Wikipedya htwiki https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paj_Prensipal MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Medya Espesyal Diskite Itilizatè Diskisyon Itilizatè Wikipedya Diskisyon Wikipedya Fichye Diskisyon Fichye MedyaWiki Diskisyon MedyaWiki Modèl Diskisyon Modèl Èd Diskisyon Èd Kategori Diskisyon Kategori TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk 0 2969 890257 811324 2026-11-11T03:40:43Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ale menm non|Kwadèboukè}} {{kolektivite tèritoryal |non_lokal=Kwadèboukè |kowòdone_lat=18° 35′ Nò |kowòdone_lon=72° 14′ Lwès |drapo_imaj=Flag of Haiti.svg |anblèm_imaj=Coat of arms of Haiti.svg |tip=vil |dat= |zòn_tip=awondisman |zòn=Kwadèboukè |kapital_tip= |kapital_non= |chèf_tit= |chèf_non= |sipèfisi_dat=634,62 |sipèfisi_ran= |sipèfisi_total= |dlo_pousantaj= |fwontyè_tè= |fwontyè_kòt= |wotè_mwayen= |pli_wo_kote= |pli_wo= |pli_ba_kote= |pli_ba= |popilasyon_dat= |popilasyon_ran= |popilasyon_total=227 012 |popilasyon_dansite=358 |popilasyon_tip= |aktivite= |kat_anplasman= |kat_politik= |kat_jewografik= |kat_satelit= |divizyon_tip=seksyon kominal |divizyon_non=Les Varreux 1, Les Varreux 2, Petit Bois 3, Petit Bois 4, Petit Bois 5, Belle Fontaine 6, Belle Fontaine 7, Belle Fontaine 8, Les Crochus, Les Orangers |vwazen= |sitwèb= |kòd_tip= |kòd= |nòt= }} '''Kwadèboukè''' se yon [[komin]] an [[Ayiti]]. Li sitiye l a 12 kilomèt nan [[Nò|nò]] [[Pòtoprens]]. [[Komin]] sa a se [[chèflye]] Kwadèboukè, [[awondisman]] [[Kwadèboukè (awondisman)|ki pote menm non an]]. Li touprè [[kapital]] peyi a nan direksyon nò-lès e sou wout pou ale nan [[depatman]] [[Sant (depatman)|Sant]] la. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201125222034/https://m.croixdesbouquets.net/Croix-des-Bouquets-et-le-fer-decoupe_a8.html Kwadèboukè fonde nan ane 1749] pa yon [[dekrè]] Wayal, sou yon gwo tèren yo te bay mèt [[abitasyon]] sa yo : Abitasyon [[Santo]], Abitasyon [[Nway]] (Noailles), Abitasyon [[Bèlanton]] (Bellanton), Abitasyon [[Dagou]] (d'Argout) ak Abitasyon [[Savann Blan]] (Savane d’Oublon). == Administrasyon == Komin nan genyen 10 seksyon kominal : * Levarè 1 * Levarè 2 * Tibwa 3 * Tibwa 4 * Tibwa 5 * Bèlfontèn 6 * Bèlfontèn 7 * Bèlfontèn 8 * Lekwochi * Lezoranje == Pèsonalite == * [[Guy Coustard de Saint-Lo]] (1752-1825), jeneral lame Repiblik fransèz. * [[Louis-Jacques Beauvais]] (1759-1799), jeneral lame Repiblik fransèz. * [[Gesner Armand]] (ki fèt 11 jen 1936, ki mouri 10 jen 2008), pent ki te yon mèt nan penti ayisyèn. * [[Wyclef Jean]], chantè ak [[Pwodiktè mizik|pwodiktè]] ayisyen-ameriken, ansyen manm gwoup [[The Fugees]]. * [[Georges Liautaud]], eskiltè anspirasyon vodou. Disip Georges Liautaud te reyini nan vilaj atistik la nan [[Nway]], nan tradisyon eskilti an fè koupe nan Kwadèboukè. Mize Georges Liautaud, dedye a pwomosyon la kontanporen nan Ayiti, te inogire an 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.croixdesbouquets.net/L-inauguration-du-Musee-Georges-Liautaud_a21.html |title=croixdesbouquets.net |access-date=2019-12-08 |archive-date=2019-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208152335/https://www.croixdesbouquets.net/L-inauguration-du-Musee-Georges-Liautaud_a21.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * [[O-Mark]] (ki fèt 6 janvye 2001), chantè == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:Vil nan Kwadèboukè]] lpe7e3nbbwgf95c970249xljy10cq9s 0 3641 890259 696120 2026-11-11T03:55:48Z 1104s72 38991 890259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kapital |non_lokal= |dat= |peyi=Peyiba |zòn_tip= |zòn= |zòn_ekonomik= |drapo_imaj= |anblèm_imaj= |koodone_lat= |koodone_lon= |chèf_tit= |chèf_non= |sipèfisi_dat= |sipèfisi_ran= |sipèfisi_total= |rote_mwayen= |pli_ro_kote= |pli_ro= |pli_ba_kote= |pli_ba= |popilasyon_dat= |popilasyon_ran= |popilasyon_total= |popilasyon_dansite= |popilasyon_tip= |kat_anplasman= |kat_politik= |kat_jewografik= |kat_satelit= |divizyon_tip= |divizyon_non= |vwazen= |jimèl= |asosye= |sitwèb= |kòd_tip= |kòd= |nòt= }} '''Kartoum''' se [[kapital]] [[Soudan]] [[Kategori:Kapital]] 4d47026syiycgx0kiqeq2uerp1qo1gd 0 14442 890255 107776 2026-11-11T03:30:52Z 1104s72 38991 890255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ebòch}} {{definisyon |fanmi=non komen |objè= |imaj= |referans= }} Konfrefò, Kote moun sere lajan. Yon bwat ki fèt avèk metal ki lou anpil pou fè li difisil pou moun pote li e moun kapab sere lajan andedan li. Yon konfrefò pa gen kle, men li gen yon mo sekrè ki pèmèt moun ouvri pòt li. Anpil moun ki pa vle moun konnen konbyen kòb yo posede toujou gen yon konfrefò andedan kay yo pou mete lajan. == Tradiksyon == *[[Lòt kreyòl]]: Kòf fòr ([[Kouri Vini]]) *[[franse|Franse]]: coffre-fort *[[angle|Angle]]: Safe *[[alman|Alman]]: *[[panyòl|Panyòl]]: == Istwa == Istwa mo sa == referans == == Kèk lyen == odhiosd4pjhxi3me9psrhr82r63xk7a 0 14666 890263 867671 2026-11-11T05:17:39Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890263 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tèm madmwazèl''' la (an fransè '''mademoiselle''', abreje ak "M^lle"), se yon [[Tit ak predika|tit sivilite]], yo bay yon jèn fi oswa yon [[fanm]] [[Maryaj|ki pa marye]] oswa, omwen, ki toujou jèn <ref>Son utilisation dans le langage parlé en France reste courant, en général les petites filles et les jeunes femmes ne sont jamais appelées "madame". [http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/mademoiselle Mademoiselle] - [[Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales]] (CNRTL). </ref>. Nan [[Kebèk]], lè y ap adrese yon fanm, kit li marye oswa non, nou rele l ''madam''; an reyalite, ''madmwazèl'' pa sèvi ankò sof si nou abòde yon jèn fi oswa yon fanm ki vle yo rele l konsa <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://bdl.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/bdl/gabarit_bdl.asp?id=3634|title=Mademoiselle|website=Banque de dépannage linguistique|access-date=25 avril 2018|archive-date=2022-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923222257/https://bdl.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/bdl/gabarit_bdl.asp?id=3634|dead-url=yes}}</ref>. Apre yo te konteste pou karaktè [[Seksis|sèksis]] li, itilizasyon li nan dokiman ofisyèl yo piti piti abandone nan plizyè peyi, sitou an [[Swis]] depi [[1973 (almanak gregoryen)|1973]] <ref>Circulaire du chancelier de la Confédération Karl Huber du 23 mars 1973 </ref>, nan [[Kebèk]] an [[1976 (almanak gregoryen)|1976]], an [[Frans]] ak [[Liksanbou (peyi)|Liksanbou]] depi [[2012 (almanak gregoryen)|2012]] <ref name="Fillon">[http://circulaire.legifrance.gouv.fr/pdf/2012/02/cir_34682.pdf Circulaire {{nimewo|5575/SG}}] - Le Premier ministre [[François Fillon]], [[Légifrance]], 21 février 2012 {{pdf}} </ref> {{,}} <ref>[http://www.lessentiel.lu/fr/news/luxembourg/story/Mademoiselle-dispara-t-au-Luxembourg-20412875 « Mademoiselle » disparaît au Luxembourg] - ''[[L'essentiel (journal)|L'essentiel]]'', 30 mars 2012 </ref> osi byen ke nan [[Kominote fransèz Bèljik|Briksèl ak Waloni]] depi [[2015 (almanak gragoryen)|2015]] <ref>[http://www.lesoir.be/954358/article/actualite/belgique/2015-08-05/madame-ou-mademoiselle-un-vrai-sujet Madame ou Mademoiselle, un vrai sujet ?] - ''[[Le Soir]]'', 5 août 2015 </ref>. == Etimoloji == "Madmwazèl» konpoze de adjektif posesif la “ma (mwen)» ak «demwazèl". "Demwazèl» (ak varyete li "''damwazèl''") soti nan [[laten vilgè]] "''domnicella''", diminitif "''domine''» ki deziyen yon fanm nòb. Kidonk, yon demwazèl nan premye sans li se yon jèn fi nòb. Nou jwenn fòm entèmedyè "''damisele''» alantou 1100 nan ''Chanson de Roland'' <ref>[http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/demoiselle Demoiselle] - [[Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales]] (CNRTL). </ref>. Nan [[ansyen fransè]], yo te itilize tou fòm maskilen an "''damoiseau'' ” (varyant: "''damwazel'' ") ki soti nan "''domnicellus''» <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zeus.atilf.fr/scripts/dmfX.exe?LEM=damoiseau;XMODE=STELLa;FERMER;;AFFICHAGE=0;MENU=menu_dmf;;ISIS=isis_dmf2020.txt;MENU=menu_recherche_dictionnaire;OUVRIR_MENU=1;ONGLET=dmf2020;OO1=2;OO2=1;s=s0a2228c8;LANGUE=FR; |title=Voir sur ''zeus.atilf.fr''. |access-date=2024-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119181547/http://zeus.atilf.fr/scripts/dmfX.exe?LEM=damoiseau;XMODE=STELLa;FERMER;;AFFICHAGE=0;MENU=menu_dmf;;ISIS=isis_dmf2020.txt;MENU=menu_recherche_dictionnaire;OUVRIR_MENU=1;ONGLET=dmf2020;OO1=2;OO2=1;s=s0a2228c8;LANGUE=FR; |archive-date=2025-01-19 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>, pou deziyen jèn nòb ki poko kavalye. Men, fòm maskilen sa yo pa t siviv. == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans}} == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|wiktionary=Mademoiselle}} === Bibliyografi === * Jacques Gandouin, ''Gid pou pwotokòl ak itilizasyon'', Pari, Stock, 1971 === Lyen ekstèn === {{Liens}} 12j08dd533qch3ez4j2uid57k9wxr3k 0 16452 890267 710165 2026-11-11T07:57:02Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ebòch}} '''Paulo Roberto de Almeida''' se yon sosyolog, diplomat ak [[ekriven]] brezilyen. {{moun |non= Paulo Roberto de Almeida |foto= |tèks= |fonksyon=sosyolog, diplomat ak [[ekriven]] |dat nesans= [[19 novanm]] [[1949]] |lye nesans= [[São Paolo]] |peyi nesans= [[Brezil]] |dat lanmò= |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite= [[Brezilyen]] |zèv= |nòt= }} == Biyografi == *Dat enpòtan yo == Zèv li yo == *Sa li fè == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170121082941/https://lhiai.gbv.de/DB=1/SET=1/TTL=1/MAT=/NOMAT=T/REL?PPN=39837452X Paulo Roberto de Almeida] {{DEFAULTSORT:Almeida, Paulo Roberto de}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Literati]] [[Kategori:Ekriven]] [[Kategori:Ekriven brezilyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1949]] odicbycu0kzuvborerkrga8gg4h9m5x 0 16760 890243 876229 2026-11-10T21:29:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Administre}} {{ebòch}} {{pou tradui|lang=angle}} {{mizisyen |non=Carimi |foto= |tèks= |fonksyon=gwoup mizisyen |domèn= |diplòm= |etid= |dat nesans= |lye nesans= |peyi nesans= |dat lanmò= |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite=Ayisien |relijyon= |rezidans=[[Nouyòk]] |kontak= |Biyografi= |zèv=<br /> *Ayiti Bang Bang *Nasty Biznis *Are You Ready |omaj= |rekonpans=accolades from the International music scene,Best Album Of The Year |remak=Haiti, Guadeloupe, Paris, Guyanne Francaise, Canada and parts of Europe |fim= |mizik=[[konpa]] |enstriman=Bas, [[konga]],[[batri]],[[tanbou]],[[gita]],[[klavye]],[[vwa]] |gwoup=Carimi |manm=[[Richard Cavé]],[[Carlo Vieux]],[[Glenny Benoit]],[[Stanley Jean]],[[Jean-Marie]],[[Michael Guirand]],[[Noldy Cadet]],[[Alex Thebaud]] |moun= [[T-vice]],[[Ayisyen twoubadou]], [[Tabou Combo]] }} '''Carimi''' se yon gwoup mizisyen ayisyen popilè, ki jwe [[konpa]]. Yo rete [[Nouyòk]]. Gwoup sa a kreye nan lane 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defend.ht/politics/videos/presidential/112-lifestyles/articles/technology/2186-haitian-music-band-carimi-releases-mobile-app|title=Haitian Band Carimi Releases First Mobile Kompa App|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114950/http://www.defend.ht/politics/videos/presidential/112-lifestyles/articles/technology/2186-haitian-music-band-carimi-releases-mobile-app|archivedate=28 January 2015|accessdate=10 March 2014}}</ref> Carimi se yon gwoup mizik Konpa ayisyen ki te fonde 20 jiyè 2001<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wikimonde.com/article/Carimi|title=Carimi - Encyclopédie Wikimonde|access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref>. Twa manm yo se [[Carlo Vieux]], [[Richard Cavé]] ak [[Mickael Guirand]] . Non triyo a sòti nan konbine de premye lèt nan non chak chantè a: Carlo, Richard ak Mickael. Carimi se gwoup ki pi popilè nan HMI (Haitian Music Industry) nan ane 2000 yo atravè mond lan. Yo te vin popilè gras ak siksè tankou : Ayiti Bang Bang, Buzz, Kita Nago. Jodi a yo ap viv [[Etazini|Ozetazini]], nan [[Nou Yòk (eta)|Nouyòk]]. === Biyografi === '''CA''' Carlo Vieux / Dat nesans : 13 septanm 1977. Siy : Vèj '''RI''' Richard Cave / Dat nesans : 5 desanm 1976. Siy : Sajitèr '''MI''' Mickael Guirand / Dat nesans : 18 desanm 1975. Siy : Sajitèr Carlo, Richard, Mickael…CaRiMi. Yo konnen youn lòt depi plis pase 10 lane nan peyi Dayiti kote yo tout te kòmanse. '''Carlo Vieux''' te kòmanse nan mizik lè li te gen 13 an, lè manman li enskri li nan pyano. Li fòme imedyatman gwoup Tic-Tac ak yon zanmi nan laj timoun li, epi li deside, aprè li te admire idòl li Fabrice Rouzier (pwodiktè Haitian Troubadours ki pi popilè a) pou li vin manm K-dans, kote finalman li jwenn opòtinite pou jwe nan yon gwoup « live ». « Peryòd sa a te make m anpil » li di. Li te gen chans pou l akonpaye Jean-Michel Rotin pandan yon tounè Ozetazini e li devlope lòt talan li kòm chantè. Li te oblije kite aprè 4 ane pou kontinye etid li Ozetazini, nan Nouyòk presizeman. Depi lè li te gen 3 zan, '''Richard Cavé''' te deja chante ak papa li, yon talan ki trè komen nan fanmi sa a. Li te kòmanse jwe pyano a 9 van, lè papa li te achte premye klavye li, men li te retire li nan men l, lè li remake etid li yo te afekte, paske li te pasyone anpil nan sa l ap fè. Konsa, li te kontinye, alafwa, ap fè mizik e menm ede gwoup K-dans reyalize premye albòm yo. Li travay ak gwoup Papash, ko-pwodwi ak kouzen li Alan Cavé, nan gwoup Zin, mizik ki titre « Chéri Mennen m Ale », li konpoze pi gwo siksè gwoup King Posse kote li te manm, epi ankò avèk K-dans sou dezyèm albòm yo nan tit « Valérie » « Sa twò dwòl, papa mwen te renmen anpil mizik sa yo men li pa t konnen se mwen menm ki te pwodwi yo! » Apre siksè sa yo, li ale pouswiv etid li, li menm tou nan Nouyòk. Pandan l timoun, Mickael Guirand te toujou jwenn yon bagay pou sèvi kòm mikwo lè li te vle chante pou fanmi an. Li te chante nan yon koral pandan 3 zan, epi li te kòmanse yon gwoup, Bigay. Yo te sèlman jwe 2 fwa, men li te tonbe damou ak Konpa. Zanmi li, Carlo te envite li pou fè cho sou albòm K-dans, epi depi lè sa a yo te kenbe li nan gwoup la kòm koris. Men, vrè moman li te briye, se lè Richard te mande li pou chante yon mizik li te konpoze pou yon konkou mizik, « Mouche Tonton Noël ». Yo te genyen premye pri a, e se la li te kòmanse pran karyè chantè li oserye, men li te oblije fini etid li, tankou lòt de yo nan Nouyòk. === Siksè === Desten te fè twa sa yo rankontre: Carlo ak Mickael ki te travay ansanm pou omwen 4 ane, deside kreye yon gwoup. Yo mande Richard pou li vin rejwenn yo, yo chèche yon non, epi yo jwenn Ca (Carlo), Ri (Richard), ak Mi (Mickael). Apre 2 ane, yo fini premye albòm yo a Bang Bang, tit sa a ki sanble make tout jenerasyon nan peyi a menm ak lòt moun ki enterese nan pwoblèm Ayiti, kote santiman yo eksprime fò. Yo kreye yon nouvo stil, yon melanj de Konpa jenerasyon nouvo, yon fòmil ki fè moun danse, san kite pèsonn endiferan. Yo rive reyalizye anpil konsè, Ozetazini, an Ayiti, nan Karayib la, nan Ewòp, nan Afrik, nan Polinezi, ak nan Amerik la, kote ke piblik la fè Carimi vin youn nan gwoup ki plis jwenn elòj nan mizik kreyòl la. Avèk uitinyèm albòm yo a, Buzz, ki soti nan peyi Antiy yo nan fen 2009, yo rafine stil yo, epi yo ofri nou ankò yon seleksyon hit, ki gen ladan tit prensipal la, Buzz. Receiving accolades from the International music scene, including Best Album Of The Year, CaRiMi has risen to the top of the charts across Billboards best in Ayiti, [[Gwadloup]], [[Pari]], Gyàn franse, [[Kanada]] ak lòt peyi nan [[Ewòp]]. Malerezman, gwoup la pa ekziste ankò depi 11 jiyè 2016, dat kot Mickael Guirand te deside kite gwoup la nèt pou rezon pèsonèl li. Aprè anons lan, Carlo Vieux te deside kanpe sou fè mizik, e konsa li te konsakre tèt li nan lòt bagay pandan Richard Cavé te kreye yon nouvo gwoup ki rele Kaï. Menm jan ak Mickael Guirand ki te fòme yon gwoup ki rele Vayb. Malgre separasyon yo, twa manm yo te deside fè 2 konsè nan onè gwoup la pou fanatik yo, youn se te 15 oktòb 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://senego.com/haiti-musique-apres-une-decennie-de-silence-la-legende-carlo-vieux-devoile-son-album-solo-et-un-film-documentaire_1894462.html|title=Haïti – Musique : Après une décennie de silence, la légende Carlo Vieux dévoile son album solo et un film documentaire|last=BA|first=Faty|date=2025-11-10|language=fr-FR|access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref> ak 27 desanm 2024<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tedactu.com/2024/10/24/retour-triomphal-de-carimi-a-new-york-6-000-tickets-ecoules-en-une-journee/|title=Retour triomphal de CARIMI à New York : 6 000 tickets écoulés en une journée|last=Audibert|first=Watson|date=2024-10-24|website=Ted'Actu|language=fr-FR|access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref> nan UBS Arena Nouyòk. E aprè 9 van, depi separasyon Carlo sou sèn mizikal la, ansyen manm gwoup CARIMI an, deside sòti yon albòm solo ki pot pou tit [https://web.archive.org/web/20251126065517/https://www.maurice-info.mu/2025/11/26/carlo-vieux-signe-son-grand-retour-avec-carlo.html CARLŌ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://senego.com/haiti-musique-apres-une-decennie-de-silence-la-legende-carlo-vieux-devoile-son-album-solo-et-un-film-documentaire_1894462.html|title=Haïti – Musique : Après une décennie de silence, la légende Carlo Vieux dévoile son album solo et un film documentaire|last=BA|first=Faty|date=2025-11-10|language=fr-FR|access-date=2025-11-26}}</ref>. == Zèv li yo == * 2001 ː ''Bang bang'' * 2002 ː ''Poze Aki in Concert'' * 2004 ː ''Nasty Biznis'' * 2005 ː ''Nasty Biznis: Live In Concert'' * 2005 ː ''Live On Tour Vol.2'' * 2006 ː ''Are U Ready?'' * 2007 ː ''Live Vol.3 Kité'l Maché'' * 2007 ː ''Sa Fet Nan Carimi Live'' * 2009 ː ''Buzz'' * 2011 ː ''Live Buzz 2.0'' * 2013 ː ''Invasion'' * 2015 ː ''Kite'm Cho : Invasion Live'' == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [http://www.carimi.com/ Sitwèb ofisyèl CaRiMi] * [http://www.myspace.com/carimiareuready Paj CaRiMi] sou Myspace * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141218160538/http://welovecarimi.com/ Sitwèb fanatik CaRiMi] sou welovecarimi.com f5fxti7wl1ahrnbxlwbf5dur6tjw7od 0 17149 890275 868916 2026-11-11T11:06:31Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mizisyen |non=Volo Volo de Boston |foto= |tèks= Volo Volo de Boston |dat nesans= desanm [[1969]] |lye nesans= Boston, Massachusetts |peyi nesans= [[Etazini]] |dat lanmò= |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite= Ayisyen |zèv= |nòt= |gwoup= Volo Volo de Boston |mizik= [[Konpa]] |enstriman= }} '''Volo Volo de Boston''' se yon gwoup [[ayisyen]]. Li se yon gwoup atis, mizisyen kreyòl. Li ap jwe mizik sa : [[Konpa]]. <ref> Jackson, Regine O., ed. (27 June 2011){{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ6tAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |title=Geographies of the Haitian Diaspora |editor=Jackson, Regine O. |date=27 June 2011 |page=152 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136807886 </ref> == Istwa == Volo Volo de Boston<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20221009062706/https://www.opamusic.com/artist/volo-volo/ Haitian Music Archives</ref> ou senpleman Volo Volo te fonde nan mwa desanm 1969 nan [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], anba non Ayiti Combo. Non an te vin chanje an Volo Volo de Boston an 1972 avèk Eric Breneus kòm chantè ak Ricot Mazarin, de (2) ane anvan Moise Désir ak [[Ti Manno]], te vini nan gwoup la e anvan soti premye albòm ''Caressé''. An 1978, Chris Bazile ak [[Féquière Lucien]] te antre nan gwoup la kòm chantè. Gwoup la te vin tounen yon siksè entènasyonal imedyatman aprè yo te lage albòm ''Caressé'', ki te pòte yon tit ''Djazz Lanmou an'' nan peryòd 1970–1990 pandan yo tap vwayaje atravè [[Ayiti]], [[Frans]] ak Zantiy fransèz yo ([[Matinik]], [[Gwadloup]] ak [[Giyàn franse]]), [[Panama]], [[Kanada]] ak atravè [[Etazini]] kote yo te byen resevwa gwoup la. Volo Volo de Boston te resevwa anpil pri plizyè lòt kote ak sitasyon nan Konsil Ayisyen nan Boston pou anpil ane ke li reprezante kilti ayisyèn lòtbò. == Manm == === Manm aktyèl === * [[Féquière Lucien]] : chantè lidè, pawolye (1978–prezan) * Hans Felix : ansyen gitaris, konpozitè, lidè (1972), manm * Fritz Felix : ansyen pèkisyonis, konseye * Jean Léon Mascary : chantè * Francois St Preux : gitaris * Shiller Joseph : saksofonis, tanbou, * Jean Webert Saint-Vil : pèkisyonis * Mario Registre : batri === Ansyen manm === * Eddy Charles : 2yèm gita * Jersaint Charles : bas * Eddy Catan : konga * Laud Jn Jacques : klavye * Carlo Sauvignon : konga * Rico Mazarin : vwa * Patrick Casseus : tanbou * Roland Raymond : bas * Paul Fleury : konga * Henry Hans : bas * Lesly Jean : tanbou * Serge Jerome : saksofòn * David Rizza : pèkisyon * Wilson Pierre : konga, [[chan]], pawolye * Yves Leslie Orne : koral * Joel Springer : saksofòn, sentetizè * Joseph Laine : vwa * Frantz Rolls : gita * [[Ti Manno]] : vwa, pawolye (defen) * Serge Fleury : tanbou (defen) * Eric Breneus : vwa (1971) (defen) * Chris Bazile : vwa (1978–91) * Guy Gondre : gita, lidè (2) (defen) * Emmanuel Edouard Salvant : gita (1978–81) * Pressoir Desruisseaux : [[gong|tam-tam]] (1978–81) * Jean Leon Mascary : vwa (1983–2015) * Roland Casseus : tanbou (1980) * Moise Desir : alto saksofòn, ''Caressé'' (defen) * Pierre Emmanuel Charles : alto saksofòn, ''La Nature'' == Diskografi == * 1975 : ''Caressé'' * 1979 : ''La Nature'' * 1980 : ''Nou Nan Route'' * 1981 : ''14 Karat Gold'' * 1982 : ''Vive Compas'' * 1984 : ''Volo Volo'' * 1985 : ''Mèt Cafou'' * 1987 : ''Volo Volo'' * 1990 : ''Volo's The Best'' == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [http://volovolodeboston.com Sitweb ofisyèl Volo Volo de Boston] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151003174611/https://www.afromix.org/html/musique/artistes/volo-volo-de-boston/index.en.html Afromix entènet Librérie] sou afromix.org * [http://www.konpa.info/result.php?search=Volo+Volo&so0=contains&col=pfx%2Cbnd%2Csfx&n=200&_ds=1&p=0&asc=15&do=Search Konpa mizik Librérie] Sou Konpa.info * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170629084140/http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti/art/music/list.htm Partial List Of Haitian Recordings From Gage Averill] sou Webster.edu * [http://musique.haiti.free.fr/discographie/fiches/volovolo00pagedr.htm Ayiti Mizik Librérie] Sou musique.haiti * [https://archive.org/details/vinyl_bostonpubliclibrary?and%5B%5D=volo+volo+&sin= Librérie Piblik nan Boston] Sou Boston Public Library [[Kategori:Mizik]] [[Kategori:Mizisyen]] [[Kategori:Mizisyen ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Gwoup mizisyen ayisyen]] 2b2ifc9dj57s8cdv5cmpv9rjpzdmbbj 0 18449 890265 779366 2026-11-11T06:34:22Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ebòch}} {{moun |non=Michel Sinvil |foto= |tèks=Michel Sinvil |dat nesans= [[1949]] |lye nesans= [[Jakmèl (komin)|Jakmèl]] |peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]] |dat lanmò= |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite=ayisyen |zèv=penti, la |nòt= }} '''Michel Sinvil''', ki fèt an [[1949]] nan [[Jakmèl (komin)|Jakmèl]] ([[Ayiti]]), se yon [[atis]], yon [[pent]] [[Ayiti|ayisyen]]. == Biyografi == Michel Sinvil ale rete avèk fanmi li nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], lè li te yon timoun. Aprè li fin lekòl, li travay tankou yon mekanisyen machin, chofè [[tap-tap]] ak li fè mas nan Kanival. Li dwe premyè rekonesans li kòm yon atis nan tradisyon popilè sa a. Li kreye nouvo pèsonaj ak rad. Sinvil te vin anba atansyon [[Pierre Monosiet]] an 1975. Li kòmanse kreye eskilti. Detanzantan pou kreye gwo eskilti, Sinvil te oblije envante yon teknik espesyal. Li ta kreye yon moul nan sab. vide papye a ak lakòl nan li epi kite li sèk nan solèy la. Answit, li aplike koulè sou eskilti.<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.artshaitian.com/Pages/haitianartsinvil.html |title=This is Room 108. Haitian Art by Michel Sinvil |author= |publisher= |website=artshaitian.com |date= |access-date=13 fevriye 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119161456/https://artshaitian.com/Pages/haitianartsinvil.html |archive-date=2022-01-19 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Zèv li yo == * == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100524030657/https://webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/art/artist-list.html Yon lis atis pent ayisyen ak biyografi] * [https://indigoarts.com/artists/michel-sinvil Michel Sinvil] sou indigoarts.com {{DEFAULTSORT:Sinvil, Michel}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:La]] [[Kategori:Penti]] [[Kategori:Pent ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1949]] 90p5ewmmybnhq7qk3yndwmpijhfwxts 0 32215 890270 777709 2026-11-11T09:20:27Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ebòch}} {{moun |non=Saint-Louis Blaise |foto= |tèks= Saint-Louis Blaise |fonksyon=atis [[ayisyen]] |dat nesans= [[1956]] |lye nesans= |peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]] |dat lanmò= [[1994]] |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite=ayisyen |zèv= |nòt= }} '''Saint-Louis Blaise''', ki fèt nan lane [[1956]] epi ki mouri nan lane [[1994]], se yon atis pent [[ayisyen]]. == Biyografi == Saint-Louis Blaise kòmanse penti an 1971. Li etidye avèk Charles Anatole ak The Bottex brothers. Li ale [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] kote li travay yon tan nan Galri Issa. Men li soufri yon timè sèvo nan laj 37 ane.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.artshaitian.com/Pages/haitianart5ablaise.html |title=Galerie Macondo. |access-date=2021-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119163710/https://artshaitian.com/Pages/haitianart5ablaise.html |archive-date=2022-01-19 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> Frè Blaise , [[Fabolon Blaise|Fabolon]], [[Serge Moléon Blaise|Serge Moléon]] ak [[André Blaise]] (ki fèt an 1961), se tou pent popilè. Sepandan Saint-Louis Blaise te pi popilè nan frè yo. André ak Serge Moléon se manm sivivan nan fanmi pent Blaise. Blaise te gen relasyon biznis ki pi long lan avèk [[Galri Monnin]] nan [[Petyonvil (komin)|Petyonvil]], [[Ayiti]]. [[Michel Monnin]], pwopryetè galri vin manadjè Saint-Louis Blaise ak pi bon zanmi li. Saint-Louis Blaise reprezante sèn istorik, espesyalman sèn soti [[Revolisyon Ayisyen]] ak [[Henri Christophe]]. Pita "li vire atansyon li sou penti manm ki gen anpil grès nan boujwa ayisyen an nan yon fason ki raple [[Fernando Botero|Botero]]. Men, kèlkeswa sijè a, atansyon li sou detay te san rival."<ref>[http://www.indigoarts.com/gallery_haiti_slblaise.html "The Haitian Spirit - St. Louis Blaise", Indigo Arts Gallery.]</ref> Travay li yo lajman kolekte epi yo patikilyèman popilè nan [[Frans]], kote yo te ekspoze nan [[Pari]]. Penti a montre se nan koleksyon Galri Monnin, ki se ajan pou byen Blaise a, ansanm ak vèv li, Marie Wilmina Blaise (non nesans Victor). Blaise tou siviv pa de (2) pitit Marc Donald Blaise ak Nicoletta Mikline Blaise. Fanmi an te imigre nan [[Etazini]] aprè Blaise mouri. == Zèv li yo == *Sa li fè == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == {{DEFAULTSORT:Blaise, Saint-Louis}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:La]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Pent]] [[kategori:Atis ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Pent ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1956]] [[Kategori:Lanmò 1994]] 2i7x2q37x8c61jvllndkc0jn5z0q1br 0 32216 890271 804957 2026-11-11T09:35:50Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ale menm non|Blaise}} {{moun |non=Serge Moléon Blaise |foto= |tèks= |fonksyon=pent |domèn= La, penti |diplòm= |etid= |dat nesans= [[1951]] |lye nesans= [[Kap Ayisyen]] |peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]] |dat lanmò= |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite=ayisyen |zèv= |nòt= |}} '''Serge Moléon Blaise''', ki fèt nan lane [[1951]] nan [[Kap Ayisyen]] ([[Ayiti]]), se yon pent [[ayisyen]]. == Biyografi == Manman li te yon machann nan fwi ak legim ak papa li te yon mekanisyen e pèseptè taks nan mache yo. Pi piti frè li yo, [[Fabolon Blaise]] ak [[Saint-Louis Blaise]], yo tou te pent selèb toupatou nan lemond. Serge Moleon Blaise se pi gran an nan kat (4) frè Blaise. Yo te ye pent ayisyen. [[Saint-Louis Blaise]] mouri nan laj 38 an akòz yon maladi san (ki te pa HIV) ak [[Fabolon Blaise]] mouri nan laj 28 akòz yon ilsè nan lestomak. Moleon demenaje ale rete nan Pòtoprens nan kòmansman 1970 an ak te vin asosye avèk Galeri la Monnin. Blaise pentire sèn nan istwa ayisyen, espesyalman sèn batay. Zèv li yo te montre nan mize nan Ewòp nan ane 1980 yo. Penti li ilistre kouvèti liv ''Le Recontre De Deux Mondes'' ki te katalog pou ekspozisyon nan 1992 nan Seville, Espay. Nan 1974 tout frè yo te nan penti nan Pòtoprens nan atelye a dèyè Galeri la Monnin nan Gran Ri. Pafwa flizyè frè te travay ansanm sou yon menm penti. Òt atis pent kòm [[Jean-Louis Senatus]], Eric Jean-Louis Nicolas Dreux te pentire nan Galeri Monnin. == Zèv li yo == *Sa li fè == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190406201634/http://www.artshaitian.com/Pages/Blaise,%20Serge%20Mo.html Serge Moléon Blaise] sou artshaitian.com {{DEFAULTSORT:Moléon Blaise, Serge}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:La]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Pent ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1951]] a1ewhk0j2sj2d4ge8h0p3xqccu9b80x 0 57830 890268 826045 2026-11-11T08:25:15Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moun |non=Pétion Savain |foto= |tèks=Petyon Saven |fonksyon=Pent, avoka, ekriven, jounalis |domèn=Penti, lalwa, literati |diplòm=Ecole Nationale de Droit |etid=St. Louis de Gonzague, J.B. Damien, Ecole Nationale de Droit |elèv=[[Xavier Amiama]], Jean Richard Coachy |mèt= |dat nesans=[[15 fevriye]] [[1906]] |lye nesans=[[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] |peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]] |dat lanmò=[[1973]] |lye lanmò=[[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] |peyi lanmò=[[Ayiti]] |nasyonalite= ayisyen |relijyon= |rezidans= |kontak= |Biyografi= |zèv= |omaj= |rekonpans= |remak= |fim= }} '''Pétion Savain''', ki fèt [[15 fevriye]] [[1906]] nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] ([[Ayiti]]) epi ki mouri an [[1973]] nan menm vil la, se yon atis [[Ayiti|ayisyen]], [[avoka]], pwofesè, ekriven ak jounalis. Yo konsidere li kòm youn nan premye pent Ayisyen ki te jwenn siksè e ke moun te vin konnen an deyò Ayiti. Li reprezante youn nan pi gwo lidè nan ''[[Mouvman Endijèn]]'' ki te kòmanse an Ayiti nan lane 1920 yo ki te gen kòm objektif pou onore kilti ayisyèn an, rasin peyi a ki soti an Afrik ak valè peyizan yo. Konsyans sa te kòmanse fòme nan mitan atis yo sou ''Lokipasyon Amerikèn'' ki te kòmanse an 1919 paske yo te soufri anpil nan men blan Meriken an ki te trete yo kòm enferyè paske yo te rasis e ki pat bay kilti ayisyen ak sosyete a anpil valè. == Biyografi == '''Pétion Savain''' te fèt 16 fevriye 1906 nan lavil Pòtoprens. Li te fè etid li nan lekòl St. Louis de Gonzague e li te premye aprann pentire nan lekòl vokasyon atis yo rele J.B. Damien. Misye te kòmanse pentire tablo pou lwazi, men se metye avoka li t'ap aprann pwofesyonèlman. Li jwenn diplòm inivèsitè li nan dwa an 1931. An 1930, te gen yon atis ameriken nwa yo rele William Scott ki te ale an Ayiti.<ref name="NouvellisteOct2016">{{cite news | language=fr | title=L’indigénisme haïtien : des artistes du mouvement (I) | publisher=Le Nouvelliste | date=26 oktòb 2016 | author1=[[Gérald Alexis]] | url= https://lenouvelliste.com/article/164644/lindigenisme-haitien-des-artistes-du-mouvement-i}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="NouvellisteNov2016">{{cite news | language=fr | title=L’indigénisme haïtien : Des artistes du mouvement (III) | publisher=Le Nouvelliste | date=8 novanm 2016 | author1=[[Gérald Alexis]] | url = https://lenouvelliste.com/article/165028/lindigenisme-haitien-des-artistes-du-mouvement-iii}}</ref> Lè li te rankontre Savain an 1931, li te ankouraje li pentire sèn de lavi lokal Ayiti, [[fòklò]], e lòt bagay sosyal. Se nan jan sa nou vin konnen non Pétion Savain e se estil sa ke plizyè ti atis a travè Ayiti toujou ap imite. Menm William Scott sa a te entwodui Savain nan salon kote magazin yo te rele ''Revue Indigène'' te konn enprime. [[Jacques Roumain]] ki te yon gwo ekriven ayisyen se te youn nan moun ki te fonde ''Revue Indigène'', e magazin sa-a te an tèt ''Mouvman Endijèn'' ki te an fonksyonman nan lane ventèn jiskaske an lane senkantèn yo. Anpil lòt enpòtan ekriven ayisyen tankou [[Jean Price-Mars]], [[Phillipe-Thoby Marcelin]], [[Pierre Marcelin]], [[Emile Roumer]], [[Carl Brouard]] te konn ekri ladan li. Se konsa nou komanse vin rekonèt Savain kòm youn nan lidè ''Mouvman Endijèn'' lan ki te pran li pou bi pou li te leve kilti ayisyèn an. Nan lane 1935, yon atis yo rele [[Xavier Amiama]] te kite peyi'l nan [[Dominikani]] pou li etidye nan estidyo Savain. Ansanm, yo fè anpil ane ap pentire e aprann nan men lòt. Nan lane 1941, li kite Ayiti ale [[Nou Yòk]] pou li ale etidye penti miray avèk [[Jean Charlot]], estil klasik yo rele ''tempera'' ou byen ''tranpe nan ze'' (nan Franse : détrempe à l'œuf) avèk [[Stephane Hisch]], e teknik grave planch ou byen bwa nan men [[John Taylor Arms]] nan New York Art Students leage. Lè li tounen Ayiti, li pwodui anpil tablo e de 1950 a 1956 te ekri yon kolòm nan yon jounal. Dat li mouri an pa vrèman sètan. Pifò moun kwè se lane 1975 li desede, men gen sous ki plase li mouri anvan sa nan lane 1973. == Zèv li yo == An 1939, Savain te ekri yon liv yo rele ''La Case de Damballah'' e se lè sa tou, li te kòmanse ekspoze anpil tablo li [[Kiba]]. Liv sa a pat tradui an anglè, men te popilè an Ayiti paske li te youn nan premye liv ki te eksplore kilti peyizan an, seremoni vodou ak lavi moun nan provens. Anpil tablo Savain san tit, men nou rekonèt anpil tèm ki toujou parèt ladan yo. Se li menm ki te fè tablo machann ou byen sèn nan mache popilè. Estil sa a vin kopye pa milye atis ayisyen pou jis nan tan kounya. Li te konn pentire dans afrikèn, seremoni [[vodou]], e sèn nòmal de lavi nan [[Pòtoprens]]. Sijè tablo li yo preske se tout fanm yo ye. === Liv === * ''La Case de Damballah'' * ''Les Œuvres Nouvelles'' === Penti === Tablo Petion Savain vann nan plizyè galri a travè latè ak anpil gwo zanchè. Enpe tablo li te pentire : * ''Trois femmes (Twa (3) fanm)'' * ''Mère et enfant (Manman ak pitit)'' * ''Market scene (Sèn nan mache)'' series * ''Maternité (Matènite)'' * ''Deux femmes (De (2) fanm)'' * ''Les Vendeurs (Machann yo)'' * ''Boy with yoyo (Tigason ak yoyo)'' * ''Market on the hill (Mache sou mòn)'' * ''Marchandes de Poissons (Machann pwason)'' * ''The Marahani'' * ''Housewives'' == Rekonpans == * Meday IBM nan ''Treasure Island World's Fair'' * Yon twofe nan ''Gallery of Science and Art'' an 1939 * Yon twofe nan ''Pan-American Airways'' an 1933 == Gade tou == * [[Penti Ayisyen]] * [[Lis atis ayisyen]] == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207060304/http://www.artshaitian.com/Pages/haitianartsavain.html Kèk penti li fè] sou artshaitian.com {{DEFAULTSORT:Savain, Pétion}} [[kategori:Moun]] [[kategori:Penti]] [[Kategori:Pent]] [[Kategori:Pent ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Literati]] [[Kategori:Ekriven]] [[Kategori:Ekriven ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1906]] h06yfpckbzqj08880arl7bcwmj45ajm 0 59215 890273 787772 2026-11-11T10:12:44Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ebòch}} {{definisyon |fanmi=non komen |rejis= |domen= |sans= |imaj= |gade= |nòt= |referans= }} [[Fichye:Khmersilk.JPG|thumb|Swa [[Kanbòdj]].]] [[Fichye:Court ladies pounding silk from a painting (捣练图) by Emperor Huizong.jpg|thumb|Medam lakou bate swa yon penti.]] '''Swa''' se yon materyo fen ki fèt nan yon fil fen ki fèt pa yon ensèk. Swa se yon fib [[pwoteyin]] natirèl ki gen orijin bèt yo itilize nan fabrikasyon atik ak pwodui an twal yo. Pwoteyin swa yo se long makwomolekil estriktirèl ki fèt avèk [[asid amine]] (sitou alanin, glisin ak serin), repetisyon ki bay monte nan yon fib idwofob. Anpil atwopod pwodui swa nan glann serisijèn, ki gen ladan areye (swa arenyen) ak cheni yo nan kèk papiyon (iponomèt, bonbiks). Kapasite pou pwodui fib swa te parèt plizyè fwa pandan evolisyon.1 Si ensèk nan prèske tout lòd sekrete yon materyo pwoteyin ekivalan, se sèlman kèk gwoup ki devlope yon vre konpòtman pou kreye fil swa (Imenoptè, Lepidoptè, Anbiyoptè, Tisanoptè, Trikoptè ak kèk lav Diptè).2 Twal swa yo sitou sòti nan kokon ki te pwodui pa cheni a (vè swa) nan bonbiks sikomò a (Bombix mori) pou swa kiltive, ak vè swa tussah la (plizyè espès nan cheni nan jan Antheraea) pou swa sovaj.3 Swa ta dekouvri ant 2000 ak 3000 anvan Jezikri. == Etimoloji == Mo ''swa'' a soti nan lang franse a (''soie'') ki soti nan yon mo laten (''sæta'' ki vle di pwal kochon, kochon barak, cheve kabrit, krinyè chwal). == Istwa == == Pwodiksyon == === Elvaj vè swa === <gallery> Fichye:Vers à soie (4).JPG|Devlopman vè swa. Li nan tèt, adwat a goch, apresa anba, agoch ​​a dwat. Fichye:Silk worm 21 days 01.jpg|Cheni [[vè swa]], nan laj 21 jou. Fichye:Bombyx mori Cocon 02.jpg|Kokon [[vè swa]]. </gallery> === Preparasyon kokon === === Filati === === Moulinaj === == Pwopryete == === Pwopryete fizik === == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080919153303/http://www.chez.com/soie/index.html Istwa anlè swa] 8mhx2mujpsehz12jq9yc4rrygq6vi2r 0 63096 890250 866442 2026-11-11T00:32:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moun |non=Féquière Lucien |foto=Volo Volo de Boston.jpg |tèks=Volo Volo de Boston |fonksyon=Mizisyen, Chantè |domèn=mizik |diplòm= |etid= Kontablite, Imobilye |dat nesans=[[14 desanm]] [[1956]] |lye nesans=[[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] |peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]] |dat lanmò= |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite= ayisyen |relijyon= |rezidans= [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] |kontak= |Biyografi= |zèv= |omaj= |rekonpans= |gwoup=Volo Volo De Boston |enstriman=[[vwa]] }} '''Féquière Lucien''', ki fèt [[14 desanm]] [[1956]] nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] ([[Ayiti]]), se yon [[mizisyen]] ak [[chantè]] ki aktyèlman nan gwoup [[Volo Volo De Boston|Volo Volo de Boston]]. == Premyé année yo == [[Féquière Lucien]] <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20221008002109/https://www.opamusic.com/artist/fequiere-lucien/ Achive Mizik Ayisyen</ref> né 14 desanm 1956 nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]]. Paran li sé Ayisyen : Philistin Lucien ak Elizabeth Bellevue. Li fè etid li nan [[:en:Saint-Louis_de_Gonzague|Saint-Louis de Gonzague]] ak [[Grégoire Eugène]] anvan li pati pou [[Etazini]]. A laj 12 zan, Féquière té trè entérésé aprann jwé [[gita]] ak chanté san yon idé ki koté sa tap rivé. Lè li té gen 14 zan, paran li té désidé voyél alé etidyé alétranjé. Féquière pasé 3 mwa [[Nouyòk]] anvan li délojé al [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] koté yo di ki gen meyè lekòl ak lòt opòtinité. == Karyè == Nan lane 1978, gwoup [[Volo Volo]]<ref>Jackson, Regine O., ed. (27 June 2011)[https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ6tAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 Geographies of the Haitian Diaspora] p.152 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN ISBN] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136807886 9781136807886]. rekipéré Octòb 6, 2022</ref> tap chèché yon lòt chantè pou ranplasé [[Ti Manno]]. Féquière té jwen n yon rekomandasyon pou li al fè odisyon kòm chantè ki pat konu nan kominote a. Pami tout lot chantè ki té fè odisyon, gwoup la té chwazi Féquière kòm chantè dépi lè sa a. [[Atis]] la té gen 22 zan. Féquière Lucien<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20221008002109/https://www.opamusic.com/artist/fequiere-lucien/ Achive Mizik Ayisyen</ref> chanté plizyè albòm avèk [[Volo Volo De Boston|Volo Volo de Boston]], é li té patisipé nan lòt pwojè albòm ak anpil lot atis. Li chanté sou plizyè albòm popilè Kòm: ''La nature'', ''Nou nan route'', ''14 karat gold'' ak ''33yèm Anivèsè''. Kèlke mizik popilè li chante se : ''Do it'', ''Fè kow sekwé'', ''Ayanman'', ''Nou nan route'', ''Mélodie'', ''Minouche'', ''Party time'', ''Gason palé'', ''Haïti'', ''Yon sèl Volo.. Lòt pwojè albòm li chanté sé : ''Racines'' ak ''Koneksyon''. Atis la toujou nan gwoup Volo Volo de Boston kòm chantè, konpozitè ak chèf égzékitif. == Zèv li yo == * ''La nature'' * ''Nou nan route'' * ''14 karat gold'' * ''Mélodie'' * ''Do it'' * ''Fè kow sékwé'' * ''Ayanman'' * ''Minouche'' * ''Party time'' * ''Gason pale'' * ''Yon sèl Volo'' == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * (en) [http://www.volovolodeboston.com Sitwèb ofisyèl Volo Volo de Boston] * [http://musique.haiti.free.fr/discographie/fiches/volovolo00pagedr.htm Achive mizik Ayiti] sou Musique.Haïti * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151003174611/https://www.afromix.org/html/musique/artistes/volo-volo-de-boston/index.en.html Afromix Liberi entènet] sou afromix.org * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/1319278-Volo- Discogs libréri] sou discogs.com * [https://archive.org/details/vinyl_bostonpubliclibrary?and%5B%5D=volo+volo+&sin= Librérie Piblik nan Boston] {{DEFAULTSORT:Lucien, Féquière}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Mizik]] [[Kategori:Atis]] [[Kategori:Mizisyen]] [[Kategori:Chantè]] [[Kategori:Chantè ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Mizisyen ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1956]] 7h05ehsufepwnj4v108axdcjq1jzlev 0 71787 890253 880837 2026-11-11T02:06:26Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890253 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ingrid Donnadieu''' se yon [[Aktè|aktris]] [[Frans|fransèz]], ki fèt [[8 oktòb]] [[1983]]<ref name="allodoublage">{{cite web |url=http://allodoublage.com/comediens_vf/definition.php?val=124_donnadieu+ingrid |title=Ingrid Donnadieu : Doublages, filmographie + interview |website=AlloDoublage.com |date=1 jen 2018 |access-date=2019-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630092600/http://www.allodoublage.com/comediens_vf/definition.php?val=124_donnadieu+ingrid |archive-date=2019-06-30 |dead-url=yes}}.</ref>. == Biyografi == Li se pitit fi aktè [[Bernard-Pierre Donnadieu]]. Ingrid Donnadieu akonpaye li regilyèman sou plato [[doublaj]] nan ane 1990 yo. == Zèv li yo == === Sinema === * [[2006]] : ''[[Le Serpent (fim, 2007)|Le Serpent]]'' : la réceptionniste * [[2011]] : ''[[À Léa]]'' (kout fim) : Léa * [[2016]] : ''[[À fond (fim)|À fond]]'' de [[Nicolas Benamou]] : gendarme Vignali * [[2018]] : ''[[Mauvaises Herbes (fim)|Mauvaises herbes]]'' de [[Kheiron]] : Monique (jèn) === Televizyon === * [[2004]] : ''[[S.O.S. 18]]'' (Seri TV) : Delphine * [[2007]] : ''[[Alice et Charlie]]'' (Seri TV) : Ségolène * [[2007]] : ''[[L'Hôpital (seri)|L'Hôpital]]'' (Seri TV) : La policière * [[2012]] : ''[[La smala s'en mêle]]'' (Seri TV) (épisode ''[[Sauvage concurrence]]'') : Magalie * [[2013]] : ''[[Interdit d'enfants]]'' * [[2014]] : ''[[Richelieu, la Pourpre et le Sang]]'' : [[Marie de Hautefort]] * [[2014]] : ''[[Camping Paradis]]'' (seri tv) (Épisode 2 Sezon 6 : ''Noce de toiles'') : Christelle * [[2015]] : ''[[Contact (seri)|Contact]]'', seri TV de [[Frédéric Berthe]] : Mélanie Rieux == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://www.imdb.com/&id=nm1589794 Ingrid Donnadieu] sou IMDb * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171012043659/https://www.ingriddonnadieu.com/ Sitwèb Ingrid Donnadieu] {{DEFAULTSORT:Donnadieu, Ingrid}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Fanm]] [[Kategori:Aktè]] [[Kategori:Aktè sinema]] [[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]] [[Kategori:Aktè franse]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1983]] a94w005d9hgdu6yuh2rc7e6jxmo5th3 0 74034 890266 870930 2026-11-11T07:38:16Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890266 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:COVID-19_Outbreak_Cases_in_the_United_States_(Density).svg|thumb|Eta konsène :<br> * Dat orijin : depi 21 janvye 2020<br> * Ka konfime : 501 609<br> * Ka geri : 29 183<br> * Moun mouri : 18 777]] Premye ka konfime '''[[maladi kowonaviris 2019]]''' (COVID-19) nan [[Etazini]] te anonse sou 21 janvye 2020. Sou 6 mas 2020, te gen omwen '''236 ka konfime ak sispèk nan COVID-19 nan Etazini''', ki gen ladan '''14 lanmò'''.<ref name="BNOTracker">{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/02/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/|title=WORLDTracking coronavirus: Map, data and timeline|date=29 fevriye 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207094027/https://bnonews.com/index.php/2020/02/the-latest-coronavirus-cases/|archive-date= 7 fevriye 2020|access-date=29 fevriye 2020}}</ref> == Istorik == Sou 31 janvye 2020, gouvènman ameriken an te mande Ameriken yo ki te retounen soti nan peyi Lachin aprè vwayaje nan Hubei rete pou karantèn pandan 14 jou. Etazini yo entèdi antre nan ki pa Ameriken yo ki te vwayaje nan peyi [[Lachin]] pandan de (2) denyè semèn. Gouvènman Etazini an te evakye anplwaye li yo ak sitwayen li yo ki pa travay li nan Hubei ak bato a kwazyè Diamond Princess, nan karantèn nan Yokohama. Otorite sanitè amerikèn, ki gen ladan Sant pou Kontwòl ak Prevansyon maladi, ap mande gouvènman lokal yo, konpayi yo ak lekòl yo devlope plan tankou anile reyinyon mas oswa chanje nan teletravay yo nan lòd yo dwe pare nan ka bezwen.<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/covid-19-authorities-expect-community-spread-us-soil-12470978|title=Health authorities expect COVID-19 community spread on US soil|date=26 fevriye 2020|access-date=27 fevriye 2020|archive-date=2021-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501025234/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/covid-19-authorities-expect-community-spread-us-soil-12470978|dead-url=yes}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="autogenerated1">{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/specific-groups/guidance-business-response.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fguidance-business-response.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|date=11 fevriye 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301220133/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/specific-groups/guidance-business-response.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019-ncov%2Fguidance-business-response.html|archive-date=1 mas 2020|access-date=28 fevriye 2020}}</ref> == Prekosyon == Pou anpeche pwopagasyon kowonaviris la, [[CDC]] a rekòmande : * [[lave men]] ou souvan avèk savon ak dlo pandan omwen 20 segonn oswa itilize yon dezenfektan pou men ([[solisyon idwo-alkolik]]) (ki baze sou alkòl avèk omwen 60% alkòl si pa gen okenn savon oswa dlo), * evite manyen zye, nen ak bouch ou, * kouvri ou touse ak etènye, * rete lakay ou lè ou malad, * evite kontak avèk moun ki malad, * ak netwaye ak dezenfekte "objè souvan manyen ak sifas lè li sèvi avèk yon ayewosol oswa yon papye pou netwaye".<ref name="CDC COVID-19 Prevention">{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention-treatment.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Prevention & Treatment|last=CDC|website=CDC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226145347/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/prevention-treatment.html|archive-date=26 fevriye 2020|access-date=29 fevriye 2020}}</ref> == Estatistik == '''Miz ajou : 11 avril 2020''' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Eta ! scope="col" |Ka konfime ! scope="col" |Moun mouri ! scope="col" |Ka geri ! scope="col" |Ref |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Alabama.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Alabama]] |2,838 |78 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=http://alabamapublichealth.gov/infectiousdiseases/2019-coronavirus.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|last=|first=|date=2020-04-09|website=Alabama Public Health|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-09}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Alaska.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Alaska]] |235 |7 |32 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.dhss.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/Pages/COVID-19/monitoring.aspx|title=COVID-19: Case Counts|last=|first=|date=2020-04-05|website=Alaska Department of Health and Social Services|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330100817/http://dhss.alaska.gov/dph/Epi/id/Pages/COVID-19/monitoring.aspx|archive-date=2020-03-30|access-date=2020-04-06|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of American Samoa.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] Samoa ameriken |0 |0 |0 | |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Arizona.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Arizona]] |3,018 |89 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.azdhs.gov/preparedness/epidemiology-disease-control/infectious-disease-epidemiology/index.php#novel-coronavirus-home|title=ADHS {{!}} Epidemiology & Disease Control - Highlighted Infectious Disease for Arizona {{!}} COVID-19|last=|first=|date=|website=Arizona Department of Health Services|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/|title=worldometer {{!}} United States {{!}} Coronavirus Cases|last=|first=|date=|website=worldometer|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Arkansas.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Arkansas]] |1,202 |24 |329 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |url=https://adem.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/f533ac8a8b6040e5896b05b47b17a647 |title=Arkansas COVID-19 Update- Arkansas Department of Health |accessdate=10 avril 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of California.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Kalifòni]] |19,472 |541 |307 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |last1=Kawahara |first1=Matt |title=Coronavirus live updates: 127 healthcare workers in California infected |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Coronavirus-live-updates-news-bay-area-15169654.php |accessdate=2 April 2020 |work=SFChronicle.com |date=2 avril 2020}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Immunization/ncov2019.aspx |title=COVID-19 |publisher=California Department of Public Health |date= |accessdate=2020-04-07}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of North Carolina.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Karolin dinò]] |3,651 |65 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.ncdhhs.gov/covid-19-case-count-nc|title=COVID-19 Case Count in North Carolina|date=2020-04-06|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of South Carolina.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Karolin disid]] |2,792 |67 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.scdhec.gov/infectious-diseases/viruses/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/monitoring-testing-covid-19|title=Testing & SC Data (COVID-19) &#124; SCDHEC|date=2020-04-05|website=scdhec.gov|access-date=2020-04-06|archive-date=2020-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329030338/https://scdhec.gov/infectious-diseases/viruses/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/monitoring-testing-covid-19|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Colorado.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Kolorado]] |6,202 |226 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://covid19.colorado.gov/case-data|title=Case data|date=2020-04-08|work=Colorado COVID-19 Updates|accessdate=2020-04-08|archive-date=2020-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330010307/https://covid19.colorado.gov/case-data|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Connecticut.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Konèktikòt]] |9,784 |380 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=http://portal.ct.gov/coronavirus|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|website=State of Connecticut|date=2020-04-08|accessdate=2020-04-09|archive-date=2020-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329073146/https://portal.ct.gov/Coronavirus|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of North Dakota.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Dakota dinò]] |269 |5 |101 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.health.nd.gov/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/north-dakota-coronavirus-cases|title=North Dakota Coronavirus Cases|publisher=North Dakota Department of Health|date=2020-04-05|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of South Dakota.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Dakota disid]] |447 |6 |161 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://doh.sd.gov/news/Coronavirus.aspx|title=NOVEL CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) updates and information|website=South Dakota Department of Health|date=2020-04-05|accessdate=2020-04-06|archive-date=2020-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411225630/https://doh.sd.gov/news/Coronavirus.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Delaware.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Delawè]] |1,209 |23 |173 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/epi/2019novelcoronavirus.html|title=Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)|last=|first=|date=7 avril 2020|website=Delaware Division of Public Health|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320094348/https://www.dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/epi/2019novelcoronavirus.html|archive-date=2020-03-20|access-date=|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Washington, D.C..svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Wachintòn|Distrik Kolonbya]] |1,523 |32 |393 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://coronavirus.dc.gov/page/coronavirus-data|title=Coronavirus Data|website=coronavirus.dc.gov|date=2020-04-08|access-date=2020-04-09|archive-date=2020-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323134324/https://coronavirus.dc.gov/page/coronavirus-data|dead-url=yes}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name="WaPo DMV">{{en}} {{Cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/local/dc-maryland-virginia-coronavirus-cases/?itid=hp_local-topic-chain_virusdmv-730pm%3Ahomepage%2Fstory-ans |title = Tracking known coronavirus cases in D.C., Maryland and Virginia |work=Washington Post}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Florida.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Florid]] |17,968 |419 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |title=Florida's COVID-19 Data and Surveillance Dashboard |url=https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/96dd742462124fa0b38ddedb9b25e429 |publisher=Florida Department of Health, Division of Disease Control and Health Protection |accessdate=2020-04-09}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://floridahealthcovid19.gov/|title=2019 Novel Coronavirus Response (COVID-19)|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=Florida Department of Health|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=27 mas 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of the State of Georgia.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Djòdji]] |11,483 |416 |0 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dph.georgia.gov/covid-19-daily-status-report|title=Georgia Department of Public Health COVID-19 Daily Status Report|website=Georgia Department of Public Health|date=2020-04-09|accessdate=2020-04-09|archive-date=2020-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605120521/https://dph.georgia.gov/covid-19-daily-status-report|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Guam.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Guam]] |130 |4 |41 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dphss.guam.gov/covid-19/|title=COVID-19|website=dphss.guam.gov|date=2020-04-09|accessdate=2020-04-09|archive-date=2020-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824183637/http://dphss.guam.gov/covid-19/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Hawaii.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Awayi]] |464 |7 |284 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://health.hawaii.gov/coronavirusdisease2019/|title=Disease Outbreak Control Division, State of Hawai'i, Department of Health|accessdate=10 avril 2020}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://health.hawaii.gov/coronavirusdisease2019/what-you-should-know/current-situation-in-hawaii/|title=Current Situation in Hawaii|website=health.hawaii.gov|accessdate=10 avril 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Idaho.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Idaho]] |1,353 |24 |0 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coronavirus.idaho.gov/|title=Idaho Official Resources for the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)|website=Idaho Official Government Website|accessdate=2020-03-27|archive-date=2020-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616042015/https://coronavirus.idaho.gov/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Illinois.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Ilinwa]] |17,887 |596 |0 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/coronavirus|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) &#124; IDPH|website=dph.illinois.gov|access-date=2020-04-11|archive-date=2020-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314230319/http://www.dph.illinois.gov/topics-services/diseases-and-conditions/diseases-a-z-list/coronavirus|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Indiana.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Indiana]] |6,351 |245 |0 |<ref>{{cite web |title=ISDH - Novel Coronavirus: Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) |url=https://coronavirus.in.gov/ |website=coronavirus.in.gov |date=2020-04-08|accessdate=2020-04-09}}</ref> |- |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Iowa.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Iowa]] |1,270 |29 |476 |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://idph.iowa.gov/emerging-health-issues/novel-coronavirus|title=Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)|website=idph.iowa.gov|access-date=2020-04-11|archive-date=2020-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612040021/https://idph.iowa.gov/Emerging-Health-Issues/Novel-Coronavirus|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Kansas.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Kansas]] |1,106 |42 |0 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://govstatus.egov.com/coronavirus|title=COVID-19 Updates|last=|first=|date=|website=govstatus.egov.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330084700/https://govstatus.egov.com/coronavirus|archive-date=2020-03-30|access-date=2020-04-05|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Kentucky.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Kentucky]] |1,452 |79 |339 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|last1=Desrochers|first1=Daniel|title=Kentucky Coronavirus Tracker: A map and list of all COVID-19 cases in Kentucky |url=https://www.kentucky.com/news/politics-government/article241165146.html|website=Kentucky.com|publisher=Lexington Herald-Leader|accessdate=5 avril 2020}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://govstatus.egov.com/kycovid19|title=kycovid19.ky.gov|website=govstatus.egov.com}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Louisiana.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Lwiziana]] |19,253 |755 |0 |<ref name="louisiana">{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://ldh.la.gov/Coronavirus/|title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) {{!}} Department of Health {{!}} State of Louisiana|website=ldh.la.gov|access-date=2020-03-27|archive-date=2020-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322003056/http://ldh.la.gov/Coronavirus/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Maine.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Maine]] |560 |16 |202 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/airborne/coronavirus.shtml|title=Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)|publisher=Maine Center for Disease Control & Prevention: Division of Disease Surveillance|date=2020-04-06|access-date=2020-04-06|archive-date=2020-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313203657/https://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/infectious-disease/epi/airborne/coronavirus.shtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Maryland.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Maryland]] |6,185 |138 |376 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coronavirus.maryland.gov/|title=Coronavirus - Maryland Department of Health|website=coronavirus.maryland.gov|date=2020-04-06|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Massachusetts.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]][[Massachusetts]] |20,974 |599 |4,316 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.mass.gov/info-details/covid-19-cases-quarantine-and-monitoring|title=COVID-19 Cases, Quarantine and Monitoring|website=Mass.gov}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Michigan.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Michigàn]] |22,783 |1,281 |5 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.bridgemi.com/michigan-health-watch/beaumont-chief-blasts-michigan-lack-hospital-data-during-coronavirus|title=Beaumont chief blasts Michigan for lack of hospital data during coronavirus|date=April 5, 2020|website=bridgemi.com}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.beaumont.org/health-wellness/coronavirus|title=Beaumont Health &#124; Coronavirus Outbreak &#124; What to Know|website=beaumont.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus - Michigan Data |url=https://www.michigan.gov/coronavirus/0,9753,7-406-98163-520743--,00.html |publisher=State of Michigan |date=2020-04-05|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Minnesota.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Minesota]] |1,242 |50 |675 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|title=Situation Update for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) - Minnesota Dept. of Health |url=https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/coronavirus/situation.html|website=health.state.mn.us |date=2020-04-05|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Missisippi (2001–2020).svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Misisipi]] |2,260 |76 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/14,0,420.html|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|publisher=Mississippi State Department of Health|date=2020-04-06|accessdate=2020-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406011048/https://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static/14,0,420.html|archive-date=2020-04-06|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Missouri.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Misouri (eta)|Misouri]] |3,539 |77 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://health.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/communicable/novel-coronavirus/pdf/gov-dashboard.pdf|title=COVID-19 HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION|date=6 avril 2020|publisher=health.mo.gov|author=Missouri Hospital Association|access-date=2020-04-11|archive-date=2020-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502074359/https://health.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/communicable/novel-coronavirus/pdf/gov-dashboard.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://health.mo.gov/living/healthcondiseases/communicable/novel-coronavirus/|title=COVID-19 Outbreak|publisher=Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services |accessdate=17 mas 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Montana.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Montana]] |354 |6 |157 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://montana.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=7c34f3412536439491adcc2103421d4b|title=MONTANA RESPONSE: COVID-19 - Coronavirus - Global, National, and State Information Resources|date=2020-04-05|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Nebraska.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Nebraska]] |577 |15 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://nebraska.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/4213f719a45647bc873ffb58783ffef3|title=Coronavirus COVID-19 Nebraska Cases by the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS)|date=2020-04-05|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Nevada.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Nevada]] |2,456 |86 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://app.powerbigov.us/view?r=eyJrIjoiMjA2ZThiOWUtM2FlNS00MGY5LWFmYjUtNmQwNTQ3Nzg5N2I2IiwidCI6ImU0YTM0MGU2LWI4OWUtNGU2OC04ZWFhLTE1NDRkMjcwMzk4MCJ9|title=COVID-19 (Coronavirus)|publisher=State of Nevada Department of Health and Human Services: Office of Analytics|date=2020-04-06|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of New Hampshire.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Nou Anpchi]] |819 |21 |234 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.nh.gov/covid19/|title=Novel Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)|publisher=New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services|accessdate=27 mas 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of New Jersey.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Nou Jèze]] |51,027 |1,700 |92 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/covid2019_dashboard.shtml|title=Department of Health &#124; Communicable Disease Service &#124; New Jersey COVID-19 Dashboard|website=nj.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nj.gov/health/cd/topics/covid2019_professionals.shtml|title=Department of Health &#124; Communicable Disease Service &#124; COVID-19: Information for Public Health Professionals|website=nj.gov}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/|title=worldometer {{!}} United States {{!}} Coronavirus Cases|last=|first=|date=|website=worldometer|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of New Mexico.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Nou Meksiko]] |989 |17 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://cv.nmhealth.org/|title=2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of New York.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Nou Yòk (eta)|Nou Yòk]] |159,937 |7,067 |13,000 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web |title=County by County Breakdown of Positive Cases |url=https://coronavirus.health.ny.gov/county-county-breakdown-positive-cases|website=Department of Health|accessdate=29 mas 2020}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{en}} {{cite news |title=Coronavirus in New York: Latest Updates |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/new-york-coronavirus-cases-updates.html |accessdate=5 avril 2020 |work=Intelligencer |date=5 avril 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Zile Maryana dinò]] |8 |1 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.guampdn.com/story/news/local/2020/04/02/two-more-confirmed-cases-covid-19-cnmi-total-now-8/5110376002/|title=Two more confirmed cases of COVID-19 in CNMI, total now 8|date=2 avril 2020|website=Pacific Daily News|access-date=2 avril 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Il Vyèj amerikèn]] |50 |1 |43 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://doh.vi.gov/covid19usvi|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Ohio.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Ohio]] |5,836 |227 |0 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coronavirus.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/covid-19/|title=Ohio Department of Health|website=coronavirus.ohio.gov|date=2020-04-05|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Oklahoma.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Oklahoma]] |1,684 |80 |0 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coronavirus.health.ok.gov/|title=COVID-19 &#124; Oklahoma State Department of Health &#124;|website=coronavirus.health.ok.gov}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Oregon.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Oregon]] |1,321 |44 |0 |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oregon.gov/oha/PH/DISEASESCONDITIONS/DISEASESAZ/Pages/emerging-respiratory-infections.aspx|title=Oregon Health Authority : Emerging Respiratory Infections: COVID-19 : Diseases A to Z : State of Oregon|website=oregon.gov|accessdate=17 mas 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Pennsylvania.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Pènsilvani]] |19,979 |416 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/coronavirus/2020/04/pa-coronavirus-update-78-new-deaths-4-of-them-in-lehigh-valley-covid-19-confirmed-in-all-67-counties-4720.html|title=Pa. coronavirus update: 78 new deaths, 4 of them in Lehigh Valley; COVID-19 confirmed in all 67 counties (4/7/20)|first=Steve|last=Novak|date=7 avril 2020|website=lehighvalleylive}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.health.pa.gov/topics/disease/coronavirus/Pages/Cases.aspx|title=COVID-19 Cases in Pennsylvania|website=PA Department of Health|accessdate=2020-03-27}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Pòtoriko]] |683 |33 |0 |<ref>{{es}} {{cite web|url=http://www.salud.gov.pr/Pages/coronavirus.aspx|title=Departamento De Salud|date=2020-04-06|accessdate=2020-04-06|archive-date=2020-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314012744/http://www.salud.gov.pr/Pages/coronavirus.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Rhode Island.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Rod Aylann]] |1,727 |43 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://health.ri.gov/data/covid-19/|title=COVID-19 Disease Data|date=2020-04-05|website=RI Department of Health|access-date=2020-04-06|archive-date=2020-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329123300/https://health.ri.gov/data/covid-19/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Tennessee.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Tennessee]] |4,634 |94 |921 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov/health/cedep/ncov.html|title=Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)|date=3 avril 2020|work=|accessdate=3 avril 2020|publisher=Tennessee Department of Health|archive-date=2020-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612224048/https://www.tn.gov/health/cedep/ncov.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Texas.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Teksas]] |11,671 |226 |1,366 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://txdshs.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/ed483ecd702b4298ab01e8b9cafc8b83|title=COVID-19 in Texas (Dashboard)|last=|first=|date=10 avril 2020|website=|publisher=Texas DSHS|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=10 avril 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Utah.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Utah]] |1,976 |13 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://coronavirus.utah.gov/case-counts/|title=Latest Information|last=|first=|date=2020-04-05|website=coronavirus.utah.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702032831/https://coronavirus.utah.gov/case-counts/|archive-date=2020-07-02|accessdate=2020-04-06|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Vermont.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Vermont]] |628 |23 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.healthvermont.gov/response/infectious-disease/2019-novel-coronavirus|title=2019 Novel Coronavirus|last=|first=|date=|website=Vermont Department of Health|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407094847/https://www.healthvermont.gov/response/infectious-disease/2019-novel-coronavirus|archive-date=2020-04-07|access-date=2020-04-06|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Virginia.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Vijini]] |4,042 |109 |0 |<ref name=VDHSituationSummary>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/surveillance-and-investigation/novel-coronavirus/|title=CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19)|last=|first=|date=|website=Virginia Department of Health|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of West Virginia.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Vijini de Lwès]] |523 |5 |57 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://dhhr.wv.gov/COVID-19/Pages/default.aspx |title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|website=West Virginia Department of Health & Human Resources|date=2020-04-06|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Washington.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Wachintòn (eta)|Wachintòn]] |9,608 |446 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.doh.wa.gov/emergencies/coronavirus|title=2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19)|website=Washington Department of Health|date=2020-04-04|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Wisconsin.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Wiskonnsenn]] |2,885 |111 |0 |<ref>{{en}} {{cite web|title=2019 Novel Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19) |url=https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/outbreaks/index.htm|publisher=Wisconsin Department of Health Services|date=2020-04-05|accessdate=2020-04-06}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{en}} {{cite news|title=Coronavirus in Wisconsin: Latest COVID-19 updates, developments from across the state |url=https://www.tmj4.com/news/coronavirus/coronavirus-in-wisconsin-latest-covid-19-updates-developments-from-across-the-state|accessdate=1 avril 2020 |website=tmj4.com|date=29 mas 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |[[Fichye:Flag of Wyoming.svg|23x15px|border|alt=|link=]] [[Wyoming]] |239 |0 |105 |<ref>{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://health.wyo.gov/publichealth/infectious-disease-epidemiology-unit/disease/novel-coronavirus/covid-19-map-and-statistics/|title=COVID-19 Map and Statistics|publisher=Wyoming Department of Health|access-date=2020-04-11|archive-date=2020-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502080229/https://health.wyo.gov/publichealth/infectious-disease-epidemiology-unit/disease/novel-coronavirus/covid-19-map-and-statistics/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align:left;" |Total !456,676 !16,422 !30,577 ! |} == Gade tou == * [[Kowonaviris]] * [[Maladi kowonaviris 2019]] * ''Betacoronavirus'' * [[SARS-CoV-2]] * [[Pandemi kowonaviris an 2019-2020|Pandemi maladi kowonaviris 2019-2020]] ([[Pandemi maladi kowonaviris an 2020 nan Almay|Almay]], [[Pandemi maladi kowonaviris an 2020 nan Bèljik|Bèljik]], [[Pandemi maladi kowonaviris an 2020 nan Etazini|Etazini]], [[Pandemi maladi kowonaviris an 2020 nan Frans|Frans]], [[Pandemi maladi kowonaviris an 2020 nan Iran|Iran]], [[Pandemi maladi kowonaviris an 2020 nan Itali|Itali]], [[Pandemi maladi kowonaviris an 2020 nan Kore disid|Kore disid]], [[Pandemi maladi kowonaviris an 2020 nan Ostrali|Ostrali]], [[Pandemi maladi kowonaviris an 2020 nan Swis|Swis]]) * Bato kwazyè ''MS Westerdam'', ''Diamond Princess'' ak ''Grand Princess'' * Ksenofobi ak rasis ki lye ak epidemi COVID-19 2019-2020 == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:Pandemi]] [[Kategori:Kowonaviris]] [[Kategori:Pandemi kowonaviris]] a5jvcwbvg7mmikybr8v4om0jj5qq045 0 74486 890254 809857 2026-11-11T03:15:19Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890254 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Quarantaine_1.jpg|alt=|vignette| Drapo yo "Kebèk" ak "Lima" lè yo montre ansanm yo se siyal maritimn entènasyonal pou karantèn lan.]] '''Karantèn''' konsiste de izole moun, bèt, oswa plant pou yon sèten peryòd tan, lè maladi kontajye sispekte, pou anpeche pwopagasyon maladi sa yo. Pa anpeche kontak ant moun ki sispekte malad ak moun ki an sante andeyò zòn konfinman an, se kontajyon ki fè enposib epi maladi enfektye disparèt. Li se yon mezi baryè ; youn nan metòd prevansyon ak jesyon risk ki asosye ak [[Maladi kontajye|maladi enfektye]] ([[epidemi]], pandemi an patikilye). Nan ka moun ki malad "konfime", nou pale olye de '''izòlman'''. Nan sans figire, mo a tou deziyen kondisyon yon moun volontèman aleka (ostrasis). Pa ekstansyon, tèm sa a tou itilize nan domèn sekirite enfòmatik. An 2020, mond entye la nan karantèn pou anpeche pwopagasyon yon kowonaviris (covid-19). == Etimoloji ak evolisyon semantik == Mo "karantèn", ateste an [[Lang franse|franse]] depi ane [[1180 (almanak jilyen)|1180 yo]], te vle di "peryòd karant (40) jou" (peryòd karèm). An franse, nan sans "mezi sanitè" parèt nan 14yèm syèk, li soti nan ''Quaranta'' nan [[Lang italyen|italyen]] (nonm karant (40)) an [[1635]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/quarantaine|title=Quarantaine subst. fém.|publisher=CNRTL|access-date=8 novanm 2014}}</ref>{{,}}<ref name=":1"/> Karantèn sanitè defini istorikman kòm separasyon an, detansyon ak segregasyon nan sijè ki sispèk gen maladi kontajye. Answit mo a tou deziyen peryòd a izòlman moun, bèt, objè oswa machandiz.<ref name=":0"/> Nan epidemyoloji, mo a jodi a deziyen yon restriksyon konplè deplasman, pwopoze tanporèman oswa enpoze, sou moun aparamman sante ki kapab ekspoze a yon maladi kontajye (menm bèt oswa objè sispèk ke yo te kontaminan tankou bagaj, kontenè, mwayen transpò, machandiz...).<ref name=":7"/>Pandan ke mo ''izòlman'' ki gen rapò ak malad oswa moun ki san sentòm (yon malad deklare se izole, yon sijè nan peryòd enkibasyon posib ki izole nan karantèn).<ref name=":0"/> == Istwa == === Orijin === Separasyon ak entèdiksyon sosyal te dabò nan kad sakre a, avèk nosyon nan tabou, pou egzanp tabou alimantè. Separasyon pi ''bon'' ak ''move pou'' maladi yo manifeste nan [[Bib|Bib la]] (Levitik 15-2-5). Seyè a pale ak Moyiz ansanm ak Arawon, li di yo konsa: ² -Pale ak pèp Izrayèl la, di yo pou mwen: Lè yon nonm gen ekoulman, li pa nan kondisyon pou fè sèvis Bondye. ³ Kit ekoulman an ap koule, kit li bloke ti pati li, nonm lan pa nan kondisyon pou fè sèvis Bondye. ⁴ Moun k'ap sèvi Bondye pa ka sèvi ak kabann kote moun malad la kouche ni ak bagay kote l' te chita. ⁵ Tout moun ki manyen kabann lan gen pou lave rad ki sou yo, yo gen pou yo benyen nan gwo dlo, epi yo p'ap nan kondisyon pou fè sèvis Bondye jouk aswè. ---Bib la, Levitik 15:2-5. Pasaj sa a te entèprete kòm deskripsyon nan [[gonore]] avèk "deklarasyon obligatwa nan maladi kontajye" ak "izòlman ak dezenfeksyon". Nan medsin ebre, tèks mansyone maladi po avèk izòlman tanporè sosyal, oswa avèk esklizyon definitif (diskriminasyon lepre yo). Lide a nan nonm 40 kòm peryòd desizif tan ta dwe sa yo ki an Hippocrates (apeprè 5yèm syèk <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">AD</abbr>), ki endike ke yon maladi egi manifeste poukont li nan lespas 40 jou. Gen lòt ki mansyone Pitagò ki atribiye [[4 (nonm)|chif 4]] kalite mistik. Peryòd 40 jou sa yo adopte pa premye tèks kretyen (jèn 40 jou pou [[Jezi|Jezi Kris la]] nan dezè a).<ref name=":1"/> === Mwayennaj === [[Fichye:Leprosy_victims_taught_by_bishop.jpg|vignette| "pestifere beni" oswa "lepre prèchize" pa yon evèk. Minyati 14yèm syèk, ''Bibliyotèk Britanik'' nan Lond. ]] Nan [[Frans]], separasyon sosyal ak esklizyon nan lepre yo tonbe anba dekrè wayal sou 21 jen 1321. Rejè nan lepre yo se tout kote nòmal la, men nan aplikasyon lokal trè varye. Anpil vil gen yon lepwozri ki sitiye aleka, avèk limitasyon oswa kontwòl deplasman lepre yo. Rezon orijinal yo se dabò relijye ak moral : lèp se yon maladi nan lespri nan ki manifeste poukont li nan lanmò dousman nan kò a. Avèk pès nwa, rezon sanitè parèt nan premye plan. Mezi yo pran yo se reyalite a nan otorite minisipal ki depann sou sans komen nan yon ''kontajyozite'', yon konsèp ki gen ti kras enpòtans pou medsin medyeval.<ref name=":0"/> Pi ansyen mezi izòlman viktim pès se pou fèmen viktim pès (ak fanmi yo) nan kay yo (sezi), yon lòt se ekspilsyon nan vil la. Mezi sa yo, ki pi legal pase medikal, te vin adousi nan 16yèm syèk''.'' Plis raman, pasyan yo pèmèt yo sikile, men pote siy diferan. Estrikti yo mete anplas pou rekonsilye izòlman ak swen : kaz an bwa andeyò zòn bati an (an 1348 nan Avignon pa Pap Clément VI), lopital pestifere (nan Veniz an 1403). Kèk lepwozri konvèti nan lopital pou pestifere (nan Masèy an 1476). Karantèn maritim (izòlman prevantif) kòmanse sou 27 jiyè 1377, pa Gran Konsèy Ragusa ki entèdi aksè nan vil la oswa distri li ak moun «rive nan yon zòn enfektye pa pès, amwen yo rete dabò oswa nan Cavtat wete l 'la pandan yon mwa ", konsa etabli premyè karantèn ofisyèl la rekonèt tankou sa.{{,}} Menm lane a, Veniz adopte pwosede Ragusa (izòlman sou yon ti zile ki touprè). Sou konsèy doktè, dire a ogmante a 40 jou, daprè doktrin ipokratik nan jou kritik, kote yon maladi ki depase 40 jou ka sèlman yon maladi kwonik. Quaranta gaye nan pò italyen, li te adopte pa Masèy an 1383, Barcelone an 1458, [[Edinbo]] an 1475. Aplikasyon karantèn te ranfòse pa fondasyon lazarèt, ki gen ladan lazarèt nan Veniz (1403), ki te sèvi kòm modèl pou lòt pò (Genoa an 1469, Masèy an 1526). <ref name=":4">Jean-Noël Biraben 1976, op. cit., p. 174-175.</ref> Karantèn sou latè te dabò adopte nan Pwovans (Brignoles, 1464). Se sistèm karantèn ranfòse pa sètifika pou machandiz, ak tikè sante pou moun. Sètifika sa yo ateste orijin yon vil an sante.<ref name=":4">Jean-Noël Biraben 1976, op. cit., p. 174-175.</ref> === Peryòd klasik === [[Fichye:Pestlazarett_in_Wien_–_Alsergrund_-_Ex_voto.jpg|vignette| Lazarèt nan gran pès nan Vyèn an 1679, ex-voto an 1680, legliz Saint-Michel nan Vyèn. ]] Sistèm karantèn ak lazarèt vin yon administrasyon pèmanan apati 16yèm syèk nan peyi Itali. Malgre rivalite yo, site-leta italyèn yo lye pa yon rezo enfòmasyon sou sanitè ki soti nan [[Frans|Lafrans]], [[Swis]], ak Balkan. Egzanp sa a swiv pa site alman ; Lè nou konsidere ke yon lòt kote, nan Frans, nan [[Espay]] oswa nan [[Angletè]], karantèn yo se sèlman mezi tanporè. Depi fen 17yèm syèk, yo piti a piti transfere sistèm karantèn ak kontwòl epidemi soti nan lavil la nan nivo nasyonal la. Sante vin yon pwoblèm gouvènman. Kowòdinasyon ki pi avanse se Pris ak lòt eta alman, kote ekspresyon ''lapolis medikal'' te itilize pou premye fwa an 1764 pa Wolfgang Thomas Rau (1721-1772).<ref>Olivier Faure 1997, op. cit., p. 289 et 292.</ref> Nan Angletè, yo te etabli premye règleman karantèn (nivo gouvènman) an 1663. Nan Frans, konsèy wa a te izole tout Provence pandan epidemi Masèy an 1720-1722. Pandan XVIIIe syèk la, yon rezo siveyans te etabli ant gran pò Mediterane nan [[Ewòp]] ak Pwoch-Oryan.<ref name=":1"/> Nan [[Amerik]], premye karantèn maritim se te karantèn [[Ispayola|Santo Domingo]] an 1519 kont varyòl. Nan [[Amerik dinò]], karantèn te tou aplike kont varyòl, premye fwa an 1647, pa koloni nan bè Masachisèt pou bato rive soti [[Lababad|nan zile Lababad]] .Epi kont [[lafyèv jòn]], pa vil yo nan [[Nouyòk]][[Lafyèv jòn]] (1688) ak [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] (1691). An 1799, Kongrè ameriken transfere otorite karantèn (nivo nan chak Eta) nan nivo federal (Sekretarya Trezò jouk 1876).<ref name=":1"/> === Peryòd modèn === ==== XIXe syèk ==== [[Fichye:Monument_aux_médecins.jpg|vignette| Moniman pou doktè nan simityè Ilandè a, sou Grosse Île nan Kebèk, yon kote karantèn te kreye an 1832 pou imigran yo. ]] Dezyèm pandemi kolera a te frape [[Ewòp]] an 1830 ak [[Amerik dinò]] an 1832. Estrateji ofisyèl la te alò ranfòse metòd yo itilize kont pès : karantèn, lazarèt ak kòdon sanitè, men yo pa efikas kont kolera, ki lakòz tansyon sosyal ak twoub politik. Politik karantèn yo varye selon peyi yo, yo ka sèvi kòm yon pretèks politik (pou mete restriksyon sou libète advèsè a - deplasman, echanj, korespondans...) oswa ekonomik (pwoteksyon komèsyal).<ref name=":1"/>{{,}} <ref name=":0"/> An 1834, [[Frans|Lafrans]] te mande pou nòmalizasyon entènasyonal politik karantèn. An 1838, yon Konsèy Sanitè Entènasyonal te fonde nan Konstantinòp pou kowòdone mezi nan fwontyè kont epidemi. An 1851, premye konferans sanitè entènasyonal ki te fèt nan Pari, kote premye règleman sanitè entènasyonal te adopte. Li enpoze eta siyatè menm mezi karantèn kont pès ak kolera,<ref name=":0"/> men nan 12 peyi kap patisipe nan premye konferans sa a, se sèlman twa (3) ki siyen : Lafrans, Pòtigal ak Sadèy. Nan konferans sa yo, pafwa te gen diskisyon vyolan, tankou konferans nan [[Wòm (Itali)|lavil Wòm]] an 1885, sou karantèn sou kanal Suez pou bato ki soti nan [[End|peyi Zend]]. Konfli reyèl la pa te sanitè, men politik (dominasyon britanik oswa franse sou rejyon an).<ref name=":0"/> Nan [[Etazini]], politik karantèn, ki depann Depatman Trezò, te jije mal aplike, ak nouvo lejislasyon federal karantèn te adopte an 1878. Otorite karantèn transfere nan ''Marine Hospital Service'', yon zansèt nan Sèvis Sante Piblik nan Etazini. Administrasyon yon karantèn dwe medikalize, epi dire li dwe baze sou peryòd enkibasyon espesifik maladi a. An 1893, Etazini te jwenn Ewopeyen. : Twa (3) maladi entènasyonal avèk karantèn alò te kolera, pès ak [[Lafyèv jòn|lafyèv jòn.]]<ref name=":0"/> ==== XXe syèk ==== [[Fichye:Measles-_troops_in_quarantine_(19271836613).jpg|thumb| Sòlda nan fòs ekspedisyonè kanadyen an nan karantèn akòz lawoujòl, Lafrans, 1917-1918.]] Premye mezi konkrè aplike pa anpil peyi siyatè se mezi 11yèm konferans entènasyonal la nan Pari an 1903 (adopsyon yon konvansyon avèk 184 atik).<ref name=":1"/> An 1907, Biwo Entènasyonal Ijyèn Piblik te fonde nan Pari, ki te mete ansanm 12 peyi. Aprè [[Premyè Gè mondyal|Premye Gè Mondyal,]] li te vin Komite Ijyèn nan Sosyete Nasyon (SDN). An 1926, lis maladi karantèn yo te ogmante a senk (5), ak adisyon nan varyòl ak tifis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gian Franco Gensini|date=30 novanm 2004|title=the concept of quarantine in history : from plague to SARS|url=https://www.journalofinfection.com/article/S0163-4453(04)00054-4/pdf|journal=Journal of Infection|volume=49|issue=4|page=257-261.|issn=}}</ref> Nan premye tyè XXe syèk, mezi karantèn yo medikalize. Nouvo konesans mikwo-biyolojik pèmèt distenge ant ka konfime, ka sispèk ak sijè san danje, ansanm ak mòd transmisyon ak dire enkubasyon espesifik pou chak maladi enfektye. Li sanble ke karantèn ka efikas pou limite sèten maladi, men tou, initil oswa danjere pou lòt maladi.<ref name=":0"/> Apre [[Dezyèm Gè mondyal|Dezyèm Gè mondyal la]], OMS, ki te fonde an 1948, te ranplase Komite Ijyèn SDN. Ekspresyon "maladi karantèn" disparèt, yo vin "maladi anba kontwòl entènasyonal" ki anrejistre nan yon règleman sante entènasyonal, adopte pa 181 peyi yo, ak ki nesesite yon deklarasyon obligatwa. An 1951, te gen 6 maladi : kolera, pès, lafyèv jòn, varyòl, tifoz ak lafyèv ki te pase.<ref name=":0"/> Nan dezyèm mwatye XXe syèk, enpòtans relatif nan karantèn diminye. Li sanble youn nan anpil metòd itilize nan yon sistèm jeneral sou siveyans ak kontwòl maladi. Nan Etazini, an 1967, 55 "estasyon karantèn" yo te reglemante pa CDC ak ki sitiye nan pò ak ayewopò entènasyonal. An 1992, te gen sèlman 8. Menm a se laverite pou maladi karantèn : nan ane 1980 yo, CDC resanse 26 maladi pou antre nan Etazini, an 1992 lis sa a te redui a 7 maladi : lafyèv jòn, kolera, difteri, [[tibèkiloz]], pès, sispisyon variyol (biyoteworis) ak lafyèv emorajik viral . Karantèn se pa yon panase. Li gen limit li yo, espesyalman pandan aparisyon [[Sida]], pou rezon biyomedikal, men tou rezon jiridik ak etik. Nan lòt ka, li ka valide pou maladi oswa kontèks patikilye. Karantèn "modèn" se alò yon mwayen, pa endistenk oswa jeneralize, men "ajiste". Sa a te ka a pandan epidemi SARS 2003, oswa pandemi A (H1-N1) 2009.<ref name=":1"/>{{,}}<ref name=":0"/> ==== XXIe syèk ==== Depi [[2000 (almanak gregoryen)|lane 2000]], retou eksperyans nan epidemi H5N1, SRAS ak MERS ak modèl epidemyolojik te mennen revizyon pwotokòl karantèn pou kèk maladi, ak yon kad entènasyonal te pwodui an 2005 pa OMS. Se konsa : * karantèn te enpoze nan anviwònman vil la nan [[Chin|Lachin]] ak [[Kanada]] kont SRAS an 2003, ak nan Afrik Lwès anpil vilaj te mete an karantèn pou ralenti ak arete epidemi viris Ebola an 2014 ; * an 2019-2020, pou pwemye fwa nan istwa imèn ak epidemyoloji, izòlman volontè ( « oto-izolasyon ») ak karantèn te itilize sou yon trè gran echèl pou ralanti maladi kowonaviris ([[Maladi kowonaviris 2019|COVID -19]]). Vil nan Lachin,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-02-25|title=New coronavirus advice for Britons back from Italy|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-51625733|journal=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-25}}</ref> epi rejyon yo, nan [[Ewòp]] [[Itali]] enpoze restriksyon san parèy apati mas 2020 kont pwopagasyon viris sa a, pandan milye sitwayen etranje ki retounen soti nan yon vwayaj nan Lachin te envite atravè mond lan izole tèt yo lakay oswa nan enstalasyon gere pa Leta <ref>Public Health England (2020) ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20200511204943/https://publichealthmatters.blog.gov.uk/2020/01/23/wuhan-novel-coronavirus-what-you-need-to-know/ Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) – what you need to know].''</ref> ; * ka patikilye nan bato Diamond Princess, ki te entèdi debake (epi an reyalite karantèn obligatwa) ak kote plis pase 700 moun atrape [[Maladi kowonaviris 2019|COVID-19]], montre ke nan yon kontèks enpwovizasyon, yon espas fèmen apwopriye kapab tou vin yon kote enkibasyon ak kontajyon.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sideris|first=Felicia|last2=|first2=|date=19 fevriye 2020|title=Coronavirus : plus de 600 contaminés à bord du Diamond Princess, l'immense fiasco de la quarantaine|url=https://www.lci.fr/international/coronavirus-covid-19-2019-ncov-plus-de-500-contamines-a-bord-du-diamond-princess-le-fiasco-de-la-quarantaine-2145821.html|journal=LCI|access-date=19 fevriye 2020}}</ref> == Aplikasyon == Li se jeneralman fè nan kad jesyon tik (ansyen : plan kriz pou yon pandemi ) Karantèn se souvan limite jodi a izole sèlman yon sèl moun oswa yon gwoup (fanmi pou egzanp) ki gen patoloji deja deklare oswa yo sispèk akòz aparisyon sentòm, pandan ke yon lòt objektif karantèn se kenbe tout moun ki gen jèm potansyèlman (akòz : swa nan orijin yo nan yon anviwònman risk; oswa kontak fizik moun sa yo te gen avèk endividi oswa materyèl petèt ki kontamine), menm si yo pa montre okenn siy klinik, pou yon dire ase long pou kouvri peryòd enkubasyon nan [[maladi]] sispèkte. Objektif izòlman sa a se ke maladi a pa ka deklare tèt li nan yon anviwònman ki deja pwoteje, konsa li evite pwopagasyon potansyèlman eksponansyèl. Egzanp mezi karantèn : [[Fichye:Isola_Lazzaretto_Vecchio_as_seen_from_Lido_002.jpg|centré|thumb|500x500px| Lazzaretto Vecchio la nan Veniz.]] * Nan Veniz, nan mitan XVyèm syèk, yon sèl bati Lazzaretto Nuovo gen entansyon resevwa bato yo ak ekipaj yo ki sòti nan pò Mediterane ki te sispèkte ke yo te vektè maladi tankou pès (Lazzaretto Vecchio sou kontrè a, trete sèlman ka yo pwouve nan maladi). Nan fen XVIyèm syèk, lazarèt a te gen yon santèn chanm ak plizyè gwo anga yo pou sere machandiz yo ki te dekontamine gen lè li sèvi avèk espesyalman lafimen ki te pwodui pa fèy aromat, tankou jenevriye ak [[womaren]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-venise.com/lagune_venise/ile-du-lazzaretto-nuovo-venise-1.html|title=L'île du Lazzaretto Nuovo à Venise {{!}} e-Venise.com|website=www.e-venise.com|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref> * Depi ane 1800 yo, [[Wayòm Ini]] te oblije bèt soti nan peyi etranje sibi yon karantèn ki dire sis (6) mwa, yo nan lòd yo anpeche maladi laraj.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maxisciences.com/animal-de-compagnie/le-royaume-uni-supprime-la-quarantaine-pour-les-animaux-de-compagnie_art20073.html|title=Le Royaume-Uni supprime la quarantaine pour les animaux de compagnie|date=2011-12-30|website=Maxisciences|access-date=2020-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125163252/https://www.maxisciences.com/animal-de-compagnie/le-royaume-uni-supprime-la-quarantaine-pour-les-animaux-de-compagnie_art20073.html|archive-date=2020-01-25|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Nan kòmansman 2000 yo, politik karantèn sistematik te redui ak sou 1e janvye 2012 , zannimo ki gen yon paspò ewopeyen pou bèt kay an oswa ''Pet Passport'' kapab kounye a chape karantèn (dokiman sa a sètifye ke bèt la [[Vaksinasyon|pran vaksen an]] nan yon dat espesifik).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.visitbritainshop.com/france/articles-et-itineraires/voyager-au-royaume-uni-avec-votre-chien/|title=Voyager au Royaume-Uni avec votre chien|website=www.visitbritainshop.com|access-date=2017-08-18}}</ref> [[Fichye:President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg|vignette| Astwonòt yo nan misyon Apollo 11 nan karantèn apre retounen yo sou Latè. ]] * Nan [[Etazini]], sou retounen nan premye misyon linè, astwonòt yo nan Apollo 11, 12 ak 14 te mete nan karantèn, pa prekosyon (astwonòt misyon Apollo 13 pa te kapab ateri sou lalin akòz yon pwoblèm teknik). Nan règleman sanitè entènasyonal (RSI, 2005), atik 1 OMS defini yon karantèn kòm restriksyon aktivite ak/oswa miz aleka moun sispèk ki pa malad ou bagaj, kontenè, transpò oswa machandiz sispèk, pou anpeche pwopagasyon eventyèl enfeksyon oswa kontaminasyon ».<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241580496/fr/|title=OMS {{!}} Règlement sanitaire international (2005)|website=who.int|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> Plasman nan karantèn ka yon pati nan rekòmandasyon yo ki te fè nan Eta- manm OMS ki ka tanporè (ki dire twa (3) mwa renouvlab) oswa pèmanan (aplikasyon sistematik oswa peryodik). Yon karantèn respekte prensip ki tabli nan RSI la (Atik 1 ak 18), an patikilye ak respekte diyite moun ak dwa fondamantal yo (atik 32). <ref name=":7"/> Yon karantèn ka “izole oswa pran swen si nesesè moun ki afekte yo; chèche kontak moun ki sispèk oswa ki afekte yo; refize antre moun sispèk ak ki afekte yo; refize antre moun ki pa afekte yo nan zòn ki afekte yo;ak teste moun ki soti nan zòn ki afekte yo ak / oswa aplike restriksyon pou sòti » (Atik 18).<ref name=":7"/> Rekòmandasyon sa yo pa obligatwa, chak peyi konsève desizyon an pou aplike oswa ou pa yon karantèn dapre sitiyasyon epidemyolojik patikilyè li, pandan ke li te gen obligasyon pou yo bay OMS la ak rezon pou desizyon li (Atik 3 ak 43). <ref name=":7"/> == Kondisyon efikasite == Etablisman yon karantèn dwe dabò epidemyolojikman konstwi ak jistifye pa bezwen sante piblik, an patikilye pou chwa moun yo dwe an karantèn; pou egzanp, viris Ebola a pa gaye pa moun ki senptomatik, men SARS-CoV-2 oswa grip la kapab. Karantèn dwe byen eksplike, konsistan, epi souvan kowòdone byen pi lwen pase limit jiridiksyon lokal yo. Nan yon kontèks pou ogmante globalizasyon ak akselerasyon transpò a, li dwe fè pati yon seri estrateji pi laj pou anpeche entwodiksyon, transmisyon ak pwopagasyon maladi kontajye nan kesyon an. Selon yon etid resan (2020) lè yon karantèn konsidere kòm nesesè, otorite yo ta dwe asire ke dire li yo pa depase tan yo mande a, enfòme popilasyon an byen sou rezon ki ak pwotokòl yo nan izolasyon sa a, pandan y ap pran swen yo. ke yo founi ase ak apwopriye (manje, medikaman, swen medikal ...) <ref name="Quarant2020">Samantha K Brooks & al. (2020)[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30460-8/fulltext ''The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence''] ; The Lancet; 26 février</ref> . Rele pou altrwism ak raple benefis nan karantèn pou enterè jeneral la ak sante a nan tout ka ede li kouri fèt san pwoblèm Moun ki an sante k ap travay an kontak ak moun ki nan yon plas karantèn — dwe adopte meyè pratik an tèm de pwoteksyon endividyèl ak kolektif (mask, konbinezon, lave men sistematik, bon jesyon matyè fekal, elatriye), pou asire ke posib ke byennèt moun ki nan prizon. === Kad legal === Legalman pale, yon karantèn enpoze se yon limit tanporè nan libète pèsonèl vwayaje ak pwoksimite ak lòt moun, jistifye pa enterè jeneral la. Youn nan kondisyon sa yo nan akseptabilite nan karantèn se ke li respekte Dwa a, entènasyonal an patikilye. Komisyon an te komisyone pa Nasyonzini an, (Oganizasyon Mondyal Lasante (OMS) te etabli règleman sante entènasyonal (RSI 2005, ki se nouvo fondasyon legal obligatwa pou jesyon entènasyonal nan maladi emèjan ak re-emèjan ak lòt risk pou sante. <ref>World Health Organization (OMS). ''International Health Regulations (2005)''. http://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241596664/fr/</ref> Atik 1 defini karantèn kòm « mete restriksyon sou aktivite yo ak / oswa sekirite nan moun yo sispèk mki pa malad oswa bagaj, kontenè, mwayen transpo oswa machandiz sispèk, yo anpeche posib la gaye enfeksyon oswa kontaminasyon. ».<ref name=":7"/> Peyi yo oswa lòt jiridiksyon (Ewòp, rejyon, vil...) ka refize règleman sa a ak sèten maj libète ; yon sèl obsèvasyon se ke (pwovizwa) direktiv yo karantèn yo pafwa flou oswa varye soti nan yon jiridiksyon nan yon lòt (ki depann sou sante piblik ak règleman sekirite, kilti oswa bidjè an patikilye). Nan okenn ka li ta dwe itilize kòm yon mezi ''pinitif'' <ref>Center for Law and the Public's Health at Georgetown and Johns Hopkins Universities, The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA). 21 desanm 2001. http://www.publichealthlaw.net/MSEHPA/MSEHPA.pdf. Accessed 7 novanm 2014</ref>{{,}}<ref>Drazen JM, et al. Ebola and Quarantine. Editorial. The New England Journal of Medicine. 27 oktòb 2014. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1413139. Accessed 7 novanm 2014.</ref>{{,}}<ref>Barbara J, et al. Large-Scale Quarantine Following Biological Terrorism in the United States Scientific Examination, Logistic and Legal Limits, and Possible Consequences. Special Communication. JAMA, 5 desanm 2001—Vol 286, No. 21 (2711-2717)</ref> pou egzanp nan yon kontèks nan yon vyolasyon dwa moun oswa libète sivil yo. === Leson Istwa === Disparisyon nan epidemi yo maladi lepra ak epidemi nan Ewòp rete mal eksplike; menm bagay la tou se vre pou efikasite relatif nan karantèn yo ak lòt mezi segregasyon. Nan ka move maladi po, pou istoryen modèn, rijid la nan tèks yo istorik sou segregasyon nan lepre pa dakò ak reyalite (mezire ti kras oswa divès aplike). Disparisyon nan move maladi po nan Ewòp la k ap pase piti piti ak tou dousman, yon disparisyon ki pa te depann sou medsin oswa administrasyon an. ''Kontrèman'', pèrsistans nan fyèy lèp nan Scandinavia jouk XIX syèk la poze menm pwoblèm yo nan entèpretasyon . Nan lòt men an, pou epidemi epidemi, istoryen jeneralman bay enpòtans nan karantèn yo kòm yon mwayen pou kontwole epidemi. Li efikas si byen atikile ak yon sistèm kowòdone nan nivo eta a. Dapre Biraben, egzanp lan konvenk se Anpi Otoman an [[1841 (almanak gregoryen)|1841]] ki elimine epidemi yo gwo epidemi nan kèk ane nan estrikteman aplike mezi yo te pran nan peyi ewopeyen <ref>Jean-Noël Biraben 1976, op. cit., p. 183-184.</ref> . Menm jan tou, eliminasyon varyol la te vin posib pa vaksinasyon ak yon règleman kontwòl (izòlman, konfinman) ''.'' Pou lòt maladi, aplikasyon karantèn lan "pa mimetis" te pwouve yo efikas. Sa te patikilyèman ka pou kolera, lafyèv jòn, tifoyid, oswa polyo, soti nan inyorans nan moman an nan karakteristik sa yo reyèl nan maladi a (mòd transmisyon, transpòtè ki an sante...).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Tognotti|first=Eugenia|date=Février 2013|title=Lessons from the History of Quarantine, from Plague to Influenza A|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/2/12-0312_article|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=2|page=254-259.|doi=10.3201/eid1902.120312|issn=|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref> OMS ak RSI a rekonèt ke globalizasyon fè aksyon karantèn mwens efikas ak pi difisil pou aplike.<ref>L.O Gostin (2004) ''International Infectious Disease Law, Revision of the World Health Organization’s International Health Regulations'', Journal of the American Medical Association, 2 jen, 291(21):2623-2627. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=198832 </ref> Plizyè fwa, nan premye etap yo byen bonè nan yon epidemi ki gen tandans pandemi, OMS la te repete yon rekòmandasyon pa limite vwayaj oswa komès entènasyonal <ref> WHO Statement on the 3rd meeting of the IHR Emergency Committee regarding the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Oct 23, 2014. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/ebola-3rd-ihr-meeting/en/</ref> === Sipò sosyo-sikolojik === Izòlman nan kay oswa nan yon kote ki dedye a karantèn gen efè sikolojik. * Pami 3166 atik syantifik sou sijè sa a, 24 gen dènyèman (2020) te sijè a nan yon etid apwofondi. <ref name="Quarant2020"/> Li montre ke izòlman nan karantèn ka jenere, plis oswa mwens depann sou kontèks la, annwi, konfizyon, fristrasyon ak [[kòlè]] ; ak laperèz ki dire pi lontan pase espere enkoni ak / oswa [[Maladi kontajye|enfeksyon]]. Pwovizyon ensifizan oswa apwopriye ak enfòmasyon, ak stigma posib ka vin pi mal efè sa yo. Pèt finansye yo tou yon sous estrès. .Yon pasyan trè deprime izole nan lopital pandan epidemi SRAS la pann tèt li (malgre èd sikyatrik) epi yon tantativ swisid te pran plas touswit aprè. <ref name="Barbisch2015">Barbisch, Donna, Kristi L. Koenig, and Fuh-Yuan Shih. "[https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt2hw70775/qt2hw70775.pdf Is there a case for quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola]." Disaster medicine and public health preparedness 9.5 (2015): 547-553.</ref> <br /><br /><br /><br /> Plizyè etid sijere posib sekèl nan estrès post-twomatik. * Premye karantèn strik ak anpil gwo echèl lan te aplike nan peyi Lachin, pou ralanti aparisyon [[Pandemi kowonaviris an 2019-2020|pandemi maladi kowonaviris an 2019-2020]] <ref>Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020) ''[https://gpsych.bmj.com/content/33/2/e100213.full A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations]''.</ref> Izòlman te afekte anpil Chinwa, souvan deranje lavi kotidyèn, sosyal, pwofesyonèl ak fanmi yo, ki pafwa jenere twoub anksyete pwofon, ki mennen ale nan panik oswa depresyon. Yon premye sondaj chinwa (ki te kòmanse sou 31 janvye 2020), ki baze sou yon kesyonè oto-evalyasyon lib aksesib nan tout peyi a, atravè ''entelijan platfòm evalyasyon sikolojik Siuvo'', konsantre sou prevalans la ak gravite anksyete, depresyon, fobi espesifik, chanjman mantal, konpòtman evitman, konpilsif, sentòm fizik ak santiman dezosyalizasyon nan semèn ki sot pase a (sòti nan 0 a 100; yon nòt ant 28 e 51 ki endike detrès fèb ak modere. Yon nòt ≥52 ki endike gwo detrès. Repons yo a nan yon "endèks" peritraumatic detrès Psychic, yo konnen kòm ''COVID-19 peritrawmatik Detrès Index (CPDI)'' . 52,730 repons yo te valide (ki soti nan 64,73% nan fanm). Metòd konstriksyon nan endèks CPDI te valide pa sikyat ki soti nan Sant Sante Mantal Shanghai <ref>Le [[coefficient alpha de Cronbach]] de cet index ''COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI)'' est de 0,95</ref> . Nòt an mwayèn te 23.65 (15 a 45). Prèske 35% nan moun ki repond yo soufri sikolojik detrès (29.29% nan nòt yo te ant 28 ak 51, ak 5.14% pi gran pase oswa egal a 52). Nòt CPDI depann sou sèks, laj, nivo edikasyon, pwofesyon ak rejyon an. Li te pi wo pou fanm pase pou gason (komen nan ka post-estrès twomatik) <ref>Sareen J, Erickson J, Medved MI, et al. (2013) ''Risk factors for post-injury mental health problems''. Depress Anxiety;30:321–7.doi:10.1002/da.22077</ref> . === Defi lojistik yo === [[Fichye:塔子湖体育中心改造的方舱医院_07.jpg|vignette| Sant espò fwizisyon pou izòlman ak swen moun ki enfekte avèk [[maladi kowonaviris 2019]], nan Wuhan (Lachin). ]] Defi sa yo se materyèl, finansye ak òganizasyonèl ; yo konsène rapid chwa kote yo apwopriye, separasyon rapid e efikas (ak mizajou) nan moun ki izole nan men moun ki nan karantèn; ak sijè sentòm nan moun ki sentòm (enkubasyon oswa an sante), li pap resevwa ki, transmisyon ogmante ka rezilta soti nan konpwomi move je <ref name="Barbisch2015"/> Vreman vre, pou egzanp, si pasyan senptomik men kontajye yo endistanseman melanje ak moun ki an sante, ka transmisyon la nan viris la ap fasilite nan zòn nan fèmen<ref name="Le Monde">{{Cite journal|date=2020-01-28|title=Coronavirus chinois : la quarantaine est-elle une mesure efficace pour éviter la propagation ?|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2020/01/28/coronavirus-chinois-la-quarantaine-une-mesure-de-precaution-ancienne-a-l-efficacite-tres-relative_6027513_3244.html|journal=Le Monde.fr|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> Nan ka viris ayewopò yo, sistèm kondisyone a pa dwe sikile viris la. Transpò, klasman, manje, swen, jesyon ekskreta, fatra ak kadav poze espesifik pwoblèm lojistik. Pafwa, yon risk nozokomyalite se yo dwe antisipe : lè pasyan sentòm yo aktyèlman gen yon maladi ki repwodwi maladi a nan enterè (e.g. : [[malarya]] lè nou panse ke yo gen Ebola) ; Yo gen risk pou yo kontrakte yon lòt maladi si yo ''koòte'' ak moun ki enfekte.<ref name="Barbisch2015"/> === Aspè sosyo-politik yo === Kèk, tankou Patrick Zylberman, istoryen sante ak pwofesè emerit nan Lekòl gradye nan Sante Piblik, trase atansyon a lefèt ke nan sèten kontèks sosyo-politik, izòlman se pafwa kontreprwodiktiv <ref name="Le Monde"/> pou egzanp : * lè yon mezi ki byen prepare jenere yon panik tankou nan 2014 lè sèten distri nan [[Monrovia]], kapital la nan [[Liberya]], yo te mete nan karantèn tij epidemi nan Ebola. Rezidan pè (sitou nan West Point, vil ki pi pòv nan vil la) te an konfli avèk lapolis, represyon ki te lakòz lanmò plizyè sivil <ref name="Le Monde"/>{{,}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2014/08/29/ebola-la-quarantaine-seme-le-chaos-a-monrovia|title=DIAPORAMA. Ebola : la quarantaine sème le chaos à Monrovia|date=2014-09-30|website=courrierinternational.coml|access-date=2020-01-28}}</ref> . Yon gang ame ki te vin piye lokal la te fè yon lekòl segondè transfòme nan yon sant pou 29 pasyan. Disèt pasyan yo te kouri pandan atak la, nèf te mouri kat (4) jou pita, pandan y ap twa (3) lòt moun yo te fòse pran pa paran yo nan yon destinasyon enkoni.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/liberia-un-centre-d-isolement-attaque-a-monrovia-17-malades-d-ebola-en-fuite-17-08-2014-1854483_24.php|title=Liberia: un centre d'isolement attaqué à Monrovia, 17 malades d'Ebola en fuite|last=magazine|first=Le Point|date=17 out 2014|website=lepoint.fr|access-date=28 janvye 2020}}</ref> Nan kontèks sa a, mezi karantèn yo aksantu defye popilasyon an nan direksyon pou pèsonèl medikal la, pouse pasyan yo kache sentòm yo pou fè pou evite mete nan prizon. <br /><br /><br /><br />Menm jan an, nan [[Chin|peyi Lachin]] pandan 2003 epidemi SARS la, revòlt ak manifestasyon vyolan te fèt nan rejyon yo nan Nanjing ak [[Shanghai]] aprè izolasyon brital ki pa bay okenn èd nan popilasyon ki konsène yo, an patikilye ekipman pou manje a oswa. swen medikal. == Travay nan karantèn == Nan yon sans pi laj, "''zòn nan karantèn"'' deziyen lokal yo itilize pou depo, etid la oswa tranzisyon nan eleman biyolojik pa enplante nan anviwònman an nan lokal. Objektif la se pa sèlman sanitè, men sitou ekolojik : dispèsyon nan òganis sa yo ekzotik ke yo te kapab mennen nan yon envazyon. Zòn sa yo ka jwenn nan ayewopò, men tou, nan sant rechèch oswa zoo. == Nan enfòmatik == Metafò nou pale de "fonksyon karantèn" nan lojisyèl antiviris. Li kenbe yon fichye ki enfekte avèk yon viris enfòmatik nan yon zòn blan ki pa gen rapò ak kè sistèm lan, pou anpeche li aji sou òdinatè viktim lan. Sepandan, pa gen okenn fason yo efase fichye enfekte yo, paske nenpòt manipilasyon te pote soti sou youn nan sa yo fichye ankò ba yo posibilite pou yo aji, pi bon fason pou yo te fè yon restorasyon konplè yo nan lòd yo mete sistèm nan tounen anba, yon jou pi bon, oswa plis radikalman, reenstale tout sistèm nan pa premye detwi patisyon yo sou ki gen kapasite a ak enstale sistèm lan sou yon nouvo, baz an sante. == Gade tou == * [[Kontwòl enfeksyon]] * [[Kontwòl fwontalye]] * [[Distansyasyon sosyal]] * [[Pandemi maladi kowonaviris an 2019-2020]] * [[Lazarèt]] * [[Mezi baryè]] * [[Organisme de quarantaine]] * [[Peste de Marseille (1720)]] * [[Peste d'Arles (1720-1721)]] * [[Karantèn an 2020 nan Itali]] === Bibliyografi === '''Aspè istorik :''' == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:Medsin]] 578ly33qm0kypep2pgzte8n0451xxtc 0 80558 890261 792973 2026-11-11T05:05:14Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ale menm non|Lacoste}} '''Lynda Heineman''', rele '''Lynda Lacoste''',<ref>{{fr}} {{cite web|url=http://www.legipresse.com/pdfs/47629-Regard-critique-sur-l-affaire-Lynda-Lacoste-oui-la-diffusion-de-photos-de-nus-peut-etre-justifiee-par-le-droit-a-l-information.pdf?dl|title=Regard critique sur l'affaire Lynda Lacoste: oui la diffusion de photos de nus peut être justifiée par le droit à l'information|website=legipresse.com|accessdate=27 desanm 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102223716/http://www.legipresse.com/pdfs/47629-Regard-critique-sur-l-affaire-Lynda-Lacoste-oui-la-diffusion-de-photos-de-nus-peut-etre-justifiee-par-le-droit-a-l-information.pdf?dl|archive-date=2021-11-02|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ki fèt [[19 septanm]] [[1966]] nan [[Adélaïde (Ostrali)]] ([[Ostrali]]), se yon [[Aktè|aktris]] ak [[animatris televizyon]] [[Ostrali|ostralyèn]]. == Biyografi == == Zèv li yo == === Sinema === * [[2000]] : ''[[BTK - Born to Kast]]'' : sèjan ameriken === Televizyon === * [[1992]]-[[1994]] : ''[[Hélène et les Garçons]]'' (seri) : Linda * [[1994]] : ''[[Premiers Baisers]]'' (seri) : Lynda * [[1995]]-[[1996]] : ''[[Le Miracle de l'amour]]'' (seri) : Linda * [[1996]] : ''[[Les Vacances de l'amour]]'' (seri) : Linda * [[2001]] : ''[[H (seri)|H]]'' (seri) : Syedwaz la * [[2001]] : ''[[Un gars, une fille (seri, 1999)|Un gars, une fille]]'' (seri) : * [[2003]] : ''[[Lola, qui es-tu Lola ?]]'' (seri) : Kim * [[2004]] : ''[[Sex and the city]]'' (Sezon 6) : ''[[Une Américaine à Paris - 1re partie|une américaine à paris]]'' (serie) * [[2009]] : ''[[Comprendre et pardonner]]'' (seri) : == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0480242/ Lynda Lacoste] sou IMDb {{DEFAULTSORT:Lacoste, Lynda}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Fanm]] [[Kategori:Aktè]] [[Kategori:Aktè sinema]] [[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]] [[Kategori:Aktè franse]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1966]] etyybozfgvhfwhafpdyoxmawwxvi0t5 0 81075 890272 795384 2026-11-11T09:40:48Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890272 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Serviteur du peuple''''' (an ikrènyen ː Слуга народу, ''slouha narodou'' ak nan [[lang ris]] ː Слуга народа, slouga naroda) se yon [[seri televizyon]] [[Ikrèn|ikrènyèn]] komik ak politik ak difize ant 2015 ak 2019 sou chèn televizyon ikrènyèn [[1+1 (chèn)|1+1]]. == Rezime == === Premyè sezon === Vassili Goloborodko,pwofesè listwa, youn nan etidyan li yo filme san li pa konnen li : nou wè li ap sèmante ak kritike otorite yo ak koripsyon. Videyo a pase sou YouTube epi kolekte yon rekòt odyans lan. Lè sa a, pwofesè a resevwa lajan atravè finansman patisipatif nan men etidyan li yo ak enskri kòm yon kandida pou eleksyon prezidansyèl yo nan Ikrèn. Diskou li [[antisistèm]] te konkeri votè yo, li te eli prezidan. Soti nan sosyete sivil la, li kraze ak richès prezidansyèl la epi antreprann yon gwo netwayaj nan klas politik la an plas. === Dezyèm sezon === Dezyèm sezon se yon vèsyon long nan fim fiksyon. Pwofesè Goloborodko demisyone nan pòs li apre echèk refòm yo te fèt sou demann [[FMI]]. Dezyèm sezon sa a te konsakre pou tantativ pou retounen renmen peyi li bay pèp la atravè yon pwogram elektoral espektakilè. === Twazyèm sezon === Twazyèm sezon an nan seri a kòmanse an 2049 nan Inivèsite Kyèv. Etidyan yo pa konprann poukisa yo fòse yo etidye istwa Ikrèn a soti nan 2019 a 2023. Apre viktwa Surikov a nan eleksyon prezidansyèl yo, yo arete Goloborodko epi yo voye li nan prizon.Ekip li a ap eseye jwenn [[amnisti]] li epi retabli entegrite teritoryal Ikrèn. Peyi a se nan move fòm apre manda prezidansyèl yo nan izipatè yo, yon biznisman ak yon fanm popilis, respektivman sipoze kopi [[Petro Poroshenko]] ak [[Ioulia Tymoshenko]].<ref>{{fr}} {{cite web|url= https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/volodymyr-zelensky-le-clown-qui-voulait-devenir-president-de-l-ukraine_3255985.html |title= Volodymyr Zelensky, le clown qui voulait devenir président de l'Ukraine |website=francetvinfo.fr|publisher= France Info|date= 31 mas 2019}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{fr}} {{cite news|author= Stéphane Siohan|title= Zelensky, un président serial-populiste en Ukraine|publisher= [[Revue des Deux Mondes]]|date= jiyè 2019|url= https://www.revuedesdeuxmondes.fr/article-revue/zelensky-un-president-serial-pupuliste-en-ukraine/|access-date= 2022-03-01|archive-date= 2022-02-14|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220214155226/https://www.revuedesdeuxmondes.fr/article-revue/zelensky-un-president-serial-pupuliste-en-ukraine/|dead-url= yes}}</ref> == Ekip teknik == * Tit orijinal Слуга народу * Mizik ː Dmytro Chourov * Son ː Eduard Zemlianoi * Konpayi pwodiksyon ː Studio Kvartal 95 * Peyi orijin ː Ikrèn * Dire ː 23-25 minit * Sezon ː 3 * Epizòd ː 51 * Jan ː komedi politik * Difizyon orijinal ː 16 novanm 2015 == Aktè == * [[Vladimir Zelenskiy]] kòm Vasiliy Petrovich Goloborodko, prezidan Ikrèn * [[Vladyslav Dmytrenko]] kòm Depite * [[Anastasiya Chepelyuk]] kòm Anna Mihailovna * [[Boris Abramov]] kòm reprezantan * [[Stanislav Boklan]] kòm Yuri Ivanovich Chuiko, premye minis Ikrèn * [[Viktor Saraykin]] kòm Petr Goloborodko, papa * [[Nataliya Sumskaya]] kòm Maria Goloborodko, Manman * [[Ekaterina Kisten]] kòm Svetlana Sakhno, sè * [[Elena Kravets]] kòm Olga Mischenko * [[Evgeniy Koshevoy]] kòm Sergey Mukhin * [[Yuriy Krapov]] kòm Mikhail Sanin * [[Aleksandr Pikalov]] kòm Ivan Skorik * [[Anna Koshmal]] kòm Natasha * [[Galina Bezruk]] kòm Anna Mikhailovna == Siksè ak kandidati prezidansyèl Zelensky == Komedi politik ''Serviteur du peuple'' se seri televizyon ki gen plis siksè sou televizyon Ukrènyèn.Li se nan tèt odyans televizyon an pou tout odyans. Plis pase 20 milyon telespektatè te gade li. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6235122 ''Serviteur du peuple''] sou IMDb [[Kategori:2015]] [[Kategori:Televizyon]] [[Kategori:Seri televizyon]] [[Kategori:Seri ikrènyèn]] fdwmfouq8ps99ch3z2ehz4dl6qowr2n 0 86018 890262 813295 2026-11-11T05:08:20Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moun |non=Léonora Miano |foto=Leonora_Miano_20100328_Salon_du_livre_de_Paris_2.jpg |tèks=Léonora Miano (2010) |fonksyon=fanm ekriven |domèn=literati |diplòm= |etid= |dat nesans=[[12 mas]] [[1973]] |lye nesans=[[Dwala]] |peyi nesans=[[Kamewoun]] |dat lanmò= |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite=kamewounè |relijyon= |rezidans= |kontak= |Biyografi= |zèv= |omaj= |rekonpans= |remak= |fim= }} '''Léonora Miano''', ki fèt [[12 mas]] [[1973]] nan [[Dwala]] ([[Kamewoun]]), se yon [[ekriven]] [[Frans|fransèz]]-[[Kamewoun|camerounèz]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Cécile Daumas |title=Leonora Miano, lettre indomptable |url=https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2016/12/06/leonora-miano-lettre-indomptable_1533418/ |publisher=Libération|website=liberation.fr |accessdate=13 septanm 2021}}</ref> == Biyografi == == Zèv li yo == * ''L’Intérieur de la nuit'', [[Plon]], 2005 ; [[Pocket]], 2006, klase 5yèm pami pi bon liv ane a pa magazin an ''Lire'', {{ISBN|2266162683}} * ''[[Contours du jour qui vient]]'', Plon, 2006 {{ISBN|2259203965}} ; Pocket Jeunesse 2008 ; Pocket 2008 {{ISBN|2266176943}} [[pri Goncourt des lycéens]] an 2006. * ''Afropean Soul'', Flammarion, 2008 {{ISBN|2081209594}} * ''Tels des astres éteints'', Plon, 2008 {{ISBN|225920628X}} * ''Soulfood équatoriale '', Robert Laffont, 2009 {{ISBN|978-2-84111-380-4}} * ''Les Aubes écarlates'', Plon, 2009 {{ISBN|978-2259210676}} * ''Blues pour Elise'', Plon, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2259212861}} * ''Ces âmes chagrines'', Plon, 2011 {{ISBN|978-2-259-21287-8}} * ''Écrits pour la parole'', L'Arche éditeur, 2012 {{ISBN|978-2-85181-773-0}} * ''Habiter la frontière'', L'Arche éditeur, 2012 {{ISBN|978-2-85181-786-0}}<ref name=LM2018>{{fr}} {{cite news | title=Dix femmes qui pensent l’Afrique et le monde | publisher=Le Monde | date=27 novanm 2018 | author1=Séverine Kodjo-Grandvau | url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/11/27/dix-femmes-qui-pensent-l-afrique-et-le-monde_5389443_3212.html }}</ref> * ''[[La Saison de l'ombre]]'', Grasset, 2013 {{ISBN|978-2-246-80113-9}} :: [[prix Femina]] [[Prix littéraires 2013|2013]] * ''Red in blue trilogie'', L'Arche, 2015 {{ISBN|978-2-85181-865-2}} * ''[[Crépuscule du tourment]]'', Grasset, 2016 {{ISBN|978-2-246-85414-2}} * ''L’impératif transgressif'', L'Arche éditeur, 2016 {{ISBN|978-2-85181-893-5}}<ref name=LM2018 /> * ''Crépuscule du tourment 2. Héritage'', Grasset, 2017 {{ISBN|978-2-246-85446-3}} * ''[[Rouge impératrice]]'', Grasset, 2019 {{ISBN|978-2-246-81360-6}} * ''Ce qu'il faut dire'', L'Arche, 2019 {{ISBN|978-2-85181-970-3}} * ''Afropea. Utopie post-occidentale et post-raciste'', Grasset, 2020 {{ISBN|978-2246817178}} * ''L'autre langue des femmes'', Grasset, 2021 * ''Elles disent'', Grasset, 2021 * ''Stardust'', Grasset, 2022 {{ISBN|978-2-246-83183-9}} == Gade tou == * [[Literati kamewounèz]] == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130305152504/http://www.leonoramiano.com/ Sitwèb ofisyèl Léonora Miano] {{DEFAULTSORT:Miano, Léonora}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Fanm]] [[Kategori:Literati]] [[Kategori:Ekriven]] [[Kategori:Ekriven kamewounè]] [[Kategori:Ekriven franse]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1973]] ih4t1lfcrxata4cxgc7iuk9pvfd3h91 0 86456 890251 876199 2026-11-11T00:49:30Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{moun |non=Gaëlle Bien-Aimé |foto=Ga%C3%ABlle_Bien-Aim%C3%A9_as.jpg |tèks=Gaëlle Bien-Aimé |fonksyon=aktris, imouris, komedyèn, pwofesè mizik |domèn=sinema, edikasyon, mizik |diplòm= |etid= |dat nesans=[[22 desanm]] [[1987]] |lye nesans=[[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] |peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]] |dat lanmò= |lye lanmò= |peyi lanmò= |nasyonalite=ayisyen |relijyon= |rezidans= |kontak= |Biyografi= |zèv= |omaj= |rekonpans= |remak= |fim= }} '''Gaëlle Bien-Aimé''', ki fèt [[22 desanm]] [[1987]] nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] ([[Ayiti]]), se yon [[imoris]] [[Ayiti|ayisyèn]], [[komedyen|komedyèn]], [[Aktè|aktris]] ak [[Pwofesè mizik]] nan lekòl ACTE. == Biyografi == Gaëlle Bien-Aimé se yon jounalis, aktris ak imoris.<ref>{{fr}} {{cite web|author=Joey Amandine ean-Louis |title=Gaëlle Bien-Aimé, entre engagement et passion {{!}} Balistrad |url=https://balistrad.com/gaelle-bien-aime-actrice-activiste-militante-feministe-humoriste-comedienne-haitienne/ |date=7 mas 2019|accessdate=27 septanm 2022}}</ref> Li se yon aktivis tou, kwonikè ak manm òganizasyon feminis "Nègès Mawon".<ref>{{fr}} {{cite web |title=Qui Sommes-Nous |url=https://www.negesmawon.org/qui-sommes-nous/ |website=negesmawon.org |publisher=Nèges Mawon |accessdate=4 oktòb 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004054546/https://www.negesmawon.org/qui-sommes-nous/ |archive-date=2022-10-04 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> An 2006, aprè etid klasik li , li antre nan Le Petit Conservatoire, lekòl teyat ak atizay lapawòl, kote li te fè twa ane etid nan atizay pèfòmans.<ref name="lesfrancophonies">{{cite web |publisher=Les Francophonies-Des écritures à la scène |title=BIEN-AIMÉ Gaëlle |url=https://www.lesfrancophonies.fr/Bien-Aime-Gaelle |website=lesfrancophonies.fr |date=27 septanm 2022 |accessdate=27 septanm 2022}}</ref> An 2010, li te kòmanse estaj nan etnodram, " Théâtre et Rituel" nan Esact, Lekòl siperyè aktè sinema ak teyat nan Liège. Nan mwa novanm 2015, li te patisipe nan fòmasyon imou entansif nan Lekòl Nasyonal Imou nan [[Monreyal]]. Gaëlle Bien-Aimé, kòm yon aktris, li te jwe, pami lòt moun sou direksyon Jean René Lemoine (''Le Jeu de l’amour et du Hasard'', Marivaux), [[Guy Régis Jr]] (Migrant), ''Un arc-en-ciel pour l’occident chrétien'' de [[René Depestre]] miz an sèn Pietro Varasso. == Zèv li yo == === Teyat === * 2015 : ''Talon aiguille Talon d’Achille''<ref>{{fr}} {{cite web |title=" Talon aiguille, Talon d’Achille " |url=https://www.fokal.org/index.php/nouvel-fokal/32-evenements/797-talon-aiguille-talon-d-achille |website=fokal.org |publisher=Fondation connaissance et liberté |accessdate=4 oktòb 2022 |archive-date=2022-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004073129/https://www.fokal.org/index.php/nouvel-fokal/32-evenements/797-talon-aiguille-talon-d-achille |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * 2017 : ''Je Suis Gaëlle''<ref>{{fr}} {{cite web|title=« 1 Dous 1 Show », nouveau stand-up de Gaëlle, Atyspanch et DéJoé {{!}} Loop Haiti |url=https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/1-dous-1-show-nouveau-stand-de-gaelle-bien-aime |publisher=Loop News |accessdate=4 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * 2017 : ''Un dous un show'' <ref>{{fr}} {{cite web|title=«1 dous 1 show », la surprise de Gaëlle Bien-Aimé |url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/181093/1-dous-1-show-la-surprise-de-gaelle-bien-aime |publisher=Le Nouvelliste |accessdate=4 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * 2019 : ''Que ton règne vienne''<ref name="theatre-contemporain">{{fr}} {{cite web|author=Association C.R.I.S |title=Textes de Gaëlle Bien-Aimé, actualités, textes, spectacles, vidéos, tous ses liens avec la scène - theatre-contemporain.net |url=https://www.theatre-contemporain.net/biogrpahies/Gaelle-Bien-Aime/textes |website=theatre-contemporain.net |accessdate=27 septanm 2022}}</ref> * 2022 : ''[[Illégalité|Illégale]]'' * 2011''Le Genre et le nombre'', espektak imou sou edikasyon seksyèl<ref>{{cite web|title=« Le genre et le nombre » à la FASCH |url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/127355/le-genre-et-le-nombre-a-la-fasch |publisher=Le Nouvelliste |accessdate=4 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * 2020 : ''Tranzit'' * 2021 : ''Aimer en Stéréo'' * 2021 : ''Poème épars'' * ''Pòtoprens et sa douce nuit'' <ref name="theatre-contemporain" /> === Kolaborasyon === * 2017 : ''Parfum de femme'', kreyasyon Linda Isabelle François<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Métropole |title=« Parfum de Femme » les 17 et 18 mars à FOKAL |url=https://metropole.ht/parfum-de-femme-les-17-et-18-mars-a-fokal/ |website=metropole.ht |date=9 mas 2017|accessdate=4 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * 2019 : ''Dekò'', metè an sèn, espektak [[Vanessa Jeudi]]<ref>{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=« Dekò », un spectacle sur les violences faites aux travailleuses |url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/200075/deko-un-spectacle-sur-les-violences-faites-aux-travailleuses |publisher=Le Nouvelliste |accessdate=4 oktòb 2022}}</ref> * 2022 : ''Danta'', metè an sèn, pyès teyat Joeanne Joseph ekri ak jwe * ''Je crée et je vous dis pourquoi'' <ref name="theatre-contemporain" /> === Sinema === * 2021 : ''[[Freda (fim, 2021)|Freda]]'' de [[Gessica Généus]] : Géraldine<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Rezo Nodwès |title=Le film Freda, de l’haïtienne Gessica Généus, co-lauréat du Grand Prix Fiction du FIFDH en Suisse |url=https://rezonodwes.com/?p=271991 |website=rezonodwes.com |date=13 mas 2022 |accessdate=4 oktòb 2022}}</ref> == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm12719986/ Gaëlle Bien-Aimé] sou IMDb {{DEFAULTSORT:Bien-Aimé, Gaëlle}} [[Kategori:Moun]] [[Kategori:Fanm]] [[Kategori:Aktè]] [[Kategori:Aktè sinema]] [[Kategori:Jounalis ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Aktè ayisyen]] [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1987]] eyw1ewkziejpx432o8ud52n81hp22b8 0 87150 890274 859814 2026-11-11T11:01:45Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890274 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vijinite''' se lè yon [[moun]] pa janm gen relasyon seksyèl. Pa baze sou yon baz biyolojik, vijinite a se yon konsèp sosyal, kiltirèl ak relijye. Li se sitou ti fi ki reprezante yon pwoblèm (a fortiori nan fanm ki pa marye), alòske sa a nan gason an jeneralman gen ti enpòtans. Li souvan asosye ak nosyon pite ak onè, espesyalman nan kilti ak relijyon ki mete aksan sou abstinans anvan maryaj. Enpòtans kiltirèl ak sosyal vijinite a te mennen nan diferan teknik pou verifye vijinite yon pwochen madanm, anvan tout obsèvasyon imèn ki sipoze kraze pandan pénétration nan vajen. Nan kèk kilti ak tan, tès tifi oswa prezans san sou dra apre nwit maryaj la te itilize pou pwouve vèti madanm lan, byenke yo pa endikatè serye: premye rapò sèks [[Rapò seksyèl|penetrasyon]] pa sistematikman mennen nan senyen [[imèn]]. . Anplis de sa, se pa tout fanm nesesèman gen youn. Vijinite Se poutèt sa enposib etabli medikalman. Definisyon vijinite a varye selon tan ak kilti : nan kèk sosyete, yo toujou konsidere yon fanm kòm yon jenn fi menmsi li te fè pratik seksyèl san penetrasyon nan vajen oswa si imèn li te rekonstwi chirijikalman. Vijinite se poutèt sa tou lye ak definisyon an nan relasyon seksyèl. Daprè biyoloji ak syans sosyal yo, konsèp tifi yo te kritike tou pa feminis ki wè li kòm yon nosyon vag ak yon zouti dominasyon gason pou kontwole fanm, kò yo ak seksyalite yo. == Definisyon == === Tèminoloji === Non feminen,<ref>Informations lexicographiques <small>[archive]</small> et étymologiques <small>[archive]</small> de « virginité » dans le ''Trésor de la langue française informatisé'', sur le site du Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales [consulté le 19 novembre 2016].</ref> “vijinite” (pwononse: [viʀʒinite]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/virginit%C3%A9/0|title=VIRGINITÉ : Définition de VIRGINITÉ|access-date=2023-04-04}}</ref>) se yon prete1 nan Latin virginitas<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/virginit%C3%A9/0|title=VIRGINITÉ : Etymologie de VIRGINITÉ|access-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404013002/https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/virginit%C3%A9/0|archive-date=2023-04-04|dead-url=yes}}</ref>,<ref name=":0" /> (“eta yon jenn fi”3), li menm ki sòti nan virgo (“jenn fi, jenn fi”3) ki, nan antikite Women, espesyalman deziyen Vyèj yo Vestal (Vyèj) ak Diana (Vyèj). Adjektif “jenn fi”, ki parèt nan sèzyèm syèk la, deziyen enkoni, sa ki pa janm touche (forè jenn fi, paj vid, elatriye)<ref>Yvonne Knibiehler, , Odile Jacob, <abbr>1^er</abbr> mars 2012, 224 <abbr>p.</abbr> <small>(<nowiki>ISBN 978-2-7381-8066-7</nowiki>, lire en ligne [archive])</small>, <abbr>p.</abbr> 10-11, 16, 23, 80</ref>. Nan 21yèm syèk la, li asosye tou ak pite (lwil oliv jenn fi) ak kado (yon teritwa jenn fi se yon teritwa ki rete pou eksplore)<ref><abbr>(en)</abbr> Kathleen Coyne Kelly, , Routledge, novembre 2002, 208 <abbr>p.</abbr> <small>(<nowiki>ISBN 978-1-134-73756-7</nowiki>, lire en ligne [archive])</small>, ix, x, 6-8, 29</ref>. Noun feminen "jenn fi" (pwononse: [pysεl]6) deziyen yon fanm jenn fi. Se etimoloji li yo diskite. Yon moun aksepte jeneralman, daprè pulicella ki ateste nan yon maniskri lwa salik ki ekri ant 752 ak 768, etimon nan Latin *pullicella ("jenn fi, vyèj pi bon kalite") ki gen orijin li menm yo diskite6. Li ta ka yon diminutif pŭlla ("jenn [[bèt]]"), ak chanjman -ŭ pou -ú anba enfliyans Latin pūtus ("ti gason")6. Men, ipotèz sa a pa apwopriye nan pwen de vi [[semantik]], "jenn fi" te gen orijinal siyifikasyon an nan "jenn fi". G. Tilander pwopoze pou pullicella, yon derivasyon, apre *dominicella, nan pulla, Rezèv tanpon fanm nan pūllus ("pwòpte, san tach, pi"), li menm ki sòti, pa kontraksyon, soti nan purulus, diminutif nan purus ("pi"). 6. Masculin nan pucelle se pucelle7,8. Deflorasyon fè referans ak pèt vijinite kèlkeswa sèks ,sinonim pou yon fanm ki gen deflorasyon10: fè yon jèn fi pèdi tifi li se deflorasyon li11,12,13. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * [http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977062j Vijinite] sou bnf.fr [[Kategori:Vijinite]] ru0kqjm213evmea8lsjgvmrqdv4swct 0 90915 890249 845137 2026-11-10T23:21:31Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ebòch|ekonomi|finans}} '''Enterè''' yo ({{lang|fr|agios}}) se, nan sektè bank la, tout frè [[bank]] la kolekte pou operasyon yon [[kont bankè|kont]] ([[komisyon bankè|komisyon]]) nan okazyon operasyon an patikilye, yo konprann ke yon kont dwe an prensip toujou pozitif (oswa egal a zewo). Nan langaj komen, agios souvan refere sèlman ak enterè yo chaje nan okazyon yon [[dékouvè labank|dékouvè]]. An reyalite, yo ka pafwa konsène operasyon sou yon kont kredi<ref>[http://www.cbanque.com/credit/agios-et-decouverts.php Agios ak dékouvè]</ref>{{,}}<ref>[http://www.journaldunet.com/business/pratique/dictionnaire-economique-et-financier/14439/agios-definition-calcul-traduction-et-synonymes.html Agios: practice sheet]</ref>. Tèm "agio" an fransè pwobableman soti nan yon mo medyeval Italyen, "agio", ki vle di "fè fasil, fasilite". Nan fen 16yèm syèk la, an Frans, mo sa a te refere a "pwofi yo fè pa pretè sou diferans ki genyen ant valè nominal la ak valè reyèl la nan lajan", ki soti nan ki tèm [[agiotage]] te soti. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/agio//1 |title=CNRTL: agio |access-date=2024-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211125706/https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/agio//1 |archive-date=2024-12-11 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>. Enterè ki lye ak dekouvè yo rele tou "to debi". Sou yon kont kouran, frè yo chaje sou yon dekouvè otorize pi ba anpil pase sou yon dekouvè ki pa otorize. Pou egzanp, frè yo pou dekouvè otorize nan bank sou entènèt yo se ant 7 ak 8% ak sa yo pou dekouvè san otorizasyon yo se 16%. Dènye pousantaj sa a pa ka pi wo pase pousantaj to enterè, ki te fikse pa [[Bank Lafrans]]. == Egzanp kalkil agios == Pou 500 € dekouvè sou 10 jou nan 7%, ou jwenn agios nan € 0.96, an reyalite: €500 x 10 jou x 7% / 365 jou nan ane a = €0.96 Nan kantite lajan sa a yo ajoute depans yo nan ensidan kont, pou egzanp komisyon entèvansyon, chèk depans rebondisman, lèt enfòmasyon pou kont debi san otorizasyon, elatriye. == Faktirasyon ak ranbousman frè == Agios yo jeneralman dedwi chak trimès anba tit "taeg debi enterè". Pou ti dekouvè, sou yon peryòd kout, li ka rive ke sèten etablisman egzante kliyan yo nan peye agios yo. Pou pi gwo dekouvè, ranbousman frè yo pral depann sèlman de yon negosyasyon ant kliyan an ak konseye labank li. {{Lòt pwojè|wikt=agio}} == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Sistèm bankè]] [[Kategori:Bank]] 8kf8fhsvowq4tev7fvdjtvltmspe6fv 0 92394 890264 866606 2026-11-11T06:27:53Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890264 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:Mercedes-Benz_E-Class_timeline.jpg|vignette|352x352px| Mercedes-Benz E-Klas]] '''Mercedes-Benz E Klas''' la se yon seri de [[machin]] woutye manifakti alman [[Mercedes-Benz]] ki disponib nan "berline, break , limousine, coupè ak cabriolet". Senk jenerasyon ki swiv you lòt, ki te lanse an 1993 ( Tip 124 ) Lè sa a, an 1995 ( Tip 210 ), nan 2002 ( Tip 211 ), nan 2009 ( Tip 212 ) epi finalman nan 2016 ( Tip 213 ). Premye Klas E a, ki soti nan [[1993 (almanak gregoryen)|1993]] ( Tip 124 faz 3 ), ranplase Kalite 124 faz 2 a. Se konkiran dirèk Audi A6 ak BMW 5 Seri <ref>[http://www.autoscout24.fr/modeles/mercedes-benz/mercedes-benz-classe-e/ Informations supplémentaires]</ref>. == Istorik == An 1993, Mercedes-Benz te lanse Klas yo ak tout modèl ki nan pwodiksyon yo pandan peryòd sa a chanje non yo. Berline Tip 124 la se te youn nan yo, kidonk li te deplase nan Klas E. === Klas E Rezime === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;width:100%;" ! scope="col" style="background:#CCCCCC" |Jenerasyon ! scope="col" style="background:#CCCCCC" | Pwodiksyon ! scope="col" style="background:#CCCCCC" | Ki sòti nan Mercedes-Benz ! scope="col" style="background:#CCCCCC" | Modèl menm jan an |- ! scope=row | [[Mercedes-Benz Type 124|W124 ; S124 ; V124 ; C124 ; A124 ; VF124]]<br>''<small>(1993 - 1997)</small>'' | {{nobr|2724381 egzanplè}}<br><small>(1984 à 1997)</small> | [[Mercedes-Benz 190 (Tip 201)|Type 201 <small>(190)</small>]] | [[BMW E34]] ; [[Audi A6|Audi A6 C4]] ; [[Rover 600]] <small>et</small> [[Rover 800|800]] |- ! scope=row | [[Mercedes-Benz Klas E (Type 210)|W210 ; S210 ; V210 ; VF210]]<br>''<small>(1995 - 2002)</small>'' | {{nobr|1650000 egzanplè}} | [[Mercedes-Benz Klas CLK|Tip 208 <small>(CLK)</small>]] | [[BMW Seri 5|BMW E39]] ; [[Audi A6|Audi A6 C5]] ; [[Rover 75]] |- ! scope=row | [[Mercedes-Benz Klas E (Type 211)|W211 ; S211]]<br>''<small>(2002 - 2009)</small>'' | {{nobr|1753300 ezanplè}} | [[Mercedes-Benz Klas CLK|Type 209 <small>(CLK)</small>]] | [[BMW Série 5|BMW E60 / E61]] ; [[Audi A6|Audi A6 C6]] ; [[Rover 75]] |- ! scope=row | [[Mercedes-Benz Klas E (Type 212)|W212 ; S212 ; V212]] & [[Mercedes-Benz Klas E (Type 212)#Mercedes-Benz Klas E (Type 207)|A207 ; C207]]<br>''<small>(2009 - 2016)</small>'' | | | [[BMW Seri 5|BMW F10 / F11]] ; [[Audi A6|Audi A6 C7]] |- ! scope=row | [[Mercedes-Benz Klas E (Type 213)|W213 ; S213 ; X213 ; V213]] & [[Mercedes-Benz Klas E (Type 213)#Mercedes-Benz Klas E (Type 238)|A238 ; C238]]<br>''<small>(2016 - ...)</small>'' | | [[Mercedes-Benz Classe GLE|Tip 166 <small>(GLE)</small>]] ; [[Mercedes-Benz Klas GLE|Tip 292 <small>(GLE Coupé)</small>]] | [[BMW Série 5|BMW G30 / G31]] ; [[Audi A6|Audi A6 C8]] |} === Anvan E-Klas la === [[Fichye:Mercedes_W124_front_20080115.jpg||vignette|180x180px| Mercedes-Benz Kalite 124.]] * '''Mercedes-Benz tip 124 <i id="mwnQ">faz 2</i>''' : == Nòt ak referans == {{Referans}} == Gade tou == {{Lòt pwojè|Category:Mercedes-Benz E-Class}} === lyen ekstèn === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120312111137/http://www5.mercedes-benz.com/ Sit ofisyèl] ** {{Drapo|Frans}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110924072136/http://www.mercedes-benz.fr/content/france/mpc/mpc_france_website/fr/home_mpc/passengercars/home/new_cars/models/e-class/w212.flash.html E-Class la sou sit entènèt ofisyèl la] [[Kategori:Otomobil ibrid]] d00hsyvt82mtqzlgbrhogbu5eb9vzjx 0 94760 890247 859988 2026-11-10T22:01:59Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Biographie2|charte=écrivain|nom=Clément Marot|image=Corneille de Lyon - Portrait présumé de Clément Marot (Huile sur bois, 1536).jpg|légende=Portrait présumé de Clément Marot, par [[Corneille de Lyon]] (1536)|nom de naissance=|surnom=|activités=[[Poète]]|date de naissance={{Date de naissance|1496}}|lieu de naissance=[[Cahors]] ([[Royaume de France|France]])|date de décès={{Date de décès|12 septembre 1544}}|lieu de décès=[[Turin]] (alors sous occupation française)|langue=[[Français]]|mouvement=[[Humanisme]]|genre=[[Poésie]]|distinctions=|adjectifs dérivés=marotique|œuvres principales=*''L’Adolescence clémentine'' (1532) *''La Suite de l'Adolescence clémentine'' (1533) *''Les Œuvres'' (1538) *''L'Enfer'' (1539, {{1re|édition}}) *''Trente psaumes'' (1541) *''Cinquante psaumes'' (1543)|complément=|signature=|ascendants=[[Jean Marot (poète)|Jean Marot]]|descendants=[[Michel Marot]]}}'''Clément Marot''', ki fèt alantou 1496 nan Cahors <ref group="N">Dans ''L'Enfer'', composé vers 1526, Marot dit être arrivé en France (c'est-à-dire dans le Nord de la France) « n’ayant dix ans » (v. 399) et n'y avoir acquis « depuis vingt ans » que labeur et souffrance (v. 408). La date de naissance vers 1496 est déduite de ce passage. </ref> e ki te mouri 12 septanm 1544 nan Torino <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://clementmarot.com/turintomb.htm|title=Marot's Turin Tomb|website=clementmarot.com|access-date=2021-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620055951/http://clementmarot.com/turintomb.htm|archive-date=2021-06-20|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, se yon [[powèt]] [[Frans|fransè]]. Tou de eritye otè yo nan fen XVe syèk la e prekisè Pleyad, li se san dout powèt ki pi enpòtan nan lakou François {{Ie}}. Malgre pwoteksyon Marguerite de Valois-Angoulême, sè wa a, senpati li te genyen pou Refòm Pwotestan an te fè l jwenn plizyè prizon ak de ekzil. == Biyografi == Biyografi Marot difisil pou etabli sou kèk baz paske nou manke dokiman achiv sou li: se poutèt sa li pi souvan sou powèm li yo ke vwayaj li yo rekonstwi, byenke sa yo se sijè a nan yon sèn pafwa ale osi lwen ke falsifikasyon. == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === <references group="N"/> === Referans === {{Referans}} === Lyen ekstèn === {{Lòt pwojè|commons=Clément Marot|wikisource=Auteur:Clément Marot}}{{Liens}} [[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]] [[Kategori:Nesans an 1496]] [[Kategori:Literati Renesans]] [[Kategori:Ekriven Renesans]] [[Kategori:Powèt lirik]] [[Kategori:Powèt mistik]] 49ejy0ucefaikxbtgfv0zn4f8iff53o 0 95058 890248 862507 2026-11-10T23:02:32Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890248 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{Infobox Pèsonalite politik|fonksyon1=[[Fichye:Fabre Geffrard (President d'Haiti 1859-1867).jpg|50px]]<br />{{lejand|#C0C0C0|[[Fabre Geffrard]] <br /> 93,67%<br /> 74 vòt}}<br /> [[Fichye:Profile photo placeholder - smooth edges.svg|50px]]<br />{{lejand|#C0C0C0|[[Nicolas Léger]] <br /> 2,53%<br /> 2 vòt}}<br /> [[Fichye:Profile photo placeholder - smooth edges.svg|50px]]<br /> {{lejand|#C0C0C0|[[Hilaire-Jean Pierre]] <br /> 1,26%<br /> 1 vòt}}|fonksyon2=|charte=Eleksyon|lis=Pwochen eleksyon : [[Eleksyon prezidansyèl ayisyèn an 1866|1866]]}}'''Eleksyon prezidansyèl ayisyen 1859''' fèt sou [[22 janvye]] [[1859 (almanak gregoryen)|1859]]. Eleksyon endirèk sa a te fèt pou chwazi [[Prezidan Repiblik Ayiti]] apre tonbe rejim anperyal [[Faustin Soulouque]] a. Eleksyon sa a, òganize pa Palman an, make yon tranzisyon pou yon rejim repibliken e ouvri yon nouvo epòk politik anba prezidans [[Fabre Geffrard]]. == Konteks istorik == Nan mwa desanm 1858, yon revolisyon, ki te dirije pa [[Fabre Geffrard]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://francearchives.gouv.fr/fr/agent/217849244|title=Geffrard, Fabre Nicolas (1806-1878 ; président d&#39;Haïti)|language=fr|access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref>, yon jeneral ki te ansyen patizan [[Faustin Soulouque|Soulouque]], te eklate nan sid peyi a. [[Revolisyon ayisyèn an 1859|Revolisyon]] sa a mete fen nan [[Dezyèm Anpi Ayiti|Dezyèm Anpi Ayisyen]] an, ke Faustin Soulouque te pwoklame nan 1849. Rejim otoritè Soulouque a, ki te make pa anbisyon anperyal li ak feblès administratif li, te pwovoke gwo mekontantman, sitou nan mitan elit lavil yo ak komèsan yo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.haitianaute.com/2022/08/le-president-fabre-geffrard-appelle-les.html|title=Le président Fabre Geffrard appelle les Haïtiens à prendre les armes face à l'annexion de la Dominicanie par l'Espagne|date=2022-08-28|website=Haïtianaute|language=fr|access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref>. Apre Soulouque te destitue nan mwa janvye 1859<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revuedesdeuxmondes.fr/article-revue/chute-de-lempereur-soulouque/|title=Chute de l'Empereur Soulouque|language=fr-FR|access-date=2024-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204193801/https://www.revuedesdeuxmondes.fr/article-revue/chute-de-lempereur-soulouque/|archive-date=2024-12-04|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, Geffrard te mete sou pye yon gouvènman pwovizwa epi li te pwoklame yon nouvo [[konstitisyon]] repibliken, ki te retabli prensip demokratik yo epi limite manda prezidansyèl la a senk ane, ak posiblite pou renouvle li<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gilbertmervilus.medium.com/fabre-nicolas-geffrard-et-la-restauration-de-lind%C3%A9pendance-dominicaine-5536de4f169|title=Fabre Nicolas Geffrard et la Restauration de l’Indépendance dominicaine|last=Gilberto|first=Don|date=2020-11-13|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2024-12-04}}</ref>. Nan kontèks refòm politik sa a, eleksyon prezidansyèl janvye 1859 te òganize pou bay pouvwa nouvo chèf leta a lejitimite. == Sistèm elektoral == Eleksyon prezidansyèl 1859 lan te fèt nan yon vòt endirèk, dapre dispozisyon konstitisyonèl ke Geffrard te mete sou pye. Prezidan an te eli pa yon asanble palmantè ki te gen ladan : * 21 senatè ; * 58 manm Chanm Depite yo. Konsa, yon total 79 gwo elektè te gen dwa vote pou chwazi nouvo [[Prezidan Repiblik Ayiti|prezidan Repiblik]] la. == Rezilta yo == [[Fabre Geffrard]] te ranpòte eleksyon an ak yon gwo majorite, kote li te jwenn 74 vòt sou 79. Viktwa sa a te reflete wòl santral li nan tonbe Faustin Soulouque ak kontwòl li sou gouvènman pwovizwa a. Malgre dominasyon politik Geffrard, plizyè figi politik te kandida kont li, menm si yo pat gen vrè espwa pou yo te ranpòte eleksyon an. Pami kandida sa yo, nou jwenn : * [[Nicolas Léger]], yon avoka ak politisyen ki te defann libète piblik yo (2 vòt) ; * [[Hilaire-Jean Pierre]], prezidan Sena a (1 vòt) Pandan vòt la, de palmantè te abstène epi yo pa t vote pou okenn nan kandida yo pwopoze yo. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="2" |Kandida !Pati politik !Vòt !% |- | style="background:#C0C0C0" | |[[Fabre Geffrard]] |''Okenn'' |74 |93,67 |- | style="background:#C0C0C0" | |[[Nicolas Léger]] |''Okenn'' |2 |2,53 |- | style="background:#C0C0C0" | |[[Hilaire-Jean Pierre]] |''Okenn'' |1 |1,26 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="3" |Abtansyon |2 |2,53 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="3" |'''Total''' |79 |100 |} == Konsekans yo == Viktwa Fabre Geffrard te inogire yon peryòd gwo refòm. Gouvènman li an te konsantre sou: * Ankouraje edikasyon ak modènize enstitisyon piblik yo. * Retabli disiplin nan lame a epi ranfòse eta santral la. * Ankouraje echanj ekonomik, sitou ak gwo pouvwa etranje yo. Sepandan, Geffrard te fè fas ak gwo defi tankou enstabilite politik ki t ap kontinye ak tansyon sosyal yo. == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == [[Kategori:Politik]] [[Kategori:Eleksyon prezidansyèl ayisyèn]] hwwqy3wvaatx1ysma7hpaimi4eim3bk 0 96400 890244 874607 2026-11-10T21:33:42Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mizik (atis)|charte=vocal|label=}}Carlos Gardel, ki te fèt Charles Romuald Gardès, 11 desanm 1890 nan Toulouse (Lafrans)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1986-12-15|title=FATEFUL JOURNEY 1935|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.5590579.12|journal=The Life, Music, and Times of Carlos Gardel|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|pages=247–270|isbn=978-0-8229-7642-4}}</ref> oswa Tacuarembó (Ikray) selon kèk sous, e ki mouri 24 jen 1935 toupre Medellin nan Kolonbi, se te yon chantè-konpozitè tango ak yon aktè. Li konsidere kòm figi ki pi enpòtan nan tango nan premye mwatye nan 20yèm syèk la. Travay li ak vwa li klase kòm Memwa Mondyal pa UNESCO an 2003. == Biyografi == [[Fichye:Carlos_Gardel_Rubias_de_New_York.JPG|vignette|Nan [[Nouyòk]] pou pwomosyon ''fim El Tango ki te soti sou Broadway'' an 1934 la.]] Lè li te gen de zan, li imigre avèk manman l nan Ajantin, nan Buenos Aires, kote li grandi nan yon zòn ki ant katye Almagro ak Balvanera. Se nan katye sa a yo te gen Abasto ki te yon gwo mache santral pou fwi ak legim, kay la ki gen stil atizay déco toujou konsève jodi a epi yo transfòme li an sant komèsyal. [[Fichye:Museo_Carlos_Gardel,_Buenos_Aires.jpg|vignette|Carlos Gardel House Museum nan Buenos Aires .]] == Ikonografi == * ''Carlos Gardel'', afich pa Paul Colin, 1926. == Onè == [[Astewoyid|Asteroyid]] (6380) Gardel pote non li . == Nòt ak referans == === Nòt === <references group="Note" /> === Referans === {{Referans}} == Apendis == === Bibliyografi === ==== An franse ==== === Lyen ekstèn === {{Lòt pwojè|Category:Carlos Gardel}}{{Kategori prensipal}}{{Liens}} * [http://www.americas-fr.com/musique/carlos-gardel.html Carlos Gardel] El Zorzal Criollo * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110323020537/http://www.bibletango.com/tangopersonnages/perso_bio/persobio_g/Gardel_Carlos_BB.htm Liens bibliographiques Carlos] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150407221108/http://www.carlos-gardel-toulouse.net/ Liens de l'association Carlos Gardel] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20251118194628/http://carlos-gardel.fr/ Lien de l'association "Carlos Gardel France" - site en langue française] * {{Es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090211142322/http://gardelbiografia.com.ar/default.asp?tipo=3 Liste des chansons de Carlos Gardel] * Philippe Bernard, [https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/1998/10/28/182403-chez-gardel-on-a-concentre-la-ville.html « Chez Gardel, on a concentré la ville »], sur ''ladepeche.fr'', ''[[La Dépêche du Midi]]'', le 28 octobre 1998. [[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]] [[Kategori:Chan]] [[Kategori:Akte]] ga13p1xfk70z9nmjxp5wtdjx3qtr9ts 0 96447 890238 874357 2026-11-10T15:00:20Z Andre Engels 30 Redireksyon sou [[Leon Tolstoi]] 890238 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Leon Tolstoi]] 4zlenj2bsbtck2znr5msicgfpmx4jjl 0 96503 890256 874704 2026-11-11T03:36:11Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kolektivite tèritoryal |non_lokal=Краснодар |popilasyon_total=1 154 885<ref name="pop" /> |popilasyon_dansite=3403,63 }} '''Krasnodar''' (nan [[Lang ris|ris]]: ''Краснодар'') se pi gwo [[vil]] nan Sid [[Larisi]]. Li sitiye bò rivyè Kuban.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://krd.ru/o-krasnodare/istoriya-goroda/|title=История города|work=krd.ru|accessdate=2025-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214171752/https://krd.ru/o-krasnodare/istoriya-goroda/|archivedate=2024-12-14|language=ru}}</ref> Yo te fonde vil la kòm yon fò militè ak kapital kozak yo an 1793 ak non '''Ikáterinodar''' (nan ris: ''Екатеринодар''). Li te pote non sa a jiska 1920.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://krasnodar.ru/content/40/show/34743/|title=Krasnodar|work=krasnodar.ru|accessdate=2025-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804204606/https://krasnodar.ru/content/40/show/34743/|archivedate=2018-08-04|language=ru}}</ref> Yo rele l kapital Sid Larisi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news-kuban.ru/society/2025/05/25/25444.html|title=Краснодар — столица Юга!. Кричалка, которая звучала прошедшим вечером во всех частях города|date=2025-05-25|work=news-kuban.ru|accessdate=2025-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251029085151/https://news-kuban.ru/society/2025/05/25/25444.html|archivedate=2025-10-29|language=ru}}</ref> == Demografi == Popilasyon an nan vil la se 1 154 885 moun, epi nan tout distri a iben an gen 1 262 725 moun (pou 2025).<ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%A1hisl_MO_01-01-2025.xlsx|title=Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2025 года|accessdate=2025-11-15|work=rosstat.gov.ru|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505020344/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%A1hisl_MO_01-01-2025.xlsx|archive-date=2025-05-05|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Ekonomi == Krasnodar se pi gwo sant ekonomik nan Sid Larisi ak youn nan rejyon ki pi atire pou envestisman, li gen yon ekonomi divèsifye ki ap grandi rapidman. Endistri pwosesis, sitou sa ki gen rapò ak manje, ansanm ak komès, konstriksyon, ak sektè sèvis yo, se yo ki pilye devlopman an. Vil la konsidere kòm youn nan pi bon kote an Larisi pou fè biznis, li atire gwo envestisman ak kenbe yon nivo chomaj ki ba.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5008424#:~:text=«Экономика%20Краснодара%20постиндустриального%20типа,%20то,темпы%20роста»,%20—%20говорит%20эксперт|title=Рост в большом городе|date=2021-09-30|author=Решетняк Н.|work=kommersant.ru|accessdate=2025-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904084007/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5008424#:~:text=«Экономика%20Краснодара%20постиндустриального%20типа,%20то,темпы%20роста»,%20—%20говорит%20эксперт|archivedate=2022-09-04|language=ru}}</ref> == Pèsonalite == * [[Anna Netrebko]], chantè lirik Ris-Otrichyen. == Edikasyon == * [[Kuban Inivèsite Leta]] == Galri foto == <gallery> Krasnodar, Russia, near natural colors, Sentinel-2 satellite image 2018-SEP-18.jpg Триумфальная арка и памятник Святой Екатерине (1).jpg Медакадемия Краснодар Russia.JPG View of Krasnodar taken from Kozhevennaya street, 24 2020-04-18-5.jpg Здание гостиницы централь 03.JPG Karasunskiy okrug, Krasnodar, Krasnodarskiy kray, Russia - panoramio (27).jpg 2022. Краснодар DSC 9475.jpg Дом Шарданова Б. Б. Краснодар Russia 06.JPG </gallery> == Referans == {{referans}} == Lyen deyò == * {{commons-inline|Krasnodar}} * {{cite web|url=https://hedclub.com/en/publication/krasnodarskij_kraj_zhemchuzhina_yuga_rossii_784|title=Krasnodar Territory. Pearl of the South of Russia|date=2024-12-27|work=hedclub.com|accessdate=2025-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621043553/https://hedclub.com/en/publication/krasnodarskij_kraj_zhemchuzhina_yuga_rossii_784|archivedate=2025-06-21|language=en}} [[Kategori:Vil nan Risi]] i3vf3ts7j4tp70kyc2zjba893cm0b91 0 97295 890269 881355 2026-11-11T08:54:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rima Hassan''' ( en , ''Rīmā Ḥassān'' ), fèt sou 28 avril 1992 Nan kan refijye palestinyen Neirab la, touprè Alep ( [[Siri]] ), se yon [[politisyen]] ak [[Jiris|avoka]] [[Frans|fransè]] . Li te fèt san eta epi palestinyen, li te rive an [[Frans]] vè laj dizan (10) epi li te etabli l avèk fanmi li nan Niort, Deux-Sèvres . Aprè li te fin jwenn nasyonalite fransèz nan lane 2010 Li te jwenn yon metriz nan dwa entènasyonal piblik nan Inivèsite Panthéon-Sorbonne . Li ap viv a tan pasyèl nan [[Jòdani|lòt bò larivyè Jouden]] . Rima Hassan te fonde nan lane 2019 Observatwa Kan Refijye yo, yon [[òganizasyon non-gouvènmantal]] ki dedye a etid ak pwoteksyon [[kan refijye]] atravè lemond. 2023 Li te fonde kolektif Aksyon Palestine Frans epi li te rantre nan mouvman La France Insoumise a pou prepare eleksyon ewopeyen 2024 yo, aprè sa li te eli kòm manm Palman Ewopeyen an .9 jen 2024 Li regilyèman fè kanpay pou yon eta binasyonal Izrayèl-Palestinyen . Pozisyon li sou Hamas ak konfli nan Mwayen Oryan an te sous anpil konfli. == Biyografi == === Fanmi ak orijin === Rima Hassan Mobarak te fèt nan dat 28 avril 1992 Nan kan refijye palestinyen Neirab la, touprè Alep nan peyi Siri <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/origines-formation-relations-avec-la-syrie-que-valent-les-accusations-contre-rima-hassan-publiees-dans-une-video-choc-relayee-par-tapiro-20240504_VMKUTKCHQJGEHHCFFBFF3HFE3Q/|title=Origines, formation, relations avec la Syrie : que valent les accusations contre Rima Hassan publiées dans une «vidéo choc» relayée par Tapiro ?|last=Jade Lacroix|date=4 mai 2024|access-date=4 mai 2024}}.</ref> {{,}} . Sa a se pi gwo kan refijye palestinyen nan peyi a <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.zochrot.org/camps/camp_details/57/ar|title=ذاكرات - مخيم النيرب|website=ذاكرات - مخيم النيرب|publisher=[[Zochrot]]|language=ar|access-date=6 mai 2024}}.</ref>, epi tou li se kan ki pi pòv la {{,}} . Li se pi piti nan sis timoun. Manman l, Nabiha (1958 1958-2021 ), se yon pwofesè lekòl, epi papa l, Ahmad, se yon ansyen mekanisyen nan fòs aeryen siryen an <ref name=":8"/> Granparan patènèl li yo, ki te soti orijinèlman nan vilaj palestinyen Al-Birwa (kounye a nan [[Izrayèl]] ), te oblije ale an ekzil nan peyi Siri pandan kreyasyon Izrayèl la.jen 1948, pandan Nakba a <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/portraits/rima-hassan-la-palestine-a-coeur-et-a-cris-20231027_JOZACSM5TZEYBGWTIJQYQEL5YQ/|title=Rima Hassan, la Palestine à cœur et à cris|last=Guillaume Gendron|date=27 octobre 2023|access-date=29 octobre 2023}}.</ref> {{,}} . Grann li ki sòti nan yon fanmi moun enpòtan nan peyi Siri <ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2025/03/14/rima-hassan-eurodeputee-lfi-trois-identites-et-une-obsession-la-palestine_6580674_823448.html|title=Rima Hassan, eurodéputée LFI, trois identités et une obsession : la Palestine|last=[[Christophe Ayad]]|last2=[[Abel Mestre]]|date=14 mars 2025|access-date=15 mars 2025}}.</ref>, fanmi Hananou a — te marye ak yon refijye kominis palestinyen ki soti Salfit <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20240105.OBS82893/c-est-l-histoire-de-malak-heritiere-syrienne-tombee-amoureuse-d-un-charismatique-palestinien.html|title=C'est l'histoire de Malak, héritière syrienne tombée amoureuse d'un charismatique Palestinien|last=Marie Vaton|date=5 janvier 2024|access-date=31 mai 2024}}.</ref> (nan Cisjòdani ) epi li te abandone fanmi li pou l te rete avè l nan kan an <ref name=":8"/> . === Jèn ak etid === Kòm relasyon paran l yo te trè konfliktif, manman l te kite kan an yon ti tan aprè nesans li epi li te reyisi emigre an Frans, kote li te jwenn youn nan sè l yo <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/rima-hassan-a-lorigine-de-lobservatoire-des-camps-de-refugies-se-veut-la-voix-des-indesirables-28-05-2022-5FOF3L3PMBFJDKHJERRL4JCQ5E.php|title=Rima Hassan, à l'origine de l'Observatoire des camps de réfugiés, se veut la voix des indésirables|last=Emmanuelle Vibert|date=28 mai 2022|access-date=29 octobre 2023}}.</ref> . Aprè sa, li te pase uit ane ap eseye jwenn pitit li yo <ref name=":8" /> . Li reyisi, e konsa, nan lane 2002 <ref name="ref_auto_2" /> A laj de dizan <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politis.fr/articles/2024/04/rima-hassan-le-gouvernement-israelien-ne-veut-pas-la-paix/|title=Rima Hassan : « Je veux garder espoir »|last=[[Denis Sieffert]]|date=23 avril 2024|access-date=9 octobre 2024}}.</ref>, Rima Hassan te rive Niort, nan depatman Deux-Sèvres, kote li te jwenn manman l <ref name="ref_auto_2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2024/01/14/rima-hassan-la-palestine-chevillee-au-c-ur_6210708_4500055.html|title=Rima Hassan, la Palestine chevillée au cœur|last=Benjamin Barthe|date=14 janvier 2024|access-date=29 janvier 2024}}.</ref>, ansanm ak sè l ak kat frè l <ref name="bioRep">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/a-la-une/rima-hassan-l-integration-ne-se-dicte-pas-elle-se-vit|title=Rima Hassan : "L'intégration ne se dicte pas, elle se vit"|date=27 novembre 2021}}.</ref> {{,}} <ref name="OF20240318">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/politique/la-tres-controversee-rima-hassan-a-suivi-sa-scolarite-en-deux-sevres-fbd39ad4-e53b-11ee-bf7e-a377cbb9edbd|title=La très controversée Rima Hassan a suivi sa scolarité en Deux-Sèvres|date=18 mars 2024|website=[[Ouest-France|ouest-france.fr]]|access-date=18 avril 2024}}.</ref> {{,}} . Apatman fanmi an te sitiye nan yon apatman sosyal nan katye defavorize Clou-Bouchet la <ref name=":14"/> . Li te eli nan Konsèy Minisipal Timoun yo nan lane 2003 nan Niort <ref name="OF20240318" /> . Li te etidye nan lekòl primè Ernest Pérochon . Pandan peryòd sa a, manman l te travay kòm yon dam netwayaj, answit nan restoran <ref name=":8"/> . Li te aktif nan Asosyasyon Solidarite Frans Palestin, men tou nan Pati Sosyalis la, answit nan Pati Gòch la <ref name=":14" /> . Lang matènèl li se [[arab]] <ref name=":8" />, li rakonte yo te mete l dèyè nan klas la paske li pa t pale fransè, epi li te sibi entimidasyon [[rasis]] nan men lòt elèv yo <ref name=":8" /> . Li jwenn2011 yon bakaloreya syantifik nan Lise de la Venise Verte . [[Apatride|i pa gen peyi]] depi l fèt, li te [[Naturalisation en France|natiralize fransèz]] an 2010 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/moyen-orient/20240224-guerre-isra%C3%ABl-hamas-gaza-rima-hassan-juriste-d%C3%A9nonce-cet-%C3%A9lan-qui-consiste-%C3%A0-nuire-aux-paroles-palestiniennes|title=Rima Hassan, juriste, dénonce «cet élan qui consiste à nuire aux paroles palestiniennes»|last=Anne Bernas|date=24 février 2024|publisher=[[Radio France internationale]]|access-date=13 mai 2024}}.</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/politique/4080113-20240307-europeennes-2024-pourquoi-rima-hassan-militante-pro-palestine-presente-liste-lfi-fait-polemique|title=Qui est Rima Hassan, la candidate LFI accusée d'être pro-Hamas ?|last=Thibaut Le Gal|date=8 mars 2024|access-date=13 mai 2024}}.</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/monde/proche-orient/israel-palestine/je-suis-genee-d-etre-devenue-une-icone-malgre-moi-rencontre-avec-rima-hassan-la-militante-pro-palestinienne-devenue-etendard-de-la-france-insoumise_6516845.html|title="Je suis gênée d'être devenue une icône malgré moi" : rencontre avec Rima Hassan|last=Elie Abergel|date=30 avril 2024|website=[[France Info (offre globale)|franceinfo.fr]]|access-date=13 mai 2024}}.</ref> {{,}} <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/291023/rima-hassan-nous-subissons-une-punition-collective|title=Rima Hassan : "Nous subissons une punition collective"|last=Amélie Poinssot|date=29 octobre 2023|website=[[Mediapart]]|access-date=29 octobre 2023}}.</ref> {{,}} <ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/portraits/rima-hassan-la-palestine-a-coeur-et-a-cris-20231027_JOZACSM5TZEYBGWTIJQYQEL5YQ/|title=Rima Hassan, la Palestine à cœur et à cris|last=Guillaume Gendron|date=27 octobre 2023|access-date=29 octobre 2023}}.</ref> . Kou li te rive nan laj majorite, li te chèche vwayaje al [[Palestine (État)|Palestine]] via [[Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv-Jaffa]], pou « pou finalman dekouvri tè zansèt li yo " men yo te anpeche l monte nan [[Aéroport de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle|ayewopò Pari-Charles-de-Gaulle]] <ref name="ref_auto_22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2024/01/14/rima-hassan-la-palestine-chevillee-au-c-ur_6210708_4500055.html|title=Rima Hassan, la Palestine chevillée au cœur|last=Benjamin Barthe|date=14 janvier 2024|access-date=29 janvier 2024}}.</ref> aprèLi pwòch ak [[Henri Proglio]], ki te anplwaye plizyè frè ak sè Rachida Dati nan [[Veolia]] epi apre sa nan [[Électricité de France|EDF]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gala.fr/l_actu/news_de_stars/rachida-dati-et-henri-proglio-ils-ont-fini-par-se-retrouver_456807|title=Rachida Dati et Henri Proglio : « Ils ont fini par se retrouver »|last=Léa Cardinal|date=22-10-2020|website=[[Gala (magazine)|Gala]]}}.</ref> . Dapre ''[[Libération (journal)|Libération]]'', li te benefisye pandan plizyè ane de " nan yon apatman somptueux nan [[6e arrondissement de Paris|VI arondisman Pari a]], tout sa sou depans ansyen patnè li a, ansyen PDG Veolia ak EDF [[Henri Proglio|, Henri Proglio]] » <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/societe/police-justice/zero-loyer-prets-sans-interet-virements-bancaires-rachida-dati-et-son-train-de-vie-pas-si-modeste-20240923_SCPPTWMUGVBETIDBSVZ6HNMRNE/|title=Zéro loyer, prêts sans intérêt, virements bancaires… Rachida Dati et son train de vie pas si «modeste»|last=[[Laurent Léger]]|date=23-09-2024}}.</ref> .o yon entèvansyon otorite Izrayelyen yo te fè ak konpayi avyon an <ref name=":142">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2025/03/14/rima-hassan-eurodeputee-lfi-trois-identites-et-une-obsession-la-palestine_6580674_823448.html|title=Rima Hassan, eurodéputée LFI, trois identités et une obsession : la Palestine|last=[[Christophe Ayad]]|last2=[[Abel Mestre]]|date=14 mars 2025|access-date=15 mars 2025}}.</ref> ." Aprè evènman sa yo, pandan l t ap travay nan yon pizzeria <ref name=":143">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2025/03/14/rima-hassan-eurodeputee-lfi-trois-identites-et-une-obsession-la-palestine_6580674_823448.html|title=Rima Hassan, eurodéputée LFI, trois identités et une obsession : la Palestine|last=[[Christophe Ayad]]|last2=[[Abel Mestre]]|date=14 mars 2025|access-date=15 mars 2025}}.</ref>, li te pouswiv etid dwa epi li te jwenn yon [[Diplôme national de licence|diplòm]], aprè li te fin pase dezan nan [[Université d'Évry|Inivèsite Évry]], answit yon ane nan [[Université de Montpellier|Inivèsite Montpellier]], nan2014 <ref name=":7">[[Centre Presse (Vienne)|''Centre Presse'' (Vienne)]], {{date|27 novembre 2021}}, {{p.|46}}, Bio express.</ref> Li te ale [[Liban]] pandan yon ane epi lè li te retounen an Frans li te fini [[Diplôme national de master|metriz]] li nan [[Université Panthéon-Sorbonne|Inivèsite Panthéon-Sorbonne]] nan2016 <ref name="bioRep2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/a-la-une/rima-hassan-l-integration-ne-se-dicte-pas-elle-se-vit|title=Rima Hassan : "L'intégration ne se dicte pas, elle se vit"|date=27 novembre 2021}}.</ref> . Nan tèz metriz li nan dwa entènasyonal, li konsantre sou konparezon legal ant [[Afrik disid (peyi)|Lafrik di Sid]] ak Izrayèl konsènan politik [[Apartheid|apated]] yo a <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/international/291023/rima-hassan-nous-subissons-une-punition-collective|title=Rima Hassan : "Nous subissons une punition collective"|last=Amélie Poinssot|date=29 octobre 2023|website=[[Mediapart]]|access-date=29 octobre 2023}}.</ref> {{,}} <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicsenat.fr/emission/100-senat/israel-palestine-etat-des-lieux-un-colloque-organise-au-senat-e170|title="Israël-Palestine : Etat des lieux" : un colloque organisé au Sénat|date=7 février 2023|website=100% Sénat|publisher=[[Public Sénat]]|access-date=11 mai 2024}}.</ref> . Pandan etid li yo, li te montre yon enterè patikilye nan [[filozofi]] epi li te patisipe regilyèman nan [[Café philosophique|kafe filozofik]] . Pandan etid inivèsitè li yo, li te distribye lis referans sou [[Conflit israélo-palestinien|konfli Izrayèl-Palestin]] nan koulwa yo, ke li te santi ki te manke nan bibliyografi pwofesè li yo <ref name=":144">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2025/03/14/rima-hassan-eurodeputee-lfi-trois-identites-et-une-obsession-la-palestine_6580674_823448.html|title=Rima Hassan, eurodéputée LFI, trois identités et une obsession : la Palestine|last=[[Christophe Ayad]]|last2=[[Abel Mestre]]|date=14 mars 2025|access-date=15 mars 2025}}.</ref> . Daprè li, manman l fyè anpil dèske li te jwenn diplòm li nan [[Panthéon-Sorbonne]], paske « ta tande » diplòm sa a rive jis nan kan Neirab la <ref name=":82">{{Cite web|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/rima-hassan-a-lorigine-de-lobservatoire-des-camps-de-refugies-se-veut-la-voix-des-indesirables-28-05-2022-5FOF3L3PMBFJDKHJERRL4JCQ5E.php|title=Rima Hassan, à l'origine de l'Observatoire des camps de réfugiés, se veut la voix des indésirables|last=Emmanuelle Vibert|date=28 mai 2022|access-date=29 octobre 2023}}.</ref> . == Angajman ak chemen karyè == Rima Hassan rantre nan [[Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides|Biwo Fransè pou Pwoteksyon Refijye ak Moun ki pa gen Apat]] nan2016 <ref name="bioRep3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lanouvellerepublique.fr/a-la-une/rima-hassan-l-integration-ne-se-dicte-pas-elle-se-vit|title=Rima Hassan : "L'intégration ne se dicte pas, elle se vit"|date=27 novembre 2021}}.</ref> apre sa, apre dizwit mwa, li te travay nan [[Cour nationale du droit d'asile|Tribinal Nasyonal pou Azil]] (CNDA) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/en-sol-majeur/20221029-rima-hassan-mobarak-au-service-des-r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s|title=Rima Hassan Mobarak, au service des Réfugiés|date=3 octobre 2021|website=En sol majeur|publisher=[[Radio France internationale]]|access-date=29 octobre 2023}}.</ref> {{,}} <ref name=":04">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/portraits/rima-hassan-la-palestine-a-coeur-et-a-cris-20231027_JOZACSM5TZEYBGWTIJQYQEL5YQ/|title=Rima Hassan, la Palestine à cœur et à cris|last=Guillaume Gendron|date=27 octobre 2023|access-date=29 octobre 2023}}.</ref> pandan sis ane epi jiska2023 <ref name="ref_auto_23">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2024/01/14/rima-hassan-la-palestine-chevillee-au-c-ur_6210708_4500055.html|title=Rima Hassan, la Palestine chevillée au cœur|last=Benjamin Barthe|date=14 janvier 2024|access-date=29 janvier 2024}}.</ref> . Nan2019 Li te fonde ONG Obsèvatwa Kan Refijye a <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.challenges.fr/societe/rima-hassan-visage-et-contre-pouvoir-des-camps-de-refugies_687164|title=Rima Hassan, visage et contre-pouvoir des camps de réfugiés|date=29 novembre 2019|access-date=29 octobre 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420100222/https://www.challenges.fr/societe/rima-hassan-visage-et-contre-pouvoir-des-camps-de-refugies_687164|archive-date=2024-04-20|dead-url=yes}}.</ref> {{,}} <ref name="bioRep3" /> {{,}} <ref name=":83">{{Cite web|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/rima-hassan-a-lorigine-de-lobservatoire-des-camps-de-refugies-se-veut-la-voix-des-indesirables-28-05-2022-5FOF3L3PMBFJDKHJERRL4JCQ5E.php|title=Rima Hassan, à l'origine de l'Observatoire des camps de réfugiés, se veut la voix des indésirables|last=Emmanuelle Vibert|date=28 mai 2022|access-date=29 octobre 2023}}.</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://a-prioris.fr/point-de-bascule/rima-hassan-la-voix-des-camps-de-refugies/|title=Rima Hassan : la voix des camps de réfugiés|date=15 novembre 2022|website=a-prioris.fr|access-date=6 mars 2024}}.</ref> .20 juin 2020 Li te pale nan yon tab wonn [[Emmaüs France|Emmaüs Lafrans]] te òganize nan okazyon [[Journée mondiale des réfugiés|Jounen Mondyal Refijye a]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journaldesfemmes.fr/societe/actu/2644875-journee-mondiale-des-refugies-les-associations-se-mobilisent-en-ligne/|title=Journée mondiale des Réfugiés : on se mobilise en ligne (et en musique)|date=19 juin 2020|website=[[Le Journal des femmes]]|access-date=10 mai 2024}}.</ref> . [[Délégation interministérielle à l'accueil et à l'intégration des réfugiés|Delegasyon entèministeryèl pou akèy ak entegrasyon refijye yo]] dedye yon pòtrè ba li nan2022 paske « Fanm enspiran » <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.challenges.fr/top-news/rima-hassan-la-petite-derniere-de-la-famille-insoumise-sur-le-devant-de-la-scene_891627|title=Rima Hassan, la "petite dernière de la famille" insoumise, sur le devant de la scène|date=30 avril 2024|access-date=1 mai 2024}}.</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://accueil-integration-refugies.fr/dansmavie-avec-rima-hassan/|title=#Dansmavie avec Rima Hassan|last=Luc Legay|date=8 mars 2022|website=accueil-integration-refugies.fr|publisher=[[Délégation interministérielle à l'accueil et à l'intégration des réfugiés]]|access-date=1 mai 2024|archive-date=2024-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501202732/https://accueil-integration-refugies.fr/dansmavie-avec-rima-hassan/|dead-url=yes}}.</ref> . Nan menm ane sa a, li te revize nosyon « nan yon [[Podcasting|podcast]] ak lòt patisipan yo"«fratènite » nan deviz fransè a ''[[Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité|Libète, Egalite, Fratènite]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carenews.com/carenews-info/news/comme-si-vous-y-etiez-le-tribunal-des-generations-futures-et-le-laboratoire-de|title=[Comme si vous y étiez] Le Tribunal des Générations Futures et le Laboratoire de la fraternité interrogent la devise républicaine|date=7 avril 2022|website=carenews.com|access-date=10 mai 2024}}.</ref> . 3 février 2023 li pale nan [[Sénat (France)|Sena]] a pou senpozyòm nan « Izrayèl-Palestin: Sitiyasyon aktyèl la » òganize pa senatris [[Esther Benbassa]], ''[[L'Histoire]]'' ak [[Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem|Sant Rechèch Fransè nan Jerizalèm]] <ref name=":92">{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicsenat.fr/emission/100-senat/israel-palestine-etat-des-lieux-un-colloque-organise-au-senat-e170|title="Israël-Palestine : Etat des lieux" : un colloque organisé au Sénat|date=7 février 2023|website=100% Sénat|publisher=[[Public Sénat]]|access-date=11 mai 2024}}.</ref> {{,}} <ref>{{Atik}}.</ref> . Entèvansyon li abòde kesyon [[Apartheid israélien|apated la nan sosyete Izrayelyen an]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://israelpalestine.fr/|title=Colloque Israël-Palestine : État des lieux – Vendredi {{date|3 février 2023}} – Palais du Luxembourg|access-date=11 mai 2024}}.</ref> . Rima Hassan te siyen yon kontra pou yon otobiyografi avèk [[Éditions des Équateurs]] an jen 2023 <ref>{{Atik}}</ref> epi li ap resevwa èd finansyè nan men Fondasyon [[Kamel Lazaar]] pou sa <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/politique/exclusif-rima-hassan-les-zones-d-ombre-de-la-candidate-lfi-aux-europeennes-07-05-2024-2559634_20.php|title=Rima Hassan, un financement et des zones d'ombre|last=Bartolomé Simon|date=7 mai 2024}}.</ref> . == Referans. == [[Kategori:Atik Wikipedya avèk dosye otorite]] slwwfg233ku9g9jz7x9wb6t086oqlmk 0 97388 890239 881038 2026-11-10T18:58:17Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890239 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''3HO (Òganizasyon ki An Sante, ki Kontan, ki Sen)''', ke yo rele tou Sikh Dharma nan Emisfè Lwès la oubyen '''Sikh Dharma Entènasyonal''', se yon òganizasyon amerikèn kontwovèsyal ki te fonde an 1969 pa Harbhajan Singh Khalsa, ke yo rele tou "Yogi Bhajan". Patizan li yo souvan rele li Fratènite Dharma Sikh la. <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p9" /> Menm si anpil moun itilize non “3HO” pou pale de mouvman an, an reyalite tèm sa a sèlman refere ak branch edikatif li. <ref name="britsikhsects" /> <ref name="Takhar2016p161" /> Dapre plizyè entelektyèl, 3HO ka dekri kòm yon nouvo mouvman relijye . == Pratik == Mouvman 3HO a rekonèt pou li entegre plizyè pratik ki soti nan kèk tradisyon dharmik, tankou meditasyon, rejim vejetaryen ak yoga, sitou yoga Kundalini . Manm yo konsidere ouvèti anvè yoga ak ide espirityèl kòm yon sous enèji ak fòs enteryè. Tou de gason ak fanm mete turban epi yo souvan abiye an blan. <ref name="HaarKalsi2009p9" /> 3HO egzije pou manm li yo swiv yon rejim alimantè lakto-vejetaryen strik. Itilizasyon alkòl, dwòg rekreyasyonèl ak tabak entèdi. <ref name="York 2009" /> == Kritik == Menmsi 3HO di ke yo pratike ansèyman ak valè Sikh yo, òganizasyon an lajman kondane pa kominote Sikh la an jeneral, gen kèk moun ki rive menm rele li yon sèk . === Kondanasyon pa SGPC ak Akal Takht === An 1977, Gurucharan Singh Tohra, ansyen Prezidan Komite Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak (SGPC), te deklare ke Harbhajan Singh pa t lidè Sikhism nan mond oksidantal la jan li te pretann nan, epi li te nye deklarasyon Singh te fè a ki di SGPC te ba li tit Siri Singh Sahib la. Gran Prèt Sikh Jaswant Singh te deklare ke li menm ak konsèy li a te deklare yo te "choke" pa "teori fantastik" Bhajan yo. Yoga, Tantrism, ak "pratik seksyèl" Bhajan te anseye yo, konsèy la te deklare, yo "entèdi e imoral." === Akizasyon abi seksyèl === Nan mwa janvye 2020, ansyen sekretè Yogi Bhajan, Pamela Saharah Dyson (ansyen Premka), te pibliye memwa li ''Premka: White Bird in a Golden Cage: My Life with Yogi Bhajan'', kote li rakonte relasyon entim ki pa t pwofesyonèl li menm ansanm ak lòt fanm te genyen ak Harbhajan Singh. Piblikasyon liv la te mennen nan akizasyon kont Bhajan ak kèk moun ki te bò kote li, ki gen ladan abi seksyèl, finansye ak emosyonèl. Akizasyon sa yo te lakòz yon pwosè sivil nan vil Los Angeles kont li ak lòt manm nan sèk li a. Pou reponn, 3HO te angaje An Olive Branch pou fè yon ankèt endepandan. Dapre rapò a, ki te baze sou entèvyou ak rechèch detaye, yo te konkli ke li te "plis pwobab ke Yogi Bhajan te angaje l nan plizyè kalite move konduit seksyèl epi li te abize pouvwa li kòm yon lidè espirityèl." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://epsweb.org/an-olive-branch-report/|title=OIive Branch Report|website=The SSSC Office of Ethics and Professional Standards}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kundaliniresearchinstitute.org/en/timeline/report-by-an-olive-branch-issued/|title=Olive Branch Report|website=Kundalini Research Institute}}</ref> === Opinyen entelektyèl yo sou 3HO ak Yogi Bhajan === Gen kèk espesyalis tankou Verne A. Dusenbery ak Pashaura Singh ki dakò ke entwodiksyon ansèyman Sikh yo pa Harbhajan Singh nan Lwès la te ede idantifye Sikhism kòm yon relijyon mondyal pandan y ap kreye yon kont-naratif konvenkan pou sa ki te idantifye Sikh yo sèlman kòm yon ras ki gen yon istwa pataje nan peyi Zend. Istoryen Sikh Trilochan Singh te ofri yon pèspektiv kontras nan travay kritik li a ki rele "Sikhism ak Tantrik Yoga." "Mwen trè enkyete sou fason Yogi Bhajan anseye Sikhism bay jèn gason ak jèn fi Ameriken ki gen senserite, noblès objektif, ak pasyon ra pou sajès oryantal ak eksperyans mistik otantik ki san dout inik. Mwen pa bay okenn enpòtans a entèpretasyon fantastik li bay sou Kundalini Yoga, ke mwen pa janm li nan okenn tèks Tantra, ni konnen nan men okenn entelektyèl Tantrik vivan. Mwen pa pare pou m pran oserye nouvo Guru Yoga li a kote disip li yo ki gen krentif pou Bondye e ki pa kritik dwe konsantre sou yon imaj patikilye sou Yogi Bhajan, pratik sa a yo rele souri mantal." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gurmukhyoga.com/forum/index.php?mode=page&id=1|title=Sikhism and Tantric Yoga|publisher=The Gurumukh Yoga Forum|access-date=May 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713002223/http://gurmukhyoga.com/forum/index.php?mode=page&id=1|archive-date=July 13, 2020|dead-url=yes}}</ref>   == Gouvènans ak kontwòl == [[Fichye:Yogi_Bhajan_1985.jpg|vignette|Yogi Bhajan (1985) fondatè 3HO]] Yogi Bhajan te kreye Sikh Dharma International kòm yon òganizasyon relijye san bi likratif nan Kalifòni, ak objektif pou ankouraje relijyon Sikh Dharma a epi sèvi kòm yon asosyasyon pou gwoup relijye ki anseye prensip li yo, tankou fòmasyon minis ak òganizasyon sèvis adorasyon. Pandan tout lavi li, Sikh Dharma International, ansanm ak lòt antite ki gen rapò tankou Siri Singh Sahib Corporation ak Unto Infinity LLC, te anba kontwòl Siri Singh Sahib nan Sikh Dharma, yon estrikti legal Kalifòni ki rele “sosyete sèl,” kote Yogi Bhajan te sèl moun ki te gen otorite ak posesyon. Apre lanmò Yogi an 2004, yon diskisyon te pete sou gouvènans antite ak byen sa yo. Madanm Yogi Bhajan, Bibiji Inderjit Kaur Puri, te deklare ke li te nonmen nan konsèy administrasyon Unto Infinity, epi ke li menm ak twa pitit yo te nonmen nan konsèy administrasyon Siri Singh Sahib nan Sikh Dharma (e konsa nan yon pozisyon pou egzèse yon kontwòl siyifikatif sou tout antite legal Sikh Dharma yo); men apre lanmò Yogi Bhajan, lòt manm konsèy administrasyon antite sa yo te anpeche yo patisipe nan gouvènans lan yon fason ki pa kòrèk. Nan mwa janvye 2017, Tribinal Apèl 9yèm Awondisman an te detèmine ke pwosè a pa t yon dispit eklezyastik sou premye kou li. <ref name="9thCir" /> Sepandan, nan mwa avril 2018, Jij Anchèf Michael Mosman nan Tribinal Distri Etazini pou Distri Oregon an te ranvwaye ka a. Jij Mosman te konkli ke te gen prèv enpòtan ki montre ke antite antrepriz 3HO yo te gen karaktè relijye e konsa dispit la pa t ka jije nan yon tribinal sivil. <ref name="bernstein" /> [[Fichye:3HO_Summer_Solstice_1970.jpg|gauche|vignette|Solstis ete 3HO 1970]] == Antrepriz biznis == Dapre pwofesè antwopoloji ak chèchè dyaspora Sikh Nicola Mooney, Sikh 3HO yo te konbine "etik ak kapitalis" ak aktivite espirityèl yo, avèk Sikh Dharma International ansanm ak antite antrepriz ak direktè ki asosye avèk li yo ki kreye epi kontwole mak Yogi Tea ak Akal Security yo ak yon prezans atravè lemond. Golden Temple of Oregon, yon konpayi manje natirèl ki te bati mak Peace Cereal ak Yogi Tea yo, te posede pa yon antite antrepriz kontwole pa Yogi Bhajan, epi yo te estime li te vo anviwon $100,000,000 nan moman lanmò li. Yo te transfere konpayi an bay Kartar Singh Khalsa pou $100, sa ki te deklanche pwosè pou move dispozisyon byen yo. Divizyon sereyal Golden Temple la te vann bay Hearthside Food Solutions an Me 2010 pou $71 milyon dola; pita yo te bay lòd pou direktè yo remèt plis pase mwatye pri vant lan bay yon administratè tribinal la te nonmen. Hearthside te pita achte pa Post . Yo te chanje non Golden Temple pou East West Tea Company apre vant sa a. Yon lòt konpayi ki gen rapò ak SDI, Akal Security, okòmansman te anplwaye manm 3HO pou siveye boutik ak restoran. Li te grandi pou l vin yon konpayi ki rapòte 500 milyon dola pa ane avèk kontra federal pou pwoteje plizyè bilding gouvènman nan Washington, DC ak lòt kote, tankou tribinal, ayewopò ak anbasad. Fondatè yo te bay legliz la konpayi an kòm don an 1980. Apre lanmò Yogi Bhajan, kontwòl Golden Temple ak Akal Security te konteste nan yon seri pwosè nan Oregon. === Kilti popilè === Nan mwa Oktòb 2024, HBO te premye difize seri Breath of Fire a, ki pale sou abi mantal ak seksyèl Yogi Bhajan, ansanm ak 3HO. == Lis òganizasyon timoun 3HO yo == * Sekirite Akal * SikhNet * SikhiWiki <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":0" /> * Yogi Tea * [[Peace Cereal|Sereyal Lapè]] {{Referans}} q2x2xm6u6ynnlinxqfdvre6zl9d9gy7 0 97427 890242 881094 2026-11-10T20:41:09Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890242 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Banda Singh Bahadur''' (fèt '''Lachman Dev''' ; 27 oktòb 1670 – 9 jen 1716) te yon kòmandan militè Sikh nan Lame Khalsa a. A laj de 15 an, li te kite kay li pou l vin yon asèt, epi yo te ba li non '''Madho Das Bairagi''' . Li te etabli yon monastè nan Nānded, sou bò larivyè Godāvarī a. An 1707, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] te aksepte yon envitasyon pou l rankontre Anperè Mughal Bahadur Shah I nan sid peyi Zend, li te vizite Banda Singh Bahadur an 1708. Banda te vin disip Guru Gobind Singh epi yo te ba li yon nouvo non, '''Gurbaksh Singh''' ''(jan sa ekri nan Mahan Kosh )'', apre seremoni batèm nan. Li popilèman konnen kòm Banda Singh Bahadur. Guru a te ba li senk flèch kòm yon benediksyon pou batay ki t ap vini yo. Li te vin Khanda, Sonipat epi li te rasanble yon fòs konba epi li te dirije lit kont Anpi Mughal la. Premye gwo aksyon li te fè se te piye kapital pwovens Mughal la, Samana, an Novanm 1709. <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/BANDA%20SINGH%20BAHADUR%20%281670-1716%29.html|title=Banda Singh Bahadur|last=Ganda Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Patiala|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217022740/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/BANDA%20SINGH%20BAHADUR%20(1670-1716).html|archive-date=17 February 2015|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Apre li te fin etabli otorite li ak Repiblik Sikh la nan Punjab, {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}  Banda Singh Bahadur te aboli sistèm zamindari (feyodal) la, epi li te akòde dwa pwopriyete bay kiltivatè tè yo. Mughal yo te kaptire Banda Singh epi yo te tòtire l jiskaske li mouri nan lane 1715–1716. == Premye lavi == [[Fichye:Gilded_panel_(repoussé_plaque)_from_Takht_Hazur_Sahib,_Nanded._Madho_Das_(popularly_known_as_Banda_Singh_Bahadur)_declares_he_is_Guru_Gobind_Singh’s_‘Banda’_slave.jpg|vignette|Panèl dore (repoussé plak) soti nan Takht Hazur Sahib, Nanded. Madho Das deklare li se esklav "Banda" Guru Gobind Singh]] Banda Singh Bahadur te fèt sou non Lachman Dev nan yon fanmi Endou, pitit gason yon kiltivatè ki rele Ram Dev, nan Rajouri, nan dat 27 oktòb 1670. Plizyè sous dekri papa li kòm yon Rajput, swa nan klan Bhardwaj la oswa kòm yon Dogra Rajput. Fanmi li pa t gen anpil mwayen. Gen ti enfòmasyon sou anfans li, men yo konnen li te renmen lachas epi li te metrize ladrès tankou monte cheval, lit, tire flèch, ak eskrim depi li te jèn. Dapre yon istwa sou lavi li, lè li te gen anviwon 15 an, pandan yon lachas, li te blese yon fenmèl bèt ki t ap mouri ansanm ak de pitit li ki poko fèt. Sèn sa a te boulvèse l anpil e li te pouse l kite lavi mondèn pou l vin yon asèt. Apre sa, li te rankontre yon lòt asèt ki rele Janaki Prasad, ki te ba li nouvo non Madho Das. Pi devan, li te etabli pwòp ''dera'' (monastè) pa li epi li te rasanble yon gwoup disip bò kote l. === Rankontre ak Guru Gobind Singh === An 1708, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] te ale nan monastè Banda Singh, ki te rele Madho Das nan epòk sa a. Guru Gobind Singh te chita sou chèz Banda Singh kote Banda te konn chita tankou yon sen . Dapre kèk sous, Guru Gobind Singh ji te tiye [[kabrit]] yo la tou. Lè Banda Singh te tande sa k te pase a, li te vin anraje anpil. Banda Singh te itilize "maji" li pou l vire chèz Guru a te chita sou li a, men pa gen anyen ki te rive. Ranpli ak raj, Banda Singh te ale bò kote Guru a. Lè li te wè Guru Banda Singh, raj li te fonn. Apre yon konvèsasyon ak Guru Banda Singh, li te konvèti epi li te pran Amrit pou l vin yon Khalsa . Guru a te rele Madho Das Banda Singh. Banda Singh te aprann istwa Gurbani ak Sikh . {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} Lè yo te aprann asasina Zorawar Singh ak Fateh Singh, yo di Banda Singh te kriye. Guru Gobind Singh te di Banda Singh: "Lè tirani te pran lèzòm, se te devwa moun ki pi sansib yo pou yo goumen kont li e menm bay lavi yo nan lit la". Banda Singh te vle fè sa. Banda Singh te vle akonpli volonte Guru Gobind Singh pou pini tiran yo epi sove pèp la. == Kanpay militè yo == === Kòmansman === Yon ti tan apre, Guru Gobind Singh te sibi yon atak pa de Pathan ki te asosye ak Wazir Khan (petèt anba otorite Bahadur Shah I). Evènman sa a te fache anpil Banda Singh Bahadur, ki te mande Guru a pèmisyon pou ale nan Punjab pou l tire revanj pou enjistis ki te fèt sou Sikh yo epi pini opresè yo. Nan mwa septanm 1708, Guru Gobind Singh te ba li tit “Bahadur” epi li te konfye li otorite politik ak militè pou kontinye batay la. Li te bay li misyon pou pini moun ki responsab krim yo, espesyalman pou vanje lanmò Zorawar Singh ak Fateh Singh. Banda Singh te resevwa tou senbòl otorite yo, tankou yon ''Nagara'' (tanbou lagè), yon ''Nishan Sahib'', ak senk flèch Guru a. Pou ede li, yo te mete senk manm Panj Pyare yo bò kote l—Ram Singh, Binod Singh, Kahan Singh, Baj Singh, ak Daya Singh—ansanm ak apeprè 20 lòt Singh. Guru a te bay li enstriksyon klè: rete onèt ak senp nan kè, pa janm vyole madanm yon lòt moun, konsidere tèt li kòm yon sèvitè Khalsa ak Guru a, pran tout desizyon apre yon ''Ardas'' epi chèche konsèy Panj Pyare yo. Li te avèti l tou pou li pa janm pran tit Guru, pa kreye pwòp sèk pa li, epi pou li pa kite ego pran plas ni nan viktwa ni nan defèt. Banda Singh te resevwa ''[[Hukamnama]]'' yo tou nan men Guru Gobind Singh ki te di tout Sikh yo pou yo mete tèt ansanm avè l nan lagè li kont Anpi Mughal la. Yo te ba li pozisyon Jathedar nan Khalsa a. Se konsa, yo te voye Banda Singh nan Punjab ak yon gwoup 300 kavalye k ap swiv li sou yon distans 8 kilomèt. {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001|pp=118-119}} Pandan vwayaj li nan Penjab, Guru Gobind Singh te mouri nan dat 7 oktòb 1708. Banda Singh te itilize yon degizman pou vwayaje pandan pi fò nan vwayaj la epi li te swiv chemen Guru Gobind Singh te pran nan Maharashtra ak Rajputana . Banda Singh te vwayaje a yon vitès 16 kilomèt pa jou. Li te pran yon ane pou l rive nan Penjab. {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} === Konkèt bonè yo === [[Fichye:Painting_of_Banda_Singh_Bahadur_being_blessed_with_five_arrows_by_Guru_Gobind_Singh,_by_Gian_Singh_Naqqash,_ca.1930.jpg|vignette|Penti Banda Singh Bahadur k ap resevwa beni senk flèch nan men Guru Gobind Singh, pa Gian Singh Naqqash, c. 1930]] Banda Singh Bahadur te rive rapidman nan zòn ki koresponn ak Haryana jodi a, kote li te byen vit genyen konfyans ak sipò popilasyon lokal la. Lè li te deplase nan rejyon Bagar, li te pran kontwòl sou gwoup bandi ak vòlè yo, epi li te redistribye byen li te pran yo bay moun pòv yo. Aksyon sa a te fè repitasyon li grandi, e moun yo te menm onore li piblikman avèk yon foula. Avèk sipò vilaj yo, li te kòmanse entegre nouvo moun nan Khalsa a. Apre sa, li te kontinye avanse nan direksyon vilaj Sehri ak Khanda, kote li te voye lèt bay kominote Sikh yo nan Majha, Doaba ak Malwa pou ankouraje yo rantre nan batay li kont otorite Mughal yo. Nan mesaj sa yo, li te raple yo lanmò trajik pitit gason Guru Gobind Singh yo, ki te fèt sou lòd Wazir Khan. Kòm rezilta apèl sa yo, sipò pou li te ogmante atravè Punjab. Plizyè lidè ak sòlda te vin mete tèt yo ansanm avè l, tankou Fateh Singh ak Karam Singh ansanm ak Dharm Singh. Fanmi Phulkian yo, atravè Tilok Singh ak Ram Singh, te bay li sipò militè ak finansye. Menm kèk moun ki te deja nan sèvis Wazir Khan, tankou Ali Singh ak Mali Singh, te kite bò sa a pou vin sipòte mouvman Banda Singh lan. ==== Konkèt Sonipat ak Kaithal ==== Banda Singh ak yon fòs 500 sòlda te dirije yon atak sou Sonipat ki te toupre kapital enperyal la, Delhi . Faujdar Sonipat la te bat pa Sikh yo, sa ki te lakòz vil la te vin okipe. {{Sfn|Singh|1935}} Banda Singh te piye trezò enperyal la ak moun rich yo. Li te distribye richès la pami pwòp moun li yo. Konkèt Sonipat, ki te toupre Delhi, te yon defi ouvè pou Mughal yo. {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} Apre sa, Banda Singh te fikse je l sou Samana . Sou wout la, Banda Singh te dirije yon atak sou yon detachman Mughal toupre Kaithal ki t ap pote trezò enperyal ki t apral Delhi. {{Sfn|Singh|1935}} {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} Banda Singh te reyisi pran trezò a nan men otorite Mughal yo. {{Sfn|Singh|1935}} Amil (Gouvènè) Kaithal la te fache anpil pou sa epi li te dirije yon atak sou Sikh yo. Banda Singh ak Sikh yo te mennen yon batay difisil, men kòm yo te sitou sòlda apye konpare ak kavalri Mughal la, yo te fè fas ak pèt. Banda Singh te egzekite yon plan kote fòs Sikh yo te kouri antre nan forè ki te chaje ak pikan, sa ki te fòse kavalri Mughal yo abandone chwal yo. Sikh yo te soti nan bwa a epi yo te pran chwal yo. Mughal yo te masakre nan batay la, epi kèk te rann tèt yo. Banda Singh te kaptire Amil la, men li te lage l sou kondisyon pou l te kite Sikh yo kenbe chwal yo. Yo te distribye piyay yo te pran an pami disip Banda Singh yo. {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} === Kanpay nan Haryana ak nan lès === Banda Singh te deside ale nan direksyon lès nan direksyon Kiratpur pou libere Sikh Majha ak Doaba yo ki te bloke nan Malerkotla ak Ropar . Sou wout la, Banda Singh te konkeri Ghurman ak Thaska. Ghurman te ofri yon ti rezistans tandiske Thaska te rann tèt li san okenn rezistans. Apre sa, Banda Singh te avanse sou Kunjpura, ki te vilaj natif natal Wazir Khan. Twoup ak zam Wazir Khan te estasyone la, men Sikh yo te bat yo. Apre sa, Banda Singh te atake Shahabad, yon vilaj Mizilman ki te konnen pou vyòl. Banda Singh ak fòs Sikh yo te detwi yo. Banda Singh te ravaje Damala tou, kote Pathan yo te rete ki te abandone Guru Gobind Singh nan batay Bhangani an . Apre sa, Banda Singh te mache sou Mustafabad . Faujdar Mustafabad la te voye 2,000 sòlda enperyal ak 2 kanon pou kanpe Banda Singh ak Sikh yo. Banda Singh ak Sikh yo te bat Mughal yo, yo te kite kanon yo dèyè nan retrèt yo. Yo te piye vil la epi yo te pini Faujdar la pou tirani li ak opresyon li sou popilasyon an. {{Sfn|Singh|1990|pp=42–44}} [ 28 ] ==== Batay Kapuri ==== Banda Singh te tande pale de Zamindar Qadam-ud-din Kapuri a, lavi li te swadizan imoral ak pèsekisyon Endou ak Sikh yo. {{Sfn|Singh|1995}} Li te foure bouch li nan maryaj Endou yo, li te kidnape jèn lamarye epi vyole yo. {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} Banda Singh te atake Kapuri imedyatman, epi li te touye Qadam-ud-din pandan l t ap pran fò li a. Viktwa sa a te mennen tou nan yon gwo kaptire piyay ak materyèl lagè. {{Sfn|Singh|2000}} {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} {{Sfn|Gandhi|1999}} ==== Batay Sadhaura a ==== Pwochen fwa Banda Singh te wè Sadhaura se te Sadhaura . Sadhaura te dirije pa Osman Khan, ki te tòtire epi egzekite sen Mizilman Syed Pir Budhu Shah, paske li te ede Guru Gobind Singh nan batay Bhagnani an . Osman Khan te komèt tou atwosite kont Endou yo kote yo te touye bèf yo devan kay yo epi li te entèdi Endou ak Sikh yo boule mò yo epi fè evènman relijye yo. Tout bagay sa yo te fè Sadhaura sib Banda Singh. {{Sfn|Singh|2007}} {{Sfn|Gandhi|1999|p=29}} {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=127}} {{Sfn|Singh|1990}} Pandan Banda Singh t ap avanse sou Sadhaura, moun nan lokalite a ak peyizan yo te mete tèt ansanm avè l nan revòlt la. Foul moun ki te an kòlè a te vin enkontwolab epi yo te detwi tout bagay. Yo te touye Sayyid yo ak Shaikh yo . Yo te pann Osman Khan jouktan li mouri epi yo te kaptire Sadhaura. {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001|p=127}} {{Sfn|Singh|1990}} {{Sfn|Singh|2004|p=6}} ==== Ropar ==== Wazir Khan te dekouvri ke Sikh ki soti Majha yo te rasanble nan Kiratpur Sahib pou mete tèt ansanm ak Banda Singh. Lè Sikh yo te rive Ropar, Sher Mohammad Khan ansanm ak Khizar Khan, Nashtar Khan ak Wali Mohammad Khan te la pou bloke pasaj Sikh yo epi ofri yo yon batay. {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} Mughal yo te gen pi bon zam ak yon kantite kavalri siperyè pandan ke Sikh yo te gen yon ti lame ki pa t gen ase zam. Tou de bò yo te fè fas nan yon batay san. Pandan yo t ap goumen, te gen yon move tanpèt pousyè ki te fòse tou de pati yo retire pou nwit la. Nan denmen, yon nouvo kontenjan Sikh te rive pou ranfòse Sikh ki te rete yo. Imedyatman, yon bal te frape Khizar Khan nan tèt, sa ki te lakòz konfizyon. Nashtar ak Wali Mohammad Khan te eseye rekipere kadav Khizar Khan men yo te mouri pandan y ap fè sa. Sher Mohammad Khan te kouri paske li te blese grav. <ref name="Tactics" /> Avèk pifò nan lidè yo mouri, fòs ki te rete a te retounen Sirhind. {{Sfn|Singh|2000}} Fòs Sikh ki te nan Ropar la te pita gwoupe ak Banda Singh Bahadur pou prepare atak la sou Sirhind. <ref name="s2" /> === Konkèt Sirhind === ==== Preparasyon yo ==== Sikh yo te gen plan pou yo mennen dharamyudh kont vil Sirhind, gouvènè li a , Wazir Khan, ak Dewan Sucha Nand, pou vanje opresyon Mughal yo ak ekzekisyon de jèn timoun [[Guru Gobind Singh|Guru Gobind Singh yo]] . {{Sfn|Singh|2004}} Sa a te objektif prensipal Banda Singh. Anvan batay la te kòmanse, Wazir Khan ak Sucha Nand te voye neve Sikh la ak 1,000 gason bay Baba Banda Singh Bahadur nan yon konplo pou twonpe Sikh yo, lè yo te pretann li te abandone Mughal yo epi li te vin jwenn Sikh yo pou kòz yo a. {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} {{Sfn|Singh|1990}} Wazir Khan te gen yon gwo lame byen ame, ki te gen ladan l gazi, ansanm ak yon kantite zam atiri, mousketè, ak elefan . {{Sfn|Singh|1990}} Lame Khan nan te gen plis pase 20,000 gason. {{Sfn|Singh|1935}} Yon lòt bò, lame Banda Singh la pa t byen ekipe ak lans long, flèch, nepe, san zam ak elefan e san ase chwal. {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} {{Sfn|Singh|1990|pp=55–66}} Dapre Ganda Singh, lame Banda a te konpoze de twa klas gason kote premye klas la te Sikh devwe yo ki te anseye pou fè kwazad kont lènmi peyi yo ak relijyon yo, dezyèm lan te sòlda rekrite peye ke chèf fanmi Phul yo te voye, ki te senpatize ak kòz Banda Singh la. Twazyèm lan te iregilye yo ki te vòlè pwofesyonèl ak bandi (dacoits), ki te anvi sezi opòtinite pou piye vil la. Yo te tou alye ki pa t fyab yo paske yo te konn dezète lè yo te pè yon siy defèt. {{Sfn|Singh|1990|pp=55–66}} {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} Hari Ram Gupta ekri ke lame Banda a te konpoze de twa gwoup, premye a se te Sikh ki t ap goumen sèlman pou pini Wazir Khan, dezyèm lan se te Sikh ki te detèmine pou piye ak pini lènmi lafwa yo. Twazyèm lan se te Endou Jats, Gujars ak Rajputs ki te detèmine pou piye sèlman. {{Sfn|Gupta|1978}} ==== Batay ==== Both sides faced off in Chappar Chiri on 12 May 1710. Upon the firing of artillery by the Mughal Army, the third class of Banda's army, consisting of bandits and irregulars fled, and soon after Sucha Nand's nephew along with his 1,000 men took to flight as well.{{Sfn|Singh|1990}} Baj Singh informed Banda Singh of this. Banda Singh decoded to personally entre the frontlines of the battle leading the charge against the Mughals.{{Sfn|Singh|1990}}{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} This motivated the Sikh force who shouted, "Waheguru ji ki Fateh" (Victory belongs to the Wondrous Enlightener) as they charged against the Mughals and their elephants. With only swords two elephants were killed by the Sikhs. The Mughals suffered heavy casualties with the Nawab of Malerkotla, Sher Mohammad Khan, being killed. He was followed by Mughal general Khawaja Ali. Wazir Khan attempted to rally his men as he fired arrows, but was confronted by Baj Singh. Wazir Khan threw a spear at Baj Singh. Both men dueled with Baj Singh injuring Wazir Khan's horse. Wazir Khan shot Baj Singh in the arm with an arrow and reached for his sword to kill him. Fateh Singh charged at Wazir Khan and decapitated Wazir Khan before he could kill Baj Singh.{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} According to Suraj Granth and Maculiffe Wazir Khan was instead killed by Banda Singh who shot him with an arrow from the Guru.{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} As soon as Wazir Khan died the Mughal force fled.{{Sfn|Singh|1990}}{{Sfn|Gupta|1978}} Wazir Khan's body would later be tied to an animal and dragged around before being hung onto a tree.{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}<ref name=":15" /> Fòs Mughal ki t ap fè retrèt la te kite tout chwal yo, kanon yo, tant yo ak minisyon yo dèyè, ke Sikh yo te kaptire. Sikh yo te rele byen fò " Sat Sri Akaal " (Se vre Senyè Etènèl la) pandan y ap atake Sirhind. Sikh yo te rive Sirhind nan mitan lannwit. Yo te fèmen pòtay yo epi yo te mete kanon pou bloke Sikh yo. Sikh yo te repoze pou nwit lan. Fanmi Wazir Khan ak lòt ofisyèl Mughal te sove al Delhi. Nan dat 13 la, 500 Sikh te mouri pandan y ap eseye pran Sirhind. Nan dat 14 la, Sikh yo te antre nan Sirhind. {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} ==== Konsekans ==== Ranpli ak raj ak revanj, Sik yo te kòmanse detwi epi raze Sirhind nèt. Yo te kaptire epi egzekite Sucha Nand. Banda Singh te sezi tout piyay Sirhind te fè. {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} Li te aboli sistèm zamindari a (sistèm feyodal) epi li te distribye tè pami peyizan yo. Banda Singh te bay lòd pou yo bay peyizan yo pwopriyete tè a epi pou yo kite yo viv nan diyite ak respè pou tèt yo. {{Sfn|Singh|1927|p=8}} {{Sfn|Dhavan|2011|p=51}} Tout pwovens Sirhind lan ak 28 pargana li yo te anba kontwòl Banda Singh. Li te soti nan Sutlej rive nan Yamuna ak soti nan mòn Shivalik rive nan Kunjpura, Karnal ak Kaithal . Tout te bay 3,600,000 roupi chak ane. {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} Li te nonmen Baj Singh kòm nouvo Gouvènè Sirhind ak Ali Singh nan Salaudi kòm adjwen li, epi li te frape pyès monnen. {{Sfn|Singha|2005|p=9}} {{Sfn|Gupta|1999|p=14}} Fateh Singh te vin Gouvènè Samana, epi Ram Singh te vin Gouvènè Thanesar . {{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} Banda Singh te vin byen koni nan epòk sa a kòm "Defansè lafwa a ak chanpyon moun k ap sibi opresyon yo." [ 55 ] === Envazyon militè yo === [[Fichye:INDIA,_Independent_States._Sikhs_(Khalsa_Fauj)._Baba_Banda_Singh_Bahadur._1670-1716._AR_Rupee_(25mm,_11.98_g,_6h)._Amritsar_mint._Dated_Year_2_(AD_1711)._VF._(840_2).jpg|vignette|LEND, Eta Endepandan. Sikhs (Khalsa Fauj). Baba Banda Singh Bahadur. 1670-1716. AR Roupi (25mm, 11.98 g, 6h). Amritsar mant. Date ane 2 (AD 1711)]] Banda Singh Bahadur te devlope vilaj Mukhlisgarh la epi li te fè l kapital li. Apre sa, li te chanje non l pou l rele Lohgarh (Fòtrès Fè) kote li te pibliye pwòp pyès monnen li. Pyès monnen an te dekri Lohgarh konsa: "Frape nan Vil Lapè a, ki ilistre bote lavi sivik la, ak orneman twòn beni an". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">sitasyon nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Li te etabli yon eta nan Punjab pandan sis mwa pou yon ti tan. Banda Singh te voye Sikh nan Uttar Pradesh epi Sikh yo te pran kontwòl Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, ak lòt zòn ki toupre yo. Dominasyon Sikh yo sou tout Penjab ki te bò solèy leve Lahore a te bloke kominikasyon ant Delhi ak [[Lawo|Lahore]], kapital Penjab la, e sa te enkyete Anperè Mughal Bahadur Shah I. Li te abandone plan li pou domine rebèl yo nan Rajputana epi li te mache nan direksyon Penjab. {{Sfn|Singha|2005|p=14}} Yo te òganize tout fòs enperyal la pou defèt epi touye Banda Singh Bahadur. {{Sfn|Singh|1995|p=27}} Yo te bay lòd pou tout jeneral yo rantre nan lame Anperè a. Pou asire ke pa t gen okenn ajan Sikh nan kan lame yo, yo te bay yon lòd nan dat 29 Out 1710 bay tout Endou yo pou yo kale bab yo. Banda Singh te nan Uttar Pradesh lè lame Mughal la, sou lòd Munim Khan te mache al Sirhind epi anvan Banda Singh te retounen, yo te deja pran Sirhind ak zòn ki te antoure l yo. Se poutèt sa, Sikh yo te deplase al Lohgarh pou dènye batay yo a. Sikh yo te bat lame a men yo te rele ranfò epi yo te mete syèj sou fò a ak 60,000 sòlda. {{Sfn|Gupta|1978}} Gulab Singh te abiye l ak rad Banda Singh epi li te chita nan plas li. Banda Singh te kite fò a lannwit epi li te ale nan yon kote sekrè nan mòn yo ak nan forè Chamba yo. Lefèt ke lame a pa t rive touye oswa kenbe Banda Singh te choke Anperè Bahadur Shah I epi nan dat 10 desanm 1710 li te bay lòd pou yo touye nenpòt kote yo jwenn yon Sikh. {{Sfn|Singh|1927}} Banda Singh Bahadur te ekri [[Hukamnama|Hukamnamas]] bay Sikh yo pou yo reòganize epi mete tèt ansanm avè l touswit. {{Sfn|Singh|1999}} An 1712, Sikh yo te rasanble toupre Kiratpur Sahib epi yo te bat Raja Ajmer Chand, ki te responsab pou òganize tout Eta Mòn yo kont Guru Gobind Singh epi pou yo te kòmanse batay avè l. Apre lanmò Bhim Chand, lòt Raja Mòn yo te aksepte estati sibòdone yo epi yo te peye Banda Singh revni. Pandan kat pitit gason Bahadur Shah I yo t ap touye tèt yo pou twòn Anperè Mughal la, Banda Singh Bahadur te repran Sadhaura ak Lohgarh. Farrukh Siyar, 10yèm Anperè Mughal la, te nonmen Abdus Samad Khan kòm Subahdar pwovens Lahore a epi Zakariya Khan, pitit gason Abdus Samad Khan, Faujdar Jammu. {{Sfn|Singh|1999}} An 1713, Sikh yo te kite Lohgarh ak Sadhaura epi yo te ale nan mòn izole Jammu yo kote yo te bati Dera Baba Banda Singh. {{Sfn|Singh|2007}} <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[Site sous ou yo|<span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">paj&nbsp;nesesè</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Pandan tan sa a, Sikh yo t ap sibi pèsekisyon, sitou pa Mughal yo nan rejyon Gurdaspur la. Banda Singh te soti epi li te pran Kalanaur ak Batala (tou de kote nan distri Gurdaspur modèn sa ki te reprimande Farrukh Siyar pou l te bay ofisyèl ak chèf Mughal ak Endou yo lòd pou yo ale ak twoup yo nan Lahore pou ranfòse lame li a. {{Sfn|Singh|1999|p=94}} == Syèj nan Gurdas Nangal == Nan mwa mas 1715, lame ki te sou kòmandman Abd al-Samad Khan, gouvènè Mughal Lahore a, te pouse Banda Bahadur ak fòs Sikh yo nan vilaj Gurdas Nangal, 6&nbsp;km nan lwès Gurdaspur, Punjab epi yo te sènen vilaj la. Sikh yo te defann ti fò a pandan uit mwa nan kondisyon difisil anpil, men nan dat 7 desanm 1715, Mughal yo te antre nan garnizon ki te grangou a epi yo te kaptire Banda Singh ak konpayon l yo. == Egzekisyon == [[Fichye:Mehdiana_5.jpg|vignette|Eskilti ekzekisyon Banda Singh Bahadur nan Delhi, Mehdiana Sahib, toupre Jagraon nan distri Ludhiana, [[End|peyi Zend.]]]] Yo te mete Banda Singh Bahadur nan yon kaj an fè epi yo te mare rès Sikh yo nan chenn. Yo te mennen Sikh yo Delhi nan yon pwosesyon ak 780 prizonye Sikh yo, 2,000 tèt Sikh pandye sou lans, ak 700 cha plen tèt Sikh yo te masakre yo te itilize pou teworize popilasyon an. Yo te mete yo nan Fò Wouj la epi yo te fè presyon sou yo pou yo abandone lafwa yo epi vin Mizilman. {{Sfn|Singh|1927}} Mogol yo te egzekite Banda Singh Bahadur ak 700 nan disip li yo nan Delhi nan prentan 1716. Yon vizitè Ewopeyen ki te vin nan vil la pou zafè ofisyèl, ki te yon diplomat Konpayi Britanik End Lès nan Anpi Mogol la, te obsève egzekisyon Banda Singh Bahadur ak 700 nan disip li yo. <ref name=":9" /> Ewopeyen sa a te ekri panse li sou ekzekisyon Sikh yo nan yon lèt li te voye bay Gouvènè Fort William nan Kalkita . Se yon nan pi ansyen istwa Sikh yo nan pèspektiv yon Lwès. <ref name=":9" /> == Revolisyonè == [[Fichye:Banda_Singh_Bahadur_mural_fresco.jpg|vignette|Fresk miray Banda Singh Bahadur (chita adwat) ak pitit gason l lan (chita agoch). Yon asistan adwat ap balanse yon fouye mouch. Yo dekore ak koulè wouj sou rad yo, karakteristik faksyon Bandai Khalsa a.]] Banda Singh Bahadur rekonèt pou lefèt ke pandan peryòd li te aktif, li te kraze sistèm Zamindari system ak Taluqdari system yo, epi li te redistribye tè bay peyizan yo pou yo vin pwopriyetè tèt pa yo. Nan menm tan an, li parèt ke anpil fonksyonè gouvènman yo te plonje nan extòsyon ak koripsyon, sa ki te lakòz sistèm administratif ak lòd piblik la vin totalman deregle ak boulvèse. Tradisyon lokal la raple ke moun ki soti nan katye Sadaura yo te vin jwenn Banda Singh pou plenyen pou pratik inikite chèf feyodal yo. Banda Singh te bay lòd pou Baj Singh louvri dife sou yo. Moun yo te sezi wè repons etranj yo te bay la epi yo te mande l sa l te vle di. Li te di yo ke yo pa t merite pi bon tretman alòske, ak plizyè milye moun, yo te toujou kite yon ti ponyen Zamindar fè yo pè. Li te bat Sayyid yo ak Shaikh yo nan batay Sadhaura a . {{Sfn|Singh|1999}} == Posib rivalite ak Tat Khalsa ak eritaj == [[Fichye:Mural_of_Banda_Singh_Bahadur_with_his_son_with_both_being_served_by_fly-whisk_attendants.jpg|gauche|vignette|Miral Banda Singh Bahadur ak pitit gason l lan, toulede ap sèvi pa moun k ap fè fly-whisk.]] An 1714, Farrukh Siyar te prevwa yon efò solid pou siprime rebelyon Banda a, ki t ap evite kaptire malgre gwo efò ak envestisman resous Mughal yo. Okòmansman, yo te mande Mata Sundari (vèv Guru Gobind) pou l konvenk Banda pou l sispann dezòd li ak ekspedisyon kont Mughal yo an echanj pou jagir ak rekritman sòlda Sikh nan lame enperyal la. Banda te refize poutèt li pa t fè gouvènman an konfyans. Apre sa, Anperè a te mete toulede vèv Gobind yo nan prizon, sa ki te pouse Sundari ekri Banda ankò pou fè l soumèt. Banda te refize ankò, sa ki te pouse Anperè a ranfòse restriksyon yo sou vèv yo, sa ki te abouti nan ekskominikasyon Banda Singh Bahadur pa Mata Sundari paske li te refize soumèt devan Anperè a jan li te mande l la. Li te akize l tou de gouvène Sikh yo kòm "Guru" yo, epi li te reprimande disip li yo nan yon [[Hukamnama|hukam-nama]] . Dispit sa a te mennen nan de faksyon separe nan kominote Sikh kontanporen an, Tat Khalsa a; ki te alye ak Mata Sundari, ak Bandais yo; ki te alye ak Banda Singh Bahadur. {{Sfn|Gupta|1978}} Entèvansyon Mata Sundari a te lakòz mwatye nan disip Banda yo (apeprè kenz mil) abandone l anvan syèj Gurdas Nangal la. Dispit ant Tat Khalsa yo ak Bandais yo te sitou gen ladan sijè tankou abandone wòb ble tradisyonèl Banda yo an favè wòb wouj yo, ensistans li sou vejetaryen, obsèvans li nan rituèl kas yo, ak ranplasman li nan slogan Sikh preskri a ak "Fateh Darshan", osi byen ke enkyetid sou eksè twoup Banda yo te komèt pandan kanpay revanj yo kont Mughal yo. Ekskominikasyon Banda a te anpeche kapasite li pou l te kontrekare Mughal yo e li te kontribye nan kapti ak ekzekisyon final li. Tradisyon Sikh modèn nan pale de omwen de Khalsa diferan; Tat Khalsa a ki respekte règ ak enjonksyon Guru Gobind Singh yo, ak Bandais yo; moun ki te adopte prensip Banda Singh Bahadur yo. {{Sfn|Singh|Fenech|2014}} Istoryen Ganda Singh te mete an dout lide ke Banda Singh Bahadur te janm ekskominye pa Mata Sundari. Li fè remake pa gen okenn sous ki soti nan epòk la—oswa menm tou pre epòk la—ki pale de yon ekskominikasyon konsa, ni okenn prèv ki montre ke Farrukh Siyar te janm negosye ak Mata Sundari. Menm jan an tou, istoryen Surjit Singh Gandhikonfime absans nenpòt dokiman kontanporen ki ta sipòte yon konfli ofisyèl ant Banda Singh ak Mata Sundari. Sukhdial Singh ajoute ke pa gen okenn ''hukam-nama'' Mata Sundari te voye bay Banda Singh. Daprè Nazer Singh, pandan plizyè syèk apre lanmò li, kominote Sikh la ansanm ak Akali yo te souvan pran distans ak Banda Singh. Pou reabilite imaj li, Ganda Singh te pibliye yon liv an 1935 kote li prezante l kòm yon “Sikh pafè.” Menmsi li defann li kont anpil akizasyon, li rekonèt tou ke Banda Singh pa t san fot. Gen lòt istoryen ki rete kritik. Purnima Dhavan kesyone entèpretasyon Ganda Singh yo, sitou sou fason li li fraz nan ''hukam-namas'' yo, ki ka entèprete swa kòm soumèt devan otorite Guru a oswa kòm yon fason pou Banda bay tèt li yon otorite ki sanble ak sa yon guru genyen. Sepandan, Hari Ram Gupta fè konnen ke ekspresyon “Sri Sacha Sahiba” Banda te itilize yo te toujou refere ak Bondye oswa Guru a, pa ak li menm. == Moniman Lagè Baba Banda Singh Bahadur la == [[Fichye:Night_view_of_Fateh_Burj,_Punjab,_India.JPG|vignette|View lannwit nan Fateh Burj, Chappar Chiri, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, peyi Zend .]] Yo te bati yon moniman lagè kote batay Chappar Chiri a te fèt la, pou glorifye sòlda Sikh ewoyik yo. Fateh Burj la, ki gen 328 pye wotè, te dedye a Banda Singh Bahadur ki te dirije lame a epi ki te bat fòs Mughal yo. Fateh Burj la pi wo pase Qutab Minar epi li se yon estrikti oktogonal. Gen yon dòm anlè gwo kay won an ak Khanda ki fèt an asye pur. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ajitgarhonline.in/city-guide/baba-banda-singh-bahadur-war-memorial|title=Baba Banda Singh Bahadur War Memorial, Fateh Burj in Ajitgarh|date=30 November 2011|website=Ajitgarhonline.in|access-date=3 December 2016}}</ref> == Nan kilti popilè == * ''Sarbans Dani Guru Gobind Singh'', yon fim dramatik Endyen an lang Punjabi ki te reyalize pa Ram Maheshwari an 1998. Fim nan swiv lit Guru a ak Banda Singh Bahadur kont Anpi Mughal la. {{Sfn|Singh|Fenech|2014}} * ''Rise of Khalsa'', yon fim dramatik istorik anime Endyen an 2006 pa Vismaad Mediatech. * ''Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur'', yon fim anime òdinatè Endyen an 2016 pa Harry Baweja. Yon swit pou ''Chaar Sahibzaade'', li swiv batay Banda Singh Bahadur kont Mughal yo anba gidans Guru Gobind Singh. * ''Guru Da Banda'', yon fim 2018 Endyen anime istorik dram pa Jassi Chana. == Dosye batay == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders floatleft" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em auto 1em auto;" ! width="65" |Outcome !Date !Campaign !Action !Opponent/s !Location !Sources |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |Late 1709 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to Sirhind |Skirmish in Narnaul |Local dacoities and thieves |Narnaul, Haryana |{{Sfn|Singh|2004}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |Late 1709 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to Sirhind |Battle of Bhiwani |Mughal Empire |Bhiwani, Haryana |<ref name=":22" /> |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |October 1709 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to Sirhind |Skirmish in Bangardesh |Local dacoities and thieves |Bangardesh, Haryana |{{Sfn|Singh|1935}}<ref name=":22" /> <span style="display:none">⁂</span> |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |November 1709 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to Sirhind |Battle of Sonipat |Mughal Empire |Sonipat, Haryana |<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html|title=XIX. A Century of Political Decline: 1707-1803|last=Frances Pritchett|date=|publisher=Columbia.edu|access-date=2012-04-29}}</ref>{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |November 1709 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to Sirhind |Battle of Kaithal |Mughal Empire |Kaithal, Haryana |<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":42" />{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Singh|2004}}<ref name=":02" /> |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |28 November 1709 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to Sirhind |Battle of Samana |Mughal Empire |Samana, Punjab |<ref name=":02" />{{Sfn|Singh|2004}}<ref name=":22" />{{Sfn|Singh|2007}}{{Sfn|Gandhi|1999}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |December 1709 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to the East |Battle of Ghuram |Mughal Empire |Sanaur, Punjab |<ref name=":02" />[28]<ref name=":22" />{{Sfn|Singh|2004}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |December 1709 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to the East |Battle of Thaska |Mughal Empire |Thaska, Punjab |<ref name=":02" />[28]<ref name=":22" /> |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |December 1709 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to the East |Battle of Thanesar |Mughal Empire |Thanesar, Haryana |<ref name=":02" />[28] |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |December 1709 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to the East |Battle of Shahbad |Mughal Empire |Shahbad-Markanda,Haryana |<ref name=":02" />[28]{{Sfn|Singh|2004}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |December 1709 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to the East |Battle of Damala |Mughal Empire |Damala, Haryana |[28]<ref name=":22" /> |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |December 1709 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to the East |Battle of Mustafabad |Mughal Empire |Mustafabad, Haryana |<ref name=":02" />[28]<ref name=":22" />{{Sfn|Singh|2004}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |December 1709 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to the East |Battle of Kunjpura |Mughal Empire |Kunjpura, Haryana |<ref name=":02" />{{Sfn|Singh|2004}}<ref name=":22" /> |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |December 1709 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to the East |Battle of Kapuri |Mughal Empire |Kapuri, Punjab |<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":22" />{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |Early 1710 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to the East |Battle of Sadaura |Mughal Empire |Sadaura, Haryana |{{Sfn|Gandhi|1999}}'''{{Sfn|Singh|2004}}''' '''<ref name=":02" />{{Sfn|Singh|2004}}<ref name=":22" />''' |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |Early 1710 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to the East |Battle of Ropar |Mughal Empire |Ropar, Punjab |{{Sfn|Singh|2000}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |May 12, 1710 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to Sirhind |Battle of Chappar Chiri |Mughal Empire |Chappar Chiri, Punjab |{{Sfn|Singh|2004}}{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Dhavan|2011}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |May 12–14, 1710 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign to Sirhind |Siege of Sirhind |Mughal Empire |Sirhind, Punjab |{{Sfn|Dhavan|2011}}{{Sfn|Singh|2004}}{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}<ref name=":02" />{{Sfn|Dhavan|2011}}{{Sfn|Gandhi|1999}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |June 1710 | style="background:#ACBECF" |N/A |Battle of Ghurnai |Ramraiya |Ghurnai, Punjab |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/famous-sikh-personalities/bulaka-singh/|title=BULAKA SINGH, - The Sikh Encyclopedia|date=2000-12-19|language=en-US|access-date=2024-05-29}}</ref>{{Sfn|Singh|1990}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |June 1710 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign in the Yamuna-Ganga Doaba |Battle of Saharanpur |Mughal Empire |Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh |{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Singh|1990}}{{Sfn|Gupta|1978}}{{Sfn|Singh|2004}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |June 1710 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign in the Yamuna-Ganga Doaba |Battle of Behut |Mughal Empire |Behat, Uttar Pradesh |{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Singh|1990}}{{Sfn|Gupta|1978}}<ref name=":02" /> |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |July 11, 1710 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign in the Yamuna-Ganga Doaba |Battle of Nanauta |Mughal Empire |Nanauta, Uttar Pradesh |{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Singh|1990}}{{Sfn|Gupta|1978}}<ref name=":02" /> |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |July 1710 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign in the Yamuna-Ganga Doaba |Battle of Jalalabad |Mughal Empire |Jalalabad, Uttar Pradesh |{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Singh|1990}}{{Sfn|Gupta|1978}}<ref name=":02" /> |- |{{No2}} Loss ! scope="row" |July–August 1710 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign in the Yamuna-Ganga Doaba |Siege of Jalalabad |Mughal Empire |Jalalabad, Uttar Pradesh |{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Singh|1990}}{{Sfn|Gupta|1978}}<ref name="William Irvine 1971 102" /><ref name=":02" /><ref name="jalalabad2" /> |- |{{No2}}Loss ! scope="row" |December 1710 | style="background:#ACBECF" |N/A |First Battle of Lohgarh |Mughal Empire |Lohgarh, Haryana | |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |Early 1711 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign against the Hill States |Battle of Bilaspur |Kahlur |Kahlur Fort |{{Sfn|Gupta|1978}}<ref name=":02" /> |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |Early 1711 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign from the Hills |Battle of Pathankot |Mughal Empire |Pathankot, Punjab |{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Gupta|1978}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |Early 1711 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign from the Hills |Battle of Gurdaspur |Mughal Empire |Gurdaspur, Punjab |{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Gupta|1978}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |Early 1711 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign from the Hills |Battle of Raipur-Brahmpur |Mughal Empire |Raipur-Brahmpur, Punjab |{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Singh|1990}}<ref name=":02" /> |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |March- April 1711 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign from the Hills |Battle of Batala |Mughal Empire |Batala, Punjab |{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Singh|1990}}{{Sfn|Singh|1999}}<ref name=":02" /> |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |March- April 1711 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign from the Hills |Battle of Kalanaur |Mughal Empire |Kalanaur, Punjab |{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Singh|1990}}{{Sfn|Singh|1999}}<ref name=":02" /><ref name="Gill 1978 279" /> |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |March- April 1711 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign from the Hills |Battle of Achal |Mughal Empire |Achal, Punjab |{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Gupta|1978}}{{Sfn|Singh|1999b}} |- |{{No2}}Loss ! scope="row" |May 1711 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign from the Hills |Battle of Pasrur |Mughal Empire |Pasrur, Punjab |{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Gupta|1978}}{{Sfn|Singh|1999b}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |December 1711 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign from the Hills |Battle of Kiratpur |Mughal Empire |Kiratpur, Punjab |{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Gupta|1978}}{{Sfn|Singh|1999b}} |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |March 1712 | style="background:#ACBECF" |Campaign from the Hills |Second Battle of Sirhind |Mughal Empire |Sirhind, Punjab |{{Sfn|Gupta|1978}}<ref name=":02" /> |- |{{yes2}}Victory ! scope="row" |March 1712 | style="background:#ACBECF" |N/A |Second Battle of Lohgarh |Mughal Empire |Lohgarh, Haryana |{{Sfn|Sagoo|2001}}{{Sfn|Singh|1990}}<ref name=":02" /> |- |{{No2}}Loss ! scope="row" |April–December 1715 | style="background:#ACBECF" |N/A |Siege of Gurdaspur |Mughal Empire |Gurdaspur, Punjab |<ref name=":02" />{{Sfn|Singh|2004}}<ref name=":22" /> |} <gallery widths="200" heights="200"> Fichye:Banda_Bahadur_the_Sikh_Warrior_,.JPG|alt=Statue of Baba Banda Bahadur at Chappar Chiri, near Mohali (Punjab)| Estati Baba Banda Bahadur nan Chappar Chiri, toupre Mohali (Punjab) Fichye:Vir_banda_vairagi_Birla_mandir_6_dec_2009_(44).JPG|alt=Statue of Veer Banda Bairagi in Birla Mandir Delhi| Estati Veer Banda Bairagi nan Birla Mandir Delhi Fichye:Banda_Bahadur_Memorial.jpg|alt=Banda Bairagi Memorial in Khanda, near Sonipat, Haryana| Banda Bairagi Memorial nan Khanda, toupre Sonipat, Haryana Fichye:Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_at_the_300th_Shaheedi_Samagam_of_Baba_Banda_Singh_Bahadur_in_New_Delhi.jpg|alt=Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Indian Punjab Chief Minister Parkash Singh Badal at the commemorative event to mark the 300th anniversary of the martyrdom of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur.| Premye Minis Endyen an, [[Narendra Modi]], ak Premye Minis Punjab Endyen an , Parkash Singh Badal, nan evènman komemoratif la pou make 300yèm anivèsè mati Baba Banda Singh Bahadur. Fichye:1._Gorilla_war_strategy_Historical_landscape_recreated.jpg|alt=Shaheed Baba Banda Singh Bahadur memorial at Chhapar Chiri,near Mohali| Memoryal Shaheed Baba Banda Singh Bahadur nan Chhapar Chiri, toupre Mohali Fichye:Places_related_with_life_of_Baba_Banda_Singh_Bahadur.png|alt=Places related with life of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur| Kote ki gen rapò ak lavi Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Fichye:Issued_edict_(hukamnama)_of_Banda_Singh_Bahadur._Held_in_the_Bhai_Rupa_Collection.jpg|alt=Issued edict (hukamnama) of Banda Singh Bahadur. Held in the Bhai Rupa Collection| Edik ( ''[[hukamnama]]'' ) Banda Singh Bahadur te pibliye a. Yo konsève l nan Koleksyon Bhai Rupa a. Fichye:Issued_edict_(hukamnama)_of_Banda_Singh_Bahadur_containing_his_official_seal_at_top_of_page.jpg|alt=Issued edict (hukamnama) of Banda Singh Bahadur containing his official seal at top of page| Edik (hukamnama) Banda Singh Bahadur te pibliye a, ki gen so ofisyèl li anlè paj la. Fichye:'Pind_Dehra_Sahibji',_dedicated_to_Banda_Singh_Bahadur,_in_September_1932.jpg|alt='Pind Dehra Sahibji', dedicated to Banda Singh Bahadur, in September 1932| 'Pind Dehra Sahibji', dedye a Banda Singh Bahadur, nan mwa septanm 1932 </gallery> == Galri == == Gade tou == * Jassa Singh Ahluwalia * Dal Khalsa * Jassa Singh Ramgarhia * Bhai Mani Singh * Nawab Kapur Singh b7st9i1qghl4iyukeqxitnd3tigx792 0 97476 890241 882239 2026-11-10T20:04:35Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890241 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fichye:The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion_by_Nilus_(1912)_-_cleaned.jpg|alt=Couverture d'une édition russe des Protocole des Sages de Sion avec un monarque tenant un sceptre, entouré d'un pentacle, d'une croix orthodoxe et d'une étoile de David.|vignette|''Pwotokòl Saj Siyon yo'' .]] '''Antisemitis''' se diskriminasyon ak ostilite yo montre anvè [[Jwif|Jwif yo]] kòm yon gwoup etnik, [[Relijyon|relijye]] oswa swadizan [[Ras moun|rasyal]]. Etimolojikman, tèm sa a te kapab aplike pou pèp semitik ki pale youn nan lang semitik yo (tankou amarik ), men depi fòmilasyon li nan fen XIX syèk la, li te deziyen, yon fòm [[rasis]] ak pretansyon [[Syans|syantifik]] epi ki vize espesyalman Jwif yo . Motivasyon ak pratik antisemitism yo enkli divès prejije, akizasyon, mezi diskriminatwa oswa [[Esklizyon sosyal|esklizyon sosyo-ekonomik]], ekspilsyon, ak masak moun oswa kominote antye. Nan kèk ka, antisemitism ka egziste nan yon peyi kote popilasyon jwif la prèske pa egziste ; sa a rele " Antisemitism san jwif yo " == Orijin ak definisyon == === Orijin mo sa a === ==== Kreyasyon ==== Tèm nan " antisemitis li yo te parèt nan [[Almay]] nan fen XIX syèk la men evènman yo dekri yo pi ansyen. Dapre [[istoryen]] Alex Bein, premye fwa yo te itilize mo sa a (nan yon sèl atik) se te an 1860, lè entelektyèl jwif otrichyen an Moritz Steinschneider te itilize ekspresyon " prejije antisemit » ( antisemitische Vorurteile "), pou denonse lide Ernest Renan ki atribiye a " pèp semitik yo » defo kiltirèl ak espirityèl (deziyasyon pèp Levant yo anba tèm sa a te date depi 1781) . Itilizasyon izole sa a te gen yon posterite limite. Mo a " {{Lang|de|''Antisemitismus''}} » tradui isit la kòm « antisemitism Tèm "antisemit" la te entwodui nan diskou politik an 1879 pa jounalis alman an Wilhelm Marr . Li te rejte konsèp posib asimilasyon an, epi li te plede pou ekspilsyon tout jwif yo nan [[Palestin (rejyon)|Palestin]] . Nan fen lavi li, Marr te pibliye yon dènye redaksyon nan Hambourg ki rele ''*Testaman yon antisemit*'', kote li te eksplike ke li te rejte " foli womantik mizerab nan Almanism » <ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/RC-017590/histoire-de-l-antisemitisme/|title=Histoire de l'antisémitisme|last=Réalisateur Jonathan Hayoun|website=ARTE|language=fr|access-date=2024-01-07|quote=regarder à partir de la minute 12:35|archive-date=2024-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604115801/https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/RC-017590/histoire-de-l-antisemitisme/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> . Gilles Karmasyn, espesyalis nan negasyon Olokòs, fè remake se [[jounalis]] alman Wilhelm Marr ki te envante mo a " {{Lang|de|''Antisemitismus''}} » nan sans « ostilite anvè jwif yo ", nan okazyon fondasyon yon " lig antisemit "an 1879 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phdn.org/antisem/antisemitismelemot.html|title=L’« antisémitisme »: une hostilité contre les Juifs.|last=Gilles Karmasyn|website=phdn.org|access-date=2023-01-04}}.</ref> epi pa nan ti liv anti-jwif li a ''ki rele Viktwa [[Jidayis]] sou Almanite konsidere depi yon pwen de vi ki pa konfesyonèl'', ki te pibliye menm ane a men kote ekspresyon an pa parèt <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phdn.org/antisem/antisemitismelemot.html|title=L’« antisémitisme »: une hostilité contre les Juifs.|last=Gilles Karmasyn|website=phdn.org|access-date=2023-01-04}}.</ref> . Mo a pa soti nan leksik relijye men li pran yon aspè syantifik lè yo kreye non sa a nan .is pou estigmatize Jwif yo sou kritè [[Ras moun|ras]] ak etnisite ki pa kòrèk <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/089973-003-A/histoire-de-l-antisemitisme-3-4/|title=Histoire de l'antisémitisme (3/4) - De l'émancipation à la Shoah, 1791-1945 - Regarder le documentaire complet|website=ARTE|language=fr|format=vidéo à voir à partir de la minute 12,42|access-date=2024-01-07|archive-date=2024-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008005820/https://www.arte.tv/fr/videos/089973-003-A/histoire-de-l-antisemitisme-3-4/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> . "Si li vre pami filològ ak istoryen kategori Semit la reyini jwif ak arab, santiman anti-jwif nan fen syèk la (19yèm syèk la) pral itilize mo a prèske sèlman pou premye yo". Apre yo fin tradui ostilite ki te baze an premye sou relijyon epi answit sou " [[Ras moun|teyori ras]] mo a antisemitism » refere a nenpòt manifestasyon [[rayi]], ostilite oswa diskriminasyon anvè Juif yo <ref name="TLFI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/antisemite|title=Antisémite|website=CNRTL|access-date=2026-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013230711/https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/antisemite|archive-date=2025-10-13|dead-url=yes}}</ref> oswa moun ki pa Juif ki senpatik . [[Fichye:Boule_de_juif_-_Musée_des_horreurs_1.jpg|vignette|Karikatir anti-Dreyfuza : Boul Jwif la » ki montre Joseph Reinach kòm yon makak (1899).]] 2vuhlq38a5anvihs8au0pjk2cf514wb 0 97487 890252 889936 2026-11-11T01:23:32Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890252 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Guru Angad''' (31 mas 1504 - 29 mas 1552; <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Guru Angad|last=McLeod|first=W.H.|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi|access-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|archive-date=29 July 2017|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Punjabi , ) te dezyèm nan dis [[Guru Sikh yo|gourou Sikh]] yo nan Sikhi . Apre li te fin rankontre [[Guru Nanak]], fondatè Sikhi nan, li te vin yon Sikh, epi li te sèvi epi travay avèk Nanak pandan plizyè ane, Nanak te bay Lehna non Angad ("pwòp manm mwen"), epi li te chwazi Angad kòm dezyèm Guru Sikh la. Apre lanmò Nanak an 1539, Angad te dirije tradisyon Sikh la. <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n163|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479–1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=8 December 2019}}</ref> Yo sonje li nan Sikhi pou adopte epi fòmalize [[alfabè]] Gurmukhi a. Li te kòmanse pwosesis konpilasyon im Nanak yo epi li te kontribye 62 oswa 63 [[salok]] ke li te fè. <ref name="ColeSambhi1995p18" /> Olye de pwòp pitit gason l lan, li te chwazi [[disip]] li Amar Das kòm siksesè li ak twazyèm Guru Sikhi nan. <ref name="eosamardas" /> <ref name="cole20" /> == Biyografi == === Premye lavi === Guru Angad te fèt 31 mas 1504 ak non nesans '''Lehna''' (yo ekri li tou Lahina), nan vilaj Matte-di-Sarai, ki jodi a rele Sarainaga nan rejyon Punjab. Li te pitit gason yon machann ki te gen siksè, Pheru Mal. Manman li te rele Mata Ramo, ki te konnen tou anba lòt non tankou Mata Sabhirai, Mansa Devi, ak Daya Kaur. Granpapa li te Baba Narayan Das Trehan. Menm jan ak lòt Guru yo nan Sikhi, Lehna te soti nan kas Khatri a, epi plis presizeman nan klan (''gotra'') Trehan an. A laj 16 an, Lehna te marye ak yon tifi Khatri ki te rele Khivi an janvye 1520. Yo te gen de pitit gason, Datu (fèt an 1535) ak Dasu (fèt an 1542), ak youn oubyen de pitit fi, Amro (fèt an 1526) ak Anokhi (fèt an 1535), selon sous prensipal yo. <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Guru Angad|last=McLeod|first=W.H.|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi|access-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|archive-date=29 July 2017|dead-url=yes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcLeod">McLeod, W.H. [http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx "Guru Angad"]. </cite></ref> Tout fanmi papa l te kite vilaj zansèt yo paske yo te pè envazyon lame Babur yo. Apre sa, fanmi an te rete nan Khadur Sahib, yon vilaj bò larivyè Beas toupre sa ki rele Tarn Taran kounyeya. Anvan Lehna te vin yon disip Guru Nanak epi li te swiv fason lavi Sikh la kòm Angad, li te yon pwofesè relijye Khadur epi yon prèt nan yon tanp dedye a deyès Durga . <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Guru Angad|last=McLeod|first=W.H.|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi|access-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|archive-date=29 July 2017|dead-url=yes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcLeod">McLeod, W.H. [http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx "Guru Angad"]. </cite></ref> Fanmi li te adoratè Durga tou. <ref name=":8" /> Li te fè anpil pelerinaj relijye tou. <ref name=":8" /> Nan youn nan pelerinaj sa yo, li te pase bò kote koloni Kartarpur, ke Nanak te etabli, sou wout pou l ale nan destinasyon final li. <ref name=":8" /> Yo di ke yon dyalòg te fèt la ant Lehna ak Nanak, kote premye a te kite yon enpresyon trè pozitif sou dezyèm nan. <ref name=":8" /> Apre sa, Lehna te rete nan Kartarpur pandan sizan ap sèvi nouvo mèt espirityèl li a. <ref name=":8" /> Lehna, nan fen ventèn li yo, te chèche [[Guru Nanak]], li te vin disip li, epi li te demontre yon sèvis pwofon ak fidèl anvè [[Guru (mèt espirityèl)|Guru]] li a pandan anviwon sis a sèt ane nan Kartarpur epi li te abandone fason lavi Endou a. <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Guru Angad|last=McLeod|first=W.H.|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi|access-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|archive-date=29 July 2017|dead-url=yes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcLeod">McLeod, W.H. [http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx "Guru Angad"]. </cite></ref> === Seleksyon kòm siksesè === [[Fichye:Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_fresco_47.jpg|vignette|[[Guru Gaddi|Seremoni Gurgadi]] pou pwoklame Angad kòm pwochen gourou a. Fresk ki soti nan Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.]] Plizyè istwa nan tradisyon Sikhi esplike poukisa Guru Nanak te chwazi Guru Angad (Lehna) kòm siksesè li olye pwòp pitit gason li yo. Youn nan istwa ki pi popilè yo rakonte ke yon krich te tonbe nan labou. Guru Nanak te mande pitit li yo pou ranmase l, men yo te refize paske yo te konsidere travay la kòm sal oswa twò ba. Lè li te mande Lehna, li te san ezitasyon pran krich la, lave li byen pwòp, epi remèt li bay Guru a plen dlo. Zak imilite ak obeyisans sa a te demontre devouman li. Lehna te chwazi kòm siksesè Guru Nanak nan dat 14 jen 1539. Pita, pandan seremoni ofisyèl ki te fèt 7 septanm 1539, Guru Nanak te beni li epi li te ba li nouvo non '''Angad''' (ki soti nan “ang,” ki vle di yon pati nan kò a), pou montre ke li te vin tankou yon ekstansyon espirityèl li menm. Se konsa li te enstale kòm dezyèm Guru nan Sikhi. Apre Nanak te mouri nan dat 22 septanm 1539, Guru Angad, ki pa t kapab sipòte separasyon ak Nanak, te retire kò l nan yon chanm nan kay yon disip nan yon eta Vairagya . Baba Bouda te dekouvri l pita apre yon long rechèch epi li te mande l pou l retounen pou vin Guru. <ref name=":srigranth83">{{Cite web|url=http://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&id=3336&Param=83#l3336|title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib, ang 83}}</ref> Gurbani an te di nan moman sa a, "Mouri anvan moun ou renmen an, viv apre li mouri se viv yon lavi ki pa vo anyen nan mond sa a". <ref name=":srigranth83" /> [[Fichye:Historical_photograph_of_Gurdwara_Sri_Khadur_Sahib,_ca.1920's._Published_in_the_1930_first_edition_of_Mahan_Kosh_by_Kahn_Singh_Nabha.jpg|vignette|Foto istorik Gurdwara Sri Khadur Sahib, anviwon ane 1920 yo. Pibliye nan premye edisyon Mahan Kosh la an 1930 pa Kahn Singh Nabha.]] Apre sa, Angad te kite Kartarpur pou l ale nan vilaj Khadur Sahib (toupre Goindwal Sahib). Apre siksesyon an, nan yon pwen, trè kèk Sikh te aksepte Guru Angad kòm lidè yo pandan pitit gason Nanak yo te pretann yo se siksesè yo. Angad te konsantre sou ansèyman Nanak yo, epi li te bati kominote a atravè travay charitab tankou langar . === Relasyon ak Anpi Mughal la === Dezyèm Anperè Mughal nan peyi Zend, Humayun, te vizite Guru Angad ozanviwon 1540 apre Humayun te pèdi batay Kannauj la, e konsa twòn Mughal la te pran devan Sher Shah Suri . Selon hagiografi Sikh yo, lè Humayun te rive nan Gurdwara Mal Akhara Sahib nan Khadur Sahib, Angad te chita ap anseye timoun yo. Lefèt ke li pa t salye Anperè a te fè Humayun fache imedyatman. Humayun te fè yon reprimann men Guru a te raple l ke lè Humayun te bezwen goumen, li te pèdi twòn li epi li te kouri ale. Kounye a, lè Humayun pa t bezwen goumen, li te chache atake yon moun ki t ap priye. Nan tèks Sikh yo ki ekri plis pase yon syèk apre evènman an, yo di Angad te beni anperè a, epi li te rasire l ke yon jou li t ap repran twòn nan. === Lanmò ak siksesè === [[Fichye:Fresco_of_Guru_Angad_from_above_the_entrance_of_the_Baoli_Sahib_located_in_Goindwal.jpg|vignette|Fresk dezyèm Guru Sikh la nan Baoli Sahib, Goindval]] Anvan lanmò li, Guru Angad, swiv egzanp Guru Nanak, te chwazi Guru Amar Das kòm siksesè li. Guru Amar Das te fèt nan yon fanmi Endou, e dapre tradisyon an, li te fè anviwon ven pelerinaj nan rejyon Himalayas yo, espesyalman nan Haridwar sou rivyè Ganges. Anviwon 1539, pandan youn nan vwayaj sa yo, li te rankontre yon asèt (sadhu) ki te mande li poukisa li pa t gen yon Guru. Kesyon sa a te pouse li reflechi epi deside chèche yon gid espirityèl. Lè li te retounen lakay li, li te tande Bibi Amro ap chante yon im ki soti nan ansèyman Guru Nanak. Sa te fè l enterese anpil, epi li te aprann plis sou Guru Angad atravè li. Avèk èd li, li te rankontre Guru Angad an 1539, epi li te aksepte li kòm Guru espirityèl li—menm si Guru Angad te pi jèn pase li. Amar Das te montre yon devosyon ak yon sèvis san rete pou Guru Angad. Tradisyon Sikh la di ke li te leve byen bonè nan maten pou l al chache dlo pou benyen Angad, li te netwaye epi kuit manje pou volontè yo ak Guru a, epi li te pase anpil tan tou nan meditasyon ak lapriyè nan maten ak nan aswè. <ref name="eosamardas">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d/page/n163|title=Amar Das, Guru (1479–1574)|last=Kushwant Singh|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjab University Patiala|access-date=8 December 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKushwant_Singh">Kushwant Singh. </cite></ref> Angad te nonmen Amar Das kòm siksesè li an 1552. Angad te mouri nan dat 29 mas 1552. <ref name="eos">{{Cite web|url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|title=Guru Angad|last=McLeod|first=W.H.|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism|publisher=Punjabi University Punjabi|access-date=30 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729230458/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx|archive-date=29 July 2017|dead-url=yes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcLeod">McLeod, W.H. [http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx "Guru Angad"]. </cite></ref> Apre lanmò Angad, siksesè li a, Guru Amardas, te deplase katye jeneral kominote Sikh la soti Khadur pou ale Goindwal, pandan pitit gason Guru Angad yo te reklame pwopriyete papa yo nan Khadur. Selon yon istwa, Dattu, youn nan de pitit gason Angad yo, te vwayaje nan tribinal Amar Das epi li te mete nouvo gouru a deyò paske li pa t kontan ke tit gouru a te ale nan men Amar Das, epi gouru a te reponn avèk imilite. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sikhri.org/articles/politics-of-the-sword-warrior-guru|title=Politics of the Sword Warrior Guru|last=Singh|first=Surender Pal|date=19 July 2021|website=Sikh Research Institute|access-date=24 March 2026|quote=We can find many parallels to this response of the Guru in the Guru period itself; one example is of Guru Amardas Sahib. When Bhai Datu, the son of Guru Angad Sahib, did not like the fact that the Guruship went to Guru Amardas Sahib, he went to the court of Guru Amardas Sahib and kicked him. The devotees were shocked. However, the Guru got up and touched the feet of Bhai Datu with humility, saying that his bones have become hard due to his old age, and they must have hurt Bhai Datu’s tender feet. In addition, Guru Amardas Sahib left Goindwal, in all probability, to avoid further friction. He moved to his native village Basarke and started working for the growth and development of Sikhi from there.}}</ref> == Enfliyans == === Ekriti Gurmukhi === [[Fichye:Gurmukhi_inscription_claimed_to_have_been_handwritten_by_Guru_Angad_to_teach_children_at_Khadur_Sahib_the_glyphs_ūṛā_to_ṇāṇā,_ca.1539–1552.jpg|vignette|Enskripsyon Gurmukhi a, yo pretann li te ekri alamen pa Guru Angad pou anseye timoun nan Khadur Sahib glif ''ūṛā'' pou rive ''ṇāṇā'', anviwon 1539–1552.]] Nan tradisyon Sikh la, yo bay Guru Angad kredi pou ekriti Gurmukhi a, ki se kounye a ekriti estanda pou lang Punjabi nan peyi Zend, <ref name="shacklexvii" /> kontrèman ak lang Punjabi nan Pakistan kote kounye a se yon ekriti Pès-Arab yo rele Shahmukhi ki estanda a. Ekriti Sikh orijinal yo ak pifò nan literati istorik Sikh la te ekri nan ekriti Gurmukhi a. Angad te estandadize epi amelyore ekriti rejyon an pou kreye ekriti Gurmukhi a. Egzanp posib predesesè ekriti a, tankou omwen yon imn ekri nan fòm akrostich pa Guru Nanak, epi istwa li anvan an poko byen detèmine. Angad te ekri tou 62 oswa 63 Salok (konpozisyon), ki ansanm konstitye anviwon yon pousan nan [[Guru Granth Sahib]] la, ekriti prensipal Sikhism nan. Olye pou l kontribye im, enpòtans Angad sete kòm yon konsolidatè im Nanak yo. Angad te sipèvize tou ekriti im Nanak yo pa Bhai Paira Mokha epi egzamine konpilasyon ki te soti a, prepare wout la pou yon ekriti Sikh, osi byen ke kòmansman yon literati Punjabi vènakilè, jan tradisyon an di ke li te ka kòmande tou yon istwa sou lavi Nanak nan men disip anvan yo. <ref name="cole19" /> Koleksyon im yo t ap vin pi enpòtan tou pou kominote a ki t ap agrandi a. <ref name="cole19" /> Byenke kreyasyon ekriti Gurmukhi a souvan atribiye a dezyèm gourou Sikh yo, Guru Angad, dapre Mangat Bhardwaj, ekriti Gurmukhi a oswa anvan li yo te plizyè syèk anvan devlopman Sikhi. Entelektyèl Sikh yo menm, tankou [[Kahn Singh Nabha|Kahn Singh nan Nabha]] (1930), GB Singh (1950), Piara Singh Padam (1954), ak GS Sidhu (2004), te dokimante Gurmukhi anvan aparisyon Sikhism. <ref name=":1" /> Glif ak senbòl yo itilize nan Gurmukhi yo te anvan Sikhism epi li pi pwobab ke Guru Angad te estandadize ekriti ki te egziste deja yo alantou 1530-1535 pou kreye ekriti Gurmukhi estanda a anba sipèvizyon Guru Nanak. <ref name=":1" /> === Langar ak travay kominotè === Guru Angad remakab pou sistematize enstitisyon langar nan tout lokal gurdwara Sikh yo, kote vizitè ki soti toupre ak lwen te kapab jwenn yon repa senp gratis nan yon plas komen. Li te etabli tou règ ak metòd fòmasyon pou volontè yo ( ''[[Seva|sevadars]]'' ) ki te opere kwizin nan, mete aksan sou trete li kòm yon kote repo ak refij, toujou politès ak akeyan anvè tout vizitè yo. <ref name="Mandair2013p35" /> Angad te vizite lòt kote ak sant ke Guru Nanak te etabli pou preche Sikhism. Li te etabli nouvo sant e konsa li te ranfòse baz li. === ''Mall Akhara'' === [[Fichye:Page_111_-_two_Sikh_wrestlers._Watercolour_drawing.jpg|vignette|Akwarel 19yèm syèk ki reprezante de litè Sikh nan yon match.]] Angad, ki te yon gwo patwon [[lit]], te kòmanse yon sistèm ''Mall Akhara'' (arèn lit) kote yo te anseye egzèsis fizik, atizay masyal, ak lit ansanm ak sijè sante tankou rete lwen [[tabak]] ak lòt sibstans toksik. Li te mete aksan sou kenbe kò a an sante ak fè egzèsis chak jou. <ref name="Troubador Publishing Ltd" /> Li te fonde anpil ''Mall Akhara'' konsa nan anpil vilaj, tankou kèk nan Khandur . Tipikman, lit la te fèt apre lapriyè chak jou epi li te gen ladan l tou jwèt ak lit lejè. === Biyografi Nanak === [[Fichye:Illustration_of_Guru_Angad_and_Bhai_Bala,_with_the_Bhai_Bala_Janamsakhi_being_put_into_writing,_lithograph_print,_from_the_'Pothi_Janam_Sakhi_Bhai_Bale_Ji_Ki',_circa_mid-to-late-19th_century.jpg|vignette|Ilistrasyon Guru Angad ak Bhai Bala, ak Bhai Bala Janamsakhi yo te mete nan ekri, enprime litografi, ki soti nan 'Pothi Janam Sakhi Bhai Bale Ji Ki', anviwon nan mitan pou fen 19yèm syèk la.]] Yo di ke Guru Angad te komisyone konpilasyon yon biyografi ki kouvri lavi predesesè li a, Guru Nanak. Sepandan, idantite travay la ak si li te janm egziste oswa menm siviv jouk jounen jodi a, se yon sijè deba. <ref name=":8" /> Gen kèk moun ki kwè tradisyon Bhai Bala Vali nan literati Janamsakhi a se te biyografi sou Nanak ke Angad te kòmande. <ref name=":8" /> == Literati == Kontrèman ak predesesè li a, Guru Angad te sèlman kite yon ti kantite travay ekri ke li te ekri. Gen kèk pwezi ''salok'' ki jwenn nan Guru Granth Sahib ki te ekri pa Angad. == Galri == <gallery> Fichye:Guru_Nanak_with_Bhai_Lehna,_who_is_getting_dirtied_by_carrying_weeds_overhead.jpg|alt=Guru Nanak (left) with Bhai Lehna (right, who would later be known as Guru Angad).| Guru Nanak (agoch) ak Bhai Lehna (adwat, ki pita ta vin konnen kòm Guru Angad). Fichye:Guru_Angad_taking-leave_of_Guru_Nanak,_painting_from_an_1830's_Janamsakhi_(life_stories)_05.jpg|alt=Guru Angad taking-leave of Guru Nanak, painting from an 1830's Janamsakhi.| Guru Angad k ap pran orevwa ak Guru Nanak, yon penti ki soti nan yon Janamsakhi ane 1830 yo. Fichye:Bhai_Bala_Recites_the_Life_Story_of_Guru_Nanak_to_Guru_Angad_and_Onlookers.png|alt=Bhai Bala (left) recites the life story of Guru Nanak to Guru Angad amid onlookers. Janamsakhi painting.| Bhai Bala (agoch) ap resite istwa lavi Guru Nanak bay Guru Angad nan mitan espektatè yo. Penti Janamsakhi. Fichye:Guru_Angad_painting.jpg|alt=Miniature painting of Guru Angad.| Penti minyati Guru Angad. Fichye:Guru_Angad_drawing_from_early_19th_century.jpg|alt=Guru Angad drawing from early 19th century.| Desen Guru Angad ki soti nan kòmansman 19yèm syèk la. Fichye:Guru_Angad,_the_Second_Sikh_Guru_(1504-52),_Seated_on_a_Terrace_Beneath_a_Canopy_With_an_Attendant.png|alt=Guru Angad Seated on a Terrace Beneath a Canopy With an Attendant, Punjab Plains, circa 1830.| Guru Angad chita sou yon teras anba yon twati ak yon asistan, nan plenn Punjab, anviwon 1830. Fichye:Gurmukhi_inscription_handwritten_by_Guru_Angad_Dev,_the_second_Sikh_guru.jpg|alt=Gurmukhi inscription handwritten by Guru Angad Dev| Gurmukhi inscription ekri alamen pa Guru Angad Dev </gallery> == Gade tou ==   * [[Guru Granth Sahib]] * Lis kote ki pote non Guru Angad Dev {{Referans|30em}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] fhmhyxxk8wngwwijy2srx059qgsx2eo 0 97706 890240 883224 2026-11-10T19:32:03Z InternetArchiveBot 25431 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 890240 wikitext text/x-wiki   Kalandriye Etyopyen an (Amarik: ዐውደ ወር; Ge’ez: ዐውደ ወርኅ; Tigriña: ዓዉደ ኣዋርሕ), yo rele li tou kalandriye Ge’ez (Ge’ez: ዐውደ ወርኅ; Tigriña: ዓዉደ ኣዋርሕ; Amarik: የኢትዮጲያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር), se kalandriye sivil ofisyèl leta peyi Etyopi. Li sèvi tou kòm yon kalandriye kiltirèl tradisyonèl ki pa ofisyèl nan Eritre, epi pami kominote Etyopyen ak Eritreyen k ap viv aletranje. Kalandriye sa a sèvi kòm kalandriye relijye pou kretyen Etyopyen ak Eritreyen ki fè pati Legliz Otodòks Tewahedo yo (Legliz Otodòks Tewahedo Etyopyen ak Legliz Otodòks Tewahedo Eritreyen), ansanm ak Legliz Katolik oryantal yo (Legliz Katolik Eritreyen ak Legliz Katolik Etyopyen) ak legliz pwotestan P’ent’ay yo (legliz evanjelik Etyopyen-Eritreyen). Kalandriye Etyopyen an se yon kalandriye solè ki gen anpil resanblans ak kalandriye Kopt Legliz Otodòks Kopt Aleksandri ak Legliz Katolik Kopt la. Menm jan ak kalandriye Jilyen an, li ajoute yon jou anplis chak kat ane san okenn eksepsyon, epi ane a kòmanse 11 oswa 12 septanm nan kalandriye gregoryen an (pou peryòd 1900 rive 2099). Epòk li a (premye jou premye ane a) koresponn ak 29 out ane 8 apre Jezi-Kri (8 AD). Kalandriye Kopt ki vwazen an sanble anpil ak kalandriye Etyopyen an, men li gen yon epòk diferan (29 out 284 AD) ansanm ak lòt non pou jou semèn yo ak mwa ane a. kalandriye Etyopyen an gen douz mwa, epi chak mwa gen trant jou. Li gen tou senk oswa sis jou epagomenal (jou ki ajoute anplis), ki fòme yon trèzyèm mwa. Mwa nan kalandriye Etyopyen an kòmanse menm jou ak mwa ki nan kalandriye Kopt la, men non yo ekri an lang Ge’ez. Yo ajoute yon sizyèm jou epagomenal chak kat ane, san okenn eksepsyon, nan dat 29 out selon kalandriye Jilyen an. Sa fèt sis mwa anvan jou anplis kalandriye Jilyen an. Se poutèt sa, premye jou ane kalandriye Etyopyen an, 1 Mäskäräm, pou ane ki ant 1900 ak 2099 (enkli), anjeneral tonbe 11 septanm nan kalandriye gregoryen an. Sepandan, li tonbe 12 septanm nan ane ki vini anvan yon ane bisèk nan kalandriye gregoryen an. == Jou Nouvèl Ane a == [[Fichye:Ethio_Millennium_(2141758428).jpg|vignette|Yon bilding nan sant vil Addis Abeba, Etyopi, ap pote koulè nasyonal Etyopyen yo ki se vèt, jòn ak wouj pou make Milenè Etyopyen an nan dat 11 septanm 2007.]] Nouvèl Ane Etyopyen an rele ''Kudus Yohannes'' nan lang Geʽez ak Tigrinya, alòske nan lang Amharic, lang ofisyèl Etyopi a, yo rele l ''Enkutatash'' ki vle di "kado bijou". <ref name="Africa Report-2011">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/8355/ethiopia-celebrates-new-year-7-years-behind-gregorian-calendar/|title=Ethiopia celebrates New Year 7 years behind Gregorian calendar|date=2011-09-09|website=The Africa Report.com|language=en-US|access-date=2022-09-17}}</ref> Li rive 11 septanm nan kalandriye gregoryen an; eksepte pou ane ki vin anvan yon ane bisèkstil, lè li rive 12 septanm. Ane kalandriye Etyopyen 1998 ''Amätä Məhrät'' ("Ane Mizèrikòd") te kòmanse 11 septanm 2005 nan kalandriye gregoryen an. Sepandan, ane kalandriye Etyopyen 1992 ak 1996 yo te kòmanse 12 septanm nan dat gregoryen an 1999 ak 2003, respektivman. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">sitasyon nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Korespondans dat sa a aplike pou ane gregoryen 1900 rive 2099. Ane bisèkstil kalandriye Etyopyen an se chak kat san eksepsyon, alòske ane syèk gregoryen yo se sèlman ane bisèkstil lè yo divizib egzakteman pa 400; kidonk, yon seri dat korespondan ap pi souvan aplike pou yon sèl syèk. Kòm ane gregoryen 2000 la se yon ane bisèkstil, korespondans aktyèl la dire de syèk olye de sa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">sitasyon nesesè</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Kòmansman ane a (Fèt El-Nayrouz la) tonbe sou 29 oswa 30 Out (nan ane ki jis anvan ane bisèkstil Jilyen an). Dat sa a koresponn ak kalandriye Jilyen Ansyen Stil la; kòmansman ane a te deplase pi devan nan kalandriye Gregoryen ki itilize kounye a pou 11 oswa 12 Septanm (nan ane ki jis anvan ane bisèkstil Gregoryen an). Devyasyon sa a ant Kalandriye Jilyen an ak Kalandriye Gregoryen an ap ogmante avèk tan k ap pase. <ref name="whom">{{Cite web|url=https://sudantribune.com/article23822/|title=Ethiopia: Millennium for Whom?|last=Dubbi|first=Kallacha|date=5 September 2007|website=[[Sudan Tribune]]|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022406/https://sudantribune.com/article23822/|archive-date=26 March 2023|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Epòk ==   === Epòk enkarnasyon an === Pou endike ane a, disip legliz Etyopyen ak Eritreyen yo jodi a itilize ''Epòk Enkarnasyon'' an, ki date depi Anonsyasyon Enkarnasyon Jezi a nan dat 25 mas 9 AD (Jilyen), jan Annianus nan Aleksandri te kalkile l ''anviwon.''&nbsp;400; konsa, premye ane sivil li a te kòmanse sèt mwa pi bonè, nan dat 29 Out AD{{Espas}}8. Pandansetan, Ewopeyen yo te finalman adopte kalkil Dionysius Exiguus te fè yo nan epòk nou an.&nbsp;525 olye de sa, ki te mete Anonsyasyon an nèf ane pi bonè ( Anno Domini#Nouvel ane ) pase Annianus. Sa lakòz nimewo ane Etyopyen an gen uit ane mwens pase nimewo ane Gregoryen an soti janvye.&nbsp;1 jiska 10 oswa 11 septanm, apre sa sèt ane mwens pou rès ane gregoryen an. <ref name="Africa Report-2011"/> <ref name="Dey-2019" /> === Epòk pase yo === Nan tan lontan, yo te itilize yon kantite lòt epòk pou nimewote ane yo tou nan Etyopi, Eritre ak Wayòm Aksum nan . ==== Epòk Matir yo ==== Epòk ki pi enpòtan an – yon lè Krisyanis oryantal la te itilize l anpil, epi Legliz kopt òtodòks peyi Lejip la toujou itilize l.  se te Epòk Mati yo, ke yo rele tou Epòk Diokletien, oubyen epòk Diokletien ak Mati yo, ki gen premye ane a te kòmanse 29 oktòb 328. Respektivman pou jou Nouvèl Ane Gregoryen ak Julian yo, 3½ a 4&nbsp;kèk mwa apre, diferans ki genyen ant Epòk Mati yo ak Anno Domini a se 285&nbsp;ane (285=&nbsp;15 × 19). Sa a se paske nan AD&nbsp;525, Dionysius Exiguus deside ajoute 15&nbsp;Sik metonik pou 13 ki deja egziste yo&nbsp;Sik metonik nan epòk Dioklesyen an (15×19&nbsp;+&nbsp;13×19&nbsp;=&nbsp;532) pou jwenn yon 532 konplè&nbsp;sik [[Pak (fèt)|Pak]] medyeval ane a, ki gen premye sik la te fini ak ane Epòk Mati yo 247 (=&nbsp;13 × 20) egal a ane&nbsp;DXXXI. Se tou paske 532 se pwodwi sik Metonik 19 la.&nbsp;ane ak sik solè a ki se 28&nbsp;ane. Li gen 13 mwa nan yon ane. ==== Ane Mondyal la ==== Ozanviwon AD&nbsp;Nan lane 400, yon mwàn Aleksandrin yo te rele Panodoros te fikse Epòk Aleksandri a ( Anno Mundi = nan ane mond lan) ak dat kreyasyon an, sou 29.&nbsp;Out 5493<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwvQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>BC . Apre 6yèm syèk la&nbsp;syèk&nbsp;AD, kwonològ Ejipsyen, Etyopyen ak Eritreyen yo te itilize epòk sa a. Douzyèm ane 532 la&nbsp;sik ane epòk sa a te kòmanse 29 Out ane 360, kidonk 4×19&nbsp;ane apre Epòk Matir yo. ===== Dapre Anianos ===== Evèk Anianos te prefere Anonsyasyon an kòm jou Nouvèl Ane a, 25&nbsp;Mas. Konsa, li te deplase epòk Panodoros la pou anviwon sis mwa (pou kòmanse 25 mas 5492 anvan Jezikri). Nan kalandriye Etyopyen an, sa te ekivalan a 15&nbsp;Magabit 5501&nbsp;BC (EC). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethio.nl/ethio_country/ethio_calendar4.html|title=Ring in the New|date=10 September 2004|access-date=8 February 2017|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080630/http://www.ethio.nl/ethio_country/ethio_calendar4.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Epòk Anno Mundi a te rete an vigè jiska fen 19yèm syèk la.&nbsp;syèk. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thedigitalwalters.org/Data/WaltersManuscripts/html/W850/description.html|title=Walters Ms. W.850, Ethiopian Gospels|access-date=8 February 2017|quote=Church of Madhane Alam in Majate, 1892–1893, known from the endnote on fol. 95r, which gives a record in Amharic of a land grant to the church of Mǝğäte Mädḫane ‛Aläm, enacted in the Year of Matthew, 7385&nbsp;Anno Mundi (= 1885&nbsp;EC = 1892–1893&nbsp;AD)}}</ref> == Sik ane bisèkstil == Sik ane bisèkstil katran an asosye avèk kat evanjelis yo: premye ane apre yon ane bisèkstil Etyopyen rele ane Jan an, apre sa ane Matye a, epi apre sa ane Mak la. Ane ki gen sizyèm jou epagomenal la tradisyonèlman deziyen kòm ane Lik la. Yon ane bisèkstil gen 6 jou nan trèzyèm mwa Pagumen (ጳጉሜን) la, epi li rive chak 4 an san eksepsyon. Pagumen gen 5 jou pandan yon ane ki pa bisèkstil. == Mwa == {| class="wikitable" !Geʽez ak Amharic<br /><br /><br /><br /> (ak sifiks amarik nan parantèz) ! Koptik ! [[Kalandriye jilyen|Julian]]<br /><br /><br /><br /> (ansyen kalandriye)<br /><br /><br /><br /> dat kòmansman ! [[Kalandriye gregoryen|Gregoryen]]<br /><br /><br /><br /> dat kòmansman<br /><br /><br /><br /> Soti Mas 1900 rive Fevriye&nbsp;2100] ! Dat kòmansman Gregoryen an<br /><br /><br /><br /> nan ane apre jou bisèkstil Etyopyen an |- | Mäskäräm (መስከረም) <ref name="allAfrica-2021">{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202109130663.html|title=Ethiopia: Pagume - a Short Month With Many Feats|date=2021-09-13|website=allAfrica.com|language=en|access-date=2022-09-17}}</ref> | Thout (Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ) | 29 Out | 11 septanm | 12 septanm |- | Ṭəqəmt(i) (ጥቅምት) | Paopi (Ⲡⲁⲱⲡⲉ) | 28 septanm | 11 Oktòb | 12 Oktòb |- | Ḫədar (ኅዳር) | Hathor (Ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ) | 28 Oktòb | 10 Novanm | 11 Novanm |- | Taḫśaś (ታኅሣሥ) | Koiak (Ⲕⲟⲓⲁⲕ) | 27 Novanm | 10 Desanm | 11 Desanm |- | Ṭərr(i) (ጥር) | Tobi (Ⲧⲱⲃⲓ) | 27 Desanm | 9 janvye | 10 janvye |- | Yäkatit (Tn. Läkatit) (የካቲት) | Mechir (Ⲙⲉϣⲓⲣ) | 26 janvye | 8 fevriye | 9 fevriye |- | Mägabit (መጋቢት) | Paremhat (Ⲡⲁⲣⲉⲙϩⲁⲧ) | 25 fevriye | 10 mas | 10 mas |- | Miyazya (ሚያዝያ) | Parmouti (Ⲡⲁⲣⲙⲟⲩⲧⲉ) | 27 Mas | 9 avril | 9 avril |- | Gənbo (t) (ግንቦት) | Pashons (Ⲡⲁϣⲟⲛⲥ) | 26 avril | 9 me | 9 me |- | Sane (ሰኔ) | Paoni (Ⲡⲁⲱⲛⲓ) | 26 me | 8 jen | 8 jen |- | Hamle (ሐምሌ) | Epip (Ⲉⲡⲓⲡ) | 25 jen | 8 Jiyè | 8 Jiyè |- | Nähase (ነሐሴ) | Mesori (Ⲙⲉⲥⲱⲣⲓ) | 25 Jiyè | 7 Out | 7 Out |- | Ṗagʷəmen/Ṗagume (ጳጐሜን/ጳጉሜ) <ref name="allAfrica-2021" /> | Pikougi Enavot (Ⲡⲓⲕⲟⲩϫⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁⲃⲟⲧ) | 24 Out | 6 septanm | 6 septanm |} Dat gregoryen sa yo valab sèlman soti mas 1900 rive fevriye.&nbsp;2100. Sa a se paske 1900 ak 2100 pa ane bisèkstil nan kalandriye gregoryen an, alòske yo nan kalandriye etyopyen an, sa vle di dat anvan 1900 ak apre 2100 yo pral konpanse. == Gade tou == * Kalandriye Ejipsyen an * Kalandriye kopt la * Dat Pak la * Adopsyon kalandriye gregoryen an == Referans == {{Referans}} [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] asxgi6iaxy6pko3prsjqzlsz3ek472n 0 98077 890245 2026-11-10T21:57:20Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372266575|Seymour River (Burrard Inlet)]] » 890245 wikitext text/x-wiki Peyi: Kanada Rejyon: Kolonbi Britanik Sous Rivyè: Lock Lo mond, KB '''Rivyè Seymour''' se yon [[rivyè]] nan Vancouver Nò, Kolonbi Bwitanik, li espesyal akoz de tanperati li plizyè degre pi cho pase lòt rivyè ak [[lak]] nan zòn nan. Sa se akòz lefèt ke li jwenn dlo nan yon gwo rezèvwa ki dèyè yon baraj kote dlo kap koule san rete. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://britishcolumbia.com/plan-your-trip/regions-and-towns/cariboo-chilcotin-coast/rivers-inlet/|title=Rivers Inlet|date=December 17, 2012}}</ref> Pòsyon anwo rivyè a ak rezèvwa a fè pati basen vèsan Seymour la, ke Metro Vancouver kontwole. Rivyè Seymour la te prensipal sous dlo pou North Vancouver depi 1907. Yo te konstwi premye tiyo admisyon dlo a an 1907 epi yo te konstwi premye [[Seymour Dam|baraj Seymour]] la an 1927. Yo te konstwi [[Seymour Falls Dam|baraj Seymour Falls]] aktyèl la nan lane 1961. [[Sosyete Salmon Seymour]] la lage jiska 40,000 fri koho ki manje anlè baraj la chak ane. Done idrometrik pou rivyè sa a prezante pa Sondaj sou Dlo Kanada a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wateroffice.ec.gc.ca/graph/graph_e.html?stn=08GA077|title=Graphical Data - Real-time Hydrometric Data - Environment Canada|website=www.wateroffice.ec.gc.ca|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120230449/http://www.wateroffice.ec.gc.ca/graph/graph_e.html?stn=08GA077|archive-date=2012-01-20}} </ref> == Pon Sispansyon Rivyè Seymour == Apati 20 desanm 2018, yo te inogire nouvo Pon Sispansyon Rivyè Seymour la epi, yon lòt fwa ankò, santye randone ak santye monte bisiklèt nan mòn yo sou bò lès ak lwès rivyè a konekte. Sa gen ladan l santye tankou Santye Pechè a ak wout randone ki konekte plizyè santye ke yo rekonèt kòm Two Canyon Loop la. == Gade tou == * Lis rivyè nan Kolonbi Britanik * Rivyè Seymour (Lak Shuswap) {{Referans}} irilcyoncjl13p5b65yt7c3gipul3n4 0 98078 890246 2026-11-10T21:59:38Z 1104s72 38991 Paj ki kreye ak " Seymour Salmonid Society se yon òganizasyon nan Vancouver Nò ki travay pou pwoteje ak ogmante kantite pwason somon nan rivyè Seymour. " 890246 wikitext text/x-wiki Seymour Salmonid Society se yon òganizasyon nan Vancouver Nò ki travay pou pwoteje ak ogmante kantite pwason somon nan rivyè Seymour. 729ou7nmv96y3hqy2pzqyh98dlk357e 0 98079 890258 2026-11-11T03:50:22Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1383487845|Emily Lowan]] » 890258 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Emily Lowan''' MLA (ki fèt 18 septanm 2000) se yon politisyen ak aktivis Kanadyèn ki te sèvi kòm lidè Pati Vèt Kolonbi Britanik la depi 2025. Kòm yon manm Asanble Lejislatif Kolonbi Britanik la (MLA), li reprezante distri elektoral Saanich North ak Zile yo depi 2026. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapleridgenews.com/news/breaking-emily-lowan-named-new-leader-of-bc-greens-8271017|title=BREAKING: Emily Lowan named new leader of B.C. Greens|date=September 24, 2025|website=Maple Ridge-Pitt Meadows News}}</ref> Li se premye lidè Jenerasyon Z nan yon gwo pati politik nan Kanada. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://bcbusiness.ca/business/government/emily-lowan-gen-z-green-party-leader-30-under-30-2026/|title=Meet Canada's first Gen-Z political party leader|last=Matheson|first=Darcy|date=2026-03-03|website=BC Business|language=en-US|access-date=2026-03-16}}</ref> == Lidè BC Greens yo (2025–prezan) == Sou dat 3 jiyè 2025, Lowan te lanse kanpay li pou lidèchip pati a, li te resevwa andòsman nan men David Suzuki, pami lòt moun. Li te genyen eleksyon an nan mwa septanm 2025, li te genyen plis pase 60% nan vòt popilè a, vin premye lidè Jenerasyon Z nan yon gwo pati politik nan istwa Kanadyen. Manm nan pati a ogmante soti nan apeprè 5,500 pou rive nan 10,000 pandan kanpay lidèchip la, sitou sa ki te atire jèn yo, ak manm ki poko gen 30 an ki te ogmante dis fwa plis. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theenergymix.com/new-b-c-green-leader-pledges-fiery-new-leadership-to-reclaim-the-economy/|title=New B.C. Green Leader Pledges 'Fiery New Leadership to 'Reclaim the Economy'|last=Hussain|first=Farida|date=2025-10-30|website=The Energy Mix|language=en-CA|access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref> Yon gwò pati nan kwasans sa a te fè konsa paske li te gen anpil aktivite sou sit medya sosyal yo, kote li itilize videyo kout pou eksprime platfòm ak règleman li yo. <ref name=":0" /> An fevriye 2026, anba lidèchip Lowan, pati a te deside pou l pa renouvle akò konfyans ak ekipman li te genyen ak gouvènman BC NDP a, epi li te akize gouvènman an de pa aplike kondisyon akò a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-greens-pull-out-of-governing-accord-with-b-c-ndp-9.7081452|title=B.C. Greens pull out of governing accord with B.C. NDP|last=Pawson|first=Chad|date=2026-02-09|website=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC News]]|access-date=2026-04-02}}</ref> Yo te di Lowan jan kandida Vèt la pou Saanich North ak Zile yo nan Eleksyon Jeneral 2026 la apre yo te fin anonse ke Rob Botterell, ki te la kounye a, pa t ap chèche yon dezyèm manda. == Pozisyon politik yo == Lowan di moun ki tèt li se yon pwogresis kap defye etablisman politik la, menm jan ak Zack Polanski an [[Wayòm Ini]] a ak Zohran Mamdani [[Etazini|Ozetazini]] . <ref name=":3" /> === Panse li sou oligachi === Yon gwo priyorite nan kanpay ak platfòm Lowan kòm lidè se ogmante taks sou moun ki pi rich nan pwovens lan. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://thetyee.ca/News/2026/01/05/Emily-Lowan-Next-Steps-BC-Greens/|title=Emily Lowan on Next Steps for the BC Greens|last=MacLeod|first=Andrew|date=2026-01-05|website=[[The Tyee]]|access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://bcgreens.ca/our-plan/|title=Our Plan For British Columbia|website=BC Greens|language=en-CA|access-date=2026-10-21}}</ref> Lowan defini " [[Oligachi|oligark]] yo" kòm moun ki gen omwen CAD $100 milyon dola nan byen. Dapre Lowan, “Gen anviwon 650 moun nan BC ki tonbe anba kategori patikilye sa a.” <ref name=":1" /> Li kritike pouvwa moun sa yo genyen sou politik gouvènman an epi li vize diskou li espesyalman sou fondatè Lululemon , Chip Wilson, ak biznisman Jim Pattison . <ref name=":1" /> Lowan defann yon "taks sou jistis ultra-rich" menm jan ak taks senk pousan ki te pwopoze yon sèl fwa nan [[Kalifòni]] sou richès ki depase 1 milya dola. <ref name=":1" /> Yon ti tan apre yo te eli Lowan kòm lidè an septanm 2025, li te òganize Fight the Oligarchs Tour la. Vwayaj de mwa a te mennen l atravè pwovens lan, li te vizite ti kominote yo, li te rankontre ak lidè kominotè yo, manm Pati Vèt la, ak piblik la an jeneral. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clearwatertimes.com/2025/11/24/bc-green-party-leader-in-okanagan/|title=BC Green Party leader in Okanagan|last=Smith|first=Jennifer|date=2025-11-24|website=Clearwater Times|language=en|access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abbynews.com/2025/11/25/bc-green-party-leader-makes-tour-stops-in-north-okanagan/|title=New B.C. Green Party leader pledges to be a light and a thorn during B.C. tour|last=Knox|first=Roger|date=2025-11-25|website=Abbotsford News|language=en|access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref> === Travay === Lowan te plede pou "elaji sendikalizasyon an yon fason agresif" epi aplike negosyasyon sektoryèl, yon lejislasyon ki ta pèmèt sendika yo rive jwenn yon akò kolektif ki kouvri tout travayè nan yon sektè ekonomi an. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thetyee.ca/Analysis/2025/09/29/How-Zoomer-Became-Leader-BC-Green-Party/|title=How a Zoomer Became Leader of the BC Green Party|website=The Tyee|access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DP5ahyGDm3k/|title=Instagram|website=Instagram|access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DUi-oT6gfJR/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==|title=Instagram|website=Instagram|access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> Lowan kritike BC NDP a pou jan yo te jere grèv sèvis piblik BCGEU 2025 la, grèv sèvis piblik ki pi long nan listwa Kanada. <ref name="thetyee.ca">{{Cite web|url=https://thetyee.ca/News/2026/01/05/Emily-Lowan-Next-Steps-BC-Greens/|title=Emily Lowan on Next Steps for the BC Greens|website=The Tyee|access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theenergymix.com/new-b-c-green-leader-pledges-fiery-new-leadership-to-reclaim-the-economy/|title=New B.C. Green Leader Pledges 'Fiery New Leadership to 'Reclaim the Economy'|last=Hussain|first=Farida|date=2025-10-30|website=The Energy Mix|language=en-CA|access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.princegeorgecitizen.com/local-news/bcgeu-and-pea-strikes-are-now-the-longest-running-public-service-strikes-in-bcs-history-11253472|title=BCGEU and PEA strikes are now the longest-running public service strikes in BC history|last=Hillier|first=Matthew|date=2025-09-24|website=Prince George Citizen|language=en|access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> Lowan te akize David Eby tou pou "abandone baz tradisyonèl travay li ak baz pwogresif li a." <ref name="thetyee.ca" /> Li te diskite tou ke sendika yo dwe jwe yon wòl pi enpòtan nan pwosesis konsiltasyon gouvènman an, li te montre plan BC NDP a pou pèmèt distribisyon alkòl prive a kontamine pa "lobi antrepriz yo." === Chanjman klimatik === Lowan te eksprime opozisyon li anvè memorandòm antant (MOU) Mark Carney ak Danielle Smith te siyen an sou konstriksyon yon nouvo tiyo ki prale sou kòt nò Kolonbi Britanik la . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bcgreens.ca/leader-emily-lowan-carney-and-smith-will-not-hold-our-province-hostage/|title=Leader Emily Lowan: Carney and Smith Will Not Hold Our Province Hostage|last=Rose|first=Andrew|date=2025-11-27|website=BC Green Party|language=en-CA|access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cfjctoday.com/2025/11/28/green-leader-lowan-touts-vision-for-a-new-younger-coalition-of-voters-joining-her-ranks-during-kamloops-stop/|title=Green leader Lowan touts vision for a new, younger coalition of voters during Kamloops stop|last=Reeve|first=Michael|website=CFJC Today Kamloops|language=en|access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> Li te fè kanpay avèk siksè pou fè fon kapital travay Inivèsite Victoria a debarase m de 256 milyon dola envestisman nan konpayi konbistib fosil yo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://macleans.ca/society/inside-the-student-led-movements-urging-canadian-universities-to-divest-from-fossil-fuels/|title=Inside the student-led movements urging Canadian universities to divest from fossil fuels|last=McCabe|first=Samantha|date=2021-10-29|website=[[Maclean's]]|language=en|access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref> Li se ansyen Chèf Kanpay pou Pwovizyon Konbistib Fosil nan Rezo Aksyon Klima Kanada. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climateactionnetwork.ca/statement-on-emily-lowans-candidacy-for-leadership-of-the-b-c-green-party/|title=Statement on Emily Lowan's candidacy for leadership of the B.C. Green Party|last=Robillard|first=Audrey|date=2025-07-03|website=Climate Action Network Canada (CAN-Rac)|language=en-US|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref> === Dwa Endijèn yo === Lowan sipòte anpil anpil aplikasyon Deklarasyon sou Dwa Pèp Endijèn yo (DRIPA), li mande gouvènman an pou "kreye yon vizyon pataje ak Premye Nasyon yo pou fè yon chemen ki estab e klè pou pi devan ak aplikasyon DRIPA a." === Refòm elektoral === Lowan fè kanpay pou refòme sistèm elektoral Kolonbi Britanik la, li sipòte reprezantasyon pwopòsyonèl. <ref name=":1" /> Sa ta enplike kreyasyon sikonskripsyon rejyonal kote reprezantan yo ta eli dapre pwopòsyon sipò pati yo resevwa nan sikonskripsyon rejyonal yo a. <ref name=":2" /> == lavi pèsonèl == Li se yon ansyen elèv Claremont Secondary School nan Saanich, British Columbia <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rotaryclubofsidney.org/stories/speaker-september-27-2018|title=Emily Lowan - Haida Gwaii Trip|website=Rotary Club of Sidney}}</ref> ak nan University of Victoria kote li gen yon lisans nan [[syans politik]] ak etid anviwònman . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/u/emily-lowan|title=Emily Lowan Opinion|website=[[Canada's National Observer]]|access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> == Istwa elektoral == [[Eleksyon jeneral British Columbia 2026]]: '''Saanich North ak Islè yo''' Green, Emily Lowan, 15708 vòt [[Conservatives]], Ryan Windsor, 10251 vòt New Democratic/[[NDP]], Kala Bryson 5759 vòt [[CentreBC]], Richard Smith 755 vòt{{2026 British Columbia general election/Saanich North and the Islands}}{{Referans}} [[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 2000]] [[Kategori:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] a8y1s4ry0yl3pcie4iygqo4p70prgbr 0 98080 890260 2026-11-11T04:10:50Z 1104s72 38991 Li kreye pa tradui paj « [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371009305|Holdom station]] » 890260 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Train_at_Holdom_Station.jpg|vignette| Eskilti ''motè rechèch'' la deyò estasyon an]] '''Holdom''' estasyon se yon estasyon anlè sou Liy Millennium nan sistèm transpò rapid SkyTrain Metro Vancouver lan. Estasyon an sitiye nan entèseksyon Lougheed Highway ak Holdom Avenue nan Burnaby, Kolonbi Britanik, Kanada. Toupre estasyon an gen yon devlopman rezidansyèl ak de gwo kay won, inite ki ba, ak plizyè boutik komèsyal. == Istwa == Yo te louvri estasyon Holdom nan lane 2002 kòm yon pati nan pwojè orijinal Liy Millennium lan. == Estrikti ak konsepsyon == [[File:Holdom_station_entrance.jpg|gauche|vignette| Antre estasyon Holdom]] Estasyon Holdom lan te fèt pa kabinè achitekti Hotson Bakker Architects, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadianarchitect.com/features/vancouver-s-millennium-line/|title=Vancouver's Millennium Line|last=Taggart|first=Jim|date=July 1, 2001|website=Canadian Architect|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331192810/https://www.canadianarchitect.com/features/vancouver-s-millennium-line/|archive-date=March 31, 2019|access-date=April 14, 2019}}</ref> epi estrikti li kouvri ak yon eskilti, pa atis vè Graham Scott, ki gen ladan l lanp kare ki fèt ak glas sablé ki limen ak ekleraj kalite sèn. Yon òdinatè kontwole koulè limyè yo, li chanje kontinyèlman e owaza. == Enfòmasyon sou estasyon an == === Koneksyon transpò piblik === Estasyon Holdom bay koneksyon nan Burnaby, [[Vancouver]] ak zòn Tri-City la. Wout bis sa yo desèvi estasyon an: {| class="wikitable" width="500" !Nimewo arè a ! scope="col" | Wout yo |- ! 53302 |N9 Coquitlam Estasyon Sant NightBus |} 53309-N9 Sant vil NightBus 58342-120 Patterson estasyon ak lougheed station 58347-133 edmonds station{{Referans}} 1mu4ep05mp0eewx30iufbbnjt1uq5k1