategori:Pwojè:Atis+Feminis/2016]] 5dixeaa18quu5he6pz6j7c2qbs3fhbx 889832 889831 2026-11-05T12:41:59Z Kitanago 19629 /* Lyen ekstèn */ 889832 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Kashink par Arnaud Baumann (2026).jpg|vignette|Kashink (2026)]] [[Image:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] [[Image:1060 Capistranstiege - Street Art Mural IMG 1777.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Miral pa Kashink sou Capistrstiege, ki te kreye nan kad festival Calle Libre 2015 la]] [[Image:Capistranstiege mit Wandmalereien.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Capistranstiege nan Mariahilf, Vyèn]] '''Kashink''', psedonim '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans-|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[grafiti atis]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Psedonim li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KashinK: "Mwen renmen flou liy yo" {{!}} atizay lari {{!}} atizay {{ ! }} Artistik Rezo, ajite lavi kiltirèl|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulted on =2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name= " artistikrezo "/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{citation|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 ;* Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) ;* Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{dat-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{dat-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Carte blanche pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({ {dat-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tours, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tours]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb). 2021}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon .fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{dat-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan {{7yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Jen}} - {{dat-|Oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{Web link|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lyen Entènèt|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan {{10yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{dat-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{dat-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{dat-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}< /ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan {{17th | awondisman}} nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan {{18th}} ak {{19th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-| Oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=" hyperwall"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Fresko ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], [[rue Ordener]] nan {{18th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan {{13th|arwondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans|referans= <ref name="20minutes">{{Web link|title=KashinK: "Fizikman grafiti trè difisil" |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111- 20140318-kashink -physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |dat=18 mas 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lyen Web|title==Rankontre ak Kashink, atis ki genre gratis - Kòmantè Emma Mercier kolekte |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site= www. artistikrezo.com |dat=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Web link|title = Rosa Parks fè miray la, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris 18th & 19th |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lyen Web |title=KASHINK anba INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www. linflux.com |dat= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Web link|title=Street Art: Kashink, atizay iben pou fanm, angajman yon atis flanbwayan |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/ 05/street-art -kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Web link|title = L'Art en Cave konbine travay yon atis kontanporen ak yon ansyen eksepsyonèl. Kashink trase style kolore ak trè grafik li soti nan orijin slav ak Panyòl li. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |sit = vin-saintchinian.shop |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lyen Web|tit = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |sit = www. station16editions.com |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Web link|title=KashinK: Street-Art: Kashink, tèt fò grafiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la -forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |sit=www.telerama.fr |konsilte sou=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Categorie:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] [[Kategori:Pwojè:Atis+Feminis/2016]] ay3fwgy0zxeb87ossv3mrwdudz66wfe 889833 889832 2026-11-05T12:43:54Z Kitanago 19629 889833 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Kashink par Arnaud Baumann (2026).jpg|vignette|Kashink (2026)]] [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] [[Fichye:1060 Capistranstiege - Street Art Mural IMG 1777.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Miral pa Kashink sou Capistrstiege, ki te kreye nan kad festival Calle Libre 2015 la]] [[Fichye:Capistranstiege mit Wandmalereien.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Capistranstiege nan Mariahilf, Vyèn]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans-|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|title=KashinK: "Mwen renmen flou liy yo" {{!}} atizay lari {{!}} atizay {{ ! }} Artistik Rezo, ajite lavi kiltirèl|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulted on =2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name= " artistikrezo "/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{citation|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 ;* Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) ;* Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{dat-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{dat-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Carte blanche pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({ {dat-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tours, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tours]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb). 2021}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon .fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{dat-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan {{7yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Jen}} - {{dat-|Oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{Web link|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lyen Entènèt|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan {{10yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{dat-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{dat-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{dat-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}< /ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan {{17th | awondisman}} nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan {{18th}} ak {{19th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-| Oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=" hyperwall"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Fresko ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], [[rue Ordener]] nan {{18th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan {{13th|arwondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans|referans= <ref name="20minutes">{{Web link|title=KashinK: "Fizikman grafiti trè difisil" |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111- 20140318-kashink -physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |dat=18 mas 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lyen Web|title==Rankontre ak Kashink, atis ki genre gratis - Kòmantè Emma Mercier kolekte |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site= www. artistikrezo.com |dat=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Web link|title = Rosa Parks fè miray la, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris 18th & 19th |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lyen Web |title=KASHINK anba INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www. linflux.com |dat= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Web link|title=Street Art: Kashink, atizay iben pou fanm, angajman yon atis flanbwayan |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/ 05/street-art -kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Web link|title = L'Art en Cave konbine travay yon atis kontanporen ak yon ansyen eksepsyonèl. Kashink trase style kolore ak trè grafik li soti nan orijin slav ak Panyòl li. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |sit = vin-saintchinian.shop |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lyen Web|tit = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |sit = www. station16editions.com |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Web link|title=KashinK: Street-Art: Kashink, tèt fò grafiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la -forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |sit=www.telerama.fr |konsilte sou=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Categorie:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] [[Kategori:Pwojè:Atis+Feminis/2016]] a0pae6tsgx0g5g8n1esxowutq7zhle3 889834 889833 2026-11-05T12:45:50Z Kitanago 19629 889834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Kashink par Arnaud Baumann (2026).jpg|vignette|Kashink (2026)]] [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] [[Fichye:1060 Capistranstiege - Street Art Mural IMG 1777.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Miral pa Kashink sou Capistrstiege, ki te kreye nan kad festival Calle Libre 2015 la]] [[Fichye:Capistranstiege mit Wandmalereien.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Capistranstiege nan Mariahilf, Vyèn]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans-|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|title=KashinK: "Mwen renmen flou liy yo" {{!}} atizay lari {{!}} atizay {{ ! }} Artistik Rezo, ajite lavi kiltirèl|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulted on =2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name= " artistikrezo "/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{citation|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 ;* Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) ;* Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{dat-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{dat-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Carte blanche pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({ {dat-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tours, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tours]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb). 2021}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon .fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{dat-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan {{7yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Jen}} - {{dat-|Oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{Web link|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lyen Entènèt|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan {{10yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{dat-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{dat-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{dat-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}< /ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan {{17th | awondisman}} nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan {{18th}} ak {{19th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-| Oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=" hyperwall"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Fresko ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], [[rue Ordener]] nan {{18th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan {{13th|arwondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans|referans= <ref name="20minutes">{{Web link|title=KashinK: "Fizikman grafiti trè difisil" |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111- 20140318-kashink -physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |dat=18 mas 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lyen Web|title==Rankontre ak Kashink, atis ki genre gratis - Kòmantè Emma Mercier kolekte |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site= www. artistikrezo.com |dat=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Web link|title = Rosa Parks fè miray la, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris 18th & 19th |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lyen Web |title=KASHINK anba INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www. linflux.com |dat= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Web link|title=Street Art: Kashink, atizay iben pou fanm, angajman yon atis flanbwayan |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/ 05/street-art -kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Web link|title = L'Art en Cave konbine travay yon atis kontanporen ak yon ansyen eksepsyonèl. Kashink trase style kolore ak trè grafik li soti nan orijin slav ak Panyòl li. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |sit = vin-saintchinian.shop |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lyen Web|tit = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |sit = www. station16editions.com |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Web link|title=KashinK: Street-Art: Kashink, tèt fò grafiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la -forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |sit=www.telerama.fr |konsilte sou=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Categorie:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] [[Kategori:Pwojè:Atis+Feminis/2016]] icvvevlnbuh442rejfm1ki77slkoiw6 889835 889834 2026-11-05T12:47:30Z Kitanago 19629 889835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] [[Fichye:1060 Capistranstiege - Street Art Mural IMG 1777.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Miral pa Kashink sou Capistrstiege, ki te kreye nan kad festival Calle Libre 2015 la]] [[Fichye:Capistranstiege mit Wandmalereien.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Capistranstiege nan Mariahilf, Vyèn]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans-|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{citation|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 ;* Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) ;* Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{dat-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{dat-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Carte blanche pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({ {dat-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tours, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tours]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb). 2021}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon .fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{dat-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan {{7yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Jen}} - {{dat-|Oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{Web link|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lyen Entènèt|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan {{10yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{dat-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{dat-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{dat-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}< /ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan {{17th | awondisman}} nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan {{18th}} ak {{19th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-| Oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=" hyperwall"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Fresko ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], [[rue Ordener]] nan {{18th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan {{13th|arwondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans|referans= <ref name="20minutes">{{Web link|title=KashinK: "Fizikman grafiti trè difisil" |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111- 20140318-kashink -physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |dat=18 mas 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lyen Web|title==Rankontre ak Kashink, atis ki genre gratis - Kòmantè Emma Mercier kolekte |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site= www. artistikrezo.com |dat=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Web link|title = Rosa Parks fè miray la, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris 18th & 19th |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lyen Web |title=KASHINK anba INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www. linflux.com |dat= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Web link|title=Street Art: Kashink, atizay iben pou fanm, angajman yon atis flanbwayan |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/ 05/street-art -kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Web link|title = L'Art en Cave konbine travay yon atis kontanporen ak yon ansyen eksepsyonèl. Kashink trase style kolore ak trè grafik li soti nan orijin slav ak Panyòl li. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |sit = vin-saintchinian.shop |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lyen Web|tit = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |sit = www. station16editions.com |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Web link|title=KashinK: Street-Art: Kashink, tèt fò grafiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la -forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |sit=www.telerama.fr |konsilte sou=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Categorie:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] [[Kategori:Pwojè:Atis+Feminis/2016]] b1apvhcx34jis07igm2ayy329psvk20 889836 889835 2026-11-05T12:47:53Z Kitanago 19629 889836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans-|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{citation|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 ;* Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) ;* Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{dat-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{dat-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Carte blanche pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({ {dat-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tours, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tours]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb). 2021}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon .fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{dat-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan {{7yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Jen}} - {{dat-|Oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{Web link|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lyen Entènèt|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan {{10yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{dat-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{dat-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{dat-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}< /ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan {{17th | awondisman}} nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan {{18th}} ak {{19th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-| Oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=" hyperwall"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Fresko ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], [[rue Ordener]] nan {{18th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan {{13th|arwondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans|referans= <ref name="20minutes">{{Web link|title=KashinK: "Fizikman grafiti trè difisil" |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111- 20140318-kashink -physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |dat=18 mas 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lyen Web|title==Rankontre ak Kashink, atis ki genre gratis - Kòmantè Emma Mercier kolekte |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site= www. artistikrezo.com |dat=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Web link|title = Rosa Parks fè miray la, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris 18th & 19th |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lyen Web |title=KASHINK anba INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www. linflux.com |dat= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Web link|title=Street Art: Kashink, atizay iben pou fanm, angajman yon atis flanbwayan |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/ 05/street-art -kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Web link|title = L'Art en Cave konbine travay yon atis kontanporen ak yon ansyen eksepsyonèl. Kashink trase style kolore ak trè grafik li soti nan orijin slav ak Panyòl li. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |sit = vin-saintchinian.shop |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lyen Web|tit = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |sit = www. station16editions.com |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Web link|title=KashinK: Street-Art: Kashink, tèt fò grafiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la -forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |sit=www.telerama.fr |konsilte sou=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Categorie:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] [[Kategori:Pwojè:Atis+Feminis/2016]] 8syyryt9bi8jrwtneyaxxsur4ocb6uu 889837 889836 2026-11-05T12:48:26Z Kitanago 19629 889837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{citation|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 ;* Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) ;* Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{dat-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{dat-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Carte blanche pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({ {dat-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tours, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tours]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb). 2021}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon .fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{dat-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan {{7yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Jen}} - {{dat-|Oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{Web link|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lyen Entènèt|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan {{10yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{dat-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{dat-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{dat-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}< /ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan {{17th | awondisman}} nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan {{18th}} ak {{19th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-| Oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=" hyperwall"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Fresko ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], [[rue Ordener]] nan {{18th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan {{13th|arwondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans|referans= <ref name="20minutes">{{Web link|title=KashinK: "Fizikman grafiti trè difisil" |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111- 20140318-kashink -physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |dat=18 mas 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lyen Web|title==Rankontre ak Kashink, atis ki genre gratis - Kòmantè Emma Mercier kolekte |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site= www. artistikrezo.com |dat=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Web link|title = Rosa Parks fè miray la, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris 18th & 19th |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lyen Web |title=KASHINK anba INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www. linflux.com |dat= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Web link|title=Street Art: Kashink, atizay iben pou fanm, angajman yon atis flanbwayan |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/ 05/street-art -kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Web link|title = L'Art en Cave konbine travay yon atis kontanporen ak yon ansyen eksepsyonèl. Kashink trase style kolore ak trè grafik li soti nan orijin slav ak Panyòl li. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |sit = vin-saintchinian.shop |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lyen Web|tit = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |sit = www. station16editions.com |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Web link|title=KashinK: Street-Art: Kashink, tèt fò grafiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la -forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |sit=www.telerama.fr |konsilte sou=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Categorie:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] [[Kategori:Pwojè:Atis+Feminis/2016]] 5a9c6g1p2vc5agrtfoin0qpyt6jdgzz 889838 889837 2026-11-05T12:49:14Z Kitanago 19629 889838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{sitasyon|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite}} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 ;* Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) ;* Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{dat-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{dat-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Carte blanche pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({ {dat-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tours, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tours]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb). 2021}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon .fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{dat-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan {{7yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Jen}} - {{dat-|Oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{Web link|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lyen Entènèt|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan {{10yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{dat-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{dat-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{dat-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}< /ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan {{17th | awondisman}} nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan {{18th}} ak {{19th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-| Oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=" hyperwall"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Fresko ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], [[rue Ordener]] nan {{18th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan {{13th|arwondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans|referans= <ref name="20minutes">{{Web link|title=KashinK: "Fizikman grafiti trè difisil" |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111- 20140318-kashink -physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |dat=18 mas 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lyen Web|title==Rankontre ak Kashink, atis ki genre gratis - Kòmantè Emma Mercier kolekte |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site= www. artistikrezo.com |dat=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Web link|title = Rosa Parks fè miray la, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris 18th & 19th |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lyen Web |title=KASHINK anba INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www. linflux.com |dat= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Web link|title=Street Art: Kashink, atizay iben pou fanm, angajman yon atis flanbwayan |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/ 05/street-art -kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Web link|title = L'Art en Cave konbine travay yon atis kontanporen ak yon ansyen eksepsyonèl. Kashink trase style kolore ak trè grafik li soti nan orijin slav ak Panyòl li. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |sit = vin-saintchinian.shop |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lyen Web|tit = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |sit = www. station16editions.com |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Web link|title=KashinK: Street-Art: Kashink, tèt fò grafiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la -forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |sit=www.telerama.fr |konsilte sou=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Categorie:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] [[Kategori:Pwojè:Atis+Feminis/2016]] mgjj3ju11kum8pt2c3pk47vz35su27r 889839 889838 2026-11-05T12:51:24Z Kitanago 19629 /* Lyen ekstèn */ 889839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{sitasyon|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite}} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 ;* Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) ;* Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{dat-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{dat-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Carte blanche pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({ {dat-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tours, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tours]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb). 2021}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon .fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{dat-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan {{7yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Jen}} - {{dat-|Oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{Web link|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lyen Entènèt|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan {{10yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{dat-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{dat-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{dat-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}< /ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan {{17th | awondisman}} nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan {{18th}} ak {{19th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-| Oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=" hyperwall"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Fresko ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], [[rue Ordener]] nan {{18th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan {{13th|arwondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans|referans= <ref name="20minutes">{{Web link|title=KashinK: "Fizikman grafiti trè difisil" |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111- 20140318-kashink -physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |dat=18 mas 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lyen Web|title==Rankontre ak Kashink, atis ki genre gratis - Kòmantè Emma Mercier kolekte |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site= www. artistikrezo.com |dat=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Web link|title = Rosa Parks fè miray la, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris 18th & 19th |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lyen Web |title=KASHINK anba INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www. linflux.com |dat= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Web link|title=Street Art: Kashink, atizay iben pou fanm, angajman yon atis flanbwayan |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/ 05/street-art -kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Web link|title = L'Art en Cave konbine travay yon atis kontanporen ak yon ansyen eksepsyonèl. Kashink trase style kolore ak trè grafik li soti nan orijin slav ak Panyòl li. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |sit = vin-saintchinian.shop |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lyen Web|tit = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |sit = www. station16editions.com |dat = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Web link|title=KashinK: Street-Art: Kashink, tèt fò grafiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la -forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |sit=www.telerama.fr |konsilte sou=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Kategori:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] 04auyyqg1bdjx0noe4r04fh7jnoib13 889840 889839 2026-11-05T12:53:19Z Kitanago 19629 889840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{sitasyon|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite}} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 ;* Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) ;* Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{dat-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{dat-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Carte blanche pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({ {dat-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tours, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tours]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb). 2021}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon .fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{dat-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan {{7yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Jen}} - {{dat-|Oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{Web link|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lyen Entènèt|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan {{10yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{dat-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{dat-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{dat-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}< /ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan {{17th | awondisman}} nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan {{18th}} ak {{19th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-| Oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=" hyperwall"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Fresko ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], [[rue Ordener]] nan {{18th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan {{13th|arwondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == <ref name="20minutes">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « Physiquement le graff c'est très dur » |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111-20140318-kashink-physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |date=18 mars 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lien web|titre=Rencontre avec Kashink, l’artiste au genre libre - Propos recueillis par Emma Mercier |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site=www.artistikrezo.com |date=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Lien web|titre = Rosa Parks fait le mur, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris {{18e}} & {{19e}} |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |date = Mardi 26 janvier 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lien web |titre=KASHINK sous INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www.linflux.com |date= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Lien web|titre=Street Art : Kashink, l'art urbain au féminin, l'engagement d'une artiste flamboyante |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/05/street-art-kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Lien web|titre = L'Art en Cave associe l’œuvre d'un artiste contemporain et une cuvée d’exception. Kashink puise son style coloré et très graphique dans ses origines slaves et hispaniques. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |site = vin-saintchinian.shop |date = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lien web|titre = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |site = www.station16editions.com |date = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : Street-Art : Kashink, la forte tête du graffiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la-forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |site=www.telerama.fr |consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Kategori:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] qlasdgoie6xs8u6z6345gt8wmn6quko 889841 889840 2026-11-05T12:54:23Z Kitanago 19629 889841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{sitasyon|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite}} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 ;* Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) ;* Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{dat-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{dat-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Carte blanche pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({ {dat-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tours, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tours]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb). 2021}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon .fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{dat-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan {{7yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Jen}} - {{dat-|Oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{Web link|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lyen Entènèt|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan {{10yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{dat-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{dat-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{dat-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}< /ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan {{17th | awondisman}} nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan {{18th}} ak {{19th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-| Oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=" hyperwall"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Fresko ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], [[rue Ordener]] nan {{18th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan {{13th|arwondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Références|références= <ref name="20minutes">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « Physiquement le graff c'est très dur » |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111-20140318-kashink-physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |date=18 mars 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lien web|titre=Rencontre avec Kashink, l’artiste au genre libre - Propos recueillis par Emma Mercier |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site=www.artistikrezo.com |date=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Lien web|titre = Rosa Parks fait le mur, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris {{18e}} & {{19e}} |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |date = Mardi 26 janvier 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lien web |titre=KASHINK sous INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www.linflux.com |date= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Lien web|titre=Street Art : Kashink, l'art urbain au féminin, l'engagement d'une artiste flamboyante |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/05/street-art-kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Lien web|titre = L'Art en Cave associe l’œuvre d'un artiste contemporain et une cuvée d’exception. Kashink puise son style coloré et très graphique dans ses origines slaves et hispaniques. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |site = vin-saintchinian.shop |date = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lien web|titre = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |site = www.station16editions.com |date = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : Street-Art : Kashink, la forte tête du graffiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la-forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |site=www.telerama.fr |consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Kategori:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] avg13niqijjli1u166a8o3jzj3o1kqt 889842 889841 2026-11-05T13:00:16Z Kitanago 19629 /* Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè */ 889842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{sitasyon|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite}} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 ;* Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) ;* Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{date-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{dat-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Carte blanche pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{date-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tou, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tou]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lien web|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb). 2021}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon .fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{date-|Oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{date-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan 7yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{date-|Jen}} - {{date-|Oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{lien web|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan 10yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{date-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{date-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{date-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}< /ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan 17e awondisman nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan 18e ak 19e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|Oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=" hyperwall"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Fresko ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], [[rue Ordener]] nan {{18th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan {{13th|arwondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Références|références= <ref name="20minutes">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « Physiquement le graff c'est très dur » |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111-20140318-kashink-physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |date=18 mars 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lien web|titre=Rencontre avec Kashink, l’artiste au genre libre - Propos recueillis par Emma Mercier |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site=www.artistikrezo.com |date=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Lien web|titre = Rosa Parks fait le mur, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris {{18e}} & {{19e}} |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |date = Mardi 26 janvier 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lien web |titre=KASHINK sous INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www.linflux.com |date= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Lien web|titre=Street Art : Kashink, l'art urbain au féminin, l'engagement d'une artiste flamboyante |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/05/street-art-kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Lien web|titre = L'Art en Cave associe l’œuvre d'un artiste contemporain et une cuvée d’exception. Kashink puise son style coloré et très graphique dans ses origines slaves et hispaniques. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |site = vin-saintchinian.shop |date = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lien web|titre = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |site = www.station16editions.com |date = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : Street-Art : Kashink, la forte tête du graffiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la-forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |site=www.telerama.fr |consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Kategori:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] e1jhbicyp3rn1hya3wrha61mkpn0r8g 889843 889842 2026-11-05T13:04:34Z Kitanago 19629 /* Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè */ 889843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{sitasyon|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite}} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 * Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) * Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{date-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{date-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Kat blanch pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tou, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tou]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lien web|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb 2021}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{date-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan 7yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|Jen}} - {{date-|oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{lien web|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan 10yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{date-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{date-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{date-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}< /ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan 17e awondisman nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan 18e ak 19e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|Oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=" hyperwall"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Fresko ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], [[rue Ordener]] nan {{18th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan {{13th|arwondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Références|références= <ref name="20minutes">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « Physiquement le graff c'est très dur » |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111-20140318-kashink-physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |date=18 mars 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lien web|titre=Rencontre avec Kashink, l’artiste au genre libre - Propos recueillis par Emma Mercier |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site=www.artistikrezo.com |date=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Lien web|titre = Rosa Parks fait le mur, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris {{18e}} & {{19e}} |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |date = Mardi 26 janvier 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lien web |titre=KASHINK sous INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www.linflux.com |date= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Lien web|titre=Street Art : Kashink, l'art urbain au féminin, l'engagement d'une artiste flamboyante |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/05/street-art-kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Lien web|titre = L'Art en Cave associe l’œuvre d'un artiste contemporain et une cuvée d’exception. Kashink puise son style coloré et très graphique dans ses origines slaves et hispaniques. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |site = vin-saintchinian.shop |date = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lien web|titre = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |site = www.station16editions.com |date = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : Street-Art : Kashink, la forte tête du graffiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la-forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |site=www.telerama.fr |consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Kategori:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] ep9182rgejitla66ruf6bqujki9rv26 889844 889843 2026-11-05T13:07:48Z Kitanago 19629 /* Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè */ 889844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{sitasyon|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite}} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 * Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) * Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{date-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{date-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Kat blanch pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tou, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tou]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lien web|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb 2021}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{date-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan 7yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|Jen}} - {{date-|oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{lien web|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan 10yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{date-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{date-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{date-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}< /ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan 17e awondisman nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan 18e ak 19e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=" hyperwall"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Frèsk ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], ri Ordener]] nan 18e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan 13e arwondisman Pari ({{date-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Références|références= <ref name="20minutes">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « Physiquement le graff c'est très dur » |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111-20140318-kashink-physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |date=18 mars 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lien web|titre=Rencontre avec Kashink, l’artiste au genre libre - Propos recueillis par Emma Mercier |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site=www.artistikrezo.com |date=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Lien web|titre = Rosa Parks fait le mur, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris {{18e}} & {{19e}} |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |date = Mardi 26 janvier 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lien web |titre=KASHINK sous INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www.linflux.com |date= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Lien web|titre=Street Art : Kashink, l'art urbain au féminin, l'engagement d'une artiste flamboyante |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/05/street-art-kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Lien web|titre = L'Art en Cave associe l’œuvre d'un artiste contemporain et une cuvée d’exception. Kashink puise son style coloré et très graphique dans ses origines slaves et hispaniques. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |site = vin-saintchinian.shop |date = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lien web|titre = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |site = www.station16editions.com |date = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : Street-Art : Kashink, la forte tête du graffiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la-forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |site=www.telerama.fr |consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Kategori:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] d3t47d04tu80ewz0c45eyvaguiq5e6n 889845 889844 2026-11-05T13:11:12Z Kitanago 19629 /* Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè */ 889845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{sitasyon|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite}} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}< /ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Web link|title. = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo - royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 * Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) * Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{date-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{date-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Kat blanch pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tou, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tou]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lien web|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb 2021}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{date-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan 7yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|Jen}} - {{date-|oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{lien web|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan 10yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{date-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{date-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{date-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}</ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan 17e awondisman nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan 18e ak 19e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="hypermur"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Frèsk ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], ri Ordener]] nan 18e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan 13e arwondisman Pari ({{date-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Références|références= <ref name="20minutes">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « Physiquement le graff c'est très dur » |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111-20140318-kashink-physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |date=18 mars 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lien web|titre=Rencontre avec Kashink, l’artiste au genre libre - Propos recueillis par Emma Mercier |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site=www.artistikrezo.com |date=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Lien web|titre = Rosa Parks fait le mur, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris {{18e}} & {{19e}} |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |date = Mardi 26 janvier 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lien web |titre=KASHINK sous INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www.linflux.com |date= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Lien web|titre=Street Art : Kashink, l'art urbain au féminin, l'engagement d'une artiste flamboyante |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/05/street-art-kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Lien web|titre = L'Art en Cave associe l’œuvre d'un artiste contemporain et une cuvée d’exception. Kashink puise son style coloré et très graphique dans ses origines slaves et hispaniques. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |site = vin-saintchinian.shop |date = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lien web|titre = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |site = www.station16editions.com |date = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : Street-Art : Kashink, la forte tête du graffiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la-forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |site=www.telerama.fr |consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Kategori:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] dipmwmstwzaugk7aayk35dno6dcozuf 889846 889845 2026-11-05T13:17:19Z Kitanago 19629 /* Biyografi */ 889846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{sitasyon|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite}} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}</ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Lien web|title = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{lien web|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo-royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 * Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) * Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{date-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{date-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Kat blanch pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tou, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tou]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lien web|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb 2021}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{date-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan 7yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|Jen}} - {{date-|oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{lien web|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan 10yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{date-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{date-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{date-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}</ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan 17e awondisman nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan 18e ak 19e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien Web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="hypermur"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Frèsk ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], ri Ordener]] nan 18e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan 13e arwondisman Pari ({{date-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Références|références= <ref name="20minutes">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « Physiquement le graff c'est très dur » |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111-20140318-kashink-physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |date=18 mars 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lien web|titre=Rencontre avec Kashink, l’artiste au genre libre - Propos recueillis par Emma Mercier |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site=www.artistikrezo.com |date=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Lien web|titre = Rosa Parks fait le mur, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris {{18e}} & {{19e}} |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |date = Mardi 26 janvier 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lien web |titre=KASHINK sous INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www.linflux.com |date= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Lien web|titre=Street Art : Kashink, l'art urbain au féminin, l'engagement d'une artiste flamboyante |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/05/street-art-kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Lien web|titre = L'Art en Cave associe l’œuvre d'un artiste contemporain et une cuvée d’exception. Kashink puise son style coloré et très graphique dans ses origines slaves et hispaniques. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |site = vin-saintchinian.shop |date = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lien web|titre = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |site = www.station16editions.com |date = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : Street-Art : Kashink, la forte tête du graffiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la-forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |site=www.telerama.fr |consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Kategori:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] m0wg83n47akn9n1je64d8a8p7gohwve 889847 889846 2026-11-05T13:18:00Z Kitanago 19629 /* Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè */ 889847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{sitasyon|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite}} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}</ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Lien web|title = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{lien web|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo-royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 * Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) * Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{date-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{date-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Kat blanch pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tou, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tou]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lien web|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb 2021}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{date-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan 7yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|Jen}} - {{date-|oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{lien web|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan 10yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{date-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{date-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{date-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}</ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan 17e awondisman nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan 18e ak 19e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="hypermur"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Frèsk ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], ri Ordener]] nan 18e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan 13e arwondisman Pari ({{date-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})< ref >{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com } }</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Link web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Références|références= <ref name="20minutes">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « Physiquement le graff c'est très dur » |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111-20140318-kashink-physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |date=18 mars 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lien web|titre=Rencontre avec Kashink, l’artiste au genre libre - Propos recueillis par Emma Mercier |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site=www.artistikrezo.com |date=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Lien web|titre = Rosa Parks fait le mur, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris {{18e}} & {{19e}} |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |date = Mardi 26 janvier 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lien web |titre=KASHINK sous INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www.linflux.com |date= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Lien web|titre=Street Art : Kashink, l'art urbain au féminin, l'engagement d'une artiste flamboyante |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/05/street-art-kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Lien web|titre = L'Art en Cave associe l’œuvre d'un artiste contemporain et une cuvée d’exception. Kashink puise son style coloré et très graphique dans ses origines slaves et hispaniques. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |site = vin-saintchinian.shop |date = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lien web|titre = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |site = www.station16editions.com |date = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : Street-Art : Kashink, la forte tête du graffiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la-forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |site=www.telerama.fr |consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Kategori:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] kx8lu3izngffra20pd8lr9sixvbbu2e 889848 889847 2026-11-05T13:19:16Z Kitanago 19629 /* Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè */ 889848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{sitasyon|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite}} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}</ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Lien web|title = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{lien web|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo-royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 * Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) * Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{date-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{date-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Kat blanch pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tou, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tou]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lien web|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb 2021}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{date-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan 7yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|Jen}} - {{date-|oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{lien web|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan 10yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{date-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{date-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{date-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}</ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan 17e awondisman nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan 18e ak 19e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="hypermur"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Frèsk ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], ri Ordener]] nan 18e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan 13e arwondisman Pari ({{date-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{dat-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan 17yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com }}</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Références|références= <ref name="20minutes">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « Physiquement le graff c'est très dur » |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111-20140318-kashink-physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |date=18 mars 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lien web|titre=Rencontre avec Kashink, l’artiste au genre libre - Propos recueillis par Emma Mercier |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site=www.artistikrezo.com |date=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Lien web|titre = Rosa Parks fait le mur, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris {{18e}} & {{19e}} |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |date = Mardi 26 janvier 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lien web |titre=KASHINK sous INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www.linflux.com |date= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Lien web|titre=Street Art : Kashink, l'art urbain au féminin, l'engagement d'une artiste flamboyante |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/05/street-art-kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Lien web|titre = L'Art en Cave associe l’œuvre d'un artiste contemporain et une cuvée d’exception. Kashink puise son style coloré et très graphique dans ses origines slaves et hispaniques. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |site = vin-saintchinian.shop |date = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lien web|titre = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |site = www.station16editions.com |date = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : Street-Art : Kashink, la forte tête du graffiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la-forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |site=www.telerama.fr |consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Kategori:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] klntk7zvay0yp3vy19y2vy1c8s8s8wf 889849 889848 2026-11-05T13:20:06Z Kitanago 19629 /* Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè */ 889849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{sitasyon|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite}} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}</ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Lien web|title = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{lien web|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo-royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 * Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) * Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{date-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{date-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Kat blanch pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tou, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tou]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lien web|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb 2021}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{date-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan 7yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|Jen}} - {{date-|oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{lien web|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan 10yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{date-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{date-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{date-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}</ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan 17e awondisman nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan 18e ak 19e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="hypermur"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Frèsk ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], ri Ordener]] nan 18e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan 13e arwondisman Pari ({{date-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lien web|titre = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan 17yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com }}</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Références|références= <ref name="20minutes">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « Physiquement le graff c'est très dur » |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111-20140318-kashink-physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |date=18 mars 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lien web|titre=Rencontre avec Kashink, l’artiste au genre libre - Propos recueillis par Emma Mercier |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site=www.artistikrezo.com |date=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Lien web|titre = Rosa Parks fait le mur, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris {{18e}} & {{19e}} |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |date = Mardi 26 janvier 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lien web |titre=KASHINK sous INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www.linflux.com |date= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Lien web|titre=Street Art : Kashink, l'art urbain au féminin, l'engagement d'une artiste flamboyante |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/05/street-art-kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Lien web|titre = L'Art en Cave associe l’œuvre d'un artiste contemporain et une cuvée d’exception. Kashink puise son style coloré et très graphique dans ses origines slaves et hispaniques. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |site = vin-saintchinian.shop |date = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lien web|titre = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |site = www.station16editions.com |date = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : Street-Art : Kashink, la forte tête du graffiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la-forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |site=www.telerama.fr |consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Kategori:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori: pent 21yèm syèk la]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] kyzve6wpiql9f2qm8o8usmqsw4nt69b 889855 889849 2026-11-05T13:42:18Z Kitanago 19629 /* Lyen ekstèn */ 889855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2 | charte = peintre |lejand=Kashink (2026) | dat nesans = {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} | lye nesans = [[Alès]] | mouvman = Pòpa }} [[Fichye:Street art discovery (24547689273).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Street art pa Kashink, rue Saint-Maur, Paris 11]] '''Kashink''', ki ti non '''Maëva Martinez''', fèt {{dat nesans|24 janvye 1981}} nan [[Alès]], se yon [[atis grafiti]], [[ Atizay iben franse|atis lari]] ak mizisyen<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, ki gen orijin slav ak panyòl<ref name="parisladouce"/>. Ti non li se yon onomatope ki soti nan mond komik<ref name="20minutes"/>. Depi 2013, li te rekonèt grasa moustach mens li trase ak kreyon<ref>{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « J'aime brouiller les pistes » {{!}} street-art {{!}} art {{!}} Artistik Rezo, agitateur de vie culturelle|url=http://www.artistikrezo.com/art/street-art/kashink-qjaime-brouiller-les-pistesq.html|site=www.artistikrezo.com|consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="parisladouce"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>{{,}}<ref name="artistikrezo"/>, li konsidere tèt li yon atis lari aktivis, {{sitasyon|Objektif apwòch mwen an, kit se atistik oswa pèsonèl, se selebre divèsite limanite}} <ref name=" parisladouce"/>. == Biyografi == Kashink okòmansman te vle vin yon atis tatoo. Apre li fin itilize avek stickers son, li te kòmanse bonbadman e li te pran miray ranpa nan lari an 2006. Li pa t swiv okenn fòmasyon atistik, men li te konplete fòmasyon granmoun kòm yon pent peyizaj pou montre ant lòt moun. Li travay san yo pa fè desen anvan epi li sèvi ak diferan teknik ki soti nan enstalasyon rive nan seramik<ref>{{Web link|title = Le “Paris Chéri-e” by Kashink |url = https://billetsdemissacacia.com/2015/ 12/20/ le-paris-cheri-e-de-kashink/ |sit = volsdemissacacia.com|date = 20 desanm 2015}}</ref>, atravè foto a<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis Kashink la montre li foto |url = https://www.midilibre.fr/2020/10/25/lartiste-kashink-expose-ses-photographies-9161741.php |sit = www.midilibre.fr |dat = 25/10/2020} }</ref>, oswa videyo a. Li ap viv nan Pari. Li trete tèm angaje<ref name="beauxarts">{{Web link|title = Street art: accounts to follow - Pa Charlotte Ullmann |url = https://www.beauxarts.com/lifestyle/street-art-les -10-comptes-a-suivre/ |sit = www.beauxarts.com |dat = 23 me 2017}}</ref>, li travay pou plizyè asosyasyon tankou [[La Voix de l'enfant|La Voix de l'Enfant]], [[Act Up-Paris|Act up]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal: 2, Kashing |url = https: //vitrycitygraffiti. wordpress.com/2012/01/19/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes-urbains-pour-legalite-des-droits-2-kashing/ |sit = vitrycitygraffiti.wordpress.com |dat = 19 janvye, 2012}}</ref> ak [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]]<ref>{{Web link|title = Street Art rann omaj bay Emmaüs |url = https://www.maquis-art.com /News-2893 -Le-Street-Art-rend-hommage-Ue-EmmaU%EF%BF%BDs-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |sit = www.maquis-art.com |dat = 29 janvye 2013 }}</ref>. Youn nan pwojè li yo, ''50 gato masisi''<ref name="telerama"/>, te kòmanse an 2012, pandan premye manifestasyon kont [[Maryaj moun menm sèks an Frans|maryaj pou tout moun]] nan Pari, kontra. ak sijè a nan maryaj omoseksyèl, atis la trase fresk gato nan [[maryaj masisi]] ​​nan tout mond lan<ref name="station16editions"/> epi li konplètman angaje kont [[omofobi]] . An 2015, li te patisipe nan pwojè ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', nan non valè batay kont diskriminasyon, egalite ak lapè ki asosye ak figi [[Rosa Parks]], yon fresk prèske 500 mèt longè te kreye [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] ant oktòb ak desanm, kolaborasyon ak rezidan yo ak senk atis: Kashink (Pari), Zepha (Toulouse), Katjastroph (Nantes), {{link|language =pt| Bastardilla}} (Bogota) ak [[Tatyana Fazlalizadeh]] (New York)<ref name="hypermur"/>{{,}}<ref name="telerama"/>. Li travay tou ak mak, K pa [[Kronenbourg]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, [[Converse (shoe)|Converse]]<ref name="20minutes"/>, l'Art en Cave, Cellar nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]]<ref name="saintchinian"/>. An 2014, yon atik Priscilla Frank (art ak kilti - [[HuffPost]]) ki gen tit ''10 fanm atis nan lari ki pi bon pase Banksy'' te mete l nan tèt lis la<ref>{{Lien web|title = 10 Fi Street Atis ki pi bon pase Banksy |url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/female-street-artists_n_5759430 |sit = www.huffpost.com |dat = 4 septanm 2014}}</ref>. === Sous enspirasyon === Linivè kolore li konekte li ak atis tankou [[Fernando Botero]]<ref name="linflux"/> oswa [[Gilbert & George|Gilbert and George]]<ref name="linflux"/>. Figi pwoteje li yo evoke grafik Meksiken ak koulè varye li yo<ref name="beauxarts"/>. Orijin slav ak Panyòl li, ak enterè li nan [[Pop Art|Pop Art]] ak ilistrasyon naratif bay zèv li yo yon ton rich. Li tou tire enspirasyon li nan tradisyon an nan mask prezan sou tout kontinan<ref>{{lien web|title = Kashink |url = https://www.agglo-royan.fr/-/kashink |site = www.agglo-royan.fr |dat = }}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink |url = https://www.peinturefraichefestival.fr/artistes-2022/kashink/ |sit = www.peinturefraichefestival.fr |dat = }}</ref>. Style li ak lefèt ke li mete yon moustach tou fè eko karaktè nan [[Frida Kahlo]]<ref name="linflux"/>. == Ekspozisyon, evènman ak pwojè == ;2024 * Entèvansyon ak kreyasyon yon fresko nan kolèj SOLIGNAC nan STRASBOURG (8 ak 9 janvye) * Entèvansyon nan STOCKFELD College (11 ak 12 janvye) ;2022 * ''Kapital (yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari'', egzibisyon kolektif, [[Paris City Hall|Hotel de Ville]] nan Paris ({{date-|15 oktòb 2022}} - { {dat -|11 fevriye 2023}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Egzibisyon CAPITALE(S) la mete atizay iben an nan dokiman Pwen Enpòtan |url = https://www.paris.fr/evenements/capitale-s- 60-ans-d-art-urbain-a-paris-25905|sit = www.paris.fr|date = 2022}}</ref> * Festival Peinture Fraîche, Halle Debourg nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|12 oktòb}} - {{date-|6 novanm 2022}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink: "Mwen mwen se yon utopi ki revòlte » |url = https://www.petit-bulletin.fr/lyon/article-72537-Kashink+++++je+suis+une+utopiste+revoltee++.html |site = www.petit- bilten .fr|date = Mèkredi 5 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * Kat blanch pou [[La Flèche d'or (Paris)|Flèche d'Or]], nan kad [[LGBTQ Pride Month|mwa fyète]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|22 jen 2022}}) ;2021 * [[TEDx]] Tou, konferans ''Kouman mwen dekonstwi idantite mwen pou m dekouvri li pi byen'', Grand Théatre, [[Tou]], Indre-et-Loire ({{date-|26 oktòb 2021}} ) <ref>{{Lien web|tit = TEDxTours |url = https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/47697 |sit = www.ted.com |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Egzibisyon ''À corps et à cris'', konferans ak penti viv nan sal bibliyotèk [[La Part-Dieu|Part-Dieu]] nan [[Lyon]] ({{date-|5 oktòb 2021}})<ref>{{Lien web|tit = Kashink, atis aktivis |url = https://www.bm-lyon.fr/spip.php?page=video&id_video=1245 |sit = www.bm-lyon.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=rD5GdTvxQg4 |tit=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} * Fresko sou fasad bibliyotèk Louise Michel, [[rue des Haies]], nan 20yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2021}}) * Phew Ekspozisyon! Fresk sou Vaisseau 3008, rue de l'Hôtel Dieu nan [[Nîmes]] ({{date-|septanm 2021}}) * ''Les Amazones'', egzibisyon kolektif 100% fi ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos, Fluctuart, nan 7yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|Jen}} - {{date-|oktòb 2021}} )<ref>{{lien web|title = Fluctuart inogire nouvo espas ki louvri li a ak yon ekspozisyon inik ak 100% Rezèv tanpon fanm ki òganize pa Agathae Montecinos. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/les-amazones-une-exposition-dart-urbain-100-feminine/ |site = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref>, kòm yon pati nan ouvèti egzibisyon sa a atis Kashink pran ren Fluctuart pou yon sware<ref>{{Web link|title = Nan kad ouvèti egzibisyon "Les Amazones", atis KASHINK pran ren (sic) Fluctuart pou yon aswè madi 29 jen. |url = https://fluctuart.fr/event/kashink-prend-les-reines-%E2%94%82performance-dj-set/ |sit = fluctuart.fr |dat = 2021}}</ref> * Sou 27 Pantin, ''Pa gen jistis, pa gen lapè'', ri Auger nan [[Pantin]] ({{date-|Jen 2021}}) ;2020 * Fresko nan kad festival MI.A.O.U. (Mize Entèkominital nan Atizay Ouvè ak Iben), ri Victor Hugo nan [[Bessèges]] ({{date-|Jiyè 2020}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = MI.A.O.U. travay nou yo |url = https://miaouencevennes.fr/index.php/blog/ |sit = miaouencevennes.fr |dat = }}</ref> * Mi [[rui Jacques-Louvel-Tessier]] nan 10yèm awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|jiyè 2020}}) ;2019 * Kashink nan La Grande Borne, frèsk sou fasad mi rue de l'Ellipse ak ri Dédale nan [[la Grande Borne|vil la Grande Borne]], [[Grigny (Essonne)|Grigny]] ( {{date-|19 novanm}} - {{dat-|1 desanm 2019}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Kashink nan La Grande Borne! |url = http://lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com/2019/10/kashink-bientot-la-grande-borne.html |sit = lacroiseedescheminsgrigny.blogspot.com |dat = oktòb re 2019}}</ref> * Le Mur, espas pou ekspresyon atistik nan rue Saint-Michel nan [[Épinal]] ({{date-|Novanm 2019}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Atis lari a ki gen moustach Kashink retire la mask - Pa Sabine LESUR |url = https://www.vosgesmatin.fr/edition-d-epinal/2019/11/07/la-street-artiste-a-moustache-kashink-tombe-le-masque |site = www .vosgesmatin.fr |dat = Novanm 2019}}</ref> * ''Bouge'' Festival, fresk nan lokal distri Penhoët, [[Saint-Nazaire]] ({{dat-|Jen 2019}}) * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2019'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] ak atis Thai Muebon, nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Me 2019} } ) ;2018 * Superchief Gallery NY, egzibisyon an gwoup, [[New York]] (Etazini) ({{date-|27 jiyè}} - {{dat-|16 out 2018}}) * Penti iben atravè mond lan, Penti vivan nan Monako, [[Port Hercule]], [[Monaco]] ({{date-|18 jiyè}} - {{date-|20 jiyè 2018}}) * ''Maison des arts - sant atizay kontanporen Malakoff'', deyò miray yo, Gymnase Jacques Duclos, plas de la République, ak La Ressourcerie, ri Raymond Fassin, [[Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine)|Malakoff ]] ({{dat-|1 me}} - {{dat-|30 jen 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = kashink soti nan 05/01/2018 a 06/30/2018 |url = https ://maisondesarts.malakoff.fr/5-168/fiche/kashink.htm |sit = maisondesarts.malakoff.fr |date= }}</ref> * ''FestiWall au fil de l'Ourcq 2018'', fresko [[quai de la Loire]] nan {{19yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Me 2018}}) * Sou bò [[Printemps de Bourges]], fresko sou ansyen sant kiltirèl Bourges, omaj bay fanm ak Brigitte Fontaine ({{date-|Avril 2018}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt| title = A travay atizay lari ki te kreye sou bò liy Printemps sou ansyen Maison de la culture |url =https://www.leberry.fr/bourges-18000/loisirs/une-uvre-de-street-art-creee -en- marge-du-printemps-sur-l-ancien-maison-de-la-culture_12826668/ |sit = www.leberry.fr |date=26/04/2018 }}</ref>{{,}} <ref> {{Web link|title = Printemps de Bourges: atis lari Kashink selebre Fanm nan sou miray ansyen MCB a |url =https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/centre-val-de- loire/cher/bourges /printemps-bourges-street-artiste-kashink-famous-woman-wall-ancient-mcb-1465767.html |sit =france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr |date= 26/04/2018 }}</ref> ;2017 *Carte blanche pou mete aksan sou egzibisyon ''Women House'' nan [[musee de la Monnaie de Paris]] ({{date-|Septanm 2017}})<nowiki><ref></nowiki>{{Web link|title = Women House at the Monnaie de Paris |url =https://www.france.fr/fr/maintenant-en-france/women-house-coin-paris |sit = www.france.fr |dat=5 septanm 2017 }} </ref> *Kav nan [[Saint-Chinian (AOC)|Saint-Chinian]], L'Art en cave pwojè, Kashink vintage, travay sou yon etikèt diven ak frèsk nan kav la (ete {{dat-|2017}}) < non ref = "saintchinian" /> ;2016 *''Slow down Street art'', Palisade nan sit renovasyon [[Musée de La Poste (Paris)|Musée de La Poste]] ({{dat-|Novanm 2016}} - {{dat-|Janvye 22, 2017 }}) *Beantatuz 2016, festival entènasyonal atizay lari, [[Tolosa (Guipuscoa)|Tolosa]] ([[Panyòl Basque Country]]) (ete {{dat-|avril 2016}}) *Egzibisyon endividi [[land art]] nan jaden asosyasyon La Clef nan [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] ({{date-|Me 2016}})<ref>{{Web link| title = Nan jaden etonan Kashink |url =https://www.leparisien.fr/yvelines-78/dans-le-jardin-de-l-etonnante-kashink-21-05-2016-5815143.php |sit = www.leparisien.fr |date=21 me 2016}}</ref> * ''Totèm'', Totèm kolektif Osaro, kare devan [[Palais la Porte-Dorée]] ({{dat-|24}} ak {{dat-|27 mas 2016}} ) * [[Stade de France Station - Saint-Denis]], ak atis Bèlj Djamel Oulkadi, Quai 36 an patenarya ak [[SNCF Gares & Connexions]], [[Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis)| Saint- Denis]] ({{date-|2016}}) {{YouTube |id=Ix0Th8OKEDc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non }} ;2015 * ''Paris Chéri-e'', montre ak enstalasyon andedan ak deyò [[L'Européen|théâtre de l'Europeen]], [[place de Clichy]], nan 17e awondisman nan Pari. ({{date-|19}} ak {{date-|20 desanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Kashink deklare lanmou li pou Paris nan Paris Chéri-e |url = https:// www.cultures-urbaines.fr/kashink-declare-son-amour-paris-cheri-e-street-art/ |site = www.cultures-urbaines.fr }}</ref> * ''Rosa Parks fè miray la'', fresko prèske 500 mèt longè, [[rue d'Aubervilliers]] nan 18e ak 19e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|oktòb 2015}} - {{date-|Novanm 2015}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Rankont Kashink, atis lari pou fresko Rosa Parks li |url = https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/ podcasts /les-carnets-de-la-creation/kashink-street-artiste-5476337 |sit = www.radiofrance.fr |dat = Madi 26 janvye 2016}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="hypermur"/> * Festival ''Art'Magnac'', miray ak atis Jone, [[Eauze]] ({{dat-|Avril 2015}}) * Women's Forum Street Art Project, Pèfòmans an dirèk nan Pari le 17 Mas nan okazyon [[Joune Entènasyonal ale nan dwa fanm]] ({{dat-|17 mas 2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|title = Women's Forum Street Art Project - Pèfòmans an dirèk pa atis lari Kashink nan Pari le 17 mas! |url = https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/actualites/article/women-s-forum-street-art-project-live-performance-de-la-street-artist-kashink-a-paris-le-17 -mars_51604.html |sit = www.huffingtonpost.fr |dat=8 mas 2015}}</ref> * Frèsk ''Kò mwen, dwa mwen'' pou [[Amnisti Entènasyonal]] nan stil ''[[La Grande Odalisque]]'' pa [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres]], ri Ordener]] nan 18e awondisman nan Pari ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen entènèt|tit = Atizay lari ki defye sitiyasyon an sou sèks ak seksyalite |url = https:// www.amnesty.org/fr/latest/campaigns/2015/09/street-art-that-defies-the-status-quo-on-gender-and-sexuality/ |sit = www.amnesty.org |dat = septanm 3, 2015}}</ref> * Nan kad fresko festival Chromatic Paris sou miray École Vandrezanne nan 13e arwondisman Pari ({{date-|2015}}) ;2014 * M.U.R., [[Les Chartrons|Distrik Chartrons]] nan [[Bòdo]] ({{dat-|Desanm 2014}}) {{YouTube |id=fV05cItXOGo |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non | presizyon =non }} * ''OUTSIDE/INSIDE'', egzibisyon solo, Miami Art Basel, [[Miami]] ({{date-|2014}})<ref>{{Web link|title = kashinks, solo montre deyò anndan pou art basel 14 |url = http://www.tidemiami.com/blog/kashinks-solo-show-outsideinside-for-art-basel-14 |site = www.tidemiami.com |langue=en |dat=10 desanm 2014 } }</ref> * Festival K-Live, [[Sète]] ({{date-|2014}}), ki gen ladann yon fresk nan omaj bay chantè a [[Édith Piaf]] * Kabin nan [[Piscine Molitor]], Paris ({{dat-|2014}})<ref>{{Lyen web|tit = Molitor, teritwa atis depi 1989 |url = https://www.molitorparis .com /fr/art/galerie-art/ |sit = molitorparis.com}}</ref> * Frèsk, youn ak atis grafiti Kastr ak Klone, yon lòt ak Christine Herzer, omaj pou sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', bilding [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs. ]], Boulevard Louis Armand nan [[Neuilly-Plaisance]] ({{dat-|2014}}) * Omaj pou [[Zoo Project]] ([[Bilal Berreni]]), pitit nan katye a ki te mouri an 2013, [[ru Saint-Blaise]] tou pre tan kap vini [[plas Bilal-Berreni]], ak Bault, BZT22, Koleo ({{dat-|2014}}) ;2013 * Miami Art Basel, Wynwood Walls, [[Miami]] ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Kashink |url = https:// thewynwoodwalls .com/artists/kashnik/ |sit = thewynwoodwalls.com |language=en }}</ref> * ''Women on the walls'', egzibisyon Jeffrey Deitch te òganize pandan Art Basel, Miami ([[Etazini]]) ({{date-|2013}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink | url = https://www.1831artgallery.com/kashink/ |sit = www.1831artgallery.com }}</ref> * Fresko an omaj a sizyèm anivèsè lanmò [[Abbé Pierre]] nan kad ''Abbé Road'', sit [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs]], avni Paul Doumer nan [[Neuilly -Plaisance]] ({{dat-|Me 2013}}) ;2012 * Byenal atizay kontanporen nan [[Le Havre|Havre]] ({{date-|28 septanm 2012}} - {{date-|15 me 2013}})<ref>{{Lien web|titre = Bienal d art kontanporen nan Le Havre |url = https://www.maquis-art.com/News-2146-Biennale-d-art-contemporain-au-Havre-Graffiti-Tag-Street-Art.html |site = www .maquis-art.com }}</ref> * [[Le MUR|Le Mur Oberkampf]], Pari ({{date-|Septanm 2012}})<ref>{{Lyen web|title = Kashink @ le MUR - Pa Céline |url = http://frenchiesinparis. over-blog.com/article-kashink-le-mur-oberkampf-110414048.html |sit = frenchiesinparis.over-blog.com |dat = septanm 2012}}</ref> * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} evènman atizay lari an Out 2011 la repete an 2012, toujou sou 7 jou, nan [[Bristol ( Wayòm Ini) |Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), toujou alantou Nelson Street ({{dat-|Out 2012}}) * Lansman pwojè ''50 gato masisi'' ({{date-|Desanm 2012}})<ref name="telerama"/>, plis pase 300 gato ki pentire, an Frans ak nan anpil vil atravè mond lan, Los Angeles, Miami, Vyèn, Atèn, Bèlen, Estoni, Maròk, Grann Bretay, Monreyal<ref name="station16editions"/> * ''Kashink - Paganism'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie Ligne 13 nan 17yèm awondisman Pari ({{date-|6 mas}} - {{dat-|31 mas 2012}})<ref>{{Web link|title = Kashink – Paganism – gallery Ligne 13 |url = https://www.artistikrezo.com/agenda/kashink-paganisme-galerie-ligne-13.html |site = www.artistikrezo.com }}</ref> * [[Act Up-Paris]], pou dwa egal, [[rue Dénoyez]] ak nan [[Point Éphémère]], Paris ({{date-|janvye 2012}})<ref>{{Lien web|title = Act Up Paris ak 21 atis iben pou dwa egal |url = https://www.artmajeur.com/izazaro/en/news/619397/act-up-paris-et-21-artistes- urbanes-pour-l- egalite-des-droits |sit = www.artmajeur.com |dat = 2012}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=skC0kSYLw6k |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon =non }} ;2011 * ''Street Art District'', egzibisyon kolektif, Commanderie des Templiers de la Villedieu, [[Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]] ({{dat-|Septanm}} - {{dat-|Novanm 2011}}) * ''Gayffiti'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie 106 nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2011}}) * {{Link|trad=See No Evil (travay atistik)|fr=See No Evil (art lari)}} se yon evènman atizay nan lari nan [[Bristol (Wayòm Ini)|Bristol]] (Wayòm Ini), alantou Nelson Street. , See No Evil te kouri pou yon semèn e li te deklare ke se pi gwo evènman atizay lari nan UK a ak plis pase 70 atis, ki gen ladan sèlman de fanm<ref>{{Web link|title = Graffiti: Meet the street writing women by Louisa McGillicuddy | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/graffiti-meet-the-street-writing-women-6276454.html |sit = frenchiesinparis .over-blog.com |dat = 14 Desanm 2011 |language=en}}</ref> ({{date-|Out 2011}}) * ''Ban mwen yon mi pou mwen ka chape'', miray, [[Merri 20yèm awondisman Paris]] ak Art Azoï, [[rue des Pyrénées]] nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris. , ak atis Stoul ({{dat-|Jiyè 2011}}) * ''Little Miracles in Mexico'', ansyen vòt Meksiken ak kontanporen, egzibisyon an gwoup, Allauch Museum ({{dat-|14 me}} - {{dat-|30 oktòb 2011}}) * ''Love & Napalm'', egzibisyon gwoup, 89 Main Street, [[Sackville (New Brunswick)|Sackville]] (New Brunswick) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Life's a Gamble'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie La Grille [[Yverdon-les-Bains|Yverdon]] ([[Swis]]) ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Wild Cats & Teddy Boys'', ekspozisyon duo ak Ema, Galerie Voskel nan {{1ye|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Avril 2011}}) * ''Buena Onda'', egzibisyon gwoup, Galerie Ligne 13 nan {{17th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Mas 2011}}) * Fresko ak Izo, Robespierre dal, [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] ({{dat-|2011}}) ;2010 * ''Mascalaveras'', egzibisyon solo, All Over Gallery, Lyon ({{date-|9 septanm}} - {{date-|6 oktòb 2010}}) * ''Ban mwen yon miray pou mwen ka chape'', festival, Galerie La Friche nan {{20yèm|awondisman}} Paris ({{dat-|Jiyè 2010}}) ;2009 * ''Street Heart'', ekspozisyon gwoup, Tokyo Art Club, [[Palais de Tokyo]] nan {{16th|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Desanm 2009}}) * Kashink egzibisyon nan Lucha Libre, egzibisyon solo, La Lucha Libre nan {{5yèm|awondisman}} nan Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2009}}) ;2008 * Fresko ''Azi Vyèj ak Timoun'', Kosmopolite Festival nan [[Bagnolet]] ({{dat-|2008}}) ;2007 * ''The Big Show'', egzibisyon an gwoup, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|Septanm 2007}}) * ''AllEyezOn...Kashink'', egzibisyon solo, Le Leopard nan {{11yèm|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|6 oktòb}} - {{dat-|3 novanm 2007}}) * ''Ex Voto'', egzibisyon solo, Galerie l'Art de Rien nan {{18th|awondisman}} Pari ({{dat-|20 jiyè}} - {{dat-|24 out 2007}} ) ; ND * Fresko andedan [[Merri 2yèm awondisman Paris]], Paris<ref name="20minutes"/> == Piblikasyon == * {{Liv |otè1= Kashink |tit=Kashink: premye ane nan Pari, 2001-2015 |piblikatè=Kashink |ane=2015 |paj=149 |bnf=44495042q |isbn=978-2-9555211-06 }} liv retrospektiv sou 15 ane atizay lari<ref>{{Lyen web|title=KASHINK atizay lari Paris {{!}} Paris Chéri-e|url=http://parischeriexpo.com/tag/kashink-street-art-paris /|site=parischeriexpo.com|accessed on=2016-03-06}}</ref> * {{Liv |otè1=Dana Boulé |otè2=Kashink |otè3=Robin Drysdale |title=Kisa ou vle ye? |piblikatè= |ane=2017 |paj= |bnf=45266046h |isbn=978-0-692-84158-7 }} == Filmografi == === Akonplisman === * ''TEP'', dokimantè ki te pwodwi pandan ete 2015, an kolaborasyon ak asosyasyon ''Plus Loin'' ak Allan Sptl, ko-direktè, te pwojete nan [[l'Europeen]] 19 ak 20 desanm 2015. ({{date-|2015}})<ref>{{Lyen web |title=“TEP”, yon fim kout pa Kashink ki onore divèsite katye |url=https://www.radar.st/ archives/ art/kashink-tep-video |sit=www.radar.st |date=}}</ref> {{YouTube |id=yn_wj1Tfl1s |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non | lang=en }} === Asanble === * ''Intro Kashink'' {{YouTube |id=0Jz2n1Me9Lc |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |presizyon=non |lang=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #1 - Saint-Chinian, France - Ete 2017'' {{YouTube |id=lw9Fy8PxlZk |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=no |language=en }} * ''Street Art Stories #2 - Tolosa, Basque Country - Ete 2016'' {{YouTube |id=zgQWr8iXhGc |title=(Online video) |vid=no |precision=no |language=en }} === Mizik === * ''ANNDAN/DEYÒ (solo montre Wynwood Miami 2014)'' {{YouTube |id=P4wkMY9iLxA |title=(Videyo sou entènèt) |vid=non |precision=non |language=en }} == Nòt ak referans == {{Références|références= <ref name="20minutes">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : « Physiquement le graff c'est très dur » |url=https://www.20minutes.fr/magazine/cultures-urbaines-mag/2425111-20140318-kashink-physiquement-le-graff-c-est-tres-dur |site=www.20minutes.fr |date=18 mars 2014}}</ref> <ref name="artistikrezo">{{Lien web|titre=Rencontre avec Kashink, l’artiste au genre libre - Propos recueillis par Emma Mercier |url=https://www.artistikrezo.com/art/rencontre-avec-kashink-lartiste-au-genre-libre.html |site=www.artistikrezo.com |date=17 avril 2020}}</ref> <ref name="hypermur">{{Lien web|titre = Rosa Parks fait le mur, Rue d'Aubervilliers, Paris {{18e}} & {{19e}} |url = https://hypermur.com/portfolio/rosaparksfaitlemur2015 |site = hypermur.com |date = Mardi 26 janvier 2016}}</ref> <ref name="linflux">{{Lien web |titre=KASHINK sous INFLUXences |url=https://www.linflux.com/art/kashink-artiste-activiste-en-6-artistes/ |site=www.linflux.com |date= }}</ref> <ref name="parisladouce">{{Lien web|titre=Street Art : Kashink, l'art urbain au féminin, l'engagement d'une artiste flamboyante |url=https://www.parisladouce.com/2020/05/street-art-kashink-lart-urbain-au.html |site=www.parisladouce.com }}</ref> <ref name="saintchinian">{{Lien web|titre = L'Art en Cave associe l’œuvre d'un artiste contemporain et une cuvée d’exception. Kashink puise son style coloré et très graphique dans ses origines slaves et hispaniques. |url = https://vin-saintchinian.shop/fr/accueil/165-cuvee-kashink-edition-2017-millesime-2020-aop-saint-chinian-blanc.html |site = vin-saintchinian.shop |date = }}</ref> <ref name="station16editions">{{Lien web|titre = 50 Cakes of Gay |url = https://www.station16editions.com/blogs/news/14812133-50-cakes-of-gay |site = www.station16editions.com |date = }}</ref> <ref name="telerama">{{Lien web|titre=KashinK : Street-Art : Kashink, la forte tête du graffiti |url=https://www.telerama.fr/sortir/street-art-kashink-la-forte-tete-du-graffiti,135200.php |site=www.telerama.fr |consulté le=2016-03-06}}</ref> }} == Bibliyografi == * {{Liv |otè1=Alessandra Mattanza |responsablite1=otè |otè2= Stephanie Utz |responsabilite2=prefas |tit=Street Art |soustit=regard yon fanm |editè= |Koleksyon an inatandi=|nimewo nan koleksyon= |mwa= | ane=2022 |total paj=240 |isbn=979-10-295-0986-5 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://livre.fnac.com/a17000152/Alessandra-Mattanza-Street-Art-un -regard-de- femmes-24-portrets-of-figane-atis |language=fr |paj=128 to 137}} * {{Liv |otè1=Kolektif anba direksyon [[Magda Danysz]] |tit=Capital(yo): 60 ane atizay iben nan Pari |editè=Gallimard |koleksyon=Altènatif |ane=2022 |paj=240 | isbn=978-2-07-299793-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2262 |paj=178, 192, 193}} * {{Liv |otè1=Élise Clerc |otè2=Audrey Derquenne |tit=Figures de graffeuses |piblikatè=Altènatif |koleksyon= |ane=2020 |total paj=240 |isbn=978 207288 842 7 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https: / /www.editionsalternatives.com/site.php?type=P&id=2141 |paj=136 jiska 139}} * {{Liv |otè1=Marie Christian |tit=Street art and CHARLIE - The Memory of the Walls |piblikatè=Omniscience |ane=2020 |paj=160 |isbn=979-10-97502-34-8 |prezantasyon sou entènèt = http://www.omniscience.fr/collections/Street-Art-10/LE-STREET-ART-ET-CHARLIE--La-Memoire-des-murs-59.html }} * {{Liv |otè1=Cyril Cattin |responsabilite1=foto |tit=Val Tho Jam |editè=Alpcat medya |ane=2017 |paj=128 |isbn=978-2-9562999-0-5 |bnf=454843698 }} * {{Liv |otè1=Karen Brunel-Lafargue |responsablite1=tèks ak entèvyou |otè2=Tatyana Fazlalizadeh |responsablite2=avanvwa |tit=L'Art se rue 3 - Reprezantasyon fanm nan atis iben |editè= H'Artpon |ane=2016 |paj=232 |isbn=979-10-95208-03-7 |bnf=45038952f }} * {{Liv |otè1=Asosyasyon Le Mur |responsablite1= |otè2= |responsabilite2= |tit=LE MUR - MIYA A |subtitle=2010 - 2015 |editè=Hermann |mwa=Novanm |ane=2016 |total paj = 264 |isbn=9782705692902 |prezantasyon sou entènèt=https://www.mollat.com/livres/896855/le-mur-2010-2015-125-performances-d-artistes-urbains-the-wall-2010-2015 -125- street-art-performances }} === Videyo === * {{YouTube |id=u6v-y9s8r3I |title=''Jou nan lavi yon atis lari: Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=Google Arts & Culture }} * {{YouTube |id=ywNeWmr6c5Y |title=''Akonpli tèt ou grasa yon apwòch likid pou idantite w'', Kashink |langue=fr |channel=TEDx Talks }} * {{YouTube |id=51-rzpEk_EM |title=''Portre atis grafiti Kashink'' |language=fr |channel=[[TV5 Monde]] }} * {{YouTube |id=nskUAWh54to |title=''50 CAKES OF GAY pa KASHINK nan Miami / Wynwood / Art Basel 2013'' |language=en |channel=kashink1 }} * {{YouTube |id=Ta3gpHT2eG0 |title=''Paris enspire: 'Women House' egzibisyon nan mize 11 Conti'' |language=en |channel=Paris je t'aime }} * {{YouTube |id=ZbAkPNWGhYQ |title=''Kashink: Li gen yon moustach ak grafiti li gen 4 je'' |language=fr |channel=OF ART }} == Apendis == === Atik ki gen rapò === * [[Atis iben]] * [[Grafiti]] === Lyen ekstèn === {{liens}} [[Kategori:Nesans an janvye 1981]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan Alès]] [[Kategori:Fi atis lari]] [[Kategori:Atis feminis]] [[Kategori:Atis grafiti franse]] [[Kategori:Grafiti-atis]] [[Kategori:Atis iben]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Atis tè]] [[Kategori:MUR Kolaboratè]] [[Kategori:Atis kontanporen]] [[Kategori:Pent XXIe syèk]] [[Kategori:Pseudonym]] [[Kategori:Mononym]] o45fplwhq6yxw7ccafamygiydlmn1s2 0 94561 889857 882970 2026-11-05T13:54:08Z Kitanago 19629 889857 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Jokyo-reki.jpg|vignette| Kalandriye Jōkyō an 1729]] Kalite kalandriye Japonè yo te gen ladan yo yon seri sistèm ofisyèl ak sistèm ki pa ofisyèl. Kounye a, Japon itilize kalandriye Gregòryen an ansanm ak endikasyon ane ki montre ane rèy Anperè aktyèl la.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2272.html|title=Calendar|date=2025-12-07|language=en|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Fòm ekriti a kòmanse ak ane a, apre sa mwa a, epi finalman jou a, sa ki koresponn ak estanda ISO 8601. Pa egzanp, 16 fevriye 2003 ka ekri swa kòm '''2003年2月16日''' oswa '''平成15年2月16日''' (dènye a swiv sistèm ane rèy la). '''年''' li '''nen''' epi li vle di "ane", '''月''' li '''gatsu''' epi li vle di "mwa", epi finalman '''日''' (anjeneral) li '''nichi''' (pwononsyasyon li depann de nimewo ki vini anvan li, gade anba a) epi li vle di "jou". Anvan entwodiksyon [[Kalandriye gregoryen|kalandriye Gregòryen]] an an 1873, kalandriye referans lan te baze sou [[Kalandriye chinwa|kalandriye Chinwa]] linisolè a. == Kalandriye aktyèl == === Ane === Menmsi moun [[Japonè]] yo konn sèvi ak dat [[kalandriye gregoryen an]], toujou rete yon ti orijinalite. Yo sèvi ak semèn sèt jou yo ak douz mwa kalandriye gregoryen an, men pou konte ane yo gen anplis ane [[kalandriye gregoryen an]] yon lòt konte dapre dat rèy la. Anperè Japonè|. Yo itilize dat sa yo nan tout dokiman ofisyèl yo. Nan ka sa a, ane a anvan pa non epòk la (rèy). Pa egzanp, ane 2002 kalandriye gregoryen an koresponn ak ane 14 nan [[epòk Heisei]] (平成14年). Nimewo yo ekri sitou an [[nimewo arab]], menm nan ka konte ane Japonè yo. Nimewo nan [[kanji]] yo (karaktè ki gen orijin Chinwa) yo pito rezève pou dokiman [[kaligrafi|kaligrafi]], epi pafwa nan meni restoran nan Japon. Desi yo rele ''nendai'' ([[kanji:年|年]][[kanji:代|代]]) kòm yon sifiks pou ane a. Pou egzanp, ane 1930 yo ekri 1930年代. Yo rele syèk yo ''seiki'' ([[kanji:世|世]][[kanji:紀|紀]]). Pa egzanp, {{s-|XVI}} ekri 16世紀. Pou dat anvan epòk nou an, tou senpleman ajoute ''kigenzen'' ([[kanji:紀|紀]][[kanji:元|元]][[kanji:前|前]]), devan yon dat, yon deseni oswa yon syèk. Pa egzanp, ane 1500 anvan epòk nou an ta dwe ekri kòm 紀元前1500年 oswa {{s-|III}} anvan epòk nou an kòm 紀元前3世紀. ''Kigenzen'' ka literalman tradui kòm 'anvan epòk la'. [[Kalandriye Holocene|Konte epòk Jōmon]] se yon lòt sistèm ane istorik nan Japon. Li mete kòmansman epòk aktyèl la nan {{unit|10000}} BC. AD === Mwa === {{Atik detaye|Mwa ane a an Japonè}} === Jou === Jou mwa a endike nan [[nimerasyon japonè|nimewo]] jou a (anjeneral nan chif arab) ki te swiv pa kontè jou [[kanji:日|日]] (''nichi''). Sepandan, ou dwe konnen eksepsyon sa yo: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border: 1px #ccc solid; border-collapse: collapse;" ! Jou ! [[Hiragana]] ! [[Rōmaji]] |- | 1日 || ついたち || ''tsuitachi'' |- | 2日 || ふつか || ''futsuka'' |- | 3日 || みっか || ''mikka'' |- | 4日 || よっか || ''yokka'' |- | 5日 || いつか || ''itsuka'' |- | 6日 || むいか || ''muika'' |- | 7日 || なのか || ''nanoka'' |- | 8日 || ようか || ''yōka'' |- | 9日 || ここのか || ''kokonoka'' |- | 10日 || とおか || ''tōka'' |- | 14日 || じゅうよっか || ''jūyokka'' |- | 20日 || はつか || ''hatsuka'' |- | 24日 || にじゅうよっか || ''nijūyokka'' |} Egzanp : * 1月26日 (''ichi-gatsu nijū-roku-nichi'') : 26 janvye * 1994年12月5日 (''sen-kyūhyaku-kyujū-yon-nen jū-ni-gatsu itsuka'') : 5 desanm 1994 == Nòt ak referans == == Gade tou == === Atik ki gen rapò === {{Lòt pwojè|wikiversity=Japonais/Vocabulaire/Les_dates|wikiversity titre=Les dates en japonais}} [[Kategori:Vokabilè japonè]] [[Kategori:Tan nan Japon]] 04vj7ov9dp8mq3lwhw8i29w3w0xdu4k 889858 889857 2026-11-05T13:54:22Z Kitanago 19629 /* Nòt ak referans */ 889858 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Jokyo-reki.jpg|vignette| Kalandriye Jōkyō an 1729]] Kalite kalandriye Japonè yo te gen ladan yo yon seri sistèm ofisyèl ak sistèm ki pa ofisyèl. Kounye a, Japon itilize kalandriye Gregòryen an ansanm ak endikasyon ane ki montre ane rèy Anperè aktyèl la.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2272.html|title=Calendar|date=2025-12-07|language=en|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Fòm ekriti a kòmanse ak ane a, apre sa mwa a, epi finalman jou a, sa ki koresponn ak estanda ISO 8601. Pa egzanp, 16 fevriye 2003 ka ekri swa kòm '''2003年2月16日''' oswa '''平成15年2月16日''' (dènye a swiv sistèm ane rèy la). '''年''' li '''nen''' epi li vle di "ane", '''月''' li '''gatsu''' epi li vle di "mwa", epi finalman '''日''' (anjeneral) li '''nichi''' (pwononsyasyon li depann de nimewo ki vini anvan li, gade anba a) epi li vle di "jou". Anvan entwodiksyon [[Kalandriye gregoryen|kalandriye Gregòryen]] an an 1873, kalandriye referans lan te baze sou [[Kalandriye chinwa|kalandriye Chinwa]] linisolè a. == Kalandriye aktyèl == === Ane === Menmsi moun [[Japonè]] yo konn sèvi ak dat [[kalandriye gregoryen an]], toujou rete yon ti orijinalite. Yo sèvi ak semèn sèt jou yo ak douz mwa kalandriye gregoryen an, men pou konte ane yo gen anplis ane [[kalandriye gregoryen an]] yon lòt konte dapre dat rèy la. Anperè Japonè|. Yo itilize dat sa yo nan tout dokiman ofisyèl yo. Nan ka sa a, ane a anvan pa non epòk la (rèy). Pa egzanp, ane 2002 kalandriye gregoryen an koresponn ak ane 14 nan [[epòk Heisei]] (平成14年). Nimewo yo ekri sitou an [[nimewo arab]], menm nan ka konte ane Japonè yo. Nimewo nan [[kanji]] yo (karaktè ki gen orijin Chinwa) yo pito rezève pou dokiman [[kaligrafi|kaligrafi]], epi pafwa nan meni restoran nan Japon. Desi yo rele ''nendai'' ([[kanji:年|年]][[kanji:代|代]]) kòm yon sifiks pou ane a. Pou egzanp, ane 1930 yo ekri 1930年代. Yo rele syèk yo ''seiki'' ([[kanji:世|世]][[kanji:紀|紀]]). Pa egzanp, {{s-|XVI}} ekri 16世紀. Pou dat anvan epòk nou an, tou senpleman ajoute ''kigenzen'' ([[kanji:紀|紀]][[kanji:元|元]][[kanji:前|前]]), devan yon dat, yon deseni oswa yon syèk. Pa egzanp, ane 1500 anvan epòk nou an ta dwe ekri kòm 紀元前1500年 oswa {{s-|III}} anvan epòk nou an kòm 紀元前3世紀. ''Kigenzen'' ka literalman tradui kòm 'anvan epòk la'. [[Kalandriye Holocene|Konte epòk Jōmon]] se yon lòt sistèm ane istorik nan Japon. Li mete kòmansman epòk aktyèl la nan {{unit|10000}} BC. AD === Mwa === {{Atik detaye|Mwa ane a an Japonè}} === Jou === Jou mwa a endike nan [[nimerasyon japonè|nimewo]] jou a (anjeneral nan chif arab) ki te swiv pa kontè jou [[kanji:日|日]] (''nichi''). Sepandan, ou dwe konnen eksepsyon sa yo: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border: 1px #ccc solid; border-collapse: collapse;" ! Jou ! [[Hiragana]] ! [[Rōmaji]] |- | 1日 || ついたち || ''tsuitachi'' |- | 2日 || ふつか || ''futsuka'' |- | 3日 || みっか || ''mikka'' |- | 4日 || よっか || ''yokka'' |- | 5日 || いつか || ''itsuka'' |- | 6日 || むいか || ''muika'' |- | 7日 || なのか || ''nanoka'' |- | 8日 || ようか || ''yōka'' |- | 9日 || ここのか || ''kokonoka'' |- | 10日 || とおか || ''tōka'' |- | 14日 || じゅうよっか || ''jūyokka'' |- | 20日 || はつか || ''hatsuka'' |- | 24日 || にじゅうよっか || ''nijūyokka'' |} Egzanp : * 1月26日 (''ichi-gatsu nijū-roku-nichi'') : 26 janvye * 1994年12月5日 (''sen-kyūhyaku-kyujū-yon-nen jū-ni-gatsu itsuka'') : 5 desanm 1994 == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans}} == Gade tou == === Atik ki gen rapò === {{Lòt pwojè|wikiversity=Japonais/Vocabulaire/Les_dates|wikiversity titre=Les dates en japonais}} [[Kategori:Vokabilè japonè]] [[Kategori:Tan nan Japon]] p38do47kkgoczgwgz69municoah3rt1 889860 889858 2026-11-05T13:58:42Z Kitanago 19629 889860 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Jokyo-reki.jpg|vignette| Kalandriye Jōkyō an 1729]] Kalite '''kalandriye Japonè''' yo te gen ladan yo yon seri sistèm ofisyèl ak sistèm ki pa ofisyèl. Kounye a, Japon itilize kalandriye Gregòryen an ansanm ak endikasyon ane ki montre ane rèy Anperè aktyèl la.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2272.html|title=Calendar|date=2025-12-07|language=en|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Fòm ekriti a kòmanse ak ane a, apre sa mwa a, epi finalman jou a, sa ki koresponn ak estanda ISO 8601. Pa egzanp, 16 fevriye 2003 ka ekri swa kòm '''2003年2月16日''' oswa '''平成15年2月16日''' (dènye a swiv sistèm ane rèy la). '''年''' li '''nen''' epi li vle di "ane", '''月''' li '''gatsu''' epi li vle di "mwa", epi finalman '''日''' (anjeneral) li '''nichi''' (pwononsyasyon li depann de nimewo ki vini anvan li, gade anba a) epi li vle di "jou". Anvan entwodiksyon [[Kalandriye gregoryen|kalandriye Gregòryen]] an an 1873, kalandriye referans lan te baze sou [[Kalandriye chinwa|kalandriye Chinwa]] linisolè a. == Kalandriye aktyèl == === Ane === Menmsi moun [[Japonè]] yo konn sèvi ak dat [[kalandriye gregoryen an]], toujou rete yon ti orijinalite. Yo sèvi ak semèn sèt jou yo ak douz mwa kalandriye gregoryen an, men pou konte ane yo gen anplis ane [[kalandriye gregoryen an]] yon lòt konte dapre dat rèy la. Anperè Japonè|. Yo itilize dat sa yo nan tout dokiman ofisyèl yo. Nan ka sa a, ane a anvan pa non epòk la (rèy). Pa egzanp, ane 2002 kalandriye gregoryen an koresponn ak ane 14 nan [[epòk Heisei]] (平成14年). Nimewo yo ekri sitou an [[nimewo arab]], menm nan ka konte ane Japonè yo. Nimewo nan [[kanji]] yo (karaktè ki gen orijin Chinwa) yo pito rezève pou dokiman [[kaligrafi|kaligrafi]], epi pafwa nan meni restoran nan Japon. Desi yo rele ''nendai'' ([[kanji:年|年]][[kanji:代|代]]) kòm yon sifiks pou ane a. Pou egzanp, ane 1930 yo ekri 1930年代. Yo rele syèk yo ''seiki'' ([[kanji:世|世]][[kanji:紀|紀]]). Pa egzanp, {{s-|XVI}} ekri 16世紀. Pou dat anvan epòk nou an, tou senpleman ajoute ''kigenzen'' ([[kanji:紀|紀]][[kanji:元|元]][[kanji:前|前]]), devan yon dat, yon deseni oswa yon syèk. Pa egzanp, ane 1500 anvan epòk nou an ta dwe ekri kòm 紀元前1500年 oswa {{s-|III}} anvan epòk nou an kòm 紀元前3世紀. ''Kigenzen'' ka literalman tradui kòm 'anvan epòk la'. [[Kalandriye Holocene|Konte epòk Jōmon]] se yon lòt sistèm ane istorik nan Japon. Li mete kòmansman epòk aktyèl la nan {{unit|10000}} BC. AD === Mwa === {{Atik detaye|Mwa ane a an Japonè}} === Jou === Jou mwa a endike nan [[nimerasyon japonè|nimewo]] jou a (anjeneral nan chif arab) ki te swiv pa kontè jou [[kanji:日|日]] (''nichi''). Sepandan, ou dwe konnen eksepsyon sa yo: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" style="border: 1px #ccc solid; border-collapse: collapse;" ! Jou ! [[Hiragana]] ! [[Rōmaji]] |- | 1日 || ついたち || ''tsuitachi'' |- | 2日 || ふつか || ''futsuka'' |- | 3日 || みっか || ''mikka'' |- | 4日 || よっか || ''yokka'' |- | 5日 || いつか || ''itsuka'' |- | 6日 || むいか || ''muika'' |- | 7日 || なのか || ''nanoka'' |- | 8日 || ようか || ''yōka'' |- | 9日 || ここのか || ''kokonoka'' |- | 10日 || とおか || ''tōka'' |- | 14日 || じゅうよっか || ''jūyokka'' |- | 20日 || はつか || ''hatsuka'' |- | 24日 || にじゅうよっか || ''nijūyokka'' |} Egzanp : * 1月26日 (''ichi-gatsu nijū-roku-nichi'') : 26 janvye * 1994年12月5日 (''sen-kyūhyaku-kyujū-yon-nen jū-ni-gatsu itsuka'') : 5 desanm 1994 == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans}} == Gade tou == === Atik ki gen rapò === {{Lòt pwojè|wikiversity=Japonais/Vocabulaire/Les_dates|wikiversity titre=Les dates en japonais}} [[Kategori:Vokabilè japonè]] [[Kategori:Tan nan Japon]] tj6e66jpkplovte3dbdt2gxv0p7sq4y 0 95492 889924 888816 2026-11-05T17:47:28Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889924 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Odile Croissant''' te fèt nan dat 6 oktòb 1923 nan Honfleur epi li te mouri nan dat 3 dawout 2020 nan vil [[Pari|Pari,]] nan peyi Lafrans, se te yon byolojis fransè, fizisyen ak espesyalis nan [[Mikwoskòp elektwonik|mikwoskopi elektwonik]]. Pandan fòmasyon li pandan tout lavi l nan anpil peyi, li te pwogrese soti nan asistan laboratwa nan Enstiti Pastè pou rive nan fonksyon chèchè. Odile Croissant se youn nan premye moun ki devlope teknik pou deteksyon in situ nan asid nikleyik viral. Li te kontribye tou nan etabli premye kat fizik papillomavirus imen moun konnen tou sou non (HPV1). == Biyografi == Odile Croissant te fèt nan Honfleur nan dat 6 oktòb 1923 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deces.matchid.io/id/Wgt5btTQlBsD|title=Odile Croissant|website=deces.matchid.io|access-date=2025-02-07}}</ref> . Nan novanm 1942, li antre kòm sekretè ak asistan laboratwa nan Enstiti Pasteur nan Pari nan laboratwa typhus Paul Giroud t ap dirije<ref name=":0"/> . Nan lane 1945, li te antre nan sèvis Viris Pwofesè Pierre Lépine t ap dirije nan Enstiti Pasteur, kote fizisyen ki te fè premye mikwoskòp elektronik fransè yo te entwodui l nan mikwoskòp elektwonik <ref name=":0"/> . Pandan tout karyè li, li te fè anpil estaj ki te pèmèt li devlope konpetans li, an 1947, nan Enstiti mikwoskopi elektwonik nan Delft nan Netherlands , nan laboratwa Cavendish nan Inivèsite Cambridge nan [[Angletè]], nan 1950 nan Inivèsite Monreyal nan [[Kanada]] <ref name=":0" /> . Nan lane 1947, li te travay kòm asistan sekretè nan komisyon optik elektwonik CNRS <ref name=":0"/> . Nan lane 1949, li te jwenn yon pozisyon kòm fizisyen-preparatè nan laboratwa mikwoskopi elektwonik nan sèvis viris nan Enstiti Pasteur . Li fòme anpil elèv nan teknik mikwoskopi elektwonik, sitou nan mikwoskòp RCA, ak teknik koup iltra-fen. Apati de lane 1956, Odile Croissant patisipe nan ansèyman teworik ak pratik aplikasyon nan [[Mikwoskòp elektwonik|mikwoskospi elektwonik]] nan etid [[selil]] ak [[viris]] yo, nan Enstiti Pasteur nan vil Pari, pou kou sou kilti selilè nan viroloji, kou sou mikwobyoloji jeneral ak kou sou metòd nan mikwoskopi [[Fotomikwoskòp konpoze|fotonik]] ak [[Mikwoskòp elektwonik|elektwonik]] <ref name=":0"/> . Nan lane 1972, Odile Croissant te nonmen direktè rechèch nan CNRS <ref name=":0"/> . == Fòmasyon == Nan lane 1946, nan laboratwa Pierre Lépine, Odile Croissant fè etid sou divès viris tankou (laraj, vaksin, polyomyelit, bakteryofaj, viris [[ensèk]], elatriye) ak sou blesi selilè viris sa yo kapab bay <ref name=":0"/> . Se la li etidye patojenèz viral entraselilè "grasri" <ref name=":0" /> . Nan desanm 1954, pandan epidemi variol la nan Vannes, Odile Croissant te gen responsabilite pou idantifye viris ki responsab epidemi sa nan echantiyon yo te pran sou pasyan yo <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/morbihan/spanvannesspan-60-ans-apres-un-documentaire-sur-lepidemie-de-variole-1941380.php|title=Vannes. 60 ans après, un documentaire sur l'épidémie de variole|date=2013-09-11|website=Le Télégramme|language=fr-FR|access-date=2025-02-08}}</ref> . Nan lane 1955, li te fè premye sejou li ki te dire 3 mwa nan [[Etazini|peyi Etazini]], kòm yon ''syantis vizitè'', nan laboratwa Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff {{Lien|langue=en}}, nan Enstiti Nasyonal Sante, rekonèt pou travay li yo nan kristalografi ak nan mikwoskopi elektwonik epi li te vizite sèvis viris nan Enstiti Pasteur plizyè fwa<ref name=":0"/> . Nan lane 1957, pou yon dezyèm fwa, li te pase 4 mwa [[Etazini|Ozetazini]], nan Enstiti Nasyonal Sante, kòm ''syantis vizite'', sou envitasyon Ralph Walter Graystone Wy {{Lien|lang=en}}, ki te kenbe bon jan kolaborasyon ak Odile Croissant<ref name=":0"/> . Nan lane 1958, li te vin enterese nan diferan teknik pou analize estrikti matyè lè l sèvi avèk [[elektwon]] ak [[Reyon X|radyografi]] <ref name=":0"/> . Li travay tou sou estrikti vè, an kolaborasyon ak Enstiti Mineraloji Fakilte Syans nan Strasbourg, Stanislas Goldsztaub t ap dirije, nan laboratwa Henri Saucier, kote li te vizite plizyè . Nan lane 1963, Odile Croissant fè yon twazyèm vwayaj Ozetazini kote li te fè yon estaj pòs-doktora kòm pwofesè asistan nan laboratwa Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff {{Lien|langue=en}}, lè sa ki te sitiye nan Enstiti fizik nan University of Arizona <ref name=":0"/> . Nan lane 1964, lè li tounen nan peyi Lafrans, Odile Croissant te nonmen ofisye rechèch nan CNRS, nan fonksyon sa a, li te aji kòm chèf laboratwa nan laboratwa mikwoskopi elektwonik nan sèvis viris Enstiti Pasteur a. Se la li te kòmanse yon kolaborasyon sou papillomavirus moun (HPV) ak gwoup Gérard Orth a, ki te nan Enstiti Gustave-Rousy, Villejuif <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://webext.pasteur.fr/archives/f-bio.html|title=Institut Pasteur {{!}} Archives|website=webext.pasteur.fr|access-date=2025-02-07}}</ref> . Nan lane 1970, an kolaborasyon ak ekip Moshé Yaniv yo, François Cuzin, Peter Sheldrick ak Gérard Orth, Odile Croissant espesyalize nan aplikasyon pi modèn nan mikwoskopi elektwonik nan etid aside nikleyik viral yo ak fasyon yo aji ak pwoteyin. Odile Croissant se youn nan premye moun ki te travay sou teknik pou deteksyon in situ asid nikleyik viral yo. Li te kontribye tou nan etabli premye kat fizik papiyomaviris lakay moun nou te konnen tou sou non HPV1. Nan lane 1971, avèk Gérard Orth ak Philippe André Jeanteur, Odile Croissant siyen yon atik sou aplikasyon teknik ibridasyon molekilè nan demonstrasyon ak mikwoskopi elektwonik nan replikasyon vejetatif ADN viral nan papillom yo viris Shope kay lapen yo te pwovoke (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. United States, 68, 18076 Nan lane 1978, Odile Croissant rantre nan Inite papiyomaviris ki te kreye nan Enstiti Pastè sou inisyativ François Gros kote Gérard Orth <ref name=":0"/> t ap dirije. Li kontinye travay ki te koumanse an kolaborasyon ak gwoup Gérard Orth la epi li patisipe nan travay pyonye Inite a, ki mete aksan sou miltiplisite papillomavirus imen (HPV), espesifisite pouvwa patojèn yo ak potansyèl onkojenik yo, an kolaborasyon ak Michel Favre ak Stefania Jablonska, dèmatològ nan klinik la [[Vasovi|Warsaw]] Dermatology <ref name=":0" /> Travay sa a demontre potansyèl onkogenik youn nan papillomavirus imen (HPV5), idantifye nan pasyan ki gen epidermodysplasia verruciformis <ref name=":0" /> . Nan lane 1980, Odile Croissant te asosye sere sere ak travay Inite Papilomavirus la, ki te ede demontre wòl kèk papillomavirus nan etyoloji kansè jenital yo, an patikilye kansè nan matris <ref name=":0"/> . Lè sa a, yo te etabli bon jan relasyon ant Inite Pastè a ak Sosyete Fransè Kolposkopi ak Patoloji sèviko-Vajinal, ki te jwe yon wòl esansyèl nan difizyon konesans ki ta mennen nan evolisyon [[jinekoloji]] onkolojik <ref name=":0" /> . Tout manm Inite a te patisipe nan bay konferans oswa kou nan vil Pari oswa nan rejyon yo <ref name=":0" /> . Laboratwa Odile Croissant akeyi anpil jinekològ, sitolojis ak istolojis <ref name=":0" /> . Gen kèk ki te antre nan Inite a apre yo te fin resevwa fòmasyon nan men Odile Croissant, tankou Renzo Barrasso (ansyen sekretè jeneral Sosyete Fransè Kolposkopi ak Patoloji sèviko-vajinal), Christine Bergeron (aktyèl prezidan Sosyete fransèz kòlposkopi ak Patoloji sèviko-vajinal), Xavier Sastre-Garau (direktè Depatman [[Anatomi]] patolojik nan Enstiti Kiri (Institut Curie). <ref name=":0" /> Nan mwa septanm 1985, Odile Croissant te responsab ofisyèlman premye pwogram kolaborasyon ant Enstiti Pasteur ak konpayi [[Kalifòni]] Beckman Instrument sou aplikasyon sond frèt nan dyagnostik, ki te gen objektif pou devlope ak evalye sond ki kapab detekte kalite HPV ki enterese pou sijè ki gen risk kansè nan matris . Agnès Ullmann se pwomotè pwogram sa a, nan entèraksyon ak Danielle Berneman pou [[Brevè envansyon|patant]], F. de Lacharrière pou relasyon ak patnè endistriyèl ak kabinè M. Ernest Gutmann, enjenyè konsiltasyon nan pwopriyete endistriyèl) <ref name=":0"/> . Nan lane 1989, apre li te fin pran retrèt ofisyèl li, Odile Croissant te jwenn otorizasyon pou l kontinye aktivite li nan inite Gérard Orth epi li pibliye yon dènye atik li te siyen avèk lòt otè an 2001 <ref name=":0"/> . == Travay li yo == Odile Croissant konsantre rechèch syantifik li yo sou 2 bagay ki se [[fizik]] ak [[Biyoloji|byoloji]] . Nan fizik, Odile Croissant te etidye estrikti vè ak reyaksyon chimik ki kapab genyen si yo sèvi ak teknik mikwo-difraksyon ak mikroskopie elektwonik pou grate li. Nan dat 10 janvye 1962, Odile te defann tèz li nan syans fizik nan Inivèsite Estrasbou, ki gen tit ". Etid nan mikwoskopi elektwonik ak nan mikrodifraksyon elektwonik sou mòfoloji ak estrikti vè silikat » . Nan byoloji, li etidye diferan tisi yo gras ak teknik mikwoskopi ak mikwosond [[Reyon X|radyografi]] . Travay sa yo pral aplike nan etid papiyòm Shope papiyoma viris la {{Lien|lang=en}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medirabbit.com/FR/Skin_diseases/Viral/Pap/Pap_fr.htm|title=MediRabbit|website=www.medirabbit.com|access-date=2025-02-07}}</ref> te pwovoke. Odile Croissant kontribye tou nan pwogrè nan jinekoloji onkolojik epi li mete aksan sou wòl kèk papiyomaviris nan etyoloji kansè jenital yo, sitou kansè nan matris <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer-environnement.fr/fiches/cancers/cancer-du-col-de-luterus/|title=Cancer du col de l'utérus et facteurs de risque • Cancer Environnement|website=Cancer Environnement|language=fr-FR|access-date=2025-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207014834/https://www.cancer-environnement.fr/fiches/cancers/cancer-du-col-de-luterus/|archive-date=2025-02-07|dead-url=yes}}</ref> . == Pri li te resevwa == Nan lane 1979, Fondasyon pou Rechèch Medikal te bay Odile Croissant yon pri yo te rele "Pri Delahautemaison" <ref name=":0"/> . == Sa li kite == Nan lane 2004, Odile Croissant te kontribye nan mete kanpe fon achiv li yo kote yo konsève, pami lòt bagay, dokiman ki konsène kòmansman mikwoskopi elektwonik nan Enstiti Pasteur ak nan peyi Lafrans <ref name=":0"/> . == Bibliyografi == * (en) Françoise Haguenau, « 2.5 Electron Microscopy in France: 2.5A Early Findings in the Life Sciences », dans Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics, vol. 96, Elsevier, 1er janvier 1996, 93–100 p. (DOI 10.1016/s1076-5670(08)70038-7, lire en ligne).. * (en) Jean-Paul Gaudillière, « Changing the scale: slides and electron microscopy at the Virus Laboratory of the Pasteur Institute », History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, vol. 35, no 3,‎ 2013, p. 395–414 (ISSN 0391-9714, PMID 24779109, lire en ligne, consulté le 11 janvier 2025). * {{Cite web|url=https://christophecocherie.com/galerie-avec-description-et-un-bouton/vannes-1955-au-coeur-de-lepidemie/|title=Vannes 1955, au coeur de l’épidémie|date=2022-11-24|website=Christophe Cocherie|language=fr-FR|access-date=2025-01-11}}. * {{Cite web|url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/morbihan/spanvannesspan-60-ans-apres-un-documentaire-sur-lepidemie-de-variole-1941380.php|title=Vannes. 60 ans après, un documentaire sur l'épidémie de variole|date=2013-09-11|website=Le Télégramme|language=fr-FR|access-date=2025-01-11}}. * {{Cite web|url=https://webext.pasteur.fr/archives/cro1.html|title=Notice de fonds des archives privées d'Odile Croissant|website=Archives de l'Institut Pasteur|access-date=25 janvier 2025}} _{{,}} * {{Cite web|url=https://webext.pasteur.fr/archives/cro0.html|title=Odile Croissant (1923-2020). Repères biographiques|website=Archives de l'Institut Pasteur|access-date=25 janvier 2025}}. * Gérard Orth, « Hommage à Odile Croissant (1924-2020) », Association des anciens élèves de l’Institut Pasteur, vol. 62, no 241,‎ 2020, p. 112. == Referans == <references responsive="1"></references> s1hw0afj3hziqxdtwshxthsv9n0xrl1 0 95805 889922 882140 2026-11-05T17:46:26Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ekriven}}'''Gillian McCain''' wè jou yon 11 janvye nan lane 1966. Li se [[powèt]], otè, ak pèseptè epi fotografi [[kanadyen]], yo konnen li plis toujou pou liv " Please Kill Me " a : Istwa non sansire ak Punk, otè a rakonte, ki ekri ak kat (4) men ak Legs McNeil. McCain se otè 2 rekèy powèm : ''Panche'' ak ''relijyon'' . Anpil pati nan koleksyon foto retwouve l yo te prezante nan plizyè magazin ki pibliye sou fom liv ,en ak yon tiraj limite, kote yo te espoze nan galri Camera Club de New York. ak ekspoze nan kamera Club la nan galri New York. Li te sèvi nan konsèy direktè Nova Scotia College of Art and Design nan Halifax, ak prezidan konsèy administrasyon Pwojè Pwezi nan Saint Mark's Church, nan vil New York. == Fòmasyon ak lavi prive == McCain fèt nan zon Bath, nan nouvo-Brunswick (Canada). Li te frekante Université de King's Collège, nan Halifax, an Nouvelle-Ecosse, kote li te resevwa yon lisans nan literati. Nan 1987, li te pase nan vil New York kote li te rive fè yon metriz nan literati nan Université de New York nan lane 1990. Pi lwen, nan ane 1988, McCain te etidye nan pwogram d'été de l'Institut Naropa. <ref name="+2">Peacock, Scot, ''Contemporary Authors, Vol. 204'', Farmington Hills: The Gale Group, 2003, p. 289</ref> Li te anboche pa Pwojè Pwezi nan Saint Mark's Church, kote li te sèvi kòm kowòdonatè pwogram lan nan 1991-1994, antanke editè bilten (1994–1995), li te edite kat nimewo nan magazin literè ''Milk'' . An 1991, li te fonde seri vandredi swa, yon evènman chak semèn ki gen pwezi, fiksyon, redaksyon, lekti tematik, omaj, konferans, atizay pèfòmans, ak mizik. Nan kat ane, li te pote nan plis pase katsan [[atis]]. Seri a kontinye jiska jounen jodi a. Depi 1995, li te konsakre tèt li a plen tan nan ekri . An 2002, McCain te marye ak James Marshall, yon ekriven li te rankontre atravè yon Pwojè Pwezi. ==== ''Tanpri Touye Mwen : Istwa non sansire nan Punk; aktè li yo te di'' ==== An 1996, Grove Press te pibliye ''Tanpri touye m '': ''Please Kill Me:'' ''The Uncensored Oral History of Punk'' an, McCain te ko-ekri ak Legs McNeil . Konpoze ak ekstrè ki soti nan plizyè santèn entèvyou, ''Please Kill Me'' prezante yon pèspektiv inik sou yon peryòd difisil ak konplèks nan istwa Ameriken an. Liv la kouvri peryòd la byen bonè Punk, soti nan Velvet Underground nan monte ak tonbe nan ikon punk tankou Iggy Pop, Ramones, ak anpil lòt moun. ''"Tanpri touye m"'' yon zèv ki te fè yon siksè imedya e li te vin tounen yon liv kilti ki te enspire yon nouvo vag nan "istwa oral" sou mizik. Lè li te premye pibliye an 1996, "''Tanpri touye m " t''e sou lis pami 10 ,eyè liv yo te konsidere kom gwo liv nan ane a pa ''Time Out'' ak ''Daily News'' . Time Out New York te deklare nan revizyon li a ke liv la "klase pami pi bon liv rock 'n' roll nan pou toutan k ap gen tan ". Ekstrè nan liv la te pibliye nan Vanity Fair nan okazyon an. Depi lè sa a, li te tradui nan yon douzèn lang. An Frans, li te pibliye an 2006 pa Éditions Allia, nan yon tradiksyon pa Héloïse Esquié. ''Please Kill Me'' te adapte sou sèn pa direktè fransè Mathieu Bauer . "Punk mizik" te ekri an 2011 e depi Nouveau Théâtre de Montreuil <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mandorine.fr/please-kill-me-de-mathieu-bauer|title=Please kill me de Mathieu Bauer – Mandorine|date=29-01-2016|website=Mandorine|access-date=03-11-2021|archive-date=2016-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416032756/http://www.mandorine.fr/please-kill-me-de-mathieu-bauer|dead-url=yes}}.</ref> te fè yon toune nan tout Lafrans. [[Fichye:Book_Soup_LA_2014.png|gauche|vignette| Legs McNeil ak Gillian McCain nan yon lekti piblik nan ''Dear Nobody'' at Book Soup ( [[Los Angeles, Kalifòni|Los Angeles]] ) an 2014.]] Nan 2014, McCain ak McNeil kolabore ankò sou ''Dear Nobody. : The True Diary of Mary Rose'', yon koleksyon ki te antre nan jounal pèsonèl yon ti fi [[Pènsilvani|Pennsilvani]] ki te gen 17 an ki te soufri yon maladi dwòg, alkòlis, ak fibwoz sistik . ''Publisher's Weekly'' te dekri liv la kòm "yon dokimantè ki ra anpil anvan tout koreksyon ki te parèt sou lavi yon adolesan Ameriken te ekri pou lot moun, ke tèt li menm <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-4022-8758-9|title=Children's Book Review : Dear Nobody : The True Diary of Mary Rose by Edited by Gillian McCain and Legs McNeil. Sourcebooks Fire, $15.99 (336p)|website=PublishersWeekly.com|language=en|isbn=978-1-4022-8758-9|access-date=03-11-2021}}.</ref> ." ''Chè Pèsonn pa'' te aklame kritik ak salué kòm yon vèsyon ki pi natif natal nan istwa fiktiv ki te di nan roman Beatrice Sparks ' ''The Blue Grass'' . Yo te fè entèvyou ak manman McCain ak Mary Rose an 2014 sou The ''Leonard Lopate'' Show sou WNYC-FM. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/true-diary-teenage-girl/|title=The Diary of a Teenage Girl : 'The Jane Austen of Juvenile Delinquents' / The Leonard Lopate Show / WNYC|website=WNYC|language=en|access-date=03-11-2021}}.</ref> Okòmansman entrige pa pwezi vèsè gratis, Gillian McCain evantyèlman te vin enterese nan [[Powèm an pwoz|pwezi pwoz]] pandan l t ap etidye ak powèt Larry Fagin. McCain te pibliye premye koleksyon li, ''Tilt'', an 1996 , kote li te reflechi sou enpak lekòl pwezi New York la, ansanm ak lavi chak jou ak kawotik ak entans, te genyen sou li <ref name="+1" /> {{,}} . ''Tilt'' te fè lwanj pou "style chatty, detache <ref name="+2" /> li." Dapre powèt John Ashbery, "powèm Gillian McCain yo se tankou telegram ijan ki soti nan lot pòt, oswa snapshots, ankadre nan fason ra men ki briyan, nan yon lavi k ap pase." Ekriven ak powèt Harry Mathews te rele koleksyon sa a "yon koleksyon briyan powèm pwoz ." McCain te pibliye yon lòt koleksyon pwezi, ''Relijyon'', an 1999, ki te trè byen resevwa. « Travay li montre dimansyon imedya Lekòl New York la, aspè "Mwen te fè sa a epi apre sa", men li afebli li atravè itilizasyon yon distans ironik ki mennen nan efondreman lafwa nayif la nan imedya a kòm yon sous valè. ", te di powèt Mark Wallace nan yon atik nan bilten Pwojè Pwezi . Pou ekri pwezi l yo, McCain tire enspirasyon li yo nan yon foul moun nan sous nan lavi chak jou, ki gen ladan konvèsasyon tande, fraz nan liv, magazin, ak jounal. Li di ekri pwezi se tankou yon "lachas trezò." Encyclopedia of New York School Poets dekri li konsa: : « Kòm yon powèt, li ekri pwoz ki jere yo dwe tou lidik ak antyèman serye nan kritik li yo nan fòm sosyete kontanporen ak fòm opozisyon ak sosyete ke lektè nan pwezi Lekòl New York ta ka pran pou akòde yon ti kras twò fasil. [ 6 ] » An 2010, Gillian McCain te travay kòm ko-konsèvate (avèk atis Megan Cump) sou yon seleksyon "foto yo te jwenn" nan koleksyon li. Ki gen tit " ''HELP ME'' ," yo te ekspoze foto yo nan galri Camera Club of New York. Bliye, abandone, òfelen, pèdi, vòlè, achte, dekouvri, oswa jwenn, yo te chwazi imaj ki nan "EDE MWEN" nan koleksyon fotografi vaste McCain, nan fòma ki gen ladan tintypes, enprime kabinè, Polaroids, ak snapshots <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cameraclubny.org/helpme_show.html|title=HELP ME: Found Photos from the Collection of Gillian McCain|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111073738/http://www.cameraclubny.org/helpme_show.html|archive-date=2014-11-11|access-date=2014-06-20}}</ref> . Ekri nan New Yorker, ekspè fotografi Vince Aletti te rele egzibisyon an "grizant," li di : "Imaj zam, kostim, ak blesi parèt repete, men pa gen okenn tèm reyèl, jis yon anpil nan bizari ak enspirasyon ." Egzibisyon " ''HELP ME'' " te parèt tou nan nimewo desanm 2010 nan magazin fransè Photo . Yon liv edisyon limite, tou ki te gen tit "EDE M '," te pibliye ansanm ak egzibisyon an. Epitou an 2010, McCain te kolabore ak mari l James "The Hound" Marshall (tou yon otè) sou liv Fifty ''Photos'' Found by Fang With Text by The Hound. Liv la prezante foto yo te akonpaye pa deskripsyon Marshall ekri ak kòmantè nan men lektè nan sit entènèt li a, kote foto yo te orijinal pibliye . "Fang" ak "The Hound" se surnon pou McCain ak Marshall. Ekriven Joe Bonomo, sou blog li ''a No Such Thing As Was'', di sou liv la : "Nan ''senkant foto yo te jwenn'', gen nan renmen jèn, renmen fin vye granmoun, renmen dout, bwè, lavi lame, bums ak barflies, postè nan toutouni sou mi <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nosuchthingaswas.com/2011/05/on-fifty-fotos-found.html|title=On Fifty Fotos Found|website=nosuchthingaswas.com|access-date=03-11-2021}}.</ref> souten Koleksyon foto McCain te jwenn te parèt tou nan nimewo 2014 Columbia Poetry Review. Yon atik ki te gen tit "Sleepwalking: Photograph from the Collection of Gillian McCain" te pibliye nan nimewo 14 nan magazin ''Lid'' an 2012. * ''Tanpri Touye Mwen : Istwa Punk non sansire kòm jwè li yo te rakonte yo'' (avèk Legs McNeil ) ( {{En}} ''Tanpri touye m ': Istwa oral Punk san sansi a'', Grove Press, 1996), Allia Editions, trad. Héloïse Esquié, 2006 * ''Dear Nobody: The True Diary of Mary Rose'' with Legs McNeil (Sourcebooks Fire, 2014) * ''Ede m ': Jwenn foto nan koleksyon Gillian McCain'' ak Megan Cump (2010) * ''Tilt'' (Chif yo/Hard Press, 1996) * ''Relijyon'' (Chif yo, 1999) == Referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] n1bc343uy5zwlf38npq2i17kej071ye 889923 889922 2026-11-05T17:46:56Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 889923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ekriven}}'''Gillian McCain''' wè jou yon 11 janvye nan lane 1966. Li se [[powèt]], otè, ak pèseptè epi fotografi [[kanadyen]], yo konnen li plis toujou pou liv " Please Kill Me " a : Istwa non sansire ak Punk, otè a rakonte, ki ekri ak kat (4) men ak Legs McNeil. McCain se otè 2 rekèy powèm : ''Panche'' ak ''relijyon'' . Anpil pati nan koleksyon foto retwouve l yo te prezante nan plizyè magazin ki pibliye sou fom liv ,en ak yon tiraj limite, kote yo te espoze nan galri Camera Club de New York. ak ekspoze nan kamera Club la nan galri New York. Li te sèvi nan konsèy direktè Nova Scotia College of Art and Design nan Halifax, ak prezidan konsèy administrasyon Pwojè Pwezi nan Saint Mark's Church, nan vil New York. == Fòmasyon ak lavi prive == McCain fèt nan zon Bath, nan nouvo-Brunswick (Canada). Li te frekante Université de King's Collège, nan Halifax, an Nouvelle-Ecosse, kote li te resevwa yon lisans nan literati. Nan 1987, li te pase nan vil New York kote li te rive fè yon metriz nan literati nan Université de New York nan lane 1990. Pi lwen, nan ane 1988, McCain te etidye nan pwogram d'été de l'Institut Naropa.<ref name="+2">Peacock, Scot, ''Contemporary Authors, Vol. 204'', Farmington Hills: The Gale Group, 2003, p. 289</ref> Li te anboche pa Pwojè Pwezi nan Saint Mark's Church, kote li te sèvi kòm kowòdonatè pwogram lan nan 1991-1994, antanke editè bilten (1994–1995), li te edite kat nimewo nan magazin literè ''Milk'' . An 1991, li te fonde seri vandredi swa, yon evènman chak semèn ki gen pwezi, fiksyon, redaksyon, lekti tematik, omaj, konferans, atizay pèfòmans, ak mizik. Nan kat ane, li te pote nan plis pase katsan [[atis]]. Seri a kontinye jiska jounen jodi a. Depi 1995, li te konsakre tèt li a plen tan nan ekri . An 2002, McCain te marye ak James Marshall, yon ekriven li te rankontre atravè yon Pwojè Pwezi. ==== ''Tanpri Touye Mwen : Istwa non sansire nan Punk; aktè li yo te di'' ==== An 1996, Grove Press te pibliye ''Tanpri touye m '': ''Please Kill Me:'' ''The Uncensored Oral History of Punk'' an, McCain te ko-ekri ak Legs McNeil . Konpoze ak ekstrè ki soti nan plizyè santèn entèvyou, ''Please Kill Me'' prezante yon pèspektiv inik sou yon peryòd difisil ak konplèks nan istwa Ameriken an. Liv la kouvri peryòd la byen bonè Punk, soti nan Velvet Underground nan monte ak tonbe nan ikon punk tankou Iggy Pop, Ramones, ak anpil lòt moun. ''"Tanpri touye m"'' yon zèv ki te fè yon siksè imedya e li te vin tounen yon liv kilti ki te enspire yon nouvo vag nan "istwa oral" sou mizik. Lè li te premye pibliye an 1996, "''Tanpri touye m " t''e sou lis pami 10 ,eyè liv yo te konsidere kom gwo liv nan ane a pa ''Time Out'' ak ''Daily News'' . Time Out New York te deklare nan revizyon li a ke liv la "klase pami pi bon liv rock 'n' roll nan pou toutan k ap gen tan ". Ekstrè nan liv la te pibliye nan Vanity Fair nan okazyon an. Depi lè sa a, li te tradui nan yon douzèn lang. An Frans, li te pibliye an 2006 pa Éditions Allia, nan yon tradiksyon pa Héloïse Esquié. ''Please Kill Me'' te adapte sou sèn pa direktè fransè Mathieu Bauer . "Punk mizik" te ekri an 2011 e depi Nouveau Théâtre de Montreuil <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mandorine.fr/please-kill-me-de-mathieu-bauer|title=Please kill me de Mathieu Bauer – Mandorine|date=29-01-2016|website=Mandorine|access-date=03-11-2021|archive-date=2016-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416032756/http://www.mandorine.fr/please-kill-me-de-mathieu-bauer|dead-url=yes}}.</ref> te fè yon toune nan tout Lafrans. [[Fichye:Book_Soup_LA_2014.png|gauche|vignette| Legs McNeil ak Gillian McCain nan yon lekti piblik nan ''Dear Nobody'' at Book Soup ( [[Los Angeles, Kalifòni|Los Angeles]] ) an 2014.]] Nan 2014, McCain ak McNeil kolabore ankò sou ''Dear Nobody. : The True Diary of Mary Rose'', yon koleksyon ki te antre nan jounal pèsonèl yon ti fi [[Pènsilvani|Pennsilvani]] ki te gen 17 an ki te soufri yon maladi dwòg, alkòlis, ak fibwoz sistik . ''Publisher's Weekly'' te dekri liv la kòm "yon dokimantè ki ra anpil anvan tout koreksyon ki te parèt sou lavi yon adolesan Ameriken te ekri pou lot moun, ke tèt li menm <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-4022-8758-9|title=Children's Book Review : Dear Nobody : The True Diary of Mary Rose by Edited by Gillian McCain and Legs McNeil. Sourcebooks Fire, $15.99 (336p)|website=PublishersWeekly.com|language=en|isbn=978-1-4022-8758-9|access-date=03-11-2021}}.</ref> ." ''Chè Pèsonn pa'' te aklame kritik ak salué kòm yon vèsyon ki pi natif natal nan istwa fiktiv ki te di nan roman Beatrice Sparks ' ''The Blue Grass'' . Yo te fè entèvyou ak manman McCain ak Mary Rose an 2014 sou The ''Leonard Lopate'' Show sou WNYC-FM. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wnyc.org/story/true-diary-teenage-girl/|title=The Diary of a Teenage Girl : 'The Jane Austen of Juvenile Delinquents' / The Leonard Lopate Show / WNYC|website=WNYC|language=en|access-date=03-11-2021}}.</ref> Okòmansman entrige pa pwezi vèsè gratis, Gillian McCain evantyèlman te vin enterese nan [[Powèm an pwoz|pwezi pwoz]] pandan l t ap etidye ak powèt Larry Fagin. McCain te pibliye premye koleksyon li, ''Tilt'', an 1996 , kote li te reflechi sou enpak lekòl pwezi New York la, ansanm ak lavi chak jou ak kawotik ak entans, te genyen sou li <ref name="+1" /> {{,}} . ''Tilt'' te fè lwanj pou "style chatty, detache <ref name="+2" /> li." Dapre powèt John Ashbery, "powèm Gillian McCain yo se tankou telegram ijan ki soti nan lot pòt, oswa snapshots, ankadre nan fason ra men ki briyan, nan yon lavi k ap pase." Ekriven ak powèt Harry Mathews te rele koleksyon sa a "yon koleksyon briyan powèm pwoz ." McCain te pibliye yon lòt koleksyon pwezi, ''Relijyon'', an 1999, ki te trè byen resevwa. « Travay li montre dimansyon imedya Lekòl New York la, aspè "Mwen te fè sa a epi apre sa", men li afebli li atravè itilizasyon yon distans ironik ki mennen nan efondreman lafwa nayif la nan imedya a kòm yon sous valè. ", te di powèt Mark Wallace nan yon atik nan bilten Pwojè Pwezi . Pou ekri pwezi l yo, McCain tire enspirasyon li yo nan yon foul moun nan sous nan lavi chak jou, ki gen ladan konvèsasyon tande, fraz nan liv, magazin, ak jounal. Li di ekri pwezi se tankou yon "lachas trezò." Encyclopedia of New York School Poets dekri li konsa: : « Kòm yon powèt, li ekri pwoz ki jere yo dwe tou lidik ak antyèman serye nan kritik li yo nan fòm sosyete kontanporen ak fòm opozisyon ak sosyete ke lektè nan pwezi Lekòl New York ta ka pran pou akòde yon ti kras twò fasil. [ 6 ] » An 2010, Gillian McCain te travay kòm ko-konsèvate (avèk atis Megan Cump) sou yon seleksyon "foto yo te jwenn" nan koleksyon li. Ki gen tit " ''HELP ME'' ," yo te ekspoze foto yo nan galri Camera Club of New York. Bliye, abandone, òfelen, pèdi, vòlè, achte, dekouvri, oswa jwenn, yo te chwazi imaj ki nan "EDE MWEN" nan koleksyon fotografi vaste McCain, nan fòma ki gen ladan tintypes, enprime kabinè, Polaroids, ak snapshots <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cameraclubny.org/helpme_show.html|title=HELP ME: Found Photos from the Collection of Gillian McCain|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111073738/http://www.cameraclubny.org/helpme_show.html|archive-date=2014-11-11|access-date=2014-06-20}}</ref> . Ekri nan New Yorker, ekspè fotografi Vince Aletti te rele egzibisyon an "grizant," li di : "Imaj zam, kostim, ak blesi parèt repete, men pa gen okenn tèm reyèl, jis yon anpil nan bizari ak enspirasyon ." Egzibisyon " ''HELP ME'' " te parèt tou nan nimewo desanm 2010 nan magazin fransè Photo . Yon liv edisyon limite, tou ki te gen tit "EDE M '," te pibliye ansanm ak egzibisyon an. Epitou an 2010, McCain te kolabore ak mari l James "The Hound" Marshall (tou yon otè) sou liv Fifty ''Photos'' Found by Fang With Text by The Hound. Liv la prezante foto yo te akonpaye pa deskripsyon Marshall ekri ak kòmantè nan men lektè nan sit entènèt li a, kote foto yo te orijinal pibliye . "Fang" ak "The Hound" se surnon pou McCain ak Marshall. Ekriven Joe Bonomo, sou blog li ''a No Such Thing As Was'', di sou liv la : "Nan ''senkant foto yo te jwenn'', gen nan renmen jèn, renmen fin vye granmoun, renmen dout, bwè, lavi lame, bums ak barflies, postè nan toutouni sou mi <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nosuchthingaswas.com/2011/05/on-fifty-fotos-found.html|title=On Fifty Fotos Found|website=nosuchthingaswas.com|access-date=03-11-2021}}.</ref> souten Koleksyon foto McCain te jwenn te parèt tou nan nimewo 2014 Columbia Poetry Review. Yon atik ki te gen tit "Sleepwalking: Photograph from the Collection of Gillian McCain" te pibliye nan nimewo 14 nan magazin ''Lid'' an 2012. * ''Tanpri Touye Mwen : Istwa Punk non sansire kòm jwè li yo te rakonte yo'' (avèk Legs McNeil ) ( {{En}} ''Tanpri touye m ': Istwa oral Punk san sansi a'', Grove Press, 1996), Allia Editions, trad. Héloïse Esquié, 2006 * ''Dear Nobody: The True Diary of Mary Rose'' with Legs McNeil (Sourcebooks Fire, 2014) * ''Ede m ': Jwenn foto nan koleksyon Gillian McCain'' ak Megan Cump (2010) * ''Tilt'' (Chif yo/Hard Press, 1996) * ''Relijyon'' (Chif yo, 1999) == Referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] gobgmq3srih8l7ykj5yolb80hqmbwxc 0 96403 889920 874149 2026-11-05T17:44:56Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 889920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biyografi|non=Jean-Hubert Valcourt|ti non=Dug G|dat nesans=10 septanm 1982 (43 ane)|lye nesans=Pòdpè|nasyonalite=Ayisyen|peyi nesans=Ayiti|peyi rezidans=Nouyòk|aktivite=Rapè, reyalizatè atistik, antreprenè|lòt aktivite=Pwopriyetè : PIWO Records}} '''Dug G''', ki gen vrè non '''Jean-Hubert Valcourt''', fèt 10 septanm 1982 nan vil Pòdpè. Li se yon rapè, fotograf ak animatè radyo Ayisyen. Li se youn nan pyonye mouvman rap kreyòl la an Ayiti[1]. Biyografi '''Anfans li''' Dug G te fèt nan Pòdpè, Ayiti. Li se pi gran nan senk timoun, pitit Duguay Michel Valcourt ak Margarette Eugene. Li te fè etid primè li kay Frè Enstriksyon Kretyen Sen Jozèf nan vil kote l te fèt la. Aprè sa, li te ale nan Kolèj Notre Dame de Lourdes pou etid segondè li.[2] '''Kòmansman''' Mizik, sitou hip-hop, te byen vit vin yon gwo pati nan lavi Dug G depi li te tou piti. Anfèt, li te nan setyèm ane, premye ane lekòl segondè, lè, pandan eleksyon prezidansyèl lekòl li a, yo te vin rekonèt li pou talan rap li. Pèfòmans sa a, te fè l jwenn yon plas nan gwoup Cosmic Rap Boys la, ke li te oblije kite byen vit akòz egzijans manman l ki pa t vle kite pitit gason l lan vin yon rapè. Sepandan, yon ti tan aprè, Dug G, ansanm ak Lova Man ak Young MC, te fonde premye gwoup mizikal li nan vil Pòdpè: Lova Man And His Crew. Akòz depa de lòt manm yo pou Etazini, avanti a pa t kontinye. Pi devan, Dug G te eseye ankò, li te fonde yon nouvo gwoup: Osmoz, ak twa zanmi. Men, avanti sa a ta pral kanpe ankò lè Dug G te oblije kite vil kote l te fèt la pou l ale Pòtoprens pou pouswiv etid inivèsitè li. '''Siksè Konfime''' Nan Pòtoprens, li te kòmanse fè konnen l atravè lèzond sou radyo Radyo [[planèt]] Krèyòl, kote li te anime emisyon Rap'Rocher a. Pou ankouraje rap plis an Ayiti, li menm ak lòt zanmi, tankou Pikan, te fonde RockFam Records Entertainment. Sa ki ta pral bay nesans pi devan ak RockFam Lame a. Dug G te youn nan manm ki pi popilè nan gwoup sa a, avèk li ,li te rive sòti twa albòm ("Saw pa ka konprann," "Yon lòt vizyon," "Pa gen pase n"), senk mereng kanaval, epi li te jwe nan plizyè konsè ak festival an Ayiti ak aletranje. Depi 2009, li te kite gwoup la pou l pouswiv yon karyè solo. Li jistifye desizyon l pou l kite gwoup la lè l di: "RockFam gen règ ki prive [[atis]] yo de libète kreyatif pèsonèl ak antrepriz likratif. « '''Kenbe m si w kapab,''' se premye albòm solo li ki te sòti 26 desanm 2010. Dezan apre, an 2012, li te retounen ak Men vibe la, yon nouvo albòm ki gen 17 mòso mizik ki fèt an kolaborasyon avèk 17 pwodiktè ak yon pakèt atis ki soti nan diferan tandans mizikal. '''Biznisman''' Depi li te kite gwoup RockFam nan, li te kreye pwòp labèl mizik li an 2010: "Piwo Records," ki gen yon katalòg plen kou legba . Pa egzanp, "Piwo Records" deja pwodui plizyè albòm, tankou: albòm Dailand Crew la, premye albòm DRZ la, premye albòm Zomò a; san bliye twa mixtape pa Dug G yo, de mixtape pa Blaz Z, ak premye albòm Tonimix la. Anplis de sa, "Piwo Records" te kolabore ak lòt konpayi pwodiksyon entènasyonal tankou Melody Makers, ki se pwopriyete Jeff Wainwright, yon Ayisyen-Ameriken. Diskografi '''Rockfam Lame''' 2007: Saw pa ka konprann 2008: Yon lot vizyon 2009: Pa gen pase’n '''Solo''' 2010: Kenbe m si w kapab (DugMatiste Vol.1) 2012: Men Vibe la (Mixtape) 2014: 2.0 Reloaded (Mixtape) 2014: Bon komisyon (DugMatiste Vol.2) 2016: Remixtape a (Mixtape) 2017: “Anmè Kou Fye’l” Featuring Izolan. '''Piwo Records & Mafya Republiq''' 2015: Plis Motivasyon 2018: Ak fos 2022: PIWO Records Beat Of Vol. 1 2022: Piwo Records Dekad 2022: Bo$$ Mouvman '''Referans''' https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/guadeloupe/rappeur-haitien-dug-g-est-akazakoustik-827566.html https://www.last.fm/fr/music/Dug.G+TheRqst/+wiki 4t3v25pyofbzjkwpjtofuck4btxiw3h 889921 889920 2026-11-05T17:45:51Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 889921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biyografi|non=Jean-Hubert Valcourt|ti non=Dug G|dat nesans=10 septanm 1982 (43 ane)|lye nesans=Pòdpè|nasyonalite=Ayisyen|peyi nesans=Ayiti|peyi rezidans=Nouyòk|aktivite=Rapè, reyalizatè atistik, antreprenè|lòt aktivite=Pwopriyetè : PIWO Records}} '''Dug G''', ki gen vrè non '''Jean-Hubert Valcourt''', fèt 10 septanm 1982 nan vil Pòdpè. Li se yon rapè, fotograf ak animatè radyo Ayisyen. Li se youn nan pyonye mouvman rap kreyòl la an Ayiti[1]. Biyografi == '''Anfans li''' == Dug G te fèt nan Pòdpè, Ayiti. Li se pi gran nan senk timoun, pitit Duguay Michel Valcourt ak Margarette Eugene. Li te fè etid primè li kay Frè Enstriksyon Kretyen Sen Jozèf nan vil kote l te fèt la. Aprè sa, li te ale nan Kolèj Notre Dame de Lourdes pou etid segondè li.[2] '''Kòmansman''' Mizik, sitou hip-hop, te byen vit vin yon gwo pati nan lavi Dug G depi li te tou piti. Anfèt, li te nan setyèm ane, premye ane lekòl segondè, lè, pandan eleksyon prezidansyèl lekòl li a, yo te vin rekonèt li pou talan rap li. Pèfòmans sa a, te fè l jwenn yon plas nan gwoup Cosmic Rap Boys la, ke li te oblije kite byen vit akòz egzijans manman l ki pa t vle kite pitit gason l lan vin yon rapè. Sepandan, yon ti tan aprè, Dug G, ansanm ak Lova Man ak Young MC, te fonde premye gwoup mizikal li nan vil Pòdpè: Lova Man And His Crew. Akòz depa de lòt manm yo pou Etazini, avanti a pa t kontinye. Pi devan, Dug G te eseye ankò, li te fonde yon nouvo gwoup: Osmoz, ak twa zanmi. Men, avanti sa a ta pral kanpe ankò lè Dug G te oblije kite vil kote l te fèt la pou l ale Pòtoprens pou pouswiv etid inivèsitè li. '''Siksè Konfime''' Nan Pòtoprens, li te kòmanse fè konnen l atravè lèzond sou radyo Radyo [[planèt]] Krèyòl, kote li te anime emisyon Rap'Rocher a. Pou ankouraje rap plis an Ayiti, li menm ak lòt zanmi, tankou Pikan, te fonde RockFam Records Entertainment. Sa ki ta pral bay nesans pi devan ak RockFam Lame a. Dug G te youn nan manm ki pi popilè nan gwoup sa a, avèk li ,li te rive sòti twa albòm ("Saw pa ka konprann," "Yon lòt vizyon," "Pa gen pase n"), senk mereng kanaval, epi li te jwe nan plizyè konsè ak festival an Ayiti ak aletranje. Depi 2009, li te kite gwoup la pou l pouswiv yon karyè solo. Li jistifye desizyon l pou l kite gwoup la lè l di: "RockFam gen règ ki prive [[atis]] yo de libète kreyatif pèsonèl ak antrepriz likratif. « '''Kenbe m si w kapab,''' se premye albòm solo li ki te sòti 26 desanm 2010. Dezan apre, an 2012, li te retounen ak Men vibe la, yon nouvo albòm ki gen 17 mòso mizik ki fèt an kolaborasyon avèk 17 pwodiktè ak yon pakèt atis ki soti nan diferan tandans mizikal. == '''Biznisman''' == Depi li te kite gwoup RockFam nan, li te kreye pwòp labèl mizik li an 2010: "Piwo Records," ki gen yon katalòg plen kou legba . Pa egzanp, "Piwo Records" deja pwodui plizyè albòm, tankou: albòm Dailand Crew la, premye albòm DRZ la, premye albòm Zomò a; san bliye twa mixtape pa Dug G yo, de mixtape pa Blaz Z, ak premye albòm Tonimix la. Anplis de sa, "Piwo Records" te kolabore ak lòt konpayi pwodiksyon entènasyonal tankou Melody Makers, ki se pwopriyete Jeff Wainwright, yon Ayisyen-Ameriken. Diskografi '''Rockfam Lame''' 2007: Saw pa ka konprann 2008: Yon lot vizyon 2009: Pa gen pase’n '''Solo''' 2010: Kenbe m si w kapab (DugMatiste Vol.1) 2012: Men Vibe la (Mixtape) 2014: 2.0 Reloaded (Mixtape) 2014: Bon komisyon (DugMatiste Vol.2) 2016: Remixtape a (Mixtape) 2017: “Anmè Kou Fye’l” Featuring Izolan. '''Piwo Records & Mafya Republiq''' 2015: Plis Motivasyon 2018: Ak fos 2022: PIWO Records Beat Of Vol. 1 2022: Piwo Records Dekad 2022: Bo$$ Mouvman == '''Referans''' == * https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/guadeloupe/rappeur-haitien-dug-g-est-akazakoustik-827566.html * https://www.last.fm/fr/music/Dug.G+TheRqst/+wiki jqhvzwyu1k12w6i05ckewcwx45yog1t 0 97127 889878 881488 2026-11-05T14:21:34Z Anacaona 2726 889878 wikitext text/x-wiki Benito Antonio Martínez Ocasio (fèt 10 mas 1994, non atis Bad Bunny) se yon [[Rap|rapè]], chantè, pwodiktè mizikal, [[komedyen]] epi litè okazyonèl [[Pòtoriko|Pòtoriken]]. Yo konsidere msye youn nan pi gwo rapè Latino ki genyen. {{mizisyen |non=Bad Bunny |foto=Bad Bunny 2019 by Glenn Francis (cropped).jpg |tèks= Bad Bunny (2019) |lye nesans= [[Pòtoriko]] |nasyonalite= ameriken |zèv= |nòt= |gwoup= |mizik= |enstriman= }} [[Kategori:Pòtoriko]] [[Kategori:Pòtoriken]] [[Kategori:Rapè]] [[Kategori:Rap]] [[Kategori:Reggaeton]] [[Kategori:Karayib]] h76ha24euest773n08e2exgz59a4etw 889880 889878 2026-11-05T14:22:56Z Anacaona 2726 889880 wikitext text/x-wiki Benito Antonio Martínez Ocasio (fèt 10 mas 1994, non atis Bad Bunny) se yon [[Rap|rapè]], chantè, pwodiktè mizikal, [[komedyen]] epi litè okazyonèl [[Pòtoriko|Pòtoriken]]. Yo konsidere msye youn nan pi gwo rapè Latino ki genyen. {{mizisyen |non=Bad Bunny |foto=Bad Bunny 2019 by Glenn Francis (cropped).jpg |tèks= Bad Bunny (2019) |lye nesans= [[Pòtoriko]] |nasyonalite= ameriken |zèv= |nòt= |gwoup= |mizik= |enstriman= }} [[Kategori:Pòtoriko]] [[Kategori:Pòtoriken]] [[Kategori:Rapè]] [[Kategori:Rap]] [[Kategori:Reggaeton]] [[Kategori:Karayib]] [[Kategori:Amerik latin]] [[Kategori:Amerik di Nò]] [[Kategori:Sinema]] [[Kategori:Sinema ameriken]] [[Kategori:Espanyòl]] [[Kategori:Panyòl]] [[Kategori:Mizik panyòl]] 7c0k9nmxjexnzw03sx1y1de1eit69gu 889881 889880 2026-11-05T14:24:06Z Anacaona 2726 889881 wikitext text/x-wiki Benito Antonio Martínez Ocasio (fèt 10 mas 1994, non atis Bad Bunny) se yon [[Rap|rapè]], chantè, pwodiktè mizikal, [[komedyen]] epi litè okazyonèl [[Pòtoriko|Pòtoriken]]. Yo konsidere msye youn nan pi gwo rapè Latino ki genyen. {{mizisyen |non=Bad Bunny |foto=Bad Bunny 2019 by Glenn Francis (cropped).jpg |tèks= Bad Bunny (2019) |lye nesans= [[Pòtoriko]] |nasyonalite= ameriken |zèv= |nòt= |gwoup= |mizik= |enstriman= }} == Diskografi == [[Kategori:Pòtoriko]] [[Kategori:Pòtoriken]] [[Kategori:Rapè]] [[Kategori:Rap]] [[Kategori:Reggaeton]] [[Kategori:Karayib]] [[Kategori:Amerik latin]] [[Kategori:Amerik di Nò]] [[Kategori:Sinema]] [[Kategori:Sinema ameriken]] [[Kategori:Espanyòl]] [[Kategori:Panyòl]] [[Kategori:Mizik panyòl]] 8024mkka718vddk2wl4x1jclpaksm5e 889882 889881 2026-11-05T14:24:29Z Anacaona 2726 /* Diskografi */ 889882 wikitext text/x-wiki Benito Antonio Martínez Ocasio (fèt 10 mas 1994, non atis Bad Bunny) se yon [[Rap|rapè]], chantè, pwodiktè mizikal, [[komedyen]] epi litè okazyonèl [[Pòtoriko|Pòtoriken]]. Yo konsidere msye youn nan pi gwo rapè Latino ki genyen. {{mizisyen |non=Bad Bunny |foto=Bad Bunny 2019 by Glenn Francis (cropped).jpg |tèks= Bad Bunny (2019) |lye nesans= [[Pòtoriko]] |nasyonalite= ameriken |zèv= |nòt= |gwoup= |mizik= |enstriman= }} == Diskografi == Debí tirar mas fotos (2024) [[Kategori:Pòtoriko]] [[Kategori:Pòtoriken]] [[Kategori:Rapè]] [[Kategori:Rap]] [[Kategori:Reggaeton]] [[Kategori:Karayib]] [[Kategori:Amerik latin]] [[Kategori:Amerik di Nò]] [[Kategori:Sinema]] [[Kategori:Sinema ameriken]] [[Kategori:Espanyòl]] [[Kategori:Panyòl]] [[Kategori:Mizik panyòl]] goulftc8xbcenft3jd8b6reeckny05m 889883 889882 2026-11-05T14:24:43Z Anacaona 2726 /* Diskografi */ 889883 wikitext text/x-wiki Benito Antonio Martínez Ocasio (fèt 10 mas 1994, non atis Bad Bunny) se yon [[Rap|rapè]], chantè, pwodiktè mizikal, [[komedyen]] epi litè okazyonèl [[Pòtoriko|Pòtoriken]]. Yo konsidere msye youn nan pi gwo rapè Latino ki genyen. {{mizisyen |non=Bad Bunny |foto=Bad Bunny 2019 by Glenn Francis (cropped).jpg |tèks= Bad Bunny (2019) |lye nesans= [[Pòtoriko]] |nasyonalite= ameriken |zèv= |nòt= |gwoup= |mizik= |enstriman= }} == Diskografi == Debí tirar mas fotos (2025) Un verano sin tí (2021) [[Kategori:Pòtoriko]] [[Kategori:Pòtoriken]] [[Kategori:Rapè]] [[Kategori:Rap]] [[Kategori:Reggaeton]] [[Kategori:Karayib]] [[Kategori:Amerik latin]] [[Kategori:Amerik di Nò]] [[Kategori:Sinema]] [[Kategori:Sinema ameriken]] [[Kategori:Espanyòl]] [[Kategori:Panyòl]] [[Kategori:Mizik panyòl]] 3ggp363knnitnq6uf1fb8p46dijyefy 0 97392 889891 888945 2026-11-05T14:34:21Z Kitanago 19629 Kitanago a déplacé la page [[Sikhi]] vers [[Sikism]] 888945 wikitext text/x-wiki     '''Sikhism''', pi byen koni kòm '''Sikhi''', se yon relijyon ak filozofi Endyen ki te soti nan rejyon Punjab nan soukontinan Endyen an nan fen 15ym syèk la. Li se youn nan gwo relijyon ki te fonde pi resamman e li te pratike pa 25-30.{{Espas}}milyon disip, ke yo rekonèt kòm Sikh. Sikhi soti apati ansèyman espirityèl [[Guru Nanak]] (1469–1539), premye [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|gourou]] lafwa a, ak nèf gourou Sikh ki te pran plas li. Dizyèm gourou a, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] (1666–1708), te nonmen Guru Granth Sahib, ki se ekriti relijye santral nan Sikhism, kòm siksesè li. Sa te mete fen nan liy gourou imen yo. Pou sikh, Guru Granth Sahib ji a se 11yèm guru ki vivan pou tout tan an kounya. Kwayans ak pratik fondamantal Sikhism yo, ki atikile nan Guru Granth Sahib la ak lòt ekriti Sikh yo, genyen ladan yo lafwa ak meditasyon nan non sèl kreyatè a ( ''Ik Onkar'' ), inite diven ak egalite tout limanite, angajman nan sèvis dezenterese anvè lòt moun ( ''[[Seva|sevā]]'' ), efò pou jistis pou benefis ak pwosperite tout moun ( ''[[sarbat da bhala]]'' ), ak konduit onèt ak mwayen pou viv. Swivan estanda sa a, Sikhism pa kwe reklamasyon ke nenpòt tradisyon relijye patikilye gen yon monopoli sou verite absoli ditou. pou rezon sa, Sikh yo pa aktivman fè pwoselitism ditou tou, byenke konvèti volontè yo jeneralman aksepte. Sikhi mete aksan sou meditasyon ak pou moun sonje kòm yon mwayen pou santi prezans Bondye ( ke sikh di ''simran'' ), ki ka eksprime mizikalman atravè ''kirtan'' oswa entènman atravè <nowiki><i id="mwTg">naam japna</i></nowiki> ( ke vle di  'medite sou non Bondye nan kreyol ). Sikh ki batize yo oblije mete senk K yo, ki se senk atik lafwa ki distenge fizikman Sikh yo ak moun ki pa Sikh. Pami sa yo gen ''kesh'' la (cheve ki pa koupe). Pifò gason Sikh relijye yo pa koupe cheve yo men yo mete yon tiban. konsa se enpotan konsep pou moun ke kwe sikhi.   [[Fichye:Jewels_of_the_Sikh_Faith.png|alt=|vignette|Pi gwo tanp Sikh yo: {{Ordered list|[[Golden Temple]], [[Akal Takht|Akaal Takht]]|[[Takht Kesgarh Sahib|Kesgarh Sahib]]|[[Takht Sri Damdama Sahib|Damdama Sahib]]|[[Takht Sri Patna Sahib|Patna Sahib]]|[[Hazur Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Panja Sahib|Panja Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Janam Asthan|Nankana Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Dera Sahib|Dera Sahib]]|[[Sultanpur Lodhi|Ber Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur|Kartarpur Sahib]], [[Dera Baba Nanak]]|[[Gurdwara Hemkund Sahib|Hemkund Sahib]]|[[Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib|Sis Ganj Sahib]]}}tanp an lò a (Akaal Takht) Kesgarh Sahib Damdama Sahib Patna Sahib Hazur Sahib Panja Sahib Nankana Sahib Dera Sahib Ber Sahib Kartarpur Sahib, Dera Baba Nanak Hemkund Sahib Sis Ganj Sahib]] [[Fichye:Tarn_Taran_1.jpg|vignette|Tarn Taran Sahib – Pi gwo Sarovar nan mond lan (pisin sakre)]] Relijyon an te devlope epitou evolye pandann yon tann pèsekisyon relijye, li te vin gn plis moun ki konvèti ni nan [[Endouyis]] ni [[Islamis|nan Islam]] . Anperè Mughal nan peyi Zend te tòtire epi egzekite de nan gourou Sikh yo —Guru Arjan (1563–1606) ak Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)—apre yo te refize konvèti nan Islam . Pèsekisyon Sikh yo te deklanche fondasyon ''Khalsa'' a pa Guru Gobind Singh an 1699 kòm yon lòd pou pwoteje libète konsyans ak relijyon, ak manm ki te eksprime kalite yon ''sant-sipāhī'' ("sen-sòlda"). Alo sikh yo te ka proteje tetyo == Terminoloji == Majorite teks Sikh yo te ekri premye ann [[alfabè]] Gurmukhī, ki se yon ekriti ke t kreye pa Guru Angad li itilize pati ekriti Laṇḍā pou fe sa. sa te istorikmant t itilize ann peyi Pakistan ak Nò peyi Zend jodya. Moun ki pratike Sikhism yo rele ''Sikh'', ki vle di "etidyan" oswa "disip" gourou a. Mo [[Lang angle|angle]] ''Sikhism'' lan soti nan mo Punjabi pou relijyon ''Sikhi a'' ( Punjabi ''Sikkhī'', {{Pwononsyasyon API|pa|ˈsɪk.kʰiː||Sikkhi.ogg}}, soti nan Punjabi mo pou <span class="gloss-quot">disip</span><span class="gloss-text">​</span>​ ), ki vle di "chemen tanporèl aprantisaj la" epi ki soti vèb sikhana a ( oswa vèb la apprand.) Sikh yo opoze ak tèm ekzonim ''Sikhism'' nan pask yo di n ke se kolon Britanik yo ki te envante mo a olye de Sikh yo menm, epi yo prefere andonim ''Sikhi'' a pito. Yo diskite ke yon "-ism" vle di yon vizyon mond fiks ak imuiabl ki. pa kongriyan ak nati likid entèn filozofi Sikh la. Se poutèt sa, yo itilize tèm "sikhi" a an kreyòl, olye de "sikhism", pandan mond lan kòmanse yon vwayaj gerizon apre kolonizasyon ewopeyen an. Lòt tèm Sikh yo itilize pou nonmen lafwa yo se ''gursikhi'', ''gurmat'', oswa ''dharam'' . [[Category:Articles containing Punjabi-language text]] Bazi Sikhi nan soti ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] anplis siksesè li yo (guru yo 2 rive 10). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/when-is-guru-nanak-jayanti-check-date-and-all-you-need-to-know-15064101.htm|title=When is Guru Nanak Jayanti? Check date and all you need to know - CNBC TV18|date=2022-11-03|website=CNBCTV18|language=en|access-date=2025-01-18}}</ref> Sikh yo mete aksan sou kongriyans ki genyen ant devlopman espirityèl ak konduit moral chak jou. kreyatè li a, Guru Nanak, t'rezime pèspektiv saa lè li te di: "Verite a se pi gwo vèti a, men pi wo toujou se lavi veridik la."  Sikhi mete aksan sou konsep ''Ėk nūr te sab jag upjiā'', 'Soti nan yon sèl limyè a, tout [[linivè]] a te pete.' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/44900217|title=The Art & Architecture of THE GOLDEN TEMPLE COMPLEX, AMRITSAR|last=Dokras|first=Uday|year=2021|website=Academia|publisher=Indo Nordic Author's Collective|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120212545/https://www.academia.edu/44900217|archive-date=20 November 2023|access-date=September 20, 2023}}</ref> Guru Nanak te mete aksan tou sou ansèyman li te bay disip li yo lè li te ba yo egzanp nan lavi reyèl. === Bondye === Sikhism se yon relijye [[monoteyis]] ak panenteyis tou. Sikh yo kwè ke se yon sèl Bondye ki egziste e ke Bondye an menm tan an nan tout bagay epi li anglobe tout bagay. Inite Bondye a refleke nan fraz ''Ik Onkar'' la. Nan Sikhi, mo a pou Bondye se ''Waheguru'' ( ki vle di. ' Bon mèt ). ''Waheguru'' a konsidere kòm ''Nirankar'' ("sans fòm"), ''Akal'' ("intemporel"), ''Karta Purakh'' (" kreyatè a ke yo te "), ''Akaal Purkh'' ("pi lwen pase tan ak lanmò") ak ''Agam Agochar'' (" enkonpreyansib pou nou ak envizib"). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2018-09-01/There-is-One-God/409124|title=There is One God|last=The Hans India|date=1 September 2018|website=[[The Hans India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710164237/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Spiritual/2018-09-01/There-is-One-God/409124|archive-date=10 July 2019|access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> Nan sans literal, Bondye pa gen sèks nan Sikhism, men nan yon sans metafò, Bondye souvan prezante ak imaj maskilen, pandan ke pouvwa kreyatif Bondye a dekri ak imaj feminin. Pa egzanp, Guru Gobind Singh refere a Bondye kòm papa li, epi li dekri pouvwa kreyatif Bondye a kòm manman li. Menm jan an tou, Guru Granth Sahib sèvi ak imaj lamarye espirityèl pou dekri tout moun kòm nanm ki anvi ini ak Senyè a kòm mari yo. Anplis sa, ekriti a tou mete aksan sou lide ke gen anpil mond kote Bondye transandantal la te kreye lavi.. Sikhism kòmanse ak konsèp Ik Onkar (ekri nan punjabi kom ੴ ), ki vle di “Sèl Kreyatè a”. Nan tradisyon Sikh la, sa pa sèlman yon non pou Bondye, men yon deklarasyon fondamantal sou nati reyalite a: gen yon sèl prezans diven ki ini tout sa ki egziste, san divizyon, san dezyèm. Ik Onkar konprann kòm yon ekspresyon monoteyis ki montre inite absoli Bondye a. Li souvan tradui pi lajman kòm “sèl reyalite siprèm nan”, “sèl Kreyatè a”, oubyen “lespri ki penetre tout bagay la”. Nan sans sa a, li pa limite Bondye ann yon fòm oswa yon kote; olye de sa, li montre yon prezans ki gaye toupatou nan kreyasyon an pandan li rete youn e endivizib. Nan vizyon Sikh la, Ik Onkar mete aksan sou lide ke pa gen separasyon reyèl ant Kreyatè ak kreyasyon: tout egzistans se yon sèl reyalite diven ki pran plizyè fòm, men ki rete fondamantalman ini ak youn. ''Mul Mantar'' tradisyonèl la sòti nan ''ik onkar'' rive nan ''Nanak hosee bhee such.'' Premye liy ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la avèk chak ''raga'' ki vin apre yap mansyone ''ik onkar tou'' : {{Referans}} [[Fichye:Akalees_Emily_Eden_PDL.jpg|vignette|Yon eskis Emily Eden te fè an 1844 sou "Akalees oubyen Imòtèl yo". Dijitalize pa Bibliyotèk Dijital Panjab la.]] ''[[Maya (relijyon)|Māyā]]'', dyo dekri kòm yon ilizyon oswa yon reyalite ki pa dirab, ki ka detounen moun nan chemen pou chèche Bondye ak delivrans. Li atire moun nan direksyon plezi ak soufrans ki sanble reyèl, men ki pase vit, e konsa li ka fè yo pèdi konsantrasyon sou devosyon pou Bondye. Sepandan, Guru Nanak te eksplike ke māyā pa sèlman vle di mond lan se fo, men li refere tou a fason moun vin atache ak valè mond lan. Nan Sikhism, yo kwè ke ego, kòlè, avaris, atachman ak lanvi—yo rele Panj Chor—se fòs ki pi fasil pou detounen moun, paske yo fè mal epi yo retire moun lwen Bondye. Sikh yo kwè ke mond lan ap viv nan yon epòk yo rele Kali Yuga, kote limanite pèdi chemen li akoz lanmou ak atachman pou māyā. Dapre kwayans sa a, moun ki vin viktim senk vòlè sa yo vin separe ak Bondye. Sèl fason pou geri eta sa a se atravè yon devosyon pwofon, kontinyèl, ak san rete. [[Fichye:Sikh.man.at.the.Golden.Temple.jpg|vignette|Yon Nihang Sikh nan Harmandir Sahib la, ke yo rele tou Tanp an lò a]] === Liberasyon === Moun ke kwe Mo Guru Nanak yo pa kwe destinasyon final yo tankou syèl la oswa tankou lanfè, men olye de sa yo ta vle jwenn inyon espirityèl ak linivè ''a'', ki lakòz delivrans oswa ''jivanmukti'' ('iluminasyon/liberasyon pandan tout lavi yon moun'), yon konsèp ki yo kab jwenn tou nan [[Endouyis]] tou . [[Guru Gobind Singh]] fè li klè ke nesans imen jwenn ak anpil chans, e pou rezon sa, nou ta dwe eseye viv pibyen ke nou kapab. Sikhi aksepte konsèp reyenkanasyon ak karma ki parèt tou nan tradisyon tankou [[Boudis]], Endouyis, ak Jainis, men li pa nesesèman abouti nan yon sistèm soteriolojik metafizik tankou yon “syèl diven” oswa “nirvana” kòm objektif final. Nan Sikhism, karma ak liberasyon yo modifye pa lide “gras Bondye” (nadar, mehar, kirpa, elatriye). Guru Nanak anseye ke kò a antre nan nesans selon karma, men delivrans final la rive atravè gras diven. Pou pwoche pi pre Bondye, Sikh yo evite enfliyans maya, kenbe verite etènèl la nan lespri yo, pratike shabad kirtan (chante im sakre yo), medite sou Naam (non diven an), epi sèvi limanite. Yo kwè tou ke prezans nan satsang oswa sadh sangat (konpayi moun ki sou chemen verite a) se youn nan mwayen prensipal pou libere tèt yo soti nan sik reyenkanasyon an. Anplis dimansyon espirityèl sa yo, kominote Sikh la ka konprann tou kòm yon kominote ki gen idantite kolektif solid, pataje memwa istorik sou matir ak pèsekisyon anba diferan gouvènman, sa ki kontribye nan yon sans inite ak konsyans istorik nan gwoup la. === Pouvwa ak devosyon (Miri ak Piri) === <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> Fichye:Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib.jpg|alt=Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi. The long window under the marble platform is the location where Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by the Mughals.| Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib nan Delhi. Fenèt long ki anba platfòm mab la se kote Mughal yo te egzekite Guru Tegh Bahadur . Fichye:Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg|alt=Artistic rendering of the execution of Bhai Mati Das by the Mughals. This image is from a Sikh Ajaibghar near the towns of Mohali and Sirhind in Punjab, India.| Reprezantasyon atistik ekzekisyon Bhai Mati Das pa Mughal yo. Imaj sa a soti nan yon Sikh Ajaibghar toupre vil Mohali ak Sirhind nan Punjab, peyi Zend. </gallery>'''Miri Piri''' se yon doktrin enpotan ki moun pratike nan relijyon Sikh la depi 17yem syèk la. Doktran pou "Mir" la (aspè sosyal ak politik nan lavi a) avè "Pir" la (gid pou aspè espirityèl lavi a) te revele pa premye guru Sikh la, [[Guru Nanak]], men se sizyèm guru Sikh la, Guru Hargobind, ki t pwopoze'l nan dat 12 jenn 1606. Apre mati papa l, Guru Hargobind te vin nouvo Guru epitou li ta akonpli pwofesi ki te soti nan figi prensipal Sikh la, Baba Bouda, ke guru a ape posede pouvwa esprityèl ak tanporèl. Guru Hargobind te kreye de nepe Miri ak Piri yo, ki senbolize otorite mondyal (toulede sosyal ak politik) ak espirityèl. <ref name="jas" /> De kirpan Miri ak Piri yo mare ansanm ak yn khanda nan sant la, alo konbinezon tou de yo konsidere kòm sipwèm. Sa ap vle di tout aksyon ki soti nan kè espirityèl la oswa ki enfòme l konplete objektif ak siyifikasyon yon moun nan mond aksyon an: [[espirityalite]] . <ref name="jas" /> Nan Sikhism, gen kèk gwoup andeyò rejyon Punjab nan peyi Zend, tankou nan Maharashtra ak Bihar, ki konn fè **aarti** (itilizasyon lanp seremonièl) pandan obsèvans Bhakti nan gurdwara. Sepandan, pifò gurdwara Sikh yo pa pèmèt oswa entèdi pratik aarti pandan devosyon Bhakti yo. menm si diferans sa yo nan pratik, ansèyman gourou yo mete gwo aksan sou Bhakti ansanm ak lide ke lavi espirityèl ak lavi sekilyè yon chèf fanmi pa separe, men yo mare ansanm. Sa montre yon vizyon kote mond chak jou a se pati nan yon Reyalite Enfini, e plis konsyans espirityèl pote plis angajman ak enèji nan lavi chak jou. Guru Nanak t'esplike ide yon “lavi aktif, kreyatif ak pratik” ki chita sou verite, fidelite, kontwòl tèt, ak pite kòm yon nivo ki pi wo pase sèlman refleksyon metafizik. Nan sans sa a, Sikhism ankouraje moun viv espirityalite yo nan aksyon, travay, ak lavi fanmi, olye pou separe yo. Konsèp limanite a, jan Guru Nanak te devlope li, rafine epi mete an kesyon yon fòm “monoteyis pwòp tèt li/Bondye”, avèk lide ke monoteyis la vin prèske san sans lè li pa eksprime nan mouvman lanmou ak relasyon vivan. Guru Sikh yo te anseye ke objektif moun nan se depase tout dualite, tankou “pwòp tèt ak lòt”, “mwen ak pa-mwen”, pou rive nan yon eta kote yo reyalize yon ekilib ant opoze yo: separasyon ak inyon, pwòp tèt ak lòt, aksyon ak inaksyon, atachman ak detachman, nan lavi chak jou. === Chante ak mizik === Sik yo refere a im gourou yo kòm ''Gurbani'' ( lit. ' ). Shabad Kirtan se chante Gurbani. Tout Guru Granth Sahib Yo ekri tèks sa yo sou fòm pwezi ak rim, pou yo ka resite yo nan trant-e-yon raga diferan nan mizik klasik Endyen, jan yo presize sa. Sepandan, li ra pou jwenn moun nan kominote Sikh la ki metrize oswa ki abitye avèk tout raga ki prezan nan Guru Granth Sahib. [[Guru Nanak]] te kòmanse tradisyon Shabad Kirtan an epi li te anseye ke koute kirtan se yon fason pwisan pou reyalize trankilite pandan w ap medite, epi chante glwa "Sipwèm Etènèl la" (Bondye) avèk devosyon se fason ki pi efikas pou antre an kominyon ak "Sipwèm Etènèl la". Twa priyè maten pou Sikh yo konsiste de Japji Sahib, [[Jaap Sahib]], ak Tav-Prasad Savaiye . Sikh ki batize yo ( Amritdharis ) leve bonè epi medite, answit resite tout Senk Banis Nitnem yo, anvan dejene. Senk Banis yo konpoze de Japji Sahib, Jaap Sahib, Tav-Prasad Savaiye, Chaupai Sahib, Anand Sahib ; se Ardās ki te swiv rezitasyon banis ''paath'' la, nan ki gourou yo anseye prensip [[Sarbat da bhala|Sarbat da Bhala]] . === Sonje Non Divin lan === Yon pratik anpil enpotan Sikh yo fè se sonje ''Naam'' (non diven an), Waheguru/Bondye. Kontemplasyon sa a kap fè pa ''Nām Japō'' (lè w repete Non Divin lan) oswa ''Simran'' (sonj Non Divin lan atravè resitasyon). <ref name="NaamSimran" /> Repetisyon vèbal non Bondye a, oswa yon silab sakre, se yon pratik ke fe tout tan an nan peyi Zend; sepandan, Sikhism te devlope ''Naam-simran'' kòm yon pratik Bhakti enpòtan. Ideyal Guru Nanak la se ekspozisyon total èt yon moun nan Non Divin lan ak yon konfòmite ak Dharma, "Lòd Divin" an. Nanak te dekri rezilta aplikasyon disipline ''nām simraṇ'' la kòm yon "kwasans nan direksyon ak nan Bondye" atravè yon pwosesis gradyèl senk etap. Dènye a se ''Sach Khand'' ( ''Wayòm Verite a'' ): inyon final lespri a ak Bondye. === Sèvis avè aksyon === <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> Fichye:Mehdiana_5.jpg|alt=Sculpture at Mehdiana Sahib of the execution of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716 by the Mughals| Eskilti nan Mehdiana Sahib ki reprezante ekzekisyon Banda Singh Bahadur an 1716 pa Mughal yo. Fichye:Bodyguard_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg|alt=Some bodyguards of Maharaja Ranjit Singh at the Sikh capital, Lahore, Punjab| Kèk gadkò Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan kapital Sikh la, Lahore, Punjab. </gallery>Guru Sikh yo te anseye ke lè yon moun toujou ape sonje Non diven an ( ''naam simran'' ) epi li angaje nan sèvis san enterè ( ''[[Seva|sēvā]]'' ), li kapab simonte egoyis ( ''Haumai'' ). Selon Guru Granth Sahib ji a, egoyis sa a konsidere kòm rasin prensipal senk move enpilsyon yo, epi li se tou sa ki kenbe moun nan sik nesans ak lanmò a. Sèvis nan Sikhi gen twa fòm: genyen ''Tan'' (sèvis fizik, sa vle di travay), genyen ''Man'' (sèvis mantal, tankou konsakre kè w pou sèvi lòt moun), ak genyen ''Dhan'' (sèvis materyèl, ki gen ladan sipò finansye) tou. Sikhi di moun pou pratike ''kirat karō'', sa vle di "travay onèt". Ansèyman Sikh yo mete aksan tou sou konsèp pataj, oswa ''vaṇḍ chakkō tou'', sa se konsep la bay moun ki anndan bezwen pou benefis kominote'w. === Jistis ak egalite === Sikhi kwè Bondye kòm vrè anperè a, oswa wa tout wa yo, sila a ki bay jistis atravè lalwa ''[[Kama|karma]]'' a, yon modèl ak gras diven tou. Tèm pou jistis nan Sikhi se ''Niāyā''. Li konekte ak konsèp ''dharam'', ki nan Sikhism vle di lòd moral ak jistis. Sa soti nan rasin tèm Endou ''dharma'', men li gen yon sans diferan nan kontèks Sikh la. Dapre Guru Gobind Singh, jan Pashaura Singh (yon pwofesè nan etid Sikh) eksplike, yon moun dwe premye eseye tout metòd lapè pou chèche jistis. Si tout sa echwe, li vin lejitim pou pran aksyon defansiv, menm lè sa enplike itilizasyon nepe pou pwoteje jistis. Nan Sikhi, yon atak sou ''dharam'' ta dwe konsidere kòm yon atak sou jistis , sou lòd moral, ak sou ekilib sosyete a. Se poutèt sa, ''dharam'' dwe defann nan tout sikonstans. Non diven an konsidere kòm yon remèd espirityèl kont doulè ak vis. Malgre padon se yon vèti enpòtan nan Sikhi, tradisyon an anseye tou pou evite moun ki gen move entansyon epi, si sa nesesè, pou reziste enjistis ak pèsekisyon relijye pou pwoteje jistis ak verite. sa se youn pli enpotan bagaj nan sikhi petet sikhi pa gen wòl espesifik pou gason ak fanm. Sikhi kwe ke menm enèji egziste nan toulede seks. fi ka fe menm bagay pa egzanp, fe hukamnamas . === Dis guru ak otorite === {{Atik detaye|Singh Sabha Movement}} [[Fichye:Sikh_Gurus_with_Bhai_Bala_and_Bhai_Mardana.jpg|vignette|Yon penti ra nan style Tanjore ki soti nan fen 19yèm syèk la ki dekri dis gourou Sikh yo ak Bhai Bala ak Bhai Mardana.]] Tèm " [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|guru]] " a soti nan mo Sanskrit ''guruū'' a, ki vledi pwofesè, moun kap eklere, gid, oswa konseye. Tradisyon ak filozofi Sikhi yo te etabli pa dis gourou soti nan 1469 rive 1708. Chak Guru te ogmante/ajoute epi ranfòse mesaj ansyen Guru a te anseye a, sa ki te lakòz kreyasyon relijyon Sikh la. Guru Nanak te premye gourou a epi li ta chwasi yon nivo disip kòm siksesè. [[Guru Gobind Singh]] te dènye gurou ki t gen fòm imen. Anvan lanmò li, Guru Gobind Singh te dekrete an 1708 ke Guru Granth Sāhib la t ap dènye gourou pèpetyèl Sikh yo. Guru Angad vini apre Guru Nanak, pask li te chiassi pa nanak pou ranplase l. Pita, yon faz enpòtan nan kreye Sikhi nan te vini ak twazyèm siksesè a, Guru Amar Das . Ansèyman Guru Nanak yo t'mete aksan sou pouswit delivrans lan; Guru Amar Das te kòmanse bati yon kominote disip ki byen solid ak inisyativ tanku sanksyone seremoni diferan pou nesans, maryaj ak lanmò. Amar Das te etabli tou sistèm ''manji'' (konparab ak yon [[dyosèz]] ) pou sipèvizyon klerikal. [[Fichye:Interior_of_Akal_Takht.jpg|vignette|Enteryè Akal Takht la]] Gourou Sikh yo te mete an plas yon sistèm ki pèmèt relijyon Sikh la fonksyone kòm yon kominote ki ka adapte ak chanjman tan yo. Guru Hargobind te jwe yon wòl enpòtan nan kreyasyon konsèp Akal Takht, ki vle di “twòn sila ki etènèl la”. Li sèvi kòm sant siprèm pou pran desizyon nan Sikhism epi li sitiye anfas Harmandir Sahib nan vil Amritsar. Jodi a, Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee se òganizasyon ki nonmen lidè administrasyon an. Sarbat Khalsa se yon reyinyon istorik kote yon pati reprezantatif nan Khalsa Panth la rasanble nan Akal Takht la, espesyalman pandan evènman tankou Vaisakhi oswa Hola Mohalla, oswa lè gen gwo desizyon pou pran pou tout kominote Sikh la. Yon gurmatā (ki vle di “volonte Gourou a”) se yon desizyon Sarbat Khalsa a pran an prezans Guru Granth Sahib. Yon gurmatā ka sèlman pase sou kestyon ki gen rapò ak prensip fondamantal relijyon Sikh la, epi li obligatwa pou tout Sikh yo swiv li.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sgpc.net/sikhism/tankah.asp|title=Sikh Reht Maryada&nbsp;– Method of Adopting Gurmatta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020606154817/http://sgpc.net/sikhism/tankah.asp|archive-date=6 June 2002|access-date=9 June 2006}}</ref> [[Fichye:SikhGurus-LifeSpans-GurushipSpans.jpg|alt=Graph showing Life Spans and Guruship Spans of Sikh Gurus|centré|vignette|Dire lavi apwoksimatif ak dire Guruship 10 Sikh Gurus yo]] == Lekriti Sent yo == === Adi Granth ===   ''Ādi Granth'' la te konpile prensipalman pa Bhai Gurdas sou sipèvizyon Guru Arjan an ane 1603 ak 1604. l'ekri nan ekriti Gurmukhī a, ki se yon desandan ekriti Laṇḍā ki t itilize nan Punjab nan epòk sa a. Ekriti Gurmukhī a te estandadize pa Guru Angad, dezyèm gourou Sikh yo, pou itilize nan ekriti Sikh yo e yo panse ekriti Śāradā ak Devanāgarī yo te enfliyanse li. Yo te kreye yon ekriti ki fè otorite pou pwoteje entegrite im ak ansèyman gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak trèz bhagat Endou ak de bhagat Mizilman nan tradisyon sant mouvman Bhakti nan peyi Zend medyeval la. Trèz ''bhagat'' Endou ki te gen ansèyman yo te antre nan tèks la te gen ladan yo Ramananda, Namdev, Pipa, Ravidas, Beni, Bhikhan, Dhanna, Jaidev, Parmanand, Sadhana, Sain, Sur, Trilochan, pandan ke de ''bhagat'' Mizilmen yo te Kabir ak sen Soufi Farid . Sepandan, anpil nan bhagat sa yo te depase idantite relijye tradisyonèl yo nan ekriti yo. Pa egzanp, Kabir, ki souvan konsidere kòm Mizilman, deklare nan Ādi Granth la: “Mwen pa Endou ni Mizilman.” [8] Guru yo ki te swiv tradisyon sa a te anseye ke diferan fòm devosyon yo tout vize menm Bondye enfini an. ''Ādi Granth'' la se yon premye bouyon Guru Granth Sahib la. === Guru Granth Sahib === [[Fichye:Guru_Granth_Sahib.jpg|vignette|Gurū Granth Sāhib – ekriti prensipal Sikhism nan]]   Guru Granth Sahib la se ekriti sakre Sikh yo ==== Konpilasyon ==== Tèks la gen ladan anviwon 6,000 śabad (konpozisyon vès), ki ekri sou fòm pwezi epi mete sou mizik klasik ritmik ansyen nan nò peyi Zend. Pi gwo pati nan ekriti a òganize selon swasant rāga, epi chak Granth rāga sibdivize dapre longè ak otè. Im ki nan ekriti a yo klase prensipalman selon rāga kote yo resite ==== Lang ak ekriti ==== [[Fichye:Guru_Har_Rai_-_Mool_Mantar.jpg|vignette|Mul Mantar ekri pa Guru Har Rai, ki montre Ik Onkar nan tèt]] Lang prensipal k itilize an ekriti yo rele ''Sant Bhāṣā'', ki se yon lang ki gn rapò ak Punjabi ak Hindi e ki t lajman itilize nan tout nò peyi Zend nan Mwayennaj pa moun ki t sipòte relijyon devosyonèl popilè a ( bhakti ). Tèks la enprime nan ekriti Gurumukhi, yo kwè se Guru Angad ki te devlope li. Lang lan pataje rasin Endo-Ewopeyen yo jwenn nan plizyè lang rejyonal nan peyi Zend. se cool pask sa signifie ke alfebè ki se alfebè anpil punjabi itilize te kreye pa yon sikh guru ==== Ansèyman ==== [[Fichye:Sikh_musicians.jpg|gauche|vignette|Yon gwoup mizisyen Sikh yo rele Dhadi nan konplèks Tanp an lò a]] : ==== Kòm gourou ==== Guru Gobind Singh, dizyèm gourou a, te deklare Guru Granth Sahib kòm siksesè li. Avèk desizyon sa a, li mete fen nan tradisyon gourou imen yo, epi li etabli ekriti a kòm reprezantan gourou etènèl ak enpèsonèl la, ki vin sèvi kòm gid espirityèl pou Sikh yo. Guru Granth Sahib yo enstale nan tout Gurdwara yo. Anpil Sikh bese tèt yo oswa fè yon jès respè lè yo antre nan tanp lan devan li. Nan anpil Gurdwara, yo enstale Guru Granth Sahib la chak maten epi yo mete li nan yon kote pou repoze li nan aswè. Li venere kòm gurbānī etènèl ak kòm otorite espirityèl siprèm nan tradisyon Sikh la. Kopi Guru Granth Sahib yo pa konsidere kòm senp objè materyèl, men kòm prezans vivan. Dapre Myrvold, yo trete ekriti Sikh yo avèk menm nivo respè ak yon moun vivan, yon ti jan menm jan ak fason premye kretyen yo te onore Levanjil la. An konsekans, yo pa jete ansyen kopi ekriti Sikh yo; okontrè, yo fè yon seremoni dènye respè (fineray) pou yo. Nan peyi Zend, Guru Granth Sahib te rekonèt ofisyèlman pa Lakou Siprèm peyi Zend kòm yon “moun jidisyè”, sa ki pèmèt li resevwa don epi posede tè. Sepandan, kèk Sikh avèti ke si moun pa byen konprann tèks la, respè ak venerasyon pou li ka vin tounen bibliyolatri, kote fòm fizik ansèyman yo vin objè adorasyon olye de sans espirityèl ak mesaj yo menm. ==== Relasyon ak Endouyis ak Islam ==== <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> Fichye:Interior-view-Gurudwara-Sis-Ganj-Sahib.jpg|alt=Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Delhi. The long window under the marble platform is the location where Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed by the Mughals.| Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib nan Delhi. Fenèt long ki anba platfòm mab la se kote Mughal yo te egzekite Guru Tegh Bahadur . Fichye:Bhai_Mati_Das.jpg|alt=Artistic rendering of the execution of Bhai Mati Das by the Mughals. This image is from a Sikh Ajaibghar near the towns of Mohali and Sirhind in Punjab, India.| Reprezantasyon atistik ekzekisyon Bhai Mati Das pa Mughal yo. Imaj sa a soti nan yon Sikh Ajaibghar toupre vil Mohali ak Sirhind nan Punjab, peyi Zend. </gallery> menm si Guru Granth Sahib la rekonèt Veda yo, Purana yo ak Koran an, li pa vle di yon pon senkretik ant Endouyis ak Islam kom yon moun petet ta panse, men li mete aksan sou nitnem banis tankou Japu (repetisyon mantra Non diven Bondye a - Waheguru ), olye de pratik tankou priye lè w mete ajenou devan Bondye nan yon direksyon espesifik kom Mizilmen yo fè lè yo priye, oubyen rituèl Endou tankou mete fil; menm si, premye a se yon aspè disiplinè nan adorasyon an, etandone Dhikr (souvni Allah) mete aksan sou li menm jan an tou nan Islam. === Dasam Granth === [[Fichye:Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg|vignette|Dasam Granth la se yon ekriti Sikh ki gen tèks ki atribiye a Guru Gobind Singh, tankou otobiyografi li Bachittar Natak . Naratif prensipal nan tèks la se sou Chaubis Avtar (24 [[Avata (endouyis)|Avatar]] dye Endou Vishnu a ), Rudra, Brahma, deyès gèrye Endou Chandi a ak yon istwa sou Rama nan Bachittar Natak . ]] <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> Fichye:Mehdiana_5.jpg|alt=Sculpture at Mehdiana Sahib of the execution of Banda Singh Bahadur in 1716 by the Mughals| Eskilti nan Mehdiana Sahib ki reprezante ekzekisyon Banda Singh Bahadur an 1716 pa Mughal yo. Fichye:Bodyguard_of_Ranjit_Singh.jpg|alt=Some bodyguards of Maharaja Ranjit Singh at the Sikh capital, Lahore, Punjab| Kèk gadkò Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan kapital Sikh la, Lahore, Punjab. </gallery>Dasam Granth la se yon ekriti Sikh ki gen tèks ki atribiye a Guru Gobind Singh. Nan lòt men an, espesyalis yo atribiye travay la a apre lanmò gouru a, paske se yon powèt enkoni ki te ekri li. ''Dasam Granth'' la enpòtan pou yon gwo kantite Sikh. Sepandan, li pa gen menm otorite ak ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la. Gen kèk konpozisyon ''Dasam Granth'' tankou [[Jaap Sahib]] ( Amrit Savaiye ), ak Benti Chaupai ki fè pati priyè chak jou ( Nitnem ) pou Sikh yo. Premye vèsè priyè ardās la soti nan Chandi di Var . ''Dasam Granth'' la se lajman yon vèsyon mitoloji Endou ki soti nan Puranas yo: istwa sekilye ki soti nan plizyè sous yo rele ''Charitro Pakhyan'' — istwa pou pwoteje gason neglijan kont danje lanvi. Gen anpil vèsyon ''Dasam Granth'' ki egziste, epi otantisite ''Dasam Granth'' la vin tounen youn nan sijè ki pi deba nan Sikhism nan epòk modèn nan. Akali Nihang yo konsidere Dasam ak Sarbloh Granth kòm ekstansyon Guru Granth Sahib la. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/the-3-granths-in-sikhism-the-debate-surrounding-sarbloh-granth-dasam-granth/754060/|title=The 3 granths in Sikhism & the debate surrounding Sarbloh Granth & Dasam Granth|last=Sethi|first=Chitleen K.|date=21 October 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222223640/https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/the-3-granths-in-sikhism-the-debate-surrounding-sarbloh-granth-dasam-granth/754060/|archive-date=22 February 2023|access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> Tèks la te jwe yon wòl enpòtan nan listwa Sikh la, men nan epòk modèn yo, gen pati nan tèks la ki te lakòz antipati ak diskisyon nan mitan Sikh yo. Sarbloh Granth la se yon tèks sakre ki gen 6,500 estwòf powetik tradisyonèlman atribiye a Guru Gobind Singh. Entelektyèl yo, bò kote pa yo, atribiye travay la a apre lanmò gouru a, paske se yon powèt enkoni ki ekri li. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/42718918|title=A dictionary of Indian literature|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119215901/https://search.worldcat.org/title/42718918|archive-date=19 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> Ekriti sa a genyen, ansanm ak plizyè sijè, Atizay Sikh ak Lwa Lagè yo . Akali Nihang yo lajman adore ekriti sa a, epi anpil Sikh ki pa Nihang rejte li kòm yon travay otantik 10yèm gouru a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/606234922|title=Debating the Dasam Granth|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119234418/https://search.worldcat.org/title/606234922|archive-date=19 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> Dapre Harbans Singh, otantisite travay la rejte sou baz stil ekriti li ak metriz pwezi li ki pa koresponn ak travay ''Dasam Granth'' Guru Gobind Singh la. Epitou, tèks la mansyone yon travay ki te konpoze an 1719, byen apre lanmò Guru Gobind Singh. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420|title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120005930/https://search.worldcat.org/title/29703420|archive-date=20 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> WH McLeod date travay la nan fen 18yèm syèk la epi li kwè se yon powèt enkoni ki te ekri li, ki te erèman atribiye a dizyèm gouru a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/435778610|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119202841/https://search.worldcat.org/title/435778610|archive-date=19 November 2023|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> === Janamsakhis === {{Atik detaye|Singh Sabha Movement}} Janamsākhī yo (literallman ''istwa nesans'' ) se ekriti ki di ke yo se biyografi Guru Nanak. Malgre ke yo pa ekriti nan sans ki pi strik la, yo bay yon gade ajyografik sou lavi Guru Nanak ak kòmansman Sikhism nan. == Obsèvans == [[Fichye:InsideSikhGurdwara.jpg|vignette|Darbar Sahib nan yon Gurdwara]] Sikh pratikan yo swiv pratik ak tradisyon ki etabli depi lontan pou yo ranfòse epi eksprime lafwa yo. Yo ankouraje resite non diven Bondye a, Waheguru, chak jou, epi sonje pasaj espesifik nan Guru Granth Sahib, tankou im Japu yo (oswa Japjī, ki vle di “chante”), espesyalman touswit apre leve epi benyen. Sikh ki batize yo resite priyè maten yo, priyè aswè a, ak priyè lannwit lan. Nan lavi familyal, yo konn li pasaj nan ekriti yo epi ale nan Gurdwara (yo rele tou gurduārā, ki vle di “pòt ki mennen nan Bondye”). Gen anpil Gurdwara ki byen konstwi epi byen konsève nan tout peyi Zend, ansanm ak nan prèske tout peyi kote Sikh yo prezan. Gurdwara yo ouvè pou tout moun, kèlkeswa relijyon, orijin, kas oswa ras yo. <ref name="brittanica-gurdwara">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/gurdwara|title=gurdwara|date=5 May 2024|website=britannica.com|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.|access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref> Adorasyon nan yon Gurdwara konsiste prensipalman nan chante pasaj ki soti nan Guru Granth Sahib. Sikh yo souvan mete ajenou devan ekriti sakre a lè yo antre nan Gurdwara a. Resitasyon Ardas, ki soti nan dizwityèm syèk la, se tou yon pratik enpòtan pou Sikh yo. Ardas yo raple soufrans ak glwa kominote a nan tan pase, epi yo mande favè diven pou tout limanite.. Gurdwara a se tou kote yo fè pratik istorik Sikh ''langar'' la oubyen repa kominotè a. Tout gurdwara yo ouvè pou nenpòt moun, kèlkeswa lafwa yo, pou yon repa gratis, ki toujou vejetaryen. Moun yo manje ansanm, e volontè kominote Sikh yo antreteni epi sèvi kwizin nan. === Festival/evènman Sikh yo === Guru Amar Das te chwazi festival pou selebre pa Sikh yo tankou Vaisakhi, kote li te mande Sikh yo pou yo rasanble epi pataje festivite yo kòm yon kominote. Vaisakhi se youn festival ki pi enpòtan pou Sikh yo, alòske lòt festival enpòtan komemore nesans, lavi gourou yo ak mati Sikh yo. Nan listwa, festival sa yo te baze sou kalandriye linè a [[Vikram Samvat|, kalandriye Bikrami]] . An 2003, SGPC a, òganizasyon Sikh ki responsab antretyen gurdwara istorik Punjab yo, te adopte kalandriye Nanakshahi a . <ref name="nesbittbc" /> Nouvo kalandriye a trè kontwovèse pami Sikh yo e li pa aksepte pa tout sikh yo. Festival Sikh yo enkli bagay sa yo:   * Band Chor Diwas (oswa Diwali Sikh) se yon lòt festival Sikh enpòtan nan listwa li. Nan dènye ane yo, olye de Diwali, kalandriye apre 2003 ke SGPC te pibliye a te rele li Bandi Chhor Divas man yon moun ka di toulede onetman. * Hola Mohalla se yon tradisyon Guru Gobind Singh te kòmanse. Li kòmanse jou apre Sikh yo selebre Holi, pafwa yo rele li ''Hola'' . Guru Gobind Singh te modifye Holi ak yon festival twa jou ki gen ladan Hola Mohalla, ki se yon ekstansyon pou atizay masyal. Ekstansyon an te kòmanse jou apre festival Holi a nan Anandpur Sahib, kote sòlda Sikh yo te konn antrene nan batay fo, fè konpetisyon nan monte cheval, atletik, tire flèch ak egzèsis militè. === Seremoni ak koutim === [[Fichye:Sikh_wedding.jpg|vignette|Maryaj Sikh]] Sikh yo te sipòte epi ede devlope gwo tradisyon pelerinaj nan sit sakre tankou Harmandir Sahib, Anandpur Sahib, Fatehgarh Sahib, Patna Sahib, Hazur Nanded Sahib, Hemkund Sahib ak lòt ankò. Pelerinaj Sikh yo ak Sikh ki soti nan lòt sèk yo abitye konsidere sa yo kòm sakre epi fè pati ''Tirath'' yo. Hola Mohalla ki antoure festival Holi a, pa egzanp, se yon rasanbleman seremoni ak koutim chak ane nan Anandpur Sahib ki atire plis pase 100,000 Sikh. Gwo tanp Sikh yo gen yon ''sarovar'' kote kèk Sikh pran yon beny koutim. Gen kèk ki pote dlo sakre nan tank la lakay yo, sitou pou zanmi ak fanmi ki malad, yo kwè ke dlo sit sakre sa yo gen pouvwa restorasyon ak kapasite pou pirifye ''karma'' yon moun. <ref name="singha7" /> Diferan gourou Sikh yo te gen diferan apwòch pou pelerinaj. Lè yon timoun fèt, yo ouvri Guru Granth Sahib ji a ann yon paj oaza epi yo bay timoun nan non li avèk premye lèt ki anlè agòch paj gòch la. Tradisyonalman, Yo bay tout ti gason non fanmi Singh, epi yo bay tout ti fi non fanmi Kaur (se te yon tit yo te konn bay yon moun lè l te rantre nan Khalsa a). Rit maryaj Sikh la gen ladan seremoni ''anand kāraj'' la. Seremoni maryaj la fèt devan Guru Granth Sahib la pa yon Khalsa batize, Granthi nan Gurdwara a. <ref name="fenech33" /> Rekonesans ofisyèl ak adopsyon li te vini an 1909, pandan Mouvman Singh Sabha a. Lè yon Sikh mouri, tradisyonalman, yo boule kò a. Si sa pa posib, yo kap itilize nenpòt mwayen ki respekte pou debarase kò a. Yo fè priyè ''kīrtan sōhilā'' ak ''ardās yo'' pandan seremoni fineray la (yo rele sa ''antim sanskār'' ). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sgpc.net/sikhism/antam-sanskar.asp|title=Sikh Reht Maryada – Funeral Ceremonies (Antam Sanskar)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020406164549/http://sgpc.net/sikhism/antam-sanskar.asp|archive-date=6 April 2002|access-date=8 June 2006}}</ref> === Inisyasyon ak Khalsa a === Khalsa (ki vle di "pi ak souveren") se non kolektif Guru Gobind Singh te bay, bay Sikh ki te inisye nèt lè yo te patisipe nan yon seremoni yo rele ''ammrit sañcār'' (seremoni nèkta). <ref name="SinghFenech2014p23" /> Pandan seremoni sa a, yo brase dlo sikre ak yon nepe de bò pandan y ap chante priyè liturjik; yo ofri l bay Sikh ki inisye a, ki bwè l nan yon rituèl. Anpil Sikh pa inisye fòmèlman e nèt, paske yo pa sibi seremoni sa a, men yo respekte kèk konpozan Sikhism epi yo idantifye tèt yo kòm Sikh. Sikh ki inisye a, ke yo kwè ki fèt ankò, yo rele Amritdhari oswa Khalsa Sikh, alòske moun ki pa inisye oswa ki pa batize yo rele Kesdhari oubyen Sahajdhari Sikh. <ref name="SinghFenech2014p23" /> Premye fwa seremoni sa a te fèt se te nan Vaisakhi, ki te sou 30 mas 1699 nan Anandpur Sahib nan Punjab. Se nan okazyon sa a Gobind Singh te batize Pañj Piārē yo – senk moun byenneme yo, ki te batize Guru Gobind Singh li menm. Gason ki te inisye yo te resevwa non fanmi Singh, ki vle di "lyon", alòske fi Sikh ki te batize yo te resevwa non fanmi Kaur, ki vle di "prenses". <ref name="SinghFenech2014p23" /> Sikh ki batize yo toujou mete senk bagay, yo rele senk K yo (an lang Punjabi yo rele ''punj kakkē'' oubyen ''punj kakar'' ). Nan Senk bagay yo li genyen: ''kēs'' (cheve ki pa koupe), ''kaṅghā'' (ti peny an bwa), ''kaṛā'' (braslè sikilè an asye oubyen an fè), ''kirpān'' (epe/ponya), ak ''kacchera'' (kilòt koton). Senk K yo gen tou de objektif pratik ak senbolik. == Istwa ==   [[Fichye:Punjab_map.svg|vignette|Kat jeyografik Punjab, kote Sikhism nan soti, kont fwontyè aktyèl yo.]] Sikism te kòmanse nan zòn 15yèm syèk la. Guru Nanak (1469–1539), fondatè Sikism nan, te fèt nan vilaj ''Rāi Bhōi dī Talwandī'', ke yo rele kounye a Nankana Sahib (nan Pakistan jodi a). Paran li te Endou Khatri Punjabi . Dapre ajografi ''Puratan Janamsakhi'' te konpoze plis pase de syèk apre lanmò li e pwobableman baze sou tradisyon oral, Guru Nanak te montre enterè nan relijyon ak lavi espirityèl depi li te timoun, epi li te pase anpil tan ak asèt vwayaje ak moun ki sen. [1] Zanmi pwòch li te Mardana, yon Mizilman. Ansanm, yo te konn chante im devosyonèl devan piblik pandan nwit, epi yo te konn benyen nan rivyè a nan maten. Yon jou, pandan yon beny abityèl, Nanak te disparèt, epi fanmi li te panse li te nwaye. Twa jou apre, li te retounen epi li te deklare: “Pa gen Endou, pa gen Mizilman” (“nā kōi hindū nā kōi musalmān”). Apre sa, li te kòmanse preche ansèyman li yo ki vin fòme baz Sikhism. An 1526, Guru Nanak, nan laj anviwon 50 an, te fonde yon ti kominote nan Kartarpur, epi disip li yo te vin rele Sikh.. Malgre ke kont egzak itinerè li a pa klè, kont ajyografik yo di li te fè senk gwo vwayaj, ki te kouvri plizyè milye mil: premye vwayaj la te nan direksyon lès nan direksyon [[Bengal]] ak Assam ; dezyèm nan nan direksyon sid nan direksyon Andhra ak Tamil Nadu ; twazyèm nan nan direksyon nò nan Kashmir, Ladakh, ak Mòn Sumeru nan [[Tibet]] ; epi katriyèm nan nan [[Bagdad]] . Nan dènye vwayaj li a, li te retounen sou rivaj rivyè Ravi a pou l fini jou li yo. Gen de teyori ki opoze youn ak lòt sou ansèyman Guru Nanak yo. Youn, dapre Cole ak Sambhi, baze sou Janamsakhis yo ki gen yon nati ajyografik, epi li deklare ke ansèyman Nanak yo ak Sikhism te yon revelasyon ki soti nan Bondye, olye de yon mouvman pwotestasyon sosyal oswa yon tantativ pou rekonsilye Endouyism ak Islam nan 15yèm syèk la.Lòt teyori a deklare ke Nanak te yon gourou espirityèl. Dapre Singha, Sikhism pa aksepte lide enkarnasyon oswa pwofesi, men li mete aksan sou konsèp Guru a kòm yon nanm eklere, pa yon enkarnasyon Bondye ni yon pwofèt. Dezyèm teyori a kontinye eksplike ke Janamsakhis yo pa t ekri pa Nanak li menm, men pa disip ki vin apre yo, san gwo atansyon pou presizyon istorik, e yo gen anpil lejann ak mit ki te ajoute pou montre respè pou li. Dapre Cole ak Sambhi, tèm “revelasyon” nan Sikhism pa limite sèlman ak ansèyman Nanak yo, men li pwolonje pou tout Guru Sikh yo, ansanm ak pawòl gason ak fanm ki nan diferan epòk ki te rive nan konesans diven atravè meditasyon. Li gen ladan tou pawòl bhagat ki pa Sikh, kèk ki te viv anvan nesans Nanak, epi ki gen ansèyman yo antre nan ekriti Sikh yo.Guru Granth Sahib ak ansèyman Guru yo mete aksan sou lide ke Sikhism pa konsantre sou tande vwa ki soti nan Bondye, men sou transfòmasyon lespri imen an, kote nenpòt moun ka reyalize eksperyans dirèk ak pèfeksyon espirityèl nenpòt lè. === Enfliyans istorik yo ===   Devlopman Sikhism nan te enfliyanse pa mouvman Bhakti a; sepandan, Sikhism nan pa t sèlman yon ekstansyon mouvman Bhakti a. Sikhism, pa egzanp, pa t dakò ak kèk nan opinyon sen Bhakti yo Kabir ak Ravidas. <ref name="Pruthi" /> Sikhism nan te devlope pandan rejyon an te anba kontwòl Anpi Mughal la. De nan gourou Sikh yo, Guru Arjan ak Guru Tegh Bahadur, te refize konvèti nan Islam epi yo te tòtire epi egzekite pa dirijan Mughal yo. Pèsekisyon Sikh yo nan epòk Islamik la te deklanche fondasyon Khalsa a, kòm yon lòd pou libète konsyans ak relijyon. <ref name="pashauraarjan" /> Yon Sikh dwe enkarne kalite yon "Sant-Sipāhī".  yon sòlda sen . [[Fichye:Guru.Nanak.with.Hindu.holymen-b.JPG|vignette|[[Guru Nanak]] k ap eksplike ansèyman Sikh yo bay Sadhus yo]] Apre kreyasyon li, Sikhism te grandi pandan l t ap vin gen plis konvèti pami Endou ak Mizilman nan rejyon Punjab la. An 1539, Guru Nanak te chwazi disip li Lahiṇā kòm siksesè pou Guruship la olye de nenpòt nan pitit gason l yo. Yo te rele Lahiṇā Guru Angad e li te vin dezyèm gourou Sikh yo. Nanak te konfere chwa li nan vil Kartarpur sou bò larivyè Ravi a. Sri Chand, pitit gason Guru Nanak la, te yon nonm relijye tou, epi li te kontinye pwòp kominote Sikh li a. Disip li yo te vin konnen kòm Udasi Sikh yo, premye sèk paralèl Sikhism ki te fòme nan listwa Sikh . Udasi yo kwè ke Guruship la te dwe ale jwenn Sri Chand, piske li te yon nonm ki te gen abitid relijye anplis ke li te pitit gason Nanak. <ref name="Oberoi1994p78" /> Anvan Guru Angad te rantre nan komin Guru Nanak la, li te travay kòm yon ''pujari'' (prèt) ak pwofesè relijye ki te santre sou deyès Endou Durga . <ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18" /> Sou konsèy Nanak, Guru Angad te demenaje soti Kartarpur pou ale Khadur, kote madanm li Khivi ak pitit li yo t ap viv, jiskaske li te rive pon divizyon ki te genyen ant disip li yo ak Udasi yo. Guru Angad te kontinye travay Guru Nanak te kòmanse a epi li resevwa anpil kredi pou estandadize ekriti Gurmukhī a jan yo itilize l nan ekriti sakre Sikh yo. Guru Amar Das te vin twazyèm gourou Sikh la an 1552 a laj de 73 an. Li te respekte tradisyon Vaishnavism Endouyis la pandan yon bon pati nan lavi li, anvan li te rantre nan komin Guru Angad la. Goindval te vin tounen yon sant enpòtan pou Sikhism pandan Guruship Guru Amar Das la. Li te yon refòmatè, epi li te dekouraje moun mete vwal sou figi fanm yo (yon koutim Mizilman) ansanm ak sati (yon koutim Endou). <ref name="eosamardas">{{Atik ansiklopedik|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479–1574)}}</ref> Li te ankouraje pèp Kshatriya a pou goumen pou pwoteje moun epi pou jistis, li te deklare ke sa se Dharma . Guru Amar Das te kòmanse tradisyon pou nonmen <nowiki><i id="mwByM">manji</i></nowiki> (zòn administrasyon relijye ak yon chèf nonmen yo rele ''sangatias'' ), <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> li te prezante sistèm ''dasvandh'' (dim) pou koleksyon revni nan non guru a epi kòm yon resous relijye kominotè, ak tradisyon ''langar'' Sikhism ki renome kote nenpòt moun, san okenn diskriminasyon, te kapab jwenn yon repa gratis nan yon plas kominotè. Koleksyon revni nan men Sikh yo atravè moun nonmen nan rejyon an te ede Sikhism grandi. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p29" /> Guru Amar Das te nonmen disip li ak bofis li Jēṭhā kòm pwochen Guru a, ki te vin konnen kòm Guru Ram Das. Nouvo Guru a te fè fas ak opozisyon nan men pitit gason Guru Amar Das yo, e poutèt sa li te deplase sant kominote Sikh la sou tè Guru Amar Das te idantifye kòm Guru-ka-Chak. Li te etabli kominote Sikh la sou sit sa a, epi yo te rele li Ramdaspur, dapre non li. Vil la te grandi piti piti e li te vin tounen Amritsar, ki jodi a konsidere kòm vil ki pi sakre nan Sikhism. Guru Ram Das te elaji sistèm manji a pou òganize nonman klerikal nan tanp Sikh yo, epi pou ranmase resous pou sipòte mouvman Sikh la ni nan plan teyolojik ni ekonomik. An 1581, Guru Arjan, pi jèn pitit gason Guru Ram Das la, te vin senkyèm gourou Sikh yo. Chwa siksesè a, jan sa te pase pandan prèske tout listwa siksesyon gourou Sikh yo, te mennen nan diskisyon ak divizyon entèn nan mitan Sikh yo. Pi gran pitit gason Guru Ram Das la, ki te rele Prithi Chand, yo sonje l nan tradisyon Sikh la kòm yon moun ki te opoze Guru Arjan ak fòs, sa ki te kreye yon faksyon nan kominote Sikh ke Sikh ki te swiv Guru Arjan yo te rele ''Minaas'' (literalman, "vakabon"). Sikh yo sonje Guru Arjan pou anpil reyalizasyon. Li te bati premye Harimandir Sahib la (ki pita te vin tounen Tanp an lò a). Li te yon powèt, epi li te kreye premye edisyon tèks sakre Sikh la ke yo rekonèt kòm Ādi Granth (literalman "premye liv la") epi li te gen ladan l ekri senk premye gourou yo ak lòt 13 sen Endou ak 2 sen Soufi Mizilman ki te eklere. An 1606, anperè Mughal Jahangir te tòtire epi touye l, paske li te refize konvèti nan Islam. Mati li konsidere kòm yon evènman enpòtan nan listwa Sikhism. <ref name="pashauraarjan" /> === Avansman politik === Apre mati Guru Arjan, pitit gason li, Guru Hargobind, te vin sizyèm Guru Sikh yo nan laj onz an. Nan peryòd sa a, Sikhism te evolye anpil, e li te vin pa sèlman yon mouvman espirityèl, men tou yon mouvman ki te gen dimansyon politik. Guru Hargobind te pote de nepe, youn ki reprezante otorite espirityèl epi lòt la ki reprezante otorite tanporèl, sa ki reflete konsèp Miri-Piri a. Dapre tradisyon Sikh la, Guru Arjan te mande pitit gason li pou l devlope yon fòs defans pou pwoteje kominote Sikh la, epi pou li toujou rete antoure pa disip ame. Se anba Guru Hargobind mouvman Sikh la te kòmanse òganize yon milis ame. Pita, fòs Mughal yo te arete Guru Hargobind e yo te kenbe li nan prizon nan Gwalior. Li pa klè konbyen tan li te pase nan prizon an, paske diferan sous bay chif ki varye ant de ak douz ane. Li te marye ak twa madanm, li te bati yon fò pou defann Ramdaspur, epi li te etabli yon tribinal fòmèl yo rele Akal Takht, ki jodi a konsidere kòm youn nan pi gwo otorite relijye nan tradisyon Khalsa Sikh la. An 1644, Guru Hargobind te nonmen pitit pitit li, Guru Har Rai, kòm pwochen Guru a. Nan peryòd sa a, Anperè Mughal Shah Jahan te eseye itilize estrateji politik pou febli tradisyon Sikh la, sitou nan divize epi enfliyanse pwosesis siksesyon an. Li te bay tè ak sipò bay Dhir Mal, yon lòt pitit pitit Guru Hargobind ki te rete nan Kartarpur, epi li te eseye ankouraje Sikh yo pou rekonèt Dhir Mal kòm siksesè lejitim Guru Hargobind. Dhir Mal te menm bay deklarasyon an favè otorite Mughal yo epi li te kritike granpapa li, Guru Arjan. Guru Hargobind te rejte Dhir Mal, e Dhir Mal te refize remèt vèsyon orijinal Guru Granth Sahib li te genyen an. Sitiyasyon sa a te lakòz yon divizyon nan kominote Sikh la.. Guru Har Rai gen renome pou lefèt ke li te rankontre Dara Shikoh pandan yon epòk kote Dara Shikoh ak ti frè li Aurangzeb te nan yon gwo batay pou siksesyon. Aurangzeb te rele Guru Har Rai, ki te refize ale epi li te voye pi gran pitit gason li Ram Rai nan plas li. <ref name="McLeod2014p260" /> Anperè a te jwenn yon vèsè nan ekriti Sikh la ki te ensilte Mizilman yo, epi Ram Rai te dakò ke se te yon erè epi li te chanje li. Konsa, Ram Rai te fè Aurangzeb plezi, men li pa t fè Guru Har Rai plezi ki te ekskominike pi gran pitit gason li a. Li te nonmen pi piti pitit gason li Guru Har Krishan pou siksesè li an 1661. Aurangzeb te reponn lè li te bay Ram Rai yon jagir (sibvansyon tè). Ram Rai te fonde yon vil la epi li te jwi patwonaj Aurangzeb; vil la te vin konnen kòm Dehradun, apre ''Dehra'' ki refere a tanp Ram Rai a. Sikh ki te swiv Ram Rai yo te vin konnen kòm Ramraiya Sikhs. Guru Har Krishan te vin wityèm gouru a a laj de senk an, epi li te mouri ak varyòl anvan li te gen uit an. Pa gen okenn im konpoze pa twa gourou sa yo ki enkli nan Guru Granth Sahib la. Guru Tegh Bahadur, tonton Guru Har Krishan, te vin gourou an 1665. Tegh Bahadur te reziste kont konvèsyon fòse Pandit Kachmir yo ak moun ki pa Mizilman pou vin [[Islamis|Islam]], epi yo te koupe tèt li an piblik an 1675 sou lòd anperè Mughal Aurangzeb nan Delhi paske li te refize konvèti nan Islam. Koupe tèt li a te traumatize Sikh yo. Yo te boule kò li nan Delhi, pandan Sikh yo te pote tèt la an sekrè epi yo te boule l nan Anandpur . Pitit gason l lan, Gobind Rai, te pran plas li, ki te militarize disip li yo lè li te kreye Khalsa a an 1699, epi li te batize ''Pañj Piārē'' a. Depwi lè sa a, yo te konnen l kòm [[Guru Gobind Singh]], epi yo te redefini idantite Sikh la kòm yon fòs politik ki reziste kont pèsekisyon relijye. ==== Konfederasyon Sikh la ak ogmantasyon Khalsa a ==== Guru Gobind Singh te inogire Khalsa an 1699 kòm otorite tanporèl Sikh yo. Li te kreye yon kominote ki ini objektif espirityèl ak responsablite politik ak militè. Yon ti tan anvan lanmò li, Guru Gobind Singh te deklare Guru Granth Sahib kòm otorite espirityèl siprèm pou Sikh yo. Apre lanmò Guru Gobind, Banda Singh Bahadur te vin kòmandan an chèf Khalsa a. Li te òganize rebelyon sivil la epi li te aboli oswa sispann sistèm Zamindari a pandan l te aktif epi li te bay kiltivatè yo pwopriyete tè pa yo. Anpi Sikh la, ak kapital li nan Lahore, te kouvri prèske 200,000 mil kare (520,000 kilomèt kare) ki enkli sa ki jodi a se nòdwès soukontinan Endyen an. Anpi a te antre nan yon trete ak pisans kolonyal Britanik yo kote tou de bò yo te rekonèt Rivyè Sutlej kòm liy limit, epi yo te dakò pou yo pa anvayi teritwa youn lòt. Maharaja Ranjit Singh kite yon eritaj enpòtan, sitou nan restorasyon ak elajisman Harmandir Sahib, ki se gurdwara ki pi respekte nan Sikhism, e ki vin pi byen konnen kòm “Tanp an lò” akòz mab ak lò yo te itilize pou dekore li. Apre lanmò Ranjit Singh an 1839, Anpi Sikh la te tonbe nan dezòd, paske li pa t kite yon sistèm gouvènman solid ni yon pwosesis siksesyon ki estab. Anpi a te rapidman febli, pandan faksyon entèn yo te divize Sikh yo epi sa te mennen nan Lagè Anglo-Sikh yo. Fòs Britanik yo te finalman bat lame Khalsa yo, ki te deja dezòdone ak demoralize, epi yo te kraze pouvwa yo. Pi jèn pitit gason Ranjit Singh la, Duleep Singh, te vin sou pouvwa pou yon ti tan, men li te arete epi egzile apre defèt Sikh yo. ==== Mouvman Singh Sabha a ==== Singh Sabha Movement, yon mouvman pou renesans Sikhi, te chèche revitalize Khalsa apre defèt Sikh yo nan lagè kont Britanik yo, espesyalman apre Dezyèm Gè Anglo-Sikh la, ansanm ak bès ak koripsyon enstitisyon Sikh yo pandan peryòd kolonyal la, epi nan kontèks pwoselitism lòt gwoup relijye nan Punjab. Mouvman an te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo, epi apre yon peryòd rivalite ant diferan faksyon, li te finalman ini anba Tat Khalsa, avèk objektif pou revitalize pratik ak enstitisyon Sikh yo. Dènye Maharaja Anpi Sikh la, Duleep Singh, te konvèti nan Krisyanis an 1853, yon evènman kontwovèsyal men enfliyan nan listwa Sikh la. Ansanm ak konvèsyon li a, epi apre Anpi Sikh la te fin fonn epi rejyon an te fè pati Anpi Britanik kolonyal la, aktivite pwoselitism [[Kretyen|kretyen yo]], Brahmo Samajis, Arya Samaj, Mizilman Anjuman-i-Islamia ak Ahmadiyah te chèche konvèti Sikh yo nan soukontinan nòdwès Endyen an nan lafwa respektif yo. <ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">{{Atik ansiklopedik|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Singh-Sabha|title=Singh Sabha (Sikhism)|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online|access-date=25 October 2017|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226073623/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Singh-Sabha}}</ref> Devlopman sa yo te lanse Mouvman Singh Sabha a. <ref name="barrierssm" /> <ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica Online" /> Premye reyinyon Singh Sabha Movement te fèt nan Harmandir Sahib nan Amritsar an 1873. Li te sitou inisye pa Sanatan Sikh yo, ansanm ak Giani yo, prèt yo ak granthi yo. Yon ti tan apre, Nihang Sikhs yo te kòmanse enfliyanse mouvman an, epi pita Tat Khalsa te lanse yon kanpay òganize ki te byen vit vin dominan nan kòmansman ane 1880 yo. Mouvman an te vin tounen yon konfwontasyon ant Sanatan Sikh yo ak Tat Khalsa yo sou fason pou defini ak entèprete Sikhi Sanatan Sikh yo, ki te dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi—ki te deklare li se yon desandan dirèk Guru Nanak—ansanm ak Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt lidè, te defann yon vizyon plis enklizif kote Sikhism te konsidere kòm yon branch refòme nan Endouyis. Okontrè, Tat Khalsa te fè kanpay pou yon idantite Sikh ki pi eksklizif, yo pa t dakò ak Sanatan Sikh yo, e yo t ap chèche modènize ak defini klèman Sikhism kòm yon tradisyon apa. Singh Sabha Movement te elaji nan nò ak nòdwès soukontinan Endyen an, sa ki te mennen nan kreyasyon plis pase 100 Singh Sabha. Nan premye deseni 20yèm syèk la, enfliyans Tat Khalsa te ogmante nan fason Sikhism te entèprete ak nan kontwòl Gurdwara yo. Tat Khalsa a te elimine pratik Brahmanik yo tankou itilizasyon dife yagna, e yo te ranplase yo ak seremoni maryaj Anand Karaj, dapre ekriti Sikh yo. Yo te retire zidòl ak imaj Guru Sikh yo nan Harmandir Sahib an 1905, pratik ki te parèt pandan administrasyon mahants yo nan ane 1800 yo. Yo te lanse yon kanpay sistematik pou estandadize aparans ak fonksyon gurdwara yo, pandan y ap baze sou ekriti Sikh yo ak tradisyon byen bonè pou “pirifye” idantite Sikhi a. Siksesè espirityèl yo pou Singh Sabha a enkli mouvman Akali nan ane 1920 yo, ansanm ak Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) modèn nan, yon kò administrasyon gurdwara, ak pati politik Akali Dal la. ==== Divizyon peyi Zend ==== [[Fichye:Dubheran_Gurudwara_in_the_aftermath_of_Rawalpindi_Massacres.jpg|vignette|Gurudwara demoli ak rès zo viktim yo ki te boule pasyèlman kouche atè a, apre masak Rawalpindi yo nan mwa mas 1947, ki te vin anvan divizyon an epi ki te premye vyolans ki gen rapò ak divizyon an nan Punjab ki te montre siy klè netwayaj etnik.]] Sik yo te patisipe epi kontribye nan mouvman endepandans Endyen an ki te dire plizyè dizèn ane nan premye mwatye 20yèm syèk la. Finalman, lè Anpi Britanik la te rekonèt peyi Zend endepandan, [[Patisyon End|tè a te divize]] an de pati: peyi Zend ak majorite Endou ak Pakistan ak majorite Mizilman (Lès ak Lwès) an 1947. Dapre Banga, divizyon an te yon evènman enpòtan nan istwa Sikh la. {{Sfn|Banga|2017}} Sikh yo te istorikman viv nan rejyon nòdwès soukontinan Endyen an sou tou de bò liy divizyon an (" Liy Radcliffe "). Dapre Banga ak lòt entelektyèl, Sik yo te fòtman opoze demand Lig Mizilman yo epi yo te wè sa kòm "pèpetuasyon dominasyon Mizilman an" ak politik Rasis kontre Sikh nan sak te fè pati Anpi Sikh la sèlman san ane anvan. Kòm sa yo, òganizasyon Sikh yo, tankou Chèf Khalsa Dewan ak Shiromani Akali Dal ki te dirije pa Mèt Tara Singh, te kondane Rezolisyon Lahore a ak mouvman pou kreye Pakistan, yo te wè li kòm yon posiblite pou yo pèsekite l; kidonk, Sik yo te fòtman opoze divizyon peyi Zend lan . Pandan diskisyon yo ak otorite kolonyal yo, Tara Singh te parèt kòm yon lidè enpòtan ki te fè kanpay pou anpeche divizyon peyi Zend kolonyal la epi pou rekonesans Sikh yo kòm yon twazyèm kominote. {{Sfn|Banga|2017}} Lè yo te anonse separasyon an, nouvo liy fwontyè a te divize popilasyon Sikh la epi li te kreye gwo tansyon. Ansanm ak Endou yo, Sikh yo te sibi vyolans òganize ak revòlt nan Pakistan Lwès, sa ki te lakòz yon migrasyon masiv sou bò Endyen an, kote anpil moun te kite dèyè pwopriyete yo ak kote sakre yo. Sepandan, vyolans la pa t soti nan yon sèl bò sèlman. Pandan Sikh yo t ap deplase sou bò lès liy separasyon an, kèk ladan yo te fè reprezay kont Mizilman yo, sa ki te fòse anpil Mizilman kite zòn yo pou antre nan Pakistan. Anvan separasyon an, Sikh yo te reprezante anviwon 15% nan popilasyon Punjab Lwès la, pandan majorite a te Mizilman (apeprè 55%). Malgre sa, Sikh yo te fòme yon elit ekonomik enpòtan nan rejyon an, avèk gwo reprezantasyon nan aristokrasi lokal la, epi yo te gen prèske 700 Gurdwara ak anviwon 400 enstitisyon edikasyonèl ki te sèvi kominote yo. Anvan divizyon an, te deja gen plizyè konfli ant majorite Mizilman yo ak minorite Sikh yo, tankou diskisyon sou pratik jhatka kont halal, lit sou pwopriyetè Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj nan Lahore (ke Mizilman yo te vle konvèti an moske pandan Sikh yo te defann li kòm Gurdwara), ansanm ak demann gouvènman pwovens Mizilman an pou ranplase ekriti Gurmukhi a ak ekriti Arab-Pèsik Nastaliq nan lekòl yo. Pandan Konferans Simla an jen 1945, anba lidèchip Lord Wavell, lidè Sikh yo te okòmansman mande pou yo rekonèt kòm yon twazyèm kominote, men yo te abandone pozisyon sa a pou sipòte yon peyi Zend ini kote Sikh, Endou ak Mizilman ta viv ansanm anba yon konstitisyon ki sanble ak modèl Swis la. Lig Mizilman an te rejte pwopozisyon sa a epi li te ensiste pou Pakistan genyen tout Punjab la. Finalman, lidè Sikh yo te favorize yon divizyon teritwa a, epi Komite Travay Kongrè a te sipòte rezolisyon pou divize Punjab ak Bengal. [[Fichye:Sikh_Light_Infantry.jpg|vignette|Pèsonèl Enfantri Lejè Sikh yo ap defile pandan parad Jou Repiblik la nan Nouvo Delhi, peyi Zend.]] Ant mas 1947 rive jiskaout 1947, yon seri revòlt, dife ki te mete kay boule, piyaj pwopriyete Sikh yo, asasina lidè Sikh yo, ak touye moun nan distri Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock ak lòt zòn te mennen Tara Singh pou rele sitiyasyon nan Punjab la yon “gè sivil”, pandan Lord Mountbatten te deklare ke “preparasyon pou gè sivil te deja ap fèt.” Revòlt yo te lakòz premye vag migrasyon yo depi avril, kote anviwon 20,000 moun te kite nòdwès Punjab pou ale Patiala. Nan Rawalpindi, 40,000 moun te rete san kay. Lidè Sikh yo te fè plizyè apèl dezespere pou èd, men tout kominote relijye yo t ap soufri nan dezòd politik la. Sikh yo te reprezante sèlman anviwon 4 milyon sou 28 milyon moun nan Punjab, epi 6 milyon sou prèske 400 milyon nan tout peyi Zend; yo pa t majorite menm nan yon sèl distri. Lè yo te anonse liy divizyon an ofisyèlman nan mwa Out 1947, vyolans lan te rive nan yon nivo san parèy. Sikh yo te pami kominote relijye ki te pi afekte yo, ni an tèm de lanmò, ni an tèm de pèt pwopriyete, blesi, chòk ak dezòd jeneral. Sikh yo ak Mizilman yo te tou de viktim epi otè zak vyolans revanj youn kont lòt. Estimasyon kantite moun ki mouri yo varye ant 200,000 ak 2 milyon Sikh, Endou ak Mizilman. Te gen anpil ka vyòl ak swisid an mas pami fanm Sikh yo ki te pran kòm prizonye, ansanm ak yon gwo egzòd Sikh ki t ap kite Pakistan ki fèk kreye a pou ale nan peyi Zend ki fèk vin endepandan. Divizyon an te pwodui sa Banga dekri kòm “pi gwo konvwa refijye apye ki anrejistre nan listwa limanite,” ki te plis pase 100 kilomèt longè, epi ki te gen anviwon 300,000 moun, sitou Sikh ki te blese, dezespere, ak fache. Refijye Sikh ak Endou ki soti Pakistan te antre nan peyi Zend, pandan refijye Mizilman ki soti nan peyi Zend te antre nan Pakistan, nan yon gwo echanj popilasyon ant de nouvo eta yo. ==== Khalistan ==== [[Fichye:Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg|vignette|Sikh nan [[Lonn|Lond]] ap pwoteste kont gouvènman Endyen an.]] == Moun Sikh yo == {| class="sortable wikitable floatright" |+Sikh nan peyi Zend ! Eta/Teritwa Inyon an ! Pousantaj |- | Pendjab |57.7% |- | Chandigarh |13.1% |- | Haryana |4.9% |- | Delhi |3.4% |- | Uttarakhand |2.3% |- | Jammu ak Kachmir |1.9% |- | Rajasthan |1.3% |- | Himachal Pradesh |1.2% |} {| class="sortable wikitable floatright" |+Sikh nan Kanada <ref name="canadareligion2021">{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201|title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305220639/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201|archive-date=5 March 2023|access-date=26 October 2022}}</ref> ! Pwovens/Teritwa ! Pousantaj |- | Kolonbi Britanik |5.9% |- | Manitoba |2.7% |- | [[Alberta]] |2.5% |- | Ontario |2.1% |- | Yukon |1.0% |} {| class="sortable wikitable floatright" |+Sikh nan Angletè ! Rejyon ! Pousantaj |- | Midlands Lwès |2.9% |- | Gran Lond |1.6% |- | Midlands de Lès |1.1% |} {| class="sortable wikitable floatright" |+Sikh nan Ostrali <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=110&EndYear=2001&DataType=UR|title=Australia-Community Profile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123042443/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/religion?WebID=110&EndYear=2001&DataType=UR|archive-date=23 November 2022|access-date=3 April 2023}}</ref> ! Eta/Teritwa ! Pousantaj |- | Viktorya |1.4% |- | Sid Ostrali |1.0% |- | Teritwa Kapital Ostralyen an |1.0% |} {| class="sortable wikitable floatright" |+Sikh nan Nouvèl Zelann <ref name="figure">{{Cite web|url=https://figure.nz/chart/K5hAmlDDPKAqwyjk|title=Religious affiliations in the Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand|website=Figure NZ Trust|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220043832/https://figure.nz/chart/K5hAmlDDPKAqwyjk|archive-date=20 December 2022|access-date=19 December 2022}}</ref> ! Rejyon ! Pousantaj |- | Bè Plenty |1.6% |- | Okland |1.5% |} Estimasyon ki soti an 2019 montre Sikhi gen anviwon 25–30 milyon disip atravè lemond. Yon estimasyon Charles Preston an 2020 bay yon chif apeprè 29,254,000 Sikh globalman. Dapre Pew Research Center, plis pase 9 sou 10 Sikh yo viv nan India, men gen tou gwo kominote Sikh nan Etazini, Wayòm Ini ak Kanada. Nan peyi Zend, popilasyon Sikh la prezan nan tout eta ak teritwa inyon yo, men li konsantre sitou nan nò ak nòdwès peyi a. Se sèlman nan eta Punjab kote Sikh yo fòme yon majorite (apeprè 58% selon resansman 2011). Anplis Punjab, lòt zòn nan peyi Zend kote Sikh yo depase 1.5% nan popilasyon an gen ladan Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi, Uttarakhand, ak Jammu ak Kashmir, ki tout sitiye nan pati nò peyi a. Canada gen pi gwo pwopòsyon Sikh nan mond lan lè yo konpare li ak popilasyon total li, ak anviwon 2.1%. Nan Kanada, Sikh yo fòme apeprè 5.9% nan popilasyon pwovens British Columbia (Kalonbi Britik), sa ki mete li pami rejyon nan mond lan ki gen youn nan pi gwo konsantrasyon Sikh, apre Punjab ak Chandigarh nan peyi Zend. Kalonbi Britik, ansanm ak Manitoba ak Yukon, se pami sèlman kèk divizyon administratif nan mond lan kote Sikhi se dezyèm relijyon ki pi pratike nan mitan popilasyon an. Anvan divizyon End Britanik la an 1947, te gen plizyè milyon Sikh ki t ap viv nan zòn ki pita te vin Pakistan. Sikhism menm te fonde nan rejyon sa a, epi plizyè nan Guru yo te fèt toupre Lahore ak nan lòt pati ki kounye a fè pati Pakistan. Pandan divizyon an, Sikh ak Endou yo te kite Pakistan ki te fèk kreye a (ki te gen majorite Mizilman) pou yo ale sitou nan India ki te gen majorite Endou, pandan kèk te ale tou nan Afghanistan. An menm tan, anpil Mizilman ki t ap viv nan peyi Zend te deplase pou ale Pakistan. Selon rapò nouvèl an 2017, sèlman anviwon 20,000 Sikh rete nan Pakistan, epi popilasyon yo ap diminye, sa ki reprezante apeprè 0.01% nan yon popilasyon anviwon 200 milyon moun. === Sèk Sikh yo === [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Bhavan,_Birmingham.jpg|gauche|vignette|Ravidassia Sikh Gurdwara, Birmingham]] Sikhi genyn plizyè sou-tradisyon oswa gwoup ki pafwa rele “sèk Sikh,” ki diferan nan fason yo entèprete ansèyman, ekriti, oswa otorite espirityèl la. Gen kèk ki kwè nan yon liyaj gourou altènatif, lòt yo gen pwòp entèpretasyon yo sou ekriti Sikh yo, pandan kèk kwè nan swiv yon gourou vivan, oswa yo kenbe konsèp ki pa menm ak sa Khalsa ortodòks la defann. Pami pi gwo gwoup istorik yo, gen Udasi, Nirmala, Nanakpanthi, Khalsa, Sahajdhari, Namdhari, Nirankari, ak Sarvaria. Nihangs yo – gèrye Sikh Panth yo oubyen twoup ame yo. <ref name=":5" /> Gen de gwoup prensipal nan lòd sa a: Buddha Dal, oubyen lame veteran yo, ak Tarna Dal, oubyen lame jèn yo. Gen lòt ti gwoup ki konekte ak de lòd sa yo. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/akalis.html|title=Akalis/Nihangs|website=philtar.ac.uk|access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> Prezidan Buddha Dal la, anvan sa, te toujou sèvi kòm prezidan Akaal Takht la, ki gen jiridiksyon sou tout bagay ki gen rapò ak lòd Akaali Nihang la. [[Fichye:Dr._Sant_Singh_Khalsa,_a_white_convert_to_Sikhism,_who_authored_the_most_widely_used_translation_of_the_primary_Sikh_Scripture.jpg|vignette|Sant Singh Khalsa, yon blan konvèti nan Sikhism, se te otè tradiksyon Guru Granth Sahib ki pi itilize a.]] Nirmalas – entelektyèl. Yo te konpoze tèks epi tou yo te etidye yon pakèt literati Endyen ak kèk literati ki pa Endyen. Yo te kominike avèk lòt moun ki nan chemen Dharmik yo tou. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/nirmal.html|title=Nirmalas|website=philtar.ac.uk|access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> Dizyèm gourou a te enstitisyonalize yo tou. Bhai Daya Singh Ji Samparda ak Bhai Dharam Singh Ji Samparda, de nan Panj Pyare yo oubyen moun dizyèm gourou a te renmen anpil, te fonde de lòd Nirmala. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nirmalashramrishikesh.org/Home.asp?GivePage=reso1024|title=Nirmal Home|date=15 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615052041/http://nirmalashramrishikesh.org/Home.asp?GivePage=reso1024|archive-date=15 June 2006|access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> Udasis – yon gwoup asèt ki istorikman te pran swen Gurdwara yo epi ki te fè aktivite misyonè . Malgre yo pa t fè pwomosyon pou li bay lòt moun, gen kèk nan pratik yo ki diferan de majorite kwayans Sikh yo. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/udas.html|title=Udasis|website=philtar.ac.uk|access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> Baba Sri Chand, pi gran Sahibzada (pitit gason) premye gourou a, [[Guru Nanak|Guru Nanak Dev]], te fonde lòd la. <ref name=":3" /> Gurdev yo a se Baba Sri Chand. Sevapanthis – yon gwoup ki konsantre sou travay charitab ak sèvis san enterè (seva), san atann okenn peman an retou. Yo angaje tou nan travay akademik ak aktivite entelektyèl. Bhai Kahnaiya ji, ki te yon disip nan epòk nevyèm ak dizyèm Guru yo, souvan konsidere kòm premye chèf tradisyon sa a. Li te vin byen koni paske li te bay asistans medikal ak dlo bay sòlda blese sou tou de bò konfli yo pandan lagè, san li pa fè distenksyon ant zanmi ak lènmi. Jodi a, sèlman kèk manm Sevapanthi yo rete aktif. Istorikman, anviwònman kote yo te devlope ak kote yo te kominike te sitou yon rejyon ki te gen yon majorite Islam. Gyaaniyan Samparda – inivèsite Sikhi a, byenke teknikman li pa yon lòd, li esansyèlman sèvi kòm youn. Konpoze ak moun ki fè pati tout sèk ki anwo yo. Anpil branch nan lòd sa a. [[Fichye:Ustad_Baljit_Singh_Luxmi_Namdhari_and_Fateh_Singh.jpg|gauche|vignette|Sikh Namdhari yo, ke yo rele tou Sikh ''Kuka'' yo, se yon sèk Sikhism ki rekonèt pou rad blan byen pwòp yo ak ''pagari'' orizontal (tiban). Anwo a: Chantè ak mizisyen Namdhari yo.]] Premye sèk Sikh yo se te Udasis ak Minas, fonde pa Baba Sri Chand – pi gran pitit gason [[Guru Nanak]], ak Prithi Chand – pi gran pitit gason Guru Ram Das respektivman, an paralèl ak siksesyon ofisyèl gourou Sikh yo. Pita, sèk Ramraiya, fonde pa Ram Rai, te grandi nan Dehradun avèk patwonaj Aurangzeb. <ref name="FenechMcLeod2014p260" /> Anpil kominote Sikh divize te fòme pandan epòk Anpi Mughal la. Kèk nan sèk sa yo te resevwa sipò finansyè ak administratif nan men dirijan Mughal yo nan espwa pou yo te ka gen yon sitwayen ki pi favorab e ki pi obeyisan. Apre efondreman Anpi Mughal la, e patikilyèman pandan rèy Ranjit Singh, Sikh Udasi yo te pwoteje tanp Sikh yo, prezève ekriti Sikh yo epi rebati sa yo ki te pwofane oswa detwi pandan lagè Mizilman-Sikh yo. Sepandan, Sikh Udasi yo te kenbe zidòl ak imaj andedan tanp Sikh sa yo. Nan 19yèm syèk la, sèk Namdharis ak Nirankaris te fòme nan Sikhism, k ap chèche refòme epi retounen nan sa yo chak te kwè ki te fòm pi Sikhism lan. Tout sèk sa yo diferan de Sikh ortodoks Khalsa yo nan kwayans ak pratik yo, tankou kontinye selebre maryaj yo otou dife epi yo estrikteman vejetaryen. Anpil moun aksepte konsèp gourou vivan tankou Guru Baba Dyal Singh . Sèk Nirankari a, byenke li pa òtodòks, te enfliyan nan fòme opinyon Tat Khalsa ak kwayans ak pratik Sikh epòk kontanporen an. Yon lòt sèk Sikh enpòtan nan 19yèm syèk la se te mouvman Radhasoami nan Punjab ki te dirije pa Baba Shiv Dyal. Lòt sèk Sikh epòk kontanporen yo enkli [[3HO]] a, ki te fòme an 1971, ki egziste andeyò peyi Zend, patikilyèman nan Amerik di Nò ak Ewòp. <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p9" /> === Kas Sikh yo === Dapre Surinder S. Jodhka, eta Punjab, ki gen yon majorite Sikh, gen youn nan pi gwo pwopòsyon popilasyon ki klase kòm kas anrejistre nan peyi Zend. Malgre Sikhism ofisyèlman rejte sistèm kas la, li toujou egziste nan pratik sosyal pami Sikh yo. Jodhka note ke sistèm kas la, ansanm ak pratik entouchabilite, te pi vizib nan zòn riral Punjab yo. Kas Sikh ki gen plis pouvwa ekonomik, sitou pwopriyetè tè yo, pa fin elimine prejije kont Dalit yo. Menm si Dalit yo ka antre nan gurdwara nan vilaj yo, yo pafwa pa gen dwa prepare oswa sèvi langar (manje kominotè). Dalit Sikh yo nan Punjab te reponn a sitiyasyon sa a lè yo te kreye pwòp gurdwara yo ak lòt enstitisyon lokal pou chèche plis diyite ak amelyorasyon materyèl. Jodhka fè remake tou ke akòz ogmantasyon mobilite ekonomik nan Punjab modèn nan, kas yo pa toujou detèmine travay oswa okipasyon ankò, ni relasyon travay yo pa nesesèman mare ak yon sèl kominote oswa kote. An 1953, gouvènman Endyen an te aksepte demand lidè Sikh Master Tara Singh pou enkli Dalit Sikh yo nan lis kas anrejistre yo. Anplis, nan Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, 20 sou 140 plas yo rezève pou Sikh ki soti nan kas ki pi ba yo. === Dyaspora Sikh la === [[Fichye:Sikhs_on_the_move!.jpg|vignette|Sikh yo ap selebre Vaisakhi nan Toronto, Kanada.]] Nan lemonn antye, gen 30&nbsp;milyon Sikh, <ref name="Britannica">McLeod, William Hewat. 2019 [1998]. {{Atik ansiklopedik|title=Sikhism}}</ref> ki reprezante 0.4% nan popilasyon mondyal la. Apeprè 75% nan Sikh yo ap viv nan Punjab, kote yo reprezante 57.7% nan popilasyon eta a. Gwo kominote Sikh yo imigre nan eta vwazen yo tankou Eta Endyen Haryana ki se lakay dezyèm pi gwo popilasyon Sikh nan peyi Zend ak 1.1&nbsp;milyon Sikh dapre resansman 2001 an, epi ou ka jwenn gwo kominote imigran Sikh toupatou nan peyi Zend. Sepandan, Sikh yo sèlman reprezante anviwon 1.7% nan popilasyon Endyen an. Pifò Sikh ki pa nan peyi Zend ap viv nan sant Anglosfè a, avèk 771,790 nan Kanada (2.1% Sikh), <ref name="canadareligion2021">{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201|title=Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305220639/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201|archive-date=5 March 2023|access-date=26 October 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm|title=The Daily — The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www150.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=26 October 2022}}</ref> 524,140 nan Wayòm Ini a (0.9% Sikh), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021|title=Religion, England and Wales – Office for National Statistics|website=ons.gov.uk|access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref> 280,000 nan Etazini (0.1% Sikh), {{Refn|While the [[U.S. Census]] does not ask about religion,<ref>{{cite web|title= Does the Census Bureau have data for religion? |url=https://ask.census.gov/prweb/PRServletCustom/app/ECORRAsk2_/YACFBFye-rFIz_FoGtyvDRUGg1Uzu5Mn*/!STANDARD?pzuiactionzzz=CXtpbn0rTEpMcGRYOG1vS0tqTFAwaENUZWpvM1NNWEMzZ3p5aFpnWUxzVmw0TjJndno5ZkJPc24xNWYvcCtNbVVjWk5Z*|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> 70,697 Americans (or {{Percentage|70,697|331,449,281|2}} of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the [[2020 U.S. census|2020 census]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020|url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-asian-population.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> In the [[2021 Canadian census]], 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion, indicating that the Sikh American population may be around 280,329, or {{Percentage|280,329|331,449,281|2}} of the total population.<ref>{{cite web|title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population| date=9 February 2022 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1,4&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada|publisher=[[Statistics Canada]]|access-date=23 September 2023}}</ref> The [[U.S. Census Bureau]] estimated the adult Sikh American population at 78,000 in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref> The [[Pew Research Center]] estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2011/compendia/statab/131ed/2012-statab.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="How Many U.S. Sikhs">{{cite web|title=How Many U.S. Sikhs?|date=6 August 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/2012/08/06/ask-the-expert-how-many-us-sikhs/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> Sikh organisations like the [[Sikh Coalition]] and [[American Sikh Congressional Caucus]] estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;<ref>{{cite web|title=About Sikhs|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/about-sikhs/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=H. RES. 275 - 118th Congress (2023-2024)| date=10 April 2023 |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/275/text?s=1&r=1/|publisher=[[United States Congress]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="How Many U.S. Sikhs"/> 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size in news media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhism Reporter's Guide|url=https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|publisher=[[Sikh Coalition]]|access-date=23 July 2023|archive-date=23 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723043536/https://www.sikhcoalition.org/resources/sikhism-reporters-guide/|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{refn|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sikh Community Today |url=https://pluralism.org/the-sikh-community-today|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance |date=10 August 2022 |url=https://religionnews.com/2022/08/10/american-sikhs-are-targets-of-bigotry-often-due-to-cultural-ignorance/|publisher=[[Religion News Service]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sikhs in America:A History of Hate |date=4 August 2017 |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias|publisher=[[ProPublica]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California." }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month |url=https://www.michigan.gov/whitmer/news/proclamations/2022/04/01/april-2022-sikh-awareness-and-appreciation-month|publisher=State of Michigan Office of the Governor|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;"}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Want to know about Sikhism?|date=23 May 2022 |url=https://www.wuwm.com/2022-05-23/want-to-know-about-sikhism-head-to-new-book-collection-in-oak-creek|publisher=[[WUWM]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief Introduction to Sikhism|date=5 May 2021 |url=https://interactive.wttw.com/playlist/2021/05/05/sikhism-chicago|publisher=[[WTTW]]|access-date=28 March 2023|quote="Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world’s fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today."}}</ref>}} With 1% of [[Asian Americans#Religion|Asian Americans]] being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated around 280,000 in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths|date=19 July 2012 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/07/19/asian-americans-a-mosaic-of-faiths-overview/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings|date=23 October 2020|url=https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|publisher=[[Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund]]|access-date=14 April 2023|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414220224/https://issuu.com/saldefmedia/docs/2020_national_sikh_american_survey|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES|url=https://data.census.gov/table?tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP05|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=14 April 2023}}</ref>}} 210,400 nan Ostrali (0.8% Sikh), <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.id.com.au/2012/australian-census-2011/2011-australian-census-fastest-growing-religions/|title=2011 Australian Census – Fastest Growing Religions|last=Glenn|date=6 September 2012|publisher=Blog.id.com.au|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419034240/http://blog.id.com.au/2012/australian-census-2011/2011-australian-census-fastest-growing-religions/|archive-date=19 April 2013|access-date=2 September 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Article~80|title=2071.0 – Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016|date=28 June 2017|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=14 August 2021}}</ref> ak 40,908 nan Nouvèl Zelann (0.9% Sikh). <ref name="New Zealand Sikh population">{{Cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/losing-our-religion|title=Losing our religion &#124; Stats NZ}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2023)">kilè?</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Pandan ke kominote sa yo gen plis pase 125 an, pifò Sikh nan Lwès la se imigran premye, dezyèm oswa twazyèm jenerasyon. As of Dapre Resansman Kanadyen 2021 an, plis pase mwatye Sikh Kanada yo ka jwenn nan youn nan kat vil sa yo: Brampton (163,260), <ref name="bramptoncity2021">{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00053521010&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=brampton|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Brampton, City (CY) Ontario [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> Surrey (154,415), <ref name="surreycity2021">{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00055915004&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=surrey|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> Calgary (49,465), <ref name="calgarycity2021">{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00054806016&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=calgary|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Calgary, City (CY) Alberta [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> ak Abbotsford (38,395). <ref name="abbotsfordcity2021">{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00055909052&HEADERlist=32&SearchText=abbotsford|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Abbotsford, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] Total – Religion for the population in private households – 25% sample data|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=26 October 2022|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> Sik yo te imigre tou nan Afrik de Lès, Mwayen Oryan, ak Azi Sidès. Kominote sa yo te devlope pandan Sik yo t ap imigre soti nan Penjab pou ranpli twou vid ki te genyen nan mache travay enperyal la. == Entèdiksyon nan Sikhism == * Li entèdi pou gason ak fanm Sikh pèse nen oswa zòrèy pou mete bijou. Sepandan, sa a se yon pwen dezakò paske li te komen pou gason ak fanm Sikh mete pandan peryòd Sikh Misl la. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/YungBhujang/status/1276634524340776961|title=Today, the idea of religious Sikh men wearing earrings would be ridiculous – and in many puritan circles, the idea of any form of piercing for all Sikhs, including women and their jewelry, would be off-limits. Yet the historical record tells us a different story...}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2023)">sous ki pa prensipal nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> * Timoun ki touye pitit fi : Yon Sikh pa ta dwe touye pitit fi li; ni li pa ta dwe kenbe okenn relasyon ak yon moun ki asasen yon pitit fi. * Yon Sikh pa dwe vòlè, fòme asosyasyon dout oswa patisipe nan jwèt aza . * Li pa apwopriye pou yon fanm Sikh mete yon vwal, oswa kenbe figi l kache. * Dapre Guru Granth Sahib, Sik yo pa ka mete okenn siy ki fè pati okenn lòt lafwa, ni patisipe nan adorasyon zidòl ( idolatri ). Sik yo pa dwe gen tèt yo toutouni oswa mete kaskèt . Yo pa ka mete okenn bijou ki ka pèse okenn pati nan kò yo tou. * Prèt eritye - Sikhism pa gen prèt, paske Guru Gobind Singh te aboli yo. <ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sikhs.org/summary.htm|title=Sikhism Religion of the Sikh People|publisher=sikhs.org}}</ref> Sèl pozisyon li te kite se te yon Granthi pou pran swen Guru Granth Sahib la; nenpòt Sikh lib pou vin Granthi oswa li nan men Guru Granth Sahib la. <ref name="autogenerated2" /> [[Kategori:Relijyon nan mond endyen]] 6zcjy422cxgnhob8xdbmcgsrfg4ely8 0 97434 889941 881111 2026-11-05T18:13:42Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889941 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Sewapanthi''' ( Punjabi : ਸੇਵਾਪੰਥੀ; ki vle di "kominyon sèvis" oswa "chemen sèvis" ), ke yo rele tou '''Sevapanthi''', epi ke yo rele tou '''Addanshahi''', se yon sèk Sikh tradisyonèl oswa yon lòd ( ''samparda'' ) ki te kòmanse pa [[Bhai Kanhaiya]], yon [[disip]] pèsonèl nevyèm Guru Sikh la, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] . Lòd la konsantre sou byennèt ak sèvis altruis lòt moun. '''<ref name=":22" />''' Guru a te enstwi Kanhaiya pou l soti al sèvi limanite, sa li te fè lè l te etabli yon dharmasala nan distri Attock nan Punjab epi l te sèvi san diskriminasyon. Sewa Panthis yo ke yo rele tou 'Addan Shahis'. Non sa a soti nan youn nan disip Bhai Kanhaiya yo, Addan Shah. == Istwa == === Orijin === [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] te gen yon disip yo te rele [[Bhai Kanhaiya|Kanhaiya Lal]] (yo eple l tou kòm 'Ghaniya' ), yon Dhamman (Dhiman) Khatri ki te fèt an 1648, nan yon vil yo rele Sohadara, kounye a nan [[Pakistan]] . Kanhaiya te gen yon tandans relijye depi li te jèn e li te rankontre gourou Sikh la plizyè fwa nan Anandpur lè li te gen dizan ak sèzan. Anpil enspire pa misyon gourou a, Kanhaiya te deside konsakre tèt li nan sèvis li, menm neglije marye paske li te panse sa t ap pran tan li te ka pase ap sèvi gourou a. Li te sèvi nan ''langar'' la epi li te vin yon moun k ap pote dlo pou chwal Guru yo. Guru a te bay Kanhaiya yon ''seli topi'' kòm rekonpans. Kanhaiya te akonpaye Guru Tegh Bahadur lè li t ap vwayaje nan rejyon lès soukontinan Endyen an. Kanhaiya, ki renome pou imilite li, te mete rad senp li te fè tèt li. '''<ref name=":22" />''' Bhai Kanhaiya te fondatè lòd Sewapanth la. '''<ref name=":22" />''' [[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_Bhai_Khanaiya_meeting_Guru_Gobind_Singh_from_Sri_Khat_Wari_Darbar,_Shikarpur,_Sindh.jpg|vignette|Fresko ki montre Bhai Khanaiya rankontre Guru Gobind Singh soti nan Sri Khat Wari Darbar, Shikarpur, Sindh.]] Yon fwa 10yèm Guru a, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], te monte nan ''[[Guru Gaddi|gurgaddi]] a,'' Bhai Kanhaiya te kòmanse swiv li. Yo di Guru te egzante Kanhaiya ak disip li yo de devwa militè epi li te di l pou l kontinye fè devwa ke reveran li, Guru Tegh Bahadur, te ba li a, pou sèvi tout èt vivan. Nan batay Anandpur (1703), Bhai Kanhaiya te sèvi dlo san diskriminasyon bay sòlda blese yo sou chan batay la, sa gen ladan opozisyon an, ki te konpoze de fòs lènmi Pahari yo, fòs Mughal Sirhind Sarkar yo, ak sòlda iregilye Gujjars ak Pathan yo. Pou aksyon sa a, gèrye Sikh ki te fache yo te akize l de trayizon epi yo te mennen l devan Guru a. Lè l te mande l poukisa li t ap ede lènmi blese a, Kanhaiya te reponn ke li pa t ka fè diferans ant zanmi ak lènmi, paske li te sèlman wè Waheguru nan yo tout. <ref name=":3" /> '''<ref name=":22" />''' Guru a te trè kontan, epi non sèlman li te bay Kanhaiya lòd pou l kontinye, men li te ba li yon bwat medikaman kòm kado tou. Apre sa, li te beni l, li te di apre l ap gen yon lòd Sikh. Guru a te ba li yon kabann ak yon mouchwa tou kòm kado. Apre sa, Kanhaiya te rasanble yon gwoup Sikh ki te gen lespri sèvis. '''<ref name=":22" />''' Pandan evakyasyon Anandpur Sahib an 1705, Kanhaiya te pèdi kontak ak Guru Gobind Singh pandan yo t ap travèse rivyè Sirsa ki te debòde. Apre sa, li te vwayaje nan rejyon Malwa a, kote li te rankontre yon sadhu Bairagi toupre Jagraon, epi moun sa a te montre l direksyon kote Guru Gobind Singh te ale. === Pita nan epòk Mughal ak Afgan an === Apre envazyon Ahmad Shah Abdali an 1757, Sewapanthi yo te kapab gaye plis epi vin popilè, yo te fonde dharamshala Konstriksyon sal ''langar'' nan Tanp an [[lò]] a te sipèvize pa sen Sewapanthi yo. Yo te gaye atravè tout peyi Zend. Nan peryòd sa a, kèk figi enpòtan nan tradisyon Sewapanthi yo te gen ladan Aya Ram, Bhai Ranga, Daya Ram, Bhai Dayal, Bhai Soma, ak Paras Ram. Paras Ram, ki te enfim (yo te rele l ''pingla''), te fonde yon enstitisyon Sewapanthi nan Jangi Shiva Bazaar nan Amritsar. Sewapanthi yo te kontinye sèvi nan Harmandir Sahib menm pandan peryòd pèsekisyon anti-Sikh yo anba gouvènè Zakariya Khan, kote yo te menm kenbe limyè enteryè tanp lan limen an kachèt === Epòk modèn === Jawahar Singh nan Mitha Tiwana te yon Sewapanthi ki te aktif ant 1900 ak 1950, epi Nischal Singh te ranplase li e li toujou gen aktivite nan Jagadhri. Nan 20yèm syèk la, yon gwo entelektyèl nan tradisyon Sewapanthi a te Sant Pandit Nischal Singh, ki te mouri an 1978. Tradisyonèlman, Sewapanthi yo te fè pati Sehajdhari, men jodi a anpil nan yo ap vin fè pati Khalsa. Malgre sa, kantite Sewapanthi yo vin trè piti, epi tradisyon an ap prèske disparèt jodi a. == Filozofi ak pratik == [[Fichye:Photograph_of_Sant_Shaam_Singh_Sewapanthi_(celebrated_Sikh_saranda_player),_ca.1920.jpg|vignette|Yon foto Baba Sham Singh Sewapanthi '', pi popilè hazuri ragi a .'']] Konsantrasyon prensipal gwoup sa a se sou '''sèvis dezenterese pou lòt moun''', ki se rezon ki fè yo pote non sa a. Sikhismyo kwè ke sèvis ki fèt ak respè ak lanmou mityèl ka mennen nan delivrans espirityèl, paske li ede moun depase egoyis yo epi konprann tèt yo pi byen. Tradisyonèlman, Sewapanthi yo pa t viv lavi yon '''grishtī''' (mèt kay), men yo te chwazi rete selibatè. Yo dedye tout lavi yo a '''sewa''' (sèvis dezenterese) pou kominote a. An jeneral, yo pa mande lacharite pou siviv; olye de sa, yo konn kreye byen oswa aktivite ekonomik pou sipòte tèt yo, yon apwòch ki te anseye pa Aya Ram bay disip li Dharam Das. Sewa Panthis yo se pasifis . Malgre yo pa di li mal pou yon moun defann tèt li, Sewapanthis yo menm evite tout fòm vyolans. <ref name=":1" /> Yo refize fè lòt fòm lavi mal nan yon aspirasyon pou yo vin tounen egzanp pafè shaant ras la, epi pou yo rete nan sattva guna . <ref name=":1" /> Malgre sa, yo pa detache tèt yo nèt de lespri masyal Guru Gobind Singh te eksplike a. An prensip, yo sipòte aksyon vyolan nesesè yo mande Khalsa yo pou pwoteksyon Dharma a. Se poutèt sa, anpil Sewapanthis abandone ''pahul'' la, oswa inisyasyon nan lòd masyal Khalsa a. Anpil Sewapanthis te Sahajdhari nan obsèvans yo e pakonsekan yo pa t kenbe ''kesh'' (cheve ki pa koupe). Sa te pèmèt yo chape anba anpil pèsekisyon ke Sikh ki pi idantifyab yo te rankontre. <ref name=":4" /> Pandan ke yo di sen Sewapanthi yo gen yon aversion pou fanm, yo konnen pou ede fanm ki nan detrès. Sikh Sewapanthi yo anjeneral mete rad blan pi, epi yo kenbe ''kesh'' (cheve ki pa koupe), figi Sewapanthi yo tankou Sewa Ram ak Addan Shah pa janm koupe cheve yo. Yo souvan gen ''dera'' ak ''dharamsalas'' yo ki sitiye nan kote tankou Punjab, Pakistan, ak lòt kote ki gen majorite popilasyon Mizilman. Anpil nan disip sèk la te Sikh etnik Sindhi . == Literati == Sèk sa a te responsab pou prepare lank yo te itilize pou ekri maniskri ekriti Sikh yo nan epòk kote yo te konn ekri ekriti sa yo alamen anvan yo te kòmanse enprime an mas. Yo te konnen lank sèk la te prepare a sou non lank "Roshanai" oubyen "Addanshahi". [[Fichye:Sikh_manuscript_13.png|vignette|Tradiksyon Gurmukhi nan <nowiki><i id="mwASE">Alchimi Bonè</i></nowiki> [[Al-Ghazâlî|Imam al-Ghazali a]], ke yo rekonèt kòm "Paras Bhag". Sewapanthi sadhus yo te tradui l sou patwonaj Anandpur Durbar Guru Gobind Singh la.]] Pandan ke Sikh yo rele istwa tradisyonèl yo ''Sakhis'', Sewapanthis yo rele tradisyon istwa yo ''Parchai'', ki se istwa lavi ki gen rapò ak ''[[Mahatma|mahatmas]] Sewapanthi yo.'' Dapre Harbhajan Singh, Sewapanthis yo te kapab kontinye ekri literati Sikh malgre opresyon Mughal sou Sikh yo pandan 18yèm syèk la akòz lefèt ke yo te ''sehajharis'' ki pa t gen yon aparans Khalsa Sikh ekstèn. <ref name=":4" /> Akòz koneksyon Sindhi yo, angajman ak tèks Soufi ak literati Islamik te komen nan mitan Sewapanthis yo istorikman. == Kote adorasyon == Yon tanp Sewapanthi rele yon ''tikana'' (yon tèm yo itilize tou pou tanp Nanakpanthi yo ). Yo trè répandu nan Sindh, kote yo ka obsève senkretism relijye ant [[Endouyis]] ak Sikhis epi limit relijye byen klè yo vin flou ak mal defini. Nan yon ''tikana'' anjeneral gen yon kopi ekriti prensipal Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib, ansanm ak imaj divinite Endik yo . <ref name=":15" /> Lè yo nonmen yon nouvo lidè kòm chèf yon ''tikana'' (sant pou sèk la), yo ba li yon bale ak yon bòl. <ref name=":14" /> Bale a senbolize pwòpte pandan bòl la senbolize sèvi lòt moun. <ref name=":14" /> == Koneksyon Udasi == Gen gwo lyen istorik ant de samparda sa yo. Bhai Khanaiya se te yon Udasi. Bhai Addan Shah te okòmansman yon Udasi ak yon elèv Baba Gurdas Dakhani. Kosyon sere sa a te rete jouk jounen jodi a. == Lidè yo == === Premye lidè yo === {| class="wikitable" !Non. ! Non (Birth–Death) ! Pòtrè ! Tèm ! Referans(yo) |- | 1. | [[Bhai Kanhaiya]]<br /><br /><br /><br /> (1648 – 1718) |[[Fichye:Fresco_depicting_Bhai_Kanhaiya_seated_on_a_terrace_leaning_against_a_bolster_from_Sri_Khat_Wari_Darbar,_Shikarpur,_Sindh.jpg|150x150px]] | 1705 – 1718 | |- | 2. | Sewa Ram<br /><br /><br /><br /> (1658 – 1728) | | 1718 – 1728 | <ref name=":12" /> |- | 3. | Addan Shah<br /><br /><br /><br /> (1688 – 26 April 1757) |[[Fichye:Sin_foto.svg|200x200px]] | 1728 – 1757 | |- | 4. | Bhalla Ram<br /><br /><br /><br /> (1778 – 1854) |[[Fichye:Sin_foto.svg|200x200px]] | | <ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":13" /> |- | 5. | Jagata [ nòt 1 ]<br /><br /><br /><br /> (1798 – 1868) |[[Fichye:Sin_foto.svg|200x200px]] | | <ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":11" /> <ref name=":13" /> |} === Lidè ki te vin apre yo === ==== Tikana Bhai Jagta ==== {| class="wikitable" !Non. ! Non (Birth–Death) ! Pòtrè ! Tèm ! Referans(yo) |- ! colspan="5" | ''Mahants'' k ap pran plas Jagata [ nòt 2 ] |- | 6. | Hazari Ram<br /><br /><br /><br /> (1813 – 1883) |[[Fichye:Sin_foto.svg|200x200px]] | | |- | 7. | Sahai Ram<br /><br /><br /><br /> (1825 – 1901) |[[Fichye:Sin_foto.svg|200x200px]] | | <ref name=":11" /> <ref name=":13" /> |- | 8. | Ralya Ram<br /><br /><br /><br /> (1842 – 1927) |[[Fichye:Sin_foto.svg|200x200px]] | | <ref name=":11" /> <ref name=":13" /> |- | 9. | Lakhmi Das<br /><br /><br /><br /> (1928 – 1965) |[[Fichye:Sin_foto.svg|200x200px]] | | <ref name=":11" /> <ref name=":13" /> |- | 10. | Gulab Singh<br /><br /><br /><br /> (1881 – 1950) |[[Fichye:Mahant_Bhai_Gulab_Singh_Ji.jpg|224x224px]] | | <ref name=":11" /> |- | 11. | Asa Singh<br /><br /><br /><br /> (9 December 1893 – 1 January 1974) |[[Fichye:Sin_foto.svg|200x200px]] | | <ref name=":11" /> <ref name=":13" /> |- | 12. | Tirath Singh<br /><br /><br /><br /> (12 February 1925 – ?) |[[Fichye:Mahant_Tirath_Singh_Sewapanthi,_one_of_the_more_recent_leaders_of_the_Sewapanthi_Samparda.png|180x180px]] | 14 janvye 1974 – ? | <ref name=":11" /> |- | 13. | Kahan Singh |[[Fichye:Sin_foto.svg|200x200px]] | | |} ==== Lòt moun ==== * Mahant Karamjeet Singh Yamunangar == Sen enpòtan yo == * Baba Sham Singh * Sant Amir Singh <ref name=":6" /> * Baba Jhanda Singh <ref name=":7" /> * Baba Kharag Singh nan Bir Sahib <ref name=":7" /> [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] td4boo1az9vwj46ianenkgfvna5pl5c 0 97487 889936 881257 2026-11-05T18:09:39Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 889936 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Guru Angad''' (31 mas 1504 - 29 mas 1552; <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Guru Angad|last=McLeod|first=W.H.|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi|access-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> Punjabi , ) te dezyèm nan dis [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo nan Sikhi . Apre li te fin rankontre [[Guru Nanak]], fondatè Sikhi nan, li te vin yon Sikh, epi li te sèvi epi travay avèk Nanak pandan plizyè ane, Nanak te bay Lehna non Angad ("pwòp manm mwen"), epi li te chwazi Angad kòm dezyèm Guru Sikh la. Apre lanmò Nanak an 1539, Angad te dirije tradisyon Sikh la. <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n163|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479–1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref> Yo sonje li nan Sikhi pou adopte epi fòmalize [[alfabè]] Gurmukhi a. Li te kòmanse pwosesis konpilasyon im Nanak yo epi li te kontribye 62 oswa 63 [[salok]] ke li te fè. <ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18" /> Olye de pwòp pitit gason l lan, li te chwazi [[disip]] li Amar Das kòm siksesè li ak twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name="cole20" /> == Biyografi == === Premye lavi === Guru Angad te fèt 31 mas 1504 ak non nesans '''Lehna''' (yo ekri li tou Lahina), nan vilaj Matte-di-Sarai, ki jodi a rele Sarainaga nan rejyon Punjab. Li te pitit gason yon machann ki te gen siksè, Pheru Mal. Manman li te rele Mata Ramo, ki te konnen tou anba lòt non tankou Mata Sabhirai, Mansa Devi, ak Daya Kaur. Granpapa li te Baba Narayan Das Trehan. Menm jan ak lòt Guru yo nan Sikhi, Lehna te soti nan kas Khatri a, epi plis presizeman nan klan (''gotra'') Trehan an. A laj 16 an, Lehna te marye ak yon tifi Khatri ki te rele Khivi an janvye 1520. Yo te gen de pitit gason, Datu (fèt an 1535) ak Dasu (fèt an 1542), ak youn oubyen de pitit fi, Amro (fèt an 1526) ak Anokhi (fèt an 1535), selon sous prensipal yo. <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Guru Angad|last=McLeod|first=W.H.|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi|access-date=30 September 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcLeod">McLeod, W.H. [http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx "Guru Angad"]. </cite></ref> Tout fanmi papa l te kite vilaj zansèt yo paske yo te pè envazyon lame Babur yo. Apre sa, fanmi an te rete nan Khadur Sahib, yon vilaj bò larivyè Beas toupre sa ki rele Tarn Taran kounyeya. Anvan Lehna te vin yon disip Guru Nanak epi li te swiv fason lavi Sikh la kòm Angad, li te yon pwofesè relijye Khadur epi yon prèt nan yon tanp dedye a deyès Durga . <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Guru Angad|last=McLeod|first=W.H.|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi|access-date=30 September 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcLeod">McLeod, W.H. [http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx "Guru Angad"]. </cite></ref> Fanmi li te adoratè Durga tou. <ref name=":8" /> Li te fè anpil pelerinaj relijye tou. <ref name=":8" /> Nan youn nan pelerinaj sa yo, li te pase bò kote koloni Kartarpur, ke Nanak te etabli, sou wout pou l ale nan destinasyon final li. <ref name=":8" /> Yo di ke yon dyalòg te fèt la ant Lehna ak Nanak, kote premye a te kite yon enpresyon trè pozitif sou dezyèm nan. <ref name=":8" /> Apre sa, Lehna te rete nan Kartarpur pandan sizan ap sèvi nouvo mèt espirityèl li a. <ref name=":8" /> Lehna, nan fen ventèn li yo, te chèche [[Guru Nanak]], li te vin disip li, epi li te demontre yon sèvis pwofon ak fidèl anvè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] li a pandan anviwon sis a sèt ane nan Kartarpur epi li te abandone fason lavi Endou a. <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Guru Angad|last=McLeod|first=W.H.|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi|access-date=30 September 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcLeod">McLeod, W.H. [http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx "Guru Angad"]. </cite></ref> === Seleksyon kòm siksesè === [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_47.jpg|vignette|[[Guru Gaddi|Seremoni Gurgadi]] pou pwoklame Angad kòm pwochen gourou a. Fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] Plizyè istwa nan tradisyon Sikhi esplike poukisa Guru Nanak te chwazi Guru Angad (Lehna) kòm siksesè li olye pwòp pitit gason li yo. Youn nan istwa ki pi popilè yo rakonte ke yon krich te tonbe nan labou. Guru Nanak te mande pitit li yo pou ranmase l, men yo te refize paske yo te konsidere travay la kòm sal oswa twò ba. Lè li te mande Lehna, li te san ezitasyon pran krich la, lave li byen pwòp, epi remèt li bay Guru a plen dlo. Zak imilite ak obeyisans sa a te demontre devouman li. Lehna te chwazi kòm siksesè Guru Nanak nan dat 14 jen 1539. Pita, pandan seremoni ofisyèl ki te fèt 7 septanm 1539, Guru Nanak te beni li epi li te ba li nouvo non '''Angad''' (ki soti nan “ang,” ki vle di yon pati nan kò a), pou montre ke li te vin tankou yon ekstansyon espirityèl li menm. Se konsa li te enstale kòm dezyèm Guru nan Sikhi. Apre Nanak te mouri nan dat 22 septanm 1539, Guru Angad, ki pa t kapab sipòte separasyon ak Nanak, te retire kò l nan yon chanm nan kay yon disip nan yon eta Vairagya . Baba Bouda te dekouvri l pita apre yon long rechèch epi li te mande l pou l retounen pou vin Guru. <ref name=":srigranth83">{{Cite web|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&id=3336&Param=83#l3336|title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib, ang 83}}</ref> Gurbani an te di nan moman sa a, "Mouri anvan moun ou renmen an, viv apre li mouri se viv yon lavi ki pa vo anyen nan mond sa a". <ref name=":srigranth83" /> [[Fichye:Historical_photograph_of_Gurdwara_Sri_Khadur_Sahib,_ca.1920's._Published_in_the_1930_first_edition_of_Mahan_Kosh_by_Kahn_Singh_Nabha.jpg|vignette|Foto istorik Gurdwara Sri Khadur Sahib, anviwon ane 1920 yo. Pibliye nan premye edisyon Mahan Kosh la an 1930 pa Kahn Singh Nabha.]] Apre sa, Angad te kite Kartarpur pou l ale nan vilaj Khadur Sahib (toupre Goindwal Sahib). Apre siksesyon an, nan yon pwen, trè kèk Sikh te aksepte Guru Angad kòm lidè yo pandan pitit gason Nanak yo te pretann yo se siksesè yo. Angad te konsantre sou ansèyman Nanak yo, epi li te bati kominote a atravè travay charitab tankou langar . === Relasyon ak Anpi Mughal la === Dezyèm Anperè Mughal nan peyi Zend, Humayun, te vizite Guru Angad ozanviwon 1540 apre Humayun te pèdi batay Kannauj la, e konsa twòn Mughal la te pran devan Sher Shah Suri . Selon hagiografi Sikh yo, lè Humayun te rive nan Gurdwara Mal Akhara Sahib nan Khadur Sahib, Angad te chita ap anseye timoun yo. Lefèt ke li pa t salye Anperè a te fè Humayun fache imedyatman. Humayun te fè yon reprimann men Guru a te raple l ke lè Humayun te bezwen goumen, li te pèdi twòn li epi li te kouri ale. Kounye a, lè Humayun pa t bezwen goumen, li te chache atake yon moun ki t ap priye. Nan tèks Sikh yo ki ekri plis pase yon syèk apre evènman an, yo di Angad te beni anperè a, epi li te rasire l ke yon jou li t ap repran twòn nan. === Lanmò ak siksesè === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Angad_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Fresk dezyèm Guru Sikh la nan Baoli Sahib, Goindval]] Anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad, swiv egzanp Guru Nanak, te chwazi Guru Amar Das kòm siksesè li. Guru Amar Das te fèt nan yon fanmi Endou, e dapre tradisyon an, li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj nan rejyon Himalayas yo, espesyalman nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges. Anviwon 1539, pandan youn nan vwayaj sa yo, li te rankontre yon asèt (sadhu) ki te mande li poukisa li pa t gen yon Guru. Kesyon sa a te pouse li reflechi epi deside chèche yon gid espirityèl. Lè li te retounen lakay li, li te tande Bibi Amro ap chante yon im ki soti nan ansèyman Guru Nanak. Sa te fè l enterese anpil, epi li te aprann plis sou Guru Angad atravè li. Avèk èd li, li te rankontre Guru Angad an 1539, epi li te aksepte li kòm Guru espirityèl li—menm si Guru Angad te pi jèn pase li. Amar Das te montre yon devosyon ak yon sèvis san rete pou Guru Angad. Tradisyon Sikh la di ke li te leve byen bonè nan maten pou l al chache dlo pou benyen Angad, li te netwaye epi kuit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi li te pase anpil tan tou nan meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n163|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479–1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=8 December 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKushwant_Singh">Kushwant Singh. </cite></ref> Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè li an 1552. Angad te mouri nan dat 29 mas 1552. <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Guru Angad|last=McLeod|first=W.H.|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi|access-date=30 September 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcLeod">McLeod, W.H. [http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx "Guru Angad"]. </cite></ref> Apre lanmò Angad, siksesè li a, Guru Amardas, te deplase katye jeneral kominote Sikh la soti Khadur pou ale Goindwal, pandan pitit gason Guru Angad yo te reklame pwopriyete papa yo nan Khadur. Selon yon istwa, Dattu, youn nan de pitit gason Angad yo, te vwayaje nan tribinal Amar Das epi li te mete nouvo gouru a deyò paske li pa t kontan ke tit gouru a te ale nan men Amar Das, epi gouru a te reponn avèk imilite. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sikhri.org/articles/politics-of-the-sword-warrior-guru|title=Politics of the Sword Warrior Guru|last=Singh|first=Surender Pal|date=19 July 2021|website=Sikh Research Institute|access-date=24 March 2026|quote=We can find many parallels to this response of the Guru in the Guru period itself; one example is of Guru Amardas Sahib. When Bhai Datu, the son of Guru Angad Sahib, did not like the fact that the Guruship went to Guru Amardas Sahib, he went to the court of Guru Amardas Sahib and kicked him. The devotees were shocked. However, the Guru got up and touched the feet of Bhai Datu with humility, saying that his bones have become hard due to his old age, and they must have hurt Bhai Datu’s tender feet. In addition, Guru Amardas Sahib left Goindwal, in all probability, to avoid further friction. He moved to his native village Basarke and started working for the growth and development of Sikhi from there.}}</ref> == Enfliyans == === Ekriti Gurmukhi === [[Fichye:Gurmukhi_inscription_claimed_to_have_been_handwritten_by_Guru_Angad_to_teach_children_at_Khadur_Sahib_the_glyphs_ūṛā_to_ṇāṇā,_ca.1539–1552.jpg|vignette|Enskripsyon Gurmukhi a, yo pretann li te ekri alamen pa Guru Angad pou anseye timoun nan Khadur Sahib glif ''ūṛā'' pou rive ''ṇāṇā'', anviwon 1539–1552.]] Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo bay Guru Angad kredi pou ekriti Gurmukhi a, ki se kounye a ekriti estanda pou lang Punjabi nan peyi Zend, <ref name="shacklexvii" /> kontrèman ak lang Punjabi nan Pakistan kote kounye a se yon ekriti Pès-Arab yo rele Shahmukhi ki estanda a. Ekriti Sikh orijinal yo ak pifò nan literati istorik Sikh la te ekri nan ekriti Gurmukhi a. Angad te estandadize epi amelyore ekriti rejyon an pou kreye ekriti Gurmukhi a. Egzanp posib predesesè ekriti a, tankou omwen yon imn ekri nan fòm akrostich pa Guru Nanak, epi istwa li anvan an poko byen detèmine. Angad te ekri tou 62 oswa 63 Salok (konpozisyon), ki ansanm konstitye anviwon yon pousan nan [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la, ekriti prensipal Sikhism nan. Olye pou l kontribye im, enpòtans Angad sete kòm yon konsolidatè im Nanak yo. Angad te sipèvize tou ekriti im Nanak yo pa Bhai Paira Mokha epi egzamine konpilasyon ki te soti a, prepare wout la pou yon ekriti Sikh, osi byen ke kòmansman yon literati Punjabi vènakilè, jan tradisyon an di ke li te ka kòmande tou yon istwa sou lavi Nanak nan men disip anvan yo. <ref name="cole19" /> Koleksyon im yo t ap vin pi enpòtan tou pou kominote a ki t ap agrandi a. <ref name="cole19" /> Byenke kreyasyon ekriti Gurmukhi a souvan atribiye a dezyèm gourou Sikh yo, Guru Angad, dapre Mangat Bhardwaj, ekriti Gurmukhi a oswa anvan li yo te plizyè syèk anvan devlopman Sikhi. Entelektyèl Sikh yo menm, tankou [[Kahn Singh Nabha|Kahn Singh nan Nabha]] (1930), GB Singh (1950), Piara Singh Padam (1954), ak GS Sidhu (2004), te dokimante Gurmukhi anvan aparisyon Sikhism. <ref name=":1" /> Glif ak senbòl yo itilize nan Gurmukhi yo te anvan Sikhism epi li pi pwobab ke Guru Angad te estandadize ekriti ki te egziste deja yo alantou 1530-1535 pou kreye ekriti Gurmukhi estanda a anba sipèvizyon Guru Nanak. <ref name=":1" /> === Langar ak travay kominotè === Guru Angad remakab pou sistematize enstitisyon langar nan tout lokal gurdwara Sikh yo, kote vizitè ki soti toupre ak lwen te kapab jwenn yon repa senp gratis nan yon plas komen. Li te etabli tou règ ak metòd fòmasyon pou volontè yo ( ''[[Seva|sevadars]]'' ) ki te opere kwizin nan, mete aksan sou trete li kòm yon kote repo ak refij, toujou politès ak akeyan anvè tout vizitè yo. <ref name="Mandair2013p35" /> Angad te vizite lòt kote ak sant ke Guru Nanak te etabli pou preche Sikhism. Li te etabli nouvo sant e konsa li te ranfòse baz li. === ''Mall Akhara'' === [[Fichye:Page_111_-_two_Sikh_wrestlers._Watercolour_drawing.jpg|vignette|Akwarel 19yèm syèk ki reprezante de litè Sikh nan yon match.]] Angad, ki te yon gwo patwon [[lit]], te kòmanse yon sistèm ''Mall Akhara'' (arèn lit) kote yo te anseye egzèsis fizik, atizay masyal, ak lit ansanm ak sijè sante tankou rete lwen [[tabak]] ak lòt sibstans toksik. Li te mete aksan sou kenbe kò a an sante ak fè egzèsis chak jou. <ref name="Troubador Publishing Ltd" /> Li te fonde anpil ''Mall Akhara'' konsa nan anpil vilaj, tankou kèk nan Khandur . Tipikman, lit la te fèt apre lapriyè chak jou epi li te gen ladan l tou jwèt ak lit lejè. === Biyografi Nanak === [[Fichye:Illustration_of_Guru_Angad_and_Bhai_Bala,_with_the_Bhai_Bala_Janamsakhi_being_put_into_writing,_lithograph_print,_from_the_'Pothi_Janam_Sakhi_Bhai_Bale_Ji_Ki',_circa_mid-to-late-19th_century.jpg|vignette|Ilistrasyon Guru Angad ak Bhai Bala, ak Bhai Bala Janamsakhi yo te mete nan ekri, enprime litografi, ki soti nan 'Pothi Janam Sakhi Bhai Bale Ji Ki', anviwon nan mitan pou fen 19yèm syèk la.]] Yo di ke Guru Angad te komisyone konpilasyon yon biyografi ki kouvri lavi predesesè li a, Guru Nanak. Sepandan, idantite travay la ak si li te janm egziste oswa menm siviv jouk jounen jodi a, se yon sijè deba. <ref name=":8" /> Gen kèk moun ki kwè tradisyon Bhai Bala Vali nan literati Janamsakhi a se te biyografi sou Nanak ke Angad te kòmande. <ref name=":8" /> == Literati == Kontrèman ak predesesè li a, Guru Angad te sèlman kite yon ti kantite travay ekri ke li te ekri. Gen kèk pwezi ''salok'' ki jwenn nan Guru Granth Sahib ki te ekri pa Angad. == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Nanak_with_Bhai_Lehna,_who_is_getting_dirtied_by_carrying_weeds_overhead.jpg|alt=Guru Nanak (left) with Bhai Lehna (right, who would later be known as Guru Angad).| Guru Nanak (agoch) ak Bhai Lehna (adwat, ki pita ta vin konnen kòm Guru Angad). Fichye:Guru_Angad_taking-leave_of_Guru_Nanak,_painting_from_an_1830's_Janamsakhi_(life_stories)_05.jpg|alt=Guru Angad taking-leave of Guru Nanak, painting from an 1830's Janamsakhi.| Guru Angad k ap pran orevwa ak Guru Nanak, yon penti ki soti nan yon Janamsakhi ane 1830 yo. Fichye:Bhai_Bala_Recites_the_Life_Story_of_Guru_Nanak_to_Guru_Angad_and_Onlookers.png|alt=Bhai Bala (left) recites the life story of Guru Nanak to Guru Angad amid onlookers. Janamsakhi painting.| Bhai Bala (agoch) ap resite istwa lavi Guru Nanak bay Guru Angad nan mitan espektatè yo. Penti Janamsakhi. Fichye:Guru_Angad_painting.jpg|alt=Miniature painting of Guru Angad.| Penti minyati Guru Angad. Fichye:Guru_Angad_drawing_from_early_19th_century.jpg|alt=Guru Angad drawing from early 19th century.| Desen Guru Angad ki soti nan kòmansman 19yèm syèk la. Fichye:Guru_Angad,_the_Second_Sikh_Guru_(1504-52),_Seated_on_a_Terrace_Beneath_a_Canopy_With_an_Attendant.png|alt=Guru Angad Seated on a Terrace Beneath a Canopy With an Attendant, Punjab Plains, circa 1830.| Guru Angad chita sou yon teras anba yon twati ak yon asistan, nan plenn Punjab, anviwon 1830. Fichye:Gurmukhi_inscription_handwritten_by_Guru_Angad_Dev,_the_second_Sikh_guru.jpg|alt=Gurmukhi inscription handwritten by Guru Angad Dev| Gurmukhi inscription ekri alamen pa Guru Angad Dev </gallery> == Gade tou ==   * [[Guru Granth Sahib]] * Lis kote ki pote non Guru Angad Dev {{Referans|30em}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] qrv8dqogwxvr8beqdt1e0xrqox3z4z8 0 97714 889887 882880 2026-11-05T14:32:45Z Kitanago 19629 Kitanago a déplacé la page [[Idolatri nan Sikhi]] vers [[Idolatri nan Sikhism]] 882880 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]]   Sikhi entèdi idolatri, an akò avèk nòm [[Khalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo, yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks. Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikhism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara sou <nowiki><i id="mwWA">mahant</i></nowiki> Udasi ak Endou yo, ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo; yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la, konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik," nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a. Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism. == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou. Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">jatha</i></nowiki> Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab. <ref name="harnik" /> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la. Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 1wo8jliezs91lrqmg0paqbxiacgs6o7 889889 889887 2026-11-05T14:33:05Z Kitanago 19629 Kitanago a déplacé la page [[Idolatri nan Sikhism]] vers [[Idolatri nan Sikism]] 882880 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]]   Sikhi entèdi idolatri, an akò avèk nòm [[Khalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo, yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks. Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikhism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara sou <nowiki><i id="mwWA">mahant</i></nowiki> Udasi ak Endou yo, ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo; yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la, konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik," nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a. Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism. == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou. Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">jatha</i></nowiki> Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab. <ref name="harnik" /> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la. Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 1wo8jliezs91lrqmg0paqbxiacgs6o7 889893 889889 2026-11-05T14:35:22Z Kitanago 19629 889893 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo, yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks. Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikhism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara sou <nowiki><i id="mwWA">mahant</i></nowiki> Udasi ak Endou yo, ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo; yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la, konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik," nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a. Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism. == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou. Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">jatha</i></nowiki> Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab. <ref name="harnik" /> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la. Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] d4e3dsssfx41866dpt8x1tv0hse6hok 889894 889893 2026-11-05T14:35:57Z Kitanago 19629 889894 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo, yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks. Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikhism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara sou <nowiki><i id="mwWA">mahant</i></nowiki> Udasi ak Endou yo, ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo; yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la, konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik," nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a. Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism. == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou. Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">jatha</i></nowiki> Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab. <ref name="harnik" /> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la. Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] fi126iq2ywaq0pk3ov9prn1cm4djr24 889895 889894 2026-11-05T14:36:38Z Kitanago 19629 889895 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks. Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikhism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara sou <nowiki><i id="mwWA">mahant</i></nowiki> Udasi ak Endou yo, ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo; yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la, konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik," nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a. Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism. == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou. Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">jatha</i></nowiki> Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab. <ref name="harnik" /> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la. Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] gjk7uuk03wiwa0gbbzedptefbk5lpi9 889897 889895 2026-11-05T14:37:50Z Kitanago 19629 889897 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Both institutions [SGPC and Akali Dal] were envisaged as instruments of the Sikh community for the furtherance of a purified way of religious and social life, without idolatrous priests and in repudiation of ritualism and caste distinctions. Such indeed had been the fundamental teaching of the Gurus.”</ref> yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks. Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikhism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara sou <nowiki><i id="mwWA">mahant</i></nowiki> Udasi ak Endou yo, ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo; yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la, konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik," nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a. Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism. == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou. Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">jatha</i></nowiki> Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab. <ref name="harnik" /> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la. Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] eq0oqm0nugze0gpfbiqmolgxp4qlzyb 889898 889897 2026-11-05T14:39:13Z Kitanago 19629 889898 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Yo te anvizaje tou de enstitisyon sa yo [SGPC ak Akali Dal] kòm zouti pou kominote Sikh la, nan objektif pou ankouraje yon fason pou viv — ni sou plan relijye ni sou plan sosyal — ki pirifye; sa vle di, san prèt k ap ankouraje idolatri, epi san rituèl twòp oswa distenksyon ki baze sou sistèm kas. Se te, an reyalite, ansèyman fondamantal Gurou yo.”</ref> yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks. Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikhism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara sou <nowiki><i id="mwWA">mahant</i></nowiki> Udasi ak Endou yo, ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo; yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la, konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik," nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a. Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism. == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou. Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">jatha</i></nowiki> Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab. <ref name="harnik" /> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la. Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 6zwi86xwlzhpjthduv7bdkuaeit1rym 889899 889898 2026-11-05T14:39:48Z Kitanago 19629 889899 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Yo te anvizaje tou de enstitisyon sa yo [SGPC ak Akali Dal] kòm zouti pou kominote Sikh la, nan objektif pou ankouraje yon fason pou viv — ni sou plan relijye ni sou plan sosyal — ki pirifye; sa vle di, san prèt k ap ankouraje idolatri, epi san rituèl twòp oswa distenksyon ki baze sou sistèm kas. Se te, an reyalite, ansèyman fondamantal Gurou yo.”</ref> yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks..<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref><ref name=ks542/> Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikhism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara sou <nowiki><i id="mwWA">mahant</i></nowiki> Udasi ak Endou yo, ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo; yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la, konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik," nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a. Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism. == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou. Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">jatha</i></nowiki> Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab. <ref name="harnik" /> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la. Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] l7cuzrbv76zv4fpzdjf6uvvigk9n3b7 889900 889899 2026-11-05T14:42:29Z Kitanago 19629 889900 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Yo te anvizaje tou de enstitisyon sa yo [SGPC ak Akali Dal] kòm zouti pou kominote Sikh la, nan objektif pou ankouraje yon fason pou viv — ni sou plan relijye ni sou plan sosyal — ki pirifye; sa vle di, san prèt k ap ankouraje idolatri, epi san rituèl twòp oswa distenksyon ki baze sou sistèm kas. Se te, an reyalite, ansèyman fondamantal Gurou yo.”</ref> yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks..<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref><ref name=ks542/> Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikhism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara sou <nowiki><i id="mwWA">mahant</i></nowiki> Udasi ak Endou yo, ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo;<ref name="perplexed83">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=83–85}}</ref><ref name=hari/> yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la, konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik," nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a. Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism. == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou. Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">jatha</i></nowiki> Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab. <ref name="harnik" /> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la. Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] pbsg2ya9h7f2pcka9hhlh6os6zx1ibv 889901 889900 2026-11-05T14:44:35Z Kitanago 19629 889901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Yo te anvizaje tou de enstitisyon sa yo [SGPC ak Akali Dal] kòm zouti pou kominote Sikh la, nan objektif pou ankouraje yon fason pou viv — ni sou plan relijye ni sou plan sosyal — ki pirifye; sa vle di, san prèt k ap ankouraje idolatri, epi san rituèl twòp oswa distenksyon ki baze sou sistèm kas. Se te, an reyalite, ansèyman fondamantal Gurou yo.”</ref> yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks..<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref><ref name=ks542/> Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara sou ''mahant'' Udasi ak Endou yo, ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la<ref name="mandair">{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441102317|edition=illustrated|location=London, England|page=83|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo;<ref name="perplexed83">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=83–85}}</ref><ref name=hari/> yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la, konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik," nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a. Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism. == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou. Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">jatha</i></nowiki> Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab. <ref name="harnik" /> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la. Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 2w4a4acg1z33t9hyyz9kuqpct4mnyvs 889902 889901 2026-11-05T14:46:44Z Kitanago 19629 889902 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Yo te anvizaje tou de enstitisyon sa yo [SGPC ak Akali Dal] kòm zouti pou kominote Sikh la, nan objektif pou ankouraje yon fason pou viv — ni sou plan relijye ni sou plan sosyal — ki pirifye; sa vle di, san prèt k ap ankouraje idolatri, epi san rituèl twòp oswa distenksyon ki baze sou sistèm kas. Se te, an reyalite, ansèyman fondamantal Gurou yo.”</ref> yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks..<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref><ref name=ks542/> Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara<ref name="SinghFenech2014p28">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|author2=Louis E. Fenech|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=28–29, 73–76}}</ref> sou ''mahant'' Udasi ak Endou yo,<ref name=madan3>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la<ref name="mandair">{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441102317|edition=illustrated|location=London, England|page=83|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo;<ref name="perplexed83">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=83–85}}</ref><ref name=hari/> yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la, konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik," nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a. Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism. == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou. Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">jatha</i></nowiki> Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab. <ref name="harnik" /> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la. Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 4gyh6br8t9betmsjarkk17nqujfe71x 889903 889902 2026-11-05T14:53:34Z Kitanago 19629 889903 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Yo te anvizaje tou de enstitisyon sa yo [SGPC ak Akali Dal] kòm zouti pou kominote Sikh la, nan objektif pou ankouraje yon fason pou viv — ni sou plan relijye ni sou plan sosyal — ki pirifye; sa vle di, san prèt k ap ankouraje idolatri, epi san rituèl twòp oswa distenksyon ki baze sou sistèm kas. Se te, an reyalite, ansèyman fondamantal Gurou yo.”</ref> yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks..<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref><ref name=ks542/> Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara<ref name="SinghFenech2014p28">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|author2=Louis E. Fenech|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=28–29, 73–76}}</ref> sou ''mahant'' Udasi ak Endou yo,<ref name=madan3>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la<ref name="mandair">{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441102317|edition=illustrated|location=London, England|page=83|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo;<ref name="perplexed83">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=83–85}}</ref><ref name=hari/> yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la,<ref name=harnik/><ref name=ks542/> konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik,"<ref name="Tambiah1997p154">{{cite book|author=Stanley J. Tambiah|title=Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEKZHVKZ-cC |year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91819-1|pages=154–156}}</ref> nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a.<ref name="McLeod2009p97">{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA97 |year=2009|publisher= Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Khushwant Singh 2006 160"/><ref name=oberoi322/> Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title= Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|year= 2014|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref> == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou. Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">jatha</i></nowiki> Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab. <ref name="harnik" /> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la. Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] rla5cu5v5gkclwfkm4sk65ixas0lgqh 889906 889903 2026-11-05T15:05:59Z Kitanago 19629 /* Sikh Khalsa yo */ 889906 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Yo te anvizaje tou de enstitisyon sa yo [SGPC ak Akali Dal] kòm zouti pou kominote Sikh la, nan objektif pou ankouraje yon fason pou viv — ni sou plan relijye ni sou plan sosyal — ki pirifye; sa vle di, san prèt k ap ankouraje idolatri, epi san rituèl twòp oswa distenksyon ki baze sou sistèm kas. Se te, an reyalite, ansèyman fondamantal Gurou yo.”</ref> yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks..<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref><ref name=ks542/> Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara<ref name="SinghFenech2014p28">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|author2=Louis E. Fenech|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=28–29, 73–76}}</ref> sou ''mahant'' Udasi ak Endou yo,<ref name=madan3>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la<ref name="mandair">{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441102317|edition=illustrated|location=London, England|page=83|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo;<ref name="perplexed83">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=83–85}}</ref><ref name=hari/> yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la,<ref name=harnik/><ref name=ks542/> konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik,"<ref name="Tambiah1997p154">{{cite book|author=Stanley J. Tambiah|title=Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEKZHVKZ-cC |year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91819-1|pages=154–156}}</ref> nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a.<ref name="McLeod2009p97">{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA97 |year=2009|publisher= Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Khushwant Singh 2006 160"/><ref name=oberoi322/> Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title= Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|year= 2014|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref> == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou. Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan ''jatha'' Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab..<ref name=ks542>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100412-4|pages=542–543}}</ref><ref name=harnik/> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la. Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] laqy4kmdcmvlmhwioi3blj3flz9smac 889907 889906 2026-11-05T15:31:58Z Kitanago 19629 /* Sikh Khalsa yo */ 889907 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Yo te anvizaje tou de enstitisyon sa yo [SGPC ak Akali Dal] kòm zouti pou kominote Sikh la, nan objektif pou ankouraje yon fason pou viv — ni sou plan relijye ni sou plan sosyal — ki pirifye; sa vle di, san prèt k ap ankouraje idolatri, epi san rituèl twòp oswa distenksyon ki baze sou sistèm kas. Se te, an reyalite, ansèyman fondamantal Gurou yo.”</ref> yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks..<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref><ref name=ks542/> Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara<ref name="SinghFenech2014p28">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|author2=Louis E. Fenech|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=28–29, 73–76}}</ref> sou ''mahant'' Udasi ak Endou yo,<ref name=madan3>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la<ref name="mandair">{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441102317|edition=illustrated|location=London, England|page=83|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo;<ref name="perplexed83">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=83–85}}</ref><ref name=hari/> yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la,<ref name=harnik/><ref name=ks542/> konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik,"<ref name="Tambiah1997p154">{{cite book|author=Stanley J. Tambiah|title=Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEKZHVKZ-cC |year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91819-1|pages=154–156}}</ref> nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a.<ref name="McLeod2009p97">{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA97 |year=2009|publisher= Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Khushwant Singh 2006 160"/><ref name=oberoi322/> Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title= Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|year= 2014|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref> == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou.<ref name=harnik>{{cite book |last1=Deol |first1=Dr. Harnik |title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, United Kingdom |isbn=9781134635351 |pages=43–44 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC&q=sacrilege}}</ref> The Khalsa at this time engaged in guerilla warfare against the [[Mughals]] and the [[Hill States of India|hill rajas]] of the [[Sivalik Hills]] allied to them,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Patwant Singh| title=The Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&q=sikh+hill+rajas&pg=PT60| year=2007| publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=9780307429339|page=270}}</ref> Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan ''jatha'' Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab..<ref name=ks542>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100412-4|pages=542–543}}</ref><ref name=harnik/> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la. Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] q5a0i1z3ds5o1o01v1czomuckbnk1q1 889908 889907 2026-11-05T15:38:51Z Kitanago 19629 /* Sikh Nirankari yo */ 889908 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Yo te anvizaje tou de enstitisyon sa yo [SGPC ak Akali Dal] kòm zouti pou kominote Sikh la, nan objektif pou ankouraje yon fason pou viv — ni sou plan relijye ni sou plan sosyal — ki pirifye; sa vle di, san prèt k ap ankouraje idolatri, epi san rituèl twòp oswa distenksyon ki baze sou sistèm kas. Se te, an reyalite, ansèyman fondamantal Gurou yo.”</ref> yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks..<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref><ref name=ks542/> Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara<ref name="SinghFenech2014p28">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|author2=Louis E. Fenech|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=28–29, 73–76}}</ref> sou ''mahant'' Udasi ak Endou yo,<ref name=madan3>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la<ref name="mandair">{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441102317|edition=illustrated|location=London, England|page=83|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo;<ref name="perplexed83">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=83–85}}</ref><ref name=hari/> yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la,<ref name=harnik/><ref name=ks542/> konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik,"<ref name="Tambiah1997p154">{{cite book|author=Stanley J. Tambiah|title=Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEKZHVKZ-cC |year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91819-1|pages=154–156}}</ref> nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a.<ref name="McLeod2009p97">{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA97 |year=2009|publisher= Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Khushwant Singh 2006 160"/><ref name=oberoi322/> Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title= Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|year= 2014|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref> == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou.<ref name=harnik>{{cite book |last1=Deol |first1=Dr. Harnik |title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, United Kingdom |isbn=9781134635351 |pages=43–44 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC&q=sacrilege}}</ref> The Khalsa at this time engaged in guerilla warfare against the [[Mughals]] and the [[Hill States of India|hill rajas]] of the [[Sivalik Hills]] allied to them,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Patwant Singh| title=The Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&q=sikh+hill+rajas&pg=PT60| year=2007| publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=9780307429339|page=270}}</ref> Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan ''jatha'' Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak. Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab..<ref name=ks542>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100412-4|pages=542–543}}</ref><ref name=harnik/> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la<ref name=mandair78>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |location=London, England |isbn=9781441102317 |page=78 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> . Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 3sw5nmtr73qisswuc5y3cu0xwwebjb2 889909 889908 2026-11-05T15:47:54Z Kitanago 19629 /* Sikh Khalsa yo */ 889909 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Yo te anvizaje tou de enstitisyon sa yo [SGPC ak Akali Dal] kòm zouti pou kominote Sikh la, nan objektif pou ankouraje yon fason pou viv — ni sou plan relijye ni sou plan sosyal — ki pirifye; sa vle di, san prèt k ap ankouraje idolatri, epi san rituèl twòp oswa distenksyon ki baze sou sistèm kas. Se te, an reyalite, ansèyman fondamantal Gurou yo.”</ref> yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks..<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref><ref name=ks542/> Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara<ref name="SinghFenech2014p28">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|author2=Louis E. Fenech|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=28–29, 73–76}}</ref> sou ''mahant'' Udasi ak Endou yo,<ref name=madan3>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la<ref name="mandair">{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441102317|edition=illustrated|location=London, England|page=83|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo;<ref name="perplexed83">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=83–85}}</ref><ref name=hari/> yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la,<ref name=harnik/><ref name=ks542/> konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik,"<ref name="Tambiah1997p154">{{cite book|author=Stanley J. Tambiah|title=Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEKZHVKZ-cC |year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91819-1|pages=154–156}}</ref> nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a.<ref name="McLeod2009p97">{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA97 |year=2009|publisher= Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Khushwant Singh 2006 160"/><ref name=oberoi322/> Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title= Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|year= 2014|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref> == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou.<ref name=harnik>{{cite book |last1=Deol |first1=Dr. Harnik |title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, United Kingdom |isbn=9781134635351 |pages=43–44 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC&q=sacrilege}}</ref> The Khalsa at this time engaged in guerilla warfare against the [[Mughals]] and the [[Hill States of India|hill rajas]] of the [[Sivalik Hills]] allied to them,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Patwant Singh| title=The Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&q=sikh+hill+rajas&pg=PT60| year=2007| publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=9780307429339|page=270}}</ref> Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan ''jatha'' Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak.<ref name=hari>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs |date=October 6, 2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8121505406 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhs-HrGupta1939/page/n65 69]-70 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhs-HrGupta1939 |access-date=9 December 2019}} |<br/>II. Renovation of Sikh oppression. <br/>"As soon as Muin-ul-Mulk was free from these troubles and felt strong enough to cope with the Sikh problem, he renewed his policy of repression. It seems he was convinced, and perhaps rightly so, that the Sikhs would not rest contented with the allowance of the jagir granted to them and that they were only biding their time to recoup their strength for creating fresh troubles in the province, as they had done on more than one occasion previously. This energetic Governor did not believe in half measures. Accordingly, he set the Government machinery, both, military and civil, once again in motion and revived the old orders to the district and village officials for the arrest of the Sikhs. The people were forbidden under penalty of death to give shelter to the members of this community. <br/>These measures of the Government succeeded in driving the Sikhs from the neighbourhood of towns and villages to places of shelter along the banks of the Ravi, the Beas and the Sutlej. They could have gone to the distant and impenetrable retreats in hills and deserts, but they preferred these easy refuges in order to harass the Nawab and his Mughalia troops, though at the risk of their own lives. Moreover, they wanted to have a dip in the tank of nectar. The Nawab’s servants and troops searched for them in villages and when they got hold of any Sikh, slew him at once. If any other man was found living in the style of a Sikh, he was also arrested and his property confiscated."* Khushwat Rai. 79. <br/>12. The Sikhs are driven out of the Punjab Plains. <br/>"The policy of driving the Sikhs from post to pillar was so vigorously enforced that they were compelled once more to seek shelter in their old resorts in the lower Himalayan spurs, the thick forests of Central and Eastern Punjab and the deserts of Malva and Bikaner. The Sikhs, who had many a time before seen harder days, did not mind these persecutions." </ref> Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab..<ref name=ks542>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100412-4|pages=542–543}}</ref><ref name=harnik/> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la<ref name=mandair78>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |location=London, England |isbn=9781441102317 |page=78 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> . Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] nm6xerpctmwj7h8qxlyz66lql5biho7 889910 889909 2026-11-05T15:49:25Z Kitanago 19629 /* Sikh Khalsa yo */ 889910 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Yo te anvizaje tou de enstitisyon sa yo [SGPC ak Akali Dal] kòm zouti pou kominote Sikh la, nan objektif pou ankouraje yon fason pou viv — ni sou plan relijye ni sou plan sosyal — ki pirifye; sa vle di, san prèt k ap ankouraje idolatri, epi san rituèl twòp oswa distenksyon ki baze sou sistèm kas. Se te, an reyalite, ansèyman fondamantal Gurou yo.”</ref> yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks..<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref><ref name=ks542/> Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara<ref name="SinghFenech2014p28">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|author2=Louis E. Fenech|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=28–29, 73–76}}</ref> sou ''mahant'' Udasi ak Endou yo,<ref name=madan3>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la<ref name="mandair">{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441102317|edition=illustrated|location=London, England|page=83|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo;<ref name="perplexed83">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=83–85}}</ref><ref name=hari/> yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la,<ref name=harnik/><ref name=ks542/> konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik,"<ref name="Tambiah1997p154">{{cite book|author=Stanley J. Tambiah|title=Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEKZHVKZ-cC |year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91819-1|pages=154–156}}</ref> nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a.<ref name="McLeod2009p97">{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA97 |year=2009|publisher= Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Khushwant Singh 2006 160"/><ref name=oberoi322/> Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title= Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|year= 2014|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref> == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou.<ref name=harnik>{{cite book |last1=Deol |first1=Dr. Harnik |title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, United Kingdom |isbn=9781134635351 |pages=43–44 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC&q=sacrilege}}</ref> The Khalsa at this time engaged in guerilla warfare against the [[Mughals]] and the [[Hill States of India|hill rajas]] of the [[Sivalik Hills]] allied to them,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Patwant Singh| title=The Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&q=sikh+hill+rajas&pg=PT60| year=2007| publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=9780307429339|page=270}}</ref> Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan ''jatha'' Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak.<ref name=hari>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs |date=October 6, 2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8121505406 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhs-HrGupta1939/page/n65 69]-70 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhs-HrGupta1939 |access-date=9 December 2019}} |<br/>II. Renovation of Sikh oppression. <br/>"Depi lè Muin-ul-Mulk te libere anba pwoblèm sa yo epi li te santi l ase fò pou l jere pwoblèm Sikh yo, li te relanse politik represyon li a. Sanble li te konvenki, e petèt li te gen rezon, ke Sikh yo pa t ap kontante yo ak *jagir* (tè oswa revni) yo te ba yo a, e ke yo t ap tann bon moman an pou yo reprann fòs yo epi kreye nouvo pwoblèm nan pwovens lan, jan yo te deja fè sa plizyè fwa anvan. Gouvènè dinamik sa a pa t kwè nan mezi mwatye-mezire. Se konsa, li te remete machin gouvènman an, ni militè ni sivil, an mouvman, epi li te remete an vigè ansyen lòd yo te bay ofisyèl distri ak vilaj yo pou arete Sikh yo. Yo te entèdi moun yo, sou pèn lanmò, pou yo bay manm kominote sa a refij. <br/>Mezi gouvènman an te reyisi pouse Sikh yo kite vwazinaj vil ak vilaj yo pou y al chèche refij bò rivyè Ravi, Beas ak Sutlej yo. Yo te ka ale nan zòn ki lwen e ki difisil anpil pou antre, tankou nan mòn yo oswa nan dezè yo, men yo te pito rete nan kote sa yo ki te pi fasil pou jwenn refij, yon fason pou yo te ka kontinye bay Nawab la ak twoup Mughal li yo pwoblèm, menm si sa te mete pwòp lavi yo an danje. Anplis de sa, yo te vle ale benyen nan "basen nektar" la (yon referans senbolik oswa relijye). Sèvitè ak sòlda Nawab la te chèche yo nan vilaj yo, epi chak fwa yo te jwenn yon Sikh, yo te touye l touswit. Si yo te jwenn nenpòt lòt moun k ap viv menm jan ak yon Sikh, yo te arete l tou epi yo te konfiske byen l yo."* Khushwat Rai. 79. <br/>12. Yo chase Sikh yo soti nan plèn Punjab yo. <br/>"Politik pou chase Sikh yo soti yon kote pou voye yo yon lòt kote te aplike avèk anpil fòs, sa ki te fòse yo chèche refij yon lòt fwa ankò nan ansyen kote yo te konn kache yo: nan kontrefò mòn Himalaya yo, nan gwo forè ki nan sant ak lès Punjab, ak nan dezè Malva ak Bikaner yo. Sikh yo, ki te deja pase anpil moman pi difisil anvan sa, pa t kite pèsekisyon sa yo dekouraje yo."" </ref> Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab..<ref name=ks542>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100412-4|pages=542–543}}</ref><ref name=harnik/> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la<ref name=mandair78>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |location=London, England |isbn=9781441102317 |page=78 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> . Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] fnmoya0bdmi3bfxccq7v9yzgvorrpsx 889911 889910 2026-11-05T15:54:02Z Kitanago 19629 889911 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Yo te anvizaje tou de enstitisyon sa yo [SGPC ak Akali Dal] kòm zouti pou kominote Sikh la, nan objektif pou ankouraje yon fason pou viv — ni sou plan relijye ni sou plan sosyal — ki pirifye; sa vle di, san prèt k ap ankouraje idolatri, epi san rituèl twòp oswa distenksyon ki baze sou sistèm kas. Se te, an reyalite, ansèyman fondamantal Gurou yo.”</ref> yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks..<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref><ref name=ks542/> Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara<ref name="SinghFenech2014p28">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|author2=Louis E. Fenech|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=28–29, 73–76}}</ref> sou ''mahant'' Udasi ak Endou yo,<ref name=madan3>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la<ref name="mandair">{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441102317|edition=illustrated|location=London, England|page=83|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl yo e ki, alafen, t ap vin idantifye tèt li ak Sikh Sanatan yo, ki te respekte estrikti sosyal brahmanik la epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo;<ref name="perplexed83">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=83–85}}</ref><ref name=hari/> yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la,<ref name=harnik/><ref name=ks542/> konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik,"<ref name="Tambiah1997p154">{{cite book|author=Stanley J. Tambiah|title=Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEKZHVKZ-cC |year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91819-1|pages=154–156}}</ref> nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a.<ref name="McLeod2009p97">{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA97 |year=2009|publisher= Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Khushwant Singh 2006 160"/><ref name=oberoi322/> Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title= Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|year= 2014|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref> == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou.<ref name=harnik>{{cite book |last1=Deol |first1=Dr. Harnik |title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, United Kingdom |isbn=9781134635351 |pages=43–44 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC&q=sacrilege}}</ref> The Khalsa at this time engaged in guerilla warfare against the [[Mughals]] and the [[Hill States of India|hill rajas]] of the [[Sivalik Hills]] allied to them,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Patwant Singh| title=The Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&q=sikh+hill+rajas&pg=PT60| year=2007| publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=9780307429339|page=270}}</ref> Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan ''jatha'' Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak.<ref name=hari>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs |date=October 6, 2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8121505406 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhs-HrGupta1939/page/n65 69]-70 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhs-HrGupta1939 |access-date=9 December 2019}} |<br/>II. Renovation of Sikh oppression. <br/>"Depi lè Muin-ul-Mulk te libere anba pwoblèm sa yo epi li te santi l ase fò pou l jere pwoblèm Sikh yo, li te relanse politik represyon li a. Sanble li te konvenki, e petèt li te gen rezon, ke Sikh yo pa t ap kontante yo ak *jagir* (tè oswa revni) yo te ba yo a, e ke yo t ap tann bon moman an pou yo reprann fòs yo epi kreye nouvo pwoblèm nan pwovens lan, jan yo te deja fè sa plizyè fwa anvan. Gouvènè dinamik sa a pa t kwè nan mezi mwatye-mezire. Se konsa, li te remete machin gouvènman an, ni militè ni sivil, an mouvman, epi li te remete an vigè ansyen lòd yo te bay ofisyèl distri ak vilaj yo pou arete Sikh yo. Yo te entèdi moun yo, sou pèn lanmò, pou yo bay manm kominote sa a refij. <br/>Mezi gouvènman an te reyisi pouse Sikh yo kite vwazinaj vil ak vilaj yo pou y al chèche refij bò rivyè Ravi, Beas ak Sutlej yo. Yo te ka ale nan zòn ki lwen e ki difisil anpil pou antre, tankou nan mòn yo oswa nan dezè yo, men yo te pito rete nan kote sa yo ki te pi fasil pou jwenn refij, yon fason pou yo te ka kontinye bay Nawab la ak twoup Mughal li yo pwoblèm, menm si sa te mete pwòp lavi yo an danje. Anplis de sa, yo te vle ale benyen nan "basen nektar" la (yon referans senbolik oswa relijye). Sèvitè ak sòlda Nawab la te chèche yo nan vilaj yo, epi chak fwa yo te jwenn yon Sikh, yo te touye l touswit. Si yo te jwenn nenpòt lòt moun k ap viv menm jan ak yon Sikh, yo te arete l tou epi yo te konfiske byen l yo."* Khushwat Rai. 79. <br/>12. Yo chase Sikh yo soti nan plèn Punjab yo. <br/>"Politik pou chase Sikh yo soti yon kote pou voye yo yon lòt kote te aplike avèk anpil fòs, sa ki te fòse yo chèche refij yon lòt fwa ankò nan ansyen kote yo te konn kache yo: nan kontrefò mòn Himalaya yo, nan gwo forè ki nan sant ak lès Punjab, ak nan dezè Malva ak Bikaner yo. Sikh yo, ki te deja pase anpil moman pi difisil anvan sa, pa t kite pèsekisyon sa yo dekouraje yo."" </ref> Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab..<ref name=ks542>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100412-4|pages=542–543}}</ref><ref name=harnik/> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la<ref name=mandair78>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |location=London, England |isbn=9781441102317 |page=78 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> . Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] 4qshkp14xjoxbbne31122kkhtxczn6b 889912 889911 2026-11-05T15:55:28Z Kitanago 19629 889912 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Detailed_view_of_a_fresco_of_Guru_Nanak_seated_near_a_Hindu_religious_event_involving_idols_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal,_Amritsar.jpg|vignette|Vi detaye sou fresk [[Guru Nanak]] chita ak Bhai Bala kanpe toupre yon evènman relijye Endou ki gen ladan zidòl ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] [[Sikism]] entèdi idolatri,<ref name=dgsingh>D.G. Singh (2002), Idolatry is impermissible in Sikhism, Sikh Review, Volume 50, Issue 5, pages 35-37</ref> an akò avèk nòm [[Kalsa]] prensipal yo ak ansèyman Sikh Gurus yo,<ref name=madan1>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} “Yo te anvizaje tou de enstitisyon sa yo [SGPC ak Akali Dal] kòm zouti pou kominote Sikh la, nan objektif pou ankouraje yon fason pou viv — ni sou plan relijye ni sou plan sosyal — ki pirifye; sa vle di, san prèt k ap ankouraje idolatri, epi san rituèl twòp oswa distenksyon ki baze sou sistèm kas. Se te, an reyalite, ansèyman fondamantal Gurou yo.”</ref> yon pozisyon yo aksepte kòm ortodoks..<ref name="McLeod2009p97"/><ref name="Historical Dictionary of Sikhism">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref><ref name=ks542/> Mekontantman popilè Sikh ki tap grandi ak administrasyon ak pratik Gurdwara pandan ane 1800 yo, mouvman revivalis nan mitan ane 1800 yo ki te opoze adorasyon zidòl tankou Nirankari yo <ref name="mandair78" /> ak Namdhari yo (ki sepandan te swiv yon gourou vivan depi kreyasyon li), ak antrav koutim [[Endouyis|Brahmanik]] nan [[Tanp an lò a|Tanp an lò]] pandan peryòd sa a, <ref name="ks542" /> <ref name="madan3" /> te mennen nan etablisman Mouvman Singh Sabha an 1873, nan ki faksyon [[Tat Khalsa]] a, dominan depi kòmansman ane 1880 yo, te pouse pou renouvle ak estandadize pratik Sikism nan. Apre yon peryòd avansman politik, faksyon Khalsa a te retabli kontwòl dirèk sou jesyon Gurdwara<ref name="SinghFenech2014p28">{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|author2=Louis E. Fenech|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|pages=28–29, 73–76}}</ref> sou ''mahant'' Udasi ak Endou yo,<ref name=madan3>{{cite book|author=TN Madan|editor= Martin Marty and R Scott Appleby|title=Fundamentalisms Observed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qd5yzP5hdiEC |year=1994| publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn= 978-0-226-50878-8|pages =604–610}} ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl <ref name="ks542" /> epi ki te evantyèlman idantifye ak [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikh yo]], ki te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la<ref name="mandair">{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441102317|edition=illustrated|location=London, England|page=83|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> ki te enstitisyonalize adorasyon zidòl yo e ki, alafen, t ap vin idantifye tèt li ak Sikh Sanatan yo, ki te respekte estrikti sosyal brahmanik<ref name="mandair">{{cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|date=2013|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781441102317|edition=illustrated|location=London, England|page=83|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> la epi ki te konsidere adorasyon zidòl kòm yon bagay ki pa danjere. ''Mahant'' yo te pran kontwòl Gurdwara yo apre yon gwo pèsekisyon Mughal te fòse Khalsa yo abandone kontwòl Gurdwara yo epi kite plèn Punjab yo nan ane 1700 yo;<ref name="perplexed83">{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=83–85}}</ref><ref name=hari/> yo te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo. <ref name="mandair" /> An 1905, apre yo te fin retabli kontwòl enstitisyonèl la, Khalsa a te reyisi retire zidòl yo te enstale pandan peryòd anvan an, epi tou li te mete fen nan administrasyon ''mahant la'' ak pratik lòt rituèl brahmanik ki pa Sikh nan pwosesis la,<ref name=harnik/><ref name=ks542/> konsidere yo kòm "akresyon Endou" ak "kontrol brahmanik,"<ref name="Tambiah1997p154">{{cite book|author=Stanley J. Tambiah|title=Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEKZHVKZ-cC |year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91819-1|pages=154–156}}</ref> nan mitan yon gwo konfli nan kominote Sikh la nan epòk sa a.<ref name="McLeod2009p97">{{cite book|author=W. H. McLeod|title=The A to Z of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA97 |year=2009|publisher= Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6|page=97}}</ref><ref name="Khushwant Singh 2006 160"/><ref name=oberoi322/> Entèdiksyon an, dapre Fenech ak McLeod, te sèvi tou yon mwayen pou deklare ke Sikhism diferan de Endouyism.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title= Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|year= 2014|publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=158}}</ref> == Tèks Sikh yo == Yo mansyone adorasyon zidòl kòm yon pratik initil e san valè nan tèks Sikh yo tankou ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'' ak ''Dasam Granth'' . Nan ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansèyman [[Guru Nanak]] yo kalifye pratik adore wòch kòm initil e ridikil. Wòch sa yo pa ka reponn okenn kesyon ni bay gidans espirityèl jan ''gourou'' a kapab, dapre Nanak, e se sèlman gidans yon ''gourou'' ki ka pote yon moun atravè "Oseyan Egzistans lan". Pa egzanp, nan kantik [[Guru Granth Sahib]] sa a, Namdev rejte adorasyon zidòl.  Yo dekore yon wòch avèk anpil lanmou, pandan y ap mache sou yon lòt wòch. Si youn se yon dye, lòt la dwe yon dye tou. Naam Dayv di, Mwen sèvi Senyè a. — Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 Yo kritike idolatri nan ''Dasam Granth'' la, tradisyonèlman atribiye bay dizyèm [[Guru Gobind Singh]] la. ''Dasam Granth'' la enkli idolatri ansanm ak lòt pratik tankou pase pat sandal, ofri manje, vizite tonm ak tonm, bese tèt ak lòt kòm pratik initil e ki pa itil pou konnen Bondye. [[Fichye:Sri_Gurunanak_Statue_at_Muktidham_Temple,_Nashik.jpg|vignette|Guru Nanak zidòl nan tanp Muktidham, Nashik]] Dapre Endològ Harold Coward la, ekriti Sikh yo kritike idolatri epi pawòl Guru Nanak yo pwoteste epi kondane adorasyon majik ak vid nan zidòl yo. Men, Coward deklare, yon ikòn trete kòm yon senbòl ki pa konfonn fizik la ak espirityèl la, epi avèk "bon motivasyon ak konpreyansyon", ekriti Sikh la pa eskli reverans Guru Granth la, ki akonpaye chante devosyonèl rituèl nan Gurdwara Sikh yo. == Referans istorik sou idolatri == === Zafarnama ak Dasam Granth === Zafarnama a, oubyen lèt viktwa a, te ekri an Pès bay Aurangzeb an 1705 pa [[Guru Gobind Singh]] apre [[batay Chamkaur la]] . Nan ''Zafarnama'' a, Guru Gobind Singh reprimande Anperè Mughal Aurangzeb paske li te pwomèt yon vwayaj san danje pou fanmi li men apre sa li pa t kenbe pwomès sa a. 95yèm kouplèt la, an Pès, ki fè referans a batay li yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye ak Mughal yo, di: "Mwen menm tou, mwen te goumen kont chèf mòn yo (kūhīyān, "moun mòn yo") [ki] adore zidòl. Menm jan yo se adore zidòl, se konsa mwen se kraze zidòl la." ''Dasam Granth'' kote ''Zafarnama'' a ye a, se yon tèks konplèks; kèk Sikh konsidere li kòm dezyèm ekriti a, alòske gen lòt ki konteste otorite li ak otè sèten pati. Li gen ladan l tou 33 Savaiye yo, oubyen "33 katren," pami yo katren 19 jiska 21 adrese espesyalman inutilite adorasyon zidòl. Pou kèk entelektyèl, Singh deklare, rituèl ''sastar puja'' a (adorasyon zam) nan tradisyon Khalsa a sanble ak adorasyon zidòl. <ref name="JacobsenAktor2014" /> Nan etid Sikh yo, yo nye rituèl la kòm adorasyon Bondye, okontrè yo defann li kòm adorasyon sa zam yo reprezante ikonografikman pou Sikh yo: ''adi shakti'' (pouvwa Bondye). Vèsè sa yo gen rapò ak preparasyon Khalsa pou lagè kont Mughal yo ak "pèmèt destriksyon lènmi an". === Dabestan-e Mazaheb === Dabestan-e Mazaheb la se yon tèks ki date mitan 17yèm syèk la sou relijyon nan peyi Zend. Tèks la pa di ki otè a, epi li pa klè ki moun ki ekri li. Gen moun ki di se Muhsin Fani – petèt yon Mizilman Pès, gen lòt ki di se Maubad Ardastani – petèt yon [[Zoroastris|Zoroastrien]], epi gen lòt ki swa se Mirza Zu'lfiqar Beg oswa Kaikhusrau Isfandyar. <ref name="ihabib" /> Tèks la egziste nan de gwo vèsyon maniskri ak plizyè revizyon remakab; tout senk maniskri yo kounye a nan Bibliyotèk Maulana Azad nan Aligarh . <ref name="ihabib" /> Toulede gwo vèsyon yo gen senk Ta'lim sou relijyon ki pa Mizilman ak sèt Ta'lim sou sèk Islamik. Nan senk ki konsakre pou relijyon ki pa Mizilman yo, youn dedye a relijyon [[Zoroastris|Parsi a]], Endouyis, Boudis, Jidayis ak Krisyanis. Dezyèm Ta'lim nan se sou Endouyis ak lòt sèk Endyen yo; <ref name="ihabib" /> yon seksyon prezante kwayans ak pratik Sikh yo. Dezyèm ''ta'lim'' ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la gen ladan l youn nan pi ansyen referans yo bay Nanakpanthis . Tèm sa a pa komen nan literati epòk Guru Nanak la, men li ateste nan ekri Miharban (ki te mouri an 1640), yon pitit pitit Guru Ram Das e youn ki te fè pati Minas yo – youn nan senk gwoup disolisyon Guru Gobind Singh te enstwi Khalsa inisye yo pou yo evite. Nanakpanthis jan yo mansyone l nan ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la, yo konprann se Sikh nan mitan 17yèm syèk la ki te swiv Guru Nanak. Pami premye detay yo mansyone sou lafwa a nan epòk sa a, gen obsèvasyon dirèk otè a sou mank kwayans nan zidòl ak tanp zidòl pami Sikh yo nan epòk la. Li ajoute, li deklare ke pa gen okenn venerasyon pou mantra, zidòl ak ''avtar'' Endou yo, ni pa gen respè pou lang Sanskrit la. <ref name="grewal" /> Epi pi lwen, yo rakonte yon anekdòt popilè pami disip [[Guru Hargobind]] yo, ki te Guru a nan epòk ekriti trete a:  An brèf, apre batay Kartarpur la, li te ale Phagwara. Apre sa, kòm li te difisil pou li rete nan nenpòt kote toupre Lahore, li te ale Karaitpūr (Kiratpur) ki sitiye nan mòn Punjab yo. Zòn sa a te pou Rāja Tārāchand, ki pa t swiv chemen fidelite ak obeyisans anvè Anperè Shahjahan. Moun nan zòn sa a te adore imaj. Sou tèt mòn nan, yo te mete yon imaj yon deyès, yo te rele Naina Devi. Rājas ak lòt moun ki soti nan teritwa alantou yo, ki t ap ale nan plas sa a, te swiv koutim pou yo fè yon pelerinaj [la]. Lè Guru a te etabli tèt li la, yon Sikh li, ki te rele Bhairū, ki t ap ale nan tanp lan, te kase nen deyès la. Rājas yo te pran nouvèl la epi yo te pote plent bay Guru a, yo te pran non li [Bhairu]. Guru a te rele Bhairū. Bhairū te nye sa. Sèvitè Rājas yo te di: "Nou rekonèt [nonm] sa a." Li reponn, "O Rājas, mande deyès la. Si li pran non mwen, ou ka touye m." Rājas la di, "Enbesil, kijan deyès la ka pale?" Bhairū pete ri, li di, "Kounye a yon moun konnen kiyès ki enbesil la. Lè li pa ka anpeche pèsonn kraze tèt li, epi li pa ka idantifye moun ki atake l la, ki byen ou espere nan men l, e poukisa ou adore l?" Yo te fèmen bouch Rajas yo. Jodi a pifò moun ki nan mitan mas yo (ri'āyā) nan teritwa sa a se disip Guru a.[36] Yo te di tou ke yo pa t respekte lwa dyetetik Endou yo, ansanm ak "osterite ak adorasyon" yo. ''Dabistan'' an deklare tou, "Nanak te fè lwanj relijyon Mizilman yo, ansanm ak avatar ak divinite Endou yo; men li te konnen ke objè venerasyon sa yo te kreye epi yo pa te kreyatè, epi li te nye vrè desandan yo soti nan syèl la, ak inyon yo ak limanite," otè a dekri sa kòm doktrin ''halool'' ak ''ittehad'' . Dapre Irfan Habib, ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' la deklare ke Guru Nanak te pratike rituèl Endou ak Mizilman yo, ki se nan "kontras aparan" ak kwayans Sikh ortodoks kontanporen an ki di li te rejte tout rituèl; Habib deklare tou ke "soti nan vèsè li yo nan Guru Granth Sahib la tou, li evidan ke li te rejte non sèlman tiraths (pelerinaj), men tou tout 'rituèl diferan'." Anplis, tout twa revizyon ki siviv nan vèsyon ''Dabistan-i-Mazahib'' ki pi ansyen an deklare ke tout Sikh ke otè ''Dabistan'' an te rankontre, eksepte youn, te kwè ke Baba Nanak te Bondye. <ref name="ihabib" /> Nan Dabistan an, yon Brahmgiani, oswa yon moun ki reklame posesyon konesans diven, ki rele Deva te rele Guru a Parmeshwar; pou eksplike sa, Irfan Habib deklare ke nan epòk Guru Arjan, yon kwayans te pran rasin nan mitan Sikh yo konsènan Guru Nanak kòm yon dye, "pou Deva sezi chans lan pou jwe sou li." <ref name="ihabib" /> Tradiksyon tèm Pèsyen نا شمرد ''na-shumard'' (tradui kòm "pa konsidere") dapre sa Habib rele de kopi "Vèsyon B" enprime trete a, ke tradiksyon tankou sa Ganda Singh te baze sou yo, kontrèman ak بی شمرد ''bi-shumard'' (tradui pa Habib kòm "konsiderasyon") nan twa maniskri "Vèsyon A" yo, tou ateste kwayans sa a. <ref name="ihabib" /> ''Dabistan'' an rapòte ke pandan epòk Guru Arjan, "Sikh yo oswa disip yo te vin anpil epi yo te fè egzajerasyon nan kwayans yo," byenke Guru Nanak "te konsidere tèt li kòm yon esklav [Bondye]" epi li te dekri Bondye kòm san fòm, "ki pa gen yon kò epi ki pa gen kò epi ki pa ini ak yon kò [materyèl]." Malhotra ak Mir fè remake ke otè Dabistan-i-Mazahib la konsidere konpozisyon Guru Nanak yo kòm ekri “nan Jataki, 'lang Jats yo,' ki pa gen okenn respè pou lang Sanskri a.” Trete a mansyone tou ke Nanakpanthis yo te konsidere ''Udasis yo'', oubyen asèt ki renonse mond lan, ansanm ak yon lòt gwoup ki te separe, kòm “ki pa merite lwanj.” Banerjee dekri otè a kòm “yon moun ki gen lespri liberal e ki se yon zanmi Guru a,” e kòm yon moun ki “pa 'move reprezantasyon' karaktè Guru Nanak pou motif sèktè,” <ref name="banerjee" /> byenke defi a egziste pou “evalye valè istorik istwa tradisyonèl yo ki enfekte pa 'admirasyon antouzyastik' 'partizan' li yo,” li aplike remak sa a nan tout ekriti ajiyografik Sikh yo. <ref name="banerjee" /> Li kontinye pou l di ke “an jeneral, Dabistan pi itil kòm yon endis pou imaj Guru Nanak nan disetyèm syèk la pase kòm yon naratif byografik.” <ref name="banerjee" /> == Tradisyon Sikh yo == Dapre Harnik Deol, pandan rèy Sikh la, yon milye elit ki te gen desandan liy Guru yo, gason sen ( babas, bhais, sants ) ak ekzejèt, patikilyèman ''pujari yo'' – pou ki entelektyèl Harjot Oberoi te envante tèm " [[Sanatan Sikh|Sanatan Sikhs]] " – te bay sèvis rituèl epi dirije fonksyon pou klas aristokrat Sikh ak noblès tè ki t ap grandi a, an echanj pou don jenere nan men kliyantèl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Pami yo te gen Sahajdhari Sikh ki pa t inisye nan Khalsa a, ki te gen diferans fondamantal nan pratik ak doktrin ak Khalsa Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Klas sa a te pran kontwòl tanp Sikh yo anba patwonaj elit Sikh yo nan dizwityèm syèk la. Yo te vin adore imaj ak zidòl, san yo pa konsidere tèt yo mare pa ''rahitnamas yo'', kòd konduit Sikh yo. <ref name="harnik1" /> Apre yo te fin anekse Anpi Sikh la nan mitan 19yèm syèk la, dirijan kolonyal Britanik yo te kontinye trete mahant sa yo kòm kado tè, sa ki te ogmante fòs yo. Oberoi deklare ke ''mahant'' yo ak ''pujari yo'' te jistifye pozisyon yo lè yo te deklare ke pandan wòl gourou a, ki te sèvi kòm sèl entèmedyè ant moun ak Bondye, te pou ekriti yo sèlman an teyori, an pratik sa te twò abstrè pou mas yo, ki te bezwen fonksyonè vivan pou sèvi nan wòl sa a. <ref name="harnik1" /> Kongregasyon lokal yo ak refòmatè yo te chache elimine klas prèt-mahant brahmanik sa a ki t ap vin pi anrasinen. Tat Khalsa a te akize ''mahant'' yo de endouizasyon koutim Sikh yo ak pratik idolatri ki t ap vin pi répandu, osi byen ke lojman zidòl, pandit, astwològ, eleman lumpen, ak vis ke mahant yo menm te patisipe ladan yo, pandan y ap entèdi antre menm pou Sikh ki nan kas ki ba yo epi inyore bezwen kongregasyon Sikh la. An 1905, yo te retire tout zidòl yo nan Tanp an lò a, an akò ak ortodoksi Sikh la. Dapre yon ''pujari'' ki baze nan Tanp an lò a, Raja nan Eta Chamba te fè yo te bay yon estati an metal [[Guru Hargobind]] (1595–1644) pandan rèy Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la nan ane 1800 yo, byen apre peryòd [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo. Sa a ta vin youn nan premye gwo imaj yo te mete kòm yon zidòl nan tanp lan. Pita, yon imaj dore nan menm gourou a, yo te mete anba [[Akal Takht]] la, epi yon ti zidòl Guru Nanak nan sanktyè enteryè a, ta swiv. Yo ta mete pi gwo imaj nan Gurdwara Baba Atal ki toupre a. Nan ane 1880 yo, jesyon tanp lan te refize enstale zidòl tout dis gourou Sikh yo nan antre prensipal tanp lan, paske ''pujari yo'' ta vin chita tèt yo nan limit tanp lan ak imaj an wòch, pou enstwi pèlren yo pou yo adore devan yo. === Sikh Khalsa yo === [[Fichye:Overhead_view_of_Takht_Sri_Hazoor_Sahib_Gurdwara_complex.jpg|vignette|Vi anlè konplèks Takht Sri Hazoor Sahib Gurdwara a, anviwon 1870. Ou ka wè sa ki sanble ak yon zidòl nan sakre konplèks la.]] Sikhism òtodòks Khalsa a entèdi adorasyon zidòl, an akò ak ansèyman Guru yo. Sa te rete konsa pandan epòk Guru yo, jiskaske ogmantasyon pèsekisyon Mughal nan dizwityèm syèk la te fòse Khalsa yo sede kontwòl gurdwara bay mahants, oswa gadyen, ki souvan te fè pati Udasi, Nirmala, oswa lòt sèk asèt eterodòks enfliyanse pa Brahmanik, <ref name="perplexed86" /> oswa ki pa t Sikh ditou.<ref name=harnik>{{cite book |last1=Deol |first1=Dr. Harnik |title=Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, United Kingdom |isbn=9781134635351 |pages=43–44 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkHi5j81VHEC&q=sacrilege}}</ref> The Khalsa at this time engaged in guerilla warfare against the [[Mughals]] and the [[Hill States of India|hill rajas]] of the [[Sivalik Hills]] allied to them,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Patwant Singh| title=The Sikhs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&q=sikh+hill+rajas&pg=PT60| year=2007| publisher=Crown Publishing Group|isbn=9780307429339|page=270}}</ref> Khalsa yo nan moman sa a te angaje yo nan lagè geriya kont Mughal yo ak rajas mòn Sivalik yo ki te alye avèk yo, epi pita yo te goumen ak Afgan yo epi etabli tèt yo kòm lidè lokal yo, pandan ke kontwòl mahant sou Gurdwara yo te kontinye nan diznevyèm syèk la. Gwoup sa yo te ekri eksejèz pandan Khalsa a te konsantre sou pouvwa politik nan moman sa a, pandan ''jatha'' Sikh yo t ap vin solid nan misl Sikh Dal Khalsa a, ki t ap etabli Anpi Sikh la. Lit Khalsa Sikh yo te leve Sikh yo nan yon nivo pouvwa politik ke kominote a pa t janm konnen anvan, kominote a te pèsekite pandan yon bon pati nan egzistans li, sitou nan deseni anvan yo. Khalsa yo, kòm yo te leve zam kont leta a, te sibi gwo pèsekisyon nan men Mughal yo, jiska pwen ke pandan yon peryòd, Khalsa yo te kite plèn Punjab yo, yo te chita nan refij zòn mòn nan nò yo ki te adjasan a Punjab, ak nan zòn dezè yo nan sid, kote yo te lanse plis atak.<ref name=hari>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs |date=October 6, 2001 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd |location=New Delhi, India |isbn=978-8121505406 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhs-HrGupta1939/page/n65 69]-70 |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhs-HrGupta1939 |access-date=9 December 2019}} |<br/>II. Renovation of Sikh oppression. <br/>"Depi lè Muin-ul-Mulk te libere anba pwoblèm sa yo epi li te santi l ase fò pou l jere pwoblèm Sikh yo, li te relanse politik represyon li a. Sanble li te konvenki, e petèt li te gen rezon, ke Sikh yo pa t ap kontante yo ak *jagir* (tè oswa revni) yo te ba yo a, e ke yo t ap tann bon moman an pou yo reprann fòs yo epi kreye nouvo pwoblèm nan pwovens lan, jan yo te deja fè sa plizyè fwa anvan. Gouvènè dinamik sa a pa t kwè nan mezi mwatye-mezire. Se konsa, li te remete machin gouvènman an, ni militè ni sivil, an mouvman, epi li te remete an vigè ansyen lòd yo te bay ofisyèl distri ak vilaj yo pou arete Sikh yo. Yo te entèdi moun yo, sou pèn lanmò, pou yo bay manm kominote sa a refij. <br/>Mezi gouvènman an te reyisi pouse Sikh yo kite vwazinaj vil ak vilaj yo pou y al chèche refij bò rivyè Ravi, Beas ak Sutlej yo. Yo te ka ale nan zòn ki lwen e ki difisil anpil pou antre, tankou nan mòn yo oswa nan dezè yo, men yo te pito rete nan kote sa yo ki te pi fasil pou jwenn refij, yon fason pou yo te ka kontinye bay Nawab la ak twoup Mughal li yo pwoblèm, menm si sa te mete pwòp lavi yo an danje. Anplis de sa, yo te vle ale benyen nan "basen nektar" la (yon referans senbolik oswa relijye). Sèvitè ak sòlda Nawab la te chèche yo nan vilaj yo, epi chak fwa yo te jwenn yon Sikh, yo te touye l touswit. Si yo te jwenn nenpòt lòt moun k ap viv menm jan ak yon Sikh, yo te arete l tou epi yo te konfiske byen l yo."* Khushwat Rai. 79. <br/>12. Yo chase Sikh yo soti nan plèn Punjab yo. <br/>"Politik pou chase Sikh yo soti yon kote pou voye yo yon lòt kote te aplike avèk anpil fòs, sa ki te fòse yo chèche refij yon lòt fwa ankò nan ansyen kote yo te konn kache yo: nan kontrefò mòn Himalaya yo, nan gwo forè ki nan sant ak lès Punjab, ak nan dezè Malva ak Bikaner yo. Sikh yo, ki te deja pase anpil moman pi difisil anvan sa, pa t kite pèsekisyon sa yo dekouraje yo."" </ref> Sa te kreye opòtinite pou lòt sèk ki mwens deranjan yo te pran kontwòl enstitisyon Sikh yo, akòz mank karakteristik idantifikasyon ekstèn yo konpare ak Khalsa ki te inisye yo. Lit pou otodefans ak otonomi politik te pwodui misl yo epi finalman Anpi Sikh la, byenke nan mitan konsolidasyon pouvwa a fas a atak Mughal ak Afgan yo, te fèt nan depans retabli kontwòl dirèk sou enstitisyon Sikh yo ak erozyon koutim Sikh yo, yon devlopman ke Khalsa ta dwe fè fas ak lè Anpi Sikh la te pèdi anba men Britanik yo. Apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la, mouvman Singh Sabha a te kòmanse nan ane 1870 yo pou revitalize enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te deteryore anba administrasyon mahant yo, ki te vin pi plis kòwonpi epi ki te entwodui pratik ki pa Sikh nan Gurdwara yo. Sikh Khalsa yo te chèche etabli yon idantite Sikh distenk epi fè kèk fondamantal kwayans ak konpòtman baz li. Mouvman Singh Sabha a te finalman mete Khalsa yo tounen nan premye plan administrasyon Gurdwara a, sa yo te reyalize apre yo te fin ekspilse mahant yo ak pratik kòwonpi yo, ki te gen ladan idolatri, <ref name="harnik" /> move zak finansye, privilèj bramanik, ak difizyon literati dezagreyab..<ref name=ks542>{{cite book|author1=Pashaura Singh|author2=Louis E. Fenech|title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzYeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT542|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-100412-4|pages=542–543}}</ref><ref name=harnik/> Entèdiksyon idolatri nan Sikhism, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, te fòmalize nan 20yèm syèk la apre revitalizasyon enstitisyon Sikh yo ki te dirije pa refòmis Tat Khalsa nan Mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm syèk la, Sikh yo te aksepte kòm moun ki gen pozisyon ortodoks la, <ref name="McLeod2009p97" /> an reyaksyon a sa yo te wè kòm entèferans Brahmanik <ref name="harnik" /> Endou nan zafè Sikh yo, patikilyèman òganizasyon tankou Arya Samaj ak Brahmo Samaj, <ref name="Jones1976p211" /> ki t ap fè pwoselitism nan zòn nan ansanm ak lòt faksyon relijye tankou misyonè kretyen ak gwoup mizilman tankou Ahmediyya, apre tonbe Anpi Sikh la. An 1905, direktè Sikh [[Tanp an lò a|Harmandar Sahib]] la te bay lòd pou yo retire zidòl yo epi pou yo mete fen nan pratik Endou yo nan gurdwara a, dapre ekriti Sikh yo, yon lòd ke Tat Khalsa te apiye apre sa <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" />, sa ki te boulvèse ortodoksi Endou siperyè ki te privilejye e ki te gen yon pouvwa nasyonal ejemonik. <ref name="Harjot Oberoi 1994 323–324" /> Mouvman Akali a, alimenté pa ensidan tankou masak Nankana a, te pote kontwòl Gurdwara yo nan men mahant yo tounen bay Sikh prensipal yo; Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC) la, kounye a jere Gurdwara yo an akò ak nòm Khalsa prensipal yo. Nan opinyon Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, yon pwofesè nan Etid Sikh, entelektyèl mouvman Singh Sabha nan fen 19yèm ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la, te kreye travay ekzejetik nan tantativ yo pou simonte nosyon idolatri sou Bondye. <ref name="Mandair2009p232" /> Sa a se te tantativ Singh Sabha pou netwaye Sikhism nan Endouyis, men Mandair pretann ke yo te fini admèt "pi piti rezidi" nan pratik la epi fòmile nouvo nòm ki te fè yon fason diferan sa yo te akize Endou yo ap fè nan pratik. Dapre Mandair, ekriti Sikh la gen ladan mo tankou "murat", "sarir" ak "akal," ki, lè yo li yo yon fason selektif, yo ka wè kòm ansèyman yon konsèp abstrè "san fòm" sou Bondye. Sepandan, Mandair deklare, lòt pati nan ekriti Sikh la gen ladan tèm tankou "murat" ki gen rapò ak "fòm, siy" sa ki kreye difikilte ekzejetik . <ref name="Mandair2009p229" /> Mandair deklare ke ekriven Khalsa nan mouvman Singh Sabha yo te reentèprete epi bay nouvo siyifikasyon kontèksyal mo tankou "murat" pou montre ke pa gen okenn enkonsistans ak kontradiksyon nan tantativ eksejetik yo sou idolatri nan Sikhism. An repons, istoryen ak pwofesè Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon rele pwòp lekti Mandair sou tèks la "selektif," epi kòm yon rechèch "pou fè monoteyis Guru Nanak la initil." Dhillon wè pwendvi Mandair la kòm inyore pwòp pawòl dirèk Guru Nanak konsènan idolatri, epi li kesyone kijan kalite ki nan lis nan [[Mul Mantra|Mul Mantar]] la ta ka aplike nan yon zidòl, "paske tèm "Akal Murat" la pran siyifikasyon li pa nan izolasyon men nan konpreyansyon total Mul Mantar la." <ref name="dhillon" /> epi ke tèm "entènèl," ak "Reyalite Etènèl" yo pa ka aplike nan yon zidòl fizik. Objektif Mandair la dekri kòm yon efò “pou konekte Tan ak Mond Guru Nanak la epi answit ak idolatri, “rache mo ak tèm yo soti nan kontèks yo epi defòme siyifikasyon yo pou yo adapte ak tèz atifisyèl li a.” <ref name="dhillon" /> Dhillon soutni ke tandans Mandair anvè lekòl panse Sikh McLeodian an te mennen l nan itilizasyon apwòch Hegelian an pou pwodui 'nouvo fòmasyon konesans' pou delejitimize entèpretasyon Sikh yo sou pwòp lafwa yo pou sèvi “modèl leta santre sou Endou ak santre sou kretyen” lè yo nivele idantite rejyonal yo nan yon tantativ pou simonte politik idantite ki ranfòse pa konsèp relijyon ak souverènte politik rejyonal la. === Sikh Nirankari yo === Pami premye mouvman refòm ki te fòtman opoze pratik adorasyon zidòl nan kominote Sikh la te gen sèk Nirankari Baba Dyal Das (1783–1855) te kòmanse a. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Nirankari yo te kondane adorasyon zidòl k ap grandi a, obeyisans devan gourou vivan yo ak enfliyans rituèl Brahmanik ki te antre nan Sikh Panth la<ref name=mandair78>{{cite book |last1=Mandair |first1=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |date=2013 |publisher=A&C Black |location=London, England |isbn=9781441102317 |page=78 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> . Malgre li pa t yon Khalsa inisye, li te ankouraje Sikh yo pou yo retounen konsantre sou yon divinite san fòm ( ''nirankar'' ) epi li te dekri tèt li kòm yon ''nirankari'', <ref name="mandair78" /> Li te opoze ak tout adorasyon zidòl, tankou pratik ki te egziste nan moman sa a pou kenbe zidòl ak foto dis gourou Sikh yo epi priye devan yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Yo di Maharaja Ranjit Singh nan Anpi Sikh la te apresye ansèyman li yo. <ref name="Dalal2010p268" /> Li te bati yon nouvo Gurdwara nan Rawalpindi (kounye a nan Pakistan), Dyal Das te opoze pou ansèyman strik li yo pa Sikh ki nan kas siperyè yo epi li te oblije chanje rezidans li plizyè fwa, <ref name="mandair78" /> evantyèlman li te deplase mouvman refòm li a nan banlye li yo. Apre divizyon peyi End Britanik la selon fwontyè relijye yo, Nirankari yo ansanm ak vas majorite Sikh yo te chwazi pou yo demenaje nan peyi End kote majorite a se Endou olye pou yo rete nan Pakistan kote majorite a se Mizilman. Nirankari yo te deplase katye jeneral yo soti Dayalsar nan Rawalpindi pou ale Chandigarh . Nirankari yo te yon kanpayè pisan ak aktif nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak kòmansman 20yèm syèk la pou retire tout zidòl ak imaj nan Tanp an lò a ak lòt Gurdwara yo. Plizyè siksesè li te kontinye travay li jiska 20yèm syèk la e finalman li te vin gen plizyè milye disip. Sepandan, lè yo menm ak yon branch yo rele Misyon Sant Nirankari finalman te retounen <ref name="mandair78" /> pou trete lidè yo kòm gourou oswa dye vivan yo te antre an konfli ak Sikh prensipal yo, sitou nan fen ane 1970 yo. <ref name="mandair78" /> Nirankari yo te kontinye fè kanpay pou abolisyon idolatri tankou Khalsa ortodoks la, men gen kèk branch ki kontinye aksepte yon gourou imen vivan pi lwen pase dis gourou yo, sa ki fè yo tounen yon sèk eterodòks nan Sikhi. Dapre Jacob Copeman, Nirankari yo adore Guru Nanak, men yo adore tou yon sen vivan ( ''satguru'' ) kòm dye. <ref name="Copeman77" /> === Sikh Namdhari yo === Sèk Namdhari a, ke yo rele tou Kuka, te fonde kòm youn nan mouvman revivalis Sikh yo pandan fen rèy Ranjit Singh, pa Balak Singh an 1857. Patizan li yo wè Balak Singh kòm yon enkarnasyon Guru Gobind Singh. <ref name="agnihotra" /> Yo pa t kwè nan okenn seremoni relijye apa repetisyon non Bondye a (oswa nam, pou rezon sa a manm sèk la yo rele Namdharis), <ref name="britannicanamdhari">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Namdhari|title=Namdhari (Sikh sect)|last=((Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica))|year=2019|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> ki gen ladan adorasyon zidòl, tonm, tonm, dye, oswa deyès. Namdharis yo te gen plis enpak sosyal akòz lefèt ke yo te mete aksan sou idantite Khalsa ak otorite Guru Granth Sahib la. Yo rele kay adorasyon yo Dharamshala olye de Gurdwara, kote yo adore yon gourou vivan kontrèman ak Khalsa, e konsa yo konsidere kòm eretik pa Sikh Khalsa ortodoks yo. Namdhari yo pa dakò ak " [[Guru Maneyo Granth]] " kont liyaj gourou vivan ki kontinye nan kominote Sikh la. Yo kwè se yon entèdiksyon nan Lwa Gurdwara SGPC 1925 la pou mete aksan sou ''Guru Granth Sahib'' kòm sèl Guru Sikh yo ki egziste, sa ki kontredi yon swadizan kwayans Namdhari ki di yon "kote adorasyon ka sèlman yon gurdwara lè yon gouru vivan chita" anba twati sanktyè li a, byenke yo lib "ale nan gurdwara lòt Sikh yo," kenbe "lyen familyal ak amitye atravè limit sèk yo." Nan kote adorasyon Namdhari yo, si Guru vivan an pa prezan, Sikh Namdhari yo mete yon foto li sou yon platfòm ki wo nan sanktyè a. Lè sa a, devosyon an dirije sou ikòn Guru vivan an. === Sikh Sanatan yo === [[Fichye:Temple_inside_Udasi_Akhada_-KTM_-11-Tripureswar_by_ST_(6).JPG|droite|vignette|Sikh Udasi yo se youn nan sèk Sikh ki aksepte ''murti'' nan tanp yo, kontrèman ak Sikh Khalsa yo. Anwo a: yon lotèl Udasi nan [[Nepal]] ak imaj.]] [[Sanatan Sikh]] yo (lit. "Sikh Etènèl," yon tèm ak fòmilasyon Harjot Oberoi te envante ) te pi enpòtan nan ane 1800 yo epi yo te idantifye ak estrikti sosyal Brahmanik la ak sistèm kas la, epi yo te idantifye tèt yo kòm Endou. Yo pa t dakò ak lide ke [[Guru Granth Sahib]] se gourou Sikh yo, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} men yo te pèmèt adorasyon imaj, gourou vivan, e menm "desandan karismatik" gourou Sikh yo, ke devwe yo ta dwe montre menm fidelite ak "yon sijè ak dirijan li." {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Dirije pa Khem Singh Bedi – yon desandan dirèk [[Guru Nanak]], Avtar Singh Vahiria ak lòt moun te youn nan pi gwo gwoup ki te fè konpetisyon pou refòme ak defini idantite Sikh la nan fen 19yèm syèk la. Koutim faksyon sa a, ki te sòti nan dualite ant idantite Khalsa inisye ak idantite Sehajdhari ki pa inisye, te sèlman osi ansyen ke fen dizwityèm syèk la, {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} nan sosyete apre Anpi a kote Sikhism Khalsa pa t nòm inivèsèl la ankò. {{Sfn|Oberoi|1992}} Sikh Sanatan yo te vin gen enpòtans sosyal apre pèsekisyon Khalsa ak pèt kontwòl enstitisyonèl nan ane 1700 yo, epi yo te gide operasyon gurdwara Sikh yo nan Punjab 18yèm syèk pre-Britanik ak epòk kolonyal 19yèm syèk la grasa sipò nan men elit Sikh yo epi pita anpi kolonyal Britanik la. <ref name="perplexed83" /> Yo te tou gwo bòs mason ak patisipan prensipal pami mas riral popilasyon Sikh la. Kontrèman ak Nirankari, Namdhari, ak Khalsa Sikh yo, Sanatan Sikh yo te konsidere imaj ak zidòl dis gourou Sikh yo, ansanm ak lòt moun, kòm yon pratik enklizif ak yon mwayen akseptab pou adorasyon devosyonèl. Dapre Tony Ballantyne, Sanatan Sikh yo te senpatize espirityèlman ak adorasyon zidòl ak imaj, tradisyon riral yo ak respè pou ekriti Endou yo. Majorite entelektyèl Sikh yo te rejte opinyon yo, epi yo te make ak evite kòm "sabotè Endou" ak "konspiratè". <ref name="Ballantyne2006p16" /> Entelektyèl tankou Eleanor Nesbitt deklare pratik Nanaksar Gurdwaras la, ki se ofri manje ke disip Sikh yo kuit bay ''Guru Granth Sahib'' la, ansanm ak kache ekriti yo pandan seremoni sa a, kòm yon fòm idolatri. Baba Ishar Singh, ki soti nan rezo entènasyonal tanp Sikh sa yo, te defann pratik sa a paske li deklare ke ekriti Sikh yo se plis pase papye ak lank. == Bibliyolatri == [[Fichye:Depiction_of_the_Guru_Granth_from_a_Guru_Granth_Sahib_manuscript_on_Kashmiri_paper,_Patiala.jpg|vignette|Reprezantasyon Guru Granth la soti nan yon maniskri Guru Granth Sahib sou papye Kashmiri, Patiala.]] [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Bhumman_Shah_fresco_03.jpg|vignette|Prakash nan Guru Granth Sahib la, fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Bhumman Shah]] Woutin chak jou gurdwara a gen ladan l ''prakash'' la, ki enplike pote ekriti Sikh la, Guru Granth Sahib la, nan yon ti pwosesyon [[Granti|granthis yo]], oubyen ofisyèl relijye gurdwara yo, mete l sou yon sipò, debalel li, epi ouvri l pou yo li l; epi ''sukhasan'' an, lè yo retire ekriti a nan fen jounen an nan yon chanm deziyen, oubyen ''sachkhand'' . Vwayajè angle ki te ale nan tanp Sikh yo nan kòmansman ane 1900 yo te wè venerasyon Granth la kòm yon bagay ki te prèske echwe objektif refòm Guru Nanak yo (ki te kite otorite ekstèn pou ale nan eksperyans vivan), epi yo te wè li kòm yon avètisman pou [[Pwotestantism|pwotestan]] kretyen yo pou yo evite tonbe nan bibliyolatri, menm jan adorasyon zidòl nan tanp Endou yo te sèvi kòm yon avètisman pou [[Legliz Katolik|katolik yo]] . Arya Samaj yo, opozan Sikh yo ki te opoze idolatri, te eseye deklare ke anpil Sikh te aksepte zidòl ak adorasyon yo nan tanp Sikh yo, kontrèman ak Khalsa Sikh yo ki te opoze pratik la fòtman. Pandan l t ap admèt ke Sikh yo pa t adore zidòl, Swami Dayanand, fondatè mouvman refòm Endou Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo e kritik Sikhism, te eseye lye venerasyon Guru Granth Sahib la ak pratik idolatri, ki baze sou konpreyansyon li sou lafwa Sikh la. Dayanand Saraswati – fondatè mouvman misyonè Arya Samaj nan ane 1800 yo ki te entèprete Endouyis kòm yon relijyon monoteyis ki pa idolatri okòmansman, te konsidere Sikhism kòm youn nan kil Endouyis yo, menm si kwayans sa a pa t gen okenn baz nan reyalite. Tankou Endou yo ke li te rele "dejenere, idolatri", li te kritike Sikh yo paske yo tap adore ekriti [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la kòm yon zidòl tankou yon ''mithya'' (fo ikòn). <ref name="Jones1976p134" /> Menm jan ak Endou sòt ki vizite tanp Endou yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè ofrann devan senbòl deyès yo, dapre Saraswati, Sikh sòt yo vizite gurdwara Sikh yo, ki bese tèt yo, ki chante epi ki fè kado nan ekriti senbolik Sikh la. Li te kondane ni Endou yo ni Sikh yo kòm moun ki adore zidòl, li te deklare ke byenke "se vre yo pa pratike idolatri," li te wè Sikh yo nan epòk la kòm moun ki t ap adore Guru Granth Sahib la plis pase zidòl. <ref name="HirstZavos2013" /> Dapre Kristina Myrvold, yo trete chak kopi ekriti Sikh yo tankou yon moun epi yo venere yo avèk seremoni elabore. <ref name="MyrvoldBrill" /> Sepandan, dapre Kristina Myrvold, rituèl sa yo se yon mwayen chak jou pou "ofri merit". Rituèl sa yo ak omaj chak jou Sikh yo bay pou ekriti yo, dapre Myrvold, pa inik nan Sikhism. Fòm omaj sa a bay Bondye prezan tou nan Islam, kote yo kwè kabba (La Mek) la se kay Bondye epi plizyè milyon Mizilman vizite li chak ane. Li moule "siyifikasyon, valè ak ideoloji" epi li kreye yon kad pou adorasyon kongregasyonèl, dapre Myrvold, ke yo jwenn nan tout gwo lafwa yo. ==Referans== {{referans}} == Gade tou == * [[Divinite]] * [[Ikòn (relijyon)|Ikòn]] * Murti * Sèk Sikhi yo * Sikhi ak Endouism * Sikhi ak Jainism [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] iv3dsm02grmiqqx1s3apqlykkbtqnv2 0 97715 889863 882881 2026-11-05T14:04:59Z Kitanago 19629 889863 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Diorama_sculptural_monument_of_Bhai_Bota_Singh_and_Bhai_Garja_Singh_engaged_in-combat_against_the_Mughals_at_Gurdwara_Shaheed_Baba_Tega_Singh_Ji,_Chand_Purana,_Bagha_Purana_tehsil,_Moga_district,_Punjab,_India,_April_2023_04.jpg|vignette|Diorama moniman eskilti Bhai Bota Singh ak Bhai Garja Singh angaje nan konba kont Mughals yo nan Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Tega Singh Ji, Chand Purana, Bagha Purana tehsil, distri Moga, Punjab, peyi Zend, avril 2023.]] '''Bota Singh''' (ki te mouri an 1739) te yon [[Mati nan Sikhi|mati Sikh]] ki te mouri anba fòs Mughal yo ke Zakaria Khan te voye sou kòmandman Jalal Din apre li te kòmanse kolekte yon taks nan men vwayajè yo sou wout prensipal ki mennen Lahore a kòm yon mak souverènte pou Sikh yo.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |date=Oct 8, 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521637640 |pages=90 |chapter=Rise to Political Power}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=38–39}}</ref> Sikh yo sonje li kòm youn nan mati remakab 18yèm syèk la.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot Singh |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=Dec 15, 1994 |isbn=9780226615929 |pages=330}}</ref> Mati li a te yon siy chanjman nan dinamik pouvwa nan Punjab Mughal ant Mughal yo ak Sikh yo.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=Jun 11, 2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |isbn=9781442236011 |pages=72}}</ref> == Biyografi == Bota Singh te soti nan vilaj Bharana nan distri Amritsar . Li te fèt nan yon fanmi Sandhu Jat . Konpayon li Garja Singh te soti nan yon fanmi Rangreta . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> Pandan epòk pèsekisyon anti-Sikh yo, lè te gen yon rekonpans pou tèt yon Sikh, Sikh yo te gaye nan kachèt, tankou nan forè. Bhai Bota Singh te rete nan youn nan forè sa yo toupre [[Tarn Taran]] epi li te konn soti nan kachèt li nan mitan lannwit pou l al chache manje epi pafwa li te konn ale [[Amritsar]] pou l benyen nan pisin sakre ki antoure [[Tanp an lò a|Darbar Sahib la]]. <ref name=":0" /> Yon jou, kèk zamindar te remake li. Yo te panse li te yon Sikh, men yon manm nan pati yo a te fè objeksyon, li di li pa t ka yon Sikh, paske si li te youn, li pa t ap kache tèt li. Gen lòt vèsyon istwa a ki di ke gad Mughal yo t ap pase nan forè a lè youn te di ke tout Sikh yo te mouri e pa t gen pèsonn ki rete.. Fache pa remak obsèvatè a, '''Bota Singh''' te mete sou pye yon plan kote li menm ak konpayon li '''Garja Singh''' te pran pozisyon sou gran wout prensipal la toupre '''Tarn Taran''', nan yon ansyen lotèl ki te fin kraze. La a, yo te pwoklame souverennte '''Khalsa''' a epi yo te kòmanse ranmase yon ti taks sou chak moun ki t ap pase. Men, sa pa t rive atire atansyon gouvènè Mogòl la. Se poutèt sa, yo te voye yon avi bay yon vwayajè pou remèt gouvènè pwovens '''Lahore''' la, pou fè l remake aksyon yo. Apre sèt jou, '''Jalal Din''' te rive ak 1,000 sòlda ak 100 kavalye pou arete de Sikh yo. Bota Singh ak Garja Singh te refize rann tèt yo epi yo te mouri pandan yo t ap goumen an 1739. == Eritaj == Yo rapòte yon istwa sou mati Bota Singh nan ''Panth Prakash'' Rattan Singh Bhangu a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html|title=PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH|last=Sekhon|first=Sant Singh|website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> == Referans == <references /> stow8n53yqzvpoeog410pcpb4a5f4js 889867 889863 2026-11-05T14:06:44Z Kitanago 19629 /* Biyografi */ 889867 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Diorama_sculptural_monument_of_Bhai_Bota_Singh_and_Bhai_Garja_Singh_engaged_in-combat_against_the_Mughals_at_Gurdwara_Shaheed_Baba_Tega_Singh_Ji,_Chand_Purana,_Bagha_Purana_tehsil,_Moga_district,_Punjab,_India,_April_2023_04.jpg|vignette|Diorama moniman eskilti Bhai Bota Singh ak Bhai Garja Singh angaje nan konba kont Mughals yo nan Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Tega Singh Ji, Chand Purana, Bagha Purana tehsil, distri Moga, Punjab, peyi Zend, avril 2023.]] '''Bota Singh''' (ki te mouri an 1739) te yon [[Mati nan Sikhi|mati Sikh]] ki te mouri anba fòs Mughal yo ke Zakaria Khan te voye sou kòmandman Jalal Din apre li te kòmanse kolekte yon taks nan men vwayajè yo sou wout prensipal ki mennen Lahore a kòm yon mak souverènte pou Sikh yo.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |date=Oct 8, 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521637640 |pages=90 |chapter=Rise to Political Power}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=38–39}}</ref> Sikh yo sonje li kòm youn nan mati remakab 18yèm syèk la.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot Singh |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=Dec 15, 1994 |isbn=9780226615929 |pages=330}}</ref> Mati li a te yon siy chanjman nan dinamik pouvwa nan Punjab Mughal ant Mughal yo ak Sikh yo.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=Jun 11, 2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |isbn=9781442236011 |pages=72}}</ref> == Biyografi == Bota Singh te soti nan vilaj Bharana nan distri Amritsar..<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty |publisher=Gur Das Kapur |year=1980 |pages=92}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Teja |title=A Short History of the Sikhs |last2=Singh |first2=Ganda |publisher=Orient Longmans |year=1950 |volume=I: 1496-1765 |pages=127–128}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Li te fèt nan yon fanmi Sandhu Jat.<ref name=":05" /> Konpayon li Garja Singh te soti nan yon fanmi Rangreta . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> Pandan epòk pèsekisyon anti-Sikh yo, lè te gen yon rekonpans pou tèt yon Sikh, Sikh yo te gaye nan kachèt, tankou nan forè. Bhai Bota Singh te rete nan youn nan forè sa yo toupre [[Tarn Taran]] epi li te konn soti nan kachèt li nan mitan lannwit pou l al chache manje epi pafwa li te konn ale [[Amritsar]] pou l benyen nan pisin sakre ki antoure [[Tanp an lò a|Darbar Sahib la]]. <ref name=":0" /> Yon jou, kèk zamindar te remake li. Yo te panse li te yon Sikh, men yon manm nan pati yo a te fè objeksyon, li di li pa t ka yon Sikh, paske si li te youn, li pa t ap kache tèt li. Gen lòt vèsyon istwa a ki di ke gad Mughal yo t ap pase nan forè a lè youn te di ke tout Sikh yo te mouri e pa t gen pèsonn ki rete.. Fache pa remak obsèvatè a, '''Bota Singh''' te mete sou pye yon plan kote li menm ak konpayon li '''Garja Singh''' te pran pozisyon sou gran wout prensipal la toupre '''Tarn Taran''', nan yon ansyen lotèl ki te fin kraze. La a, yo te pwoklame souverennte '''Khalsa''' a epi yo te kòmanse ranmase yon ti taks sou chak moun ki t ap pase. Men, sa pa t rive atire atansyon gouvènè Mogòl la. Se poutèt sa, yo te voye yon avi bay yon vwayajè pou remèt gouvènè pwovens '''Lahore''' la, pou fè l remake aksyon yo. Apre sèt jou, '''Jalal Din''' te rive ak 1,000 sòlda ak 100 kavalye pou arete de Sikh yo. Bota Singh ak Garja Singh te refize rann tèt yo epi yo te mouri pandan yo t ap goumen an 1739. == Eritaj == Yo rapòte yon istwa sou mati Bota Singh nan ''Panth Prakash'' Rattan Singh Bhangu a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html|title=PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH|last=Sekhon|first=Sant Singh|website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> == Referans == <references /> mc09a4zl9u7x06t3ipg29rmkbos68rs 889871 889867 2026-11-05T14:13:14Z Kitanago 19629 /* Biyografi */ 889871 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Diorama_sculptural_monument_of_Bhai_Bota_Singh_and_Bhai_Garja_Singh_engaged_in-combat_against_the_Mughals_at_Gurdwara_Shaheed_Baba_Tega_Singh_Ji,_Chand_Purana,_Bagha_Purana_tehsil,_Moga_district,_Punjab,_India,_April_2023_04.jpg|vignette|Diorama moniman eskilti Bhai Bota Singh ak Bhai Garja Singh angaje nan konba kont Mughals yo nan Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Tega Singh Ji, Chand Purana, Bagha Purana tehsil, distri Moga, Punjab, peyi Zend, avril 2023.]] '''Bota Singh''' (ki te mouri an 1739) te yon [[Mati nan Sikhi|mati Sikh]] ki te mouri anba fòs Mughal yo ke Zakaria Khan te voye sou kòmandman Jalal Din apre li te kòmanse kolekte yon taks nan men vwayajè yo sou wout prensipal ki mennen Lahore a kòm yon mak souverènte pou Sikh yo.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |date=Oct 8, 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521637640 |pages=90 |chapter=Rise to Political Power}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=38–39}}</ref> Sikh yo sonje li kòm youn nan mati remakab 18yèm syèk la.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot Singh |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=Dec 15, 1994 |isbn=9780226615929 |pages=330}}</ref> Mati li a te yon siy chanjman nan dinamik pouvwa nan Punjab Mughal ant Mughal yo ak Sikh yo.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=Jun 11, 2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |isbn=9781442236011 |pages=72}}</ref> == Biyografi == Bota Singh te soti nan vilaj Bharana nan distri Amritsar..<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty |publisher=Gur Das Kapur |year=1980 |pages=92}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Teja |title=A Short History of the Sikhs |last2=Singh |first2=Ganda |publisher=Orient Longmans |year=1950 |volume=I: 1496-1765 |pages=127–128}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Li te fèt nan yon fanmi Sandhu Jat.<ref name=":05" /> Konpayon li Garja Singh te soti nan yon fanmi Rangreta . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> Pandan epòk pèsekisyon anti-Sikh yo, lè te gen yon rekonpans pou tèt yon Sikh, Sikh yo te gaye nan kachèt, tankou nan forè. Bhai Bota Singh te rete nan youn nan forè sa yo toupre [[Tarn Taran]] epi li te konn soti nan kachèt li nan mitan lannwit pou l al chache manje epi pafwa li te konn ale [[Amritsar]] pou l benyen nan pisin sakre ki antoure [[Tanp an lò a|Darbar Sahib la]]. <ref name=":0" /> Yon jou, kèk zamindar te remake li. Yo te panse li te yon Sikh, men yon manm nan pati yo a te fè objeksyon, li di li pa t ka yon Sikh, paske si li te youn, li pa t ap kache tèt li. Gen lòt vèsyon istwa a ki di ke gad Mughal yo t ap pase nan forè a lè youn te di ke tout Sikh yo te mouri e pa t gen pèsonn ki rete.. Fache pa remak obsèvatè a, '''Bota Singh''' te mete sou pye yon plan kote li menm ak konpayon li '''Garja Singh''' te pran pozisyon sou gran wout prensipal la toupre '''Tarn Taran''', nan yon ansyen lotèl ki te fin kraze.<ref name=":0" /> La a, yo te pwoklame souverennte '''Khalsa''' a epi yo te kòmanse ranmase yon ti taks sou chak moun ki t ap pase.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/90 |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab, Volumes 2-3 |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521637640 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/90 90]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Dilgeer |first=Harjinder Singh |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre |isbn=9780969596424 |location=Denmark |pages=319}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Men, sa pa t rive atire atansyon gouvènè Mogòl la. Se poutèt sa, yo te voye yon avi bay yon vwayajè pou remèt gouvènè pwovens '''Lahore''' la, pou fè l remake aksyon yo.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=W. H. |title=The A to Z of Sikhism (Volume 45 of The A to Z Guide Series) |date=2005 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810863446 |location=Plymouth |page=39}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Apre sèt jou, '''Jalal Din''' te rive ak 1,000 sòlda<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |date=1999 |publisher=Singh Bros |isbn=9788172052171 |page=124}}</ref> ak 100 kavalye<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |date=1990 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=30}}</ref> pou arete de Sikh yo. Bota Singh ak Garja Singh te refize rann tèt yo epi yo te mouri pandan yo t ap goumen an 1739. == Eritaj == Yo rapòte yon istwa sou mati Bota Singh nan ''Panth Prakash'' Rattan Singh Bhangu a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html|title=PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH|last=Sekhon|first=Sant Singh|website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> == Referans == <references /> ap8ban0ewkk91x6t2jzzz85kdnut0pv 889872 889871 2026-11-05T14:16:09Z Kitanago 19629 889872 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Diorama_sculptural_monument_of_Bhai_Bota_Singh_and_Bhai_Garja_Singh_engaged_in-combat_against_the_Mughals_at_Gurdwara_Shaheed_Baba_Tega_Singh_Ji,_Chand_Purana,_Bagha_Purana_tehsil,_Moga_district,_Punjab,_India,_April_2023_04.jpg|vignette|Diorama moniman eskilti Bhai Bota Singh ak Bhai Garja Singh angaje nan konba kont Mughals yo nan Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Tega Singh Ji, Chand Purana, Bagha Purana tehsil, distri Moga, Punjab, peyi Zend, avril 2023.]] '''Bota Singh''' (ki te mouri an 1739) te yon [[Mati nan Sikhi|mati Sikh]] ki te mouri anba fòs Mughal yo ke Zakaria Khan te voye sou kòmandman Jalal Din apre li te kòmanse kolekte yon taks nan men vwayajè yo sou wout prensipal ki mennen Lahore a kòm yon mak souverènte pou Sikh yo.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |date=Oct 8, 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521637640 |pages=90 |chapter=Rise to Political Power}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=38–39}}</ref> Sikh yo sonje li kòm youn nan mati remakab 18yèm syèk la.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot Singh |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=Dec 15, 1994 |isbn=9780226615929 |pages=330}}</ref> Mati li a te yon siy chanjman nan dinamik pouvwa nan Punjab Mughal ant Mughal yo ak Sikh yo.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=Jun 11, 2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |isbn=9781442236011 |pages=72}}</ref> == Biyografi == Bota Singh te soti nan vilaj Bharana nan distri Amritsar..<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty |publisher=Gur Das Kapur |year=1980 |pages=92}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Teja |title=A Short History of the Sikhs |last2=Singh |first2=Ganda |publisher=Orient Longmans |year=1950 |volume=I: 1496-1765 |pages=127–128}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Li te fèt nan yon fanmi Sandhu Jat.<ref name=":05" /> Konpayon li Garja Singh te soti nan yon fanmi Rangreta . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> Pandan epòk pèsekisyon anti-Sikh yo, lè te gen yon rekonpans pou tèt yon Sikh, Sikh yo te gaye nan kachèt, tankou nan forè. Bhai Bota Singh te rete nan youn nan forè sa yo toupre [[Tarn Taran]] epi li te konn soti nan kachèt li nan mitan lannwit pou l al chache manje epi pafwa li te konn ale [[Amritsar]] pou l benyen nan pisin sakre ki antoure [[Tanp an lò a|Darbar Sahib la]]. <ref name=":0" /> Yon jou, kèk zamindar te remake li. Yo te panse li te yon Sikh, men yon manm nan pati yo a te fè objeksyon, li di li pa t ka yon Sikh, paske si li te youn, li pa t ap kache tèt li. Gen lòt vèsyon istwa a ki di ke gad Mughal yo t ap pase nan forè a lè youn te di ke tout Sikh yo te mouri e pa t gen pèsonn ki rete.. Fache pa remak obsèvatè a, '''Bota Singh''' te mete sou pye yon plan kote li menm ak konpayon li '''Garja Singh''' te pran pozisyon sou gran wout prensipal la toupre '''Tarn Taran''', nan yon ansyen lotèl ki te fin kraze.<ref name=":0" /> La a, yo te pwoklame souverennte '''Khalsa''' a epi yo te kòmanse ranmase yon ti taks sou chak moun ki t ap pase.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/90 |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab, Volumes 2-3 |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521637640 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/90 90]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Dilgeer |first=Harjinder Singh |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre |isbn=9780969596424 |location=Denmark |pages=319}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Men, sa pa t rive atire atansyon gouvènè Mogòl la. Se poutèt sa, yo te voye yon avi bay yon vwayajè pou remèt gouvènè pwovens '''Lahore''' la, pou fè l remake aksyon yo.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=W. H. |title=The A to Z of Sikhism (Volume 45 of The A to Z Guide Series) |date=2005 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810863446 |location=Plymouth |page=39}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Apre sèt jou, '''Jalal Din''' te rive ak 1,000 sòlda<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |date=1999 |publisher=Singh Bros |isbn=9788172052171 |page=124}}</ref> ak 100 kavalye<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |date=1990 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=30}}</ref> pou arete de Sikh yo. Bota Singh ak Garja Singh te refize rann tèt yo epi yo te mouri pandan yo t ap goumen an 1739. == Eritaj == Yo rapòte yon istwa sou mati Bota Singh nan ''Panth Prakash'' Rattan Singh Bhangu a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html|title=PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH|last=Sekhon|first=Sant Singh|website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> == Referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Lanmò 1739]] [[Kategori:Mati singhs]] 8rd130ne4n1y8btcgp6atwthafruyia 889874 889872 2026-11-05T14:19:20Z Kitanago 19629 889874 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Diorama_sculptural_monument_of_Bhai_Bota_Singh_and_Bhai_Garja_Singh_engaged_in-combat_against_the_Mughals_at_Gurdwara_Shaheed_Baba_Tega_Singh_Ji,_Chand_Purana,_Bagha_Purana_tehsil,_Moga_district,_Punjab,_India,_April_2023_04.jpg|vignette|Diorama moniman eskilti Bhai Bota Singh ak Bhai Garja Singh angaje nan konba kont Mughals yo nan Gurdwara Shaheed Baba Tega Singh Ji, Chand Purana, Bagha Purana tehsil, distri Moga, Punjab, peyi Zend, avril 2023.]] '''Bota Singh''' (ki te mouri an 1739) te yon [[Mati nan Sikhi|mati Sikh]] ki te mouri anba fòs Mughal yo ke Zakaria Khan te voye sou kòmandman Jalal Din apre li te kòmanse kolekte yon taks nan men vwayajè yo sou wout prensipal ki mennen Lahore a kòm yon mak souverènte pou Sikh yo.<ref name=":05">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab |date=Oct 8, 1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521637640 |pages=90 |chapter=Rise to Political Power}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Hemkunt Press |year=2000 |isbn=9788170103011 |pages=38–39}}</ref> Sikh yo sonje li kòm youn nan mati remakab 18yèm syèk la.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot Singh |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=Dec 15, 1994 |isbn=9780226615929 |pages=330}}</ref> Mati li a te yon siy chanjman nan dinamik pouvwa nan Punjab Mughal ant Mughal yo ak Sikh yo.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |date=Jun 11, 2014 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |isbn=9781442236011 |pages=72}}</ref> == Biyografi == Bota Singh te soti nan vilaj Bharana nan distri Amritsar..<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty |publisher=Gur Das Kapur |year=1980 |pages=92}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Teja |title=A Short History of the Sikhs |last2=Singh |first2=Ganda |publisher=Orient Longmans |year=1950 |volume=I: 1496-1765 |pages=127–128}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Li te fèt nan yon fanmi Sandhu Jat.<ref name=":05" /> Konpayon li Garja Singh te soti nan yon fanmi Rangreta . <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> Pandan epòk pèsekisyon anti-Sikh yo, lè te gen yon rekonpans pou tèt yon Sikh, Sikh yo te gaye nan kachèt, tankou nan forè. Bhai Bota Singh te rete nan youn nan forè sa yo toupre [[Tarn Taran]] epi li te konn soti nan kachèt li nan mitan lannwit pou l al chache manje epi pafwa li te konn ale [[Amritsar]] pou l benyen nan pisin sakre ki antoure [[Tanp an lò a|Darbar Sahib la]]. <ref name=":0" /> Yon jou, kèk zamindar te remake li. Yo te panse li te yon Sikh, men yon manm nan pati yo a te fè objeksyon, li di li pa t ka yon Sikh, paske si li te youn, li pa t ap kache tèt li. Gen lòt vèsyon istwa a ki di ke gad Mughal yo t ap pase nan forè a lè youn te di ke tout Sikh yo te mouri e pa t gen pèsonn ki rete.. Fache pa remak obsèvatè a, '''Bota Singh''' te mete sou pye yon plan kote li menm ak konpayon li '''Garja Singh''' te pran pozisyon sou gran wout prensipal la toupre '''Tarn Taran''', nan yon ansyen lotèl ki te fin kraze.<ref name=":0" /> La a, yo te pwoklame souverennte '''Khalsa''' a epi yo te kòmanse ranmase yon ti taks sou chak moun ki t ap pase.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grewal |first1=J. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/90 |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab, Volumes 2-3 |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521637640 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/90 90]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Dilgeer |first=Harjinder Singh |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre |isbn=9780969596424 |location=Denmark |pages=319}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Men, sa pa t rive atire atansyon gouvènè Mogòl la. Se poutèt sa, yo te voye yon avi bay yon vwayajè pou remèt gouvènè pwovens '''Lahore''' la, pou fè l remake aksyon yo.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=W. H. |title=The A to Z of Sikhism (Volume 45 of The A to Z Guide Series) |date=2005 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810863446 |location=Plymouth |page=39}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Apre sèt jou, '''Jalal Din''' te rive ak 1,000 sòlda<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |date=1999 |publisher=Singh Bros |isbn=9788172052171 |page=124}}</ref> ak 100 kavalye<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |date=1990 |publisher=Punjabi University |page=30}}</ref> pou arete de Sikh yo. Bota Singh ak Garja Singh te refize rann tèt yo epi yo te mouri pandan yo t ap goumen an 1739. == Eritaj == Yo rapòte yon istwa sou mati Bota Singh nan ''Panth Prakash'' Rattan Singh Bhangu a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/PRACHIN%20PANTH%20PRAKASH.html|title=PRĀCHĪN PANTH PRAKĀSH|last=Sekhon|first=Sant Singh|website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition)|publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala|access-date=25 March 2026}}</ref> == Referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Lanmò an 1739]] [[Kategori:Mati singhs]] kokvohdc2tbat0aqwg0d1q4ap7ga2oh 0 97720 889859 882971 2026-11-05T13:58:16Z Kitanago 19629 Redireksyon sou [[Dat an japonè]] 889859 wikitext text/x-wiki #Redirect[[Dat an japonè]] rq80lupswd367p32giqlzgp3ryzbyn6 0 97950 889946 889439 2026-11-06T07:10:36Z Ozjeepo 40816 889946 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:یونس-بشیری.jpg|vignette]] '''Younes Bashiri''', (also known legally as Younes Bashiri Goodarzi) ki fèt 9 septanm 2001, se yon [[atis]], [[Konpozit|konpozitè]], chèchè mizik ak pèsonalite entènèt [[Iranyòm|Iranyen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bultannews.com/fa/news/868585/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA-&#124;-%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%88-%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C|title=یونس بشیری کیست ؟ {{!}} آهنگساز و پژوهشگر حوزه موسیقی|last=bultannews.com|first=بولتن نیوز {{!}}|date=2025-05-18|publisher=بولتن نیوز {{!}} bultannews.com|language=fa|access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilna.ir/Section-entertainment-12/1623137-younes-bashiri-iranian-music-is-hidden-treasure-waiting-to-be-embraced-worldwide|title=Younes Bashiri: Iranian music is a hidden treasure waiting to be embraced worldwide|date=2025-04-15|language=en|access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> Younes Bashiri se yon jèn figi kreyatif ak divès nan mizik Iranyen an. Nan dènye ane sa yo, li te etabli tèt li kòm youn nan vwa espesyal nan mizik endepandan Iranyen an grasa kreyasyon travay san mo, konseptyèl ak trè emosyonèl. Li te kòmanse karyè pwofesyonèl li lè li te yon adolesan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://esfahanemrooz.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1-152/932382-%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82-%D9%85%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF|title=یونس بشیری؛ آهنگساز مستقل که دنیای خود را با صدا خلق می‌کند|date=2026-10-25|language=fa|access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref>Bashiri pibliye plis pase 100 travay mizikal jiskaprezan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://borna.news/fa/news/2198681/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87|title=یونس بشیری خواننده ، آهنگساز و تنظیم کننده|last=borna.news|date=2026-06-05|publisher=borna.news|language=fa|access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> == Referans == mzev3q5z9vnswte8xh106su957v29py 889947 889946 2026-11-06T10:39:31Z ~2026-59009-98 40957 /* */ 889947 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:یونس-بشیری.jpg|vignette]] '''Younes Bashiri''' (also known legally as Younes Bashiri Goodarzi) ki fèt 9 septanm 2001, se yon [[atis]], [[Konpozit|konpozitè]], chèchè mizik ak pèsonalite entènèt [[Iranyòm|Iranyen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bultannews.com/fa/news/868585/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA-&#124;-%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%88-%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C|title=یونس بشیری کیست ؟ {{!}} آهنگساز و پژوهشگر حوزه موسیقی|last=bultannews.com|first=بولتن نیوز {{!}}|date=2025-05-18|publisher=بولتن نیوز {{!}} bultannews.com|language=fa|access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilna.ir/Section-entertainment-12/1623137-younes-bashiri-iranian-music-is-hidden-treasure-waiting-to-be-embraced-worldwide|title=Younes Bashiri: Iranian music is a hidden treasure waiting to be embraced worldwide|date=2025-04-15|language=en|access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> Younes Bashiri se yon jèn figi kreyatif ak divès nan mizik Iranyen an. Nan dènye ane sa yo, li te etabli tèt li kòm youn nan vwa espesyal nan mizik endepandan Iranyen an grasa kreyasyon travay san mo, konseptyèl ak trè emosyonèl. Li te kòmanse karyè pwofesyonèl li lè li te yon adolesan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://esfahanemrooz.ir/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1-152/932382-%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82-%D9%85%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF|title=یونس بشیری؛ آهنگساز مستقل که دنیای خود را با صدا خلق می‌کند|date=2026-10-25|language=fa|access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref>Bashiri pibliye plis pase 100 travay mizikal jiskaprezan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://borna.news/fa/news/2198681/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85-%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87|title=یونس بشیری خواننده ، آهنگساز و تنظیم کننده|last=borna.news|date=2026-06-05|publisher=borna.news|language=fa|access-date=2026-10-25}}</ref> == Referans == j418d34uo1iol6yoxkncybutdirlrk9 3 97995 889816 2026-11-05T11:59:39Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Byenvini}}~~~~ " 889816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Byenvini}}[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 5 novanm 2026 à 11:59 (UTC) r0zci6e2opzfwvejv3rch8ifbvj8ebe 889817 889816 2026-11-05T12:04:11Z Kitanago 19629 889817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Byenvini}}[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 5 novanm 2026 à 11:59 (UTC) <h2>modifikasyon ou an&#32;sou paj la <templateStyles src="Modèl:Common/Style.css" /> « [[: Entre el Thug y el Chichi: analiz idantite, maskilinite ak otantisite nan Rap Kreyòl ayisyen]] » te anile</h2> Bonjou Arcangellegrandbrotherswagg, Modifikasyon ou an&#32;sou paj la <templateStyles src="Modèl:Common/Style.css" /> « [[: Entre el Thug y el Chichi: analiz idantite, maskilinite ak otantisite nan Rap Kreyòl ayisyen]] » te '''anile''' paske li pa respekte [[Wikipedya:Wikipedya se yon ansiklopedi|objektif ansiklopedik la]] oswa [[Wikipedya:Règ ak rekòmandasyon|règ Wikipedya yo]]. Si w kontinye fè degradasyon, yon administratè ka [[Wikipedya:Blokaj ekriti|anpeche w ekri]] sou tout Wikipedya. ''Pa ezite mande volontè pou jwenn yon èd pèsonalize, lè w kite yon mesaj sou [[Wikipedya:Akèy nouvo arivan yo|paj akèy nouvo arivan yo]]. Ou kapab tou [[Diskisyon itilizatè:Kitanago|kontakte m]].''<!-- avertissement-niveau-1 --> dhj0uh72rneg0698mv56a03qq1t1d9s 3 97996 889828 2026-11-05T12:36:17Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Byenivini}}~~~~ " 889828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Byenivini}}[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 5 novanm 2026 à 12:36 (UTC) 6nbcetlsqyb4t0c8ream098ck3edko0 889829 889828 2026-11-05T12:36:28Z Kitanago 19629 889829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Byenvini}}[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 5 novanm 2026 à 12:36 (UTC) gh1rxa35cvv4dl99c3e3g66cksk5awp 3 97997 889830 2026-11-05T12:37:23Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Byenvini}}~~~~ " 889830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Byenvini}}[[Itilizatè:Kitanago|Kitanago]] ([[Diskisyon Itilizatè:Kitanago|diskisyon]]) 5 novanm 2026 à 12:37 (UTC) eepwway1pdiicf4bhhugur5otctslbo 14 97998 889850 2026-11-05T13:23:44Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " __HIDDENCAT__ {{kategorize pa|Infobox|module=oui}} {{kategori:Wikipedya pou vide|catégorie spécifique=[[Kategori:Page utilisant un modèle avec une syntaxe erronée]][[Kategori:Catégorie de maintenance des modèles devant être vide]]}} Cette catégorie contient les pages utilisant les modèles dépendants du module [[Module:Infobox|Infobox]]. Elle est affichée suite à la présence d'une légende sur wikipédia alors que l’image provient de wikidata. Ce cas de fi... " 889850 wikitext text/x-wiki __HIDDENCAT__ {{kategorize pa|Infobox|module=oui}} {{kategori:Wikipedya pou vide|catégorie spécifique=[[Kategori:Page utilisant un modèle avec une syntaxe erronée]][[Kategori:Catégorie de maintenance des modèles devant être vide]]}} Cette catégorie contient les pages utilisant les modèles dépendants du module [[Module:Infobox|Infobox]]. Elle est affichée suite à la présence d'une légende sur wikipédia alors que l’image provient de wikidata. Ce cas de figure est <u>à éviter fortement</u> car il peut conduire à une légende décrivant une autre image que celle qui est affichée si une personne modifie l'image sur Wikidata sans modifier la légende sur Wikipédia. De telles modifications sont probables à long terme, Wikidata étant comme tout wiki en perpétuelle évolution et, ses contributeurs n'étant pas nécessairement francophones, on ne peut s'attendre à ce qu'ils interviennent sur Wikipédia en français. La catégorie liste donc des articles avec soit déjà une incohérence image/légende (une minorité), soit un risque d'en avoir à l'avenir (la majorité). Comment vider la catégorie : # Vérifier la cohérence entre l'image et la légende, en vous aidant éventuellement de la description de l'image sur sa page Commons. # #* Si la légende décrit bien l'image, deux possibilités : #** soit renseigner l'image localement, c'est-à-dire dans l'article, dans les paramètres de l'infobox à côté de l'image. La façon la plus rapide, pour les images « standard » rangées dans la propriété {{WD P|18}}<ref group="note">Les logos, sceaux, blasons, cartes etc. sont en principe rangés dans d'autres propriétés.</ref> est de passer par l'éditeur de code et d'ajouter la ligne <code>{{nowrap|<nowiki>|image = {{subst:Wikidata|P18|numval=1}}</nowiki>}}</code> au code de l'infobox. #** soit enlever la légende locale du code de l'article, et la transférer sur Wikidata. À droite de la déclaration « image » (ou, le cas échéant, « image du logotype », « image du blason » etc.) cliquer sur ✎ modifier<ref group="note">Bouton non accessible en version mobile. Il faut alors passer en version de bureau, tout en bas de la page.</ref>, '''+''' ajouter un qualificatif, renseigner comme propriété « légende de média », coller la légende souhaitée et renseigner comme langue le français. <br>Cette méthode a les avantages d'enrichir Wikidata avec une légende qui pourra être utilisée sur d'autres pages que l'article en question, et de laisser Wikipédia en français profiter d'un éventuelle meilleure image qui sera ajoutée par la suite sur Wikidata. Elle a les inconvénients d'être un peu plus longue à appliquer en masse par rapport à copier à chaque fois la même ligne de code (ci-dessus), et de ne pas être applicable aux légendes wikifiées (<nowiki>[[liens internes]], {{modèles}}, <br>sauts de ligne</nowiki>) qui ne sont pas souhaitées sur Wikidata. #* Si la légende décrit une autre image que celle importée de Wikidata, rétablir la cohérence : #** solution de base : effacer la légende incorrecte de l'article Wikipédia. Il restera l'image non légendée, ce qui est mieux qu'une légende sans rapport avec l'image. #** variante améliorée : effacer la légende incorrecte de l'article Wikipédia, et rédiger sur Wikidata une légende en français correspondant à l'image qui s'y trouve (cf deuxième point ci-dessus). #** solution plus longue : retrouver l'image correspondant à la légende en cherchant sur Commons ou dans l'historique de l'élément Wikdata. Si elle est meilleure que l'image qui l'a remplacée sur Wikidata, la rétablir sur Wikidata (soit à la place de l'autre image, soit à côté d'elle avec un rang préféré) et appliquer un des deux premiers points ci-dessus. Si vous souhaitez rétablir l'ancienne image sur Wikipédia en français mais pas sur Wikidata, copier le nom de cette image dans le paramètre <code>image</code> de l'article, à côté de sa légende. Bonne maintenance ! {{Références|groupe="note"}} [[Kategori:Antretyen infobox]] dbyn4lcdsiqzoqhu0p2onsqjt85h6ew 889851 889850 2026-11-05T13:26:36Z Kitanago 19629 889851 wikitext text/x-wiki __HIDDENCAT__ {{kategorize pa|Infobox|module=oui}} {{kategori:Wikipedya pou vide|kategori espesifik=[[Kategori:Paj ki itilize yon modèl ak yon sentaks ki pa bon]][[Kategori:Kategori antretyen modèl yo ki dwe vide]]}} Cette catégorie contient les pages utilisant les modèles dépendants du module [[Module:Infobox|Infobox]]. Elle est affichée suite à la présence d'une légende sur wikipédia alors que l’image provient de wikidata. Ce cas de figure est <u>à éviter fortement</u> car il peut conduire à une légende décrivant une autre image que celle qui est affichée si une personne modifie l'image sur Wikidata sans modifier la légende sur Wikipédia. De telles modifications sont probables à long terme, Wikidata étant comme tout wiki en perpétuelle évolution et, ses contributeurs n'étant pas nécessairement francophones, on ne peut s'attendre à ce qu'ils interviennent sur Wikipédia en français. La catégorie liste donc des articles avec soit déjà une incohérence image/légende (une minorité), soit un risque d'en avoir à l'avenir (la majorité). Comment vider la catégorie : # Vérifier la cohérence entre l'image et la légende, en vous aidant éventuellement de la description de l'image sur sa page Commons. # #* Si la légende décrit bien l'image, deux possibilités : #** soit renseigner l'image localement, c'est-à-dire dans l'article, dans les paramètres de l'infobox à côté de l'image. La façon la plus rapide, pour les images « standard » rangées dans la propriété {{WD P|18}}<ref group="note">Les logos, sceaux, blasons, cartes etc. sont en principe rangés dans d'autres propriétés.</ref> est de passer par l'éditeur de code et d'ajouter la ligne <code>{{nowrap|<nowiki>|image = {{subst:Wikidata|P18|numval=1}}</nowiki>}}</code> au code de l'infobox. #** soit enlever la légende locale du code de l'article, et la transférer sur Wikidata. À droite de la déclaration « image » (ou, le cas échéant, « image du logotype », « image du blason » etc.) cliquer sur ✎ modifier<ref group="note">Bouton non accessible en version mobile. Il faut alors passer en version de bureau, tout en bas de la page.</ref>, '''+''' ajouter un qualificatif, renseigner comme propriété « légende de média », coller la légende souhaitée et renseigner comme langue le français. <br>Cette méthode a les avantages d'enrichir Wikidata avec une légende qui pourra être utilisée sur d'autres pages que l'article en question, et de laisser Wikipédia en français profiter d'un éventuelle meilleure image qui sera ajoutée par la suite sur Wikidata. Elle a les inconvénients d'être un peu plus longue à appliquer en masse par rapport à copier à chaque fois la même ligne de code (ci-dessus), et de ne pas être applicable aux légendes wikifiées (<nowiki>[[liens internes]], {{modèles}}, <br>sauts de ligne</nowiki>) qui ne sont pas souhaitées sur Wikidata. #* Si la légende décrit une autre image que celle importée de Wikidata, rétablir la cohérence : #** solution de base : effacer la légende incorrecte de l'article Wikipédia. Il restera l'image non légendée, ce qui est mieux qu'une légende sans rapport avec l'image. #** variante améliorée : effacer la légende incorrecte de l'article Wikipédia, et rédiger sur Wikidata une légende en français correspondant à l'image qui s'y trouve (cf deuxième point ci-dessus). #** solution plus longue : retrouver l'image correspondant à la légende en cherchant sur Commons ou dans l'historique de l'élément Wikdata. Si elle est meilleure que l'image qui l'a remplacée sur Wikidata, la rétablir sur Wikidata (soit à la place de l'autre image, soit à côté d'elle avec un rang préféré) et appliquer un des deux premiers points ci-dessus. Si vous souhaitez rétablir l'ancienne image sur Wikipédia en français mais pas sur Wikidata, copier le nom de cette image dans le paramètre <code>image</code> de l'article, à côté de sa légende. Bonne maintenance ! {{Références|groupe="note"}} [[Kategori:Antretyen infobox]] 8yvu7ix91um6umketisp99bj195rv6r 889853 889851 2026-11-05T13:38:59Z Kitanago 19629 889853 wikitext text/x-wiki __HIDDENCAT__ {{kategorize pa|Infobox|module=oui}} {{kategori Wikipedya pou vide|kategori espesifik=[[Kategori:Paj ki itilize yon modèl ak yon sentaks ki pa bon]][[Kategori:Kategori antretyen modèl yo ki dwe vide]]}} Cette catégorie contient les pages utilisant les modèles dépendants du module [[Module:Infobox|Infobox]]. Elle est affichée suite à la présence d'une légende sur wikipédia alors que l’image provient de wikidata. Ce cas de figure est <u>à éviter fortement</u> car il peut conduire à une légende décrivant une autre image que celle qui est affichée si une personne modifie l'image sur Wikidata sans modifier la légende sur Wikipédia. De telles modifications sont probables à long terme, Wikidata étant comme tout wiki en perpétuelle évolution et, ses contributeurs n'étant pas nécessairement francophones, on ne peut s'attendre à ce qu'ils interviennent sur Wikipédia en français. La catégorie liste donc des articles avec soit déjà une incohérence image/légende (une minorité), soit un risque d'en avoir à l'avenir (la majorité). Comment vider la catégorie : # Vérifier la cohérence entre l'image et la légende, en vous aidant éventuellement de la description de l'image sur sa page Commons. # #* Si la légende décrit bien l'image, deux possibilités : #** soit renseigner l'image localement, c'est-à-dire dans l'article, dans les paramètres de l'infobox à côté de l'image. La façon la plus rapide, pour les images « standard » rangées dans la propriété {{WD P|18}}<ref group="note">Les logos, sceaux, blasons, cartes etc. sont en principe rangés dans d'autres propriétés.</ref> est de passer par l'éditeur de code et d'ajouter la ligne <code>{{nowrap|<nowiki>|image = {{subst:Wikidata|P18|numval=1}}</nowiki>}}</code> au code de l'infobox. #** soit enlever la légende locale du code de l'article, et la transférer sur Wikidata. À droite de la déclaration « image » (ou, le cas échéant, « image du logotype », « image du blason » etc.) cliquer sur ✎ modifier<ref group="note">Bouton non accessible en version mobile. Il faut alors passer en version de bureau, tout en bas de la page.</ref>, '''+''' ajouter un qualificatif, renseigner comme propriété « légende de média », coller la légende souhaitée et renseigner comme langue le français. <br>Cette méthode a les avantages d'enrichir Wikidata avec une légende qui pourra être utilisée sur d'autres pages que l'article en question, et de laisser Wikipédia en français profiter d'un éventuelle meilleure image qui sera ajoutée par la suite sur Wikidata. Elle a les inconvénients d'être un peu plus longue à appliquer en masse par rapport à copier à chaque fois la même ligne de code (ci-dessus), et de ne pas être applicable aux légendes wikifiées (<nowiki>[[liens internes]], {{modèles}}, <br>sauts de ligne</nowiki>) qui ne sont pas souhaitées sur Wikidata. #* Si la légende décrit une autre image que celle importée de Wikidata, rétablir la cohérence : #** solution de base : effacer la légende incorrecte de l'article Wikipédia. Il restera l'image non légendée, ce qui est mieux qu'une légende sans rapport avec l'image. #** variante améliorée : effacer la légende incorrecte de l'article Wikipédia, et rédiger sur Wikidata une légende en français correspondant à l'image qui s'y trouve (cf deuxième point ci-dessus). #** solution plus longue : retrouver l'image correspondant à la légende en cherchant sur Commons ou dans l'historique de l'élément Wikdata. Si elle est meilleure que l'image qui l'a remplacée sur Wikidata, la rétablir sur Wikidata (soit à la place de l'autre image, soit à côté d'elle avec un rang préféré) et appliquer un des deux premiers points ci-dessus. Si vous souhaitez rétablir l'ancienne image sur Wikipédia en français mais pas sur Wikidata, copier le nom de cette image dans le paramètre <code>image</code> de l'article, à côté de sa légende. Bonne maintenance ! {{Références|groupe="note"}} [[Kategori:Antretyen infobox]] pcnfn0x2ju5ls29cpnpzf006n1afkws 14 97999 889854 2026-11-05T13:40:20Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Nesans pa mwa|01|1981}} " 889854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nesans pa mwa|01|1981}} 9fs4rpqfxgfirkt5wp88d5etgg53bj8 14 98000 889856 2026-11-05T13:45:58Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Multi bandeau|Kategori biyografi|Kategori penti|Kategori XXIe syèk}} {{Cat nav par siècle|Pent}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pent 21}} [[Kategori:Pent pa syèk|21]] [[Kategori:Pent kontanporen]] [[Kategori:Atist XXIe syèk pa fòm expresyon|*]] [[Kategori:XXIe syèk nan penti en| 01]] " 889856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multi bandeau|Kategori biyografi|Kategori penti|Kategori XXIe syèk}} {{Cat nav par siècle|Pent}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pent 21}} [[Kategori:Pent pa syèk|21]] [[Kategori:Pent kontanporen]] [[Kategori:Atist XXIe syèk pa fòm expresyon|*]] [[Kategori:XXIe syèk nan penti en| 01]] ky8pmo1oj433qh28enfp9iygfhd5rjw 14 98001 889861 2026-11-05T14:00:33Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Multi bandeau|Kategori lengwistik|Kategori Japon}} {{Lòt pwojè |wikibooks=Japonais/Vocabulaire |wikiversity=Catégorie:Japonais/Vocabulaire }} {{atik prensipal|Vokabilè japonè}} [[Kategori:Lang japonè]] " 889861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multi bandeau|Kategori lengwistik|Kategori Japon}} {{Lòt pwojè |wikibooks=Japonais/Vocabulaire |wikiversity=Catégorie:Japonais/Vocabulaire }} {{atik prensipal|Vokabilè japonè}} [[Kategori:Lang japonè]] h8705hbmssdsn0a3m2sl8loygrjqgky 0 98002 889862 2026-11-05T14:03:49Z Anacaona 2726 created page for Haitian-Canadian musicologist and professor Claude Dauphin 889862 wikitext text/x-wiki Claude Dauphin se yon mizikològ ayisyano-kanadyen. 5vd8mfxq7ims5jqmsazi0llkprl7kg4 889864 889862 2026-11-05T14:05:04Z Anacaona 2726 added to bio 889864 wikitext text/x-wiki Claude Dauphin se yon mizikològ ayisyano-kanadyen. Li spesyalize nan mizikoloji 18 e syèk, nan etnomizikolji karayib la, epi nan ansèyman mizik. hivdfqqygp2hhrsl1bsmma5lpsoklqj 889865 889864 2026-11-05T14:06:09Z Anacaona 2726 added to bio 889865 wikitext text/x-wiki Claude Dauphin se yon mizikològ ayisyano-kanadyen. Li spesyalize nan mizikoloji 18 e syèk, nan etnomizikolji karayib la, epi nan ansèyman mizik. Li ''professeur émérite'' nan [[Université du Québec à Montréal]]. q3y29kyynvq6s9lkqb1vndno6mabsm2 889866 889865 2026-11-05T14:06:39Z Anacaona 2726 889866 wikitext text/x-wiki Claude Dauphin se yon mizikològ ayisyano-kanadyen. Li spesyalize nan mizikoloji 18 e syèk, nan etnomizikolji karayib la, epi nan ansèyman mizik. Li ''professeur émérite'' nan [[Université du Québec à Montréal]]. '''Biyografi''' lpp0243479gu36ho7nzxmahvjn45136 889868 889866 2026-11-05T14:08:34Z Anacaona 2726 added to bio 889868 wikitext text/x-wiki Claude Dauphin se yon mizikològ ayisyano-kanadyen. Li spesyalize nan mizikoloji 18 e syèk, nan etnomizikolji karayib la, epi nan ansèyman mizik. Li ''professeur émérite'' nan [[Université du Québec à Montréal]]. == '''Biyografi''' == Claude Dauphin etidye mizik nan ansyen ''École normale de musique'' nan [[Westmount, Quebec]] ([[Kanada]]). n44lvro51oujiznrqqgivvlbu57tjb2 889869 889868 2026-11-05T14:10:59Z Anacaona 2726 added to bio 889869 wikitext text/x-wiki Claude Dauphin se yon mizikològ ayisyano-kanadyen. Li spesyalize nan mizikoloji 18 e syèk, nan etnomizikolji karayib la, epi nan ansèyman mizik. Li ''professeur émérite'' nan [[Université du Québec à Montréal]]. == '''Biyografi''' == Claude Dauphin etidye mizik nan ansyen ''École normale de musique'' nan [[Westmount, Quebec]] ([[Kanada]]). Apre lisans li, li fè yon metriz an mizikoloji (1981) epi li kontinye fòmasyon li nan mizik nan ''Institut de pédagogie musicale Zoltán Kodály de Kecskemét'' nan mizik Franz-Liszt nan Budapest, nan peyi [[Tiki]]. j9gd871e8vneqmkgxzd59839gggznjf 889870 889869 2026-11-05T14:12:19Z Anacaona 2726 added to bio 889870 wikitext text/x-wiki Claude Dauphin se yon mizikològ ayisyano-kanadyen. Li spesyalize nan mizikoloji 18 e syèk, nan etnomizikolji karayib la, epi nan ansèyman mizik. Li ''professeur émérite'' nan [[Université du Québec à Montréal]]. == '''Biyografi''' == Claude Dauphin etidye mizik nan ansyen ''École normale de musique'' nan [[Westmount, Quebec]] ([[Kanada]]). Apre lisans li, li fè yon metriz an mizikoloji (1981) epi li kontinye fòmasyon li nan mizik nan ''Institut de pédagogie musicale Zoltán Kodály de Kecskemét'' nan mizik Franz-Liszt nan Budapest, nan peyi [[Tiki]]. Li te fè tèz doktora li (1987) sou ''La théorie musicale de Jean-Jacques Rousseau'' (Teyori mizik [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]). 85kesj8sg93kv5t22dd74vc35f1buu0 14 98003 889875 2026-11-05T14:19:33Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Lanmò}} " 889875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lanmò}} pyw48kkcw5u0d0llwgdf6f7pl77vj0i 14 98004 889876 2026-11-05T14:20:26Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Kateg ane}} " 889876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kateg ane}} eac98y84wfsxs7xc6l0leren1b1h2dx 14 98005 889877 2026-11-05T14:21:32Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{Titre mis en forme|Catégorie:Année du {{s-|XVIII|e}}}} {{Diptyque pour catégorie | précédente = Année du XVIIe siècle | précédente titre = Année du {{s-|XVII|e}} | suivante = Année du XIXe siècle | suivante titre = Année du {{s-|XIX|e}} }} {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie XVIIIe siècle|Catégorie Époque moderne|Catégorie Époque contemporaine}} {{Article principal|XVIIIe siècle{{!}}{{s-|XVIII|e}}}} ''Le {{s-|XVIII|e}} commence en '''[[1701]]''' et s'ach... " 889877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titre mis en forme|Catégorie:Année du {{s-|XVIII|e}}}} {{Diptyque pour catégorie | précédente = Année du XVIIe siècle | précédente titre = Année du {{s-|XVII|e}} | suivante = Année du XIXe siècle | suivante titre = Année du {{s-|XIX|e}} }} {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie XVIIIe siècle|Catégorie Époque moderne|Catégorie Époque contemporaine}} {{Article principal|XVIIIe siècle{{!}}{{s-|XVIII|e}}}} ''Le {{s-|XVIII|e}} commence en '''[[1701]]''' et s'achève en '''[[1800]]'''. Il ne couvre pas, comme certains le pensent par erreur, la période [[1700]]-[[1799]].'' {{Chronologies d'un siècle|17|XVIIe|18|XVIIIe|19|XIXe}} [[Kategori:Ane|18]] [[Kategori:XVIIIe syèk|*]] 3dnkin792fpuix4tmvtzu5kgczitlqp 889879 889877 2026-11-05T14:22:28Z Kitanago 19629 889879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titre mis en forme|Kategori:Ane nan {{s-|XVIII|e}}}} {{Diptyque pour catégorie | précédente = Ane nan XVIIe syèk| précédente titre = Ane nan {{s-|XVII|e}} | suivante = Ane nan XIXe syèk | suivante titre = Ane nan {{s-|XIX|e}} }} {{Multi bandeau|Catégorie XVIIIe siècle|Catégorie Époque moderne|Catégorie Époque contemporaine}} {{Article principal|XVIIIe siècle{{!}}{{s-|XVIII|e}}}} ''Le {{s-|XVIII|e}} commence en '''[[1701]]''' et s'achève en '''[[1800]]'''. Il ne couvre pas, comme certains le pensent par erreur, la période [[1700]]-[[1799]].'' {{Chronologies d'un siècle|17|XVIIe|18|XVIIIe|19|XIXe}} [[Kategori:Ane|18]] [[Kategori:XVIIIe syèk|*]] b7kuh9cnz1l4iuvbxpqho0gnyd44k9j 889884 889879 2026-11-05T14:25:14Z Kitanago 19629 889884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titre mis en forme|Kategori:Ane nan {{s-|XVIII|e}}}} {{Diptyque pour catégorie | précédente = Ane nan XVIIe syèk| précédente titre = Ane nan {{s-|XVII|e}} | suivante = Ane nan XIXe syèk | suivante titre = Ane nan {{s-|XIX|e}} }} {{Multi bandeau|Kategori XVIIIe syèk|Kategori Epòk modèn|Kategori Epòk kontanporen}} {{Atik prensipal|XVIIIe syèk{{!}}{{s-|XVIII|e}}}} ''{s-|XVIII|e}} la kòmanse an '''[[1701]]''' epi li fini an '''[[1800]]'''. Li pa kouvri, jan kèk moun panse li pa erè, peryòd[[1700]]-[[1799]].'' {{Chronologies d'un siècle|17|XVIIe|18|XVIIIe|19|XIXe}} [[Kategori:Ane|18]] [[Kategori:XVIIIe syèk|*]] go2wdsycuy6tt5cp2ep78fgmuakq63e 889886 889884 2026-11-05T14:26:56Z Kitanago 19629 889886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Titre mis en forme|Kategori:Ane nan {{s-|XVIII|e}}}} {{Diptyque pour catégorie | précédente = Ane nan XVIIe syèk| précédente titre = Ane nan {{s-|XVII|e}} | suivante = Ane nan XIXe syèk | suivante titre = Ane nan {{s-|XIX|e}} }} {{Multi bandeau|Kategori XVIIIe syèk|Kategori Epòk modèn|Kategori Epòk kontanporen}} {{Atik prensipal|XVIIIe syèk{{!}}{{s-|XVIII|e}}}} ''{{s-|XVIII|e}} la kòmanse an '''[[1701]]''' epi li fini an '''[[1800]]'''. Li pa kouvri, jan kèk moun panse li pa erè, peryòd[[1700]]-[[1799]].'' {{Chronologies d'un siècle|17|XVIIe|18|XVIIIe|19|XIXe}} [[Kategori:Ane|18]] [[Kategori:XVIIIe syèk|*]] s1vdh8z66h8mzvkwb1bp5igmgui594y 10 98006 889885 2026-11-05T14:26:29Z Kitanago 19629 Paj ki kreye ak " {{s|XVIII}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> " 889885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{s|XVIII}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> kxbwb82c2gpytipg398n0fzmne2bmk7 0 98007 889888 2026-11-05T14:32:46Z Kitanago 19629 Kitanago a déplacé la page [[Idolatri nan Sikhi]] vers [[Idolatri nan Sikhism]] 889888 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Idolatri nan Sikhism]] m6w78gu6ii5jdy5unl3rea7s5edolkl 889896 889888 2026-11-05T14:36:45Z Xqbot 2540 Correction d’une double redirection depuis [[Idolatri nan Sikhism]] vers [[Idolatri nan Sikism]] 889896 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Idolatri nan Sikism]] pegw1y1r2vryrile9l792ad6ekl4h4a 0 98008 889890 2026-11-05T14:33:06Z Kitanago 19629 Kitanago a déplacé la page [[Idolatri nan Sikhism]] vers [[Idolatri nan Sikism]] 889890 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Idolatri nan Sikism]] pegw1y1r2vryrile9l792ad6ekl4h4a 0 98009 889892 2026-11-05T14:34:22Z Kitanago 19629 Kitanago a déplacé la page [[Sikhi]] vers [[Sikism]] 889892 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Sikism]] ex0ivujfyql0a7qpwa4um2wb4ekmqb1 2 98010 889925 2026-11-05T17:48:08Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 Page vide créée 889925 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 98011 889928 2026-11-05T17:58:25Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 Paj ki kreye ak " {| class="infobox" style="width:25em; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | Samar Namian |- ! Pwofesyon | Doktè |- ! Domèn aktivite | Medsin estetik, swen po ak cheve |- ! Kote aktivite | Shiraz, Iran |- ! Enstitisyon edikasyon | Inivèsite Syans Medikal Shiraz |- ! Nimewo lisans medikal | 125667 |} '''Samar Namian''' se yon doktè ki baze nan Shiraz, ki travay nan domèn medsin est... " 889928 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:25em; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | Samar Namian |- ! Pwofesyon | Doktè |- ! Domèn aktivite | Medsin estetik, swen po ak cheve |- ! Kote aktivite | Shiraz, Iran |- ! Enstitisyon edikasyon | Inivèsite Syans Medikal Shiraz |- ! Nimewo lisans medikal | 125667 |} '''Samar Namian''' se yon doktè ki baze nan Shiraz, ki travay nan domèn medsin estetik, swen po ak cheve.<ref name="basina">{{cite web |title=سمر نامیان |url=https://basina.app/doctor/dr-samar-namian/wriq |website=Basina |language=fa |access-date=5 novanm 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tebna.ir/news/236153/%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86|title=سمر نامیان|date=2026-09-15|publisher=خبرگزاری سلامت{{!}} اخبار و مقالات سلامت{{!}} Tebna|language=fa|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Dapre pwofil li sou sit entènèt Basina, Namian te gradye nan Inivèsite Syans Medikal Shiraz epi li gen nimewo lisans medikal 125667 nan Iran.<ref name="basina" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://membersearch.irimc.org/Error?aspxerrorpath=/member/profile|title=:: سازمان نظام پزشکی کشور :: 500|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Sit entènèt pwofesyonèl li prezante li kòm yon doktè ki gen plis pase 15 ane eksperyans nan domèn swen po, cheve ak medsin estetik. Menm sit entènèt la deklare li se manm Asosyasyon Kanadyen Medsin Estetik (CAMACS) epi li posede yon sètifikasyon nan men òganizasyon sa a.<ref name="official">{{cite web |title=Dr. Samar Namian – Skin & Aesthetic Treatments in Shiraz |url=https://drnamian.com/en/ |website=Dr. Samar Namian |language=en |access-date=5 novanm 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avval.ir/profile/pdmer/%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86|title=دکتر سمر نامیان|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref><ref name="CAMACS">{{cite web|url=https://www.camacs.ca/membership|title=CAMACS Membership|website=Canadian Association of Medical Spas & Aesthetic Surgeons|language=en|access-date=5 novanm 2026}}</ref> == Referans == {{Referans}} == Lyen ekstèn == * [https://drnamian.com/en/ Sit entènèt ofisyèl] [[Kategori:Doktè]] skphnj6f1mqrg3fdodrp0por2jbi5u0 889929 889928 2026-11-05T17:58:44Z Quinlan83 25534 Fix 889929 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:25em; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | Samar Namian |- ! Pwofesyon | Doktè |- ! Domèn aktivite | Medsin estetik, swen po ak cheve |- ! Kote aktivite | Shiraz, Iran |- ! Enstitisyon edikasyon | Inivèsite Syans Medikal Shiraz |- ! Nimewo lisans medikal | 125667 |} '''Samar Namian''' se yon doktè ki baze nan Shiraz, ki travay nan domèn medsin estetik, swen po ak cheve.<ref name="basina">{{cite web |title=سمر نامیان |url=https://basina.app/doctor/dr-samar-namian/wriq |website=Basina |language=fa |access-date=5 novanm 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tebna.ir/news/236153/%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86|title=سمر نامیان|date=2026-09-15|publisher=خبرگزاری سلامت{{!}} اخبار و مقالات سلامت{{!}} Tebna|language=fa|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Dapre pwofil li sou sit entènèt Basina, Namian te gradye nan Inivèsite Syans Medikal Shiraz epi li gen nimewo lisans medikal 125667 nan Iran.<ref name="basina" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://membersearch.irimc.org/Error?aspxerrorpath=/member/profile|title=:: سازمان نظام پزشکی کشور :: 500|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Sit entènèt pwofesyonèl li prezante li kòm yon doktè ki gen plis pase 15 ane eksperyans nan domèn swen po, cheve ak medsin estetik. Menm sit entènèt la deklare li se manm Asosyasyon Kanadyen Medsin Estetik (CAMACS) epi li posede yon sètifikasyon nan men òganizasyon sa a.<ref name="official">{{cite web |title=Dr. Samar Namian – Skin & Aesthetic Treatments in Shiraz |url=https://drnamian.com/en/ |website=Dr. Samar Namian |language=en |access-date=5 novanm 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avval.ir/profile/pdmer/%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86|title=دکتر سمر نامیان|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref><ref name="CAMACS">{{cite web|url=https://www.camacs.ca/membership|title=CAMACS Membership|website=Canadian Association of Medical Spas & Aesthetic Surgeons|language=en|access-date=5 novanm 2026}}</ref> == Referans == {{Referans}} == Lyen ekstèn == * [https://drnamian.com/en/ Sit entènèt ofisyèl] [[Kategori:Doktè]] t0f2tndmbh2757q0ygwd0q4903rqb9n 889930 889929 2026-11-05T18:01:10Z Omarsaleh1988 40947 889930 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:25em; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9;" |+ style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | Samar Namian |- ! Pwofesyon | Doktè |- ! Domèn aktivite | Medsin estetik, swen po ak cheve |- ! Kote aktivite | Shiraz, Iran |- ! Enstitisyon edikasyon | Inivèsite Syans Medikal Shiraz |- ! Nimewo lisans medikal | 125667 |} '''Samar Namian''' se yon doktè ki baze nan Shiraz, ki travay nan domèn medsin estetik, swen po ak cheve.<ref name="basina">{{cite web |title=سمر نامیان |url=https://basina.app/doctor/dr-samar-namian/wriq |website=Basina |language=fa |access-date=5 novanm 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tebna.ir/news/236153/%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86|title=سمر نامیان|date=2026-09-15|publisher=خبرگزاری سلامت{{!}} اخبار و مقالات سلامت{{!}} Tebna|language=fa|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Dapre pwofil li sou sit entènèt Basina, Namian te gradye nan Inivèsite Syans Medikal Shiraz epi li gen nimewo lisans medikal 125667 nan Iran.<ref name="basina" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://membersearch.irimc.org/Error?aspxerrorpath=/member/profile|title=:: سازمان نظام پزشکی کشور :: 500|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Sit entènèt pwofesyonèl li prezante li kòm yon doktè ki gen plis pase 15 ane eksperyans nan domèn swen po, cheve ak medsin estetik.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zibabeman.com/doctors/dr-samar-namian/|title=سمر نامیان ، پزشک زیبایی، پوست و مو|website=زیبا بمان|language=fa-IR|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref> Menm sit entènèt la deklare li se manm Asosyasyon Kanadyen Medsin Estetik (CAMACS) epi li posede yon sètifikasyon nan men òganizasyon sa a.<ref name="official">{{cite web |title=Dr. Samar Namian – Skin & Aesthetic Treatments in Shiraz |url=https://drnamian.com/en/ |website=Dr. Samar Namian |language=en |access-date=5 novanm 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avval.ir/profile/pdmer/%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86|title=دکتر سمر نامیان|access-date=2026-11-05}}</ref><ref name="CAMACS">{{cite web|url=https://www.camacs.ca/membership|title=CAMACS Membership|website=Canadian Association of Medical Spas & Aesthetic Surgeons|language=en|access-date=5 novanm 2026}}</ref> == Referans == {{Referans}} == Lyen ekstèn == * [https://drnamian.com/en/ Sit entènèt ofisyèl] [[Kategori:Doktè]] 1vrgirc7o2r9nckkj9qar5jbin0vf84